ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE MARANAOS INMADALUM, LANAO DEL SUR, PHILIPPINES

A ThesisPresented to

The Department of Biological SciencesCollege of Science and MathematicsMSU- Iligan Institute of Technology

Iligan City

In Partial Fulfilment of the RequirementsFor the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Biology (Botany)

Obaida Dimalomping Omar

OCTOBER 2013

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

The researher was born on the

17thofMay 1991 and was raised in Iligan

City, Lanao del Norte. She was the

youngestdaughter of OmarRominimbang

Alipontoand Sakina Dimalomping

Aliponto. She has two older sistersand

three younger brothers.

She finished her Kindergarten at

St. Therese Academy. She graduated

elementary at Iligan City Central

Schooland finished highschool at La Salle Academy. With accordance to

God’s will, she passed the entrance examination of Mindanao State

Unversity- Iligan Institute of Technology where she took up BS Biology

(BOTANY).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

.

I would never have been able to finish my undergraduate thesis

without the help of various individuals. I would like to give gratitude to the

following people for their invaluable help and support:

To my adviser, Prof. Nanette Hope Sumaya for giving ideas for the

improvement of the study; and for her patience, understanding and

encouragement;

To my panels, Prof. Ma. Reina Suzette Madamba and Prof. Henry

Rivero, for giving thoughts, advice and ideas for improvement of the study;

To the traditional healers for helping me during the sampling days;

To my friends, Lady Jane G. Morilla and RayhaniA. Amer for the

sleepless nights we were working together before deadlines, and for all the fun

we have had in the last three years;

To my IBSSM family- thank you for all the encouragement and

support you have given me;

To my ever beautiful cousins,Sittie Ajannah Y. Alawiand

SittieMerriliza M. Dimalompingfor always willing to help me;

To my aunties, Paisa A. Dimalomping, AquizaA. Dimalomping,

NoranidaD. Yasin and AlyndaD. Yasin for also giving support and

encouragement and guidance to pursue my study; for giving trust, love, and

patience;

To my grandmother, Ina Bano for always being so loving, kind,

understanding and supportive to me;

To my father, Omar R. Aliponto for inspiring me always to study

hard;

Thanks are also due to those I forgot to mention, nevertheless, I am

grateful for everyone of you;

And last but certainly not the least, I am thanking Almighty Allah, our

Lord and Savior, for giving the wisdom, strength, support and knowledge in

exploring things; for helping me surpass all the trials that I encountered and

for giving determination to pursue my study and to make this study possible

Dang <3

This paper is dedicated

To my deceased mother- Sakina Dimalomping Aliponto

My father- Omar Rominimbang Aliponto

My ever loving, kind and supportive grandmother- Ina Bano

Siblings, Aunts and Uncles, Cousins, Relatives, Friends, Classmates

And to

Our ALMIGHTY ALLAH

Great provider, Most Merciful and the Lover of all

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE iAPPROVAL SHEET iiBIOGRAPHICAL DATA iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENT ivDEDICATION viTABLE OF CONTENTS viiLIST OF TABLES viiiLIST OF FIGURES ixLIST OF APPENDICES xABSTRACT xi

INTRODUCTION 1

MATERIALS AND METHODS 4Study Area 4Ethnobotanical Survey 5Collection of Plant Specimens 6Relative Frequency Analysis 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7Collected specimens 8Habit of growth of the medicinal plants 10Method of Preparation and Application 12Plant parts that are used for medicinal purposes 16Distribution of the methods of preparation 17Distribution of the methods of application 18

CONCLUSION 20

RECOMMENDATION 21

LITERATURE CITED 22

APPENDICES 28

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

1 Collected specimens in Madalum, Lanaodel Sur 8

2 Medicinal Plants with their Corresponding Method 12 of Preparation and Application

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

1 The map of the study area 5

2 Habit of growth of the medicinal plants 10

3 Plant parts that are used for medicinal purposes 16

4 The distribution of the methods of preparation of the 17 medicinal plants

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Title Page

A Photograph of the collected specimens 28

B Photograph with the Traditional Healers 69

C Sample Questionnaire 70

ABSTRACT

OMAR, OBAIDA D. 2013 Ethnomedicinal Plants of the Maranaos in Madalum, Lanaodel Sur. Undergraduate Thesis. BS Biology- Botany. Department of Biological Sciences. College of Science and Mathematics.MSU- Iligan Institute of Technology. 70 pages.

Thesis Adviser: Nanette Hope Sumaya, MS.c

An ethnomedicinal study was conducted to document medicinal plants used in the treatment ofailments in Madalum, Lanao del Sur, Philippines. Ethnobotanical interviews on medicinal plants were conducted with the traditionalhealers and other local people using open-ended semi-structured questionnaires. Diseases treated, methods ofpreparation, use and habitat of medicinal plants were recorded. A total of forty one (41) medicinal plant species belonging to twenty six (26) families were recorded during the study. The mostcommonly used plant families recorded were Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Malvaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Rutaceae and Zingiberaceae. The most frequently utilized medicinal plant parts were leaves (58%), followed by roots (15%), fruits (10%), flower (8%), bark (2%) and stem (2%). Among the 41 species observed, there were twenty one (21) herbs, ten (10) trees, six (6) shrubs, two (2) grasses and two (2) vines. Most of the medicinal plants used were leaves prepared for oral application.The most common methods of preparation were decoction, pounding, extraction and poultice. Most of the medicinal plants are applied internally by the respondents.Preservation of knowledge of botanical therapeutics alone, however, is insufficient to maintain indigenous medical self- sufficiency. Successful conservation strategies should be developed and priority given to sustainable harvesting of the plants.

