Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy

134 P. K. Guha Road Dum Dum Kol-28

Study Material of 22/6/2020

For Class Nursery to XII

Class Nursery

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Practice Book – Pg 16, 17

· Do in the book

Math

· Practice Book : Pg 47

· Do in the book

Hindi

· Letter ‘छ’

· Write in the copy

Bengali

· সাহিত্য কুঁড়ি – Pg ২৫

আগের ও পরের দুটি করে স্বরবর্ণ বসাও।

· Write in the book

Class KG I

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Cursive letters

· Write V – Z in copy

Math

· Numbers Name: 11 – 15

· Write in the copy

Bengali

· ‘বর্ষা’ কবিতা – সাহিত্য মুকুলঃ Pg ৩৩

· শুনে মুখস্থ করও।

Hindi

· ‘सवेरा’ – बाल गीत: Pg 4

· Listen and learn

Computer

· Pg 14, 15 – Exercise C

· Answers (Do in the book)

C. 1. C 2. C 3. C 4. A

Class KG II

Subject

Topic

Execution

English (Term I)

· Pg 50

· Read and understand

Math

· Worksheet (Days)

· Check WhatsApp

Computer

· Pg 19 (Exercise C, D)

· Answers: (Write in the book)

C 1. MOUSE 2. KEYBOARD

3. MONITOR 4. CPU

D 1. B 2. A 3. A

Art/Craft

· Pg 6

· Do in the book

Class I

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

English 1

Homes of animals

Done

Read and learn the table. Page 65

English 2

Chapter 4 the thief

Done

Learn all whatever given. l

Maths

Chapter 5ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers defines the position of something

first--1st Second --2nd

third--3rd fourth--4th

fifth--5th sixth--6th

seventh--7th eighth--8th

ninth --9th tenth--10th

EVS

Chapter 8

done

3. What is a pucca house?

Ans-A house made of bricks, steel,stones and cement is called a pucca house.

4. What is a kutcha house?

Ans- A house made of mud, straw, wood and leaves is called kutcha house.

Hindi

Chapter 6

Done

Book page51

चित्र देखकर शब्दों में मात्रा लगाइए:-

ढोलक, नोट, तौलिया,चौकी, लोमड़ी, नौकर

Bengali

বই–বাংলা সাহিত্য পরিচয়

পাঠ–২১

কবিতা – ছুটি কবি – রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর

কবিতার সরাংশ :-

এই কবিতায় কবি এক বর্ষা দিনের কথা বলেছেন। তার সাথে বলেছেন এক শিশুর ছুটির আনন্দের কথা । তবে এখানে কবি বর্ষার বৃষ্টির বর্ণনা দেননি, বর্ণনা করেছেন মেঘ সরে গিয়ে ঝিলিক দেওয়া রোদ্দুরের কথা ।শিশুমনেরআনন্দেচারিদিকে ঘুরে বেড়াচ্ছে , মনের খুশিতে কেয়াপাতার নৌকা ফুল দিয়ে সাজিয়ে ভাসিয়েছে দিঘির জলে।

১।ছুটি কবিতাটি কবির নাম সহ চার লাইন মুখস্থ লেখো।

Class II

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Eng literature

Ch 1 Brave Jiya

Refer to pg 11

Write in the book

**children you first try to solve them on your own and then check the answers from here.

Ex .H.]Rearrange the given group words to make sentences.

ANSWERS

1. Richa likes to dance.

2. Ajay is feeding his dog.

3. The cow is eating grass.

4. The bag is heavy.

5. I like to eat mangoes.

Eng language

Ch 8 Having Verbs

Refer to pg

Do in the book

Ex. B] With the help of the line clues , write sentences using has or have.

Answers.

1. Vivek and Vinita have a pet squirrel.

2. Rana has a pet parrot.

3. Rani has a pet turtle.

4. Rinky has a pet fish.

The Rao family has a pet dog.

EVS

Ch 7 Houses We Build

Refer to pg 133

Write in the school copy and learn them.

Ex E] Answer the following questions.

[continuation]

Qs 5] How is a stilt house different from a houseboat?

Ans. The difference between them is that a Stilt house is built high above the ground and a Houseboat floats on water.

Mathematics

CHAPTER 5 SUBTRACTION

3-DIGIT SUBTRACTION WITHOUT BORROWING

EXPLAINED IN PREVIOUS CLASS

3-DIGIT SUBTRACTION WITHOUT BORROWING

EXPLAINED IN PREVIOUS CLASS

Bengali

বই–বাংলা সাহিত্য পরিচয়

পাঠ–৮

কবিতা–আমাদের গ্রাম

কবি–বন্দেআলি মিঞা

কবিতারসরাংশ :-

কবি এই কবিতায় বাংলার গ্রামের বর্ণনা দিয়েছেন । গ্রামে হয়তো ঘর ছোট তবে সেখানে সকলে মিলেমিশে থাকে । তারা সকলে একসাথে পাঠশালায় যায় আর কখনোই ঝগড়া বিবাদ করে না । তারাবড়দের কথা শুনে চলে । সেখানে আছে মাঠ ভরা ধান , দিঘী ভরা জল । সেই জলে চাঁদের কিরণ লেগে ঝিকমিক করে । প্রকৃতির বুকেশোনা যায় নানান পাখির কলতান, বয়েযায়স্নিগ্ধ বাতাস, গাছে গাছে ফুটে থাকে নানান ফুল।

প্রশ্ন :-

১।আমাদের গ্রাম কবিতাটি কবির নাম সহ ছয় লাইন লেখো।

Hindi

महीनों के नाम

याद करें और लिखने का अभ्यास करें

प्रश्न:-महीनों के नाम लिखिए।

उत्तर :- 1)जनवरी 2)फरवरी 3)मार्च 4)अप्रैल 5)मई 6)जून 7)जुलाई 8)अगस्त 9)सितंबर 10)अक्टूबर 11)नवंबर 12)दिसंबर

Class III

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

COMPUTER

DRAWING IN MS PAINT

FILL WITH COLOUR TOOL

Fill with color tool is used to fill the image or part of an image with different colors.

