Comparing Documents, Tracking Changes, andVersioning in Microsoft Word 2003

Joshua Draper

23-Mar-2011

Contents

1 Introduction 7

1.1 Conventions used in this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.2 Solutions in Microsoft Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 Track Changes 7

2.1 Problems caused by track changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3 Compare and Merge Documents 11

3.1 Default variation for comparing documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.1.1 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.1.2 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.2 Legal Blackline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.2.1 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.2.2 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.3 Merging multiple files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.4 Detecting formatting changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4 Working with changes 14

4.1 Configuring the display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.2 Adding or removing markup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.2.1 Accepting/rejecting changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.2.2 Accepting/rejecting only formatting changes . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.2.3 Adding or deleting comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.2.4 Highlighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.3 Copying changes from one document to another . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

5 Versioning 23

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5.1 Managing versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5.2 Comparing old versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

6 Conclusion 26

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List of Figures

1 Double clicking on “TRK” in the status bar toggles track changes onand off. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 The tools menu allows Track Changes to be toggled on and off. . . . 9

3 The boxed icon above toggles the state of “Track Changes”. In thispicture, “Track Changes” is turned on. The numbers do not appearin Word. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4 Comparison of how different versions of Word display change balloons. 10

5 Clicking on the black triangle to the right of the Merge button grantsaccess to more options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

6 The reviewing toolbar can be shown via “View→Toolbars→Reviewing” 15

7 From left to right, the reviewing toolbar has tools that 1) pick theversion to display, 2) toggle the way different kinds of changes areshown, 3) go to the previous change, 4) go to the next change, 5)accept one or multiple changes, 6) reject one or multiple changes, 7)insert a comment, 8) toggle and select highlight color, 9) toggle trackchanges, and 10) toggle the display of the reviewing pane. “TrackChanges” is currently toggled on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

8 Balloons are used for information that is not part of the body in thefinal or original document depending on the display setting. . . . . . 17

9 The Track Changes Options dialog box displays color settings andsettings related to balloons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

10 The reviewing pane is a quick way to see all the changes in a documentwithout the surrounding context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

11 The reviewing toolbar configured to show only formatting changes inFinal Showing Markup view. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

12 With only formatting changes shown, a new option called “Reject AllChanges Shown” appears. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

13 The expanded “Find and Replace” dialog box. If the dialog is notexpanded the “Less” button will say “More”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

14 The “Find and Replace” dialog ready to find all highlighted text. . . 23

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15 Results from copy and paste with “Track Changes” in different states. 24

16 The “Versions in” dialog box shows previous versions, date saved,author, and comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

17 Use the comment dialog to provide meaningful comments . . . . . . . 26

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1 Introduction

Either client or company procedures often require documenting all changes to adocument from one revision to the next. How can this be accomplished efficiently?If the review process is via hard copy markup, the changes are documented in themarkups. If the review is electronic, it can be more difficult to quickly identifythe differences between document versions. This article aims to explain how to useMicrosoft Word to solve this problem.

1.1 Conventions used in this document

In this document, text in “quotes” denotes the exact name or label seen in MicrosoftWord.

N ote: Important points to remember about the current topic are highlighted innotes. Stars in the margin draw attention to notes. ?A right arrow → denotes that the next item is a child of the first one. For example.“File→Open. . . ” means that “Open. . . ” is a submenu found in the “File” menu.

1.2 Solutions in Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word has two main solutions to the problem of documenting edits: “TrackChanges” and “Compare and Merge Documents”. The solutions differ mainly inwhen the changes are detected. “Track Changes” is real-time change tracking andrecording. “Compare and Merge Documents” detects and records changes sometimeafter the editing session. Each of the options is discussed below in greater detail.

2 Track Changes

As stated above, “Track Changes” records changes as they are made. Changesinclude insertions, deletions, ink comments1, formatting changes, and comments.It is popular because it stays on until someone turns it off, which means that theoriginator can turn it on before sending a document out for review and trust thatall the changes from all reviewers will be recorded as long as no one turns it off.

