25 The United States in World War II QUIT CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE VISUAL SUMMARY SECTION Mobilizing for

25 The United States in World War II

QUIT

CHAPTER OBJECTIVECHAPTER OBJECTIVE

INTERACT WITH HISTORYINTERACT WITH HISTORY

TIME LINETIME LINE

VISUAL SUMMARYVISUAL SUMMARY

SECTION Mobilizing for Defense1

SECTION The War for Europe and North Africa 2

SECTION The War in the Pacific3

SECTION The Home Front4

MAP

GRAPH

25HOME

CHAPTER OBJECTIVE

To understand the military campaigns, political decisions, and efforts on the home front that won World War II

The United States in World War II

25W I T H H I S T O R Y

I N T E R A C T

How can the United States use its resources to achieve victory?

Examine the Issues

It is December of 1941. After Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. has entered the war. As a citizen, you and millions like you must mobilize a depressed peacetime country for war. The United States must produce the workers, soldiers, weapons, and equipment that will help to win the war.

• What sacrifices will you and your family be willing to make?

• How can the government encourage businesses to convert to wartime production?

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• How can the military attract recruits?


25

The United States The World1941 Hitler invades the Soviet Union.1941 The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor. A.

Philip Randolph demands that war industries hire African Americans.

1942 Roosevelt creates the War Production Board to coordinate mobilization. Japanese Americans are sent to relocation centers.

1942 In the Pacific, the Battle of Midway turns the tide in favor of the Allies. Nazis develop the "final solution" for exterminating Jews.

1943 Zoot-suit riots rock Los Angeles. 1943 Rommel’s forces surrender in North Africa.

1945 U.S. Marines take Iwo Jima. Harry S. Truman becomes president when Roosevelt dies.

1945 Nazi retreat begins after the Battle of the Bulge. Japan surrenders after atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

TIME LINE

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1944 GI Bill of Rights is passed. President Roosevelt is elected to a fourth term.

1944 On June 6, the Allies launch D-Day, a massive invasion of Europe.


1Mobilizing for Defense

The United States enters the war and mobilizes its citizens and resources to give its allies unprecedented military and industrial support.

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

KEY IDEA

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OVERVIEW

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States mobilized for war.

Military industries in the United States today are a major part of the American economy.

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES

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• War Production Board (WPB)

• Manhattan Project

• A. Philip Randolph

• Office of Price Administration (OPA)

• Women’s Auxiliary Army Corp (WAAC)

• rationing

• George Marshall

ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT


1. List four ways that America prepared for war.

continued . . .

Preparation for War,1941-1942

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ASSESSMENT

Industries geared up for wartime production.

Creation of WAAC

Employment of women in the war industry

Establishment of OPA and WPB


2. How did government regulations impact the lives of civilians?

ANSWERANSWER

Rationing forced people to use resources wisely or do without some goods. Gas rationing forced people to carpool or walk to work. A “black market” developed that illegally sold scarce goods.

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 1

2The War for Europe and North Africa

The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union cooperate in the fight to defeat Germany and its allies.


KEY IDEA

HOMEMAP

2HOME

OVERVIEW

Allied forces, led by the United States and Great Britain, battled Axis powers for control of Europe and North Africa.

During World War II, the United States assumed a leading role in world affairs that continues today.




• Omar Bradley

• George Patton

• Harry S. Truman

• Dwight D. Eisenhower

• Battle of the Bulge

• D-Day

• V-E Day

The War for Europe and North Africa

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2

1. List the major events influencing the fighting in Europe and North Africa.

continued . . .

Jan. 31, 1943 Germans

surrender at Stalingrad.

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ASSESSMENT

Dec. 22, 1941 Churchill and

Roosevelt meet at the White

House.


May 1944 Battle of Anzio

ends.

July 1944 Russians

liberate first death camp.

May 8, 1945 Germany

surrenders.

May 1943 Last of Afrika

Korps surrenders.

June 6, 1944 Allies invade Normandy.

January 1945 Germany loses

Battle of the Bulge.

Event Two

Event One

Event Four Event Six Event Eight

Event Three Event Five Event Seven

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2

2. Do you agree with the decision made by Roosevelt and Churchill to require unconditional surrender by the Axis powers? Why or why not? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Agree: Hitler had to be crushed completely so that he would not have the opportunity to rebuild his army. Disagree: If something less than unconditional surrender were required, the bloodshed would stop earlier and fewer Allied soldiers would be killed.

