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HYPNOTHERAPY: HYPNOTHERAPY: AN OVERVIEWAN OVERVIEW

Dr. Rakesh JainInstitute of Mental Health and Hospital,

Agra

Glimpses of HistoryGlimpses of History

The modern era of hypnosis began with the work of Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), an Austrian Physician. He developed the theory of ‘Animal Magnetism’

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King Louis XVI in 1784 appointed two commissions to investigate mesmerism. Both the commissions disapproved it, which led to its decline.

John Elliotson (1791-1868), Professor of Medicine at Lodon University and President of Royal Medical and Surgical Society used mesmerism in the treatment of medical and nervous disorders.

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James Esdaile (1808-1859)James Esdaile (1808-1859) A Scottish Surgeon working for East India

Company at Calcutta, performed several thousand minor and three hundred major surgeries under mesmerism.

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The Founder of Homoeopathy endorsed the powerful effects of mesmerism in restoring vital force of the patients (Para 288-289 of Organon of Medicine)

Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843)

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James Braid (1795-1860)James Braid (1795-1860) A surgeon of Manchester scientifically

studied the phenomena and in 1843 coined the term ‘hypnotism’ (from Greek hypnos – sleep).

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• A.A.Liebeault (1823-1904) and Hippolyte Bernheim (1837-1919) established Nancy school of hypnosis in France. They are accredited for proposing psychological explanation i.e. ‘suggestibility’ for hypnosis.

Nancy School of Hypnosis

BernheimLeibeault 8

Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893)Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893)

Professor of Neurology established ‘Salpetriere School’ of hypnosis in France. He considered hypnosis as a pathological manifestation of hysteria.

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Joseph Breuer (1841-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1839) used hypnosis to treat hysterical patients. While working with Anna O’, they first time formulated the theory of unconscious determinant of psychological problems.

Freud abandoned hypnosis in favor of free association and developed psychoanalysis. The growth of hypnosis was blocked.

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The interest in hypnosis was revived by Clark L.Hull. He published a book in 1933 titled “Hypnosis and suggestibility: An experimental approach” which rekindled interest in hypnosis. Because of some legal problems and myths Hull had to close down his laboratory and take up his work on learning.

Clark L.Hull: The Learning Theorist

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An American psychiatrist and psychologist, and ‘father of modern hypnosis’, learned from Clark L. Hull and developed numerous innovative induction methods. His approaches are known as Ericksonian Hypnosis

Milton H. Erickson: 20th Century Giant

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Hypnosis Recognized:Hypnosis Recognized:

British Medical Association recognized hypnosis in 1955 as a legitimate tool for therapy. American Medical Association recognised it in 1958. Division-30 of American Psychological Association is devoted to the investigation and application of hypnosis in clinical and other areas.

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Dispelling Dispelling MythsMyths Total Loss of Awareness

Sleep Hypnotic Mind Control Fail to Exit Indication of Weak Mind Hypnosis vs. Hypnotherapy Magic Cure Requirement of Deep Hypnotic Trance Sadhna Vomiting Dark Secrets Power of Hypnotizing True Events in Deep Trance

Meaning of Meaning of HypnosisHypnosis

•An altered state of awareness

•Heightened focal concentration

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HypnotizabilityHypnotizability

• A trait which is at peak in late childhood and gradually decreases throughout adulthood.

• Hypnotizability Scales:

– Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale– Hypnotic Induction Profile– Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale

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Pre-hypnotic Preparation and Pre-hypnotic Preparation and Explanations:Explanations:

Case historyHandling mythsTests of suggestibilitySpace requirementsSudden noiseDirect source of lightMobile in silence modeMosquito repellent

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Assessment of Assessment of SuggestibilitySuggestibility

Lemon Test Gun Test Pencil drop test Book & Balloon Rubber Band Hairs on palm

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Induction Induction MethodsMethods

Relaxation

Eye Eye FixationFixation

Other Methods:

Arm Levitation Pendulum Method Sleep Command Microscopic Examination Rubber Band

Stage TechniquesStage Techniques

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Deepening TechniquesDeepening Techniques

Sky Park Staircase Counting Shrinking Elevator

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Tests of Tests of HypnosisHypnosis

Arons Master Depth Rule

Models of Hypnotherapy:Models of Hypnotherapy: Direct Suggestion Model Joseph Murphy Model Age Regression Life Regression Life Progression LBL Integration of CBT

Utilization of HypnosisUtilization of Hypnosis

Relaxation Post-hypnotic suggestions Cognitive restructuring Behavioral intervention Age regression Life regression/progression

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Indications of HypnosisIndications of Hypnosis

Insomnia Anxiety Phobia Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Dissociative Disorder Conversion Disorder Pain Disorders Substance Use Disorders27

Termination of HypnosisTermination of Hypnosis

Reversal of the phenomena induced under hypnosis Counting Allowing some time for difficult termination Option to sleep for 30 seconds

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Complications:Complications:

Dizziness Headache Abreaction Irritability Heaviness Weakness

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Have a Good Day

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