201B 6E Chap002

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

1/69

PowerPoint Authors:Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPACharles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMAJon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA

Cnthia J. !oone, Ph.D., CPA McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc! "ll rights reser#e$!

Job"#rder Costin$Cha%ter &'

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

2/69

2-2

Job"#rder Costin$: An #(er(iew

Job-order costing systems areJob-order costing systems areused when:used when:

1.1.Many different products are produced eachMany different products are produced eachperiod.period.

2.2.Products are manufactured to order.Products are manufactured to order.

3.3.The unique nature of each order requiresThe unique nature of each order requirestracing or aocating costs to each !ob" andtracing or aocating costs to each !ob" andmaintaining cost records for each !ob.maintaining cost records for each !ob.

Job-order costing systems areJob-order costing systems areused when:used when:

1.1.Many different products are produced eachMany different products are produced eachperiod.period.

2.2.Products are manufactured to order.Products are manufactured to order.

3.3.The unique nature of each order requiresThe unique nature of each order requirestracing or aocating costs to each !ob" andtracing or aocating costs to each !ob" andmaintaining cost records for each !ob.maintaining cost records for each !ob.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

3/69

2-3

Job"#rder Costin$: An #(er(iew

)*am%les o+ om%anies that)*am%les o+ om%anies that

would use -ob"order ostin$ inlude:would use -ob"order ostin$ inlude:..Boein$ /airra+t manu+aturin$0Boein$ /airra+t manu+aturin$0'.'.Behtel International /lar$e"sale onstrution0Behtel International /lar$e"sale onstrution0

1.1.Walt Disne Studios /mo(ie %rodution0Walt Disne Studios /mo(ie %rodution0

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

4/69

2-4

Job #o. 1

Job #o. 2

Job #o. 3

$hargedirect

materia anddirect abor

costs to

each !ob aswor% is

performed.

Job"#rder Costin$ 2 An )*am%le

&irect Materias

&irect 'abor

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

5/69

2-5

Manu+aturin$Manu+aturin$#(erhead,#(erhead,

inludin$inludin$

indirectindirect

materialsmaterials andandindirect labor indirect labor ,,are alloatedare alloated

to all -obsto all -obsrather thanrather than

diretl traeddiretl traed

to eah -ob.to eah -ob.

Job"#rder Costin$ 2 An )*am%le

&irect Materias

&irect 'abor

Job #o. 1

Job #o. 2

Job #o. 3Manufacturing()erhead

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

6/69

2-6

Pear$o Job $ost *heet

Job #umber + - 1,3 &ate nitiated 3-,-11

&ate $ompeted

&epartment 3 /nits $ompeted

tem 0ooden cargo crate&irect Materias &irect 'abor Manufacturing ()erhead

eq. #o. +mount Tic%et ours +mount ours ate +mount

$ost *ummary /nits *hipped

&irect Materias &ate #umber aance

&irect 'abor

Manufacturing ()erhead

Tota $ost

/nit Product $ost

3he Job Cost Sheet

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

7/692-7

Measurin$ Diret Materials Cost

Will E. Delite

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

8/692-8

Measurin$ Diret Materials Cost

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

9/692-9

Measurin$ Diret 4abor Costs

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

10/692-10

Job"#rder Cost Aountin$

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

11/692-11

4earnin$ #b-eti(e

$ompute a

predetermined o)erheadrate.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

12/692-12

Wh 5se an Alloation Base6

An alloation base, suh as diret labor"hours, An alloation base, suh as diret labor"hours,

diret labor dollars, or mahine"hours, is used todiret labor dollars, or mahine"hours, is used toassi$n manu+aturin$ o(erhead to indi(idual -obs.assi$n manu+aturin$ o(erhead to indi(idual -obs.

We use an alloation base beause:

a.It is im%ossible or di++iult to trae o(erhead osts to %artiular -obs.

b.Manu+aturin$ o(erhead onsists o+ man di++erent items ran$in$

+rom the $rease used in mahines to the %rodution mana$er7ssalar.