Keywords: botanical therapeutics, conservation strategies, medicinal plants, traditional knowledge

INTRODUCTION

An American botanist J. W. Harshberger first defined the term

“ethnobotany” in 1896 as “the studies of plants used by primitive and

aboriginal people” (Balick and Cox 1996). Since then, many attempts have

been made to provide a descriptive definition (Bennett 1997). In broad terms,

ethnobotany is the study of the relationship and interactions between plants

and people. This field of study analyzes the results of indigenous

manipulations of plant material together with the cultural context in which

plants are used (Balick and Cox 1996). It includes collaboration with

disciplines such as ecology, chemistry, anthropology, economics, and

linguistics (Prance 1991).

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that up to 80% of

the world’s population in developing countries depend on locally available

plant resources for their primary healthcare, since western pharmaceuticals are

often expensive, inaccessible or unsuitable (Ayyanar et al., 2006).Further, in

this decade, the world is experiencing an increasing rate of resistance by

pathogens to some of the synthetic drugs, as well as the struggle against some

chronically complex and uncontrolled infections. There is therefore a need to

study and validate ethnomedicines for wider acceptance, recognition and

utilization by all stakeholders in the society. However, overtime,

ethnomedicinal knowledge has been undermined by mortality of resource

persons, extinction of plant resources, inadequate scientific research and poor

documentation(Cunningham et al., 2002).

Maranaois the term used officially by the Philippine government in

reference to the southern tribe who are now the people of the lake called

Ranao, a predominantly Muslim region in the Philippines island of Mindanao.

They are famous for their artwork, sophisticated weaving, wood and metal

crafts, and their epic literature. The Maranaos are part of the

wider Moro ethnic group, who constitute the sixth largest Filipino ethnic

group. The life of the Maranaos is centered on Lake Lanao, the largest lake in

Mindanao, and the second largest and deepest lake in the Philippines. This

breathtakingly beautiful lake is surrounded with myths and legends, it is the

main source of fisheries, and the main source of a hydroelectric plant installed

on it; and the Agus River system that generates 70% of the electricity used by

the people of Mindanao (Internet 1).

This study attempted to dig into the indigenous knowledge (IK) related

to the uses of medicinal plantsby the lake dwelling Maranao tribe in

Madalum, Lanaodel Sur. This specifically integrated thebiological, cultural

and linguistic information to understand the practices and beliefs that

indigenous and traditional communities in relation to their biological

environments, their practices of use, and their management of the botanical

resources found in their community.

The following are the specific objectives of the study:

1. To obtain voucher specimensof the plant identified as commonly used

medicinal plants inMadalumLanao del Sur.

2. To identify the plants to its local, common, scientific and family

names.

3. To determine which plant parts are used, how they are prepared and

what are the methods of medicinal application.

This study was an attempt to come up withthe ethnomedicinal

information of plants used by indigenous people in MadalumLanao del Sur.

The generated information can be used in the future to explore ways of

informing the community on the sustainable utilization of the forest resources

so as to minimize their genetic loss (Amri et al., 2012).

This study was limited only within locality of Madalum, Lanao del

sur. Plant identification up to plants medicinal values used was noted.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Study Area

Madalum is a Philippine municipality in the province Lanao Del Sur in

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. The municipality Madalum is

seated about 26 km west-south-west of province capital Marawi City and

about 821 km south-south-east of Philippine main capital Manila. Madalum is

a 3rd class municipality. Regarding urbanization Madalum is classified as

partly urban. Madalum occupies an area of 498.39 km². By the end of 2007

Madalum was the home of 25,585 residents. Thus by average 51.34 people are

living on one km². Administratively the Municipality of Madalum is

subdivided into 37 barangays. One forms the center of the city wheras the

other 36 are in the outlying areas. Some of them are even several kilometers

away from the center of the Municipality (Internet 2).

Figure 1. Map of Lanao del Sur, Philippines showing the location of Madalummunicipalty.

B. Ethnobotanical Survey

A prior informed consent was done through the Barangay chairman

and local administrators. At least three (3) barangays were selectively chosen

as sampling sites namely: Brgy. Dandamun, Brgy. Paridi and Brgy. Talub.

Ethnobotanical knowledge was gathered from a series of interviews using a

semi-structuredquestionnaire (Appendix C). The interviews were informal

conversations in order to let them speak spontaneously and not feel pressured.

Traditional healers and other local people that have the knowledge on

medicinal plants were interviewed(Olowa et al., 2012).

C. Collection of Plant Specimen

The local name, parts of plants used, ailments treated, preparations and

mode of used were recorded. Samples were collected for scientific

identification. Photos were taken and collected plants were pressed, dried,

identified, and deposited in the MSU-IIT museum. The photos that were taken

were uploaded in theCo’s digital flora of the Philippines. Plant specimens

were identified using taxonomic key as assisted by plant expert (Olowa et al.,

2012).

D. Relative Frequency Analysis

Relative frequency was used to show the habit of growth of plants

collected, the most common plant part used, most common ailment treated,

most common method of preparations and application.

Formula:

Relative frequency (RF) = Frequency/ Total frequency x 100%

Where,

Relative frequency (RF) is the rate of recurrence.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The ethnomedicinal plants are arranged alphabetically, giving

information on family, scientific names, common or local names and habit of

growth. A total of forty one (41) medicinal plant species in twenty six (26)

families were recorded as being used to treat different types of diseases or

disorders as shown in Table 1.Among the total species identified, there were

twenty six (26) families namely: Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae,

Annonaceae, Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Araceae, Asteraceae, Caricaceae,

Combretaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Frankeniaceae,

Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Moringaceae, Myrtaceae,

Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, Sapotaceae, Verbenaceae, Xanthorrhoeceae

and Zingiberaceae.It indicated that the area consists of considerable diversity

of plant species of medicinal value.

Most of the medicinal plants collected in Madalum, Lanaodel Sur were

herbs (51%), trees (24%), shrubs (15%), grasses (5%), and vines (5%) as

shown in Figure 1. A high usage of herbs could be an indication of their

abundance, especially in areas receiving year round rainfall.Thus, the

variation in parts of medicinal plants usedmay be related to differences in

seasonality though alsoarise from differences in socio-cultural beliefs, and

practices of the healers of different regions or countries (Ketema et al., 2013).