1Ink annotations are available only on tablet PCs in Office 2003

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Another nice feature is that the author of each change is recorded, making it easy toknow who to talk to if questions arise.

Unfortunately, using “Track Changes” causes some problems especially if there ismore than one person reviewing the document. Some of these problems are discussedbelow. It is best to avoid turning on “Track Changes” if the document is large,complex, or will have more than one person making changes to it.

There are a few ways to turn on track changes.

1. Double click on “TRK” in the status bar. Dark text means on; light text meansoff. Figure 1 shows the status bar with “Track Changes” turned on.

2. Use the menus to select “Tools→Track Changes” as shown in figure 2.

3. Click the icon in the reviewing toolbar. See figure 3.

Figure 1: Double clicking on “TRK” in the status bar toggles track changes on and off.

Once turned on, “Track Changes” will remain on until it is turned off, even if thedocument is closed and reopened or sent to someone else. Inspecting any of the threeways to toggle the state of “Track Changes” will inform the user of its current state.

2.1 Problems caused by track changes

Sometimes, using track changes can cause problems that can only be resolved by ac-cepting or rejecting all the changes in the document. Section 4.2.1 discusses acceptingand rejecting changes. Some of these problems are listed below.

Copying Changes Between Documents This topic is discussed in detail in sec-tion 4.3 on page 22.

Document Corruption Complex documents with many levels of tracked changessometimes become corrupted and unusable. Sometimes the corruption can befixed by accepting or rejecting all the changes.

Table Corruption Tables really do not get along well with “Track Changes”. Turnit off before changing anything in a table.

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Figure 2: The tools menu allows Track Changes to be toggled on and off.

Figure 3: The boxed icon above toggles the state of “Track Changes”. In this picture,“Track Changes” is turned on. The numbers do not appear in Word.

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Table of Contents Sometimes, a large number of tracked changes prevents thetable of contents from updating properly.

Numbering In either of the “Showing Markup” views, discovering which is thecurrent number of a numbered item can be very confusing. See section 4.1 onpage 16 for more information on the views.

Disappearing author name Sometimes the name of the author of a change isreplaced by “Author” after saving the file. This happens because Word isconfigured to remove personal information on save. To correct it, use the menusto select “Tools→Options→Security” and uncheck the box next to “Removepersonal information from file properties on save.”

Reviewer name in balloon is missing This is actually not a problem, but manypeople think it is. Word 2003, 2007 and 2010 show the reviewer’s initials orname in the balloon for comments but not for insertions and deletions. Manypeople see the name in a comment in one document, open another documentwith only changes (no comments), and wonder why the names have disap-peared. This so-called problem is really a misunderstanding of how Word issupposed to work. Those people using Word 2011 on Macs get to see the namein both comments and regular changes. See figure 4.

(a) Word 2003 shows thereviewer’s name for com-ments only.

(b) Word 2010 shows the re-viewer’s name for commentsonly.

(c) Word 2011 for Macshows the reviewer’sname for changes andcomments

Figure 4: Comparison of how different versions of Word display change balloons.

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3 Compare and Merge Documents

Sometimes it is necessary to identify modifications to a document that did not haveTrack Changes turned on when the modifications were made. A feature called Com-pare and Merge Documents was designed for just such a situation. There are twomajor variations of comparing documents: the default variation and the one calledlegal blackline. In either method, you can choose whether or not Word should findformatting changes in addition to textual changes.

Regardless of the variation you choose to use, Compare and Merge Documents willcompare two files and make a document that shows the differences as changes to oneof the two original documents.

3.1 Default variation for comparing documents

The default variation does not actually have a name, so it will be called default fordiscussion purposes. The most crucial thing to remember about it is that Word willalways assume that the file with the newer time stamp is the final version of thedocument.