.Man t%es o+ manu+aturin$ o(erhead osts are +i*ed e(enthou$h out%ut +lutuates durin$ the %eriod.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

13/692-13

Manu+aturin$ #(erhead

A%%liation 3he %redetermined o(erhead rate /P#8!0 used to a%%lo(erhead to -obs is determined be+ore the %eriod be$ins.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

14/692-14

3he 9eed +or a P#8!

Predetermined o(erhead rates rel u%onestimated data beause

Atualo(erhead +orthe %eriod is

not known untilthe end o+ the

%eriod.

Atualo(erhead osts

an +lutuate

seasonall,thus misleadin$

deision

makers.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

15/692-15

Com%utin$ Predetermined #(erhead

!ates3he %redetermined o(erhead rate is om%uted be+ore the %eriod be$insusin$ a +our"ste% %roess..)stimate the total amount o+ the alloation base /the denominator0that will be re;uired +or ne*t %eriod7s estimated le(el o+ %rodution.'.)stimate the total +i*ed manu+aturin$ o(erhead ost +or the omin$%eriod and the (ariable manu+aturin$ o(erhead ost %er unit o+ thealloation base.1.5se the +ollowin$ e;uation to estimate the total amount o+manu+aturin$ o(erhead:

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

16/692-16

4earnin$ #b-eti(e '

+ppy o)erhead cost to

!obs using apredetermined o)erheadrate.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

17/69

2-17

#(erhead A%%liation !ate

P( 4,.55 per direct abor-hour

46,5"555 estimated tota manufacturing o)erhead

165"555 estimated direct abor-hours 7&'8P(

PearCo estimates that it will re;uire >&,&&& diret labor"hours to meet theomin$ %eriod7s estimated %rodution le(el. In addition, the om%anestimates total +i*ed manu+aturin$ o(erhead at ?'&&,&&&, and (ariablemanu+aturin$ o(erhead osts o+ ?'.@ %er diret labor"hour.

= a b = ?'&&,&&& /?'.@ %er diret labor"hour E >&,&&& diret labor"hours0 = ?'&&,&&& ?

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

18/69

2-18


8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

19/69

2-19

4earnin$ #b-eti(e 1

$ompute the tota costand a)erage cost per

unit of a !ob.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

20/69

2-20


8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

21/69

2-21


8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

22/69

2-22

Fuik Chek

Job W!1 at 9W ab, In. re;uired ?'&& o+ diretmaterials and & diret labor"hours at ? %er hour.)stimated total o(erhead +or the ear was ?@>&,&&&and estimated diret labor"hours were '&,&&&. What

would be reorded as the ost o+ -ob W!16

a. ?'&&.

b. ?1&.

. ?1H&.d. ?@1&.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

23/69

2-23

Job W!1 at 9W ab, In. re;uired ?'&& o+ diretmaterials and & diret labor"hours at ? %er hour.)stimated total o(erhead +or the ear was ?@>&,&&&and estimated diret labor"hours were '&,&&&. What

would be reorded as the ost o+ -ob W!16

a. ?'&&.

b. ?1&.

. ?1H&.d. ?@1&.

Fuik Chek

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

24/69

2-24

4earnin$ #b-eti(es < and

'earning (b!ecti)e , is tounderstand the fow of costs in

the !ob-order costing system and

prepare appropriate !ournaentries to record costs.

'earning (b!ecti)e 9 is to useT-accounts to show the fow of

costs in a !ob-order costing

system.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

25/69

2-25

e De+initions

1. aw mater ias inlude an materials that $ointo the +inal %rodut.

2. 0or% in process onsists o+ units o+ %rodutionthat are onl %artiall om%lete and will re;uire+urther work be+ore the are read +or sale toustomers.

