13 Changes on the Western Frontier QUIT CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE VISUAL SUMMARY SECTION Cultures Clash on

13 Changes on the Western Frontier

QUIT

CHAPTER OBJECTIVECHAPTER OBJECTIVE

INTERACT WITH HISTORYINTERACT WITH HISTORY

TIME LINETIME LINE

VISUAL SUMMARYVISUAL SUMMARY

SECTION Cultures Clash on the Prairie 1

SECTION Settling on the Great Plains 2

SECTION Farmers and the Populist Movement 3

MAPGRAPH

13 Changes on the Western Frontier

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CHAPTER OBJECTIVE

To analyze the settlement of the Great Plains during the late 1800s and to examine Native American policies, private property rights, and the Populist movement

13W I T H H I S T O R Y

I N T E R A C T

What do you expect to find on settling in the West? Examine the Issues

It is the late 1890s. The American West is the last frontier. Ranchers, cowboys, and miners have changed forever the lives of the Native Americans who hunted on the Western plains. Now westward fever intensifies as “boomers” rush to grab “free” farm land with the government’s blessing.

• If native peoples already live in your intended home, how will you co-exist?

• What might be some ways to make a living on the Western frontier?

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• How might settlers and Native Americans differ regarding use of the land?

Changes on the Western Frontier

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The United States The World

1869 Suez Canal is opened.

1870 Red Cloud, chief of the Oglala Sioux, states his people's case in Washington, D.C.

1872 Secret ballot is adopted in Britain.

1880 James Garfield is elected president.

TIME LINE

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1884 Grover Cleveland is elected president.

1889 Oklahoma opened for settlement; the land rush begins.

1890 Sioux are massacred at Wounded Knee.

continued . . .

1881 Garfield is assassinated. Chester Arthur becomes president.

1881 French occupy Tunisia.


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The United States The World

1899 Berlin Conference divides Africa among European nations.

1896 William McKinley is elected president. William Jennings Bryan runs for president.

1900 Boxer Rebellion takes place in China.

TIME LINE

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1893 Diminished U.S. gold reserve triggers the panic of 1893.

1893 France takes over Indochina.


1Cultures Clash on the Prairie

Pursuit of economic opportunity leads settlers to push westward. Settlers confront established Native American cultures. With the help of cowboys, the cattle industry thrives as the Native American culture of the Great Plains declines. About 1890 the frontier is closed.

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

KEY IDEA

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OVERVIEW

The cattle industry boomed in the late 1800s, as the culture of the Plains Indians declined.

Today, ranchers and Plains Indians work to preserve their cultural traditions.

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES

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• Chisholm Trail

• Great Plains

• Sitting Bull

• Dawes Act

• Battle of Wounded Knee

• Treaty of Fort Laramie

• George A. Custer

• assimilation

• longhorn

• long drive

ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT


1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Provide supporting details about the culture of the Plains Indians in each of the three categories.

Culture of the Plains Indians

Buffalo and Horse Family Life Beliefs

continued . . .

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Source of food, clothes, shelter, and transportation

Communal property and government; individualism valued

Focus on the present; world inhabited by spirits

ASSESSMENT


2. Why do you think the assimilation policy of the Dawes Act failed? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Lack of support by the government, abuses of the act by white opportunists, and Native Americans’ lack of interest in private property

• the experience of Native Americans such as Zitkala-Sa

• the attitudes of many white leaders toward Native Americans

• the merits of owning property

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

• the importance of cultural heritage


3. What economic opportunities drew large numbers of people to the Great Plains beginning in the mid-1800s?

ANSWERANSWER

Growth of the railroads, the burgeoning cattle industry, and government support of “free land”

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


4. Identify the reasons for the rise and the decline of the cattle industry.

ANSWERANSWER

Rise: the seizure of Native American lands; the adaptation of the longhorn to the Plains; the growing demand for beef

Decline: overgrazing; bad weather; barbed wire and end of the open plains

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 1

2Settling on the Great Plains

The promise of cheap, fertile land draws thousands of settlers westward to seek their fortunes as farmers. Settlers face extreme hardships in taming the land.


KEY IDEA

HOMEMAPGRAPH


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OVERVIEW

Settlers on the Great Plains transformed the land despite great hardships.

The Great Plains region remains the bread basket of the United States.




• bonanza farm

• Morrill Act

• Homestead Act • exoduster

• soddy

MAPGRAPH


1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List four events that shaped the settling of the Great Plains.

continued . . .

1862:Homestead Act

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ASSESSMENT

1869:Completion of the first transcontinental railroad

1874:Development of barbed wire

1889:Oklahoma land rush

Event One

Event Two

Event Three

Event Four

MAPGRAPH


2. How successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Success: Increased miles of railroad track and population helped settle the plains.

Failure: Despite the private property rights of homesteaders, only about 10 percent of the land was actually settled by the families for whom it was intended; the railroads subsidized by the government became overly powerful.

• the growth in population on the Great Plains

• the role of railroads in the economy

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

• the Homestead Act

MAPGRAPH


3. Review the changes in technology that influenced the life of settlers on the Great Plains in the late 1800s. Explain how you think settlement of the plains would have been different without these inventions.

ANSWERANSWER

Without technology there would have been more crop dehydration; wandering animals and trampled crops; and crops ruined by inclement weather.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

MAPGRAPH


4. How did the railroads take advantage of farmers?

ANSWERANSWER

Railroads charged plains farmers a higher fee than they did farmers in the East; they charged more for short hauls and forced the farmers deeper into debt.

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 2

MAPGRAPH

3Farmers and the Populist Movement

Farmers band together to address their economic problems, giving rise to the Populist movement. Economic troubles lead to clashes over silver or gold as the basis of the monetary system.


KEY IDEA

HOME


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• Farmers’ Alliances

• William McKinley

• gold standard

• William Jennings Bryan

• Oliver Hudson Kelley

• Grange

• Populism

• bimetallism


OVERVIEW

Farmers united to address their economic problems, giving rise to the Populist movement.

Many of the Populist reform issues, such as income tax and legally protected rights of workers, are now taken for granted.



1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify the causes of the rise of the Populist Party and the effects the party had.

continued . . .

Falling prices for crops

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ASSESSMENT

Inability to repay loans

Excessive railroad prices

New ideas that later became law

Political forum for addressing special interests

Message of hope to downtrodden

Causes Effects

Populist Party


2. What do you think were the most significant factors in bringing an end to the Populist Party? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Bryan’s free-silver stand seems to have been most instrumental in bringing about the fall of the populist Party. His stand led gold bug Democrats to nominate their own candidate. It also weakened his support in cities where consumers feared inflation.

continued . . .

• monetary policy • third-party status

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ASSESSMENT

• source of popular support • popular participation policy


3. How did the Grange and the Farmers’ Alliances pave the way for the Populist Party?

ANSWERANSWER

The Grange informed members on issues that affected them. It raised questions on issues that would become the basis of the Populist Party.

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 3

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13 Changes on the Western Frontier QUIT CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE VISUAL SUMMARY SECTION Cultures Clash on