Themes & Context

• The Enlightenment led to three developments that make Europe a global power during the long 19th century: revolution, industrialization, & imperialism.

• The shift from agrarian and handicraft economies to industry and machine manufacturing was propelled by agricultural productivity, greater specialization urbanization, the rise of fossil fuels, steam power, iron, and the factory system.

• Virtually every society was forced to react to the West as new technology spurred greater global contact than ever before

Emerging Industrial Society in West

Age of Revolutions1775-1850

Chapter 23pgs. 512-536

Age of revolution caused by 3 major forces1. Cultural changes of Enlightenment2. Population revolution

• Created increased competition for power & wealth, leading to new class struggles

3. Commercial change w/ proto-industrialization• New wealth of middle-class challenges aristocracy• Increased manufacturing & market relationships

among working class

Forces of Change

American Revolution

• Causes:• British interference• Increased commerce → reduced social equality

• Declaration of Independence• Formalized rebellion won w/ perseverance & aid

from French• Results

• Enlightenment inspired constitution w/ checks & balances, guarantees of liberties, widespread voting

French Revolution

• French crisis in 1789 → restructuring of Europe• Causes:

• common forces + ineffective gov & economic slump• 1st step:

• Louis XVI bends to new middle-class majority• Declaration of Rights of Man & storming of Bastille• Peasants seize manorial records & lands• New constitution = limited monarchy, limited

democracy, established liberties

1 of 2

French Revolution

• 2nd step: • Robespierre & radicals push revolution forward

• Near civil war breaks out w/ increased aristocratic & church opposition → Reign of Terror

• Centralizes gov but fails to win widespread support• 3rd step:

• Napoleon adds authoritarianism & expansion• Limits expression, but promotes religious freedom,

equality, education• Spreads revolutionary ideals throughout Europe

2 of 2

Revolutionary Legacy

• The establishment responds at Vienna• Conservatism = opposed change• Used territorial realignments to stabilize Europe

• Political movements to challenge conservatives• Liberalism = limited gov, representation, freedoms• Radicalism, Socialism, Nationalism

• Continued revolution & reform• in Greece, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Belgium,

Britain, & U.S.

Industry & Revolution - 1848• Industrialization added pressure for social

reform, nationalism, & revolution• EX – Chartist Movement

• Revolutions of 1848 largely failures• BUT…serfdom abolished, transportation reduced

famine, industrial classes based on wealth replace feudal classes

“Liberty Leading the People”-a romantic view of nationalism & the 1830 revolution in France

Emerging Industrial Society in West

Consolidating Industrial Order

1850-1914

Chapter 23pgs. 512-536

• Cultural changes• Birth rates drop → children = emotional satisfaction• Women’s moral roles emphasized

• Health changes• Pasteur discovers germs → death rates plummet

• Commercial changes• Rise of corporations & labor unions• Peasants improve efficiency & focus on cash crops

Adjustments of Industrial Life

Political Trends & New Nations

• After 1850, major issues of revolutionary period resolved w/ compromise• Most of West = parliamentary democracy, basic freedoms• Nationalism increasingly a force

• Cavour consolidates Italy

• Bismarck consolidates Germany

New Government Functions• Functions & power of gov expand

• Expanded bureaucracy → gov regulation• Development of welfare programs

• Social issues central - new movements• Socialism (Karl Marx): added tough-minded revolution

to class struggle• Becomes key minority political force in Europe

• Feminism (Pankhurst)

Cultural Transformations

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• Consumption grows to meet pace of production• Marketing & advertising emphasize “need” for products

• Mass leisure culture• Newspapers, theater, movies, vacations all boom• Sports: big business, but reflects values

• Consumption & leisure reflect new secularism

Emphasis on Pleasure

New Science & Art

• Science advances rationalism due to prosperity & education• Darwin & evolution• Einstein & physics• Freud & social sciences

• Art experiences opposite trends, turning toward emotion & away from rationalism• Romanticism

• Western culture lacked the ease & congruence of its appearance

Western Settler Societies

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• Industrialization fueled W. Europe’s expansion • Economically: need for colonies, new markets, raw

materials• Militarily: new steamships, rifles, machine guns• Demographically: population growth leads to massive

emigration

• Settler societies play key role in extending Western patterns

The U.S.

• Prior to Civil War, U.S. was not significant• Exports less profitable than Latin America• Efforts focused on internal development

• Post-Civil War sees U.S. become global player• Industrialization & westward expansion leads to

economic success, exporting food to Europe• Still, U.S. diplomatically, artistically, & intellectually

seemed dependent on Europe, only gaining ground at end of period

Canada, Australia, New Zealand• Commonalities: part of British empire, given limited

self-gov to prevent revolution, greater economic & cultural dependence than U.S.• Canada: French history prevents unity• Australia: founded as penal colony, economy based on

sheep & gold• New Zealand: difficulties w/ Maori, economy based on

sheep

Diplomatic Tensions & WWI

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• Imperialist expansion & rise of Germany threaten balance of power in Europe

• Alliance system grows to protect national interests• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy• Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia

• Balkan nationalism fuels conflict & rivalry• Conflict result of political divisions, using

nationalism to quiet protest, military buildup• WWI starts, capping period of long 19th century

Serbia: If you touch me, I’ll…

Austria: If you make a move, I’ll…

Russia: If you hit that little feller, I’ll …

Germany: If you strike my friend,

I’ll …

France: If you hit him, I’ll …

Hi there, if you don’t …

Global Connections_

• Imperialism & industrialization pushed European interests to all corners of globe• Global force like no previous civilization

• Revolutionary ideals spread too – often used in response to European force