17 QUIT CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE VISUAL SUMMARY SECTION The Origins of Progressivism 1 SECTION Women in

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CHAPTER OBJECTIVECHAPTER OBJECTIVE

INTERACT WITH HISTORYINTERACT WITH HISTORY

TIME LINETIME LINE

VISUAL SUMMARYVISUAL SUMMARY

SECTION The Origins of Progressivism1

SECTION Women in Public Life2

SECTION Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal 3

SECTION Progressivism Under Taft4

MAPGRAPH

SECTION Wilson’s New Freedom5

The Progressive Era

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CHAPTER OBJECTIVE

To explain how the progressive movement managed to increase the power of government to regulate business and to protect society from the injustices fostered by big business

The Progressive Era

17W I T H H I S T O R Y

I N T E R A C T

What kinds of actions can bring about social change? Examine the Issues

It is the dawn of the 20th century, and the reform movement is growing. Moral reformers are trying to ban alcoholic beverages. Political reformers work toward fair government and business practices. Women fight for equal wages and the right to vote. Throughout society, social and economic issues take center stage.

• How can individuals bring about change in their government?• What types of actions might pressure big business to change?

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• How might reformers recruit others?

The Progressive Era

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The United States The World

1896 William McKinley is elected president.

1889 Eiffel Tower opens for visitors.

1898 Marie Curie discovers radium.

1908 William H. Taft is elected president.

1909 W. E. B. Du Bois helps found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

TIME LINE

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1900 William McKinley is reelected.

1901 McKinley is assassinated; Theodore Roosevelt becomes president.

1901 Commonwealth of Australia is created.

1904 Theodore Roosevelt is elected president.

continued . . .

The Progressive Era

1899 Boer War in South Africa begins.

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The United States The World

1912 Woodrow Wilson is elected president.

1913 China’s Qin Dynasty topples.

1914 World War I begins in Europe.

TIME LINE

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1916 Woodrow Wilson is reelected.

1918 Eighteenth Amendment outlaws alcoholic beverages.

1918 Mohandas Gandhi becomes leader of the independence movement in India.

1920 Nineteenth Amendment grants women the right to vote.

The Progressive Era

1910 Mexican revolution begins.

1The Origins of Progressivism

Social and economic changes during the late 19th century create broad reform movements in American society.

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

KEY IDEA

HOMEMAPGRAPH


OVERVIEW

Political, economic, and social change in late 19th century America led to broad progressive reforms.

Progressive reforms such as labor and voting rights have helped to make life in America what it is today.

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES

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• Florence Kelley

• prohibition

• referendum

• Robert M. La Follette

• progressive movement

• scientific management

• Seventeenth Amendment

• recall

• initiative

• muckraker

ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

MAPGRAPH


1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List examples of organizations that worked for reform in the four areas named.

continued . . .

ProgressiveReforms

Economic Moral

Social WelfarePolitical

HOMEMAPGRAPH

• American Socialist Party

• muckrakers

• WCTU• Anti-Saloon League

• National Child Labor Committee

• YMCA• Salvation Army

ASSESSMENT


2. In what ways might Illinois, Wisconsin, and Oregon all be considered trailblazers in progressive reform?Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Reforms first instituted in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Oregon soon spread to other states:• Illinois—prohibition of child labor and limit of women’s working hours• Wisconsin—regulation of big business and adoption of the direct primary• Oregon—adoption of the secret ballot, the initiative, the referendum,

and the recall

• legislative and electoral reforms at the state level• the leadership of William U’Ren and Robert La Follette • Florence Kelley’s appointment as chief inspector of

factories for Illinois

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 1

MAPGRAPH

2Women in Public Life

Many of the social and economic changes giving rise to progressivism lead women into public life as reformers and workers.


KEY IDEA

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OVERVIEW

As a result of social and economic change, many women entered public life as workers and reformers.

Women won new opportunities in labor and education that are enjoyed today.




• NAWSA

• suffrage

• Susan B. Anthony• NACW


1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. For each category in the chart, provide details about working women in the late 1800s.

continued . . .

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ASSESSMENT

Women Workers:Late 1800s

Farm Women Domestic Workers Factory Workers White-Collar Workers

Domestic work and farm labor

Servants, cooks, laundresses, maids; often African Americans or immigrants

Manufacturing, garment trades; often single women

Stenographers, typists, bookkeepers, teachers; required high school or business degree


2. What women and movements during the Progressive Era helped dispel the stereotype that women were submissive and nonpolitical?

ANSWERANSWER

Women speaking out on reform subjects, including Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, and Julia Ward Howe, and organizations such as NAWSA and the NACW

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


3. Why do you think some colleges refused to accept women in the late 19th century?

ANSWERANSWER

Many people believed that a woman’s place was in the home and that higher education should be reserved for men.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


4. Imagine you are a woman during the Progressive Era. Explain how you might recruit other women to support the following causes: improving education, housing reform, food and drug laws, the right to vote. Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Public demonstrations, soliciting with flyers and information, and public speaking were ways to inform other women and gain their support. Winning the right to vote would give women a voice in governing. Higher education would allow women to secure better jobs.

• the problems that each movement was trying to remedy

• how women benefited from each cause

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 2

3Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt pursues a reform agenda known as the Square Deal. His energetic style contributes to the emergence of the modern presidency.


