Essential Question: What were the precedents that Washington
established as the first president of the United States?
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Predicting: How might the first leader of a new nation shape
future leaders roles? Traditions Setting limits on powers Showing
how duties will be performed
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April 30, 1789 George Washington took the oath of office as the
first president of the United States John Adams is Vice President
Washington knew that the precedents, or traditions he established
would shape the future of the US
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Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Handled relations with
other nations Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton Handled
financial matters Cabinet Secretary of Treasury, State, Defense,
Attorney General President has power to dismiss cabinet officers
without senate approval
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Congress established a federal court system State laws remained
but federal courts had the power to reverse state decisions Supreme
Court would have final authority John Jay chosen as first chief
justice of the Supreme Court
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New Nation faced a huge national debt Amount of money owed by
the United States government Secretary of the Treasury Alexander
Hamilton wanted to improve the governments financial
reputation
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Pay millions of dollars in debt to other countries Pay off
debts to American citizens that had been borrowed through bonds
Paper notes promising to repay money at a later date Hamilton faced
much opposition Original bond owners felt betrayed Southern states
were angry because they collected much less debt than northern
states Compromise wins out States would be paid back Nations
capital would be in the South National Bank was created
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Hamilton called for a tariff to protect American industry from
foreign competition The South opposed because they had little
industry Hamilton called for national taxes to help pay off debt
Tax on whiskey implemented
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Precedents Established by Washington Foreign policy of
neutrality Creation of the cabinet Two terms in office The
Inaugural Address
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Essential Question: What challenges did the US face during
Washingtons administration?
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Growing resistance by Pennsylvania farmers to tax on whiskey
1794 Armed mob attacked tax collectors and burned buildings
Washington and his advisors decided to crush the rebellion with
force Sends message that government will use force if necessary to
keep the social order
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Americans move onto Native American territory and fighting
breaks out British in Ohio River Valley and encourage Native
Americans to attack American settlers Some Americans want to form
an alliance with France against Britain
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The French tried to involve the US in a conflict with England
Washington issued a Proclamation of Neutrality Prohibits Americans
citizens from fighting in the conflict Barred British and French
warships from American ports British were still impressing
Americans which angered the US Conflict ended with Jays Treaty but
did not address impressment
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1795 Pinckneys Treaty gave US access to Mississippi River and
New Orleans Washington did not seek a third term 1797 Farewell
Address Attacked political parties Advised US to stay out of
foreign affairs
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How did the British challenge U.S. neutrality in the war
between France and Great Britain? Answer the Essential Question:
What challenges did the US face during Washingtons
administration?
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Essential Question: How did the Federalist and the Republican
Parties form, and on what issues did they disagree?
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By 1796, Americans began to take opposing sides on issues
Washingtons cabinet members, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander
Hamilton often disagreed Political Parties, often called factions,
emerged
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Republicans 1. Were led by Thomas Jefferson 2. Believed people
should have political power 3. Favored strong state government 4.
Emphasized agriculture 5. Favored strict interpretation of
Constitution 6. Were pro-French 7. Opposed national bank 8. Opposed
protective tariff
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Federalists 1.Were led by Alexander Hamilton 2.Believed wealthy
and educated should lead 3.Favored strong central government
4.Emphasized trade and manufacturing 5.Favored loose interpretation
of Constitution 6.Were pro-British 7.Favored national bank
8.Favored protective tariff
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Candidates sought office for the first time as members of
political parties Federalists and Republicans held caucuses Meeting
where party members choose their parties candidate for office
Federalist John Adams ran against Republican Thomas Jefferson Adams
wins, Jefferson becomes Vice President
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French regarded the 1794 Jays Treaty as an American attempt to
help Britain French began seizing American ships and impressing
American people 1797 Adams sent three diplomats to Paris to resolve
the dispute French diplomats, known as X,Y and Z, demanded a bribe
that America refused America was prepared for war but eventually
the issue was resolved
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Due to conflict with France, Americans became more suspicious
of aliens Many supported the French Revolution Their loyalty was
questioned Alien and Sedition Acts were passed (1798) Strict laws
to protect the nations security President could imprison aliens or
send them out of the country for speaking out against the
government
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James Madison and Jefferson said the Alien and Sedition Acts
were unconstitutional Hoped states would nullify the acts Hurt
Adams chances for reelection
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Using the diagram below, summarize each event and explain how
it influenced the next one. Essential Question: How did the
Federalist and the Republican Parties form, and on what issues did
they disagree?