Herb; 51%

Tree; 24%

Shrub; 15%

Grass; 5% Vine; 5%

Figure 1. Habit of growth of the medicinal plants collected in Madalum, Lanao del Sur, Philippines.

The listed medicinal plants and their corresponding method of

preparation and application based on the information given by the tribal

herbalist are shown in Table 2. Most of the plant species were used to treat

one disease, while some were used to treat two or more diseases. In terms of

frequency of medicinal plant uses, the most common diseases treated were

fever, allergy, toothache, diabetes, hypertension, cough and wounds.

The most frequently utilized medicinal plant parts were leaves (58%),

followed by roots (15%), fruits (10%), flowers (8%), stem (5%), bark (2%),

and sap (2%) as shown in Figure 2. Leaves were mostly used in the treatment

of diabetes, allergy, fever, cough, wounds and hypertension, while roots were

mostly used in the treatment of toothache, cough and fever. Leaves are the

most dominant part used in treating several diseases. It serves as the plant’s

site manufacture and storage of many chemical compounds through

photosynthesis including alkaloids, tannins, coumarines, flavonoids, essential

oils and inulins which are active component of most herbal preparation in high

concentration. The used of the leaves provide conservation for the plants

compare to those remedies that requires roots or whole plants in which the

plant should be uprooted. Leaves are the most abundant plant part that are

easier to collect and can also be generated (Okoewale, 2001).

This study corroborates with previous ethnobotanical studies that

leaves are the most common plant used to treat disorder or diseases (Olowa et

al., 2012).

58%

15%

10%

8%5% 2%2%

LeavesRootsFruitFlowerStemSap/fluid the plantBark

Figure 2.Plant parts that are used for medicinal purposes by Maranaos in Madalum, Lanao del Sur, Philippines, and the corresponding percentages of the medicinal plant species.

The methods of preparation by the Maranao tribe in Madalum,

Lanaodel Sur include: decoction (52%), pounding (23%), extraction (21%)

and poultice (4%). Decoction was most common method of preparation used

by the Maranao tribe in Madalum, Lanaodel Sur. Decoctions are generally

inconvenient and unpleasant herbal preparations that are used only as the

situation might require. There are some good reasons for using decoctions and

the primary one has to do with dosage (Dharmananda, 2013).

Decoction is a method of extraction by boiling, of dissolved chemicals,

from herbal or plant material, which may include stems, roots, bark and

rhizomes. This involves first mashing, and then boiling in water to extract

oils, volatile organic compounds, and other chemical substances (Internet 3).

On the other hand pounding is to crush or break into very smallpieces by

hitting it again and again. Extractions are a way to separate a desired

substance when it is mixed with others. The mixture is brought into contact

with a solvent in which the substance of interest is soluble, but the other

substances present are insoluble (Internet 4). Poultice is a soft moist mass,

often heated and medicated, that is spread on cloth over the skin to treat an

aching, inflamed, or painful part of the body. It can be used on wounds such

as cuts (Internet 5).

Extraction21%

Pounding23%

Decoction52%

Poultice4%

Figure 3.The distribution of the methods of preparation of the medicinal plants used by the local Maranaos of Madalum, Lanao del Sur, Philippines.

Most medicinal plant preparations were taken orally (77%), while the

others were externally used (23%) as shown in Figure 4. Oral administration

is a route of administration where a substance is taken through the mouth.

Many medications are taken orally because they are intended to have a

systemic effect, reaching different parts of the body via the bloodstream, for

example (Internet 6). External application can either be done by massage or

applying it directly on the affected area. The choice of oral administration

may be related to the use of some solvents or additives (milk, butter, alcoholic

drinks, boiled coffee, and food) that are commonly believed to serve as a

vehicle to transport the remedies. The additives are also important to minimize

discomfort, improve the taste and reduce adverse effects such as vomiting and

diarrhea, and enhance the efficacy and healing conditions (Etana, 2010).

Similar findings were reported by many other researchers, indicating the oral

route as the most preferred mode of administration (Mesfin et al., 2009).

However, there is no consensus on the dosage used and frequency of the

medication among healers.

Oral77%

External23%

Figure 4.The distribution of the methods of application of medicinal plants used by the locals of Madalum, Lanao del Sur, Philippines.

CONCLUSION

A total of 41 medicinal plant species in 26 families were recorded as

being used to treat different types of diseases or disorders. This study showed

that traditional medicine, mainly involving the use of medicinal plants, is

playing a significant role in meeting the primary healthcare needs of the three

barangays. Acceptance of traditional medicine and limited access to modern

healthcare facilities could be considered as the main factors for the

continuation of the practice. Documented knowledge of the traditional healers

can be used to support the country’s human and livestock health care system

and improve lives and livelihoods. Information generated will be used in

future studies to validate bioactivity of selected medicinal plants used by

traditional healers, so to increase their acceptability in health care systems

both nationally and internationally.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Preservation of knowledge of botanical therapeutics alone, however, is

insufficient to maintain indigenous medical self-sufficient. Successful

conservation strategies should be developed and priority given to sustainable

harvesting of the plants.

The effort from some traditional practitioners to cultivate medicinal

plants at home gardens calls for a sustained governmental support to promote

overall in situ and ex situ conservation strategies for medicinal plants of the

District. It is also recommended to establish a traditional healers’ association

in the District and strengthen members by providing professional support and

land to establish as much medicinal plant nurseries as possible so as to

conserve the fast- eroding medicinal plant wealth of the area.

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Moshi MJ, Otieno DF, Mbabazi PK, Weisheit A. 2009.Ethnomedicine of the Kagera Region, north western Tanzania. Part 2: The medicinal plants used inKatoro Ward, Bukoba District. J EthnobiolEthnomed 5:24-25.

