Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. Which question would ecologists most

likely research? A. How do point mutations effect protein synthesis? B. How do aquatic plants react to pesticides?C. What is the chemical structure of sucrose?D. How does color in petunias pass from parent to

offspring?

2. All of these characterize most laboratory accidents except-

A. Carelessness B. lack of attentionC. Inappropriate behavior D. reduced risk-

taking

Agenda• Warm Up • Ecology Quiz 2• Notes• Practice Multiple Choice Questions 1• Ecology Review Worksheet• Clean-Up• Cool-down

Review for Ecology Exam 1

Guided Notes 12

Types of organisms

Two main types:1.Autotroph (producer)-makes its own food

must rely on itself to get energy2.Heterotroph (consumer)-cannot makes its

own food must rely on other organisms for energy

Types of Organisms

• Heterotrophs1. Herbivore-eats plants Ex: deer2. Carnivore-eats meat Ex: wolf3. Omnivore-eats both plants and meat Ex: humans4. Decomposer-breaks down organic material to get

energy Ex: Fungi5. Scavenger-eats organisms that are already dead

Ex: vulture

Nutrient Cycles

• Carbon CyclePhotosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and energy

to produce oxygen Cellular Respiration uses oxygen and energy to

produce carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide is also released while burning

fossil fuels and in factories

Nutrient Cycles

• Water CyclePrecipitationEvaporationTranspirationCondensation

Nutrient Cycles• Nitrogen cycleBacteria can “fix” nitrogen, meaning they can

bring it out of the air into a form the plants can use

Nodules on plant roots contain this nitrogen fixing bacteria

The bacteria on the roots get nourishment and the plants get nitrogen (MUTUALISM)

Food Chains

• Grass Rabbit Snake Hawk Producer Primary Consumer Secondary ConsumerTertiary Consumer Autotroph Herbivore Carnivore Carnivore Autotroph Heterotroph Heterotroph Heterotroph

Energy pyramid

• Only 10% of the energy is passed between each trophic level

• Therefore much more energy is found at the bottom than at the top

Ecological Niche/Habitat

• Ecological Niche-an organism’s role in the environment (birds on different parts of the tree)

• Habitat-physical location (an organism’s home)

Mutualism

• Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit

• ++ Win-Win! • Examples: Flowers and bees (bees get food

and the flowers get to reproduce)

Commensalism

• Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

• + 0 Win-unaffected• Examples: Barnacles on whale (the barnacles

get food and the whale does not know they are there)

Parasitism

• Symbiotic relationship in which an organism feeds off a host

• + - Win-lose• Examples: Tapeworm, tick, hookworm, leech

Reminders

• Biome Brochure Friday. (Feb. 18rd)

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. Which statement best describes an activity that will

contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in an organism?

A. A desert rattlesnake enters an underground burrow on a hot summer day.

B. A shark swims toward a highly polluted region of the ocean.C. Roots of a willow tree grow away from a moisture rich region

of the soil.D. A polar bear sheds most of its fur during the coldest months

of winter.2. Which of the following would be the niche of

decomposers in an ecosystem?A. Break down nitrogen and oxygenB. Break down waste and dead matterC. Provide nutrients for carnivores to make energyD. Provide nutrients for omnivores to make energy

Agenda• Warm Up • Ecology flip-flop• Notes • Practice Multiple Choice Questions 2• Ecology Poster• Clean Up• Cool-Down

Review for Ecology Exam 2

Guided Notes 13

Levels of OrganizationOrganism

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biome

Biosphere

Levels of Organization

• Population-same species, same place Ex: group of bears in my backyard

• Community-different species, same place Ex: group of bears, beavers, and deer in my backyard

Levels of Organization

• Ecosystem-different species + abiotic factors in the same place Ex: group of bears, beavers, and deer in my backyard and the sunlight and wind

• Biome-similar climate conditions and characteristic plants and animals Ex: desert

• Biosphere-basically the entire planet

Succession

• Succession-series of changes made to a community after a disruption

• Two types:1.Primary-starts from scratchCaused by: volcanoes and glaciers2. Secondary-starts from existing communityCaused by: forest fires and hurricanes

Population Growth

• Exponential Growth• (J-shape)- the

individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

• Logistic Growth• (S-shape)- growth slows

or stops following a period of exponential growth

Population Growth

• Human population shows exponential growth because of improved medicine, sanitation, and health care

• Limiting factor-something that causes population size to decrease

• Two types: Density-dependent and density-independent

Density-Dependent Factors

• Depends on population size • Gets worse as population becomes more dense• Examples:1. Competition2. Disease 3. Predation4. ParasitismREMEMBER: Cats Don’t Pet Piranhas

Density-Independent Factors

• Does NOT depend on population size• It does not matter how big the population isExamples:1.Human Activities2.Seasonal Cycles3.Unusual Weather4.Natural DisastersREMEMBER: Hot SUN

Predator-Prey• Predator-prey populations mirror each other• Predator-eater• Prey-organism being eaten

Competition• Competition-Occurs when two organisms

want the same resource at the same time• Example: Two lions fighting over a zebra

Reminders

Ecology Poster• Divide your paper into 4.• In each square, draw

1. A logistic graph (labeling axes with units and carrying capacity)

2. An exponential graph (labeling axes with units) 3. A food chain with pictures (labeling a producer, primary

co., secondary co., and tertiary co.) 4. An ecological pyramid (labeling a producer, primary co.,

secondary co., and tertiary co. and starting with 5000 joules of energy at the bottom)

Warm-Up / EOC Prep

1. Which of these statements is NOT true?A. The process of succession resulting in a climax

community always happens within one year.B. Secondary succession happens in areas where

organisms previously lived.C. Primary succession occurs when communities

populate barren land.D. Ecological change does not always equate with

destruction.

2. The carrying capacity of a given environment is least dependent upon

A. Recycling of materials B. The availability of energyC. Availability of food D. Daily temperature

fluctuations

Agenda• Warm Up • Ecology Word Scramble• Notes• Ecology “Quiz”• Finish Ecology Poster• Practice Questions• Clean-Up• Cool-down

• Metabolism• Homeostasis

Review for Ecology Exam 3

Guided Notes 14

Biodiversity• Variety = Diversity• Biodiversity-the total of the genetically based

variety of all organisms in the biosphere

Biodiversity

• Human activity can reduce biodiversity by causing the following:

1.Habitat Destruction2. Wildlife Products Demand3. Pollution (DDT)4. Invasive species

Michael Barron of the National Park Service took this picture of a carcass of an alligator as it protrudes out from the body of a dead Burmese python in Everglades National Park, Florida. The Burmese python is an invasive species -- 144,000 have been imported to the U.S. in the past five years for the pet trade.

Biodiversity

• Extinction-when a species disappears from all or part of its range

• Endangered species-a species whose population size places it in danger of extinction

• Conservation -the wise management of natural resources including the preservation of habitats and wildlife

Climate Change

• Ozone Layer-the atmosphere between 20-50 km above Earth’s surface and protects the Earth from harmful UV radiation

• UV radiation causes sunburn and cancer• Holes in the Ozone layer have been

discovered above Antarctica. These holes were caused by CFCs or chlorofluorocarbons found in aerosol cans and refrigerators

Climate Change• Greenhouse effect-where radiation produced

by the atmosphere warms earth• Global warming-the increase the average

temperature of the biosphereEvidence: 1. melting polar ice 2. increased

carbon dioxide levels due to burning fossil fuels

Effects: 1. rise in sea levels (flooding) 2. increase in global temperature 3. Organisms go extinct

Review

• 1.What processes get water from the earth into the air?

• Transpiration and Evaporation

2. GrassRabbitHawkWhich is the primary consumer?

• Rabbit

• GrassRabbitHawk• Which is the autotroph?

• Grass

• 4. Carbon from the air is made into organic compounds through which process?

• Photosynthesis

• The increase in the overall global temperature is called what?

• Global Warming

Reminders

• Study hard and smart tonight!

If there is no struggle, there is no progress.(Who said that??)

EMBRACE THE STRUGGLE!

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. An epidemic of black plague hit Europe in the 17th century

and killed many people in the urban areas but not as many in rural areas. What type of limiting factor is this?

A. Density independent B. density dependentC. Competition D. predation

2. The bottom layer of the pyramid can be described as:A. heterotrophs, producers, smallest amount of energy, largest

number of organismsB. autotrophs, producers, largest amount of energy, smallest

number of organismsC. autotrophs, consumers, largest amount of energy, largest

number of organismsD. autotrophs, producers, largest amount of energy, largest

number of organisms

Agenda• Warm Up • Review time• Ecology Exam• Article 4 Worktime• Clean Up• Cool-Down

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. Which sentence best states the importance of using

control groups?A. Control groups provide a method by which statistical

variability can be reduced.B. Control groups allow comparison between subjects

receiving a treatment and those receiving no treatment.C. Control groups eliminate the need for statistical tests and

simplify calculations.D. Control groups eliminate the need for large sample sizes,

reducing the number of measurements needed.

2. A country that has a stable population is characterized by an age structure that is____?

A. Largest among post-reproductive yearsB. About the same among all groupsC. Largest among pre-reproductive yearsD. Largest among reproductive years

Agenda• Warm Up • Journey to Planet Earth Video• DDT Letter to Obama• Clean Up• Raffle