3.1.1 Input

The assumption that the file with the newest time stamp is the final document mayor may not be valid. For example, Tom sends his document to Phil for review. Inthe meantime, Tom continues editing the document.2 Phil returns the document toTom via e-mail and Tom saves it somewhere. Tom finishes the edits he is making onhis copy of the document and saves it.

Tom’s document now has a newer time stamp than Phil’s. When Tom runs “Compareand Merge Documents” (CMD) with the default variation, Word will assign Tom’sdocument as “Final” and Phil’s version as “Original”. In this case, Tom has decidedthat Phil’s version is much farther ahead than his own, so Phil’s version is the onethat will be issued after incorporating the edits that Tom made to his own copy.

Therefore, remembering that Word assigned the label “Original” to Phil’s versionbecause it was saved before Tom’s document, Tom uses the reviewing toolbar toshow “Original showing markup”. Word now displays Phil’s version. Anything that

2This is usually not a good idea. Best practice is for everyone to edit the same file serially.

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differs in Tom’s version shows up as a change to “Original”. Tom then accepts thechanges that represent the edits he just made to his own document and rejects allthe rest of the changes. The result is that Tom’s interim edits are incorporated intoPhil’s version and the document is ready to be issued.

Note: It is essential to double check every time how Final and Original are assigned;otherwise, rework and frustration will result.?

3.1.2 Output

The default CMD merges the changes into the file selected in the “Compare andMerge Documents” dialog box shown in figure 5. It is possible to merge the changesinto the current document or into a new document if desired. Instead of clicking“Merge”, simply click on the triangle to the right of “Merge” and choose the desiredoption.

Figure 5: Clicking on the black triangle to the right of the Merge button grants access tomore options.

For example, if Tom is editing document A and wishes to compare it to documentB, he selects “Tools→Compare and Merge Documents. . . ”. In the resulting dialogbox, he chooses B. If he now clicks “Merge”, the changes will be inserted into B. If

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he clicks on the triangle next to Merge and selects “Merge into current”, the changeswill be inserted into A. Selecting “Merge into new” will create a new document withthe content and changes.

N ote: The different Merge options all produce identical output. The only difference ?is the file into which the changes are inserted.

3.2 Legal Blackline

The other way to run CMD is called the legal blackline variation that is selectedby checking the “legal blackline” checkbox in the “Compare and Merge Documents”dialog shown in figure 5. Checking that box changes the way Word determines the“Original” file and the “Final” file. The file selected in the dialog becomes the“Original” file and the currently open file is “Final”.

3.2.1 Input

In the example above about Tom and Phil, imagine that Tom is working on his filewhen he selects “Tools→Compare and Merge Documents. . . ”. He checks the box forlegal blackline, selects Phil’s document, and clicks “Compare”.3 Word assigns hisopen document as “Final”. Phil’s document is assigned as “Original”, and a newdocument is generated showing the changes.

In the example above, if Tom wanted Phil’s document to be considered “Final” hewould open Phil’s document, select “Tools→Compare and Merge Documents. . . ”,select his own document, check the legal blackline checkbox, and click the“Compare”button.

3.2.2 Output

Legal blackline always produces a new document to show the changes. There is nooption to merge the changes into one of the files being compared as in the defaultvariation.

3checking the legal blackline box changes the “Merge” button to “Compare”

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3.3 Merging multiple files

The only reliable way to merge multiple documents and get an accurate history ofchanges with the correct text in the final document is described in the list below.There are other ways of comparing multiple documents, but they do not produce thedesired results.[1]

1. Open the newest file and use the legal blackline option to select the next newestfile.

2. Choose yes when Word offers to accept changes.

3. In the new document that is created, repeat the process until all the documentshave been merged.

Now all changes can be viewed and the final text is the text from the newest version.

N ote: The names of the different reviewers will be lost from changes and comments?and replaced with “Author”.

3.4 Detecting formatting changes

Knowing how formatting changed can be useful at times and not at others. Help-fully, Word provides a second checkbox called “Find formatting” just under the“Legal blackline” checkbox. It is checked by default which means that differencesin formatting are picked up as changes. For the default variation, unchecking the“Find formatting” box will cause Word to ask which document has the formattingthat will be kept. All text will get formatted as defined in the selected document .For the legal blackline variation, if the box is unchecked, differences in formattingwill be ignored and the formatting of the final, i.e. open, document will be used.

