Czech Technical University in PragueFaculty of Civil Engineering

Department of Microenvironmental and Building Services Engineering

125 YMCBMICROENVIRONMENT and

Architecture4th Lecture

Pavla Dvořáková

A226

pavla.dvorakova@fsv.cvut.cz

INDOOR AIR QUALITY

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Indoorenvironment of

buildings

Elmgfield

Heat -moisture

Air

Lighting

Acoustics

Psychic

4

INDOOR AIR QUALITY

IAQ = „…an indicator of the types and amounts of pollutants

in the air that might cause discomfort or risk of adverse

effects on human or animal health, or damage to vegetation.“

(ISIAQ)

Acceptable IAQ = “air in which there are no harmful

concentrations of contaminants as determined by cognizant

authorities and with which 80% or more the exposed

occupants do not express dissatisfaction“ (ASHRAE)

Rehva GB14

125 YMCB 2013/2014

Factors affecting the quality of indoor air

coming from the external environment of

the building

- Natural sources (backgroundpollution)

- Human activity (industrialplants, vehicles, emissionsfrom cooling towers)

- Pollutants from soil

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Factors affecting the quality of indoor air

coming from inside the building

- Combustion Processes

- Existing Materials

- Human activity

- People, animals and plants

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Toilet:Mold, fungi,

viruses, detergents

Living Room:Carbon monoxide,

tobacco smoke, VOCs (from carpets,

furniture, glue, paints), pets

Bedrooms:Dust, bacteria, viruses, pets

Attic:Dust, asbestos, formaldehyde

Yard:Pollen, dust,

fertilizer, pesticides

Kitchen:Carbon dioxide,

detergents, formaldehyde,

smoke

Garage:Carbon monoxide,

paints, solvents, mold and fungi,

car exhaust gases, fertilizer,

pesticides

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IAQ assessment

• Measurements

• Calculation

• Subjective votes

8

Rehva GB14

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Thermalcomfort

• Temperature

• Air-velocity

• Humidity

IndoorAir

Quality

• Odours

• Toxic

• Aerosols

• Microbial

• Odour MICROENVIRONMENT is environmentalcomponent, consisting of odors in the air, whichaffects humans and thus help to create their overallcondition.

• Odour substances (odors) are gaseouscomponents in the air perceived as odors(unpleasant - odors, pleasant - smells). They areorganic or inorganic substances, mostlyproduced by man himself or his activities, orreleased from building structures and equipment.

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ODOUR MICROENVIRONMENT

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Human Reception and Perception

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Smell sense

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SMELL (OLFACTORY) SENSE– Food intake - a selection of dishes affects the taste

and the first phase of digestion

– Safety of individuals

– Emotions, memories

– Choosing a partner

Disorders of smell - anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmie

– temporary

– permanent

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Factors affecting percieved indoorair quality

• Olfactory sense

• Humidity and temperature

• Duration of exposure(adaptation to odours, no adaptaion to irritants)

14

Rehva GB14

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Factors affecting percieved indoorair quality

• Olfactory sense

• Humidity and temperature

• Duration of exposure(adaptation to odours, no adaptaion to irritants)

Optimal sense at age 30-60

then slowly getting worse.

Women has better smell sense

than men. 15

Rehva GB14

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considerable addaptaion to bioeffluents (odours), moderate adaptaion to tabacco

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Factors affecting percieved indoorair quality

• Olfactory sense

• Humidity and temperature

• Duration of exposure(adaptation to odours, no adaptaion to irritants)

Persentage of dissatisfied with IAQ related to temperature and relative humidity

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Factors affecting percieved indoorair quality

• Olfactory sense

• Humidity and temperature

• Duration of exposure(adaptation to odours, no adaptaion to irritants)

Perceived odors concentration rises only

until saturation of mucosa with odor

receptors, and then decreases with time -

after 5 to 15 minutes it stabilizes at a

minimum level.

Odor adaptation:

• considerable addaptaion to bioeffluents(odours)

• moderate adaptaion to tabacco smoke

• no adaptaion to building materials

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Unpleasant odoursNot direct threat to health, but loss of concentration,taste and performance.

During prolonged exposure anxiety, depression andfatigue may appear.