Step 1: In home tab, select paint bucket tool given next to the pencil tool.

Step 2: You can change the background color to be filled with.

Select Colour 1 option and then click on the color pallete to change the color as shown,

Step 3: Click the portion with the paint bucket tool to fill with the selected background color.

Here, you can view the image filled with red color using paint bucket tool.

READ THE SUMMARY PART

Eng language

Ch 12 Verbs

Refer to pg 47

Children, verbs are doing words or action words but in this chapter we will learn some more important things about verbs.

Verbs also tells us about how people or things are now ,at present.

Examples -Words like AM.IS, ARE

Read pg 46 and 47

WARMUP[pg 47 do in the book]

Answers

am

is

is

is

are

am

are

Science

Birds (Types of Nests)

Types of Nests

Weaver bird – Weaver birds build a strong nest with grass and twigs. They pull the grass in and out with their beaks as they wave the nest. The nests hang from the branch of the tree. The birds enter their homes through a tunnel-like opening at the bottom of the nest.

Woodpecker – These birds use their strong and pointed beaks to make a hole in the tree trunk and then they make their nest comfortable by lining it with bits of wood.

Penguin – Penguins live in icy regions. They collect pebbles and stones together on ice-free ground to make their nests. These prevent the eggs from rolling away and protect them from melting ice.

Book’s Exercise

Question & Answers:

3. How is a woodpecker’s nest different from that of a penguin?

Ans. A woodpecker makes its nest in the hole of a tree trunk and a penguin collects and puts pebbles and stones together on ice-free ground to make its nest.

Social studies

Our home planet Earth.

Globe:

A globe is a true model of the earth. The Earth is so huge that we cannot see all of it at once. A globe helps us to see the Earth as it is. A globe is more accurate than a map because it mimics the true shape of the Earth.

Maps:

Globes cannot be carried everywhere, so parts of the Earth are drawn on flat pieces of paper called maps. Map is usually a drawing of a place or a part of it. It shows all the details of a place clearly. Maps help us to locate places. A book of maps is called an atlas. It is a collection of maps showing geographical features of various part of the Earth.

Draw a picture of a globe.

Hindi

Chapter 6 वचन

प्रश्न:- एकवचन को बहुवचन में बदलिए:-

उत्तर :- 1)बच्चा-- बच्चे 2)वस्तु --वस्तुएँ 3)माला --मालाएँ 4)चारपाई –चारपाइयाँ

5) अध्यापिका—अध्यापिकाएँ

6) चिड़िया—चिड़ियाँ 7)दवाई --दवाइयाँ 8)लड़का --लड़के 9)रात –रातें

10) घड़ी –घड़ियाँ

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

বইয়ের নাম –বাংলা সাহিত্য পরিচয়

পাঠ – নয়

আদর্শ ছেলে

কুসুম কুমারী দাস

কবিতার সারাংশ –

কবি বলেছেন প্রকৃত ভালো ছেলেদের কথায় নয়, কাজে বড় হতে হবে। হাসি মুখে সকল কাজে এগিয়ে যেতে হবে। হাত পা সবার আছে, কিন্তু ভালো হতে গেলে মনুষ্যত্বই হতে হবে একমাত্র উপায়। দুর্বল , ভীতু ছেলে কারুরই কাম্য নয়। বুকের ভিতর শক্তি, তেজ জাগিয়ে তুলতে হবে। কেবল জন্মেই নয়, কর্মের মাধ্যমে নিজের আসল পরিচয় গড়ে তুলতে হবে।

১। আদর্শ ছেলে কবিতাটি কবির নামসহ আট লাইন মুখস্থ লেখো।

Class IV

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Social studies

India physical divisions

The Islands:

An island is a piece of land surrounded by water on all sides. There are many islands in the water bodies that surround the Indian peninsula. The two main groups are the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian Sea. Andaman and Nicobar comprise of 572 Islands and its capital is Port Blair. The Lakshadweep islands are a group of 36 islands. Kavaratti is the capital of these islands. Most of these islands are ring shaped coral islands.

Solved exercises:

Put a tick ✓on the correct option:

1. The top of the mountain is called a - (c ) peak.

2. Mt. Mount Everest is –(c ) 8848 metres.

3. Andaman and Nicobar islands –( c) 572 Islands.

Central plateau is also known as

(a) Black cotton soil region.

Match the following:

1.The Himalayas -Mt.Everest

2.The Northern Plains - Alluvium

3.The Indian Desert – Rajasthan

4. The Peninsular plateau - black cotton soil region.

5. The Coastal Plains – lagoons.

Write true or false:

1. False. 2. False. 3. False. 4. False. 5. False.

English language

Proverbs

A proverb is a well – known phrase or sentence that gives advice or says something that is generally true. A proverb is also known as a saying. It is a proverb that tells us that people judge us more by what we actually do (deeds) than by what we say ( words).They contain much wisdom. They give us advice, which may also come in the form of a warning.

Example:

Look before you leap.

This proverb advises us to be careful – to think before we do something, that is not to act hastily, because once we have done something, we cannot undo it no matter how sorry we may feel.

Given below are a few well-known proverbs: ( learn these only )

1.Better late than never.

Meaning: if you should do something like a duty or keeping a promise it is better to do it even if you are late in doing it rather than not doing it at all.

2.Do as you would be done by.

Meaning: treat or behave towards others just as you would like them to treat or behave towards you. If you would like others to treat you well, you must treat them well.

