Ways of the World Strayer

Revolution and Industrialization

1750-1914

http://www.youtube.com/v/B3u4EFTwprM&index=33&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9

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At the heart of the Industrial Revolution lay a great acceleration in the rate of technological innovation, leading to enormous increases in the output of goods and services.

use of new energy sources (steam engines, petroleum engines)

before 1750/1800, the major Eurasian civilizations were about equal technologically

greatest breakthrough was the steam engine agriculture was transformed spread from Britain to Western Europe, then

to the United States, Russia, and Japan

•Explaining the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was one of the most significant elements of Europe’s modern transformation.initial industrialization period was 1750–1900drew on the Scientific Revolution utterly transformed European society pushed Europe into a position of global

dominance was more fundamental than any

breakthrough since the Agricultural Revolution

We don’t know where we are in the industrial era—at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end.

the fact that other parts of the world have had times of great technological and scientific flourishing

Islamic world 750–1100 CE India was the center of cotton textile production

and source of many agricultural innovations China led the world in technological innovation

between 700 and 1400 CE all had slowed or stagnated by the early modern

era the fact that Europe did not enjoy any overall

economic advantage as late as 1750 across Eurasia, life expectancy, consumption and

nutrition patterns, wage levels, living standards, etc., were broadly similar in the eighteenth century

Why Europe?

why it might have occurred in Europe some patterns of European internal development

favored  innovation small, highly competitive states

European rulers had an unusual alliance with merchant classes

it was in governments’ interest to encourage commerce  and innovation

in Venice and Holland, merchants controlled the state

other societies developed market-based economies by the eighteenth century (e.g., Japan, India, and China)

  but Europe was at the center of the most varied exchange  network

contact with culturally different peoples encouraged change  and innovation

quest for the products and ideas of Asia competition with Indian cotton cloth manufacture popularity of other Asian goods prompted imitation the Americas provided silver, raw materials, and foods

Britain was the most commercialized of Europe’s larger countries

small farmers had been pushed out (enclosure movement)

market production fueled by a number of agricultural innovations

  guilds had largely disappeared ready supply of industrial workers with

few options   British aristocrats were interested in

commerce

British political life encouraged commercialization and economic innovation

policy of religious toleration (established 1688) welcomed  people with technical skills regardless of faith

British government imposed tariffs to protect its businessmen

it was easy to form companies and forbid workers’ unions

patent laws protected inventors’ interests   checks on royal authority gave more room

for private enterprise

Why Britain

emphasis of the Scientific Revolution was different in Great Britain

on the continent: logic, deduction, mathematical reasoning

in Britain: observation and experiment, measurement, mechanical devices, practical applications

in Britain, artisan/craftsman inventors were in close contact with scientists and entrepreneurs

  Britain had plenty of coal and iron ore, often conveniently located

  Britain was not devastated by the Napoleonic wars  

Questions: Explaining the Industrial Revolution

1. In what respects did the roots of the Industrial Revolution lie within Europe?

2. In what ways did that transformation have global roots?

3. What was distinctive about Britain that may help to explain why the Industrial Revolution began there?

There was a massive increase in output as industrialization took hold in Britain.

rapid development of railroad systems much of the dramatic increase was in

mining, manufacturing, and  services agriculture became less important by

comparison (in 1891, agriculture generated only 8 percent of British national income)

The First Industrial Society

The British Aristocracy landowning aristocrats had little

material loss in the Industrial Revolution but the aristocracy declined, because

urban wealth became more important aristocrats had declining political clout i. 

e.g., high tariffs on agricultural imports were abolished in 1840s

by 1900, businessmen led the major political parties

titled nobles retained great social prestige and personal wealth

The Middle Classes Upper middle class: some became extremely

wealthy, bought into  aristocratic life The middle classes had the most obvious

gains from industrialization middle class: large numbers of smaller

businessmen and professionals politically liberal stood for thrift, hard work, rigid morals, and

cleanliness Samuel Smiles, Self-Help (1859): individuals

are responsible for their own destiny middle-class women were more frequently cast

as homemakers,wives, and mothers                                   

The First Industrial Society

lower middle class: service sector workers (clerks, secretaries, etc.)

