02 - Emile Durkheim pres.pdf

7/25/2019 02 - Emile Durkheim pres.pdf

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Emile Durkheim


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Social Facts

! social are to be treated as things as things have tostudied empirically not philosophically.

! Things cannot be conceived by purely mental activity

!

Social facts were external to, and coercive of, theactor

! Material social facts are the clearer, real, materialentities.

! Nonmaterial social facts are what we now call asnorms and values, generally known as the culture.


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Levels of Social Reality

! Material Social Facts1. Society

2. Structural components of society (church and state)

3. Morphological components of society (population

distribution, channels of communication, and housingarrangements)

! Nonmaterial Social Facts1. Morality

2. Collective consciousness3. Collective representations

4. Social currents


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Division of Labor in Society

Division of labor in society is a material social fact that involves the degreeto which tasks and responsibilities are specialized.

! Mechanical Solidarity Relative undifferentiated social structure, with little to no division of labor Tend to occupy very general positions in which they perform a wide variety of

tasks and handle a large number of responsibilities Repressive law: due to their strong belief in a common morality, any offense

against their shared value system is likely to be of significance to most individuals

! Organic Solidarity Has a much greater and more refined division of labor More specialized positions and have a much narrower range of tasks and

responsibilities Restitutive law: instead of being severely punished for even seemingly minor

offenses against the collective morality, individuals in this more modern type ofsociety are likely simply to be asked to comply with the law or to repay.


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!ANOMIEWeakened common morality.

Individuals are not faced with sufficient moral constraint

When do not have a clear concept of what is and what is not

proper and acceptable behavior.


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Collective Consciousness

The totality of beliefs and sentiments common toaverage citizens of the same society forms adeterminate system which has its own life; one may callit the collective or common conscience It is, thus, anentirely different thing from particular consciences,although it can be realized through them


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Suicides

L O W ! E G O I S T I C S U I C I D E

I N T E G R A T I O N H I G H ! A L T R U I S T I C S U I C I D E

L O W ! A N O M I C S U I C I D E

R E G U L A T I O N H I G H ! F A T A L I S T I C S U I C I D E


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Religion8

S A C R E D A N D P R O F A N E

T O T E M I S M

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02 - Emile Durkheim pres.pdf