3. inished goods onsist o+ om%leted units o+

%rodut that ha(e not been sold to ustomers.,. $ost of goods manufactured inlude themanu+aturin$ osts assoiated with the $oodsthat were +inished durin$ the %eriod.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

26/69

2-26

low o+ Costs: A Cone%tual #(er(iew

inished;oods

$ost of

;oods*od

*eing and

+dministrati)e

Period Costs*eing and

+dministrati)e

Manufacturing()erhead

0or% in Process

&irect 'abor

Balane Sheet Costs In(entories

InomeStatement)*%enses

Materia Purchases aw Materias

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

27/69

2-27

Job"#rder Costin$: 3he low o+ Costs

The transactions7in T-account and

!ourna entry form8

that capture thefow of costs in a

!ob-order costingsystem are

iustrated on thefoowing sides.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

28/69

2-28

aw MateriasMateria

Purchases

Mfg. ()erhead

0or% in Process7Job $ost *heet8

Actual Applied

&irect Materias &irect

Materias

ndirect Materias

ndirect Materias

3he Purhase and Issue o+ !aw

Materials: 3"Aount orm

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

29/69

2-29

Cost lows 2 Material Purhases

#n #tober , Smith Cor%oration had ?,&&& in rawmaterials on hand. Durin$ the month, the om%an%urhased ?

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

30/69

2-30

Issue o+ Diret and Indiret

Materials#n #tober 1, Smith had ?

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

31/69

2-31

Mfg. ()erhead

*aaries and0ages Payabe

0or% in Process7Job $ost *heet8&irect

Materias&irect 'abor

&irect 'abor

ndirect Materias

Actual Applied

ndirect

'abor

ndirect'abor

4abor Costs

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

32/69

2-32

4abor Costs

Durin$ the month the em%loee time tikets inluded?1,&&& o+ diret labor and ?',&&& +or indiret labor.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

33/69

2-33

Mfg. ()erhead




&irect 'abor

ndirect Materias

Actual Applied

ndirect'abor

ndirect'abor

!eordin$ Atual Manu+aturin$

#(erhead

(ther

()erhead

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

34/69

2-34

!eordin$ Atual Manu+aturin$

#(erheadDurin$ the month the om%an inurred the +ollowin$atual o(erhead osts:

. 5tilities /heat, water, and %ower0 ?,@&&

'. De%reiation o+ +ator e;ui%ment ?',&&

1. Pro%ert ta*es %aable on +ator ?,&&&

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

35/69

2-35

Mfg. ()erhead




&irect 'abor

ndirect Materias

Actual Applied

ndirect'abor

ndirect'abor

A%%lin$ Manu+aturin$ #(erhead

(ther ()erhead

()erhead +ppied

()erhead+ppied to

0or% in

Process

f actua and appiedmanufacturing o)erheadare not equa" a year-endad!ustment is required.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

36/69

2-36

A%%lin$ Manu+aturin$ #(erhead

Smith uses a %redetermined o(erhead rate o+ ?1.& %ermahine"hour. Durin$ the month, ,&&& mahine"hourswere worked on -obs.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

37/69

2-37

Aountin$ +or 9onmanu+aturin$ Cost

9onmanu+aturin$ osts are not assi$ned toindi(idual -obs, rather the are e*%ensed in the

%eriod inurred.

)*am%les:)*am%les:.. Salar e*%ense o+ em%loeesSalar e*%ense o+ em%loees

who work in a marketin$, sellin$,who work in a marketin$, sellin$,

or administrati(e a%ait.or administrati(e a%ait.'.'. Ad(ertisin$ e*%enses are e*%ensed Ad(ertisin$ e*%enses are e*%ensed

in the %eriod inurred.in the %eriod inurred.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

38/69

2-38

Aountin$ +or 9onmanu+aturin$ Cost

Durin$ the month, Smith inurred but has not %aid salessalaries o+ ?',&&&, and ad(ertisin$ e*%ense o+ ?@&.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

39/69

2-39

inished ;oods0or% in Process7Job $ost *heet8&irect

Materias&irect

'abor ()erhead

+ppied

$ost of

;oodsMfd.