by 1900, they were around 20 percent of Britain’s population

  employment opportunities for women as well as men

  almost all were single and expected to marry and give up  jobs

in the nineteenth century, about 70 percent of Britons were workers

laboring classes suffered most/benefited least from industrialization

rapid urbanization by 1851, a majority of Britain’s population

was urban by 1900, London was the largest city in

the world (6 million)

The Laboring Classes

horrible urban conditions vast overcrowding inadequate sanitation and water supplies Epidemics few public services or open spaces little contact between the rich and the

poor industrial factories offered a very

different work environment long hours, low wages, and child labor

were typical for the poor many girls and young women worked

usually left outside paid employment when they married

Jacob RiisMulberry Bend 1896

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“friendly societies,” especially of artisans, for self-help were common

other skilled artisans sometimes wrecked machinery and burned mills

some joined political movements, aimed to enfranchise working-class  men

trade unions were legalized in 1824 fought for better wages and working

conditions

Social Protest among the Laboring Classes

Socialist ideas spread gradually Karl Marx (1818–1883) laid out a full ideology

of socialism in his own time, saw a growing hostility between

the bourgeoisie and the proletariat argued that capitalism can never end poverty foretold a future (communist) golden age when

industrial technology would serve the whole community

socialist ideas were attractive among more radical trade unionists and some middle-class intellectuals in the late nineteenth century

British working-class movement remained moderate

material conditions for workers improved in second half of the century

  capitalists and impoverished working class didn’t polarize because of the large middle and lower middle class

wages improved cheap imported food improved diets infant death rates fell   male workers gradually got the vote sanitary reform cleaned up cities

but immense inequalities remained

Questions: The First Industrial Society

1. How did the Industrial Revolution transform British society?

2. How did Britain’s middle classes change during the nineteenth century?

3. How did Karl Marx view the Industrial Revolution?

4. In what ways did his ideas have an impact in the industrializing world of the 19th century?

The Industrial Revolution soon spread to continental Western Europe.

industrialization had broadly similar outcomes wherever it was established

aristocratic, artisanal, and peasant classes declined

middle-class women withdrew from paid labor altogether

  women received lower wages than men, were accused of taking jobs from men

establishment of trade unions and socialist movements

Variations on a Theme: Comparing Industrialization in the United States and Russia

The spread of industrialization was affected by the cultures of the lands where it was established, pace and timing of industrialization, nature of major industries, role of the state, political expression of social conflict, etc.

French industrialization was slower, perhaps less disruptive

Germany focused at first on heavy industry

was far more concentrated in huge companies

generated a more militant and Marxist-oriented labor movement

American industrialization began with New England textiles (1820s)

Explosive growth after the Civil War by 1914, the United States was the world’s leading

industrial power Europeans provided around one-third of the capital

investment

The U.S. government played an important role through tax breaks, land grants to railroads, laws making formation of corporations easy, absence of overt regulation

Pioneering of mass production techniques Creation of a “culture of consumption” through

advertising, catalogs, and department stores Self-made industrialists became cultural heroes

(Ford, Carnegie, Rockefeller)

The United States: Industrialization without Socialism

Serious social divisions rose growing gap between rich and poor constant labor of the working class creation of vast slums growing labor protest

Why didn’t socialism appeal to American workers?

U.S. union organizations were relatively conservative

American Federation of Labor focused on skilled workers

  American workers had a higher standard of living than did their European counterparts

middle-class aspirations of white-collar workers

“Populists” denounced corporate interests

but populism had little appeal in growing industrial areas

“Progressives” were more successful, especially after 1900

Aimed to remedy the ills of industrialization

Socialism was labeled as fundamentally “un-American”

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How was industrialization in the US similar to in Europe?

How was industrialization in the US different from in Europe?

