11

Ch. 22: The Industrial Ch. 22: The Industrial RevolutionRevolution

22

BeginningsBeginnings Began in Great BritainBegan in Great Britain Had the factors of production –Had the factors of production –

•Land – refers to all natural Land – refers to all natural resources (coal, iron ore, rivers, resources (coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors)harbors)

•Capital – tools, machinery, Capital – tools, machinery, equipment, inventory used in equipment, inventory used in production, & moneyproduction, & money

•Labor – growth of pop. & migration Labor – growth of pop. & migration into citiesinto cities

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TermsTerms Mechanization = using

machinery to increase production

Mass production = producing large numbers of identical items

Monopoly = complete control of a single good or service

Strike = large group of workers stops working

Proletariat = working class

44

Important Inventions & Scientific Important Inventions & Scientific Discoveries of Industrial Rev.Discoveries of Industrial Rev.

Seed drillSeed drill = Jethro Tull = Jethro Tull Crop rotationCrop rotation = Charles = Charles

“Turnip”Townsend“Turnip”Townsend Replaceable plow bladesReplaceable plow blades = =

Jethro WoodJethro Wood

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Mechanized loomMechanized loom = John Kay = John Kay Spinning “jenny”Spinning “jenny” = James = James

HargreavesHargreaves Cotton ginCotton gin = Eli Whitney = Eli Whitney Steam engineSteam engine = James Watt = James Watt SteelSteel = William Kelly, Henry = William Kelly, Henry

BessemerBessemer Telegraph & Morse codeTelegraph & Morse code = =

Samuel MorseSamuel Morse

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Lives of Women changed during Lives of Women changed during I.R.I.R.

1. took factory jobs1. took factory jobs 2. became nurses, teachers, 2. became nurses, teachers,

telephone operators, & telephone operators, & secretariessecretaries

3. able to attend college3. able to attend college 4. middle class women didn’t 4. middle class women didn’t

have to work or spend more time have to work or spend more time w/ childrenw/ children

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Methods of Production changed Methods of Production changed during I.R.during I.R.

1. Factory owners divided the 1. Factory owners divided the manufacturing process into manufacturing process into steps.steps.

2. they hired unskilled labor to 2. they hired unskilled labor to perform each step.perform each step.

3. The use of machines in some 3. The use of machines in some of the steps helped the workers of the steps helped the workers produce more in a shorter timeproduce more in a shorter time..

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Iron Law of WagesIron Law of Wages Ricardo stated that supply & Ricardo stated that supply &

demand determine wages.demand determine wages. When labor is plentiful, wages When labor is plentiful, wages

remain low; when labor is scarce, remain low; when labor is scarce, wages rise.wages rise.

As the pop. grows, more workers As the pop. grows, more workers become available and wages become available and wages drop.drop.

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Factory Act of 1802Factory Act of 1802 Shortened hours and improved Shortened hours and improved

conditions for children working in conditions for children working in cotton mills;cotton mills; ineffective because it ineffective because it had no means of enforcement.had no means of enforcement.

The Factory Act of 1833 corrected The Factory Act of 1833 corrected this.this.

People centered in one place working People centered in one place working for a certain number of hours per for a certain number of hours per day for fixed pay is called the day for fixed pay is called the factory factory systemsystem

1010

Role of Unions in Improving wages Role of Unions in Improving wages & working conditions& working conditions

1. Unions represented the workers to 1. Unions represented the workers to management in discussions of disputes management in discussions of disputes over wages, hours, & conditions.over wages, hours, & conditions.

2. Agreements were written into 2. Agreements were written into contracts lasting for a fixed period of contracts lasting for a fixed period of time. time.

3. Unions collected dues from workers 3. Unions collected dues from workers and paid the workers from those funds and paid the workers from those funds when there was a strike.when there was a strike.

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What led to the development of What led to the development of Socialism & Communism?Socialism & Communism?

Uneven distribution of wealthUneven distribution of wealth socialism-political & economic -political & economic

system in which the gov’t owns system in which the gov’t owns the means of productionthe means of production

Communism=authoritarian =authoritarian socialism; economic & political socialism; economic & political system in which gov’ts own the system in which gov’ts own the means of production & control means of production & control economic planningeconomic planning

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Factors that forced employers to Factors that forced employers to improve wages & working conditionsimprove wages & working conditions

1. Strikes1. Strikes 2. Protests2. Protests 3. Competition3. Competition 4. Profit loss4. Profit loss 5. Unions5. Unions

1313

Adam SmithAdam Smith

Considered the founder of Considered the founder of classical economicsclassical economics

Scottish economist who wrote Scottish economist who wrote The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations

1414

Adam Smith’s law of supply & demandAdam Smith’s law of supply & demand

Prices & profits depend on both the Prices & profits depend on both the amount of available goods and the amount of available goods and the demand for those goodsdemand for those goods

If an item is scarce & in great If an item is scarce & in great demand, people pay a high price for demand, people pay a high price for it & profits riseit & profits rise

As manufacturers then invest money As manufacturers then invest money to make more of the product, to make more of the product, supplies soon exceed demand, and supplies soon exceed demand, and prices go downprices go down

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I.R influence other areas of societyI.R influence other areas of society

1. it help create a middle class1. it help create a middle class 2. put women & children in the 2. put women & children in the

work forcework force 3. created a capitalist economy3. created a capitalist economy 4. gave rise to corporations4. gave rise to corporations 5. gave ideas of social, political, 5. gave ideas of social, political,

& economic reform& economic reform Still couldn’t solve problem of Still couldn’t solve problem of

Irish home ruleIrish home rule

1616

Karl Marx & Friedrich EngelsKarl Marx & Friedrich Engels

wrote wrote Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto believed that a capitalist society believed that a capitalist society

would split into two economic would split into two economic classesclasses

Capitalist system – the means of Capitalist system – the means of production are privately ownedproduction are privately owned

Believed the capitalist system Believed the capitalist system should be destroyedshould be destroyed

1717

Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur

In the 1860s he developed a In the 1860s he developed a process of heating liquids to process of heating liquids to kill bacteria and prevent kill bacteria and prevent fermentation; process was fermentation; process was named pasteurizationnamed pasteurization

1818

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud In the early 1900s the Austrian In the early 1900s the Austrian

doctor introduced the idea of the doctor introduced the idea of the unconscious as a determining unconscious as a determining factor in human behaviorfactor in human behavior

Freud called this process of Freud called this process of revealing & analyzing revealing & analyzing unconscious motivations unconscious motivations psychoanalysispsychoanalysis

1919

More inventionsMore inventions

1870s – Michael Faraday = electricity1870s – Michael Faraday = electricity 1870s – Alexander Graham Bell = 1870s – Alexander Graham Bell =

telephonetelephone Late 1800s – several European Late 1800s – several European

inventors developed combustion inventors developed combustion enginesengines