KEY IDEA

HOME


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• Upton Sinclair

• Theodore Roosevelt

• conservation

• Meat Inspection Act

• Pure Food and Drug Act

• The Jungle

• Square Deal

• NAACP


OVERVIEW

As president, Theodore Roosevelt worked to give citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms.

As part of his Square Deal, Roosevelt’s conservation efforts made a permanent impact on environmental resources.



1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain how the following problems were addressed during Roosevelt’s presidency.

Northern Securities Company monopoly

Federal arbitration

Supreme Court’s dissolution of the Northern Securities Company

Passage of the Meat Inspection Act

1902 coal strike

Unsafe meat processing

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ASSESSMENT

Problems Solutions

Exploitation of the environment Legislation to protect the environment

continued . . .


2. In what ways do you think the progressive belief in using experts played a role in shaping Roosevelt’s reforms? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Roosevelt used an arbitration commission to mediate the 1902 coal strike and appointed experts to investigate the meatpacking industry. Dr. Wiley, chief chemist at the Department of Agriculture, helped get the Pure Food and Drug Act passed. Gifford Pinchot, a professional conservationist, headed the United States Forest Service. continued . . .

• Roosevelt’s use of experts to help him tackle political, economic, and environmental problems

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ASSESSMENT

• how experts’ findings affected legislative actions


3. Research the coal strike of 1902. Do you think Roosevelt’s intervention was in favor of the strikers or of the mine operators? Why?

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSE:Roosevelt did not take sides with the mine workers or the mine owners. Rather he called both participants to the White House to work out their differences. When the owners appeared unwilling to compromise, Roosevelt said that the government would take over the mines.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


4. Why did W. E. B. Du Bois oppose Booker T. Washington’s views on racial discrimination?

ANSWERANSWER

Du Bois viewed Washington as too accommodating of segregationists. Du Bois wanted immediate equality.

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 3

4Progressivism Under Taft

William H. Taft pursues a more cautious progressive program during his one term as president.

KEY IDEA


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• Payne-Aldrich Tariff

• Woodrow Wilson

• William Howard Taft• Gifford Pinchot

• Bull Moose Party


OVERVIEW

Taft’s ambivalent approach to progressive reform led to a split in the Republican Party and the loss of the presidency to the Democrats.

Third-party candidates continue to wrestle with how to become viable candidates.



1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the causes Taft supported that made people question his leadership.

continued . . .

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ASSESSMENT

Result: Taft’s Difficultiesin Office

Signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff amid public outcry

Returned reserved land to public sale

Fired Pinchot Supported Joseph Cannon, Speaker of the House of Representatives

Cause Cause Cause Cause CauseContributed to the split in the Republican Party


2. What if Roosevelt had won another term in office in 1912? Speculate on how this might have affected the future of progressive reforms. Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Unlike Taft, Roosevelt would probably not have given in to the conservatives in the Republican Party, and his reform policies would have been strong. Roosevelt would probably have reversed Taft’s less progressive policies and decisions in an attempt to restore a stronger government role in public affairs.

• Roosevelt’s policies that Taft did not support• the power struggles within the Republican Party• Roosevelt’s perception of what is required of a president

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


3. Both Roosevelt and Taft resorted to mudslinging during the 1912 presidential campaign. Do you approve or disapprove of negative campaign tactics?

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:• Approve: Negative campaign tactics often help candidates

win votes, and these tactics can get to the heart of key issues.

• Disapprove: Negative campaign tactics can alienate the public, cause candidates to lose votes, and encourage dishonesty.

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 4

5Wilson’s New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson claims the presidency as a progressive leader and establishes a strong reform agenda.

KEY IDEA


HOME


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• Clayton Antitrust Act

• Carrie Chapman Catt

• Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

• Nineteenth Amendment

• Federal Reserve System


OVERVIEW

Woodrow Wilson established a strong reform agenda as a progressive leader.

The passage of the Nineteenth Amendment during Wilson’s administration granted women the right to vote.



1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List some key events relating to Progressivism during Wilson’s first term. Use the dates already plotted on the time line below as a guide.

continued . . .

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ASSESSMENT

19161913 1914

1. NAWSA protests on Wilson’s inauguration day.2. The Federal Reserve Act is passed.

1. Federal Trade Act establishes the Federal Trade Commission.2. Clayton Antitrust Act strengthens the Sherman Antitrust Act.3. African American delegation confronts Wilson on his segregation policies.

1. Suffragists picket the Democratic Party convention.


2. Wilson said, “Without the watchful . . . resolute interference of the government, there can be no fair play between individuals and . . . the trusts.” How does this statement reflect Wilson’s approach to reform? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Wilson believed the exploitative practices of big businesses threatened the freedom of consumers and workers. He thought that the government had the responsibility to safeguard public welfare. continued . . .

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ASSESSMENT

• the government’s responsibility to the public• the passage of two key antitrust measures


3. Why do you think Wilson failed to push for equality for African Americans, despite his progressive reforms? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Wilson, like Roosevelt and Taft, pushed aggressively for economic and political reforms but retreated on civil rights issues. Swayed by his southern upbringing and the support of northern whites, Wilson refused to expand the civil rights of African Americans.

• progressive presidents before Wilson• Wilson’s background

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ASSESSMENT

• the primary group of people progressive reforms targeted

End of Section 5

Documents

17 QUIT CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE VISUAL SUMMARY SECTION The Origins of Progressivism 1 SECTION Women in