18-19 October, 2018 Centennial Court Motel Alexandra, New ...€¦ · Madhura Manohar*, Armand Atanacio, David D. Cohen ANSTO, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia

14th Annual Australia and New Zealand Aerosol Assembly

18-19 October, 2018 – Centennial Court Motel

Alexandra, New Zealand Abstracts Conference website: www.aerosolanz.com

Conveners: Mike Harvey1 and Guy Coulson2 1: NIWA, P.O. Box 14-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6021, N.Z. 2: NIWA, Private Bag 99940, Newmarket, Auckland 1149, N.Z. VERSION: Updated 17 October 2018

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http://www.aerosolanz.com/

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Australian and New Zealand Aerosol Assembly 2018 Poster/ Abstract

18 – 19 October 2018 Venue: Centennial Court 2 96 Centennial Avenue, Alexandra, Central Otago

Day 1 – 18 October

A monitor in every street – air quality insights from the first phase of the instrumentation of Alexandra

Ian Longley*, Gustavo Olivares, Ayushi Kachhara

NIWA, Auckland

* corresponding author: Ian Longley ([email protected])

Abstract

Our host town of Alexandra has a persistent air quality problem of high concentrations of PM10 arising

from a combination of domestic heating (wood-burning) emissions in winter, exacerbated by light

winds and strong inversions due its basin setting.

Through winter 2018 a network of 34 “ODIN” PM sensors were deployed in the town of Alexandra.

This network meant that no home was more than 300 m from a sensor making this one of the densest

air quality monitoring networks in the world. The network was augmented by “SkoMoBo” indoor air

quality sensors which spent approximately a week each in the homes of year 5 and 6 children

attending Alexandra Primary School. Both the ODINs and the SkoMoBos were based on the Plantower

3003 sensor reporting PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 at least every 5 minutes. Three temporary weather

stations were also placed on the periphery of the town to capture local air flows.

This presentation covers an initial analysis of data from the network, including long-term average

spatial variation in ambient woodsmoke concentrations and case-studies of smoke transport through

the network associated with particular meteorological conditions. We show that concentrations inside

homes displayed even greater variability due to differences in infiltrations rates and the prevalence,

magnitude and persistence of indoor sources. We present plans for enhance this network further in

phase 2 (2019).

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Keywords - Please select all keywords your presentation aligns too:

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☐ Dust

☒ Urban

☒ Smoke

☐ Secondary Aerosol

☒ Particulate Matter

☐ Reactive Gases

☐ Clouds ☐ Biological Aerosol

☐ Measurement standards

☒ Pollution impacts

☐ Policy and Regulatory

☒ Community outreach & education

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What’s In Your Air, Alex?

Fiona Mackley1, Ian Longley2*, Ayushi Kachhara2, Gustavo Olivares2

1 Alexandra Primary School 2NIWA, Auckland

* corresponding author: Ian Longley ([email protected])

Abstract

Through winter 2018 year 5 and 6 classes at Alexandra Primary School teamed up with air quality

scientists from NIWA to participate in a unique study exploring the opportunities that low-cost air

sensors and new technologies offer for genuine citizen science. While NIWA scientists installed a

network of “ODIN” ambient air quality sensors across the town children at the school assembled

sensors to take home, and used a purpose-built app to record metadata about their home and to

record “impact” data on health symptoms and perceptional impacts. Children were introduced to the

topic of air quality through a series of classroom activities that introduced principles of scientific

observation and built an awareness of the effect of weather on air quality.

The presentation will be partly be presented by one or two children who participated in the project,

and their class teacher who will talk about their experience and learning.

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Black Carbon: Update on a new monitoring instrument

Madhura Manohar*, Armand Atanacio, David D. Cohen

ANSTO, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia

* Corresponding author: Madhura Manohar [[email protected]]

Abstract

Black carbon (BC) is a key constituent of soot; it results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuel

and biomass. It emanates from various sources such as: vehicles, domestic wood heaters, grass and

forest fires, and industrial processes. BC is of interest to environmental researchers since it is one of

the primary components of particles with 2.5 micrometre diameters (PM2.5) along with co-pollutants.

While any matter at PM2.5 is hazardous to health, particles such as BC from combustion sources in

particular have detrimental effects on health (cardiovascular, cancer, stroke risk, etc.). The

relationship between BC and adverse health effects are convincing. It is the fifth leading cause of death

worldwide. A recent update from the World Health Organisation (released in 2016) estimated that 3

million deaths were attributed to PM2.5 exposure for a single year (2012). In addition to human health

hazards of BC, it is also implicated in climate change. Monitoring BC is crucial for identifying the root

causes, sources and for identifying approaches to mitigate exposure.