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Browner, C., Ortiz de Montellano, B., and Rubel, A. 1988.A methodology for cross-cultural ethnomedical research. Current Anthropology 29:681-702.

Mesfin F, Demissew S, Teklehaymanot T. 2009.An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in WonagoWoreda, SNNPR, Ethiopia. J EthnobiolEthnomed5:28-30.

McDade T, Reyes-Garcia V, Blackinton P, Tanner S, Huanca T, Leonard W. 2007. Ethnobotanical knowledge is associated with indices of child health in the Bolivian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(15):6134-6139.

Biocultural Diversity: Linking Language, Knowledge, and the Environment Edited by Maffi L: Smithsonian; 2001:190-211.

Olowa, L., Torres, M.A., Aranico, E., &Demayo, C. 2012. Medicinal Plants Used by the Higaonon Tribe of Rogongon, Iligan City, Mindanao, Philippines. Advances in Environmental Biology, 6(4): 1442-1449.

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Lulekal.,Kelbessa E., Bekele, T., and Yineger, H. 2013.Ethnomedicinal

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Singh, A. and N. K. Dubey 2012. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants inSonebhadra District of Uttar, Pradesh India with reference to their infection by foliar fungi.

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Patil H.M. January 2012.Ethnobotanical Notes on Satpura Hills of NandurbarDistrict, Maharashtra, India.

Lulekal, E., Kelbessa E., Bekele, T., and Yineger, H. 2008.An ethnobotanicalstudy of medicinal plants in ManaAngetu District, southeasternEthiopia.

S Ignacimuthu, M Ayyanar, and K Sankarasivaraman. 2008. Ethnobotanicalstudyof medicinal plants used by Paliyartribals in Theni district of Tamil Nadu, India.

Cunningham AB, Ayuk E, Franzel S, Duguma B, Asanga C. 2002. Aneconomicevaluation of medicinal tree cultivation: Prunusafricana in Cameroon. Peoples and Plants Working Paper 10 UNESCO, Paris.

.Zent S: Acculturation and Ethnobotanical Knowledge Loss among the Piaroa

of Venezuela: Demonstration of a Quantitative Method for the Empirical Study of TEK Change.

Amri, E. and Kisangau, P. 2012. Ethnomedicinal study of plants used in villages around Kimboza forest reserve in Morogoro, Tanzania.

Herndon, C., Uiterloo M., Uremaru A. et al. 2009. Disease concepts andtreatment by tribal healers of an Amazonian forest culture.

Dharmananda, Subhuti. Dosage and form of herbs. Decoctions, Dried Decoctions, Powders, Pills, Etc.

Ketema T, Etana D, Spiridoula A, Adugna T, Gebeyehu G and Jos H. 2013. Ethno-medicinal study of plants used for treatment of human and livestock ailments by traditional healers in South Omo, Southern Ethiopia. Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2013, 9:32.

Internet 1. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranao_People

Internet 2. In http://www.philippine-islands.ph/en/madalum-lanao_del_sur philippines.html

Internet 3. Inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoction

Internet 4. In http://www.chemicool.com/definition/extraction.html

Internet 5.In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultice

Internet 6. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_administration

Interntet 7. In http://www.stuartxchange.com/Uray.html

Internet 8. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion

Internet 9. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic

Internet 10. In http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=604

Interntet 11. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centella_asiatica

Internet 12. In http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org

Internet 13. In http://www.thismia.com/S/Sanicula_gregaria.html

Internet 14. In http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Plumiera_acuminata

Internet 15. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta

Internet 16. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageratum_conyzoides

Internet 17. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_vulgaris

Internet 18.In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromolaena_odorata

Internet 19.In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum

Internet 20. In http://www.stuartxchange.com/Dilang-aso.html

Internet 21. In http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets

Internet 22. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridax_procumbens

Internet 23. In http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya

Internet 24. In http://www.stuartxchange.com/Niyog.html

Internet 25. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momordica_charantia

Internet 26. In http://en.wikipedia.org

Internet 27. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_hirta

Internet 28. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha_curcas

Internet 29. In http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/kings/frankenia.html

Internet 30. In http://www.stuartxchange.com/Oregano.html

Internet 31. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleus

Internet 32. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado

Internet 33. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okra

Internet 34. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis

Internet 35. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobroma_cacao

Internet 36. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansium_domesticum

Internet 37. Inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleiferaInternet 38. In http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=9567

Internet 39. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peperomia_pellucida

Internet 40. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbopogon

Internet 41. In http://eol.org/pages/488254/overview

Internet 42. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamondin

Internet 43. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysophyllum_cainito

Internet 44. In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duranta_erecta

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Fig. 1

FAMILY AMARANTHACEAE

AmaranthusspinosusL.

Local Name: Katebek

English Name: Pigweed

Description: Stems are armed with slender, axillary spines. Leaves are

glabrous, long-petioled, elliptic-lanceolate, and alternate. Flowers are very

numerous and stalkless (Internet 7).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Leaves and roots

Treatment: Used for allergy

Fig. 2

FAMILY AMARYLLIDACEAE

Allium cepaL.

Local Name: Sibuyas

English Name: Onion

Description: It is a biennial plant but is usually grown as an annual. The

leaves are blueish-green and grow alternately in a flattened, fan-shaped

swathe. They are fleshy, hollow and cylindrical, with one flattened side. The

base of each leaf is a flattened, usually white sheath that grows out of a basal

disc. From the underside of the disc, a bundle of fibrous roots extends for a

short way into the soil (Internet 8).

Method of Preparation: Pound and apply to affected area

Part/s Applied: Rhizome

Treatment: Used for toothache

Fig. 3

FAMILY AMARYLLIDACEAE

Allium sativumL.

