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American Renaissance - 1 - May 2009

The Dangers of Diversity, Part III

Vol. 20 No. 5

There is not a truth existing which I fear or would wish unknown to the whole world.— Thomas Jefferson

May 2009

American Renaissance

Prison violence spills intothe streets.

by Jared Taylor

Part II described the brutal racialviolence that is common in American prisons. Similarly horric confronta-

tions are now taking place outside of prisons in mixed-race areas, especiallyin southern California. This article alsodescribes some of the tensions that di-versity brings to the workplace.

Prison inmates cannot get awayfrom each other, and this makesracial conict worse. However,

some of the bitterness that characterizesinmate race relations is now spreadinginto multi-racial neighborhoods. Again,its exceptionally mixed populationmakes Los Angeles the leading example

of just how dangerous diversity can be.What can be described only as a low-level race war reached a crescendo in2008.

As early as 2000, the Harbor Gate-way/San Pedro area became a flashpoint as blacks moved into what hadbeen a largely Hispanic area. ThatJune, black and Hispanic gangs tradedgunre in San Pedro, leaving one blackman brain dead and another shot in theabdomen. The next day in Harbor Gate-way, Federico Estrada and a numberof friends walked up to a young black

man, Danny Dwayne Warren, and shothim to death. Homicide Detective SamSnyder described the motive as pureracial retaliation.

By 2004, an unincorporated area just north of Watts between Florenceand Firestone Avenues had become thescene of what the Los Angeles Times called a “deadly racial gang war.” From just January 2004 through June of 2005,a black gang, the Eastside Crips, battleda Hispanic gang called Florencia 13,

producing combined casualties of 44killed and 200 wounded in an area of just3-1/2 square miles. The authorities wereshocked to nd that only about half thevictims were gang members. “Violencetook a certain turn and became racial

war,” explained Los Angeles Sheriff LeeBaca. “People were killed only becausethey were black or they were brown.”The department put together a 57-mantask force to saturate the area.

By the next year, federal ofcials hadenough evidence to prosecute four His-panics for trying to cleanse blacks fromthe Highland Park area (about 15 miles

away from Florence/Firestone) in a se-ries of attacks carried out between 1995and 2001. During the trial, one witnesstestied that an order had come fromthe Mexican Maa prison gang to “killany blacks . . . on sight.” Others statedthat they had targeted men, women, andchildren, and that cliques within theHispanic gang known as “the Avenues”vied with each other to see which could

drive the most blacks out of HighlandPark. In 2006, four Hispanics were con-victed, and three were sentenced to lifein prison. “These defendants will nowspend the rest of their lives in federalprison for the despicable act of trying

to rid their neighborhood of AfricanAmericans,” said acting US AttorneyGeorge S. Cardona.

Later in 2006, violence returned toHarbor Gateway. After blacks movedin during the 1990s, an informal bound-ary line was established at 206th Street:Hispanics to the north; blacks to thesouth. There had been inammatorygrafti and racially-motivated killingson both sides of the line, but the deathof 14-year-old Cheryl Green seemedespecially odious. The middle-school

student was on the black side of theline talking to friends when a Hispanicwalked up to the group and started r-ing. He hit several other blacks, butmanaged to kill only Miss Green. TheLos Angeles police announced a specialpeace-keeping effort in Harbor Gate-way, but Sheriff Lee Baca warned thatthe almost random nature of the killingsmade them hard to prevent. Florencia 13leaders continued to give orders to kill

Continued on page 3

“They just see a youngman of the opposite race

and they shoot.”




Letters from ReadersSir — I think the rst page of last

month’s issue sums up the “Dangersof Diversity” in just a handful of para-

graphs: blacks vs. Arabs in Michigan,Hmong vs. whites in Arkansas, Hispan-ics vs. Indians in California, Indians vs.Somalis in Minnesota (of all places!),Indians vs. blacks in North Carolina,blacks vs. Somalis in Massachusetts andNew York, and blacks vs. Jamaicans,also in New York. This is not a problemthat is conned to one state or region,or occurs between just two groups of antagonists. Diversity is a problem foreveryone, everywhere. The evidenceyou’ve presented is incontrovertible—surely the liberals must see that too—

and yet we are still told diversity is ourgreatest strength. The diversity über alles mindset is insane.

Roy Jones, Uniontown, Pa.

Sir — What struck me as I read PartsI and II of Jared Taylor’s “The Dan-gers of Diversity,” aside from the utterrelentlessness of the facts, is the sheerinefciency of the diversity racket. Ourcountry must spend hundreds of mil-lions, if not billions, of dollars managingdiversity. We need diversity ofcers

and diversity training and diversity pro-paganda for virtually every public andprivate enterprise, from schools and themilitary, to hospitals and the DMV. Onewonders how much GM has to spendeach year on “diversity” and how muchit adds to the price of a car. How muchless would college tuition be if studentsdidn’t have to support the campus di-versity bureaucracy? Diversity drivesup the cost of medical care, insurancepremiums, taxes, and just about every-

thing produced it this country. And whatdo we get in return? The litany of socialdisorder and violence Mr. Taylor has sothoroughly chronicled in his articles.White people are incredible suckers.

Jim McMillan, Ft. Worth, Texas

Sir — Dax Crockett Stewart wrotein the March issue that the term “whitetrash” refers only to whites, rich or poor,who “run with non-whites.” I grew upin the South during segregation (I’m 65years old, born and raised here), I holda degree in linguistics, and I think Mr.Stewart’s denition is too narrow. Theterm “white trash,” as I understand it,refers to people who are slovenly, lazy,probably dirty, unintelligent, manage

their resources poorly, and behave likenon-whites in some ways—hence itwould be no surprise if they consorted

with them. This need not always hap-pen, however; oftentimes “white trash”I knew (some were my own relatives)took great pains to be sure not to associ-

ate with non-whites. This said, I wouldcertainly accept Mr. Stewart’s denitionas a partial meaning of the term.

As to the dictionary, Merriam-Web-ster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th Edi-tion, dates the expression to 1831, anddenes it as “a member of an inferior orunderprivileged white social group.” Itis interesting that the denition uses theword “inferior.” A “nigger” is denedmerely as “socially disadvantaged.”Evidence of anti-white bias in dictionary

denitions?D. Tyrone Crowley, Prattville, Ala.

Sir — I was glad to see NicholasStix’s article about race murders inSeattle. I moved here from Arkansasseven years ago for professional reasonsand have been dismayed at how blindlyliberal this city is on race. Whites whomust deal with blacks have an unspo-ken understanding that, on average,they cannot be expected to behave likewhites. Whites who get their only infor-mation about blacks from Newsweek andNBC live in a dream world.

About 70 percent of the population of Seattle is white and only about 9 percentis black. That makes for a pleasant, at-tractive city in many ways, but it meansSeattle is the perfect example of howabsence (of blacks) makes the head grow

softer. The presence of a tiny, despised,“white power” movement makes the restof the whites all the more eager to provethey are idiots.

It takes a New Yorker like Mr. Stix topoint out what our half-a-million whitesrefuse to see.

Fred Holder, Seattle, Wa.

Sir—In his April review of FrankBorzellieri’s book about his adventureson a Queens school board, Peter Bradleywonders why so few whites have run

for ofce as white advocates. I share hisdisappointment at the rarity of a FrankBorzellieri, but I think fear of social dis-approval is still the main reason. Mostof my friends have dissident views onrace, but would they ever express themin public or to a stranger? No. Theycannot bear the thought that they mightbe shunned or despised.

I think the same sentiment holds backpotential candidates. When it comesto race, whites are the most fearful,conformist group in America. It takesan unusual man and an even more un-

usual woman to brave relentless, hatefulcriticism. Whites still have physicalcourage—our soldiers in Iraq and Af -ghanistan show it all the time—but thatis as part of a group. On their own andoutside the group, whites are cowards.

This is therefore part of the value of publications like AR: to show whitesthat they are not alone and that they canspeak the truth without being shunnedor squashed.

Carol Cogswell, Staunton, Va.




black rivals but that if a particular blackcould not be found, then it was, “Well,

shoot any black you see.”

“They just see a young man of the op-posite race and they shoot,” said OliviaRosales, a former hate-crimes special-ist who prosecuted many Florencia 13murders from 2005 to 2007. Of the 20cases she had handled, said Miss Rosa-

les, “most of the victims have not beenmembers of the rival gang.”Timothy Slack, who is black, grew

up in the contested Florence/Firestonearea, when it was mostly black. “Theywere timid,” he said of Hispanics, “butas their numbers started getting bigger,then they started trying to be tougher.They started thinking they could de-mand stuff.” He said he no longer lethis children go to the store or walkthrough alleys.

The tension was affecting everyone.Irv Sitkoff, a local pharmacist, said hisemployees had to treat people of differ-

ent races exactly the same because theslightest difference could lead to chargesof favoritism. “You’ve got to very care-ful,” he said. “Before, we didn’t thinkabout it.”

One former black gang member whostill lived in Florence/Firestone becausehe owned property and had family tiesthere said he expected all blacks wouldmove out: “It’s going to come a timewhen everybody’s going to have toleave.”

By 2007, blacks were publicly pro-testing what they claimed was insuf-

cient police protection. In November,a noisy group of activists showed up atCity Hall to rail against Mayor AntonioVillaraigosa and members of the CityCouncil. “You have one race of peopleexterminating another race of people,”said a black woman, who demanded thatthe city do something to stop it.

Canoga Park is another Los Angelesneighborhood that was the scene of sus-tained racial violence, as Hispanics shotblacks on 12 different occasions, fromthe summer of 2006 to the summer of 2007. “I feel we have an obligation to let

[black people] know that they could betargeted,” said Lieutenant Tom Smart of the Los Angeles Police Department. “I’dlike to remind them to be mindful. It’srandom.” Ironically, two years earlier,Canoga Park had received the presti-gious All-America City designation,largely because of its diverse popula-tion, which was 50 percent Hispanic, 28percent white, 15 percent Asian, and 4percent black.

In early 2008, race killing moved to

the town of Monrovia in Los AngelesCounty, when two blacks entered theterritory of a rival Hispanic gang andkilled one teenaged Hispanic girl andwounded another. Police said there hadbeen many shootouts in what they calleda “racially charged gang war” in Mon-rovia and in neighboring cities.

Finally, in June 2008, Sheriff LeeBaca went public with an article in the Los Angeles Times called “In L.A., RaceKills.” He wrote:

“So let me be very clear about onething: We have a serious interracial vio-lence problem in this county involvingblacks and Latinos. Some people denyit. They say that race is not a factorin L.A.’s gang crisis . . . . But they’rewrong. The truth is that, in many cases,race is at the heart of the problem. Latinogang members shoot blacks not becausethey’re members of a rival gang but be-

cause of their skin color. Likewise, blackgang members shoot Latinos becausethey are brown. . . .

“I would even take this a step fur-ther and suggest that some of L.A.’sso-called gangs are really no more thanloose-knit bands of blacks or Latinosroaming the streets looking for peopleof the other color to shoot.”

Later that year, even the mayor, An-tonio Villaraigosa, had to concede thatthe city must “face up to” enduring racialconict and violence between Hispanicsand blacks.

Not surprisingly, the county reporton hate crimes published that year andcovering 2007 found a 28 percent riseover the previous year to a total of 763incidents. Hispanic-on-black was thelargest hate-crime category, followed

by black-on-Hispanic. The authors of the report noted that many hate crimesundoubtedly go unreported. During therst half of 2007, Pasadena police inves-tigated 69 cases in which blacks robbedand beat low-wage immigrants. PoliceChief Christopher Vincino thought racewas at least a partial motive in thosecases but said it was “impossible to meetthe legal criteria required for ofcialclassication.

The killings continued into 2009. In

Continued from page 1

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American Renaissance

Jared Taylor, Editor Stephen Webster, Assistant EditorRonald N. Neff, Web Site Editor

Cheryl Green: killed for being black.

Sheriff Lee Baca: ‘Wehave a serious interracialviolence problem in this

county involving blacksand Latinos.’




January, three Hispanic gang memberswere charged with racially motivatedmurder for shooting a black bowlingalley attendant in Canoga Park as he wastaking out the garbage. LAPDdetective David Peteque ex-plained that the men shotJames Shamp “for no reasonat all other than the color of his skin.”

Southern California nodoubt has the worst black-Hispanic violence becauseof its demographic mix, butother parts of the country alsosuffer. In November 2001, aNevada jury sentenced DamonCampbell to life in prison forkilling Carlos Villanueva. Wit-nesses said the black man shotMr. Villanueva in an alley eastof downtown Las Vegas after

saying he did not want anymore Hispanics in his neighborhood.In the San Francisco Bay-area town

of Richmond, Hispanics often complainof mistreatment by blacks. In 2006,Philip Herrera was watching a movie ata theater with his mother and girlfriend.Blacks sat in the back and Hispanics inthe front. During a scene of interracialdating, blacks started shouting andthrowing candy at the Hispanics. WhenMr. Herrera stood up to ask the blacksto stop, several men dragged himfrom his seat and beat him badly

enough to give him a concussion.Dozens of other blacks kicked himas he crawled up the aisle to theexit. Outside the theater, blacksattacked at least two other Hispan-ics while black theater employeeslooked on and laughed.

Mr. Herrera and his mother saidthat when black police officersarrived, they refused to enter thetheater to look for suspects, refusedto take a written report, refused to escortMr. Herrera’s mother into the theater tolook for shoes she had lost, and refused

to escort them to their car. Mr. Herrera’saunt, Aleta Martinez, said there hadbeen black-Hispanic tension for years.“I was born and raised in Richmond, andI’ve lived with harassment and racialdiscrimination my entire life,” she said.“It’s gotten worse and worse there.”

The city of Coatesville in easternPennsylvania is one of many placesthat have only recently begun to attractlarge numbers of Hispanic immigrants.In 2008, Police Chief William Mat-

thews warned that the city’s blacks weretargeting Hispanics for rape, robbery,and assault, and warned that “black-on-brown crime” could provoke the

formation of violent Hispanic gangs forself-defense.

Increased black-Hispanic contactoften brings tension even when it doesnot degenerate into violence. Manyblacks see Hispanics as competitors for jobs and political inuence, and resentit when Hispanics increase in numbersand, in some areas, become the domi-nant population. When black talk-show

host Earl Ofari Hutchinson wrote aseries of articles favorable to Hispanic

immigration he was deluged with lettersof outrage. “I have never received somuch hate mail from blacks,” he said.“It touched a nerve among black folks,a raw nerve.”

In 2006, the Pew Hispanic Centerfound that the closer blacks lived toHispanics and the more contact they hadwith them, the more they favored cuttingimmigration. Hispanics likewise had alow opinion of blacks. In a study of vari-ous racial groups’ attitudes in Durham,

North Carolina, 59 percent of Latinoimmigrants said that few or no blackswere hardworking, and 57 percent saidthat few or no blacks could be trusted.

By contrast, only 9 percent of whites said that blacks werenot hardworking and only 10percent said they could notbe trusted.

Hispanics show their dis-taste for blacks by short-changing them on tips. Ac-cording to one study, Hispanicpassengers tipped white taxidrivers 150 percent more thanthey tipped black drivers.

We have already seen inPart I how black students,teachers, and parents resistHispanic inuence in schools;the same drama plays itself out in politics. The city of

Lynwood in Los AngelesCounty used to be black-dominated,but by 2007 it was more than 80 percentHispanic. Blacks still had considerablepower, however, because 40 percent of residents were foreign-born and manycould not vote. On the city council,disputes broke down along racial lines.“It’s all about race,” said City Council-woman Leticia Vasquez.

Sometimes black-Hispanic wranglingis so bad white mediation seems to be

the only solution. The two groupswere at such loggerheads on the

board of the Roosevelt SchoolDistrict in Phoenix, Arizona, thatappointing a white man to ll avacancy seemed to be the onlysolution. William Weiss said hehoped to bring “calm” to the war-ring school board.

As Hispanics move east, ten-sions move with them. Hispanicshave congregated in the MountPleasant section of Washington,

DC, but do not mix with blacks. As onereporter wrote, “A black person dating aLatino in Mount Pleasant and the com-

munities around it is almost unheardof, even though Latinos and AfricanAmericans often live close enough tohear each other’s voices through thinapartment walls.” The same reporterquoted Omar Zavala, a Salvadoran ac-tivist who had tried to get the communi-ties together, but sounded ready to giveup. “There’s minimal contact,” he said.“The dialogue is nonexistent.”

Another black wrote about his deci-sion to take his son out of a Washing-

After the autopsy.

He’ll grow up to be just like Daddy.




Korean grocer.

ton, DC, primary school where half the students and most of the staff wereHispanic. He said black students camehome crying because Hispanics teasedthem about their skin color and hair,and that the school seemed to makelittle effort to hire or keep black staff.“Diversity can be messier than most of

us want to acknowledge,” he wrote. Hisconclusion? “[T]o all the friends—mostbut not all of them white—whom I’vechastised over the years for abandoningthe District once their children reachedschool age: I’m sorry. You were right.I was wrong.”

The South, where racial conict tra-

ditionally pitted blacks against whites,has found a new fault line. When His-panics in Georgia sought designationas “minority suppliers” so they couldget preferential contracts with the state,it was black legislators who bandedtogether to stop them. As Bob Holmesof the state’s Legislative Black Caucusexplained, “There is growing competi-tion between blacks and Hispanics, andin the South, it is going to get worse.”

The booming economy of the Ra-leigh-Durham area of North Carolinadrew many Hispanics in the 1990s, but

soon there was tension with blacks. AnaCabello-Bumpass, who handled rentalsfor Lee Ray Bergman Real Estate Rent-als, said that when Hispanics looked atapartments, “the rst thing they ask meis if there are a lot of blacks around,because they do not want to live in aplace where there are a lot of African-Americans.” She added that blacks alsowanted to avoid Hispanics. “I get thesame thing from both sides,” she said.

Once Hispanics arrived in large

numbers in an apartment complex,blacks moved out. Thomas Everette,a black man who was still living inDurham’s Parkview complex said that just two years previously it had beennearly all black. “Now it looks like littleMexico,” he said. Mexicans complainedthat blacks break windows and steal

car stereos. “We havenothing in common,”said one. Aura Venturasaid that when she andher family moved intoan apartment in a blackarea, neighbors threweggs at the building.

Jim Johnson, whoused to live and teachin Los Angeles, was aprofessor at the Univer-sity of North Carolina atChapel Hill specializing

in inter-ethnic minorityconflicts. He said thesituation was like SouthCentral Los Angeles inthe 1980s.

There is conict between Hispanicsand whites. In 2007, two brothers, Na-than and Sam Corle, were sitting witha friend outside a fast-food restaurantin Grand Junction, Colorado, having alate-night snack when a group of His-panic men pulled up and got out of a car.According to Nathan Corle, age 16, theHispanics called them “white boys” and

asked if they wanted to ght. He saidhe laughed because he thought it was a joke, but the Hispanics attacked. Duringthe ght, which left the three whites withblack eyes, bruises, and bloody noses,the Hispanics shouted such things as,“We’re going to teach white boys a les-son. White boys are going to die.”

The sad truth is that conict can breakout when virtually any ethnic group con-tacts another. In South Boston in 2004,hostility between white and SoutheastAsian teenagers built up over a periodof weeks and climaxed in what was

to be a one-on-one st ght betweensingle combatants from each group. Theght degenerated into a brawl, leaving16-year-old Bang Mai fatally stabbed.

In 2002 in Brooklyn, New York, agroup of young Dominicans venturedinto a Bangladeshi neighborhood look-ing for a bicycle to steal, but a groupof Bangladeshis ran them out. TheDominicans returned with reinforce-ments and began attacking anyone wholooked Bangladeshi. Thirty-seven-year-

old Mizinor Rahman saw the attacksand dialed 911 from his cell phone. ADominican screamed, “Who are youcalling? The police?” The Dominicansthen beat the Bangladeshi immigrantto death.

Hispanics and Vietnamese have beenliving side by side in Orange County,California, for 20 years but the resulthas been constant, low-level violencerather than friendship. The subtitle of a2003 news story about the tension was“How Can the County Stop Vietnameseand Latinos From Duking It Out?” Asa 25-year-old Hispanic who grew upwith Vietnamese in Orange Countyexplained, “Lots of Vietnamese andLatino immigrants just resent being nextto each other.”

There is violence between Americanblacks and Somali Bantus in Columbus,Ohio. A 1998 brawl in one apartment

complex prompted the managers togive tenants cultural sensitivity classes.That didn’t work. In 2004, there wasanother fight between Somalis andblacks at the complex that involved 60people smashing each other with batsand bricks and ransacking apartments.Five Bantus went to the hospital. Thistime, the solution was segregation; all15 Somali families moved to a differentcomplex.

That same year, a ght at MifinHigh School in Columbus betweenblacks and Somalis left a 16-year-old

Somali boy unconscious. Three Somaligirls transferred to a different schoolbecause they could not get along withAmerican blacks. “It [violence] hap-pens more than we like to think,” saidHassan Omar, president of the SomaliCommunity Association of Ohio. “Andit will only get more complicated as thecommunity becomes more ethnicallydiverse.”

Blacks have had well-publicized fric-tion with Asians, especially with Koreangrocers who set up small markets inblack neighborhoods. In the 1980s,

blacks picketed, burned out, or evenmurdered Korean grocers in New YorkCity, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Detroitand Chicago. There were many cam-paigns to urge blacks not to buy from“people who don’t look like us.”

In New York City, there was so muchblack-Korean hostility that from 1981to 1995, blacks launched 15 separateboycotts of Korean-owned groceries.Six lasted for at least a month. Onewent on for no less than 17 months and




Not loved by blacks.

ended only when the Korean owner soldhis store. Sociologist Pyong Gap Min,who has studied these events, notes thatblack-Korean conict has nally sub-sided. Why? Because new zoning lawshave led to the establishment of big-boxstores that crowd out small grocers, gen-trication has brought many non-blacksto Harlem and Brooklyn, and becausethe second generation of Korean im-migrants have gone on to white-collarcareers—not because blacks and Kore-ans learned to live together.

After the 1992 verdicts in the rsttrial of the Los Angeles police ofcerswho beat Rodney King, black rioterssingled out Korean-owned stores forarson. After the riots, the Los AngelesBlack-Korean Alliance, created in 1986to reduce tensions, fell apart in mutualrecrimination and accusations. Outreachefforts had accomplished so little no one

had the will to keep them going.Many Korean businesses that wereburned down never rebuilt. The numberof Korean shops dropped to perhaps onehalf the pre-riot gure, more continuedto leave, and this nally brought peace.“The black-Korean controversy hasdissipated because the fuel has beenremoved,” explained Ronald Waka-bayashi, executive director of the LosAngeles County Commission on HumanRelations.

Chinese have been in conict withblacks, too. An immigrant from China

who grew up in Oakland, California,

wrote that black grade-school class-mates didn’t bother to learn her nameand instead called her Ching Chong,Chinagirl, or Chow Mein. In highschool, “I was the target of sexual re-

marks vulgar enough to make HowardStern blush. When I did respond to theinsults, I immediately faced physicalthreats or attacks, along with the embar-rassing fact that the other ‘Chinamen’around me simply continued theirquiet personal conversations withoutintervening.” The Asians, she wrote,were too small to ght back. She addedthat Asian children started out with noprejudices against blacks but came tohate them.

Sometimes conflict overseas canspark violence when the same groupslive near each other in America. In2000, after Israeli Prime Minister ArielSharon angered Palestinians by visitingthe Temple Mount in Jerusalem, therewas a series of attacks against New YorkCity Jews, and in some cases assailantswaved Palestinian ags. Mayor RudyGiuliani ordered increased patrols of

synagogues and Jewish schools. The workplace

As we saw earlier, American corpora-tions are among the most enthusiasticboosters of diversity, but what are itseffects on the workplace? The number of job discrimination suits led every yearsuggests an answer. In scal year 2007,the federal Equal Employment Oppor-tunity Commission (EEOC) received30,510 formal complaints of racialdiscrimination, 9,369 cases of national

origins discrimination, and 2,880 casesof religious discrimination, for a total of 42,759 cases of job discrimination—170every work day—that arose because of diversity. All three categories were up atleast 12 percent over the previous year,and it is safe to assume that for everycase filed with the EEOC, there aremany cases of perceived discriminationthat are not formally pursued.

Immigrants are bringing a new kindof discrimination: “colorism,” or com-plaints based on skin-tone differencesamong people of the same race. In 2004,

Vice-Chair Naomi Earp of the EqualEmployment Opportunity Commis-sion noted that such cases ran to morethan 1,500 in fiscal 2003. Althoughblacks of different skin tones have longdiscriminated against each other, MissEarp reported that the greatest increasein disputes had been among immigrantsfrom India, Pakistan, and South Ameri-ca, who are extremely color-conscious.She warned that as the country becamemore diverse the problem of “colorism”

would get worse.An EEOC ling is just one way to

register a complaint. Many states, coun-ties, municipalities, corporations, anduniversities have their own grievanceprocedures. Employees can also filedirectly in federal court; in 2001, blackemployees alone filed 21,000 racialdiscrimination cases. All branches of thearmed services, which account for a totalof about three million active and reservepersonnel, have grievance procedures.The U.S. Civil Rights Commission, theOfce of Federal Contract Compliance,

the Justice Department’s Civil RightsDivision, and the state and local equiva-lents of these ofces all exist because of conicts that arise from diversity. TheDecember 2007 AR cover story presentsndings that show workplace diversity

generally lowers productivity.If it were possible to count every caseled in every possible venue, it couldwell come to hundreds of thousands of diversity-related grievances every year.There are probably tens of thousands of Americans enforcing, adjusting, pro-moting, and regulating racial diversity.In addition to the emotional trauma forboth accusers and accused, the costs of diversity management and the grievancemechanisms it requires probably runinto the billions. This is entirely asidefrom the further billions spent to settle

discrimination suits.Tom McClintock, a former candidatefor controller of California, estimatedthat before a 1996 state ballot initiativewas approved to abolish the state’s afr -mative action programs, the annual cost

just to administer them was from $343million to $677 million. This gure didnot include the cost of private preference programs or the cost of state and localanti-discrimination machinery.

Because there are so many suits with

A very busy place.




potentially high damages, specializedinsurers have arisen to offer protection.“Sooner or later, virtually every me-dium- to large-sized company is likely tond itself the defendant in a discrimina-tion or sexual harassment lawsuit,” saidRobert P. Hartwig, vice president of theInsurance Information Institute. “It isestimated that six out of 10 companieshave been named in a discrimination orsexual harassment lawsuit in the pastve years,” he added. Why? “The 21stcentury’s racially and ethnically diverseworkforce is a potential powder keg.” In1990, there were just a handful of com-panies that sold insurance of this kind.By 2000, there were more than 60.

Such lawsuits have typically beenblack grievances against white employ-

ers, but now accusations can go in anydirection. As the Wall Street Journalnoted in 2006, “A new wave of race-discrimination cases is appearing in theworkplace: African-Americans whofeel that they are being passed over forHispanics.” As Anna Park, an EEOCregional attorney explained, “There usedto be a reluctance to bring cases againstother minorities. It’s no longer a white-black paradigm. This is a new trend.”

Discrimination runs the other way,too. In October 2005, New OrleansMayor Ray Nagin voiced a common

complaint among blacks when he asked:“How do I ensure that New Orleans isnot overrun by Mexican workers?” Thisattitude can backre. In 2007, a federalcivil jury awarded a $254,000 verdictto a Hispanic lieutenant in the Inkster,Michigan, police department becausehe was repeatedly denied promotion forracial reasons. Thomas Diaz convincedthe jury that Inkster “promulgated andcontinued a policy of discriminatingin employment against non-African-

Americans.”In 2008, a Los Angeles jury found

that black supervisors in the Sheriff’sDepartment had discriminated against a19-year Hispanic veteran, Angel Jaimes.They called a group of Latino deputiesthe “Mexican Maa,” complained thatMr. Jaimes’ substation “was run byMexicans and they were going to changethat,” and acted out of racism when theytook disciplinary measures. The countypaid Mr. Jaimes $432,000.

In the new age of diversity, evenwhite plaintiffs have begun to windiscrimination cases. In 2008, the cityof San Francisco agreed to pay $1.6million to 12 police ofcers who hadsued in federal court, claiming theyhad been passed over for promotionbecause the city wanted black supervi-sors. Milwaukee was ordered to pay 17white police ofcers $2.2 million for the

same reason. A federal jury found thatthe city’s rst black police chief, ArthurJones, had discriminated against thema total of 144 times by promoting lessqualied blacks and women. Mr. Jonessaid he believed the verdict set back theclock and “had a devastating effect onrace relations within the department andwithin this city.”

In 2009, after more than 20 years of legal wrangling, 75 white Chicago re-ghters shared a $6 million discrimina-tion award. They had scored higher thanblacks on a 1986 lieutenants’ exam but

the city cooked the scores and promotedblacks. A jury found that the test hadbeen fair, but the city unsuccessfullyfought the decision all the way to theUS Supreme Court.

In Atlanta, eight white librarians wonnearly $25 million from the Atlanta-Fulton County Library System aftera jury decided they had been givenundesirable assignments because, ac-cording to one black library ofcial,there were “too many white managers”in the downtown branch. This wasthe fourth time the county had been

found guilty of discriminating againstwhites, and two-thirds of the monetaryaward was punitive damages, meaningthe jury thought the county had actedwillfully and maliciously against thedefendants.

In 2007, an appeals court upheld alower court that had found a black NewOrleans prosecutor guilty of discriminat-ing against 42 whites and one Hispanicwhen he red them and replaced themall with blacks when he took ofce in

2003. A three-judge panel of the 5th USCircuit Court of Appeals set damagesagainst Eddie Jordan at $3.5 million.

In 2007 a white man named MarkPasternak who worked for New YorkState as a social worker won $150,000when jurors found that his black boss,Tommy Baines, had created a hostileworkforce by calling him names suchas “cracker,” “Pollack,” and “stupidwhite boy.” Mr. Baines reportedly toldhim, “You’re a white boy, and I don’tlike white boys. Handle it.”

Complaints may be found wherethey are least expected. In Canada,it is the job of the Canadian HumanRights Commission to ght prejudice,discrimination, and insensitivity, but itshighly diverse employees suffer fromthese scourges themselves. An internalreport found deep dissatisfaction amongthe commission’s 230 employees, who

complained of spiteful managers, sexualdiscrimination, and a “poisoned workenvironment.” Forty percent of the staff had quit in the previous 12 months, and37 percent of those who were left werehoping to quit soon.

In the United States, governmentbureaus that provide social services areoften extremely diverse, but they are notfree of tension either. Denver’s HumanServices Department, which handleschild abuse, welfare, child support, etc.,

is one of the most integrated agenciesin the city. In 2001, many of its 1,300employees and eight of ten departmentheads were non-white, as were manyof its clients. The city hired the Gal-lup organization to see how employeediversity was working, and was shocked




by the ndings. Fifty-seven percent of respondents disagreed with the state-ment that employees were treated fairlywithout regard to race, sex, age, etc.Sixty-nine percent said they did not trusttop management.

The Gallup organization, which haddone similar work before, assured thecity that people in the helping profes-sions are particularly sensitive to dis-crimination and vocal about it. Socialworker Shanna Ritts, a union represen-tative, said she heard many complaintsabout minorities discriminating againsteach other and even about differentgroups of Hispanics that could not getalong. “We have a large group of minor-ity people working, but they clash,” sheexplained.

Workplace diversity can be danger-ous. On August 26, 1997, white andblack air trafc controllers in the control

tower at La Guardia Airport got into astght when the white used the word“boy” in the hearing of the black con-troller. The black took the word to be an

insult. The tower was out of contact withplanes for about a minute, a hazardoussituation that is strictly forbidden byfederal regulations.

The armed forces are often said tobe a model of good race relations, butthis may not always be so. Althoughthe study is now more than a decadeold, in 1997 the military carried out ahuge, congressionally-mandated racerelations survey that covered more than40,000 soldiers. Many reported that race

relations were “not at all” good or goodonly to a “small/moderate extent:” 51percent of blacks, 37 percent of Hispan-ics, 35 percent of Asians, 36 percent of American Indians, and 25 percent of whites.

The survey also asked about raciallyoffensive behavior and threats or harmfrom other military personnel. A strik-ing two-thirds said they had sufferedanything from “insensitive language”to physical threats or violence: 63 per-

cent of whites, 76 percent of blacks,79 percent of Hispanics, 70 percent of Asians, and 76 percent of AmericanIndians. When asked if opportunitiesfor their race have gotten better orworse over the last ve years, only 16percent of whites thought things hadimproved. This compared with 39 per-cent of blacks, 47 percent of Hispanics,50 percent of Asians and 41 percent of Indians. This report was so embarrassingto the Pentagon that it delayed releasefor two years.

Diversity is constantly promoted inthe military, and anyone who is luke-warm about it has no prospects for pro-motion. Serving ofcers therefore darenot criticize it. Only after he retired didArmy Green Beret Major Andy Messingargue that Special Forces units shouldbe homogeneous because it gave thema better sense of identity. He said that

differences—being black, Hispanic,Jewish or even overtly religious—add tothe tensions of a grinding training regi-men and dangerous combat missions.

Minority journalists have foundthat diversity is not always a bless-ing. Black, Hispanic, AmericanIndian, and Asian journalists allhave national professional asso-ciations, but formed an alliance in1988 called Unity to promote morehiring of minorities and coverage of minority affairs. Far from enjoyingthe benets of diversity, Unity suf -

fered serious tensions, most publiclyover the racial symbolismof the sites for its meetings.American Indians threatenedto boycott Atlanta—heavilyfavored by blacks—because theAtlanta baseball team is calledthe Braves, and because theGeorgia state government helpedforce out the Cherokees in 1830.Unity held its 1999 conferencein Seattle, Washington, shortlyafter voters approved an initia-tive to end state- and local-government

afrmative action. Many blacks refusedto attend.That year, Unity nearly fell apart. Ac-

cording to DeWayne Wickham, a blackUSA Today columnist, “What beganas a survival mechanism has becomean alliance of four organizations thathave relatively little in common.” Unitysurvived, but even in 2008 its web pageadmitted that the group “may not alwaysbe an easy alliance.”

The more intimate the setting, the

greater the challenges of diversity. Ad-opted children, for example, often reportthey never felt they t in. In a Britishstudy of adults who had been adopted aschildren, 46 percent of whites adoptedby whites said that although it was apositive experience they felt a sense of not belonging. In the case of transracialadoptions that gure jumped to closeto 75 percent. Researchers reportedthat the constant refrain of non-whitechildren adopted by whites was, “Loveis not enough.”

There can be worse: The authors of a 2005 study on domestic violence inthe United States reached the sober-ing conclusion that “the incidence of spousal homicide is 7.7 times higherin interracial marriages compared tointraracial marriages.”

Language

One result of today’s immigration-driven diversity is that millions of Americans cannot talk to each other.Los Angeles, which is often said to pointthe way to America’s future, is home topeople who speak more than 120 lan-guages. As the Los Angeles Times haspointed out, this profusion of languagesdoes not unite; it divides:

“The Filipino never hears the Persianradio program; it is impossible to tunein without buying a special radio—soldin Iranian boutiques—that uses a com-

puter chip to receive a specially modi-

fied frequency. The Persian speaker

never enters the Lithuanian church. TheLithuanian and the Hindi speakers takedifferent freeway ramps into culturesdivided by tracts and commercial stripsand, most of all, how they speak.”

As immigrants cluster together,sharply-divided language islands arise:Russian in West Hollywood, Farsiin Beverly Hills, Mission Viejo andLaguna Niguel; Chinese in the SanGabriel Valley, Khmer in Long Beach,Armenian in Glendale. Some islands




. . . and probably not much else.

are tiny. Cecilia Miguel, originally fromGuatemala, spoke only her native Indianlanguage, Q’anjob’al, and lived a har-rowingly isolated life. Authorities tookher three children from her and put theminto foster care because she could notexplain how one got a black eye.

Other Angelinos become islands overtime. After enough immigrants move in,earlier inhabitants may nd themselvesthe only ones who do not speak the newlanguage. The city of Monterey Park be-came famous in the 1980s because of asudden inux of Chinese-speakers whoinfuriated whites by putting up signsonly in Chinese. Months of tension anddebate led to an ordinance that requiredEnglish in addition to Chinese.

Whites kept moving out and droppedto about 12 percent of Monterey Park’s60,000 people, making it the rst main-land American city to have an Asian

majority. There are now Chinese news-papers and cable channels, a huge selec-tion of Chinese books in city libraries,and a large population of Chinese wholive from year to year without speakingEnglish.

Bridging the gap between Angelinoswho do not have a common language isa constant challenge. Although natural-ized citizens are supposed to be ableto speak English, Los Angeles Countyprints ballots and voter registrationpapers in English, Spanish, Chinese,Vietnamese, Japanese, Tagalog, and

Korean. The California Department of Motor Vehicles translates documentsinto 30 languages, including Arabic,Greek, Hindi, Polish and Tongan.

Witnesses in trials need interpret-ers for more than 100 languages, at ahuge cost to the state. In scal 1998-99there were 193,909 man days of inter-preter work in California trial courts and91,600 days in Los Angeles Superiorand Municipal courts. Sometimes trialsmust be delayed while the courts searchfor someone who can interpret exoticlanguages.

Hospitals often depend on a systemof over-the-telephone interpreting thatno one nds satisfactory. People haveended up stranded in mental hospitalsbecause no one could understand whatthey were saying. Inner-city blacks mustsometimes have their speech interpretedfor doctors from India or China—oreven Iowa.

There are more than 100 languagesspoken by students in the Los Angelespublic schools, and by 2000 the district

was spending $3 million a year ontranslations into just a few of them:Armenian, Korean, Chinese, Spanish,Russian, and Vietnamese. The transla-tion unit always had a backlog and darednot advertise itself within the district forfear of being swamped.

Similar problems are moving East.For the 2001-2002 school year, ClarkCounty, Nevada (which includes the cityof Las Vegas), was spending so muchmoney teaching English to Spanish-speaking students that other programshad to be “cut down to the bone,” ac-cording to superintendent Carlos Garcia.The county had reduced high schooltransportation, eliminated all middleschool sports, and was seeking $77 mil-lion more from the state for the year’s

English Language Learners instruction.Hispanic students accounted for 31 per-cent of students and were dropping outat an alarming rate.

Although it is frequently assumed

that children quickly pick up English,a study by the California legislativeanalyst’s ofce found this is often notso. “We’re suggesting that there arekids who can go all the way throughkindergarten to 12th grade and still beconsidered English language learners,”said Rob Manwaring, a policy analystwho worked on the report.

In 2000, the Supreme Court of NewMexico ruled that it was discrimina-tory to exclude people from jury duty

just because they do not understandEnglish. Since then, courts have beenrequired to provide simultaneous inter-preters. The cost runs from $30 an hourfor common languages like Spanish to$180 an hour plus expenses for exoticdialects. The interpreters accompanythe non-English-speakers into the juryroom, but must declare that they servedonly as interpreters and did not take partin deliberations, which are supposedto be inviolate. So far, New Mexicois the only state to require interpretersfor jurors.

Language complicates police work.Los Angeles police once picked upan elderly Korean who was lost andcould not explain where he lived. Theydropped him off far from home in themiddle of the night. He was robbed andbeaten and soon died.

In Pennsylvania, when ofcers pulled

Miqueas Acosta over for driving with anexpired safety sticker, they read him hisrights in Spanish, but then spoke to himin English before searching his car. Theyfound a kilo of cocaine worth $100,000,but Bucks County prosecutors could notuse it as evidence because a SuperiorCourt judge ruled police should havewaited for an interpreter before proceed-ing with the search.

Charges also had to be droppedagainst Mahamu Kanneh, who was ac-cused of repeatedly raping a seven-year-old girl, because the courts spent three

years looking for an interpreter for Mr.Kanneh’s tribal language, Vai, which isspoken only in Liberia and Sierra Leone.A Maryland judge found that Mr. Kan-neh’s right to a speedy trial had beenviolated. Mr. Kanneh had arrived in theUnited States as a refugee and attendedhigh school and community college, butclaimed he still needed an interpreter.

A family of Oaxacan Indians man-aged to run a massive, East Los Angelesheroin smuggling ring for two decades,in part because they communicated inan impenetrable code: Mixteco Bajo,

an Indian language that is spoken 2,500miles away from California in southernMexico. “The language—that stalledus,” said Larry Zimmerman, the L.A.County Sheriff’s Department’s leaddetective on the case. In March 2009,officers arrested 48 members of thefamily, nally ending an operation thatwas making prots of roughly $2 mil-lion a month.

Linguistic diversity now meansstates must establish basic language

“The incidence of spou-sal homicide is 7.7 times

higher in interracial mar-riages compared to intra-

racial marriages.”




Science Refutes Orthodoxy—AgainGregory Cochran and Henry Harpending, The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization

Accelerated Human Evolution, Basic Books, 2009, 288 pp., $27.00.

“We speak Spanish. We’ll get you out of jail.”

standards for certain professions. In2003, Wilfredo Laboy, superintendentof schools for Lawrence, Massachusetts,put two dozen of his teachers on unpaidleave for unking a mandatory Englishprociency test. It then became knownthat he, himself, had failed the test threetimes, though he complained he shouldnot have to take it. “I’m trying to under-stand the congruence of what I do here

every day and this stupid test,” he said.Later the Spanish-speaker managedto pass the test, and got a $6,000 raiseadded to his salary of $156,560.

Spanish is so well entrenched in someparts of the country that English hasessentially disappeared. In 1999, theTexas border town of El Cenizo votedto conduct its monthly City Commissionmeetings and all other ofcial businessin Spanish. “I understand it is the United

States, but what happens if people wantto know what is going on?” asked Mayor

Rafael Rodriguez.Miami has also gone through phases

of recognizing Spanish as an ofcial lan-guage, and language remains a seriousfault line. Since 1998, Florida has hada standardized high school graduationtest, known as the Florida Comprehen-sive Assessment Test or FCAT. It testsknowledge at only the 10th-grade levelbut 2003 was the rst year it had real

bite: students who could not pass did notget a diploma. At Miami Senior High,nearly 90 percent of students were notnative speakers of English, and no fewerthan 100 of 500 seniors failed. In May,200 students demonstrated outside theschool, waving signs and chanting “NoFCAT.” Their main complaint was thatthey had to take the test in English.“We are a Hispanic-based society,” saidGerrter Martin, who failed twice. “My

dreams are [over],” said Jessica Duran.“I want to be a doctor and because of

that I can’t do it.” State Rep. Ralph Arza,who was also a Miami High teacher,said he would introduce legislation tooffer the FCAT in languages other thanEnglish, but as of 2008, the test was stillbeing given only in English.

Semi-ofcial Spanish has croppedup in Texas. In 2002, candidates forthe Democratic primary for the Texasgovernor’s race debated publicly in bothEnglish and Spanish. Businessman TonySanchez and former Texas attorneygeneral Dan Morales spoke in Englishfor an hour and then switched to Span-ish to talk about such things as racialpreferences and relations with Mexico.Mr. Sanchez lost points by occasionallyspeaking English during the Spanishportion, and by pointing out that Englishis the “primary language” of Texas. Onevoter, Carlos Rivera, who watched thedebate, accused Mr. Sanchez of “pan-

dering to non-Hispanics.”Some English-speaking Americansare wary of the extent to which Spanishhas taken root in the United States. ARasmussen poll taken in 2007 foundthat 82 percent of white voters and 78percent of black voters thought employ-ers should be allowed to require Englishonly on the job. Only 45 percent of His-panics thought so. The same poll foundthat only 13 percent of black or whitevoters thought that requiring Englishwas a form of racism or bigotry.

This series may or may not continue,at the discretion of the editor.

Racial differences are realand increasing.

reviewed by Thomas Jackson

T he 10,000 Year Explosion is sucha subversive book it is surprising itwas brought out by a mainstream

New York publisher. The authors, bothof whom teach anthropology at the Uni-versity of Utah, steer clear of politics,but the scientic ndings they describehave such obvious policy implicationsthat they will reduce liberals to splutter-ing incoherence—if liberals can bringthemselves to read the book.

This volume shatters one of theobligatory doctrines by which the Leftlives: that Homo sapiens hardly evolvedat all after modern man ventured out of Africa, and that although groups differ

in appearance their brains are identical.This is clearly nonsense, but the greatstrength of this book is to have mar-shaled so many contemporary geneticdiscoveries that prove it is nonsense. Farfrom slowing down, evolution has beenspeeding up, and the authors argue thatfor the last several thousand years it hasbeen roaring along 100 times faster thanduring the Stone Age, making differentpopulations increasingly unlike eachother. “The biological equality of hu-

man races,” the authors write, is “aboutas likely as a stful of silver dollars alllanding on edge when dropped.”

Rapid evolution

If one accepts the theory that modernhumans rst evolved in Africa and begancolonizing the rest of the world 50,000to 60,000 years ago, it is obvious thatthere has been enormous evolutionarychange since that time. Zulus and Danespresumably had a common ancestorabout the time humans left Africa, butare now so different from each other thatstandard taxonomies might well classifythem as separate species.




You’ve come a long way, baby.

Nature is full of dramatic change.When sh are trapped in caves they losetheir eyesight in just a few thousandyears. Rapid evolution also occurredwhen the sea rose at the end of the lastIce Age, 11,500 years ago, and herds of elephants were cut off from the main-land on what became islands. Size isnot an advantage on an island, and the

fossil record shows that the elephantsshrank in height from 12 feet to threefeet in just 5,000 years. Elephants haveabout the same 20-year generation span

as humans.Professors Cochran and Harpendingpoint out that even more rapid evolutionis taken for granted by ranchers andfarmers, who are constantly raising stockthat did not exist 100 or even 15 yearsago. They note that every breed of doghas evolved from wolves, which weredomesticated 15,000 years ago, and thatmost of the breeds we recognize todayare only about 200 years old. A Russianscientist managed to breed tame foxes

in just 40 years—ten generations—byselecting only for tameness and friend-liness. The pet foxes lost their musky,fox smell, wagged their tails when theywere happy (which wild foxes do not),and liked to lick people’s hands.

People consciously direct the evo-lution of plants and animals, but theauthors point out that the process isno different from the rigors of naturalselection—just quicker. Much as therace deniers hate to admit it, humansin different environments evolved insharply different directions. As the au-thors conclude, “We expect that differ-ences between human ethnic groups arequalitatively similar to those betweendog breeds.”

What, however, caused human evolu-tion suddenly to speed up ten to twelvethousand years ago? For ProfessorsCochran and Harpending, the short

answer is “agriculture.” It did so in twoways: by sharply increasing the numberof people and by radically changing theenvironment in which they lived.

More humans meant more children,and therefore more mutations. Mostbabies are born with about 100 muta-tions, all but one or two of which are inDNA that does not seem to do anythingand therefore have no effect. Those thatmake a difference are usually harmful orneutral but it is the occasional helpfulmutation that drives evolution. Sixtythousand years ago, before the expan-

sion out of Africa, there were perhapsonly about 250,000 humans. By theBronze Age, 3,000 years ago, there were60 million, so a mutation that wouldhave taken 100,000 years to occur couldappear in just 400 years. Evolution waspainfully slow among Paleolithic proto-humans because benecial mutationsshow up so rarely in tiny populations.

Large populations are therefore areservoir of new mutations and their sizehardly slows down the propagation of good genes. According to the authors,a genetic leg up is like the u, and can

sweep through a population of 100 mil-lion in only twice the time it takes to gothrough a population of just 10,000.

The power of agriculture

Agriculture also brought perhaps themost dramatic change in the biologicaland social environment our species hasever experienced. Farming meant thatfor the rst time in their existence Homosapiens stayed in one place, and could

therefore own more things than theycould carry with them. They could be-come wealthier than their neighbors, andhad to guard possessions against theft.Farmers could produce more food thantheir families needed, and this gave riseto commerce, division of labor, artisans,and non-productive elites. This socialenvironment was completely new.

Of particular signicance from anevolutionary point of view were thechange of diet, domestication of ani-mals, and population densities. The rstagricultural diets had little variety andwere not nearly as nutritious as the meathumans had been eating for millennia.With little protein in their diets, farmerswere as much as ve inches shorter thanhunters, and any mutations that helpedfarmers get more out of a cereal diet gotaround quickly. At the same time, thewidespread use of re to prepare and

soften food meant people could evolvesmaller teeth than those necessary dur-ing the Paleolithic period.

Domestication and herding meantliving with animals, and people beganto catch their diseases. At the same time,villages produced heaps of rubbish thatattracted rats and other disease carriers.New kinds of pestilence ran throughpopulations that were far denser thanbefore, so there was a high demand forgenes that gave resistance to disease.Farmers invariably discovered fermen-tation, so selective pressure also began

to weed out excessive susceptibility toalcohol.In dense communities, in which

wealth could be accumulated and traded,complex speech is more important thanamong hunters. Ownership of land andlivestock required new rules and ways

to enforce them. People had more tothink about, more possessions to lookafter, and thieves and con men to dealwith. All this pushed evolution in newdirections.

The nature of agriculture changedhuman nature. Farming requires moreplanning and self-restraint than hunt-

“Eventually [after theadoption of farming]there must have been

many people with per-sonality types that hadn’t

existed at all among ourforager ancestors.”




Goat herding: African Bushmen simply cannot do it.

ing; at the very least, farmers must saveseed corn for the next year no matterhow hungry they get during the winter.Meat, on the other hand, goes bad in afew days, so hunters gorged themselvesrather than save. Farming favored de-ferred gratication.

Likewise, if farmers worked hardthey could make permanent improve-ments to their land and build safe, com-fortable houses. There was no incentive

for hunters to build things or accumulateanything they could not move. Once

their bellies were full they goofed off until the next hunt. Farming favoredmutations that produced steady toilers.

People who lived in densely packed,permanent settlements also had to con-trol anger and violence. If hunters hadnasty neighbors they could just moveaway. Farmers could not abandon theirfarms, so they had to learn to live withpeople they did not like. Once govern-ments arose, people had to submit torulers, and the impulse to reach for aweapon was no longer so adaptive. Asthe authors explain, “Eventually there

must have been many people with per-sonality types that hadn’t existed at allamong our forager ancestors.”

There is direct, genetic evidence thatagriculture caused rapid genetic change.Sophisticated techniques can indicatehow recently distinctive genetic pat-terns evolved in different populations,and more new genes were sweepingthrough European and Asian popula-tions about 5,500 years ago than at anytime before or since. The huge changes

brought on by agriculture were probablythe cause.

Sooner or later?

Professors Cochran and Harpend-ing point out that some groups took upfarming long before others, and that thisexplains a lot. Australian aboriginesnever farmed, and the American Indi-ans of Illinois and Ohio started farming

only 1,000 years ago. Both groups neverdrank alcohol before the white man

showed up, and are highly susceptibleto alcoholism. Fetal alcohol syndromeis about 30 times more common in thesegroups than in whites.

Aborigines and American Indianssuffer in other ways from only recentlyhaving adopted a farming diet. Type 2diabetes is related to a sensitivity to car-bohydrates and a metabolic tendency toobesity. It is four times more prevalentamong Aborigines and 2.5 times moreprevalent among Navajos than amongwhites.

Sub-Saharan Africa was also late to

take up agriculture—7,500 years afterit arose in the Middle East—and thishelps explain why intelligence differ-ences alone do not explain differencesin black and white behavior. When thetwo groups are matched for IQ, blacksare still more likely to be criminal, shift-less, or have illegitimate children. Thisis probably due in part to the persistenceof the smash-and-grab mentality thatsuits hunters but is gradually bred outof farmers.

Professors Cochran and Harpendingnote that this probably explains why it isso hard to teach African Bushmen—whonever made the switch to farming—tobe herders rather than hunters: theyeat all their goats. The Chinese, on theother hand, who have been farming along time, appear to have had virtuallyall the genes associated with attentiondecit disorder and hyperactivity bredout of them.

The authors of The 10,000 Year Explosion understand that populationdifferences of this kind mean that somepeoples create civilizations and othersdo not. Noting that some nations haveleapt into the industrial age while othersare stuck in poverty, they conclude:

“If the root causes of these differ-ences are biological changes affectingcognitive and personality traits, changesthat are the product of natural selection

acting over millennia, conventionalsolutions to the problem of slow mod-ernization among peoples with shal-low experience of farming are highlyproblematic.” The authors propose no“unconventional” solutions.

Some aspects of modernity simplycannot appear without the intelligence—and the genes—necessary to supportthem. The authors argue that “the scien-tic ‘revolution’ may well have resultedfrom modest changes in gene frequen-cies affecting key psychological traits.”They explain that science probably

arose only after a society had a certainminimum number of people who had thetemperament to be interested in puzzlesand were smart enough to solve them.There also had to be a level of communi-

cation within society that allowed ideasto circulate so that smart people couldbenet from the discoveries of others.Not all societies, in other words, havethe genetic basis for science.

The brain has evolved differentlyamong different groups just as have skincolor, body type, and facial features.The authors write that there are recent




Is this how the Indo-Europeans spread theirculture?

variants of genes that affect synapseformation, axon growth, formation of the layers of the cerebral cortex, andbrain growth. “Again, most of thesenew variants are regional,” they add.“Human evolution is madly gallopingoff in all directions.”

Sometimes, even what appear to beracial similarities are actually differ-ences that merely resemble each other.The authors point out, for example, thatalthough both Asians and Caucasianshave much lighter skins than ancestralAfricans, the genetic mechanisms thatshut down melanin production are dif-ferent in the two races. In both Asia andEurope it was useful to let in more sun-light for vitamin D synthesis, but evolu-tion found different ways to do it.

Milk drinkers

The same is true for lactose tolerance,a surprisingly interesting subject towhich Professors Cochran and Harpend-ing devote many pages. They point outthat before the domestication of cattle,there was no need for humans to be ableto digest milk after they were weaned,and all populations were lactose intoler-ant until a mutation that occurred about8,000 years ago among European herd-ing people. Dairying produces aboutve times as many calories per acre asraising cattle for slaughter, and milk isvery nutritious, so it was a considerable

advantage for adults to be able to drinkit. The mutation therefore swept throughEurope.

Thousands of years later, people liv-ing in what is now Sudan and Ethiopiadeveloped a tolerance for milk, but theirmutation was different from the one thatappeared in the north. The authors pointout that the ability to drink milk is soadvantageous that it would have spreadthrough Africa if even just a handful of northerners had ventured into the areaduring the Bronze Age. The absence of the northern gene suggests how little

contact there was with people south of the Sahara.Professors Cochran and Harpending

speculate that lactose tolerance mayeven account for the spread of the Indo-Europeans. Around 3,000 BC, nomadswho were to have a far-reaching impactbegan to move out of an original Indo-European homeland that may have beenin Anatolia or southern Russia. Theyeventually spread their language andculture not only throughout Europe but

to Central Asia, the Iranian plateau, andthe Indian subcontinent. Some three bil-lion people now speak the more than 400languages and dialects that comprisethe Indo-European language group,making it the largest in the world. Howdid the Indo-Europeans cover so muchground?

The authors think it may have beenbecause they were among the rst to belactose tolerant, and this changed theirsociety in several important ways. First,because it is much more nutritionallyefcient to milk cattle as well as eatthem, the rst milk drinkers could pro-duce denser populations than farmers

or other herders. Also, cattle are bothvaluable and portable—they transportthemselves—so herders inevitably be-come rustlers, which leads to a warriortradition. Farmers, who had to defendxed targets, were no match for mobilecattlemen who could attack whereverand whenever they liked. Finally, milk-drinkers had a better diet; there is evi-dence that Indo-Europeans were up tofour inches taller than the people theyoverran.

The Indo-Europeans appear to havegone on a conquering spree that lastedseveral thousand years. They are likelyto have been a dominant elite that forcedtheir culture on subject peoples but thenmoved on before they were absorbed.The strong, established states of theMiddle East managed to fend them off,but Indo-Europeans were invincible incolder areas where the growing seasonwas short and their superior diet gavethem the greatest advantage.

Professors Cochran and Harpendingpoint out that there was yet anotherindependent development of lactosetolerance, which took place on theArabian Peninsula among drinkers of camel milk. They suspect that the sameresults—good diet, mobility, a traditionof raiding—helped the Arabs achievetheir remarkable sweep across NorthAfrica and into Europe that was stoppedonly in 732—by other milk drinkers.

Germ warfare

A less speculative subject the authorstreat at length is the evolution of resis-tance to disease. It is well known thatdiseases for which the Indians had noimmunity helped the Spanish conquerthe New World, and The 10,000 Year Explosion explains why the Indianswere so vulnerable. Their ancestors

crossed the land bridge from Asiasome 15,000 years before the Span-ish showed up, and did not bring withthem the crowd diseases that sprangup after the rise of agriculture. Also,they passed through cold areas on theirway to the Americas, and this killed off many infectious bacteria. Finally, theyexterminated most of the large animalsin the Americas (which had evolvedindependently of man and had not devel-oped defenses against hunters), and thushad very few domesticated animals fromwhich they could catch diseases. There

was therefore little pressure on Indiansto develop strong immune systems.What is more, during the period

when Europeans were being winnowedby plague and pestilence, Indians wereprobably evolving weaker immunesystems. Indeed, they have lower ratesthan Europeans of type 1 diabetes andmultiple sclerosis, which are caused byoveractive immune responses.

The Indians’ rst contact with Old-World diseases was devastating. Carib-bean island tribes were even more vul-nerable than those on the mainland, and

the Arawak and the Taino were almostcompletely wiped out. It was Indiansin the high Andes who best resisted theSpanish because the invading bacteriaoften did not survive in the cold, andbecause Indians were better adaptedthan Europeans to the thin air.

There are no precise records of earlydeath rates, but more recent epidemicsgive us an idea. An 1827 smallpox out-break among Mandan Indians in whatlater became North Dakota killed 1,475




Henry Harpending.

out of 1,600. The Surui, a small Brazil-ian rain forest tribe, rst made contactwith outsiders in 1980. Six years later,despite the efforts of modern medicine,600 of 800 were dead, mostly of tuber-culosis.

Professors Cochran and Harpendingpoint out that it is wrong to accuse theSpanish colonizers of deliberately elimi-nating native populations. They note that

the conquistadors wanted to rule overa populous empire, not a wasteland of corpses. Moreover, when the Spanishconquered the Philippines less then acentury later, there was no sharp dropin the population, because Filipinos hadresistance to European diseases.

The authors also explain that whenEuropeans rst explored Africa they,too, were decimated by unfamiliar dis-eases. British soldiers in the Gold Coastcould expect to lose half their numberin a year. Without the development of medicines for malaria, yellow fever, andsleeping sickness, the colonization of Africa would have been impossible.

On an entirely different subject, The10,000 Year Explosion has a long chap-ter that proposes an explanation for howAshkenazi Jews became the smartestpeople in the world. Trading and money-

lending were high-IQ jobs, and in 1,000

years, or about 40 generations, EuropeanJews appear to have increased their aver-age IQs by about 12 points.

Jewish intelligence seems to be ge-netically associated with such diseasesas Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s, and familiardysautonomia, which are up to 100times more common among Jews thanEuropean gentiles. People with onecopy of these genes appear to have anIQ advantage whereas two copies causethe disease. Professors Cochran andHarpending write that over time, advan-tageous mutations with such dangerousside effects are usually replaced by morebenign mutations. The persistence of these odd mutations in Jews suggeststhey are recent.

One highly speculative but stimulat-ing chapter considers the possibility thatNeanderthals might have made crucialgenetic contributions to Homo sapiens.

There is no doubt that something impor-tant happened 30 to 40 thousand yearsago. New tools, improved weapons,art, sculpture, and more efcient use of re made big changes in what was stilla Stone Age existence. These changestook place only in Eurasia—nowhereelse—and Professors Cochran andHarpending are convinced they wouldnot have come about without some im-portant genetic change.

As it happens, this Stone Age ower-ing took place during the 10,000 years orso during which modern man and Nean-

derthals competed against each other inthe same territory. Neanderthals are goneand we are not, so it is safe to assume Homo sapiens were superior—perhapsin intelligence, language, or resistanceto disease. However, the authors believethere must have been genetic mixingwith Neanderthals, and explain thateven if just a few Neanderthal geneswere useful to modern man, they wouldhave spread through populations whilethe useless ones were eliminated. “It ishighly likely that out of some 20,000genes, at least a few of theirs [Neander-

thal’s] were worth having,” they write.

The authors concede that the geneticevidence is inconclusive—NeanderthalDNA is hard to come by—but they citecases of “introgression,” in which wildspecies have acquired useful mutationsfrom other populations.

Readers will have to judge thecase for Neanderthal introgressionfor themselves, but it is typical of thefree-wheeling thinking that makes The10,000 Year Explosion such a plea-sure to read. Professors Cochran and

Harpending follow the data whereverthey lead, which means they cheerfullytrample basic assumptions on which themainstream worldview depends.

This book is therefore yet more proof that science is always the ally of race

realism. The better we understand thegenome, the more irrefutable our viewsbecome. Scientists, along with anyonewho cares about the truth, increasinglytake it for granted that populations differnot just in susceptibility to disease andreactions to drugs but in average IQ,typical personality, and the ability toachieve civilization. The real question iswhen, after decades of suppression, sen-sible views of race will again inuencepolicy. By blowing yet another greathole in today’s poisonous orthodoxy,Gregory Cochran and Henry Harpend-

ing have hastened that day.

O Tempora, O Mores!

PC at the VA

For the past ten years, the RoudebushVeterans Administration Medical Cen-ter in Indianapolis, Indiana, which hascared for many Second World War vet-

erans, displayed military memorabiliain the hallways of its outpatient clinic.One item was a period newspaper, datedAug. 14, 1945, with the headline, “JapsSurrender!” A new employee of thehospital complained that the headline

was offensive, and asked the director totake it down. After consulting the EthicsOfce of the Department of VeteransAffairs in Washington, the directorreplaced the paper with one from thesame day whose headline simply said




“Peace.” Spokesman Linda Jeffrey saysthe hospital wanted “to nd somethingof equal historical significance thatwas not offensive,” adding, “we are ahealing institution and we are certainlynot wanting to create a hostile workenvironment.”

Floyd Mori, national executive direc-tor of the Japanese American CitizensLeague, says the VA made the right

decision. “Although it’s of World WarII vintage,” he says, “we feel it sends awrong kind of a message to today’s gen-eration and so we’re concerned about it,we’re glad it was taken down.”

Many veterans are incensed, callingthe decision a “disgrace” and a “betray-al,” and have urged people to complainto the VA. National veterans’ groups,however, are not getting involved.“When we ght a battle with the VA, it’sto ensure that the medical care at thosehospitals is top notch,” says Steve Shortof the American Legion.

In 1986, the US House of Repre-sentatives decided that the term “Jap”is “racially derogatory and offensive”and recommended using “Jpn” asthe “appropriate” and “racially inof -fensive” abbreviation for “Japan” and“Japanese.” [Pete Winn, VA HospitalPulls ‘Japs Surrender’ Headline fromHistorical Display, CNS News, March11, 2009.]

Black National Anthem

In 1919, ten years after it was found-

ed, the NAACP adopted “Lift Ev’ryVoice and Sing,” a hymn based on apoem by black author James WeldonJohnson, as the ofcial Negro NationalAnthem. Rev. Joseph Lowery of theSouthern Christian Leadership Confer-ence (Martin Luther King’s old outt)quoted from the song during the closingprayer at President Barack Obama’sswearing-in ceremony, as did the Rev.Sharon Watkins when she preached atthe National Prayer Service the next day.

Last year, a black singer upset many inDenver, Colorado, when she substitutedthe song for the “Star-Spangled Banner”during a state-of-the-city ceremony (seeAR, September 2008).

In February, as part of a Black HistoryMonth program at Lakeview ElementarySchool in Lincoln, Nebraska, two teach-ers asked students to stand while theysang the “black national anthem.” RussRoberts, who has two children at theschool, complained that it gave studentsthe mistaken impression there are twonational anthems—one for blacks andone for everyone else. He also said itpromotes “segregation” and leads to“polarization and bias.” Lakeview,which has something called a “multicul-tural school/community administrator”explained that the teachers who sangthe song have their “hearts in the rightplace” and that the song is “part of his-

tory.” [Margaret Reist, Parent Objectsto ‘Second’ National Anthem, LincolnJournal Star, March 9, 2009.]

Chipping Away at 209

Ever since it was enacted in 1996, op-ponents have been ghting to overturnProposition 209, the California voterinitiative that banned racial preferencesin state contracting, education, andpublic hiring. Court challenges at boththe state and federal levels have failed,but the pro-preferences crowd keeps

chipping away at the color-blind rulesCalifornians voted for.In March, for example, a state appeals

court approved a school integration planin Berkeley that was clearly an attemptto circumvent 209. Instead of classifyingstudents by race, the city classied smallneighborhoods on the basis of householdincome and parents’ education as wellas race. It then assigned students toschools in a way that achieved a mix byneighborhood that was largely a proxyfor mixing by race.

This is the rst time since Prop. 209

that an appeals court has upheld a schoolintegration plan in California, and lib-erals are happy. “This is an importantvictory for those who understand theimportance of a diverse learning envi-ronment and believe that opportunityshould be equally afforded to all,” saysJohn Payton, president of the NAACPLegal Defense Fund, which filed abrief in support of the Berkeley schooldistrict.

San Francisco has simply defied

the preferences ban and still doles outcontracts on the basis of race and sex. In2000, white-owned Coral Constructionsued the city for discrimination and wonin 2004, but the case has been on appealever since. On March 18, the CaliforniaSupreme Court may have tipped itshand when it asked the state’s AttorneyGeneral to explain why the ban on racialpreferences in government contractingdoes not violate federal equal protectionlaws “by making it more difcult toenact legislation on behalf of minoritygroups.” [Pamela A. MacLean, Calif.’sAfrmative Action Ban Again UnderCourt Scrutiny, National Law Journal,March 19, 2009.]

As usual, “equal protection” requiresunequal protection for favored groups.

Who’s “Un-American?”

Speaking to a largely Hispanic audi-ence of both legal and illegal immigrantsat St. Anthony’s Catholic Church in SanFrancisco on March 14, Speaker of theHouse Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) con-demned raids by the Immigration andCustoms Enforcement agency (ICE):“Who in this country would not wantto change a policy of kicking in doorsin the middle of the night and sendinga parent away from their families? Itmust be stopped. . . . I think it’s un-American.” She went on to say: “Youare special people. You’re here on a

Saturday night to take responsibility forour country’s future. That makes youvery, very patriotic.” After she nishedspeaking, the crowd chanted “Si, se puede,” or “Yes, we can.”

Mrs. Pelosi’s fellow congressman,Luis Gutierrez (D-Ill.) arranged themeeting as part of his 17-city, cross-country tour called United Families,which he says is supposed to “put ahuman face on the immigration debate.”Mr. Gutierrez is also collecting petitionsasking President Obama to stop depor-tations “that are tearing our marriages,

families and children apart.”Rick Oltman of Californians forPopulation Stabilization, a group thatopposes illegal immigration, filmedMrs. Pelosi’s remarks. “Exhorting il-legal aliens for taking responsibility forour country’s future. . . . I really resentedthat comment,” he said. “I think it waspandering to the crowd but also insult-ing to American citizens who considerthemselves to be patriotic, who obeythe rule of law.” [William Lajeunesse,



Pelosi Tells Illegal Immigrants thatWork Site Raids are Un-American, FoxNews, March 18, 2009.]

The Obama administration seems toagree with the speaker and Mr. Gutier-rez. In February, ICE agents conductedan immigration raid at a plant thatmanufactures engine parts in Belling-ham, Washington, arresting 28 illegals.This was the rst workplace raid sinceMr. Obama took ofce, and it appearsto have taken Department of HomelandSecurity Secretary Janet Napolitano bysurprise. In March, Mrs. Napolitanoordered an end to raids, including whatwould have been the administration’ssecond, an operation at a military-relatedfacility in Chicago that was expected tonet at least 100 illegals. A senior DHSofcial says ICE is shifting its focus, andwill now go after businesses that hireillegals. [ICE Workplace Raid Caught

Boss Napolitano by Surprise, AP, Feb.26, 2009. Spencer S. Hsu, DHS SignalsPolicy Changes Ahead for Immigra-tion Raids, Washington Post, March29, 2009.]

In late March, ICE released most of the people caught during the Bellinghamraid, explaining that they can stay in thecountry because they could be called aswitnesses in the investigation againsttheir employer for hiring illegals. ICEalso says they can work legally whilethey wait. [John Stark, Yamato WorkersFreed as Immigration Probe Continues

into Bellingham Company, BellinghamHerald, March 31, 2009.]It is hard to imagine that after this

they will actually be deported.

Blue-Eyed Devils

Brazilian president Luiz Inacio Lulada Silva recently met with British PrimeMinister Gordon Brown in Brasilia todiscuss the global slump. Speaking ata joint press conference afterwards,President Lula da Silva told reporters,“This crisis was caused by the irrational

behavior of white people with blue eyes,who before the crisis appeared to knoweverything and now demonstrate thatthey know nothing.” “I do not know anyblack or indigenous bankers,” he added,“so I can only say [it is wrong] that thispart of mankind which is victimizedmore than any other should pay for thecrisis.” Caught off guard, the brown-eyed Mr. Brown kept a stiff upper lip,saying only, “I’m not going to attributeblame to any individuals.” His staff

later explained that Mr. Lula da Silva’sremarks were intended for “domesticconsumption.” [Jonathan Wheatley,Brazil’s Leader Blames White Peoplefor Crisis, Financial Times, March 27,2009.]

Norway Next?

Norwegians won’t be going tothe polls for another six months, butif parliamentary elections were heldtoday, the winner could well be theanti-immigrant Progress Party led by SivJensen (see “Race in Scandinavia—an

Update,” AR, December 2005). Severalpolls have Progress gaining on the rulingLabor Party, with one giving it the sup-port of nearly a third of the electorate,which would put it in the lead. The partyhas been helped by the nancial crisisand by Labor bungling.

Although 51 percent of Norwegianssay radical Islam is a threat to Norway,Labor tried to pass laws that would letMuslim policewomen wear the hijaband would ban criticism of anyone’sreligious or spiritual beliefs. Publicreaction was overwhelmingly nega-tive and the government backed down.Miss Jensen, who warned of the “sneakIslamization” of Norway, says her partyis growing because it has “the cleareststance on these policies and has cred-ibility in this regard.”

Anita Marie Dahl Solheim, who

works as a clerk at the port of Sandefjordin southern Norway, is increasingly typi-cal. “I will vote for the Progress Partybecause of their policies on transport, el-derly care, and not least immigration, asthe current policy has veered completelyoff track,” she says. “[Immigrants]generally do whatever they want andnobody ever puts their foot down.”

As Torkel Brekke, professor of cul-ture studies and oriental languages at theUniversity of Oslo, explains, “People

are losing their jobs, the economy seemsto be going into recession but people arefocusing on these issues instead. It tellsyou how important issues of identity areto small European countries and howpeople feel insecure about immigration.”[Marianne Stigset and Meera Bhatia,Norway Anti-Immigration OppositionParty Wins Support, Bloomberg NewsService, March 27, 2008.]

Mumia Loses

In 1981 in Philadelphia, former BlackPanther Mumia Abu-Jamal, born Wes-ley Cook, murdered a white police of-cer named Daniel Faulkner. He claimsto be a victim of a “racist” justice systemthat denied him a fair trial because pros-ecutors excluded blacks from the 1982 jury that convicted him of rst degreemurder and sentenced him to die.

Mr. Abu-Jamal has published sev-eral books, written columns for lefty journals, and even conducted radiobroadcasts from prison, and is now thedarling of the American and EuropeanLeft. He has appealed his case severaltimes, and managed to get his death sen-tence thrown out on the basis of faultyinstructions to the jury. The conviction,however, still stands.

Mr. Abu-Jamal had been asking fora new trial, arguing that an all-white jury did him wrong, but on April 6, theUS Supreme Court let stand a ruling of

the Third US Circuit Court of Appealsupholding his conviction. The State of Pennsylvania has asked the SupremeCourt to reinstate his death penalty, butthe justices have not yet acted on that

request. Even if the state cannot get thedeath penalty reinstated, the SupremeCourt’s refusal to take up his case meansMumia Abu-Jamal will spend the rest of his life in prison. [Supreme Court LetsPhilly Ofcer Killer’s Conviction Stand,AP, April 6, 2009.]

Documents

200905 American Renaissance