One of the fundamental techniques used for measuring concentrations of BC at various locations is

through aerosol sampling programs. At ANSTO a sampling program has been in place since 1991 where

air is drawn through a TeflonTM filter over a 24 hour period. The filters are then analysed to measure

the BC concentrations at the sampling site. This concentration of BC was typically measured using the

He/Ne laser absorption techniques which operate at 633 nm. A number of variables can limit this

reading (size, density, refractivity, etc). At ANSTO a relatively new instrument has been designed, the

Multi-wavelength Absorption Black Carbon Instrument (MABI). This instrument is able to measure

absorption in a filter at seven different wavelengths, from; 405nm, 465nm, 525nm, 639nm, 870nm,

940nm and 1050nm. The advantage of this device is that by measuring at various wavelengths we can

distinguish BC from diesel vehicles and BC from wood burning or bushfires.

References:

http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(7), 742; doi:10.3390/ijerph14070742

Anderson, H.R.; Brunekreef, B.; et al. Environ Health Perspect. 2011, 119, 1691–1699.

Grahame, T.J.; Klemm, R.; Schlesinger, R.B. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 2014, 64, 620–660.

Bond, T.C.; Doherty, S.J.; Fahey, D.W.; Forster, P.M.; Berntsen, T.; DeAngelo, B.J.; Flanner, M.G.; Ghan, S.; Karcher, B.; Ko ch, D.; et al.

2013, 118, 5380–5552.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070742

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Monitoring Ship Emissions from Whangaparaoa

Jamie D Halla*

DTA

* [email protected]

Abstract

Multiple-AXis Differential Optical Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements were taken from the

eastern end of the Whangaparaoa peninsula in Auckland. The goal was to examine the pollutant

emissions from ships in the vicinity, namely large container ships and cruise liners.

MAX-DOAS measurements have the potential to remotely sense several trace gases simultaneously

such as NO2, HCHO and SO2. In particular, if signatures of NO2 and SO2 are detected, the NO2/SO2

ratio can provide an indication of the type of fuels being used by individual ships.

Finally, when coupling MAX-DOAS measurements of the O2-O2 collisional dimer (O4) with radiative

transfer modelling, aerosol information, including aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol layer

height may be found.

This talk will discuss preliminary results from these measurements as well as future plans to monitor

shipping emissions in the Auckland Harbour.

References

McLaren, R., Wojtal, P., Halla, J.D. , Mihele, C., Brook, J. , A survey of NO2:SO2 emission ratios measured in marine vessel plumes in the Strait of Georgia, Atmos. Environ., 46, 655-658, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.044, 2012.

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Wintertime particulate deposition – is it significant?

Bill Trompetter* and Perry Davy GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand

* corresponding author: Bill Trompetter [[email protected]]

Abstract

Dispersion is usually the primary mechanism attributed to reduction of pollutants emitted in urban

locations and used for regulatory modelling. However, experimental data is suggesting that

dispersion is not alone in the removal of atmospheric pollutants. For example, air pollution

modelling based on dispersion does not compare well with monitoring data. Diurnal profiles (Fig. 1)

of PM10 from several New Zealand communities shows similar recovery times in the second half of

the night across 10 diverse urban areas [1]. Vertical black carbon (BC) profiles during winter evenings

showed that submicron, combustion-related particulate matter peaked earlier in the evening (6 pm -

8 pm) and was depleted preferentially near the ground (<5 m), suggesting a ground-based sink for

the pollution particles [2]. Results also showed that smaller particles (ultrafine and PM2.5) were

being removed faster from the atmosphere than the larger particles and this was related to the

particle diameter and type of surface/material on the ground, whereas dispersion is dependent on

the prevailing meteorological conditions. Hence, we hypothesis that deposition could be a significant

deposition mechanism on winter evenings.

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Figure 1. Diurnal profiles of PM10 from several NZ communities

References

[1]Trompetter, W.J.; Davy, P.K.; Markwitz, A. 2010. Influence of environmental conditions on carbonaceous particle concentrations within New Zealand. Journal of Aerosol Science 41, 134-142

[2]Trompetter, W.J.; Grange, S.K.; Davy, P.K.; Ancelet, T. 2013. Vertical and temporal variations of black carbon in New Zealand urban areas during winter, Atmospheric Environment 75, 179-187

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26 Years of Aerosol Lidar Observations at Lauder

Ben Liley1, Tetsu Sakai2, Tomohiro Nagai2, Osamu Uchino1, 3

1NIWA, Lauder 2MRI, Japan Meteorological Agency

3National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

* corresponding author: Ben Liley [[email protected]]