Questions

Russia was an absolute monarchy, with the greatest state control of  anywhere in the Western world

in 1900: no national parliament, no legal political parties, no nationwide elections

until 1861, most Russians were serfs in Russia, the state, not society, usually

initiated change the state set out to improve Russia’s

economic and industrial backwardness

Russia: Industrialization and Revolution

Russian Industrial Revolution was launched by the 1890s

  focused on railroads and heavy industry substantial foreign investment industry was concentrated in a few major

cities Growing middle class disliked Russia’s

deep conservatism, sought greater role in political life but they were dependent on the state for

contracts and jobs also relied on the state to suppress

worker radicalism

Russian working class (only about 5 percent of the population) rapidly  radicalized

No legal outlet for grievances Large-scale strikes

Marxist socialism appealed to some educated Russians, gave them hope for the future

Founded the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (1898)

Got involved in workers’ education, union organizing, and  revolutionary action

Major insurrection broke out in 1905, after defeat in war by Japan

In Moscow and St. Petersburg, workers went on strike, created  their own representative councils (“soviets”)

Non-Russian nationalities revolted Brutally suppressed, but forced the tsar’s

regime to make reforms Granted a constitution Legalized trade unions and

political parties Created a national assembly (the

Duma)

Setting the Stage

Russia falls behind the West industrially.

1854-1856 Crimean War: fought on the Black Sea. Western forces damaged the Russian army's entrenched positions.

1855: Alexander II is convinced that it is time for change!

Reform under Alexander IIFor two decades, Russia engages in

reform, based on Western standards.1861: Emancipation of the serfs-serfs got

a piece of land they used to work.Creates a large labor forceZemstvoes: local political councils

regulating roads, schools, and other regional policies.

Literacy increasesIncreased Women’s rights

Industrialization

Trans-Siberian Railroad: connected European Russia with the Pacific.

Stimulated iron and coal industries.Export of grain to the West.Factories began to spring up throughout

Russia.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

By the 1880’s…Russia’s railroad network had quintupled

since 1860Modern Factories were in St. Petersburg

and Moscow.Influx of foreign interests under Count

Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance from 1892-1903.High tariffs to support Russian industryEncourage Western investors

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Russian (radical) ReformersIntelligentsia: Russian term for

articulate intellectuals as a class.Wanted political freedom and deep social

reform.Wanted a different society than that in the

West (which they saw as materialistic)Anarchists: desired to abolish all forms

of government.Heated opposition to tsarist autocracy

The good, the bad, and well, that’s it

The GoodBy 1900, Russia surges to #4 in the world in

steel productionSecond only to the US in petroleum

production and refining

The BadRussian factories were

huge, but not up to Western technical standards

Labor force was not highly skilled

Backwards agricultural production system

Largely illiterate peasant class which lacks capital

Lack of middle-class

ReformersBy the 1870’s

Alexander II is pulling back on reforms.Censorship, dissidents

arrested, etc.Alexander II is

assassinated by a terrorist bomb in 1881Successors continue

industrialization, but continue political repression as well.

Persecution of the Jewish minority.Pogroms: mass executions

of Jews

Reformers Socialism: Marxist doctrine spreads from the West to RussiaLenin claimed that a

proletariat was developing worldwide due to the spread of international capitalism, in advance of growing industrialization.

Bolsheviks: group of Russian Marxists, who formed the majority party.

UnrestWorking class unrest grows

in the cities, aided by the undercurrents of socialism being pushed by the intelligentsia.

Russian workers radicalize much more than Western counterparts Unions, strikes Become interested in the

“equality” and “freedom” of Bolshevism

Russian government under Alexander III from 1881-1894 remained stubbornly opposed to compromise

Nicholas II

Emperor from 1894-1918

The Last Imperial Emperor of Russia

Bad fortune was predicted by mystics after the Khadynka Tragedy during his coronation in 1896

Revolution!!Russo-Japanese

War: 1904, Japan wins because Russia can’t mobilize quickly.

Unleashes massive protestBrutal repression

was not well received, so reform follows.

Creation of a national parliament, the DUMA

Stolypin Reforms:Peasants gain greater freedomPeasants can buy and sell land.Kulaks: wealthy peasant farmers who

owned land and used hired laborNicholas II was unable to keep his

promises of reform.Unable to surrender the autocratic

tradition

Limited political reforms failed to pacify the radicals or bring stability

Growing belief that only a revolution would help

World War I provided the revolutionary moment

Russian Revolution broke out in 1917 Brought the most radical of the socialist

groups to power—the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)

Only in Russia did industrialization lead to violent social revolution

Russia: Industrialization and Revolution

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Questions: Comparing the US and Russia

1. What were the major differences between industrialization in the United States and in Russia

2. Why did Marxist socialism not take root in the United States?

3. What factors contributed to the making of a revolutionary situation in Russia by the beginning of the 20th century?

Industrialization in JapanVideo

Beyond Europe and North America, only Japan underwent major industrialization in the nineteenth century.

