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From Access via Usage
to Appropriation
The Digital Divide in
Germany
Prof. Dr. Herbert Kubicek
University of Bremen +
Digital Opportunities Foundation
Digital Divide Lecture October 14th 2010
2
Bremen,the smallest of 16 German States
My research history and agenda
IT in Organizations
Digital Divide
Interorganizational Networks / EDI
Interoperability in E_Government
City Information Systems / Portals
E-Government-Services
CommunityNetworks
Youth Protection /Filtering
Accessibility
Data Protection / Privacy
E-Identity
E-Democracy
E-Consultation
E-Petitions
Co-production (in Climate Change)
1975 1990 1995 2000 2005
Three Generations of CNs
1970´s 1980´s 1990´s
Community Memory FreeNets
Mainframe Computer
Political Activists
Providing Access to Computers
Unstructured Content
Counter Culture
PCDial-up modem
Socially committedAcademics
Academic volunteering
Affordable access to telecommunications, E-mail, BBS
Web-based CN´se.g. Boulder CN
Browser / Web-Server
Socially committedAcademics Professional concerns, e.g. library sciences
Better local information
Structured Information, Organized production
Diffusion of PCs and Internet-Access Europe and USA (early 1999)
Luxemburg
Niederlande
USA
Irland
Griechenl.
Frankreich
Italien
Deutschland
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Schweden
Dänemark
Finnland
GB
Belgien
Österreich
Spanien
Portugal
Internet-Nutzung PCs je 100 Einw.
Quelle: eurobarometer (www.ispo.cec.be)
Back in the last century
6
1995
Age Structure of German Internet Users
Source: ARD/ZDF-Online Monitor 1997, 1998, and 1999
Towards defining the digital divide
The Age Structure of the German Internet Users and the Share of This Age Groups on the Population
Source: GfK Online-Monitor 5th Wave (January 2000)
9
Survey data compiled by the US Department of Commerce 1999
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
1997 1998 1999 2000
14-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60 and older
13 percentage point gapbetween people aged20-29 and 60 and older
%
50.2 percentage point gapbetween people aged20-29 and 60 and older
The Age Divide
Source: ARD/ZDF-Online Monitor 1997 to 2000
DD is the distance/gap between the largest and the smallest subgroup among internet users
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
January 99 July 99 January 00 July 00
%
Males
Females
14.5 percentage point gap between males and females
13 percentage point gap between males and females
The Gender Divide (I)
Source: GfK Online-Monitor 3rd to 6th Wave
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
1997 1998 1999 2000
male
female
6.7 percentage point difference between males and females
15.3 percentage point difference between males and females
%
The Gender Divide (II)
Source: ARD/ZDF-Online Survey 1997 to 2000
The Income Divide
Source: GfK Online-Monitor 3rd to 6th Wave
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
January 99 July 99 January 00 July 00
%
< DM 3,000
DM 5,000 >
25.2 percentage point gap between those with a household net income below DM 3,000 and above DM 5,000
35.9 percentage point gap between those with a household net income below DM 3,000 and above DM 5,000
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
1 2 3 4
Secondary School
Secondary ModernSchool
High School
College
27.8 percentage point gap between secondary school and college absolvents
% 78.5 percentage point gap between secondary school and college absolvents
1997 1998 1999 2000
The Educational Divide (I)
Source: ARD/ZDF-Online Survey 1997 to 2000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
January 99 July 99 January 00 July 00
%
Secondary School
Secondary ModernSchool
High School
College
32.5 percentage point gap between secondary school and college absolvents
45 percentage point gap between secondary school and college absolvents
The Educational Divide (II)
Source: GfK Online-Monitor 3rd to 6th Wave
Probability of Online Utilization ARD/ZDF-Offline Survey May 1999
ARD/ZDF-Offline Survey April 2000
Definitely won’t go online 22.6 million (60%) 18.6 million (54%)
Probably won’t go online 5.6 million (15%) 4.8 million (14%)
Will go online perhaps 6 million (16%) 6.6 million (19%)
Will definitely go online 3 million (8%) 4.5 million (13%)
Source: ARD/ZDF Offline –Survey 1999, 2000
Probability of Online Utilization for ‘Experienced’ Non-Internet Users
17
Why people don´t go online
I do not need them in my private life
I do not need them in my working life
They are too complicated
I do not have the time to use them
I do not have the time to learn how to use them
Quelle: eurobarometer (www.ispo.cec.be)
Theoretical considerations
Media are experience-related goods.Their value or benefit can only be judged by using them.
With regard to the Internet, the preconditions for making this Experience are very high (PC, online-connection etc.)
Different disciplines or institutions emphazise different aspects and make related suggestions:
Economists refer to the high telecommunication cost.Media experts blame the lack of relevant content.Educators point to the need for new media literacy.
Are they all right ?
The Access Rainbow (A. Clement)
Internet
Tele-communications
network
PC, Modem,
Browser Special tools for handi-cappedpeople
Guiding informationenSearch engines, Link collections etc
Access is a problem with several dimensions
Attractive and relevant content
Media literacyTechnical skills and content related ability to search, retrieve, evaluate etc.
,
(Self)protection Encryption, digitalsignatures, filters
Schools XUniver-
sities X X
Compa
nies X X X
Cont.
Edu-
cation
X X X X X
Groupnumber:(Quelle: Statist. Jb1997,Stand 04/1996)
Pupils
9,9Mio
Stu-
dents
1,25
Mio
Workforce
33,8Mio
Housewivesand men8,8 Mio
Seniors20,7Mio
Unem-ployed
appr.4Mio
Quelle. SEL Alcatel-Stiftung
PIAPS
Different Organizations started offering Internet Access
• Libraries• Community centers• Youth centers
22
1999: Die AOL Foundation supports the Digital Divide Clearinghouse at Benton Foundation
Offerimng a data base of public access points in librariers
23
2000: AOL supports the Digital Divide Network at Benton Foundation
with 20 partnering organizations
Initial funding by the Fed. Dept of Commerce and supported by AOL Germany ... because AOL US and AOL UK are doing it in their countries
The Digital Opportunities Network startet as the German sister of the DDN in 2001
Moved into the Digital Opportunities Foundation in 2001A legal entity, located in Berlin and Bremen under the patronage of the German Dept. of Commerce and the Dept. of Family Affairs
www.digitale-chancen.de
Portal for four different target groupps
A Network between
Politics
PublicPIABS
SocialWelfareOrganizations
DigitalOpportunitiesFoundation
30 on the Board
8.000 in a database
5.000 registered for newsletter
Aktion Mensch
Alcatel SEL Stiftung
Arbeiterwohlfahrt Bundesverband e. V.
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Behinderung und Medien
BAGSO e. V.
Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für die Belange behinderter Menschen
Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Migration, Flüchtlinge und Integration
Bund der Dt. Landjugend
Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft der Freien Wohlfahrtspflege
Bundesarbeitskreis Medien
Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit
Bundesvereinigung Kulturelle Jugendbildung e. V.
Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung
Burda Akademie, Burda Stiftung
Board of Stiftung Digitale Chancen:
Deutscher Caritasverband
Christlicher Verein Junger Menschen
Deutscher Bibliotheksverband
Deutsches Rotes Kreuz
Dt. Bischofskonferenz
Dt. Frauenrat
Dt. Gewerkschaftsbund
Dt. Kinderschutzbund – Bundesverband
Dt. Landfrauenverband
Dt. UNESCO Kommission
Diakonisches Werk
Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland
Paritätischer Wohlfahrtsverband
Verband für interkulturelle Arbeit
Verdi - Vereinigte Dienstleistungsgewerkschaft
Verein Deutschland sicher im Netz e. V.
Offliner /Internet Beginners
Database ofPublic Internet Access Points
www.digitale-chancen.de/einsteiger
Hotlines
01805-383 725
01805-902070
Working Areas and Target Groups
About 8.000 Records in the Database of PIAPs
12555
PIAP Profile
Staff at Public Internet Access Points
Internet BeginnersPolitics,
Business,Science & Education
Database ofPublic Internet Access Points
www.digitale-chancen.de/einsteiger
Hotlines
01805-383 725
01805-902070
WebAccessibility
Coaching /
Training
Biene-Award
www.biene-award.de
Working Areas and Target Groups
Annual Contest for Accessible Websites in cooperation
with the largest German charity for the disabled
-since 2003
- abou 150 submissions each time
- tested with a sophisticated methodology by students and disabled people
More than 50 Awards in Gold, Silver and Bronce for high ranking content providers like Deutsche Postbank, Federal Ministries ...
Biene-Award
Inclusion of disabled people
Staff at Public Internet Access Points
Internet Beginners
Database ofPublic Internet Access Points
www.digitale-chancen.de/einsteiger
Hotlines
01805-383 725
01805-902070
Training für
Multipliers /
Social
Workers
Advice and Best
Practice for Public
Internet Access
Points
www.digitale-chancen.de/
servicewww.surfen-zum-job.de
Web AccessibilityCoaching / Training
Biene-Award
www.biene-award.de
Working Areas and Target Groups
Politics, Business,Science & Education
Initiative » Surfen zum Job » - Digital Opportunities on the Job Market
Target
• Improving search for employment opportunities in the federal online system „Virtual Labour Market“ Improving placement of profiles of unemployed people on lower educational levels
• Byenabling social workers/ job counselers in social welfare organizations to perform online search and profiling for their clients via training case based training and provision of multimedia support (web based and in print)
Subject-related training campaigns
Why Do We Adress Social Workers?
Social Workers ...
• know the skills and competences of their clients
• know the handicaps of their clients and the obstacles for successful employment
• are known by their clients as trustworthy persons
but
• need advice and training for online jobsearch
Training Campaign » Surfen zum Job• 30 Trainings for Social Workers in
2005
• in cooperation with seven different German Welfare Organizations e.g. Red Cross
• In Public Internet Access Points run by German Social Welfare Organizations
• Training Material and Website with Guided Tour: Online Search of Employment www.surfen-zum-job.de
Could the gaps be closed ?
Quelle: www.nonliner-atlas.de
Growth by age groups
No !The age-divide has not been closed in more than ten years
Recent issues
48 46
Onliner/Offliner-Typologies
Gender Divide
Educational Divide
Age-Divide
A more integrated view
Age and Gender Divide
Quelle: www.nonliner-atlas.de
Age group under 49 male / female
Age group > 50male / female
A new user typology
% Popul.
Digital Avantgarde 3
Digital Professionals 12
Trend User 11
Occasional User 30
Digital Outsiders 35
AccessOn the job
Skillse.g.Searching
Knowledge
Average age: 62,566% femaleLow level of educationNot in the workforceLow incomeOne or two person household
Average age: 30,560% malehigh level of education74% in the workforceaverage incomeOne or two person household
The Youth Protection Roundtable brought together• Hard- and Software engineers for filter technologies• Access providers• Content providers• Children's welfare organizations• Parents advisory institutions• Social youth workersin order to facilitate and coordinate the exchange of views,
• find a common language
• identify best practice approaches, which can be recommended to politics
Another kind of networkig:
The Youth Protection Roundtable
Youth protection – matrix of risks and threats
http://www.yprt.eu/yprt/assets/includes/sendgraphic.cfm?docpath=%27\assets\461.jpg%27&level=1
C o n t e n t - related
C o n t a c t - related
Resulting fromown conduct
Resulting Fromconductof otherpeople
Copyrightinfringement
Disclosure of privateinformation
Age in-appropriatecontent
Phishing
Bullying
Illegal content
Privacy in social networks
Now they are online but do not behave as we expect and think they should:They enter private data, on the spot fotos,sometimes without considering the privacy configurationsometimes deliberately
Some experts are considerig this a lack of media literacy and recommend courses, public campaigns etcI wonder whether it´s just another kind of intergenerationdifferentiation, a particular kind of risk-taking, an ex-Pression of a new youth culture or even a kind of protest against the values of the older generation.If this is true, campaigns „Be careful with your private data“ and „Friends are not always friends“ etc. would have no great effects
Appropriate appropriation?
