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1
““MacromolecMacromoleculesules
of Life”of Life”
ppt adapted from cmassengale
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Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds
• CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.
• MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large moleculesolecules.
• Organic Macromolecules
has C-C bonds large molecules
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Organic Organic CompoundsCompoundsCarbon (C)Carbon (C)• CarbonCarbon has 4 electrons4 electrons in
outer shell.
• CarbonCarbon can form covalent covalent bondsbonds with as many as 4 4 other atoms (elements).
• Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.
• Example:Example: CHCH44(methane)(methane)
Organic CompoundsOrganic CompoundsCarbon (C)Carbon (C)
• What does sharing electrons with other atoms, in four covalent bonds mean?
• Each carbon acts as an ‘intersection’
with 4 different branch points
• Creates endless variety of (organic) carbon molecules
4Vary in length
Diversity of Carbon-Based Molecules
Unbranched or branchedRings
Different location of double bonds
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Macromolecules of Macromolecules of LifeLife
• Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules.• Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS.• Made up of smaller “building
blocks” called MONOMERSMONOMERS.• Biological macromoleculesBiological macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids (DNA and 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and
RNA)RNA)
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates“How Sweet it “How Sweet it
is”is”
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• SIZESIZE
– small small to largelarge• TypesTypes
AA.. monosaccharide (sugars)monosaccharide (sugars)B.B. disaccharide (sugars)disaccharide (sugars)
C.C. polysaccharide polysaccharide (starches)(starches)
glucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
cellulosecellulose
Carbohydrates• Monomer = sugar = “saccharide”• Structure:
– Small (simple) sugar molecules
•Examples?–Monosaccharides
» glucose, fructose» galactose, deoxyribose
–Disaccharides»SucrSucroseose (glucose+fructose) (glucose+fructose)»LactLactose (glucose+galactose) (glucose+galactose)»MaltMaltoseose (glucose+glucose) (glucose+glucose)
• Monomer = “saccharide”• Structure:
– Large molecules– Long chain of many single sugar units
hooked together
•Examples?–Polysaccharides
» Starches…(Pasta, bread, potatoes)»Cellulose … (lettuce, corn) provides
structure for plant cell walls
»Glycogen … (stored in liver, muscle cells break down glycogen to release glucose when needed for energy) 10
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate Function• Functions
– Main source of energy for living things•gasoline for cells (ATP)
– Monosaccharides = immediate E – Polysaccharides = longer term E– Plants store carbs as cellulose—gives
their cells strength– Animals store carbs as glycogen
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LipidsLipids“Greasy “Greasy
Molecules”Molecules”
copyright cmassengale
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LipidsLipids• Hydrophobic= Hydrophobic= water hatingwater hating• Hydrophillic= Hydrophillic= water lovingwater loving
• Lipids =general term for compounds which are not soluble in waternot soluble in water.
• Lipids are soluble in other solventsare soluble in other solvents.
• Examples:Examples:1. Fats – from animals 1. Fats – from animals
(butter,lard,margarine)(butter,lard,margarine)
2. Oils-from plants 2. Oils-from plants (canola oil, olive oil, corn (canola oil, olive oil, corn
oil)oil)
3. Phospholipids 3. Phospholipids (cell (cell membranes)membranes)
4. Waxes 4. Waxes (bees wax, ear wax)(bees wax, ear wax)
5. Steroid hormones5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides6. Triglycerides
copyright cmassengale 14
LipidsLipids
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LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:
1.1.“stores the most energy”“stores the most energy”Long term Long term energy storageenergy storage
2.2. Protection against heat loss Protection against heat loss ((insulationinsulation))3.3. Protection against physical shock Protection against physical shock (cushioning)(cushioning)4.4. Protection against water loss Protection against water loss (hydrophobic)(hydrophobic)5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)6.6. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes
(phospholipids)(phospholipids)
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LipidsLipidsTechnically called? TriglyceridesTechnically called? Triglycerides
CompositionComposition:(1) glycerol:(1) glycerol and (3) fatty 3) fatty acidsacids.
