1. IC introduction - VILNIUS TECH

ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009

VGTU EF ESK [email protected]

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Integrated Circuits

1947 – germanium point transistor

1954 – silicon transistor

1957 – precise SiO2 photolitography

1958 – planar transistor

1959 – integrated circuit



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The birth of the IC

The integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist, Geoffrey W.A.

Dummer (born 1909), working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the British

Ministry of Defence, and published in Washington, D.C. on May 7, 1952. Dummer

unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956.

The first integrated circuits were manufactured independently by two scientists:

Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments filed a patent for a "Solid Circuit" made of

germanium on February 6, 1959. Kilby received patents U.S. Patent 3138743 ,

U.S. Patent 3138747 , U.S. Patent 3261081 , and U.S. Patent 3434015 . Robert

Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor was awarded a patent for a more complex

"unitary circuit" made of Silicon on April 25, 1961. (See the Chip that Jack built for

more information.)

Noyce credited Kurt Lehovec of Sprague Electric for the principle of p-n junction

isolation caused by the action of a biased p-n junction (the diode) as a key

concept behind the IC.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit



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In the summer of 1958, Kilby was a newly employed engineer at Texas Instruments who did

not yet have the right to a summer vacation. He spent the summer working on the problem

in circuit design that was commonly called the "tyranny of numbers" and finally came to the

conclusion that manufacturing the circuit components en masse in a single piece of

semiconductor material could provide a solution. On September 12 he presented his

findings to the management of Texas Instruments: he showed them a piece of germanium

with an oscilloscope attached, pressed a switch, and the oscilloscope showed a continuous

sine wave, proving that his integrated circuit worked and thus that he solved the problem.

From 1978 to 1985, he was Distinguished Professor of Electrical Engineering at Texas A&M

University. In 1983, Kilby retired from Texas Instruments.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_S._Kilby

Jack St. Clair Kilby (November 8, 1923 – June 20, 2005)

was a notable American electrical engineer who co-won the

Nobel Prize in physics in 2000.

He invented the integrated circuit in 1958 while working at

Texas Instruments (TI).

A patent for a "Solid Circuit made of Germanium", the first

integrated circuit, was filed on February 6, 1959. In addition

to the integrated circuit, Kilby also is noted for patenting the

electronic portable calculator and the thermal printer used in

data terminals. In total, he held about 60 patents.



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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/17614/00811607.pdf



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Jack Kilby examines a wafer filled with chips.

Photo: Texas Instruments

http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/integrated_circuit/history/



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Robert Noyce, Ph.D. (December 12, 1927 – June 3, 1990),

nicknamed "the Mayor of Silicon Valley", co-founded

Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and Intel in 1968. He is also

credited (along with Jack Kilby) with the invention of the

integrated circuit or microchip although Kilby's invention was

6 months earlier.



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While a student at Grinnell College, Noyce stole a pig from a nearby farmer for a college luau and then

slaughtered it in Clark Hall. The prank nearly earned him expulsion, if not for the intervention of Grant O.

Gale, a physics professor at the time. He later returned the favor by allowing the college to invest in Intel

at an early stage.

He joined William Shockley at the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory division of

Beckman Instruments, but left with the "Traitorous Eight" to create the influential

Fairchild Semiconductor corporation.

Intel's headquarters building, the Robert Noyce Building, in Santa Clara,

California is named in his honor, as is the Robert N. Noyce '49 Science Center.

Noyce was awarded the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1978 "for his contributions to the

silicon integrated circuit, a cornerstone of modern electronics.“

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Noyce



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Robert Noyce

Photo: Intel Museum Archives

http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/int

egrated_circuit/history/



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http://www.answers.com/topic/integrated-circuit

The First Integrated Circuit



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The First Integrated Circuit

By 1961, Fairchild and Texas Instruments had announced the availability of the

first commercial planar integrated circuits comprising simple logic functions.

http://www.maxmon.com/1952ad.htm

1968 m. MTI “Venta” pagamino pirmąją puslaidininkinę mikroschemą Lietuvoje.

Puslaidininkinės fizikos pradininku Lietuvoje laikomas prof. Povilas Brazdžiūnas.

Paminėtini prof. Stepono Janušonio, Albino Marcinkevičiaus, Romualdo Navicko

nuopelnai.



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Types of Integrated Circuits

An integrated circuit or microcircuit is a complete electronic circuit containing both

active and passive components and metallic interconnections. It is manufactured

as a single package.

A hybrid integrated circuit consists of separate component parts attached to a

ceramic substrate and interconnected by a suitable metallization pattern. The

individual parts are unencapsulated and may consist of thin-film components and

one or more monolithic circuits.

In a monolithic (Greek: single-stone) integrated circuit all the circuit components

are manufactured into or on top of a single chip of a semiconductor.

There are two types of monolithic circuits.

Bipolar ICs are based on bipolar junction transistors and are formed using

bipolar technology.

MOS ICs are based on insulated-gate field-effect transistors and MOS

capacitors.

We shall overview the elements of bipolar and MOS ICs.

http://images.google.lt/images?q=Integrated+circuit&ndsp=18&svnum=10&hl=lt&start=0&sa=N



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Integriniai grandynai

Integrated circuit

Интегральная схема

Integralinė schema

Intégrinė schema

Integr í nė schema

Integrinė grandinė

Telktinis grandynas

Integrinis grandynas

Integruotoji grandinė

Integralioji grandinė



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Hybrid Integrated Circuit

http://www.answers.com/topic/transistor



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http://images.google.lt/images?q=Integrated+circuit&hl=lt&sa=X&oi=images&ct=title

Monolithic Integrated Circuit



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The integrated circuit from an Intel 8742, an 8-bit microcontroller that includes a CPU

running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of RAM, 2048 bytes of EPROM, and I/O in the same chip.

http://www.answers.com/topic/transistor

Monolithic Integrated Circuit



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1. Isolation of elements

2. Bipolar integrated circuits

3. MOS ICs

4. Individual processing

5. Complexity of integrated circuits

Objectives:

Studies of types of ICs, manufacturing of

monolithic ICs, stucture and properties of IC

elements, and trends of microelectronics.

ELEMENTS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS



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1. Isolation of elements

2. Bipolar integrated circuits

2.1. Fabrication processes

2.2. Bipolar transistors

2.3. Integrated circuit diodes

2.4. Capacitors

2.5. Resistors

2.6. Conductors and contact pads

3. MOS ICs

4. Individual processing

5. Complexity of integrated circuits

ELEMENTS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

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1. IC introduction - VILNIUS TECH