Pleasant odoursCalming (jasmine, lilac)

supporting performance (roses, pansies, orange, lemon)

children under 15 respond best to the smell ofchamomile, mint, melting snow and freshly mown grass

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Perceived indoor air quality

• Classification into IAQ categories:

• EN CR 1752:1998 … A, B, C, D

• EN 15251: 2007 (2011) … I, II, III, IV

Categ. Categ. Explanation

I A High level ofexpectation and isrecommended forspaces occupied by very sensitive and fragile persons

II B Normal level ofexpectations

III C An acceptablemoderate level ofexpectations

IV D Values outside thecriteria for the abovecategories

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Perceived indoor air quality

• large differences between individuals

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percentage of dissatisfied

Rehva GB14

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Perceived indoor air quality and the concentration of CO2

Rehva GB14125 YMCB 2013/2014

Perceived indoor air quality and ventilation

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Perceived indoor air quality

• Panels of subjectjudging

• Individual judgement

• Immediately uponexposure

• 15 s, unadapted vote

• Continuousacceptability scale

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Rehva GB14

Fanger: Indoor air quality handbook125 YMCB 2013/2014

Subjective assessment

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(ČSN) EN 15251

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Generalized comfort model

Gc - Strenght of

pollution sources: Olf

unit

1 olf = sensory

pollution a standard

person,

average adult working

in a office ,

in thermal comfort,

0.7 bath/day Rehva GB14

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• Pol unit -perceived air quality in a space with a sensory load of 1 olfventilated by 1 L/s

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Perceived indoor air quality

Fanger: Indoor air quality handbook

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Thermalcomfort

• Temperature

• Air-velocity

• Humidity

IndoorAir

Quality

• Odours

• Toxic

• Aerosols

• Microbial

Toxic MICROENVIRONMENT

• Flows of gaseous toxic substances in the air which a person is exposed to.

• Even odour substances can be toxic at high concentrations, and some toxic substances can be completely free of odor in any concentration.

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Toxic MICROENVIRONMENT

• Carbon monoxid CO

• Sources: car engines, boilers/stoves duringunperfect combustion, tobacco smoke, localheaters

• Effects: binding to hemoglobin

– hypoxia (organism suffocates)

– In cells it blocks respiratory fragments

• Symptoms: headaches, loss of coordination, inability to concentrate, lethargy, body aches convulsions, loss of consciousness, death

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http://www.deskovehry.com/s-

pribehem/34/recenze-byl-

jednou-jeden-zivot

32

http://www.destination360.com

/central-america/costa-

rica/arenal-volcano

Sulfur Oxides SOx (SO2, SO3)

• Sources: combustion of fossil fuels containing sulfur, cigarette smoke

• Effects: irritant effects, binds to the solid matter (ash, soot, dust) + fog worse effect on the airways

• Corrosion of the respiratory tract, damage to vegetation and inorganic materials

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Toxic MICROENVIRONMENT

Nitrogen Oxides NOx (NO, NO2)

• Sources: diesel engines, boiler heating plants, power plants and factories, burning gas, tobacco smoke

• Effects: Irritating to mucous membranes of eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract

• reduce immunity, toxic to the respiratory tract, cancer support

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Toxic MICROENVIRONMENT

Ozone – O3

• Sources: copiers, laser printers, electrostatic air cleaners, exhaust + UV

• At higher concentration bactericidaland deodorative effect

• Effects: Irritating to eyes and delicate lung membranes inflammation, chest pain, coughing, throat irritation

• impairs the immune system, asthma attacks, impaired lung function, negative effect on plants

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Toxic MICROENVIRONMENT

Volatile Organic Compounds ‐ VOCs

• contain carbon

• participate in photochemical reactions in the ambient air

• gaseous or easily escape from the liquid phase

• Sources: paint, solvent use, fuel storage, carpeting, adhesives, motor vehicles, tobacco smoke, bath and beauty products, cleaning supplies

• Effects: Little exposure:irritation of the throat, nose and eyes

Chronic exposure: considerable damage to the liver, kidneys and nervous system 35125 YMCB 2013/2014

Toxic MICROENVIRONMENT

Formaldehyd (CH2O)

• Sources: smoke from forest fires, car exhaust, furnaces, cigarette smoke , furniture, plywood, chipboard, synthetic carpets, textiles, furniture,

• preservative, disinfectant and antiseptic with the brand name formalin

• Effects: dries the skin, reduce immunity, carcinogen

• Symptoms: headache, sore throat, fatigue, nausea, dizziness, and irritation of the eyes and respiratory system

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Toxic MICROENVIRONMENT

Indoor Air Quality (Limits)

• Carbon monoxide (CO) : 9 ppm (8h)

• Carbon dioxide (CO2): upper limit (ASHRAE): 1001 ppm for continuous exposure

• Formaldehyde (CH2O): upper limit (WHO): 80 ppb

• Nitrous oxides (NOx): upper limit (EPA): 0.053ppm

• Ozone (O3): upper limit (EPA): 0.1 ppm

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Thermalcomfort

• Temperature

• Air-velocity

• Humidity

IndoorAir

Quality

• Odours

• Toxic

• Aerosols

• Microbial

Aerosol MICROENVIRONMENTParticulate Matter

Solid or liquid particles suspended in the air

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http://old.qi.com/qtube/2011/05/dust.html

http://www.bourky-tornada.wbs.cz/Druhy-oblaku.html

Sources of ParticlesNaturalvolcanic eruptions, forest fires and dust on the winddroplets of seawaterbioaerosols (viruses, bacteria, fungi and possibly parts of the animal and vegetable products (spores and pollen)).

Anthropogenictemperature processes - mainly combustion;cement, lime kilns, quarries and mining;denuding wind particles from construction areas and deprived areas of

vegetation.

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http://aktualne.centrum.cz/domaci/zivot-v-cesku/clanek.phtml?id=675315#

http://bushcraft.cz/nutne-k-preziti/zajisteni-bezpeci/lesni-pozar/

http://www.pingofhealth.com/2012/07/what-is-deal-with-bee-pollen.html

Aerosol MICROENVIRONMENTParticulate Matter

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Solid aerosols – Dust

Organic

• Animal origin (powder horn, pearl, horsehair, feathers, hair)

• Plant origin (wood, cotton, hemp, flax, tobacco, flour, sugar, vegetable pollen)

Anorganic

• Nonmetal (silicates, SiO2, ...)

• Metal (copper, nickel, lead)

Mixed

in various industrial plants, mines, processing flax, cotton and various crops

Liquid Aerosols

• Fog - condensation of water vapor in the air when the temperature drops below the dew point

• Aerosols in industrial plants – spraypainting, wet sanding and polishing, spraying agricultural crops and trees

• - Monodisperse - particles have almost the same size- Polydisperse - particles with different sizes

- Vapors – particle size < 10 -4 μm

- Sprays – particle size > 10 μm

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http://www.defro.cz

http://johndeeredistributor.cz/Zemedelska-

technika/Produkty/Postrikovace/R962i

Aerosol MICROENVIRONMENTParticulate Matter

Particulate Matter• Inhalable Particles

upper respiratory tract and nasal cavity

< 10 μm (PM10)

• Fine Particles

lower airways and alveoli

< 2,5 μm (PM2,5)

• Ultrafine particles

alveoli, transfer into the blood

< 1 μm (PM1)125 YMCB 2013/2014 43

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Particles Size

http://www.stateoftheair.org/2012/health-risks/health-risks-particle.html

125 YMCB 2013/2014 45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PM10_in_Europe.png

• Dust concentration map in CR

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Particulate Matterhttp://chmu.cz/portal/dt?portal

_lang=cs&menu=JSPTabCon

tainer/P1_0_Home

• Dust concentration map in CR

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Particulate Matter

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• Dust concentration depending on the height of building facades

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Particulate Matter

Number of

particles

He

igh

ta

bo

ve

roa

d

The effect of aerosols on the human body

• Physical - mechanical: the skin, conjunctival sac, mucousmembranes, blocked lymph ways in the lungs

• Chemical - toxic: e.g. lead poisoning after inhaling lead dust

• Physico-chemical - fibrogenic: it leads to newly formed tissue- characteristic of fibrous dust (asbestos, silicates)

• Biological - carcinogenic: induce malignant growth on the skin or in the airways

- Allergenic: the emergence of skin hypersensitivity, conjunctivitis, respiratory tract (rash, hay fever, bronchialasthma)

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Aerosol MICROENVIRONMENT

Allergens

• Mainly dust of organic origin -animal dander, dust mites, cockroaches, pollen

• Alternatively metal dust

• In the southern regions is the most dangerous source of cockroach allergens (feces, corpses) - allergic to almost 40% of children

• Here: mites + pollen

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Aerosol MICROENVIRONMENThttp://w

ww.exte

nsion.u

mn.edu/

distributi

on/housi

ngandcl

othing/d

k1003.ht

ml

http://www.svetremesel.cz/clanky/Alergie_na_roztoce.html

http://therustybi

cycle.blogspot.c

z/2012/05/bikin

g-in-time-of-

pollen.html

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Thermalcomfort

• Temperature

• Air-velocity

• Humidity

IndoorAir

Quality

• Odours

• Toxic

• Aerosols

• Microbial

Microbial MICROENVIRONMENT

Microorganisms - bioaerosols:

Bacteria, viruses, fungi and spores,

endotoxins, mycotoxins

Entrance to the interior:

• from outdoor air

• from ventilation (A/C) systems

• produced directly by a human

• from building structures

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http://www

.thecoast.

net.nz/life/

health/dr-

frances-

pitsilis---

sick-

building-

syndrome

http://stavba.tzb-

info.cz/tepelne-

izolace/6541-reseni-

problematiky-

povrchove-

kondenzace-vodni-pary

Microbial MICROENVIRONMENT• From outdoor air

– directly

– on particulate

matter

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Place The number of microbes in 1 m3 of

air

Free landscape 150 - 300

Village 250

Small town 400

City 1000 - 1500

Building interior 200 - 900

From air conditioning

• Ventilation, air-conditioning, hot air systems(Filters, Humidifiers – e.g. spray chambers, Dehumidifiers, Air ducts)

Produced by man

• Directly - respirable viruses, aerosol particles on the skin, clothing

• Talk, coughing, sneezing, movement - distance to 2-3 m is critical

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Microbial MICROENVIRONMENT

From building structures

• Molds – beams, wood, masonry, underside of floor coverings, interior plaster, wallpaper, laminate mats in bathrooms, plastic window frames, ...

• Spores are released into the air human organism

• Typical concentrations of fungal spores

– 100 to 500 per m3

• In rooms where there were mold

– 500 - 2000 per m3

• Up to 75 different types of fungi125 YMCB 2013/2014 57

Microbial MICROENVIRONMENT

The optimum requirements for microbial MICROENVIRONMENT

No condensation of water vapor on the surface of structures

Concentration of microbes

Up to 500 bacteria per m3

Mold spores in up to 500 m3

(for operating rooms from 35 to 70 per m3)

Is the complete elimination of microbes from the interior desirable?

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Microbial MICROENVIRONMENT

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OPTIMIZATION OF IAQ

OPTIMIZATION OF IAQ

• Intervention

– to pollution sources

– in the transmission (to air)

– on a human user of the environment

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Intervention to pollution sources

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M. Jokl :Zdravé obytné a pracovní prostředíIlustr.: Milan Fridrich

It is not nostalgia but yourtheory about elimination ofunpleasant odors from theapartment !

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INTERVENTION IN THE TRANSMISSION FIELD

M. Jokl :Zdravé obytné a pracovní prostředíIlustr.: Milan Fridrich

Gentlemen, betrayal! Smokebecomes thinner here! Someone has probablyturned on the ventilation!

Intervention in the transmission field

– Prevention or restrictions of the spread of pollutants in the building

– Sufficient air exchange in the interior

– Air Filtration

– Plants

– Deodorising

– Disinfection

– Intensive air ionization

– Air Purifiers

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IAQ OPTIMIZATION

• Intervention on a human user of the environment

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http://health.uml.edu/thc/HealthIssues/jons%20folder/defaultfinalwebsite.html

IAQ OPTIMIZATION

• Jokl, M. : Zdravé obytné a pracovní prostředí, Academia, 2002

• Bluyssen Philomena M.: The Indoor Environment Handbook How to

Make Buildings Healthy and Comfortable, Earthscan ltd (United

Kingdom), 2009, ISBN-13: 9781844077878

• CORGNATI, S.P., GAMIERO da SILVA: Indoor climate quality

assessment, Rehva Guidebook 14, REHVA 2011

• P. Ole Fanger : Indoor air quality handbook, Ch 22 : Perceived air

qualityand ventilation requirements, McGraw-Hill

(www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)

Literature

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