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Slide titleIn CAPITALS
50 pt
Slide subtitle 32 pt
UMTS OVERVIEWPraveen Chandrasekaran
Sr Systems Engineer
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Commercial in confidence 2007-01-102
POP Quiz
RSCP
Node BRNC
SC Ec/NoIub
MgW
BLER
Eb/No
IRATUE
RAB
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How Does My Network Topology Look Today ?
SGSN
IP BackboneGGSN
SGSNGGSN
Internet
GPRS - Network Baseline
GSM - Network Baseline
BSC
BSC
GSM RAN
BSC
BSC
GSM RAN
TDM BackboneMSC MSC
HLR/AUC
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TDM/IP/ATM
How Would this look with WCDMA
SGSN
WCDMA Introduction
BSC
BSC
GSM RAN
BSC
BSC
GSM RAN
MSC MSC
GGSNSGSN
GGSN
Internet
MGw MGw
MSC-S MSC-S
RNC
RNC
WCDMA RAN
RNC
RNC
WCDMA RAN
HLR/AUC
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GSM Radio Access Network
Core Network
BSC
BSC
A/Gb
Abis
UmBTS BTS
BTS
MS
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WCDMA Radio Access Network
Iu= Iu PS - Gb Iu CS - A
Core NWUTRAN
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f
Code
t
MS 1MS 2MS 3
5 MHz
Access Technology Comparison
frequency
Time-Division Multiple Access
TDMA
frequency
Time-Division Multiple Access
TDMA
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GSM and WCDMA Comparison
Separate users through different codes
Continuous transmission and reception
Code planning – No Frequency Planning
Variable Cell Radius: Cell Breathing
Radio Link: 1 UE <-> Many Node-B’s
Power is Capacity
Scrambling Code Planning
Soft/Softer Handover
Hard Handover
Orthogonal in time within a cell
Time Slot Synchronization in time
Frequency planning
“Fixed” Cell Radius
Radio Link: 1 MS <-> 1 RBS
# of Frequencies limit capacity
BSIC Planning
Hard Handover
GSM WCDMABTS NodeBBSC RNCMS UE
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What is Radio Access Bearer (RAB) ? RAB
– Controlled by the core network (CN)– CN determines traffic class and QoS
– Real-Time Applications Streaming Class: Preserve time relation between
entities (packets) in a data stream Conversational Class: Preserve time relation
between entities within a certain delay– Non-Real Time Applications
Background Class: Destination is not expecting data. Preserve Payload
Interactive Class: Request / Response Pattern with preserved payload
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Conversational Speech 12.2 kbps Circuit switched
Conversational CS Data 64 kbps Circuit switched
Streaming 128/128 PS
Interactive Variable rate Packet switched
Multi-RABCombination of Conversational Speech and Interactive 64/64
RAB Examples
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RAB Attributes
• Transfer delay
RAB Service Attributes
• Traffic Class
• Maximum bit rate [kbps]
• Delivery order
• Maximum SDU size
• SDU format information
• SDU error ratio
• Residual bit error ratio
• Delivery of erroneous SDUs
• Guaranteed bit rate
• Traffic handling priority
• Allocation/retention priority
• Source statistics descriptor
• Relocation requirement•RAB asymmetry indicator
RAB
UE RBS RNC CN
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What is High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
STANDARDIZED Integral part of WCDMA (3GPP Release 5)
REDUCED DELAY Reduced round trip time
CAPACITY 2 – 3 times improved system throughput
SPEED Higher bit rates: up to 14 Mbps
Smooth Upgrade Short time to market with existing sites
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Future proof WCDMA RAN
2004 2005 2006 2007
MBMSWCDMA MIMO2x2
HSDPAPhase 2
HSDPAPhase 1
2008
Enhanced ULPhase 1
Enhanced ULPhase 2
Latency (ms)
14
1.8
~50
28
5.8
~30
14
5.8
~30
3.6
0.384
~75
0.384
0.064
~150
UL Mbps
DL Mbps
LTE20 MHz
2009
100
50
~10
Continuous improvement of data capabilities, also after HSPA
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HSDPA Basic Principles
Shared Channel TransmissionDynamically shared in time & code
domain
Higher-order Modulation16QAM in complement to QPSK for
higher peak bit rates
2 ms
Short TTI (2 ms)Reduced round trip delay
Fast Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining
Reduced round trip delay
Fast Radio Channel Dependent Scheduling
Scheduling of users on 2 ms time basis
Fast Link AdaptationData rate adapted to radio
conditions on 2 ms time basis
t
P
Dynamic Power AllocationEfficient power &
spectrum utilisation
Slide titleIn CAPITALS
50 pt
Slide subtitle 32 pt
RF OVERVIEW
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Outline Pilot Coverage Capacity Cell Breathing Concepts Radio Network Design Strategies
– Securing coverage– Achieving confined cells– Selecting strategic sites– Code planning– Power planning– Neighbour planning– Micro-Cell Design Considerations
Combining GSM and WCDMA– Using IRAT to enhance service area
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What is Coverage in WCDMA Signal does not mean “Coverage” in WCDMA
Pilot Signal - RSCPPilot Ec/NoService Coverage
Pilot RSCPPilot Ec/No
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Eb/No and Sensitivity
The required Erequired Ebb/N/N00 is the minimum ratio to achieve a given QoS (BER or BLER) for a specific service.
The RBS sensitivityRBS sensitivity is the required minimum signal level at the reference point that satisfies the Eb/N0 requirement of the related service.
NNff is the effective noise figure at reference point.
PGNoEb
NoEc
IC
reqbfthrefsens NENNRBS 0, PG -
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Properties of WCDMA Link BudgetProcessing Gain - Downlink receiver sensitivity
Thermal noise = - 108 [email protected] MHz
Pro
cesi
ng g
ain
UE Noise Figure
Eb/No
Sensitivity – minimum code powerrequired
-110 dBm
-120 dBm
-130 dBm
Speech
Packet 64
Packet 128
Packet 384GSM Speech
(Thermal noise – Process Gain)
Sensitivity = Pthm – 10log(Rchip/Rinfo) + Nf + Eb/No
Processing Gain = Rchip/Rinfo
Speech
PS 64
CS 64PS 384
Plan for a service
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Properties of WCDMA Link BudgetShared power resources in downlink
Mobiles share the available power in the cell
The power usage depends on– Distance to cell– Radio environment– Interference– Service type
High power usage far from cell or with high data rate service
Low power usage close to site in good radio condition
Sensitivity levels are different for different services Different services will have different coverage levels
Link budgets for the RABs consider coverage as well as capacity.
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PRx
UL sensitivity
Properties of WCDMA Link Budget Noise rise - single cell
-110 dBm
-120 dBm
-130 dBm
WCDMA ULPint,own
Own cell interference
Each new user decreases the cell size – cell “breathes” with load
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PRx
UL sensitivity
Properties of WCDMA Link Budget Noise rise - multi cell
-110 dBm
-120 dBm
-130 dBm
WCDMA ULPint,own
Own cell interference
Pinter,othe
r
Other cell cell interference
The anticipated load must be taken into account in the cell planning process
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Capacity Considerations Effect of different user distribution
High power usageLow capacity
Low power usageHigh code usage
Code limited scenario
Power limited scenario
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Radio Network Design Strategies
Inputs Securing coverage Achieving confined cells Selecting strategic sites Parameter planning Using IRAT Indoor and microcells
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Securing Coverage
High gain antennas (15-18 dBi)
Use TMAs– Indoor coverage– With Enhanced UL this
will be even more important
Plan for network load Consider service coverage
15 dBi 18 dBi
CPICH RSCP
CPICH Ec/Io
Service Coverage
Design is built up by considering the basics first.
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Designing for LoadRAB Coverage
Unloaded
RAB Coverage High Load
Coverage shrinks with load due to cell breathing.
Coverage and capacity evaluation should be performed early in the design.