$ost of ;oodsMfd.

3rans+errin$ Com%leted 5nits

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

40/69

2-40

3rans+errin$ Com%leted 5nits

Durin$ the %eriod, Smith om%leted -obs with a total ost o+?'@,&&&.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

41/69

2-41

inished ;oods

$ost of ;oods *od



()erhead +ppied

$ost of ;oodsMfd.

$ost of

;oodsMfd.

$ost of ;oods*od

$ost of ;oods*od

3rans+errin$ 5nits Sold

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

42/69

2-42

3rans+errin$ 5nits Sold

Smith sold the ?'@,&&& in +inished $oods in(entor toustomers +or ?

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

43/69

2-43

4earnin$ #b-eti(e >

Prepare schedues of

cost of goodsmanufactured and costof goods sod and an

income statement.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

44/69

2-44

Shedule o+ Cost o+ GoodsManu+atured: e Cone%ts

This schedue contains threetypes of costs" namey directmaterias" direct abor" and

manufacturing o)erhead.

It alulates the ost o+ raw

material and diret labor used in%rodution and the amount o+manu+aturin$ o(erheadappied to %rodution.

t cacuates themanufacturing

costs associatedwith goods thatwere finished

during theperiod.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

45/69

2-45

+s items are remo)ed from rawmaterias in)entory and paced into

the production process" they arecaed direct materias.

Produt Cost lows

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

46/69

2-46

$on)ersioncosts are costs

incurred tocon)ert the

direct materiainto a finished

product.

Produt Cost lows

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

47/69

2-47

Produt Cost lows

+ manufacturing costs added toproduction during the period areadded to the beginning baance of

wor% in process.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

48/69

2-48

Produt Cost lows

$osts associated with the goods thatare competed during the period are

transferred to finished goods

in)entory.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

49/69

2-49

Produt Cost lows

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

50/69

2-50

Fuik Chek

Be$innin$ raw materials in(entor was ?1',&&&.Durin$ the month, ?'@>,&&& o+ raw material

was %urhased. A ount at the end o+ the

month re(ealed that ?'H,&&& o+ raw materialwas still %resent. What is the ost o+ diretmaterial used6

a. ?'@>,&&&

b. ?'@',&&&. ?'H&,&&&

d. ? ',&&&

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

51/69

2-51

Be$innin$ raw materials in(entor was ?1',&&&.Durin$ the month, ?'@>,&&& o+ raw material

was %urhased. A ount at the end o+ the

month re(ealed that ?'H,&&& o+ raw materialwas still %resent. What is the ost o+ diretmaterial used6

a. ?'@>,&&&

b. ?'@',&&&. ?'H&,&&&

d. ? ',&&&

Fuik Chek

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

52/69

2-52

Fuik Chek

Diret materials used in %rodution totaled?'H&,&&&. Diret labor was ?1@,&&&, and?H&,&&& o+ manu+aturin$ o(erhead was added

to %rodution +or the month. What were totalmanu+aturin$ osts inurred +or the month6a. ?,&&&b. ?H1,&&&

. ?>,&&&d. Cannot be determined.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

53/69

2-53

Diret materials used in %rodution totaled?'H&,&&&. Diret labor was ?1@,&&&, and?H&,&&& o+ manu+aturin$ o(erhead was addedto %rodution +or the month. What were total

manu+aturin$ osts inurred +or the month6a. ?,&&&b. ?H1,&&&. ?>,&&&

d. Cannot be determined.