Abstract

Vertical distributions of stratospheric and upper- to mid-tropospheric aerosols have been measured

by lidar over Lauder (45.0˚ S, 169.7˚ E), New Zealand since November 1992. A single-wavelength

system operated from 1992 to early 2009, when it was replaced with a dual-wavelength system with

depolarisation detection (Table 1). The stratospheric data show long-term and seasonal variations,

with intermittent large disturbances that can affect both ozone depletion and radiative balance. After

the volcanic eruption of Mt Pinatubo in 1991, the vertically integrated stratospheric aerosol

backscattering coefficient (IBC) increased to over 30 times the minimum level. The IBC reached a

minimum in the late 1990s, then increased to the late 2000s, probably with aerosol from several large

eruptions in the tropics. Between 2011 and 2015, the IBC was more than twice the minimum after

volcanic eruptions at southern high latitudes (Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex and Calbuco)

and tropics (Kelud). The IBC showed seasonal variations with higher values in winter than in summer,

but at Lauder much of the difference is due to tropopause height. The radiative forcing by

stratospheric aerosols decreased over the period 2000−2015 by 0.13 0.06 W m−2 over Lauder, which

partially cancelled the increase of global mean radiative forcing by CO2 (Sakai et al. 2016). In the

troposphere, the lidar data record the effect of large Australian bushfires, and also the springtime

increase in the mid-troposphere from seasonal biomass burning in Africa, South America, and

Indonesia previously seen in backscattersonde data (Jones et al. 2001; Liley et al. 2001).

Table 1. Aerosol lidars at Lauder Nov 1992 – Feb 2009 Feb 2009 - Laser Nd:YAG Nd:YAG Wavelength 532.1 nm 532.1, 1064 nm Pulse Energy 135 mJ 150 mJ Pulse Width 4-6 ns 5 ns Repetition 10 Hz 10 Hz Telescope Diameter 25.4 cm 30.5 cm Range Resolution 6 m 7.5 m

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Figure 2. Cross sections of aerosol backscatter ratio at 532 nm over Lauder from 1992 to 2016.

References

Jones, N. B., C. P. Rinsland, J. B. Liley, and J. Rosen, Correlation of aerosol and carbon monoxide at 45° S: evidence of biomass burning emissions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 709-712, 2001.

Liley, J. B., J. M. Rosen, N. T. Kjome, N. B. Jones, and C. P. Rinsland, Springtime enhancement of upper tropospheric aerosol at 45° S. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1495-1498, 2001.

Sakai, T., O. Uchino, T. Nagai, B. Liley, I. Morino, and T. Fujimoto, Long-term variation of stratospheric aerosols observed with lidars over Tsukuba, Japan from 1982 and Lauder, New Zealand from 1992 to 2015. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121, 10283-10293, doi:10.1002/2016JD025132, 2016.

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Day 2 – 19 October

Inferring city-scale particulate matter emissions sources through inverse modelling

Jono Conway1, Greg Bodeker1, Sara Mikaloff-Fletcher2, Jared Lewis1, Stefanie Kremser1, Laura Revell3,

Philip DeCola4, Tim Mallett5, Gustavo Olivares2, Mike Harvey2, Ian Longley2, Basit Khan6

1Bodeker Scientific, 2NIWA, 3University of Canterbury, 4Sigma Space Corporation, 5Environment Canterbury, 6Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KiT).

* corresponding author: Jono Conway [[email protected]]

Abstract

The growth of megacities from global urbanization has degraded urban air quality sufficient to impede economic growth and create a public health hazard. Emissions of particulate matter, photochemically reactive gases, and long-lived greenhouse gases, contribute to the urban environmental footprint with concomitant economic and social costs. Mitigation actions rely critically on knowing where and when these emissions occur.

In response to this challenge, our team developed a ‘Smart Ideas’ proposal that was submitted to the MBIE Endeavour Fund. This proposal was successful in the 2018 funding round and the project is due to run from October 2018 to September 2020. The purpose of this talk is to introduce the project aims, methodology and anticipated outcomes.

In collaboration with international partners, we have proposed to develop a new operational

capability to generate near real-time surface emissions maps of aerosol pollution as a service to city

officials. Surface particulate matter emission maps will be retrieved directly from atmospheric

measurements of particulate matter using a robust mathematical method in conjunction with a

state-of-the-art mesoscale atmospheric model. The research will assess several methodological

choices that determine the quality of the emissions maps, particularly the role of the meteorological

fields prescribed as boundary conditions to the model and the quality and coverage of the

particulate matter measurements. Further, we will assess the best combination of high, medium and

low quality sensors, with different measurement uncertainties, temporal sampling and spatial

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coverage, to maximise the quality of the retrieved emissions maps. The system is called MAPM

(Mapping Air Pollution eMissions).

We will develop MAPM into an operational service that will be tested and refined in a field test in Timaru in winter 2019 in collaboration with Environment Canterbury, and will be deployed in other New Zealand urban environments as required. We have partnered with a US-based company with an established client base in megacities across Asia to provide a pathway to offshore application. The methodology has the potential to be extended to emissions of photochemically reactive gases and greenhouse gases.