Local name: Ahus

English Name: Garlic

Description: Allium sativum is a bulbous plant. It grows up to 1.2 m (4 ft) in

height. It produces hermaphrodite flowers. Pollination occurs by bees and

other insects (Internet 9).

Method of Preparation: Pound and apply to affected area

Part/s Applied: Rhizome

Treatment: Used for toothache

Fig. 4

FAMILY ANNONACEAE

AnnonamuricataL.

Local Name: Rabanos

English Name: Soursop

Description: Soursop trees are bushy and low, only about 7.5-9 m tall. The

smooth, glossy, dark green leaves are oblong to elliptical and pointed at both

ends. Solitary flowers emerge anywhere on the trunk, branches or twigs. The

fruit is fairly variable in size, ranging from 10-30 cm long and up to 15 cm in

width. They can weigh as much as 6.8 kg. The fruit is covered with a leathery-

appearing, inedible, bitter skin which is covered with many flexible spikes

(Internet 10).

Method of Preparation: Decoction and extraction

Part/s Applied: Leaves and fruit

Treatment: Used for menstrual period and for diarrhea

Fig. 5

FAMILY APIACEAE

Centellaasiatica L.

Local Name: Tangila a lupa

English Name: Asiatic pennywort

Description: Centellaasiatica grows in tropical swampy areas. The stems are

slender, creeping stolons, green to reddish-green in color, connecting plants to

each other. The leaves are borne on pericladial petioles, around 2 cm. The

rootstock consists of rhizomes, growing vertically down (Internet 11).

Method of Preparation: Decoction and for swelling heat the leaves and

directly apply it on the affected area

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for kidney problem

Fig. 6

FAMILY APIACEAE

Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.

Local Name: Gotokola

English name: Marsh Pennywort

Description: Pennywort is a ground cover for moist to wet areas. Stems clad

with round, peltate, short-stalked leaves with scalloped edges float in very

shallow water or creep along the ground, rooting at the nodes as they go.

Purplish-green flowers are inconspicuous. Many of the leaves are penny-size,

hence the common name (Internet 12).

Method of Preparation: Chewing fresh leaves

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for diabetes, allergy and high blood

Fig. 7

FAMILY APIACEAE

Saniculagregaria

Local Name: Sagayamanok

English Name: Gregarious Black Snakeroot, Fragrant Sanicle, Common

Black Snakeroot

Description: Saniculagregaria is herbaceous perennial. Flowers greenish-

yellow; sepals of staminate flowers deltoid-lanceolate, less than 1 mm long;

styles conspicuous, much longer than the bristles, recurving back over the

fruit. Ovaries and fruits short- stipitate.Plants typically with a yellow-green

appearance (Internet 13).

Method of Preparation: Chewing fresh leaves

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Applied for pregnant woman

Fig. 8

FAMILY APOCYNACEAE

Plumeria acuminate L.

Local Name: Kalachuchi

English Name: Temple flower

Description: Kalachuchi is a small, deciduous tree, standing at 3 to 7 meters.

Its crooked trunk bears fleshy, thick branches, and contains a sticky, milky

sap. The bark is smooth and papery, while the wood is yellowish-white and

soft. The leaves are alternate, oblong or oblanceolate, 20 to 40 centimeters

long, pointed at both ends, and arranged in a spiral at the ends of the branches

(Internet 14).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Flower

Treatment: Used for epilepsy

Fig. 9

FAMILY ARACEAE

ColocasiaesculentaL.

Local Name: Gabi

English Name: Elephant ear

Description: Rhizomes of different shapes and sizes. Leaves sprouts from

rhizome, dark green above and light green beneath, triangular-ovate, sub-

rounded and mucronate at apex, tip of the basal lobes rounded or sub-rounded.

Female portion at the fertile ovaries intermixed with sterile white ones.

Neuters above the females, rhomboid or irregular oblong.Male portion above

the neuter (Internet 15).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for anemia

Fig. 10

FAMILY ASTERACEAE

Ageratum conyzoidesL.

Local Name:Kasapi-sapi

English Name:Billygoat Weed

Description: Annual herb, 10-60 cm. Leaves: base usually blunt or rounded,

rarely cordate. Florets blue or white.Phyllaries 3-4 mm, oblong, abruptly

acuminate, sparingly if at all hairy on the back, erose and ciliate. Style arms

exserted 1 mm from corolla tube (Internet 16).

Method of Preparation: Decoction and extraction

Part/s Applied: Leaves and stem

Treatment:Used for fever, cough and for healing wound.

Fig. 11

FAMILY ASTERACEAE

Artemisia vulgaris L.

Local Name: Salimbawangen

English Name: Mugwort, Felon Herb

Description: It is a tall herbaceousperennial plant growing 1–2 m tall, with a

woody root. The leaves are 5–20 cm long, dark green, pinnate, with dense

white tomentose hairs on the underside. The erect stem often has a red-

purplish tinge. The rather small flowers are radially symmetrical with many

yellow or dark red petals. The narrow and numerous capitula spread out in

racemosepanicles (Internet 17).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for flu

Fig. 12

FAMILY ASTERACEAE

ChromolaenaodorataL.

Local Name: Ragoaamo

English Name: Siam Weed, Christmas Bush, Devil Weed, Camfhur Grass

Description: Chromolaenaodorata is a rapidly growing perennial herb. It is a

multi-stemmed shrub to 2.5 m tall in open areas. It has soft stems but the base

of the shrub is woody. It can then become up to 10 m tall. The plant is hairy

and glandular and the leaves give off a pungent, aromatic odour when

crushed. The leaves are opposite, triangular to elliptical with serrated edges

(Internet 18).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for fever

Fig. 13

FAMILY ASTERACEAE

Chrysanthemum indicumL.

Local Name: Tae a tarapan

Common Name: Roman camomile

Description: Chrysanthemum indicumareherbaceous perennial plants or

subshrubs. They have alternately arranged leaves divided into leaflets with

toothed or occasionally smooth edges. The simple row of ray florets are white,

yellow or red; many horticultural specimens have been bred to bear many

rows of ray florets in a great variety of colors. The fruit is a ribbed achene

(Internet 19).

