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Genetics and Mutations
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x
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xx
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xxx
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xxx
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xxx
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12
= ???
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= 1 nucleotide
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= 1 nucleotide
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Backb
on
e(r
ibb
on
)
Backb
on
e(rib
bon
)
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Backb
on
e(r
ibb
on
)
Backb
on
e(rib
bon
)
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Backb
on
e(r
ibb
on
)
Backb
on
e(rib
bon
)
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Backb
on
e(r
ibb
on
)
Backb
on
e(rib
bon
)
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Backb
on
e(r
ibb
on
)
Backb
on
e(rib
bon
)
A T
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Backb
on
e(r
ibb
on
)
Backb
on
e(rib
bon
)
A TAT
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Backb
on
e(r
ibb
on
)
Backb
on
e(rib
bon
)
A TAT
G C
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Backb
on
e(r
ibb
on
)
Backb
on
e(rib
bon
)
A TAT
G CGC
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A – TG – C
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
T
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
T
X
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
T
XX
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
T
XXX
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
T
XXX
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
TC
XXX
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
TCT
XXX
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
TCTA
XXX
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
TCTAC
XXX
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
TCTACG
XXX
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
TCTACGT
XXX
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
TCTACGTA
XXX
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
TCTACGTAG
XXX
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
TCTACGTAG
XXX
Old DNA
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
TCTACGTAG
XXX
Old DNA
NewDNA
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A – TG – C
AGATGCATC
TCTACGTAG
XXX
Old DNA
NewDNA
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ATGAC
CACUG
Which segment is a strand of DNA and which one is RNA?
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ATGAC
CACUG
Which segment is a strand of DNA and which one is RNA?
DNA
RNA
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ATGAC
CACUG
WHY?
DNA
RNA
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ATGAC
CACUG
DNA has thymine (T), not uracil(U)RNA has uracil (U), not thymine (T)
DNA
RNA
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1. Replication
DNA DNA (the DNA stays in the nucleus)
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1. Replication
DNA DNA (the DNA stays in the nucleus)
2. Transcription
DNA RNA (the RNA leaves the nucleus)
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1. Replication
DNA DNA (the DNA stays in the nucleus)
2. Transcription
DNA RNA (the RNA leaves the nucleus)
3. Translation
RNA Protein (occurs at the ribosome)
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Where a protein is made
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Where a protein is madex
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Where a protein is madex x
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Where a protein is madex x
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CGGUAU RNA
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CGGUAU RNA
DNA
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CGGUAU RNA
DNA
Can we already throw out any wrong answers?
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CGGUAU RNA
DNA
Can we already throw out any wrong answers?
xx
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CGGUAU RNA
DNA
Why?xx
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CGGUAU RNA
DNA
DNA does not contain uracil (U)
xx
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CGGUAU RNA
DNA
DNA does not contain uracil (U)
xx
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CGGUAU RNA
G DNA
DNA does not contain uracil (U)
xx
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CGGUAU RNA
G DNA
DNA does not contain uracil (U)
xxx
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CGGUAU RNA
G DNA
DNA does not contain uracil (U)
xxx
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A
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A
A T = DNAA U = RNA
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A
xxx
A T = DNAA U = RNA
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What is a codon?
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What is a codon?A three letter combination from a selection of 4 letters.
AUGC
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What is a codon?A three letter combination from a selection of 4 letters.
AUGC
AAA
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What is a codon?A three letter combination from a selection of 4 letters.
AUGC
AAA
AAU
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What is a codon?A three letter combination from a selection of 4 letters.
AUGC
AAA
AAU
GAU
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What is a codon?A three letter combination from a selection of 4 letters.
AUGC
AAA
AAU
GAUGCU
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What is a codon?A three letter combination from a selection of 4 letters.
AUGC
AAA
AAU
GAUGCU
UCU
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What is a codon?A three letter combination from a selection of 4 letters.
AUGC
AAA
AAU
GAUGCU
UCUUCG
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What is a codon?A three letter combination from a selection of 4 letters.
AUGC
AAA
AAU
GAUGCU
UCUUCG
GGG
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What is a codon?A three letter combination from a selection of 4 letters.
AUGC
AAA
AAU
GAUGCU
UCUUCG
GGG
etc…
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How many 3 letter combinations could you make from 4 letters?
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How many 3 letter combinations could you make from 4 letters?
43 =
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How many 3 letter combinations could you make from 4 letters?
43 = 64
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How many 3 letter combinations could you make from 4 letters?
43 = 64How many do you need?
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How many 3 letter combinations could you make from 4 letters?
43 = 64How many do you need?
21
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How many 3 letter combinations could you make from 4 letters?
43 = 64How many do you need?
2120 amino acids1 stop command
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amino acids
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amino acids(building blocks of proteins)
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UAC
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UAC
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UAC
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UAC
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UAC
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UAC
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UAC
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UAC
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UAC
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UAC
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UAC
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UAC
UAC = tyrosine
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UAG
UAC = tyrosine
UAG =
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UAG
UAC = tyrosine
UAG =
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UAG
UAC = tyrosine
UAG =
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UAG
UAC = tyrosine
UAG = STOP
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UAG
UAC = tyrosine
UAG = STOP
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A,T,G,C
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A,T,G,C
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A,T,G,CBackbon
e
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Grizzly-Gray
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Grizzly-Gray
Black
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Grizzly-Gray
Black
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Grizzly-Gray
Black
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Grizzly-Gray
Black
GG
White
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Grizzly-Gray
Black
White
GG
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Grizzly-Gray
Black
White
GG?offspring
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Grizzly-Gray
Black
White
GGGrizzly-Gray
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Grizzly-Gray
Black
White
GGGrizzly-Gray
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The visual appearance of a trait.
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38
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38-38
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38-38
38 38
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38-38
38 38
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meiosis
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meiosis
38
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meiosis
19-19
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meiosis
19-19
19 19
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meiosis
19-19
19 19
sex cell - gamete
sex cell - gamete
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meiosis
19-19
19 19
sex cell - gamete
sex cell - gamete
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