4 Working with changes

After using either “Track Changes” or CMD, the author will need to accept orreject changes as appropriate to produce the final document for issue. The reviewingtoolbar groups the necessary tools in one place for convenient access.

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Figure 6: The reviewing toolbar can be shown via “View→Toolbars→Reviewing”

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To show the reviewing toolbar, use the menus to navigate to “View→Toolbars”.Ensure that there is a check next to “Reviewing” as shown in figure 6.

Once the Reviewing toolbar is visible, the second icon from the right can be used totoggle change tracking. Figure 7 shows the reviewing toolbar with “Track Changes”turned on. The rest of the tools are described in the figure caption.

Figure 7: From left to right, the reviewing toolbar has tools that 1) pick the version todisplay, 2) toggle the way different kinds of changes are shown, 3) go to theprevious change, 4) go to the next change, 5) accept one or multiple changes, 6)reject one or multiple changes, 7) insert a comment, 8) toggle and select highlightcolor, 9) toggle track changes, and 10) toggle the display of the reviewing pane.“Track Changes” is currently toggled on.

4.1 Configuring the display

The display of changes can be customized to maximize efficiency while editing. Theleft-most tool of the reviewing toolbar, labeled 1 in figure 7, allows you to view eitherthe pre-change document or the final document and optionally show the differences.

“Original Showing Markup” will show the text of the original document as normaltext and what the final version says insertions or deletions. “Final Showing Markup”will show the final version of the document and what it used to say as insertions ordeletions. Comments are visible in either view. “Final” and “Original” do not showany markup.

The Show menu is used to choose specific kinds of markup to be shown in eitherof the markup views. It also duplicates the functionality of the display tool justdiscussed. It allows for toggling “Comments”, “Ink Annotations”4, and “Insertionsand Deletions”. “Reviewers→” allows allows for toggling the display of individualreviewers if there are changes from more than one. The balloons submenu controlswhether or not insertions or deletions are shown in-line or in balloons on the rightside. Figure 8(a) shows what insertions and deletions look like when balloons are notshown. Figure 8(b) shows what they look like when balloons are shown. Balloons

4In Word 2003, ink annotations are only available for tablet computers.

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are used for text that would not ordinarily appear in the displayed version (originalor final).

(a) “Show→Balloons→” is set toNever.

(b) “Show→Balloons→” is set to Always.

Figure 8: Balloons are used for information that is not part of the body in the final ororiginal document depending on the display setting.

“Reviewing Pane” toggles the display of the reviewing pane, which will be discussedlater. “Options. . . ” brings up the dialog box shown in figure 9. It allows for theconfiguration of colors, balloon width, connecting lines, and the margin in which toshow the balloons. Unfortunately, it is not possible to assign a specific color to aspecific author. If the “By author” option is selected, Word assigns colors to authorsat random.

The reviewing pane is loved by some, hated by others. It is a list of all the comments,insertions, deletions, and a formatting changes in the document. They are groupedaccording to where they are found: the main body, headers and footers, text boxes,footnotes, and endnotes. Figure 10 shows the reviewing pane.

The reviewing pane is a split window below the document. Clicking on a entry inthe reviewing pane will cause it to be shown in the main document. Right-clickinga change will present options for accepting or rejecting the change. Right-clicking acomment will allow you to delete it or change its formatting. The reviewing panecan be useful if you have overlapping changes in the document and only want toaccept/reject some of them because they do not overlap in the reviewing pane.

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Figure 9: The Track Changes Options dialog box displays color settings and settings relatedto balloons.

4.2 Adding or removing markup

Markup consists of changes, comments, and highlighting. In the end, all changes willbe either accepted or rejected.