Method of Preparation: Pounding, decoction, and poultice.

Part/s Applied: Leaves and roots

Treatment: Used for headache and cough.

Fig. 14

FAMILY ASTERACEAE

Pseudelephantopusspicatus(Juss.)Rohr.

Local Name: Tambda

English Name: Elephant weed

Description: Pseudelephantopusspicatusis an erect, much branched, hairy or

nearly smooth, rather stiff herb, 20 to 80 centimeters in height. Leaves are

oblong-obovate and 9 to 14 centimeters long, with a blunt tip and narrowed

base; those of the upper part of the stem are smaller. Flowering heads are

about 1.5 centimeters long, without stalks, occurring in clusters of 2 to 5,

borne in the axils of the very much-reduced leaves, and arranged along the

few, elongated, spikelike branches of the inflorescence (Internet 20).

Method of Preparation: Pound and apply to affected area.

Part/s Applied: Leaves and roots

Treatment: Used for healing wound and applied for pregnant woman

Fig. 15

FAMILY ASTERACEAE

SpilanthesacmellaMurr.

Local Name: Burangit

English Name: Toothache plant

Description: Annual erect or ascending stout herbs, 20-50 cm high. Opposite,

petiolate, broadly ovate, narrowed at base, acute or obtuse at apex.Opposite,

petiolate, broadly ovate, narrowed at base, acute or obtuse at apex (Internet

21).

Method of Preparation: Pound and apply to affected area.

Part/s Applied: Leaves and flower

Treatment: Used for toothache.

Fig. 16

FAMILY ASTERACEAE

TridaxprocumbensL.

Local Name: Kabiro-biro

English Name: Coat Buttons

Description: The plant bears daisylike yellow-centered white or yellow

flowers with three-toothed ray florets. The leaves are toothed and generally

arrowhead-shaped. Its fruit is a hard achene covered with stiff hairs and

having a feathery, plumelike white pappus at one end. The plant is invasive in

part because it produces so many of these achenes, up to 1500 per plant. This

weed can be found in fields, meadows, croplands, disturbed areas, lawns, and

roadsides in areas with tropical or semi-tropical climates (Internet 22).

Method of Preparation: Pounding and extraction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for healing wound

Fig. 17

FAMILY CARICACEAE

Carica papaya L.

Local Name: Kopaya

English Name: Papaya

Description: It is a large plant, like a tree, without branches; it is a herbaceous

plant because the stem does not have much wood and remains soft and green

until its death. The single stem grows from 5 to 10 m tall with all the leaves on

the top. The leaves are large, 50–70 cm wide. Generally, the fruit is oval to

nearly round and, in some cases, like a big pear. Fruits are 15-50 cm long and

10–20 cm wide, and weigh up to 9 kg (Internet 23).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for diabetes

Fig. 18

FAMILY COMBRETACEAE

QuisqualisindicaLinn.

Local Name: Noni

English Name: Rangoon creeper

Description: Quisqualisindicais a large climbing, woody shrub reaching a

length of 2 to 8 meters. Leaves are oblong to elliptic, opposite, rounded at the

base and pointed at the tip. Flowers are fragrant, tubular, showy, first white,

then becoming red, reddish-purple or orange, exhibiting the range of colors in

clusters, on the same flower stalk. Fruit is narrowly ellipsoid, 2.5 to 3

centimeters long, with five, sharp, longitudinal angles or wings. Seeds are

pentagonal and black (Internet 24).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for ulcer and tumor

Fig. 19

FAMILY CUCURBITACEAE

Momordicacharantia

Local Name: Ampalaya

English Name: Bitter melon

Description: This herbaceous, tendril-bearing vine grows to 5 m. It bears

simple, alternate leaves 4–12 cm across, with three to seven deeply separated

lobes. Each plant bears separate yellow male and female flowers. The fruit has

a distinct warty exterior and an oblong shape (Internet 25).

Method of Preparation: Slice it into small pieces then chew it

Part/s Applied: Fruit

Treatment: Used for diabetes

Fig. 20

FAMILY CYPERACEAE

CyperuskyllingiaL.

Local Name: Geteget

English Name: White Kyllinga

Description: Cyperuskyllingiais a perennial plant, that may reach a height of

up to 140 cm. The leaves sprout in ranks of three from the base of the plant,

around 5–20 cm long. The flower stems have a triangular cross-section. The

flower is bisexual and has three stamina and a three-stigma carpel, with the

flower head have 3-8 unequal rays. The fruit is a three-angled achene (Internet

26).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for hepatitis

Fig. 21

FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE

Euphorbia hirtaL.

Local Name: Talawatawa

English Name: Pill-bearing spurge, Asthma plant, Hairy spurge, Garden

spurge, Pillpod sandman

Description: This erect or prostrate annual herb can get up to 60 cm long with

a solid, hairy stem that produced an abundant white latex. The leaves are

simple, elliptical, hairy with a finely dentate margin. Leaves occur in opposite

pairs on the stem. The flowers are unisexual and found in axillary cymes at

each leaf node. The fruit is a capsules with three valves and produces tiny,

oblong, four-sided red seeds (Internet 27).

Method of Preparation: Decoction; apply the sap on the affected skin

Part/s Applied: Whole plant

Treatment: Used for kidney, fever, measles, and skin disease

Fig. 22

FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE

JathropacurcasL.