• the advantages of defeating a foe decisively• the advantages of ending a war quickly• how other conflicts, such as the Civil War and

World War I, ended

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


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2

3. When President Roosevelt’s body was brought by train to Washington, Betty Conrad was among the servicewomen who escorted his casket.

“ The body in the casket was not only our leader but the bodies of all the men and women who had given their lives for freedom. They must not and will not have died in vain.”

What did Roosevelt’s body symbolize to Betty Conrad?

ANSWERANSWER

Roosevelt’s body symbolized the bodies of all the men and women who had given their lives for freedom.

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 2


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3The War in the Pacific

America wages an aggressive military campaign against Japan in the Pacific Islands and finally ends the war.


KEY IDEA

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• Chester Nimitz

• Battle of Midway

• Nuremberg trials

• J. Robert Oppenheimer

• Douglas MacArthur

• Nagasaki

• Hiroshima

• kamikaze


OVERVIEW

In order to defeat Japan and end the war in the Pacific, the United States unleashed a terrible new weapon, the atomic bomb.

Countries of the modern world struggle to find ways to prevent the use of nuclear weapons.



1. List the key military actions in the Pacific during World War II and note the significance of each.

continued . . .

Doolittle’s raid

Japanese victory destroyed the myth of white supremacy in Asia.

American spirits lifted by the Tokyo bombing.

Damaged Japanese air power

Philippines

Midway

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ASSESSMENT

Military Action Significance

Leyte Gulf Reduced Japanese navy to minor role

Okinawa Allowed attack on Japan itself

Hiroshima America is first to use the atomic bomb.

Nagasaki Led to Japan’s surrender


2. At the trials, many Nazis defended themselves by saying they were only following orders. What does this rationale tell you about the German military? Why was it important to negate this justification?

ANSWERANSWER

Soldiers observed the German military tradition of following orders issued by commanding officers. It is important to negate this point of view to stress the importance of individual responsibility.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


3. Explain how the United States was able to defeat the Japanese in the Pacific.

ANSWERANSWER

The United States followed an island-by-island strategy of winning territory back from Japan. With each victory, Allied forces moved closer to Japan.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


4. Is it legitimate to hold people accountable for crimes committed during wartime? Why or why not? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:

Legitimate—People should be prosecuted for committing atrocities as much during war time as during peacetime.

Not Legitimate—In war, people are expected to kill the enemy. Ordinary laws do not apply during wartime.

• the laws that govern society • the likelihood of conducting a fair trial

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 3

• the behavior of soldiers, politicians, and civilians during war

4The Home Front

Americans begin to adjust to new economic opportunities and continuing social problems after World War II.

KEY IDEA


HOMEGRAPH

4The Home Front

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• GI Bill of Rights

• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

• Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)

• internment

• James Farmer


OVERVIEW

After World War II, Americans adjusted to new economic opportunities and harsh social tensions.

Economic opportunities afforded by World War II led to a more diverse middle class in the United States.


GRAPH

4The Home Front

1. List the advances and problems in the economy and in civil rights during World War II.

continued . . .

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ASSESSMENT

Low unemployment, rising crop prices, opportunities for women

More equality in the military, founding of CORE

Economy

Civil Rights

Shortage of housing and food, rationing

Segregation, discrimination, race riots in Detroit and Los Angeles; internment of Japanese Americans

Advances Problems

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4The Home Front

2. How were the experiences of African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Japanese Americans similar during World War II? How were they different?

continued . . .

ANSWERANSWER

Similar: All three groups suffered from discrimination.

Different: Japanese Americans living on the West Coast were forced into internment camps.

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ASSESSMENT

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4The Home Front

3. Do you think that the government’s policy of evacuating Japanese Americans to camps was justified on the basis of “military necessity”? Explain your answer.

continued . . .

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:

Yes: The United States government had no way of telling with certainty that Japanese citizens were loyal.

No: There was no proof that Japanese Americans were disloyal to their country.

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ASSESSMENT

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4The Home Front

4. What effect did World War II have on American families? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

The war changed traditional gender roles as women enlisted in the armed forces and took jobs outside the home. The war also reinforced the country’s long-standing policy of discrimination against minorities.

• the role of women in families and the economy• the relationship between the races• the impact of the federal government on society

End of Section 4

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ASSESSMENT

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Documents

25 The United States in World War II QUIT CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE VISUAL SUMMARY SECTION Mobilizing for