H
H-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH3
=
Glycero
l
Fatty Acids
saturated
saturated
unsaturated
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Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsTwo kinds of fatty acidsfatty acids you may see on food labels:
1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds no double bonds (())
solids at room temperaturesolids at room temperature
2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds double bonds (())
liquids at room temperatureliquids at room temperature
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
saturatedsaturated
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH= CH-CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH3
=unsaturated
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ProteinsProteins“Amazing “Amazing Variety”Variety”
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• Amino acids – building blocks – monomer– (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide peptide
bondsbonds (polypeptidespolypeptides).
– Each a.a. made of….• Central CARBON bonded to…
– Amino group (NH2)– Carboxyl Group (COOH)– Hydrogen– “R” group
Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Examples of 2 different amino acids and their side groups
copyright cmassengale 20
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Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:
1.1.Immune/Defense:Immune/Defense: Kill invaders Kill invaders (Antibodies)(Antibodies)
2.Transport: 2.Transport: Blood Blood (hemoglobin), (hemoglobin),
Cell membrane proteinsCell membrane proteins3.Regulatory:3.Regulatory:hormoneshormones4.Movement:4.Movement: muscles muscles (Actin,Myosin)(Actin,Myosin)
5.Structural:5.Structural: Hair,horns,feathers Hair,horns,feathers (Keratin)(Keratin)
Skin Skin (Collagen). (Collagen).
Bones,Tendons, Bones,Tendons, Ligaments, Ligaments, Cartilage Cartilage (Connective (Connective Fibers) Fibers)
6.Regulatory:6.Regulatory:help control cellular help control cellular reactionsreactions
(Enzymes…-ase)(Enzymes…-ase)
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Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)
Four levels of protein Four levels of protein structure:structure:
A.A. Primary StructurePrimary Structure
B.B. Secondary Structure Secondary Structure
C.C. Tertiary Structure Tertiary Structure
D.D. Quaternary Structure Quaternary Structure
Primary StructurePrimary Structure• Amino Acids linked (bonded) in a STRAIGHT CHAIN
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aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
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Secondary StructureSecondary Structure
• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary primary structurestructure into coilscoils and pleatspleats held together by hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds.
• Two examples:Two examples:
Alpha HelixAlpha Helix
Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds
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Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure• Secondary structuresSecondary structures bentbent and
foldedfolded into a more complex 3-D more complex 3-D arrangementarrangement of linked polypeptides
• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)bridges (S-S)
• Call a “subunit”.“subunit”.
Alpha HelixAlpha Helix
Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet
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Quaternary Quaternary StructureStructure
•Composed of 2 or more “subunits”•Globular in shape•Form in Aqueous environments•Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)enzymes (hemoglobin)
subunitssubunits
Protein Structure - Quiz
copyright cmassengale 27
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Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids
copyright cmassengale
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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Two types:Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid a. Deoxyribonucleic acid ((DNADNA-- double helix) double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (b. Ribonucleic acid (RNARNA-single -single strand) strand)
• Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotidesnucleotides…building blocks…monomer
copyright cmassengale
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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:
– phosphate groupphosphate group– pentose sugar (5-carbon)pentose sugar (5-carbon)– nitrogenous bases:nitrogenous bases:
DNADNA RNARNA
adenine (A)adenine (A) adenine (A)adenine (A)thymine (T) thymine (T) uracil uracil
(U)(U)cytosine (C)cytosine (C) cytosine (C)cytosine (C)guanine (G)guanine (G) guanine (G)guanine (G)
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NucleotideNucleotide
OO=P-O O
PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup
N
Nitrogen Nitrogen BaseBase(A, G, C, T or U)(A, G, C, T or U)CH2
O
C1C4
C3 C2
5
SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)
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DNA - double helixDNA - double helix
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
PO
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G C
T A
copyright cmassengale
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DNA- Gene for Baldness
Build a DNA molecule