4.2.1 Accepting/rejecting changes

Accepting a change means that it will be incorporated into the document as if ithad always been there. Rejecting a change means it is erased from the documentas if had never existed. The next four buttons on the reviewing toolbar, labeled 3through 6 in figure 7, are used for processing changes. The first two, numbers 3 and4, jump to the previous and next change, respectively. The third one, number 5, hasa check mark in the icon and is used for accepting changes. The black arrow next toit is used to display more options related to accepting changes.

The next icon, number 6, is for rejecting changes and works similarly. Figure 12 showsthe options available. The reject change button also allows for deleting comments.Changes can also be accepted rejected via th context menu which is brought up by

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Figure 10: The reviewing pane is a quick way to see all the changes in a document withoutthe surrounding context.

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right-clicking on a change.

4.2.2 Accepting/rejecting only formatting changes

Imagine that employee Tom prepares a document and sends it out to several peoplefor review. When the document is returned to him, he finds that valuable text hasbeen added or revised but people have made terrible formatting mistakes that ruinthe careful formatting work Tom did before sending it out. In this case, Tom wantsto reject all the changes people made to formatting while preserving all the textualchanges. His desire is easily accomplished by selecting which changes to show on thescreen.

1. Using the reviewing toolbar (see figure 6 to turn it on), click on “Show” andturn off “Comments”, “Ink Annotations”, “Insertions and Deletions”. Turn on“Formatting.” Now only formatting changes are displayed on the screen. Seefigure 11.

Figure 11: The reviewing toolbar configured to show only formatting changes in FinalShowing Markup view.

2. Again with the reviewing toolbar, click on the black triangle next to the RejectChange icon to see additional options. Select “Reject All Changes Shown”.See figure 12.

3. Now show “Insertions and Deletions”, and “Comments”.

All of the formatting changes are rejected and the text changes are preserved.

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Figure 12: With only formatting changes shown, a new option called “Reject All ChangesShown” appears.

4.2.3 Adding or deleting comments

If a new comment is desired, the button to the right of the reject change button,number 7 in figure 7, inserts a new comment where the cursor is positioned. If textis highlighted when the comment is inserted, text will be colored and enclosed inparentheses to show that the comment applies to the selected text. Comments canbe deleted by right-clicking on them and choosing “Delete Comment”.

4.2.4 Highlighting

The next button, number 8 in figure 7, toggles highlighting. It is also available onthe formatting toolbar. Highlighting is a special kind of formatting in Word. Manypeople assume that is the same as changing the background color of text, but it isnot.5 The main advantage to highlighting text over changing the background coloris that the “Find and Replace” dialog has an option to search for highlighted text.This allows a reviewer to quickly jump to highlighted text. The black arrow next tothe highlighting tool allows the background color to be changed.

To search for highlighted text in a document, open the “Find and Replace” dialogpressing Ctrl+F or using the menus to select “Edit→Find. . . ”. This will bring upthe “Find and Replace” dialog. In that dialog, click on the “More” button to showall the options. The “More” button will change to “Less”. Click on the “Format”

5Highlighting is not the same as changing the text background color. This comes into play whencopying highlighted text into documents that have been protected against formatting changes. Textwith background color will have the color stripped, but highlighted text will remain highlighted inthe protected document. It is not possible to unhighlight text until the protection is removed;therefore, unhighlight text before copying and pasting into protected documents.

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button, select “Highlight”, and the dialog box will look like the one in figure 13.

Figure 13: The expanded “Find and Replace” dialog box. If the dialog is not expandedthe “Less” button will say “More”.

The words “Format: Highlight” will appear under the “Find what:” entry box in-dicating that only text marked as highlighted will be found. Clicking “Find Next”without entering any text will find all the next instance of highlighted text. Seefigure 14. Highlighting is removed or text is unhighlighted by selecting it and usingthe highlighting tool to change the color to “None”.

4.3 Copying changes from one document to another

Many times, someone wants to migrate a document to a new template or new docu-ment without losing any of the changes that have already been tracked. The solutionis to turn off track changes in both the source and destination documents before start-ing to copy and paste. Tables are an exception to this behavior. In order to copy atable with its changes, it is necessary to copy a paragraph above and below the table

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Figure 14: The “Find and Replace” dialog ready to find all highlighted text.

as well. If the table alone is selected, the changes are not copied. [2]

Figure 15 on page 24 is a matrix that shows how the behavior of copy and pastediffers based on the states of track changes in the source and destination files.

Turning on track changes in the source document causes changes to be “accepted”when they are copied such that the paste command inserts the final version of thetext. Turning on track changes in the destination document makes Word treatanything pasted in as a new, single insertion in the destination document, and it ismarked with the current user’s name.

5 Versioning

When working with multiple versions of files, there must be a method of identifyingand distinguishing versions from each other. In particular, knowing the currentrevision is very important. Typically, a new file is saved after each revision with anew, unique name that identifies it. This can lead to confusion sometimes if peopledo not understand the naming convention. Word has the ability to save and trackpast versions of a document along with the editor’s name and an optional comment.

The advantage of using Word’s versioning functionality is that only the current file isshown in the directory (folder) where the file is stored. There is no confusion about

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State of track changes before copying*

Destination track changes on Destination track changes off

Source track changes on

Source track changes off

*”Final Showing Markup” is the view for both source and destination in all four examples. The results are the same regardless of the view.

Figure 15: Results from copy and paste with “Track Changes” in different states.

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which file to open. Another advantage is that versions work the same way for localfiles and files stored on SharePoint6.

5.1 Managing versions

The versioning functionality is accessed by using the menus to select “File→Versions. . . ”.This will bring up the “Versions in” dialog box shown in figure 16.

Figure 16: The “Versions in” dialog box shows previous versions, date saved, author, andcomments.

A new version can be saved simply by clicking “Save Now. . . ”. Word will then promptfor an optional comment. Figure 17 shows the comment dialog box. Commentsshould be meaningful and describe the major edits that occured in that version sothat someone later can quickly identify it.

Old versions easily be opened by selecting the desired version from the list in the“Versions in” dialog and clicking “Open”. Similarly, the “Delete” button is used toremove selected versions. If the full comment for a version is not visible in the dialogbox, the “View Comments. . . ” button will open a read-only version of the commentsdialog which will display the entire comment.

If desired, the checkbox at the top of the dialog can be used to toggle the automaticcreation of a new version each time the file is closed. The comment for automaticallysaved versions is always “Automatic version”.

6Microsoft Word will disable versioning of SharePoint files unless the SharePoint documentlibrary that houses the file is configured with versioning.

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Figure 17: Use the comment dialog to provide meaningful comments

5.2 Comparing old versions

Depending on the type of comparison desired, it may be necessary to open an oldversion from the “Versions in” dialog, save it as a new file so it can be selected inthe CMD dialog. There is currently no way to run CMD on a previous version of thecurrent document directly. The old version must be saved as a file first if the opendocument needs to be assigned as the “Final” version.

If the previous version should assigned as “Final”, the “Versions in” dialog can beused to open the desired file and initiate CMD from that document.

6 Conclusion

Micrsoft Word provides “Track Changes”, “Compare and Merge Documents”, and“Versions” to track and document changes to a document as well as store previousversions of it. Each tool has different strengths and limitations and is most effectivefor different use cases.

“Track Changes” is best used for small, simple documents without tables. Large,complex documents that may include tables are better suited for “Compare andMerge Documents”. Versioning can be used the with all types of files stored eitherlocally or on a SharePoint site.

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References

[1] Clive Huggans. Bend word to your will (or try to), March 2011. Availablefrom: http://word.mvps.org/mac/bend/bendwordtoyourwill.html [cited 16-Mar-2011].

[2] Shauna Kelly. How does track changes in microsoft word work?, Septem-ber 2010. Available from: http://www.shaunakelly.com/word/sharing/

howtrackchangesworks.html [cited 16-Mar-2011].

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