Local Name: Katangan-tangan

English Name: Bellyache Bush

Description: The leaves have significant variability in their morphology. In

general, the leaves are green to pale green, alternate to subopposite, and three-

to five-lobed with a spiral phyllotaxis. Plants are monoecious and also

presents hermaphroditic flowers occasionally. It is cultivated in tropical and

subtropical regions around the world, becoming naturalized in some areas. J.

curcas is a poisonous, semi-evergreen shrub or small tree, reaching a height of

6 m (Internet 28).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for highblood and swelling

Fig. 23

FAMILY FRANKENIACEAE

Frankeniagrandifolia

Local Name: Biyala

Common Name: Yerba reuma

Description: This is a small shrubby plant, with a prostrate, much-branched

stem, about 6 inches long. It is a native of California, and is found in

abundance in sandy localities near the coast. The leaves are opposite, entire,

obovate, tapering at the base, and ending in a small, mucronate point. The

flowers are sessile, between the forks of the branches, small, and of a bright-

pink color (Internet 28).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for urinary tract infection

Fig. 24

FAMILY LAMIACEAE

Coleus aromaticusBenth.

Local Name: Kapal

English Name: Country borage

Description: Coleus aromaticusis an erect, spreading, branched, rather

coarse, strongly aromatic, green herb, with fleshy stems. Leaves are fleshy,

broadly ovate, 4 to 9 centimeters long, often heart-shaped, and somewhat

hairy, with rounded toothed margins, with the tip and base decurrent. Flowers

are small, and occur in distant whorls (Internet 29).

Method of Preparation: Extraction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for cough

Fig. 25

FAMILY LAMIACEAE

Coleus blumeiL.

Local Name: Mayana

English Name: Buntblatt, Buntnessel

Description: In the wild, Coleus blumei can grow up 3 feet tall, and about 1

foot around. The leaves are oval shaped with rounded tooth edges and brightly

colored, with green edges and blood-red veins in the center as well as many

splotches of dark red, maroon, and brown. The flowers are very small

(Internet 30).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for cough, fever and healing wound

Fig. 26

FAMILY LAURACEAE

PerseaamericanaMill.

Local Name: Abokado

English Name: Avocado

Description: They have a green-skinned, fleshy body that may be pear-

shaped, egg-shaped, or spherical. The tree grows to 20 m with alternately

arranged leaves. The flowers are inconspicuous and greenish-yellow (Internet

31).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for diarrhea

Fig. 27

FAMILY MALVACEAE

AbelmoschusesculentusL.

Local Name: Okra

English Name: Lady's fingers

Description: The species is an annual or perennial, growing to 2 m tall. The

leaves are 10–20 cm long and broad, palmately lobed with 5–7 lobes. The

flowers are 4–8 cm in diameter, with five white to yellow petals. The fruit is a

capsule up to 18 cm long, containing numerous seeds (Internet 32).

Method of Preparation: Slice into small pieces then put it on a glass of water

then leave it for 24 hours and drink it.

Part/s Applied: Fruit

Treatment: Used for diabetes

Fig. 28

FAMILY MALVACEAE

Hibiscus rosasinensisL.

Local Name: Gumamela

English Name: Rose mallow, Chinese hibiscus, China rose and Shoe flower

Description: Hibiscus rosasinensis is a bushy, evergreen shrub or small tree

growing 2.5–5 m tall and 1.5–3 m wide, with glossy leaves and solitary,

brilliant red flowers in summer and autumn. The 5-petaled flowers are 10 cm

in diameter, with prominent orange-tipped red anthers (Internet 33).

Method of Preparation: Pound and apply to affected area

Part/s Applied: Flower

Treatment: Used for wound and swelling

Fig. 29

FAMILY MALVACEAE

Theobroma cacao L.

Local Name: Kakao

English Name: Cacao

Description: Leaves are alternate, entire, unlobed, 10–40 cm and 5–20 cm

broad. The flowers are produced in clusters directly on the trunk and older

branches; this is known as cauliflory. The flowers are small, 1–2 cm diameter,

with pink calyx. While many of the world's flowers are pollinated by bees or

butterflies/moths cacao flowers are pollinated by tiny flies (Internet 34).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Fruit

Treatment: Used for brain problem

Fig. 30

FAMILY MELIACEAE

LansiumdomesticumCorrea.

Local name: Bowaan

English Name: Lanzones

Description: The tree is average sized, reaching 30 metres in height and 75

centimetres in diameter. The pinnately compound leaves are odd numbered,

with thin hair, and 6 to 9 buds at intervals. The buds are long and elliptical.

The flowers are located in inflorescences that grow and hang from large

branches or the trunk; the bunches may number up to 5 in one place. The fruit

can be elliptical, oval, or round, measuring 2 to 7 centimetres by 1.5 to 5

centimetres in size (Internet 35).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Bark

Treatment: Used for diabetes

Fig. 31

FAMILY MORINGACEAE

Moringaoleifera Lam.

Local Name: Kalamunggay

English Name: Horseradish-tree, Ben-oil tree, Drumstick-tree

Description: The tree itself is rather slender, with drooping branches that

grow to approximately 10m in height. In cultivation, it is often cut back

annually to 1–2 meters and allowed to regrow so the pods and leaves remain

within arm's reach. The leaves are the most nutritious part of the plant, being a

significant source of B vitamins, vitamin C, provitamin A as beta-carotene,

vitamin K, manganese and protein, among other essential nutrients (Internet

36).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for anemia and diabetes

Fig. 32

FAMILY MYRTACEAE

PsidiumguajavaL.

Local Name: Bayaba

English Name: Guava

Description: A small tree to 33 ft high, with spreading branches, the Guava is

easy to recognize because of its smooth, thin, copper-colored bark that flakes

off, showing the greenish layer beneath and also because of the attractive,

"bony" aspect of its trunk which may in time attain a diameter of 10 inches

(Internet 37).

Method of Preparation: Decoction and pounding

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for allergy and healing of wound

Fig. 33

FAMILY PIPERACEAE

Peperomiapellucida

Local Name:Sinaw-sinaw

English Name: Shiny bush, Pepper elder, Silverbush

Description: Peperomiapellucida is an annual, shallow-rooted herb, usually

growing to a height of about 15 to 45 cm. it is characterized by succulent

stems, shiny, heart-shaped, fleshy leaves and tiny, dot-like seeds attached to

several fruiting spikes. It has a mustard-like odor when crushed (Internet 38).