Capacity per sector is specified, then coverage is evaluated under corresponding load.
Coverage and capacity can be traded off.
– Large coverage footprint, low capacity.
– Smaller coverage footprint, high capacity.
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Service CoverageAMR 12.2k
Voice
PS 64k I/B
Coverage footprint for all services (RABs) will not match.
Specify coverage target for a particular service under particular load.
Speech
PS 64
CS 64PS 384
Plan for a service
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Controlling Interference – Confining Cells Electrical Antenna tilt. Use RET.
– For efficient capacity tuning.
High Gain antennas (small vertical BW).
– To achieve maximum benefit of tilt.
Separate antenna systems recommended.
– GSM and UMTS may require different tilt.
0%2%4%6%8%
10%12%14%16%18%20%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Tilt
Cap
acity
gai
n
Example of capacity gain vs tilt
Ideal capacity when –3 dB point at cell border
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Selecting Strategic Sites Avoid boomers
– Harder to confine coverage.– Generate interference far
away from service area.
High sites generate interference outside the planned coverage area
Placing sites close to traffic ensures high capacity
Place sites close to traffic
– Ensures high air interface capacity
Sectorize Omni sites
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Scrambling Codes (Also called PN, long or gold codes)
SC3 SC4
SC5 SC6
SC1 SC1
Cell “1” transmits using SC1
SC2 SC2
Cell “2” transmits using SC2
Downlink: Scrambling Code used to distinguish each cell (assigned by operator – SC planning)
Uplink: Scrambling Code used to distinguish each UE (assigned by network)
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Handovers
Soft/Softer handover– HO between cells using same UMTS carrier
frequency
IRAT handover/Cell change– HO/cell changes between UMTS and GSM
Inter-frequency handover– HO between different UMTS carrier frequencies
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Concept of Soft/Softer Handover
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
Single Link
The UE measured the CPICH Signal strenght (RSCP) and quality (Ec/No) to determine which cell to add in the active set
Add and remove from active set is based on relative measurments
Softer handover-two cells within the same RBS in Active Set
Soft handover-two cells from different RBS in Active Set
Soft/Softer handover-three cells in Active Set
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Parameter Planning - Neighbors
Good neighbor planning is essential
Typically more neighbors per cell in UMTS– Neighbor Set
Maximum = 32 Typical = 20
– Active Set Maximum = 4 Typical = 3
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WCDMA Coverage GSM CoverageRoad
Using the WCDMA Frequency
Using the GSM Frequency
Inter RAT Handover
Inter Radio Access Technology (IRAT) handover
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Planning IRAT – What are the Options ? IRAT everywhere during initial
deployment– Allows immediate service coverage
IRAT in mature networks– IRAT handover allowed only in
border areas or selected sites
GSM network
WCDMA
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IRAT Strategies If GSM has better coverage it can be advantageous to terminate the
call (speech) in GSM. (Operator Defined Strategy)– In order to minimize handover.
This can be achieved by:– Not allowing GSMUMTS.– Only allow handover when there is significant load in GSM.
Strategy only possible for CS services.– PS services use cell reselection mechanism moves to 3G where
possible. Packet handovers to GPRS/EDGE result in degradation of user
experience.
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Micro-Cells Design Considerations
Smaller coverage area close to site
Large coverage area
Higher interference limits coverage area close to site
Primary application for micro is hotspot areas.
– Essential to place site close to traffic.
Micro cell coverage area depends on distance to macro base station.
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High load
Cell breathing
Low loadHigh load
Cell breathing
Low load
Cell reduction due to capacity load.
The Indoor solution will provide up to 4 times the capacity in the macro cell network! Penetrating buildings with outdoor cells is wasteful of resources for high-rate WCDMA users since high power is needed.
Network Design – Indoor Coverage
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Consider all aspects (technical and business) as design inputs
Different RABs have different service coverage
Load impacts Service coverage area (Cell Breathing)
Secure coverage and contain interference
Indoor coverage design considerations
IRAT Strategies
Conclusions
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