Fuik Chek

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

54/69

2-54

Fuik Chek

Be$innin$ work in %roess was ?',&&&.Manu+aturin$ osts added to %rodution +or themonth were ?H1,&&&. 3here were ?'&&,&&& o+%artiall +inished $oods remainin$ in work in

%roess in(entor at the end o+ the month.What was the ost o+ $oods manu+atureddurin$ the month6

a. ?,>&,&&&

b. ? &,&&&. ? @>&,&&&d. Cannot be determined.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

55/69

2-55

Be$innin$ work in %roess was ?',&&&.Manu+aturin$ osts added to %rodution +or themonth were ?H1,&&&. 3here were ?'&&,&&& o+%artiall +inished $oods remainin$ in work in

%roess in(entor at the end o+ the month.What was the ost o+ $oods manu+atureddurin$ the month6

a. ?,>&,&&&b. ? &,&&&. ? @>&,&&&d. Cannot be determined.

Fuik Chek

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

56/69

2-56

Fuik Chek

Be$innin$ +inished $oods in(entor was?1&,&&&. 3he ost o+ $oods manu+atured +or themonth was ?@>&,&&&. And the endin$ +inished$oods in(entor was ?&,&&&. What was the ost

o+ $oods sold +or the month6a. ? '&,&&&b. ?@&,&&&

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

57/69

2-57

Be$innin$ +inished $oods in(entor was?1&,&&&. 3he ost o+ $oods manu+atured +or themonth was ?@>&,&&&. And the endin$ +inished$oods in(entor was ?&,&&&. What was the ost

o+ $oods sold +or the month6a. ? '&,&&&b. ?@&,&&&

Fuik Chek

?1&,&&& ?@>&,&&& = ?H&,&&&?H&,&&& " ?&,&&& = ?@

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

58/69

2-58

4earnin$ #b-eti(e @

$ompute underappiedor o)erappied o)erhead

cost and prepare the !ourna entry to cose thebaance in

Manufacturing ()erheadto the appropriate

accounts.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

59/69

2-59

5ndera%%lied and #(era%%lied#(erheadKA Closer 4ook3he di++erene between the o(erhead ost a%%lied toWork in Proess and the atual o(erhead osts o+ a

%eriod is re+erred to as either undera%%lied or

o(era%%lied o(erhead.Underapplied overhead

e*ists when the amount o+o(erhead a%%lied to -obs

durin$ the %eriod usin$ the%redetermined o(erheadrate is less than the total

amount o+ o(erhead atuallinurred durin$ the %eriod.

Underapplied overhead e*ists when the amount o+o(erhead a%%lied to -obs

durin$ the %eriod usin$ the%redetermined o(erheadrate is less than the total

amount o+ o(erhead atuallinurred durin$ the %eriod.

Overapplied overhead Overapplied overhead e*ists when the amount o+e*ists when the amount o+o(erhead a%%lied to -obso(erhead a%%lied to -obs

durin$ the %eriod usin$ thedurin$ the %eriod usin$ the%redetermined o(erhead%redetermined o(erhead

rate israte is greater thangreater than the totalthe total

amount o+ o(erhead atuallamount o+ o(erhead atuall

inurred durin$ the %eriod.inurred durin$ the %eriod.

Overapplied overhead Overapplied overhead e*ists when the amount o+e*ists when the amount o+

o(erhead a%%lied to -obso(erhead a%%lied to -obs

durin$ the %eriod usin$ thedurin$ the %eriod usin$ the%redetermined o(erhead%redetermined o(erhead

rate israte is greater thangreater than the totalthe totalamount o+ o(erhead atuallamount o+ o(erhead atuall

inurred durin$ the %eriod.inurred durin$ the %eriod.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

60/69

2-60

#(erhead A%%liation )*am%le

()erhead +ppied &uring the Period

+ppied ()erhead P( < +ctua &irect 'abor-ours

+ppied ()erhead 4,.55 per &' < 1=5"555 &' 46>5"555

PearCoPearCo7s7s actual overhead actual overhead +or the ear was+or the ear was$650,000 $650,000 with a total o+with a total o+ 170,000 170,000 diret labor"hoursdiret labor"hours

worked on -obs.worked on -obs.

8ow muh total o(erhead was a%%lied to PearCo8ow muh total o(erhead was a%%lied to PearCo

7s7s

-obs durin$ the ear6 5se PearCo7s -obs durin$ the ear6 5se PearCo7s%redetermined o(erhead rate o+ ?

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

61/69

2-61

PearCoPearCo7s7s actual overhead actual overhead +or the ear was+or the ear was$650,000 $650,000 with a total o+with a total o+ 170,000 170,000 diret labor"hoursdiret labor"hours

worked on -obs.worked on -obs.

8ow muh total o(erhead was a%%lied to PearCo8ow muh total o(erhead was a%%lied to PearCo

7s7s

-obs durin$ the ear6 5se PearCo7s -obs durin$ the ear6 5se PearCo7s%redetermined o(erhead rate o+ ?

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

62/69

2-62

Fuik Chek

3i$er, In. had atual manu+aturin$ o(erheadosts o+ ?,'&,&&& and a %redeterminedo(erhead rate o+ ?&,&&& o(era%%lied.

d. ?>&,&&& undera%%lied.



8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

63/69

2-63





Fuik Chek

()erhead +ppied

4,.55 per hour < 2?5"555 hours 41"165"555

/nderappied ()erhead 41"215"555 - 41"165"555 495"555

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

64/69

2-64

Dis%osition o+ 5nder" or #(era%%lied#(erhead

Pear$o@sMfg. ()erhead

+ctuao)erhead

costs

4695"555435"555

o)erappied

Pear$o@s $ostof ;oods *od

/nad!ustedaance

+d!ustedaance

435"555

435"555

()erheadappiedto !obs

46>5"555

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

65/69

2-65

Fuik Chek

0hat effect wi the o)erappied o)erheadha)e on Pear$o@s net operating incomeA

a. 9et o%eratin$ inome will inrease.b. 9et o%eratin$ inome will be una++eted.

. 9et o%eratin$ inome will derease.




8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

66/69

2-66







Fuik Chek

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

67/69

2-67

Ma be more om%le*Ma be more om%le*but . . .but . . .

Ma be more om%le*Ma be more om%le*but . . .but . . .

Multi%le Predetermined #(erhead!ates

3o this %oint, we ha(e assumed that there is a sin$le3o this %oint, we ha(e assumed that there is a sin$le

%redetermined o(erhead rate alled a %lantwide%redetermined o(erhead rate alled a %lantwideo(erhead rate.o(erhead rate.

3o this %oint, we ha(e assumed that there is a sin$le3o this %oint, we ha(e assumed that there is a sin$le%redetermined o(erhead rate alled a %lantwide%redetermined o(erhead rate alled a %lantwide

o(erhead rate.o(erhead rate.

4ar$e om%anies4ar$e om%anieso+ten use multi%leo+ten use multi%le

%redetermined%redetermined

o(erhead rates.o(erhead rates.

4ar$e om%anies4ar$e om%anieso+ten use multi%leo+ten use multi%le

%redetermined%redeterminedo(erhead rates.o(erhead rates.

Ma be more aurate beauseMa be more aurate beauseit re+lets di++erenes arossit re+lets di++erenes aross

de%artments.de%artments.

Ma be more aurate beauseMa be more aurate beauseit re+lets di++erenes arossit re+lets di++erenes aross

de%artments.de%artments.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

68/69

2-68

Job"#rder Costin$ in Ser(ieCom%anies

Job"order ostin$ is used in man di++erentJob"order ostin$ is used in man di++erentt%es o+ ser(ie om%anies.t%es o+ ser(ie om%anies.

Job"order ostin$ is used in man di++erentJob"order ostin$ is used in man di++erent

t%es o+ ser(ie om%anies.t%es o+ ser(ie om%anies.

8/20/2019 201B 6E Chap002

69/69

)nd o+ Cha%ter &'

Documents

201B 6E Chap002