Did not transform societies Non-industrialized societies still felt

the impact of European and  North American developments

The Industrial Revolution Outside of Europe in the Nineteenth Century

Japan…Setting the StageTokugawa

Shogunate: Strict isolationism in Japan.Feudal society

between emperor, shogun, daimyo, and samurai

Ban on Western books was repealed in 1720

Schools of Dutch studies throughout Japan around 1850

JapanBureaucrats saw no other possibility

than to open JapanDaimyo oppose this, as do many

samurai.They appeal to the emperor (long a

religious and ceremonial figure), rather than the shogun

Samurai are split on their support…some want change, others stress conservatism

Meiji Restoration1866: Japanese Civil

War-Samurai forces defeat Shogunate forces and declare Mutsuhito, or Meiji (Enlightened One) the new emperor.

1868: Meiji Restoration-A profound period of change in Japan that will guide Japan to becoming a world power into the 20th century

The Meiji StateAbolishes

feudalismDaimyo are

replaced by nationally appointed prefects (district administrators)

Political power was centralized

Emperor and advisors enact economic and social change, quickly

The New GovernmentModeled after the GermansEmperor commanded the military

directly and directly named his ministersWestern style clothingDiet could pass laws, upon agreement of both

houses, and pass budgetsJapanese government thus includes

centralized Imperial Rule, combined with limited representative bodies copied from the WestJapan incorporated business leaders into its

governing structure, while Russia defended its traditional social elite

Japanese Industrial RevolutionCreate the conditions

necessary for industrialization… New government banks

funded growing trade and provide capital for industry

State-built railroads spread

Steamships connect the islands

Guilds and internal road tariffs are abolished…create a national market

Land Reform

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Questions: Industrialization in Japan

1. Discuss the events that led to the development of industrialization in Japan

2. In what ways and with what impact was Japan linked to the global economy of the 19th century?

3. In what ways was Japan similar to Europe in the 19th century?

4. In what ways was Japan different to Europe in the 19th century?

After Independence in Latin America The four vice-royalties of Spanish America

became eighteen separate countries International wars hindered development

of the new nations Mexico lost vast territories to the United

States (1846–1848) Paraguay was devastated by war (1864–1870)

Political life was highly unstable Often, military strongmen (caudillos)

gained power They were unstable, too

The Industrial Revolution and Latin America in the Nineteenth Century

Independence brought little fundamental change to social life

Slavery was abolished (though not until late 1880s in Brazil and Cuba)

Most legal distinctions between racial categories were abolished

But creole whites remained overwhelmingly in control of productive economic resources

The vast majority were impoverished Caste War of Yucatán (1847–1901) was one

of the few rebellions of the poor

Becoming like Europe?Rapid population increaseRapid urbanizationActively sought European immigrantsFew people benefitted from the export boom

Upper middle class landowners did very wellMiddle class grew somewhatOver 90% of the population was still lower-

class

industrial workers made up a modest segment of the lower class

  attempted unions and strikes harshly repressed

Only in Mexico did conditions provoke a nationwide revolution

Overthrow of the dictator Porfirio Díaz (1876–1911)

Major, bloody conflict (1910–1920) Huge peasant armies

New constitution (1917) proclaimed universal suffrage,  land redistribution, disestablishment of the Catholic Church, minimum wage, eight-hour work day.    

The export boom did not cause a thorough Industrial Revolution

governments supported free trade, so cheaper and higher-quality  foreign goods were available than could be made at home

  instead, economic growth was dependent on Europe and North  America

the case of the “banana republics” under pressure from  the United States

repeated U.S. military intervention

Questions: Industrialization in Latin America

1. In what ways and with what impact was Latin America linked to the global economy of the 19th century?

2. In what ways was Latin America similar to Europe in the 19th century?

3. In what ways was Latin America different to Europe in the 19th century?