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Cranial Nerve VII & VIII

21-Cranial Nerve VII & VIII · 2018-02-26 · we mean facial expression muscles\r\\\\upper muscles are bilaterally connected but lower muscles are contalateraly connected \\\\\rlower

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Page 1: 21-Cranial Nerve VII & VIII · 2018-02-26 · we mean facial expression muscles\r\\\\upper muscles are bilaterally connected but lower muscles are contalateraly connected \\\\\rlower

Cranial Nerve VII & VIII

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please read the sheet the slides are not organized
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Laith Sorour
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Lecture Objectives

• Follow up the course of facial nerve from its point of central connections, exit and down to its target areas.

• Follow up the central connections of the facial nerve. • Discuss the various modalities of its fibers.• Review your knowledge of its target organs.• Follow the course of the VIII nerve down to its point of entry to the brain.

• Follow up the central connections of the VIII nerve. 

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Facial Nerve (VII)Mixed cranial nerve

Motor Modalities

• Motor fibers (SVE) originate from the pons and innervate facial, scalp muscles

• Parasympathetic innervation (GVE) (via the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia) to various glands in the head

Major motor functions are regulating muscles of facial expression and secretion of saliva and tears

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facial expression muscles
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salivary glangs (submandibular gland\sunlingual\small salivary glands) but not parotid \\and supplies lacrimal gland
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lacrimal glands
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Facial Nerve (VII)

Sensory Modalities• Sensory fibers (SVA) from the taste buds of the anterior ⅔ of the tongue

• Sensory fibers (GVA) from soft palate

• Sensory fibers (GSA) from external earAll sensory fibers go to the geniculate ganglion (in facial canal)

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plus small part of external canal??
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and begininig of oral pharynx
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ganglion means gray matter outside CNS
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Facial Nerve Nuclei

• Main motor nucleus (SVE)• Location• Connection

• Cortex*• Upper muscles – both sides• Lower muscles – contralateral 

innervation*upper motor neuron lesion would affect lower muscles only

• Fibers course• Colliculus facialis

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posteriorly -->looping around abducent nucleus -->gives us colliculus facialis--> will combine with other fibers and give facial nerve which ascends between pons and medulla oblongata -->enters internal acoustic meatus-->
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we mean facial expression muscles \\upper muscles are bilaterally connected but lower muscles are contalateraly connected \\\ lower muscles are innervated by one side so if we cut an UPPER motor neuron contralateral parylysis occurs but the other side will not be affected \\ and the upper muscles will not be affected because the are supplied bilaterally
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located deep in the reticular formation in the lower part of the pons
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Facial Nerve Nuclei

• Parasympathetic nuclei (GVE)• Superior salivatory

• Connections • Hypothalamus 

• Lacrimal• Connections 

• Hypothalamus • Sensory nuclei of V

• Corneal irritation

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Trigeminal \\\ why? because V innervates the sensation of eyeball so as reflex lacrimal glands will secrete tears *crying in the corner because life is hard*
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Facial Nerve: Sensory Nucleus• 1st order neuron – geniculate ganglion

• 2nd order neuron –Nucleus of the tractus solitarius (SVA, GVA)• Taste and sensation from palate• Location• Axons cross midline

• 3rd order neuron – PVM of thalamus• Axons → internal capsule → corona radiata → cortex (postcentral gyrus)

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Facial Nerve (VII): Course

• Facial nerve (motor root (SVE) & nervus intermedius(GVE,SVA,GVA,GSA))

• Pons (cerebellopontine angle)

• Internal acuastic meatus

• Facial canal

• Stylomastoid foramen

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will reach middle ear and will go in facial canal and move on medial wall and then posterior wall until it exits through stylomastoid foramen into infratemporal fossa
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will go posteriorly until stylomastoid formaen
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because its course it can be affected easily in in media otitis
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Facial Nerve (VII): Branches• Nerve to the stapidius muscle (SVE)

• Posterior auricular n. (SVE)• Stylohyoid & posterior belly of digastric

• Five terminal branches (SVE)

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from facial canal from posterior wall of the tympanic cavity to stapedius muscle in middle ear \\ so the lesion may affect hearing
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Innervated by post. auricular
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anterior belly innervated by mandibular bramch of trigeminal
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The facial nerve pierces the parotid gland dividing it into superficial and deep and splits into five terminal branches innervating the muscles of facial expression (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical)
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Facial Nerve (VII): Branches

• Greater petrosal nerve (GVE, GVA)↔ hiatus of the facial canal ↔ pterygoid canal ↔ pterygpalatine ganglion

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Greater petrosal + deep petrosal =pterygoid canal nerve which is parasympathetic
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opens into cranial cavity near foramen lacerum
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Mainly lacrimal and small salivary glands
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soft palate and oropharynx
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parasympathtic ganglion\\distributes post ganglionic neurons \\*zygomatic branch goes to cranium and lacrimal glands \\branches to nasal cavity and palate
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Facial Nerve (VII): Branches

• Chorda tympani n. (GVE, SVA,GVA) ↔ canal in the tympanic cavity ↔ canal in the petrotympanic fissure ↔ foramen at the spine of sphenoid ↔ lingual nerve (V3)

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Chorda tympani leaves the facial nerve within facial canal in posterior wall of tympanic cavity
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almost outside of auditory meatus
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combines with lingual branch of mandibular branch
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submandibular & sublingual glands
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ant. 2/3 of tongue (taste)
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Facial Nerve (VII): Lesion

• Bell’s palsy: paralysis of facial expression mm. • Unable to show teeth and close eye

• Loss of corneal reflex (efferent limb)

• Loss of taste from the anterior ⅔ of tongue (corda tympani)• Unable to distinguish taste sensations (sweet, bitter, sour & salt)

• Decrease salivation (corda tympani)

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less lacrimation and worsening of hearing because it innervates stapedius muscle
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UMN Vs LMN Lesions of Facial Nerve

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lmn
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look how it affects ipsilateral in LMN lesions
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Look how upper muscles are innervated bilaterally and lower contralaterally from cortex
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example: if you cut UMN on right side, the lip on the left side will go down because its a lower part muscle but the eyebrow will not be affected because its innervated bilaterally
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)• Formerly called the acoustic or auditory nerve

• Brainstem (between pons & medulla) → Internal acoustic meatus

• Mainly a sensory nerve

• Consists of two branches:

Cochlear branch• Associated with hearing• Receptors in the spiral organ in the cochlea • The cell bodies in the spiral ganglion• Axons travel to nuclei in the medulla• if damaged deafness or tinnitus (ringing) is 

produced

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Two branches: vestibular and cochlear
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and will enter the inner ear
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mostly sensory fibers but its efferent for ulduar hair cells
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at base of spiral lamina
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Auditory Nuclei/Pathway

• 1st order neuron – spiral ganglion

• 2nd order neurons• Cochlear nuclei

• Anterior & posterior• Location• Relations – inferior cerebellar 

peduncles

• Axons cross and uncross midline

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chochlear and vestubular nuclei are In the lateral side ?? fossa between pons and medulla
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Auditory Nuclei/Pathway• 3rd order neurons 

• Posterior nucleus of trapezoid body & superior olivary nucleus

• Axons – lateral lemniscus

• 4th order neurons• Inferior colliculus• Medial geniculate body (5th) → internal capsule → auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus)

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Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)

Vestibular branch• Associated with equilibrium• Receptors in the semicircular canals; saccule, and utricle 

• The cell bodies in vestibular ganglion

• Axons travel to nuclei in the thalamus; some fibers also travel to the cerebellum

• Lesion results in disequilibrium, vertigo, nystagmus, ataxia

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The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway

• Location – 4th ventricle• Vestibular nuclei (2nd order neurons)• Lateral → vistibulospinal tract• Superior• Medial• Inferior

• Inputs from cerebellum• Axons To spinal cordTo eye muscles nerves (III, IV, VI)To thalamus (VP) → vestibular area in cerebral cortex (postcentral gyrus)

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this nucei gives fibers to spinal cord
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when you move your head eys move with it