Method of Preparation: Decoction and pounding

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for allergy and healing of wound

Fig. 34

FAMILY POACEAE

Cymbopogoncitratus

Local Name: Bawing

English Name: Oil grass, Lemon grass

Description: Perennial; caespitose. Rhizomes short.Culms 100–200 cm

long.Ligule an eciliatemembrane.Leaf-blades tapering towards sheath; 45–90

cm long; 10–20 mm wide; aromatic.

Inflorescence synflorescence compound; paniculate; 30–60 cm long; open.

Inflorescence composed of racemes; terminal and axillary; subtended by a

spatheole; enclosed (Internet 39).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for lowering cholesterol

Fig. 35

FAMILY RUTACEAE

Citrus maxima

Local name: Pega

English name: Pomelo

Description: The C. maxima tree, which is the most cold-intolerant citrus

species, has a rounded crown and grows 5 to 15 m tall. The tree has large

evergreen oblong to elliptic leaves, 10.5 to 20 cm long, with winged petioles.

The flowers and fruits are borne singly, in contrast to grapefruits, in which

they grown in clusters of 2 to 20. The fruits, which vary from round to pear-

shaped and ripen to yellow, orange, or red, are large--30 cm or more in

diameter, and weighing up to 9 kg (Internet 40).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for paralyzed person and for highblood

Fig. 36

FAMILY RUTACEAE

Citrofortunellamicrocarpa

Local Name: Lemonsito

English Name: Calamandarin, Golden lime, Panama orange, Chinese orange

Description: Citrofortunellamicrocarpa is a shrub or small tree growing to 3–

6 metres. The fruit of the calamondin resembles a small, round lime, usually

25-35mm in diameter, but sometimes up to 45mm. The center pulp and juice

is the orange color of a tangerine with a very thin orange peel when ripe

(Internet 41).

Method of Preparation: Extraction

Part/s Applied: Fruit

Treatment: Used for cough and sore throat

Fig. 37

FAMILY SAPOTACEAE

Chrysophyllumcainito L.

Local Name: Apel

English Name: Star apple

Description: The leaves are evergreen, alternate, simple oval, entire, 5–15 cm

long; the underside shines with a golden color when seen from a distance. The

tiny flowers are purplish white and have a sweet fragrant smell. The tree is

also hermaphroditic (self-fertile). It has round, purple-skinned fruit that is

often green around the calyx, with a star pattern in the pulp (Internet 42).

Method of Preparation: Decoction

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for diarrhea

Fig. 38

FAMILY VERBENACEAE

DurantaerectaL.

Local Name: Duranta

English Name: Golden dewdrop

Description: Durantaerecta is a sprawling shrub or a small tree. It can grow

to 6 m tall and can spread to an equal width. The leaves are light green,

elliptic to ovate, opposite, and grow up to 7.5 cm long and 3.5 cm broad, with

a 1.5 cm petiole. The flowers are light-blue or lavender, produced in tight

clusters located on terminal and axillary stems, blooming almost all year long.

The fruit is a small globose yellow or orange berry(Internet 43).

Method of Preparation: Pound and apply to affected area

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for healing wound

Fig. 39

FAMILY XANTHORRHOEACEAE

Aloe veraL.

Local Name: Aloe vera

English Name: Aloe vera

Description: Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-stemmed succulent plant

growing to 60–100 cm tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves are thick and

fleshy, green to grey-green, with some varieties showing white flecks on their

upper and lower stem surfaces. The margin of the leaf is serrated and has

small white teeth. The flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm

tall, each flower being pendulous, with a yellow tubular corolla 2–3 cm

(Internet 44).

Method of Preparation: Cut the leaves then rub the liquid part on the scalp.

Part/s Applied: Leaves

Treatment: Used for preventing hair loss

Fig. 40

FAMILY ZINGIBERACEAE

Cucurma longa

Local Name: Kalawag

English Name: Turmeric

Description: Turmeric is a leafy plant, 1 to 1.5 meters tall, with 5 to 6 leaves.

Rhizomes are bright yellow inside, thick and cylindric. Leaf blade is green,

oblong, 30 to 45 centimeters long and 10 to 20 centimeters wide. Petiole is as

long as the blade. Spikes are 10 to 20 centimeters in length and about 5

centimeters in diameter. Flowers are pale yellow, as long as the bracts. Fruits

are capsules (Internet 46).

Method of Preparation: Pound and extraction

Part/s Applied: Rhizome

Treatment: Used for tuberculosis

Fig. 41

FAMILY ZINGIBERACEAE

Zingiberofficinale

Local Name: LuyaPagerisen

English Name: Ginger

Description: Ginger produces clusters of white and pink flower buds that

bloom into yellow flowers. Because of its aesthetic appeal and the adaptation

of the plant to warm climates, ginger is often used as landscaping around

subtropical homes. It is a perennial reed-like plant with annual leafy stems,

about a meter (3 to 4 feet) tall. Traditionally, the rhizome is gathered when the

stalk withers; it is immediately scalded, or washed and scraped, to kill it and

prevent sprouting (Internet 47).

Method of Preparation: Pound and rub it on the gums

Part/s Applied: Rhizome

Treatment: Used for babies starting growing their teeth

APPENDIX B

Photograph with the Traditional Healers

APPENDIX C

Sample Questionnaire

Date_____

INFORMANT INFORMATION

Name:

Gender:

Age:

Profession Work/Livelihood:

Address:

Ethnic Affialiation:

Civil Status:

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

Village Name:

Habitat/ Vegetation Type:

Plant Local Name:

Short Description of the Plant:

Medicinal Uses:

Parts Used:

Preaparation:

Mode of Application: