2015.12 BioSemesterTestStudy GuideKEY

7/23/2019 2015.12 BioSemesterTestStudy GuideKEY

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/201512-biosemesterteststudy-guidekey 1/8

2 15 Fall Semester Test

Biology Study Guide

Name

Date Hr

FromUnit 1 (Answer on your own paper)

You need to know the following terms and be able to identify them in a given problem statement

or research scenario.

Problem Statement I ndependent variableDependent variable Controll ed variable

Hypothesis

In the space below, fill in the metric stair step. Be sure to include the name, the abbreviation,

and the number value for each of the steps. On the top of each square, write the phrase we use

to remember the metric stair step.

Write the base unit used to measure each of the following in the metric system:

Length Volume Mass

10. 1000 cl = _______ L 11 120 mm = _______ cm 12 1200 cl = _______ L

13 2 cm = _______ mm 14 11000 L = _______ kl 15 10 cl = _______ ml

16 12000 m = _______ km 17 8 g = _______ cg 18 80 ml = _______ cl

A box contains 4 bags of sugar. The total mass of all 4 bags is 6 kg. What is the mass of each bag

in grams?

John rode 2 kilometers on his bike. His sister Sally rode 3000 meters on her bike. Who rode the

farthest and how much farther did they ride (answer in km)?

Walt grew 10 centimeters in 1 year. He is now 1.6 m tall. How tall was he last year?

Base Units



Page 2 of 8


Biology Study Guide

Label all 5 parts of the graph below.

FromUnit 2: Characteristics & Chemistry of Life(Answer on your own paper) What you need to know:

Be able to list and describe the 8 characteristics of all living things All living things: (1) are made of cells, (2) reproduce (3) are based on a universal genetic

code (DNA), (4) grow and develop (5) obtain & use materials & energy, (6)respond to their

environment (7) maintain a stable internal environment (8) as a group, change over time

Tell what differentiation and what effect it has on the cells of multicellular organisms.

Differentiation is the process by which stem cells develop into the different types of cells thatare necessary to carry out all life functions of an organism

Name the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. CELLS

Describe and give examples of homeostasis. Homeostasis is the process by which organisms

maintain a stable internal environment (e.g. sweating, feeling hunger or thirst, evacuatingyour bladder after drinking a Big Gulp, shivering etc)

Describe metabolism.the combination of all the chemical reactions through which anorganism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes

Define and explain the significance of stem cells Stem cells are the first cells that multiply

after an egg cell is fertilized. They are able to develop into any type of body tissue cells.

Name each of the 3 particles that make up atoms and describe their: a) location and b) chargeProtons – in the nucleus; positively charged

Neutrons – in the nucleus; no chargeElectrons – orbiting the nucleus; negatively charged

List the names and chemical symbols of the atoms that are important for making largemolecules in living things Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S),

Phosphorus (P)

List the names, symbols and charges of the ions that are important to living thingsSodium – Na

+; chloride – Cl

-, potassium – K

+, Calcium – Ca

++, Hydrogen – H

+

Which of those ions are used to determine the acidity of a solution? Hydrogen – H+

What information does a chemical formula tell you about a molecule? A chemical formulatells you what kind and how many atoms are in a molecule.

What does it mean for a molecule to be polar? Molecules with an uneven pattern of electric

charge are polar molecules

Give an example of a polar molecule that is important to all living things. Water

What is the force of attraction between hydrogen atoms in nearby molecules? Hydrogen bond



Page 3 of 8


Biology Study Guide

What is the most important atom (element) found in living things, and what makes this atom

the most important? Carbon – it can bond with four different atoms at the same time,

forming rings or chains that can make lots of different molecules.

What is the difference between a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic molecule? Hydrophilic

molecules are polar and try to be near and touch water or other polar molecules.Hydrophobic molecules are non-polar and try to be away from polar molecules

Give examples of each type. HYDROPHOBIC – OIL BASED PAINTS, GREASE;HYDROPHILIC - WATER

What does a chemical equation tell you about a chemical reaction? A chemical equation tells

what happens in a chemical reaction when molecules interact.

Describe the difference between cohesion and adhesion. COHESION – attraction betweensubstances of the same kind (surface tension, like the drops of water on the penny);

ADHESION – attraction between different substances (like the curve at the surface of water

when you put it in a graduated cylinder.

List 4 reasons that water is important to living things. (1) it is polar, so it can dissolve lots of

things (2) it can absorb lots of heat without changing temperature much (3) hydrogen bondsform between water molecules so they stick together (4) water is an important

reactant/product in many chemical reactions.

Name and identify in a sketch the subunits that make up nucleic acids. Nucleic acidscontain C, H, O, P, and N, and are built from nucleotide

subunits

Name and identify in a sketch the subunits that make up proteins. Proteinscontain C, H, O, and N, and are built from AMINO ACID subunits:

Tell the difference between monosaccharaides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Monosaccharides : 1 simple sugar; Disaccharides: 2 simple sugars; Polysaccharides: manysimple sugars

Name the molecule animals use to store glucose. Animals store glucose as glycogen

Name the molecule plants use to store glucose. Plants store glucose as starch

Name the molecule made from glucose that plants use for rigidity. cellulose

Describe the function of enzymes in living things Enzymes help chemical reactions happenfaster by reducing the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

What is activation energy, and how is it related to enzymes in living things? Activationenergy is the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to start. Enzymes act as

catalysts by reducing the amount of energy that is needed to start a reaction.



Page 4 of 8


Biology Study Guide

FromUnit 2: Characteristics & Chemistry of Life(Answer on your own paper)

Name the 3 parts of the cell theory (1) all living things are made of cells; (2) cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (3) New cells are produced from existing

cells

Tell the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Tell the difference between chromatin and chromosomes. Chromatin is DNA that is

stretched out in non-dividing cells; Chromosomes is DNA that is scrunched up in dividingcells

ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA

Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane

Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane

NO cell wall Cell wall made of

CELLULOSE Cell wall made of

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

Has ribosomes Has ribosomes Has ribosomes

DNA in multiple

chromosomes DNA in multiple

chromosomes DNA is a single

circular ring

CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON

Small vacuoles Really big vacuole NO vacuoles

Has lysosomes Has lysosomes NO lysosomes

Has centrioles

NO centrioles

NO centrioles

NO chloroplasts Chloroplasts NO chloroplasts

SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST



Page 5 of 8


Biology Study Guide

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Nuclear envelope

Ribosome (attached)

Ribosome (free)

Cell Membrane

Roughendoplasmic

reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Smoothendoplasmic

reticulum

Centrioles

Be able to name, identify in a picture, and give a function of the following cell parts:

cell (plasma) membrand nucleus centriole

rough endoplasmic

reticulum

smooth endoplasmic

reticulum

Golgi (body) apparatus

ribosomes chloroplast cell wallvacuole cytoplasm lysosome

cytoskeleton

Describe and give two examples of passive transport. What is the difference between

diffusion and facilitated diffusion? Diffusion simply moves molecules down the

concentration gradient, while facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins to movemolecules across the membrane



Page 6 of 8


Biology Study Guide

What is the difference between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions.

Hypotonic solutions have high concentration of solute INSIDE the cell

Isotonic solutions have equal concentration inside and outside the cell

Hypertonic have greater concentration of solute OUTSIDE the cell

o

What happens to cells in each type of solution?Cells in hypotonic solutions shrink; animal cells crenate (wrinkle)

There is no change in cells in an isotonic solution

Cells in a hypertonic solution will swell; animal cells may burst because they lack therigidity of a cell wall

What is osmosis? The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

Describe and give 2 examples of active transport. movement of molecules across a

membrane that uses energy: Endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis,

Describe and give 2 examples of passive transport. Passive transport is the movement of

molecules across a semipermeable membrane, DOWN the concentration gradient. Diffusion,

and osmosis

What are endocytosis and exocytosis? Endocytosis is the process of the cell membranefolding in around molecules, forming a vesicle to transport molecules into the cell;Exocytosis is the process of vesicles move out of the cell by merging with the cell

membrane, which then opens to the outside of the cell.

FromUnit 3: Cell Division (Answer on your own paper)

Identify the parts of cell division:

interphase,

G1, S, G2;

mitosis:

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

cytokinesis

Describe binary fissionCells grow in size, copy cell materials, then divide into 2 identical cells

Describe the major differences between mitosis and meiosis.



Page 7 of 8


Biology Study Guide

In which phase is DNA replicated? S-phase

What are homologous chromosomes? Chromosomes of the same size and shape that codefor the same traits (one from each parent)

What is a centromere? Constricted area on a chromosome that holds sister chromatids

together What are centrioles? organelle that forms the spindle fibers that guide homologous

chromosome pairs apart during meiosis I and sister chromatids apart during mitosis and

meiosis II

What are cyclins, and what makes them important to the cell cycle? family of proteins thatregulate the cell cycle

What is cancer? a disease in which the cell cycle becomes unregulated; cells divideuncontrollably

What is independent assortment and in which phase does it occur? the randomarrangement of homologous pairs of chromosomes when they line up at the middle of the cell

during metaphase I in meiosis

What is crossing over and in which phase does it occur? process where sections ofhomologous chromosomes switch places on the chromatids during metaphase I in meiosis

What is a tetrad? the pair of homologous chromosomes when they are aligned in metaphaseI of meiosis

What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells? haploid cells have half of the total

number of chromosomes for the organism. They are gametes (sex cells), and they are

represented by the symbol 1n. Diploid cells have the total number of chromosomes for the

organism. They are somatic (body) cells, and they are represented by the symbol 2n.

FromUnit 4: Genetics(Answer on your own paper)

What is the difference between inheritance of sex-linked vs other kinds of traits? Sex-linkedtraits are traits whose genes are located on the sex chromosomes. In the case of Xchromosomes, females get two copies of the allele (one from mom and one from dad), while

males only get 1 copy of the allele (from mom because dad gives them their Y chromosome).

In the case of Y chromosomes, only males get the allele because females have the sexchromosome genotype XX.

Who is Gregor Mendel, and why is he important? Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monkwho studied the passing of traits in pea plants. He is important because he isolated traits to

study, and founded the study of modern genetics.

Vocabulary These should be in your quizlet app

homozygous heterozygous genotype phenotype allele heredity

genetics dominant allele recessive allelePunnett Square Meiosis

Use the blank punnett squares below to complete the crosses and answer the questions.



Page 8 of 8


Biology Study Guide

Long hair is dominant over short hair. Cross a homozygous dominant with a homozygous

recessive:

1. List all the possible genotypes & phenotypes for theoffspring.

2. What percentage of the offspring will have short hair?

_______________________________

Red flower color is dominant over pink flowers. What are the parents genotypes if 25% of

the offspring are pink?

Parent 1 Genotype ___________________

Parent 2 Genotype __________________

In guinea pigs, the allele for black fur is dominant over the allele for white fur. In a crossbetween a heterozygous black guinea pig and a homozygous white guinea pig, what is the

probability that an offspring will have white fur? Use the punnett square to help answer

the question.Probability of white fur

Documents

2015.12 BioSemesterTestStudy GuideKEY