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Chemical and biological components of urban aerosols in Rwanda, East-Africa

Egide Kalisa, Stephen Archer*, Kevin Lee, Donnabella Lacap-Bugler

School of Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand, Private Bag 92006, Auckland

1142, New Zealand

* Corresponding author: Stephen Archer [[email protected]]

Abstract

Aerosols is a mixture of different chemical and biological components, which are now recognized as

the biggest cause of premature human mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Its characterization has never

been investigated in African continent. This study provides the first characterization and source

identification for PM10 and PM2.5 -bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs

(NPAHs) and airborne microorganisms during a three-month period that spanned the dry and wet

seasons at three locations in Rwanda. The collected particulate matter (PM) was analysed for PAHs

and NPAHs using HPLC with fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection while the microbial

community was analyzed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The 24-hour mean PM2.5 and PM10

concentrations were significantly higher in the dry than the wet season. PAH and NPAH concentrations

at the urban roadside site were significantly higher than the urban background and rural site. The

major source of these aerosols at the urban location is diesel and gasoline-powered vehicles while

wood burning at the rural location. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the most

abundant phyla associated with PM, their relative abundances highest at the urban background site,

decreasing slightly in the urban roadside and rural sites, respectively with proteobacteria strongly

dominating PM2.5 samples compared to PM10 samples. The sum of microbial loads was higher in the

wet season than the dry season. The results suggest that diverse airborne bacteria communities and

organic aerosols are associated with PM and may provide reliable data for studying the responses of

human body to the increasing level of air pollution in Rwanda.

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Figure 1. Schematic representation of the complex relationships between biological and chemical components

of PM. The figure shows: (1) the sources of airborne PM; (2) the interaction of chemical and biological

components of PM; (3) routes of exposure to PM mixtures of chemical and biological origins; (4) possible health

outcomes.

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Simulating Southern-Ocean clouds – a role for aerosols?

Olaf Morgenstern*1, Vidya Varma1, Jonny Williams1, and Adrian McDonald2

1NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand 2University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

* corresponding author: Olaf Morgenstern ([email protected])

Abstract

The 5th Assessment Report of IPCC singled out clouds over the Southern Ocean as being particularly

poorly simulated in contemporary climate models. Essentially, in the 5th Coupled Model

Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models, there was insufficient cloud cover, or clouds were

insufficiently reflective, leading to exaggerated shortwave heating of the ocean surface with

associated climate feedbacks. Consequences include biases in the latitude of the storm track and

underestimated sea ice cover. This problem has been the subject of several observational and

modelling studies in recent years, including the one detailed here.

Funded by the Deep South National Science Challenge, we have conducted several ship-borne

voyages into the Southern-Ocean region, including a recent 6-weeks observational campaign on the

Tangaroa research vessel. In parallel with that, we have focussed on advancing the microphysics in

the HadGEM3 climate model. Essentially, we have modified the settings in the microphysics scheme

such that the model now simulates significantly more supercooled-liquid cloud (SLC) than before.

Such clouds are more reflective than ice clouds, bringing the short-wave cloud radiative forcing error

to near-zero in the Southern-Ocean region. Our hypothesis is that it is the nearly complete absence

of ice nuclei in the Southern Ocean region, combined with temperatures often in the 0 to - 40°C

range where SLCs can exist, that make SLCs a prominent feature of this region. However, the model

does not at present have an explicit representation of ice nuclei. Thus far we have only manipulated

the model’s thermodynamics of clouds, but plan to introduce freezing nuclei in a next step. This

might yield an asymmetric impact on clouds, with ice becoming more prevalent again in the

Northern Hemisphere characterized by relatively abundant ice nuclei, compared to the Southern

Ocean.

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Figure 1. Annual-mean error in the short-wave cloud radiative effect, relative to a satellite

climatology (CERES-EBAF). Left: HadGEM3 (GA7), our starting point. Right. HadGEM3(GA7.1) with

modifications to the shape parameter and the heterogeneous nucleation temperature. Note the

large improvement in the Southern-Ocean region, but also some improvement in the Arctic.

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Simulated seasonal biases in Southern Ocean aerosols by global chemistry-climate models

Laura Revell1,2, Stefanie Kremser2, Jonny Williams3, Vidya Varma3, Mike Harvey3, Alex Schuddeboom1, Greg Bodeker2, and Olaf Morgenstern3

1School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; 2Bodeker Scientific, Alexandra, New Zealand; 3National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research,

Wellington, New Zealand

* corresponding author: Laura Revell [[email protected]]

Abstract

With low background aerosol concentrations, the Southern Ocean offers a ‘natural laboratory’ for

studies of aerosol-cloud interactions (Hamilton et al., 2014). Aerosols over the Southern Ocean

result largely from biogenic activity in the ocean, and strong winds and waves that lead to bubble

bursting and sea spray emission. As well as absorbing and scattering radiation, aerosols can act as

cloud-condensation nuclei, and, as such, may play a role in the shortwave radiation bias simulated

by global climate models over the Southern Ocean (Trenberth and Fasullo, 2010).

We evaluated the representation of Southern Ocean aerosols in the HadGEM3-GA7.1 (Hadley Centre

Global Environmental Model version 3, Global Atmosphere 7.1) chemistry-climate model. We

compared simulated aerosol optical depth (AOD) with that retrieved from MODIS (Moderate

Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) between 2003 and 2014. To understand HadGEM3-GA7.1

results in a wider context of similar models, we also evaluated Southern Ocean AOD in the models

which participated in AeroCom (Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models). Our

results show that, on average, global chemistry-climate models (including HadGEM3-GA7.1)

underestimate summertime AOD and overestimate AOD in winter and spring compared with MODIS

observations. We explore the reasons for this bias, and subsequent implications for the Southern

Ocean cloud bias. Since clouds forming in pristine regions are the most sensitive to aerosol

perturbations (Koren et al., 2014), further work on representing Southern Ocean aerosols accurately

in global models is needed to constrain aerosol-cloud interactions.

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References

Hamilton, D. S., L. A. Lee, K. J. Pringle, C. L. Reddington, D. V. Spracklen and K. S. Carslaw, Occurrence of pristine aerosol environments on a polluted planet, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 18466-18471, doi:10.1073/pnas.1415440111, 2014.

Koren, I., G. Dagan and O. Altaratz, From aerosol-limited to invigoration of warm convective clouds, Science, 344, 1143-1146, doi:10.1126/science.1252595, 2014.

Trenberth, K. E. and J. T. Fasullo, Simulation of present-day and twenty-first century energy budgets

of the Southern Ocean, Journal of Climate, 23, 440-453, doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI3152.1, 2

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Large Aerosol Effects at UV Wavelengths

Richard McKenzie

NIWA, Lauder

[email protected]

Abstract

Comparisons between UV measurements at Lauder New Zealand and rural locations at similar

latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere show differences much larger than expected, with peak UVI

values being 40% greater at Lauder than at corresponding northern latitudes (McKenzie et al. 2006).

Less than half of the difference can be attributed to differences in ozone and seasonal changes in

Sun-Earth separation, meaning that aerosol extinctions at the Northern Hemisphere locations must

be responsible for reductions of at least 20% in the peak UVI by at least 20%. For realistic optical

depths, such an effect is possible only if the single scattering albedo is much smaller in the UV than

would be inferred from simple extrapolation from visible wavelengths, where it is typically greater

than 0.98 (meaning less than 2% of the reduction in direct beam irradiance is due to absorption). At

UV-B wavelengths, much of the aerosol present in rural USA must absorb radiation. To produce a

20% reduction in UVI, the effective single scattering albedo must be less than 0.9, or less. It is

difficult to measure single scattering albedo when the optical depth is low, but single scattering

albedos as low as this have been predicted for organic aerosols and have observed at more polluted

locations (Bais et al. 2015,Jacobson, M Z 1998,Jacobson, M. Z. 2012). Our pristine air is therefore an

important factor contributing to our relatively high levels of UV in New Zealand. In contrast, UVI

levels can be severely depressed in heavily polluted locations, such as China (Bais et al. 2015).

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Figure 1. Observed wavelength dependence of single scattering albedo deduced from a range of

measurements in the UV region.

References

Bais, A.F., McKenzie, R.L., Bernhard, G., Aucamp, P.J., Ilyas, M., Madronich, S., Tourpali, K. 2015. Ozone depletion and climate change: Impacts on UV radiation. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 14: 19-52;doi:10.1039/c4pp90032d. Jacobson, M.Z. 1998. Isolating the causes and effects of large ultraviolet reductions in Los Angeles. J. Aerosol Sci. 29(Supplement): S655-S656. Jacobson, M.Z. 2012. Investigating cloud absorption effects: Global absorption properties of black carbon, tar balls, and soil dust in clouds and aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 117: D06205;doi:10.1029/2011JD017218. McKenzie, R.L., Bodeker, G.E., Scott, G., Slusser, J. 2006. Geographical differences in erythemally-weighted UV measured at mid-latitude USDA sites. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 5(3): 343-352.

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Real-time vegetation fire smoke modelling in New Zealand

Ilze Pretorius and Tara Strand

Scion

* corresponding author: Ilze Pretorius [[email protected]]

Abstract

An operational, real-time smoke forecasting system, called the New Zealand Fire Register and

BlueSky Framework (Framework), is under development to address the health, visibility and

nuisance effects of wildfires and prescribed burns. For wildfires, the main purpose of the Framework

is to inform emergency response personnel of smoke movements for preparedness, planning and

evacuation purposes. For prescribed burns the Framework is planned to be associated with the

permitting system so that land managers are informed of best conditions for burning while

mitigating smoke impacts. Versions of the BlueSky Framework are used operationally in the USA,

Canada, South Korea and Portugal whereas a similar system is also used in Australia (Victoria). The

Framework consists of a chain of models linked together to sequentially solve fuel loading, fuel

consumption, smoke emissions and smoke transport. As a minimum, it requires meteorological data

and fire location information as input, but it will also make use of additional information if available,

such as grass curing and rainfall data. To this end a New Zealand Fire Registry is under development

which assimilates fire information from a number of sources including satellites, ground-based

observations, helicopters and unmanned aircrafts. The Framework is in its Beta phase and is

currently running operationally, twice a day. It has also been tested on a number of historical

wildfires where smoke plume footprints were compared to satellite-observed footprints. Some

challenges that are faced include the fact that a large number of fires in New Zealand are not

detected by satellites due to cloud cover and/or the rapid nature of the fires and the scarcity of air

quality observations to evaluate predicted smoke concentrations against. Future work includes

testing the Framework with high resolution meteorological input data and developing a website

where forecasts can be viewed in real-time.

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Airborne Pollen in New Zealand

David W Fountain*

[email protected]

Institute Fundamental Sciences, Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand

* corresponding author: Name [email address]

Abstract

Pollen Seasons in New Zealand – aerobiology and relationships to Inhalant Allergy and Asthma

An annual sequence of pollen releases contribute to aerobiology the length of NZ and provokes

hay-fever and asthma in sensitised individuals. In the absence of quantitative pollen count stations

an index of hazard level and a list of current allergenic plants known to be contributing pollen into

the air – in relation to the forecast weather conditions has been developed. For the last several years

this has been disseminated on the Metservice NZ website Oct to April to alert people to ‘what is in

the air today’.

Sub-micronic allergenic particles associated with (Ubisch bodies), or derived from airborne

pollen (by fragmentation due to mechanical or electrical forces) as well as pollen hydration

properties are topical and likely provide much of the respiratory health aspects of exposure due

to deep penetration in the lungs. These and other aspects of New Zealand’s unique ‘windy’ and

high biogenic productivity will be discussed.

References

D.W.Fountain Pollen and Inhalant Allergy Biologist, 49(1), 5-9, 2002

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Five steps to improve air-quality forecasts

Martin Cope1, Fabienne Reisen1, Alan Wain2, Beth Ebert2, Maree Carroll2.

1Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia;

2Science to Services Program, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Kumar et al., 20183 recently published a commentary in Nature in which they acknowledged the

massive toll that air pollution takes on the world’s population, and then went on to consider how air

quality forecasting could be used to help mitigate this impact. Kumar et al. identified five areas in

which the capability of air quality forecasting should be strengthened to aid in mitigation efforts- 1/

Monitoring, with a principal focus on improving the spatial coverage on air pollution observation,

and coupling this with open access so that all countries can share the information; 2/ Modelling-

with a focus on improved regional and air quality prediction models; 3/ Interpretation- an improved

understanding of the processes which lead to poor air pollution; 4/ Dissemination- how to optimally

interpret air quality forecasts for agencies charged with public warning and information; 5/ Training

and information.

In this presentation we will consider the five steps identified by Kumar et al. in the context of AQFx,

the Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s operational smoke forecasting system. We will highlight

where AQFx is able to address the requirements outlined in the Nature communication and will also

consider where further development is required.

3https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06150-5/

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☒ Policy and Regulatory


https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06150-5/

18-19 Oct 2018



Between Two Oceans: Auckland’s Urban Aerosol

Guy Coulson,1* Gustavo Olivares,1 Sally Gray,1 Oliver Wilson,1

1 National Inst of Water & Atmospheric Research

* corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Aims

Auckland, the largest city in New Zealand, is unique in being the largest city in the World to be almost

completely surrounded by ocean and hence have no up or downwind sources of pollution. The city

lies on a narrow isthmus between the Pacific Ocean and the Tasman Sea. Because of the lack of outside

sources, average urban background concentrations of between 1000 and 4000 particles/cm3 are

common away from major sources with very steep concentration gradients approaching sources such

as roads (Pattinson et al., 2014). Consequently, Auckland’s typical urban aerosol tends to be similar to

other cities in character but with lower concentrations (Coulson et al 2015).

The Aerosol Tropospheric Chemistry in Urban Auckland (ATChU) experiment aimed to track the

changes in aerosols and aerosol precursors as they move from open-ocean (clean background) across

the city (polluted) and out into ocean again. Auckland has two prevailing wind directions WSW from

the Tasman and ENE from the Pacific, so a transect along this line will almost always be in the

prevailing wind direction.

Method

The experiment measured various aerosol parameters including composition, Black Carbon, particle

number and size distributions along with gaseous pollutants simultaneously at three points across

Urban Auckland, one on the upwind coastal urban edge, one in central Auckland and one on the

downwind coastal urban edge for a period of approximately one month during March and April 2015.

Results

Results from the west coast site have a similar character to the central Auckland site but with lower

concentrations and a noticeable marine influence, whilst the east coast site has a more marine

character with some urban influence. This presentation will examine results from the ATChU campaign

with an emphasis on looking for the urban influence in a marine setting.

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References

1. Pattinson, W., I. Longley and S. Kingham, Atmospheric Environment Volume 94, Pages 782-792(2014).

2. Coulson, G., G. Olivares and N Talbot. (2016) Aerosol Size Distributions in Auckland. Air Quality and Climate Change Volume

50 No.1. February 2016

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Melita Keywood and Paul Selleck at CSIRO for measurements of chemical composition. This work was funded by

NIWA under the Strategic Science Investment Fund - Impacts of Atmospheric Pollution Programme.

18-19 Oct 2018



A pilot study of aerosol concentrations at two locations near Cook Strait

Gray S.A.,1 Harvey M.J.,1 Bromley A.M.,1 Sellegri K.2

1 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)

2 Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire de Meteorologie Physique, Clermont-Ferrand

(France)

A pilot study was undertaken in May and June 2018 at Baring Head and Outlook Hill on the Wellington

south coast to determine the variation in aerosol concentrations at two different elevations and the

suitability of the paired sites for a major aerosol-cloud interaction study in late 2019.

We present a preliminary investigation into the data collected during a short period when aerosol

equipment was operational at the two sites. The condensation particle counters were installed at the

NIWA Clean Air Station at Baring Head (elevation 80m AMSL) and the Metservice Radar site on Outlook

Hill (elevation 587m AMSL) and recorded data every 5 minutes. During some periods the two data sets

show the same trends but there are periods when they deviate. We will discuss some possible reasons

for these deviations focusing on the synoptic meteorology.

Special thanks to Metservice for allowing us to use your site.

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18-19 Oct 2018



Figures: Site Location at SE corner of N. Island

Outlook Hill Weather Radar

Baring Head GAW Station

18-19 Oct 2018



Measurements of Sea Spray Aerosol in the Southern Ocean

Sean Hartery1,*, Mike Harvey2, Adrian McDonald1

1University of Canterbury, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Ilam, Christchurch 8041

2National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Hataitai, Wellington

6021

* Corresponding Author: Sean Hartery [[email protected]]

Abstract

Due to their inherent hygroscopicity, wind/wave generated sea salt aerosol act as a significant local

contributor to both cloud condensation nuclei and optical depth. Aerosol models, like GLOMAP-

mode, have traditionally calculated ambient sea salt concentrations based on a relationship between

the fractional coverage of sea surface white-caps and the 10-m wind speed presented by Monahan

& O’Muircheartaigh (Mann et al., 2010). A recent satellite imagery study by Albert et al., however,

has suggested that the wind-speed dependence given by Monahan & Ó’Muircheartaigh is simply too

strong and may be leading to over-predictions of sea salt aerosol mass in the marine boundary layer,

with the bias appearing most prominently over the Southern Ocean (Albert et al., 2016). In order to

elucidate a better understanding of the relationship between sea salt aerosol and wind speed in the

marine boundary layer we will use number concentration size spectra measured during a recent

voyage to the Ross Sea aboard the R/V Tangaroa. These will be compared to aerosol concentrations

derived from commonly used sea spray models and the lagrangian particle dispersion model

FLEXPART-WRF. Auxiliary data such as satellite-derived concentrations of chlorophyll-a and sea

surface temperature will also be used to see how biological activity and temperature in the sea

surface microlayer affect sea spray.

References

Albert, M. F. M. A., M. D. Anguelova, A. M. M. Manders, M. Schaap, and G. de Leeuw,“Parameterization of oceanic whitecap fraction based on satellite observations” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16, 13725-13751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13725-2016, 2016.

Mann, G. W., K. S. Carslaw, D. V. Spracklen, D. A. Ridley, P. T. Manktelow, M. P. Chipperfield, S. J. Pickering, and C. E. Johnson, “Description and evaluation of GLOMAP-mode: A modal global aerosol microphysics model for the UKCA composition-climate model,” Geoscientific Model Development, 3(2), 519-551, 2010.

Monahan, E. C., and I. Ó’Muircheartaigh, “Optimal power-law description of oceanic whitecap coverage dependence on wind speed,” Journal of Physical Oceanography, 10(12), 2094-2099, 1980.

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18-19 Oct 2018



Chemical and physical influence of marine biogenic emissions on marine aerosols during SOAP

Mike Harvey*, and SOAP science team

NIWA, Wellington New Zealand

* corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

How do marine micro-organisms influence the Earth's atmosphere and climate? In unpolluted

marine environments of the Southern hemisphere work is currently focussing on the biogenic

influence on both ice nucleating particles (INP) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN).

SOAP conducted measurements in biologically productive waters of the Chatham Rise region in 2012

(Law et al., 2017) with median CCN concentrations of order 200 cm-3. The experiment investigated

the relationships between phytoplankton biomass and species distribution, the flux of biogenic gases

to the atmosphere and properties of marine aerosol with a focus on CCN.

Wind driven processes affect both the flux aerosol precursor DMS and primary aerosol production at

the sea surface. We examine how these processes interact with measured aerosol properties in the

region considering both the accumulation mode and coarse mode aerosol. We consider which

processes are most important in governing CCN concentrations over productive ocean?

(The outcome of this project contributes to the SOLAS Mid-Term Strategy for “Ocean-derived

aerosols: production, evolution and impacts”.)

References

Law, C.S., Smith, M.J., Harvey, M.J., Bell, T.G., Cravigan, L.T., Elliott, F.C., Lawson, S.J., Lizotte, M., Marriner, A.,

McGregor, J., Ristovski, Z., Safi, K.A., Saltzman, E.S., Vaattovaara, P., Walker, C.F. (2017) Overview and

preliminary results of the Surface Ocean Aerosol Production (SOAP) campaign. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17(22):

13645-13667. doi: 10.5194/acp-17-13645-2017

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PROGRAMME

Day 1: Thu 18 Oct 2018

0920 Registration

0950 Welcome and Intro

1000 Keynote Address

Aerosol Science and Key Issues for Australia / New Zealand Melita Keywood , CSIRO

Session 1 – Technology (Chair – Elizabeth Somervell)

1030 'A monitor in every street – air quality insights from the first

phase of the instrumentation of Alexandra

Ian Longley,

NIWA

1050 Morning Tea

1120 'What’s In Your Air, Alex? Ayushi Kachhara,

NIWA

1200 'Black Carbon: Update on a new monitoring instrument Madhura

Manohar, ANSTO

Australia

Session 2 Pollution measurement and processes (Chair: Ian Longley)

1220 Monitoring Ship Emissions from Whangaparaoa Jamie Halla, DTA,

Auckland

1240 Wintertime particulate deposition – is it significant? Bill Trompetter,

GNS Science

1300-1345 Lunch

1345 26 Years of Aerosol Lidar Observations at Lauder Ben Liley, NIWA

1410 Bus departs Centennial Court, Alexandra for Lauder

1445 – 1645 Site visit – NIWA Lauder atmospheric research site

1830 Conference Dinner – Centennial Court

Day 2: Fri 19 October 2018

Session 2 Pollution measurement and processes - continued

0910 Inferring city-scale particulate matter emissions sources through inverse modelling.

Jono Conway,

Bodeker Scientific

0930 Chemical and biological components of urban aerosols in Rwanda, East-Africa

Egide Kalisa, AUT,

0950 Transport Emission Impacts on Air Quality in Auckland’s Central Business District (presented by Woodrow Pattinson)

Nick Talbot,

Auckland Council

1010 Morning Tea

Session 3 - Climatic impacts (Chair: Martin Cope)

1030 Simulating Southern-Ocean clouds – a role for aerosols? Olaf Morgenstern,

NIWA

1050 Simulated seasonal biases in Southern Ocean aerosols by global chemistry-climate models

Laura Revell, U

Canterbury

1110 Large Aerosol Effects at UV Wavelengths

Richard

McKenzie, NIWA

1130 Discussion session – (Chair Melita Keywood)

Development and Future of the ANZAA Special Interest Group – Guy Coulson

Session 4 – Manufacturers and Suppliers Session (Chair: Jono Conway)

https://www.niwa.co.nz/atmosphere/facilities/lauder-atmospheric-research-station

1200 Vaisala Air Quality Overview and Leosphere LIDAR Introduction David Dicker,

Vaisala

1215 Short updates from manufacturers and suppliers

1245 Lunch

Session 5 - Forecasting Aerosols (Chair: Bill Trompeter)

1330 Real-time vegetation fire smoke modelling in New Zealand Ilze Pretorius,

SCION

1400 Airborne Pollen in New Zealand David Fountain,

Fountainworks

1420 Five steps to improve air-quality forecasts. Martin Cope,

CSIRO

Session 6 - Marine Aerosols (Chair: Laura Revell)

1440 Between Two Oceans: Auckland’s Urban Aerosol Guy Coulson,

NIWA

1500 A pilot study of aerosol concentrations at two locations near Cook Strait

Sally Gray, NIWA

1520 Measurements of Sea Spray Aerosol in the Southern Ocean Sean Hartery, U

Canterbury

1540 Chemical and physical influence of marine biogenic emissions on marine aerosols during SOAP

Mike Harvey,

NIWA

1600 Research brief - What is Bioaerosol? (presented by Mike Harvey) Stephen Archer,

AUT

1610 Afternoon Tea and Meeting Close

Meeting Sponsors:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=imgres&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjahv6q5P_dAhWCE4gKHYPeBM4QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://yoursay.orc.govt.nz/&psig=AOvVaw1jSWk-SJQybXsjg4WaUIND&ust=1539395252025110

Documents

18-19 October, 2018 Centennial Court Motel Alexandra, New ...€¦ · Madhura Manohar*, Armand Atanacio, David D. Cohen ANSTO, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia