1 A Prosocial Behavior/Bystander Intervention Program for Student-Athletes Developed By: The University of Arizona C.A.T.S. Life Skills Program In Partnership

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A Prosocial Behavior/Bystander A Prosocial Behavior/Bystander Intervention Program for Student-Intervention Program for Student-

AthletesAthletes

Developed By:Developed By:

The University of Arizona The University of Arizona

C.A.T.S. Life Skills ProgramC.A.T.S. Life Skills ProgramIn Partnership with the NCAAIn Partnership with the NCAA

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OverviewOverviewProsocial Behavior Prosocial Behavior

Bystander InterventionBystander Intervention TheoryTheory

Applicability to Student-AthletesApplicability to Student-Athletes

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Goals of STEP UP!Goals of STEP UP!INDIVIDUAL LEADERSHIPINDIVIDUAL LEADERSHIP

SHARED RESPONSIBILITYSHARED RESPONSIBILITY

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What Does it Mean to STEP What Does it Mean to STEP UP?UP?

Prosocial Behavior Prosocial Behavior – Any act performed with the Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another persongoal of benefiting another person

Bystander InterventionBystander Intervention

Intervening in an Intervening in an emergencyemergency

Helping in a Helping in a non-emergency*non-emergency*

Intervention can be Intervention can be directdirect or or indirectindirect

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What Difference Can You What Difference Can You Make? Make?

““Never doubt that a small group Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed citizens of thoughtful committed citizens

can change the world. can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing Indeed, it is the only thing

that ever has.” that ever has.”

- - Margaret MeadMargaret Mead

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Get Those Clickers Get Those Clickers Ready!Ready!

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Have you used clickers Have you used clickers before?before?

0% 0%0%

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1.1. No, I am a clicker virgin.No, I am a clicker virgin.

2.2. Yes, but only a couple Yes, but only a couple times.times.

3.3. For your information,For your information,I am a clicker guru.I am a clicker guru.

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What is your gender?What is your gender?

0%0%

1.1. MaleMale

2.2. FemaleFemale

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What is your year in What is your year in school?school?

0% 0% 0%0%0%

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1.1. FreshmanFreshman2.2. SophomoreSophomore3.3. Junior Junior 4.4. SeniorSenior5.5. OtherOther

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SurveySurvey

Student-athletes were asked about Student-athletes were asked about attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors around: around:

Drinking too muchDrinking too muchHazingHazingBeing taken advantage of sexually Being taken advantage of sexually Discrimination/Harassment Discrimination/Harassment

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I believe something should be I believe something should be done to done to

intervene in problematic intervene in problematic situations.situations.

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1.1. Strongly AgreeStrongly Agree

2.2. AgreeAgree

3.3. NeutralNeutral

4.4. DisagreeDisagree

5.5. Strongly Strongly DisagreeDisagree

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I believe it is my responsibility I believe it is my responsibility to intervene in a problematic to intervene in a problematic

situationsituation..

0% 0% 0%0%0%


2.2. AgreeAgree

3.3. NeutralNeutral



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I have witnessed a situation, at least I have witnessed a situation, at least once, where someone’s health and once, where someone’s health and

safety were in danger. You can choose safety were in danger. You can choose any or all of these.any or all of these.

0% 0% 0%0%0%

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1.1. Drinking too muchDrinking too much

2.2. HazingHazing

3.3. Being taken Being taken advantage of advantage of sexuallysexually

4.4. DiscriminationDiscrimination

5.5. NeverNever

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I believe a problematic situation I believe a problematic situation could have been avoided if someone could have been avoided if someone

had intervened.had intervened.

0% 0% 0%0%0%


2.2. AgreeAgree

3.3. NeutralNeutral



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Student-Athlete ProfileStudent-Athlete Profile

92% see themselves as leaders.92% see themselves as leaders.

75-85% want to learn skills to 75-85% want to learn skills to intervene.intervene.

89-99% believe something should 89-99% believe something should be done to intervene in a be done to intervene in a problematic situation.problematic situation.

2/3 believe it is their responsibility 2/3 believe it is their responsibility to intervene when they notice a to intervene when they notice a problematic situation.problematic situation.

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Have witnessed a situation at least once Have witnessed a situation at least once where someone’s health/safety was in where someone’s health/safety was in danger:danger:

Drinking too much – 94%Drinking too much – 94%

Hazing – 29%Hazing – 29%

Being taken advantage of sexually – Being taken advantage of sexually – 41%41%

Discrimination/Harassment – 54%Discrimination/Harassment – 54%

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AlmostAlmost

90%90%

believe a problem could believe a problem could

have been avoided withhave been avoided with

interventionintervention

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Do people always STEP Do people always STEP UP?UP?

Unfortunately, no. Research Unfortunately, no. Research indicates that people are much indicates that people are much less helpful or heroic than they less helpful or heroic than they think. Helping is based on:think. Helping is based on:

Individual CharacteristicsIndividual Characteristics

Situational CharacteristicsSituational Characteristics

Victim Characteristics Victim Characteristics

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The Bystander EffectThe Bystander Effect Phenomenon in which Phenomenon in which someone is less likely to someone is less likely to intervene in an emergency intervene in an emergency situation when others are situation when others are present than when he or she is present than when he or she is alone.alone.

The Kitty Genovese Story The Kitty Genovese Story

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BROTHER’S KEEPERBROTHER’S KEEPER

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Why Don’t People Help?Why Don’t People Help?

Because helping others is not Because helping others is not just about one decision.just about one decision.

– Helping requires several sequential Helping requires several sequential decisions to be made. decisions to be made. Failure at any Failure at any one of the steps will result in no one of the steps will result in no help.help.

– Multiple factors can prevent the Multiple factors can prevent the right decision from being made.right decision from being made.

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The 5 Decision Making The 5 Decision Making StepsSteps

1.1. Notice the EventNotice the Event

2.2. Interpret the Event as a Interpret the Event as a

Problem/EmergencyProblem/Emergency

3.3. Assume Personal ResponsibilityAssume Personal Responsibility

4.4. Know How To HelpKnow How To Help

5.5. Implement the HelpImplement the Help

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Reasons Why People Don’t Reasons Why People Don’t HelpHelp

Step 1Step 1: Notice the Event: Notice the Event There are 2 reasons we may not notice There are 2 reasons we may not notice

that a problem exists or is about to occur: that a problem exists or is about to occur:

Other people/events create distractions.Other people/events create distractions.

Sometimes we don’t want to notice!Sometimes we don’t want to notice!

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Strategies for STEP 1 Strategies for STEP 1 Notice the EventNotice the Event

1.1. Be aware of your surroundings.Be aware of your surroundings.

2.2. Anticipate problems/Look for red flags.Anticipate problems/Look for red flags.

3.3. If you do notice a problem, consider If you do notice a problem, consider the best intervention strategies and/or the best intervention strategies and/or the best exit strategies. the best exit strategies.

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Step 2: Interpret the event as Step 2: Interpret the event as a problem/emergency.a problem/emergency.

The 2 main reasons we don’t are:The 2 main reasons we don’t are:

A.A.AmbiguityAmbiguity- Sometimes it’s not clear if someone - Sometimes it’s not clear if someone

needs help.needs help.

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B. ConformityB. Conformity

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Conformity: 2 TypesConformity: 2 Types Informational influenceInformational influence– When a situation is ambiguous we When a situation is ambiguous we

will use other people’s behavior as will use other people’s behavior as information for how to act. We thus information for how to act. We thus conform to the group in order to be conform to the group in order to be accurateaccurate..

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Looking to others does not always Looking to others does not always provide the right answer:provide the right answer:

Pluralistic Ignorance Pluralistic Ignorance Phenomenon whereby Phenomenon whereby

bystanders assume that nothing bystanders assume that nothing is wrong because no one else is wrong because no one else looks concerned. When all looks concerned. When all bystanders assume that no one bystanders assume that no one else is upset or concerned, then else is upset or concerned, then all assume it is not a problem, all assume it is not a problem, and NOBODY HELPS!and NOBODY HELPS!

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I have experienced I have experienced pluralistic ignorance in a pluralistic ignorance in a

social setting.social setting.

0%0%

1.1. YesYes

2.2. NoNo

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Conformity: 2 TypesConformity: 2 TypesNormative influenceNormative influence– We conform to the group’s rules in We conform to the group’s rules in

order to fit in, be accepted, be order to fit in, be accepted, be liked, or avoid dislike. But liked, or avoid dislike. But normative influence can create a normative influence can create a “Spiral of Silence.”“Spiral of Silence.”

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There have been times when I There have been times when I have given in to group pressure have given in to group pressure

and wish I hadn’t.and wish I hadn’t.

0%0%

1.1. TrueTrue

2.2. FalseFalse

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Follow the LeaderFollow the LeaderPart I: Asch researchPart I: Asch research

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Strategies for STEP Strategies for STEP 2 2 Interpret as a Interpret as a problem/emergency:problem/emergency: 1.1. Investigate an ambiguous event Investigate an ambiguous event

further - even if others appear further - even if others appear unconcerned. unconcerned.

2.2. Ask others what they think.Ask others what they think.3.3. Be mindful of peer pressure and be Be mindful of peer pressure and be

prepared to react to it.prepared to react to it.a.a. Have the confidence to Have the confidence to TAKE A STANDTAKE A STAND. . b.b. Choose to be respected rather than Choose to be respected rather than

liked. liked.

4.4. If you are a victim, let someone If you are a victim, let someone know you need help!know you need help!

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Step 3: Assume Personal Step 3: Assume Personal ResponsibilityResponsibility- The main reason we don’t:- The main reason we don’t:

Diffusion of ResponsibilityDiffusion of Responsibility

Phenomenon whereby each Phenomenon whereby each bystander’s sense of responsibility to bystander’s sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of help decreases as the number of witnesses increases. People witnesses increases. People incorrectly assume that someone incorrectly assume that someone else will help…but then NOBODY else will help…but then NOBODY HELPS!HELPS!

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Strategies for STEP 3Strategies for STEP 3Assume Personal Assume Personal ResponsibilityResponsibility

1.1. Don’t assume someone else will Don’t assume someone else will do something. Take it upon do something. Take it upon yourself to STEP UP!yourself to STEP UP!

2.2. Publicly state your intention to Publicly state your intention to help. You can decide later if help. You can decide later if intervention is unnecessary.intervention is unnecessary.

3.3. Enlist others to STEP UP!Enlist others to STEP UP!

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Step 4: Have the skills to interveneStep 4: Have the skills to intervene

– Even when people successfully execute Even when people successfully execute Steps 1-3 they still may not help! Why? Steps 1-3 they still may not help! Why?

They don’t know what to do/how to They don’t know what to do/how to do it.do it.

Emergency/Non-emergencyEmergency/Non-emergency

Direct/Indirect interventionDirect/Indirect intervention

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Strategies for STEP 4Strategies for STEP 4 Have the Skills to HelpHave the Skills to Help

1.1. Learn skills/strategies to STEP Learn skills/strategies to STEP UP, depending on the situation.UP, depending on the situation.

2.2. Practice the skills when Practice the skills when possible - Be prepared.possible - Be prepared.

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Take his/her keys Take his/her keys away, drive the person away, drive the person homehome

Remove the person Remove the person from situationfrom situation

Administer CPRAdminister CPR

Talk to person Talk to person directly about the directly about the problem problem

Call 9-1-1Call 9-1-1

Seek assistance Seek assistance from a professional from a professional

Distract the people Distract the people involvedinvolved

Enlist othersEnlist others

Speak to a coach, Speak to a coach, trainer, trainer, administrator or administrator or other professionalother professional

Learn moreLearn more

Emergency

Non- Emergency

Ind

irect

Dir

ec

t

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Step 5: Implement the Help: STEP UP!Step 5: Implement the Help: STEP UP!

- - Sometimes people STILL don’t help. Why? Sometimes people STILL don’t help. Why?

Costs/RewardsCosts/Rewards Perhaps it is dangerous or they perceive Perhaps it is dangerous or they perceive more costs than benefits for helping. more costs than benefits for helping.

*Remember, there are also costs for *Remember, there are also costs for notnot helping.helping.

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Focus on Focus on S.E.E.S.E.E.

SAFESAFE Responding Responding– Choose a course of action (direct or Choose a course of action (direct or

indirect) indirect) that that bestbest ensuresensures the safety of those the safety of those involved. involved.

EARLYEARLY Intervention Intervention– Before it becomes a problem, crisis or Before it becomes a problem, crisis or

disaster.disaster.

EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE Helping Helping– Implement specific helping skills depending Implement specific helping skills depending

on the situation and avoid harmful helping.on the situation and avoid harmful helping.

Remember the Law of Delivery. Remember the Law of Delivery.

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From A Student-AthleteFrom A Student-Athlete

““Catching problems before they arise is Catching problems before they arise is a huge success. Usually you know the a huge success. Usually you know the problem people before going out so you problem people before going out so you can ID that way. For those you don’t can ID that way. For those you don’t know and the unknown circumstances, know and the unknown circumstances, just watch for early signs in the party. It just watch for early signs in the party. It is not difficult to see – intuition is key. is not difficult to see – intuition is key. Once a problem starts, simply pulling Once a problem starts, simply pulling the “victim” from the situation can work the “victim” from the situation can work without even addressing what the issue without even addressing what the issue at the time is. That way there is not at the time is. That way there is not direct confrontation at the scene.”direct confrontation at the scene.”

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Strategies for STEP 5Strategies for STEP 5Implement the HelpImplement the Help

1.1. If it is safe and you are willing to help, If it is safe and you are willing to help, implement the most appropriate skills and implement the most appropriate skills and strategies for the situation…and STEP UP!strategies for the situation…and STEP UP!

2.2. Be the first! Sometimes the actions of one Be the first! Sometimes the actions of one can give strength and permission to can give strength and permission to others.others.

3.3. Create shared and agreed upon standards Create shared and agreed upon standards of behavior and expectations within your of behavior and expectations within your team.team.

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Other Factors That Other Factors That Affect HelpingAffect Helping

Perspective TakingPerspective Taking

Obedience to Obedience to Authority/Perceived AuthorityAuthority/Perceived Authority

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How accurate do you think you How accurate do you think you are at judging how others are are at judging how others are

feeling?feeling?

0% 0% 0%0%0%

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1.1. Call me Bull’s-Call me Bull’s-eyeeye

2.2. Above averageAbove average

3.3. AverageAverage

4.4. Below averageBelow average

5.5. I suck at it!I suck at it!

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Perspective Taking:Perspective Taking:What do you see?What do you see?

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Perspective TakingPerspective TakingThe ability to identify with the feelings, The ability to identify with the feelings, thoughts, and beliefs of another person.thoughts, and beliefs of another person.

In order to take the perspective of another In order to take the perspective of another person:person:– Imagine how the person thinks and feels.Imagine how the person thinks and feels.– Imagine being in the same situation.Imagine being in the same situation.– Imagine that you are the other person.Imagine that you are the other person.

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Follow the LeaderFollow the LeaderPart II: Milgram research Part II: Milgram research

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Reasons We Reasons We Didn’tDidn’t InterveneIntervene

Assumed it wasn’t a problem Assumed it wasn’t a problem – Interpreting Event as Problem/Pluralistic Interpreting Event as Problem/Pluralistic

IgnoranceIgnorance

It was none of my businessIt was none of my business– Assuming Personal ResponsibilityAssuming Personal Responsibility

Assumed someone else would do somethingAssumed someone else would do something– Diffusion of Responsibility/Accept Personal Diffusion of Responsibility/Accept Personal

ResponsibilityResponsibility

Believed others weren’t botheredBelieved others weren’t bothered– Pluralistic IgnorancePluralistic Ignorance

Didn’t know when/how to interveneDidn’t know when/how to intervene– Possess Skills to HelpPossess Skills to Help

Felt my safety would be at riskFelt my safety would be at risk– Costs/RewardsCosts/Rewards

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Reasons We Reasons We DidDid Intervene Intervene

It was the right thing to doIt was the right thing to doTeammates should look out for each Teammates should look out for each otherotherI would want someone to help me in that I would want someone to help me in that situationsituationSomeone needed helpSomeone needed helpSo the situation wouldn’t escalate So the situation wouldn’t escalate To preserve the reputation of my teamTo preserve the reputation of my team

INDIVIDUAL LEADERSHIPINDIVIDUAL LEADERSHIPSHARED RESPONSIBILTYSHARED RESPONSIBILTY

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Other areas in which you Other areas in which you can can STEP UP!STEP UP!

– Academics Academics – StressStress– Disordered Eating/Body Image IssuesDisordered Eating/Body Image Issues– DepressionDepression– Substance AbuseSubstance Abuse– GamblingGambling– Community ServiceCommunity Service– Sportsmanship IssuesSportsmanship Issues– Others? Others?

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How Can We Increase How Can We Increase Helping?Helping?

Encourage/acknowledge prosocial, helping behaviors.Encourage/acknowledge prosocial, helping behaviors.

Increase and optimize Decision Making Steps.Increase and optimize Decision Making Steps.

Reduce inhibiting factors (pluralistic ignorance, Reduce inhibiting factors (pluralistic ignorance,

conformity, diffusion of responsibility, etc.).conformity, diffusion of responsibility, etc.).

Increase awareness and identification of risk factors.Increase awareness and identification of risk factors.

Make “in-group” more inclusive.Make “in-group” more inclusive.

Practice perspective taking.Practice perspective taking.

Increase knowledge, skills and confidence. Increase knowledge, skills and confidence.

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““Courage is the first of Courage is the first of human qualities because it human qualities because it

is the quality which is the quality which guarantees all others.”guarantees all others.”

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

STEP UP!STEP UP!

Documents

1 A Prosocial Behavior/Bystander Intervention Program for Student-Athletes Developed By: The University of Arizona C.A.T.S. Life Skills Program In Partnership