13Social and Economic Revolution

Overview

A. Major Themes

B. Collectivization

C. Industrialization

D. Conclusion

A. Major Themes

1. Dialectical development: revolutionary breakthrough in industry, crisis in agriculture

2. Failure to optimize opportunities in both spheres

3. Autarky: autonomous development4. Enormous social consequences and

strife5. Myth of “planned economy”

B. Collectivization

1. On the eve2. “Mass collectivization”

a. First assaultb. Methodsc. Retreatd. Resumptione. Consolidation

3. “Dekulakization”4. Results5. Famine of 1932-1933 (Holodomor)

1929 Poster: Female Peasant—Build a New Socialist Way of Life

“Peasant Woman: Join the Kolkhoz!”

1934 Poster: Every Kolkhoznik To Have a Cow

1934 Poster: Those Peasants Who Work Hard Will Have a Good Life

1930 Poster: Peasants (Mostly Women) Joyfully Going To Work

1931 Poster: Jewish Kolkhoz

Honor Badge for the “Excellent Tractor Driver”

1929 “Tractorization”: Arrival of First Tractor in Village

1929: Village Votes To Become Kokhoz

1930: Village Signs Up To Become Kolkhoz

1930 Poster: We’ll Drive the Kulaks from the Kolkhoz

1930: Livestock Slain by Kulaks

Kolkhoz Head “Dekulakized” in 1935

We’ll Strike at the Kulak (1930)

1930: Anti-Kulak Demonstration in Village

“Dekulakization”: Confiscation of Kulak Property (1930)

“Twenty-Five Thousanders” (1930)

Novosibirsk Railway Depot Workers: Collectivizers

1930: Party Leader Slain by Kulaks

Tractorization of Kolkhoz: The Ideal

Women Tractor Driver: Shockworkers in the Village

“From the Land of Wooden Plows to the Land of Tractors” (1934)

Real World: Much Remains Unmechanized (1934)

New Kolkhoz, Traditional Agriculture (1935)

Real World: Children Using Scythe on Kolkhoz (1935)

1935: Kolkhoz Deeded Permanent Ownership of Land

1935 Radio Broadcast: Exhorts Kolkhozniks To Work Harder

C. Industrialization

1. On the Eve: motives, preparation, problems2. First Five-Year-Plan (1927/8 – 1932)

a. Planb. Distortionsc. Financesd. Results

3. Second Five-Year-Plan (1933-37)a. Modificationsb. Problemsc. Results

4. Third Five-Year-Plan (1938-41)5. Stalin Model: Assessment

Poster: 1930 as the Decisive Year of the Five-Year-Plan

1930 Poster: Industrialization as National Defense

Workers Signing Up for Socialist Competition (1939)

The “Three-Tonner”: Sign of Industrialization and Mechanization

But Much Remained Manual Labor

Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant Workers (1930)

1930: New Steel Foundry

1931: Magnitogorsk Construction Site

Great Projects: Turksib Railway Line (1931)

1930s: Building the Ferghana Canal

1939: Building the Ferghana Canal

Honor Badge for Guards at Ferghana Canal Site (1939)

1930s: Building the Moscow Metro

1935: Worker-Builders of Moscow Metro as the First Passengers

Shockworkers: Overcoming Sloth and the Old Ways

Shaming Slackers

Satire: Shockworkers and Parasites

New Workers Arriving in Magnitogorsk (1931)

New Worker Arriving in Magnitogorsk (1930)

Young Worker in Magnitogorsk

Living Conditions in Magnitogorsk

Heroic Workers and Five-Year-Plan (1930)

Female Shockworker

D. Conclusion

1. Net results: great achievements in industry, great disaster in agriculture

2. Failure to optimize, opportunity costs

3. Development and legitimacy