3.Don't put the cart before the horse.

Meaning: do things in the right order.

4.Empty vessels make the most sound.

Meaning: If you strike a container when it is empty, it will make more sound than when it is full of something. So also empty headed persons, those who are least able to say or do anything useful or sensible, speak the most, that is, make the most ‘sound.’

Science

The Teeth (Microbes)

Microbes:

Microbes are extremely small living organisms that cannot be seen with naked eyes, they are microscopic. Microbes are single celled living organisms. Some microbes are useful to us and on the other hand some microbes are harmful to us and can cause diseases. Disease causing microbes are called germs.

:Book’sexercise:

D. Give the differences between:

3. Enamel and Dentine:

Enamel

Dentine

1 Enamel is the outer layer of the tooth.

2. It is white in colour.

1. Dentine is the middle layer of the tooth.

2. It is slightly yellow in colour.

COMPUTER

FORMATTING IN MS WORD

Adding Borders Using Borders and Shading Dialog Box

1. The Borders and Shading dialog box enables you to select from a list of preset or custom borders and shading styles to add to selected text, paragraphs, etc.

· Select the paragraph(s), cells, graphics, etc, to which you want to add borders.

· On the Format menu, click Borders and Shading. The Borders and Shading dialog box will be displayed.

· Click the Borders tab to display the Borders options page.

· Under Setting, click any of Box, Shadow, or 3-D, if you want border line on all four sides of the selected item.

· In the Style list, click a desired line for the border style you want.

· In the Color box, click the line color you want for the border.

· In the Width box, click the line width you want for the border.

(To change individual border lines to a new style, color, or width, first click Custom, then click the Style, Color, and Width settings you want, and then click the border buttons in the Preview diagram to apply the new options.)

· In the Apply to box, click the item on which to apply the borders and shading formatting settings you have selected.

· Click OK.

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

বইয়েরনাম – বাংলা সাহিত্য পরিচয়

পাঠ – ১৩

কবিতা –

বাংলাদেশ

সত্যেন্দ্রনাথদত্ত

কবিতার সারাংশ –

কবি বাংলাদেশ কবিতার মধ্য দিয়ে পল্লী বাংলার অপূর্ব রূপ বর্ণনা করেছেন। সবুজ গাছপালায় ঘেরা, সোনার ফসলে ভরা আমাদের এই বাংলাদেশ। জলাশয়ে ফুটে থাকে পদ্ম ফুল, গাছে নানান পাখির কলতান শোনা যায়। আমাদের এই বাংলাদেশ আমাদের মায়ের সমান। এখান কার দুর্দশায় আমরা দুঃখ পাইতে মনি দেশের গর্বে গর্বিত হই। আবার এই দেশের মাতিতেই আমরা খুঁজে পাই পিতৃ ও পিতা মহের চরণ ধূলি।

১। বাংলাদেশ কবিতাটি কবির নাম সহ আট লাইন মুখস্থ লেখো।

Class V

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Social studies

Indian Constitution

Socialist:

Socialist means that all Indians must enjoy social and economic equality. All can earn and share the wealth of the nation. There must be no discrimination based on caste or community. All are entitled to equal status, opportunities and decent standard of living.

Secular:

Secular means all religions are treated equally and there is no state religion. People are free to propagate and practice any religion. Religion is not taught as a subject in any school nor there is any government religion. it is the duty of the government to protect the citizens of the country without any discrimination based on caste, Creed or religion.

Democracy:

Democracy is a form of government where people have a Right to vote and elect their representatives to the government. They make laws on behalf of the people. If people are not satisfied with the elected leaders they can remove them and elect new ones in their place. Democracy is a government of the people, for the people and by the people. All Indian citizens who are 18 years and above can vote. This is called Universal adult franchise.

1. What does the word Socialist mean?

Ans: The word Socialist means that all Indians must enjoy social and economic equality. No discrimination based on caste or community.

2. What does the word Secular mean?

Ans: Secular means all religions are treated equally and there is no state religion.

3. What is Democracy?

Ans: Democracy is a government of the people, for the people and by the people.

COMPUTER

ALGORITHM AND FLOWCHART

FLOWCHART

A FLOWCHART IS A GRAPHICAL DEPICTION OF AN ALGORITHM. FLOW CHARTS SHOW THE SEQUENCE OF INFORMATION IN A PROGRAM. VARIOUS SYMBOLS ARE USED TO CREATE A FLOWCHART.

THE SYMBOLS WITH THEIR NAME AND MEANINGS ARE GIVEN BELOW IN A TABLE

RULES FOR CREATING A FLOWCHART

2. THERE CAN BE ONLY WON'T START AND STOP SYMBOL IN A FLOWCHART.

3. THE DIRECTION OF FLOW LINES MUST BE FROM TOP TO BOTTOM OR LEFT TO RIGHT.

4. THE ROSE MUST ALWAYS BE MARKED WITH ARROW HEADS.

USE PROPER SYMBOL AT EACH STEP LIKE INPUT/OUTPUT,DECISION OR PROCESSING.

Science

Pollination

The main function of a flower is reproduction, it does this by producing fruits and seeds. Reproduction is completed in two steps – pollination and fertilization.

The process of transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same or another flower is known as pollination. The pollen grains produced in the anther of the stamen and transferred to the stigma of the pistil for fruit and seed formation. There are two types of pollination: Self-pollination and Cross-pollination.

Book’s exercise

A Tick the correct answer:

1. The outermost part of a flower is formed by the– sepals.

2. Which is the male reproductive part of a flower – androecium

3. Which of the following is not a part of the carpel? - anther

4. Which of these contains ovules? - ovary

5. Which of these is not an agent of pollination? – soil

SUBJECT

TOPIC

SUMMARY

EXECUTION

MATHEMATICS

Ch: 6

Common Fractions

Comparison of Unlike fractions

Exercise – 25

1. Which fraction is greater in each pair?

(b) , (c) ,

· Solution:

(b) , The L.C.M. of 11 and 7 = 117 = 77

= = and = =

Now > > .

(c) , The L.C.M. of 3 and 9 = 9

= = and = =

Now > > .

2. Which fraction is smaller in each pair?

(b) , (c) ,

· Solution:

(b) , The L.C.M. of 11 and 17 = 1117 = 187

= = and = =

Now < < .

(c) , The L.C.M. of 9 and 99 = 99

= = and = =

Now < < .

3. Write >, < or = in the box to make correct sentence:

(a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d)

· Solution:

(a) > [Both have same numerator and 5 is smaller then 9]

(b) = [Because = ]

(c) < [Both have same numerator and 13 > 8 ]

(d) > [Both have same numerator and 19 < 79 ]

6. Arrange the following fractions in ascending order:

(e) , , , (f) , , ,

· Solution: (e) The L.C.M. of 3, 9, 12 and 18 = 2233 = 36

2 3, 9, 12, 18

3 3, 9, 6, 9

3 1, 3, 2, 3

1, 1, 2, 1

Now,

= = = =

= = = =

The ascending order = < < < or, < < <

(f) The L.C.M. 5, 10, 15 and 30 = 30

Now,

= = = =

= = = =

The ascending order = < < < or, < < <

7. Arrange the following fractions in descending order:

(e) , , , (f) , , ,

· Solution: (e) The L.C.M. of 3, 6, 8 and 4 = 223 = 24

2 3, 6, 8, 4

2 3, 3, 4, 2

3 3, 3, 2, 1

1, 1, 2, 1

Now,

= = = =

= = = =

The descending order = > > > or, > > > .

(e) The L.C.M. of 9, 12, 8 and 36 = 22233 = 72

2 9, 12, 8, 36

2 9, 6, 4, 18

3 9, 3, 2, 9

3 3, 1, 2, 3

1, 1, 2, 1

Now,

= = = =

= = = =

The descending order = > > > or, > > > .

Exercise – 26

Note: To reduce a given fraction in its lowest terms:

(a) Divide by a common factor

(b) Divide by the H.C.F.

1. Which of the following fractions are in their lowest terms?

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

· Solution: (c), (d) and (e)

[Because in these fractions, they do not have any common factor for the numerator and the denominator, for each fraction.]

2. Reduce the following fractions to their lowest terms:

(a) (b) (g) (e)

· Solution:

(a) The H.C.F. of 18 and 36 = 18 =

(b) The H.C.F. of 9 and 27 = 9 =

(g) The H.C.F. of 18 and 30 = 6 =

(e) The H.C.F. of 14 and 21 = 7 =

Practice at home.

Exercise - 25

6. Arrange the following fractions in ascending order:

(c) , , , (d) , , ,

7. Arrange the following fractions in descending order:

(c) , , , (d) , , ,

Exercise – 26

2. Reduce the following fractions to their lowest terms:

(f) (h)

Class VI

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

THE MAURYAN ADMINISTRATION

The Arthashastra of Kautilya, the Indika of Megasthenes and Ashoka’s edicts gave detailed account of the Mauryan administration.

1. 1. The Central administration – the King was head of administration, supreme authority in executive, legislative, judicial and military matters. He was supreme commander of armed forces as well as chief justice.

2. Kings were described as devanampriya i.e. beloved of Gods. Despite having unlimited powers, they do not act like autocrat. He takes advice from ministers and ruled according to Dharma.

3. 2. Provincial and local administration – Ashoka’s empire was divided into 04 major provinces. each province was under a prince or royal family member with an official status of a viceroy or governor. Provinces were divided in a number of districts with head of districts called Sthanika i.e. local official.

4. 3. The City Administration – city administration was well organized. Kautilya mentions that the city was placed under the charge of Nagraka i.e. the City Magistrate. As per Megasthenes description of Patliputra, it was administered by a committee of 30 officials, divided into 6 committees with 5 members each having different responsilibility.

5. 3. Welfare Measures – Ashoka treated his subjects as his children , hence worked for their physical and mental welfare. Hospitals were built for men and animals. Wells were dug and rest houses were made for travellers. Ashoka , although being a Buddhist treated all the religions and sects in equal measure.

6. 4. Social Conditions – Caste system prevailed during Mauryan times. The Brahmins and monks held a high position. The society consisted of farmers, artisans, traders, metal workers, hunters and herdsmen. Slavery was prevalent in the society, Ashoka banned games linked to Animal cruelty. Women were educated and participated in social and religious matters, but their condition started deteriorating. Polygamy also existed.

7. 5. Economic conditions – Political stability of Mauryan empire brought all round prosperity. Laying and maintenance of roadways and waterways led to great expansion of industry and commerce. Trade was orgaised in merchant guilds i.e. sanghas and shrenis. Guilds used to manage both internal and external trade on a large scale. 18 chief handicrafts like wood work, metal-work and jewellery were very organised.

8. 6. Art and Architecture – Art and culture developed as a result of prosperity. Stone pillars are best example of Mauryan art. These pillars are found in places like Sanchi, Sarnath, Allahabad and Nandangarh. Pillars have 3 parts – 1. Base, 2. Shaft and 3. Capital, top most part.

9. Sarnath pillar was most famous. It was erected on the spot where Buddha preached his first sermon(Dharmachakrapravartan). Upper part of the capital has 4 lions standing back to back. The wheels show that Buddha’s message went round the world. Polish of Asoka’s pillar was matchless , travellers confused them to be of brass, not stone.

****Describe the Mauryan Administration.

MATHS

Numbers

Negetive numbers and Integers

Study Item : Some solved sums from exercise – 6

1) Fill in the blanks:

(i)Negetive of – 20 is 20

(ii)Negetive of 0 is 0

(iii) Negetive of 8 is -8

(iv) If 10 represents gain of Rs 10, then -10 represents loss of Rs 10

(v) If going south is negative then going north is positive

(vi) Because 5 <7, therefore -5 > -7

(vii) If 3 > -2, then 3 is on the right side of -2

(viii) If – 8 < -6, then -8 is on the left side of -6

4) Add:

(i) 13 and 15

Solution: 13 + 15 = 28

(ii) – 13 and 15

Solution: - 13 + 15 = 2

(iii) 13 and - 15

Solution : 13 + (-15)

= 13 – 15 = - 2

(iv) – 13 and -15

Solution: - 13 + (-15) = -13 -15 = - 28

5) Add :

(i) 259 and 214

Solution : 259 + 214 = 473

(ii) – 528 and - 243

Solution: - 528 + (- 243)

= - 528 – 243

= - 771

(iii) – 623 and 326

Solution: - 623 + 326

= - 297

(vi) 257 and – 254

Solution: 257 + (- 254)

= 257 – 254 = 3

6) Subtract :

(i) 5 from 8

Solution : 8- 5 = 3

(iii) 4 from -7

Solution : -7 – 4 = -11

(iv) – 8 from -2

Solution : -2 –(-8)

= - 2 + 8 = 6

(v) -3 and 12

Solution: 12 – (-3)

= 12 + 3 = 15

COMPUTER

BASICS OF WINDOWS 10

A. TICK THE CORRECT OPTION

1.a)32

2.d) MEMORY DISK DRIVE SYSTEM

3.d)SUITE

4.b) CATEGORY VIEW

5.d) ALL OF THE ABOVE

B. FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. .TXT

1. PAINT

1. COPYING

1. RECYCLE

1. PRODUCT/SOFTWARE

C. WRITE TRUE OR FALSE

1. TRUE

1. FALSE

1. TRUE

1. TRUE

1. FALSE

Class VII

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

GEOGRAPHY

ATMOSPHERE

THERMOSPHERE:

· This layer extends up to 450 km from the surface of the Earth.

· This layer absorbs various types of solar radiations and therefore temperature increases.

· This result in the breaking up of the molecules of atmospheric gases into electrically charged particles called ions.

· These ions reflect radio waves back to the Earth and enable radio broadcasts and wireless communication. This layer is known as ionosphere.

· Thermosphere is the hottest layer of the atmosphere.

EXOSPHERE:

· Exosphere is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere.

· It is thousands of kilometers thick and merges with interplanetary space.

· The air is extremely thin and rarefied.

· It has very low pressure.

· It is composed of very light gases such as hydrogen, helium and oxygen.

Q1. Define Aurora.

A1. An aurora can be seen at thermosphere. Aurora sometimes referred to as polar lights, northern lights or southern lights is a natural light display in the Earth’s sky, predominantly seen in the high- latitude regions. Auroras are the bright, beautiful bands of light. Auroras are caused by high energy particles from the sun interacting with the atoms in the ionosphere layer of our atmosphere.

Q2. What is the hottest layer of the atmosphere?

A2.The hottest layer of the atmosphere is Thermosphere.

Q3. What is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere?

A3.Exosphere.

Mathematics

Number System

Fractions

Study Item : Some solved sums from exercise – 3(E)

8) A picture was marked at Rs 90. It was sold at 3/4 of its marked price. What was the sale price?

Solution: The marked price of the picture = Rs 90

Therefore, the selling price of the picture = 3/4 0f its marked price = 3/4 × Rs 90 = Rs 270/4 = Rs 67.50

10) A rope is 51/2 m long.

How many pieces each of 3/2m can be cut out from it?

Solution: Given, the length of the rope = 51/2m

Therefore, the length of the one cut piece = 3/2m

Therefore, the required l number of equal cut piece =(51/2 ÷ 3/2) =51/2×2/3= 17

11) The heights of two vertical poles, above the earth’s surface, are 57/4m and 67/3m respectively. How much higher is the second pole as compared with the height of the first pole?

Solution: Given, the heights of two vertical poles are 57/4m and 67/3m respectively.

Therefore, here 67/3m > 57/4m so, we subtract 57/4m from 67/3m.

Therefore, the second pole is (67/3 – 57/4)m

= (268 – 171)/12 m= 97/12m higher than the first pole.

Physics(VII)

Motion

Study Item : Rest and Motion

1. What is Rest?

Ans: A body is said to be at rest if its position with respect to a fixed point or an object in its surroundings do not change with time.

Explanation: Suppose, there are present two objects one tree and other a car. We notice that the car does not change its position with respect to the tree with time. Then it is called that the car is at rest with respect to tree.

2. What is motion?

Ans: A body is said to be in motion if its position with respect to a fixed point or an object in its surrounding keep changing with time.

Expiation: Suppose, there are present two objects one tree and other a car. We notice that the car has changed its position with respect to the tree with time. Then, it is called that the car is in motion with respect to tree. Therefore, during motion the position of the of the object keep changing with respect to a fixed point in their surrounding with time.

3. Why is motion relative?

Ans: When a book kept on a table we call it rest. But, when a bird flying in the sky we call it motion. Again, a person sitting in a bus is at rest with respect to the bus but in motion with respect to the surrounding outside the bus. When two objects are in motion, the change of position of one object with respect to the other depends on two factors- their speeds and their direction of motion from the above example, it is shown that motion is relative.

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

বাংলা সাহিত্য পরিচয়

পাঠ – ৬

কবিতা – ধূলামন্দির

কবি – রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর

কবিতার সারাংশ – শুদ্ধাচারে শূচি বস্ত্রে পূজা অর্চনা ঈশ্বর প্রাপ্তির একভ্রান্ত প্রয়াস। দেবতা কোন রুদ্ধ দ্বার দেবালয়ে নেই। দেবতা আছে সাধারণ মানুষের শ্রমের মধ্যে তাদের অতি সাধারণ দৈনন্দিন জীবন যাপনের মধ্যে। চাষি শ্রমিক এদের বলিষ্ঠ বুকের মাঝেই দেবতার স্থান। তাই কবি বলেছেন, শুচি বসন ত্যাগ করে ধূলা মলিন বস্ত্রে তাদের পাশে এসে দাঁড়ালেই পাওয়া যাবে দেবতার স্পর্শ। এই জগত সংসারে মুক্তি বলে কিছুই নেই। স্বয়ং দেবতা আবদ্ধ এই জগত সংসারে জগতের কর্মযজ্ঞে সামিল হলেই স্পর্শ পাওয়া যাবে দেবতার।

প্রশ্ন

১।সরাংশ অবলম্বনে ধুলামন্দির কবিতাটির মর্মার্থ নিজের ভাষায় লেখো।

মর্মার্থ = সারমর্ম / মূলভাব

Class IX

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Geography

Rotation

and Revolution

ROTATION AND REVOLUTION:

Rotation: The Earth rotates on an imaginary axis and takes 24 hours to complete one rotation.

The period taken for one rotation is called a day.

Revolution: The Earth revolves round the Sun along a path which takes 365 days and 6 hours is called as Revolution.

The period taken for one revolution is called a year.

ROTATION OF THE EARTH:

Orbit: The path along which the Earth revolves around the Sun is called Orbit. The Orbit ha s an elliptical in shape.

The Earth rotates on an imaginary axis. The axis is inclined at an angle of 23½° from the vertical or 66½° towards the plane of its orbit.

The Circle of Illumination: It is the imaginary line that demarcates light from darkness–day from night.

Direction: As the Earth rotates from west to east, almost every part of the Earth's surface comes before the Sun. Since the Earth rotates in a west-east direction, we see the Sun rising everyday in the east and setting in the west.Speed: As Earth takes 24 hours to complete one rotation, a point on the equator moves a distance of about 40,000 km during that period so the speed of movement of a point at the equator is about 1,670 km per hour.

Due to the spherical shape, the speed of rotation decreases both to the north and south of the equator.

At the two poles which are the two ends of the imaginary axis, there is no relative movement due to rotation.

EFFECTS OF EARTH'S ROTATION:

Rotation of the Earth causes the alternation of day and night.

Rotation of the Earth is also responsible for difference in time between different places on the Earth. The difference in time is 4 minutes for each degree of longitude (24 hrs divided by 360°).

Due to the rotation of the Earth from west to east, the Sun, the Moon, planets and the stars appear to move from east to west across the sky. The Sun appears to rise in the east and set in the west. This apparent movement of the Sun and other heavenly bodies are in a direction opposite to that of the rotation of the Earth.

The rotation of the Earth is considered responsible for the slight flattening, of the Earth at the two poles and a bulging at the equator. The equatorial diameter of the Earth is 43 km longer than the polar diameter.

Coriolis Effect: The rotation of the Earth causes a deflection of winds and ocean currents from their normal path to the right of their course in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. This deflection is due to the effect of the Coriolis force.

The occurrence of the tides in the oceans twice daily and their westward progress are the result of the rotation of the Earth.

Q1. How many motion dose the Earth has?

A1. The Earth has two motions. They are Rotation and Revolution.

Q2. Define Rotation.

A2. The Earth rotates on an imaginary axis and takes 24 hours to complete one rotation. This called Rotation.

Q3. Define Revolution.

Q3. The Earth revolves round the Sun along a path which takes 365 days and 6 hours is called as Revolution.

Q4. What is the name given to the path along which the earth travels when moving around the Sun? How long movement does this movement takes?

A4. The path along which the Earth revolves around the Sun is called Orbit. The Orbit ha s an elliptical in shape.

It takes 365 days and 6 hours almost.

Q5. Name effects of Earth rotation.

Q5. Day and Night occur by Earth rotation.

Q6. State two effects of west to east rotation of the earth.

Q6. The effects Of Earth's rotation are:

Rotation of the Earth causes the alternation of day and night.

Due to the rotation of the Earth from west to east, the Sun, the Moon, planets and the stars appear to move from east to west across the sky. The Sun appears to rise in the east and set in the west. This apparent movement of the Sun and other heavenly bodies are in a direction opposite to that of the rotation of the Earth.

Subject: Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice – William Shakespeare)

Topic: Act II, Scene 6, Lines 40 to 68 (End of scene.)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary

Questions & Answers

They find Jessica in the balcony and she recognizes Lorenzo’s voice. She tells him that she is shy from the change of clothes from a girl’s to a boy’s. She asks Lorenzo to hold a casket which contains gold and jewels.

Lorenzo tells her that she shall be his torch-bearer in the masque. Jessica feels all the more embarrassed because to be a torch-bearer means to be more exposed to light and become visible. She desires to be hidden so that she is not exposed in a boy’s clothes. Lorenzo calms her and advises her to hurry as they are already late for Bassanio’s feast. Jessica leaves the balcony to come out of the house.

Gratiano comments that Jessica is more of a Christian than a Jew. To this Lorenzo says that he loves her deeply. He has assessed her and to him she has wisdom, beauty and honesty and so she shall always be placed in his inner heart.

To the surprise of all, Antonio appears on the scene only to accuse Gratiano of his unusual delay in joining the dinner. Antonio tells them that there will be no masque because it is too late and besides, the wind is favourable and Bassanio is quite anxious to sail off. Gratiano, instead of being disappointed by the news, feels glad at heart because he too, like Bassanio, is eager to sail off from Venice.

(1)

(Act II, Sc 6, L 51-57)

GRATIANO:Now, by my hood, a Gentile and no Jew.

LORENZO:Beshrew me, but I love her heartily: For she is wise, if I can judge of her;And fair she is, if that mine eyes be true;And true she is, as she hath prov'd herself;And therefore, like herself, wise, fair, and true,Shall she be placed in my constant soul.

(i) Explain the context in which the first speech of the above mentioned dialogue is made.

These words spoken by Gratiano in Act II, Scene 6 are his comments on Jessica’s nature. Jessica has disappeared from the upper window after telling Lorenzo that she will soon bring some more gold coins with her. Now Gratiano says that though Jessica is the daughter of a Jew, yet she has not inherited any bad qualities of a typical Jew.

(ii) What light does the above quoted dialogue throw on the character of Jessica?

The above mentioned dialogue reveals Jessica in a positive light. She is praised by both Gratiano and Lorenzo. Gratiano says that though she is a daughter of a Jew, yet she has the good qualities associated with non-Jews or Christians. Lorenzo also admires her good qualities by describing her as beautiful, wise and faithful.

(iii) Critically analyse Gratiano’s comment in the above quoted dialogue.

Gratiano’s comment shows his contempt for the Jews. He associates Jews with evil qualities. He says that though Jessica is a Jew, yet she does not have the evil qualities of a Jew. These remarks of Gratiano show his arrogance as he believes Christians are only to be associated with the good qualities.

(iv) What inference can you draw about Lorenzo from his speech?

Lorenzo’s speech shows that he is deeply in love with Jessica. He says that he will always be loyal to Jessica and she will always live in his heart. He pays compliment to her by describing her as beautiful, wise and faithful. He is a passionate lover who is deeply in love with Jessica.

(v) What does the phrase ‘by my hood’ and ‘gentile’ refer to in the first line of first speech?

The phrase ‘by my hood’ is an oath which Gratiano swears. ‘Gentile’ means one who is not a Jew and, in this case, is a Christian.

Class X

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

HISTORY AND CIVICS

THE UNION JUDICIARY

Powers of the Supreme Court:-

1. Power to punish for contempt (civil or criminal) of court with simple imprisonment for 6 months or fine up to 2000. Civil contempt means willful disobedience to any judgment. Criminal contempt means doing any act which lowers the authority of the court or causing interference in judicial proceedings

2. Judicial review - to examine the constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive orders. The grounds of review is limited by- Parliamentary legislation or rules made by the Supreme Court.

3. Deciding authority regarding the election of President and Vice President

4. Enquiring authority in conduct and behavior of UPSC members

5. Withdraw cases pending before high courts and dispose of them itself

6. Appointment of ad hoc judges-Art 127 states that if at any time there is lack of quorum of Judges of Supreme Court, the CJI may with the previous consent of the President and Chief Justice of High Court concerned request in writing the attendance of Judge of High Court duly qualified to be appointed as Judge of SC.

7. Appointment of retired judges of supreme court or high court - Art 128- The CJI at any time with the previous consent of the President and the person to be so appointed can appoint any person who had previously held the office of a Judge of SC.

8. Appointment of acting Chief Justice- Art 126- when the office of CJI is vacant or when the Chief Justice is by reason of absence or otherwise unable to perform duties of the office, the President in such case can appoint Judge of the court to discharge the duties of the office.

9. Revisory Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court under Art. 137 is empowered to review any judgment or order made by it with a view to removing any mistake or error that might have crept in the judgement or order.

10. Supreme Court as a Court of Record

The Supreme Court is a court of record as its decisions are of evidentiary value and cannot be questioned in any court.

Removal of Supreme Court Judge:

A judge of Supreme Court can be removed only from the office by the President on the basis of a resolution passed by both the Houses of parliament with a majority of the total membership and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting in each house, on the grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity of the judge in question.

Hence, a democratic country like India needs a judiciary because democratic values tend to lose their prominence without proper checks and balances.

Answer the following questions:-

1. What are the functions of Supreme Court in India?

2. Short note: - Removal of Supreme court judge.

Bengali

সমার্থকশব্দ

নীচেরশব্দেরগুলিরঅনেকগুলিকরেসমার্থকশব্দদেওয়াহল।

1)জল = অপ,বারি,পানি,নীর,উদক,সলিল।

2)ঈশ্বর = ভগবান,স্বামী,প্রভু,রাজা,ধাতা, বিধাতা,পরমেশ,বিভু,বিধি।

3)পক্ষী = পাখি,খেচর,বিহগ,খগ,গগনপতি,বিহঙ্গ।

4)গাছ = তরু,বৃক্ষ, মহীরুহ,পাদপ।

5)শরীর = তনু, কলেবর,কায়া,বপু,অঙ্গ গাত্র,দেহ।

6)মহেশ্বর = শিব,মহাদেব,ঈশান,কৃত্তিবাস,ভোলানাথ, গঙ্গাধর,গিরিশ।

7)মুখ = বদন,আনন,আস্য।

8)মা = মাতা,জননী,জন্মদাত্রী,জনিকা,গর্ভধারিনী।

Subject - Biology

Topic – Chapter —14 : Human Evolution

Summary

Execution

Today we will know about some special terms and definitions in regards to evolution.

Define:

Speciation: Origin of new species by gradual modification is called Speciation.

2. Industrial Melanism : Before industrial revolution in Manchester , the light peppered coloured moth,Bistonbitularia camouflage with the lichen growing on the houses and tree trunks was seen in large number and dark colour moth were prominent and eaten up by birds.

But after industrial revolution, pollution caused the death of lichens and darkening of tree trunks cause death of light coloured moth and survival of dark coloured moth. This phenomenon has been calledindustrial melanism.

3. Neo Darwinism :

· Darwin was unable to explain the sources of variations.

· But modern genetics has revealed the sources of variations and Darwin’s original theory of natural selection was modified.

· This new theory is termed as Neo Darwinism.

· But still Darwin is regarded as” Father of Evolution “.

Class XII

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Biology

Chapter —14 : Human Evolution

Today we will know about some special terms and definitions in regards to evolution.

Define:

Speciation: Origin of new species by gradual modification is called Speciation.

2. Industrial Melanism : Before industrial revolution in Manchester , the light peppered coloured moth,Bistonbitularia camouflage with the lichen growing on the houses and tree trunks was seen in large number and dark colour moth were prominent and eaten up by birds.

But after industrial revolution, pollution caused the death of lichens and darkening of tree trunks cause death of light coloured moth and survival of dark coloured moth. This phenomenon has been calledindustrial melanism.

3. Neo Darwinism :

· Darwin was unable to explain the sources of variations.

· But modern genetics has revealed the sources of variations and Darwin’s original theory of natural selection was modified.

· This new theory is termed as Neo Darwinism.

· But still Darwin is regarded as” Father of Evolution “ .

Subject

POLITICAL SCIENCE

Topic

CONSTITUTION

Summary

Merits of Flexible Constitution

(1) It prevents internal revolts and revolutions:

In a flexible constitution the nation is protected against internal revolts and revolutions. For instance, there have been fewer revolts and revolutions in England because of the flexible constitution of that country. The life of the people because of the flexible constitutions of that country.

The life of the people has not been disturbed there quite often, while in France, which is very close to England, monarchy has been abolished and so far five constitutions have been enacted because of revolutions and odd circumstances.

Freeman, while praising the British Constitution, remarks, “The continued national life of the people, notwithstanding foreign conquerors and internal revolutions, has remained unbroken for fourteen hundred years. At no moment has the tie between the present and the past been wholly rent asunder, at no moment have Englishmen sat down to put together a wholly new constitution in obedience to some dazzling theory. Each step in our growth has been the natural consequence of some earlier step, each change in our law and constitution has not the bringing in of any-thing wholly new but the development and improvement of something that was already old”.

(2) Adjustment:

Adaptability or elasticity is the chief merit of a flexible constitution. It enables the people to keep pace with changes in society. The British Constitution, for instance, has been able to undergo imperceptible alterations, apart from deliberate amendments in recent years. There has been a tremendous change in the powers of the monarch.

Now absolute monarchy remains in theory in England and in practice the powers of the monarch have become limited. The monarch has only the power to warn, to advice and to encourage his or her ministers and to seek any information from them regarding the administration.

(3) With the maturity of the nation, the constitution alto develops:

A flexible constitution is very useful for a developing country, because it is a great expression of its development. Judge Cooley has rightly said, “Of all the constitutions which may come into existence for the Government of the people, the most excellent is obviously that which is the natural outgrowth of the national life and which have grown and extended as the nation has matured is likely at any particular time to express principles of civil and political liberty”.

Demerits of Flexible Constitution:

The following are the demerits of a flexible constitution:

(1) Instability:

ADVERTISEMENTS:

A flexible constitution is said to be in a state of perpetual flex and it is less stable than a rigid constitution because it can be easily amended. It is liable to fall a prey to the whims and caprices of political demagogues who are moved by passions and emotions rather than by reason.

(2) Instrument in the hands of the Judges:

A flexible constitution becomes a plaything of judicial courts, because they interpret it according to their own will and give it a meaning of their own liking and choice.

(3) Unsuitable for politically backward people:

It is most unsuitable for countries which are not politically advanced. That is why a flexible constitution is not useful for most of the countries of the world and in place of flexible constitution, they have enacted written constitutions. The British Constitution is the only example of a flexible constitution in the world; otherwise almost all other countries of the world have rigid constitutions.

Since the British people are politically advanced, they have been successful in the working of their flexible constitution.

(4) Vague and indefinite:

An important defect of a flexible constitution is that it is vague and indefinite and the politicians give it meanings of their own choice. That is why vague and indefinite constitutions are not suitable for democracies.

Conclusion:

In the end we can say that a flexible constitution is not needed in modern times and it can work successfully only under the following conditions:

According to Bryce, “A flexible constitution can work only under three conditions:

(a) The supremacy must remain in the hands of a politically educated and politically upright minority,

(b) The bulk of the people must be continuously and not fitfully interested in and familiar with politics and

(c) Though legally supreme, they must remain content while prescribing certain general principles to let the trained minority manage the details of the business of the Government”.

Execution

Answer the following questions:-

1. What are the merits and demerits of flexible Constitution?

Homework- Learn.

Geography

DRIANAGE

THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF INDIA:

Drainage of India can be divided into two broad parts: The Himalayan rivers and The Peninsular rivers.

THE HIMALAYAN RIVERS:

1. Most of the Himalayan rivers areperennial, which means they have water throughout theyear, These rivers receive water from rain as well as from glaciers melted snow from the high mountains.

2. The Indus and, The Brahmaputra are major Himalayan rivers. Theyoriginate from North of the mountain ranges. Theserivers are long and joined by many large and importanttributaries.

3. They have cut through the mountains,making gorges.

4. The Himalayan rivers have long coursesfrom their source to the sea. These rivers performintensive erosion activity in their upper course and carryhuge loads of silt and sand.

5. These rivers form meanders,oxbow lakes and other depositional features duringtheir middle and lower courses in the floodplains. Theserivers have well developed deltas.

THE PENINSULAR RIVERS:

1. These are seasonal rivers as theirflow is dependent on rainfall. During the dry season,the large rivers even reduced the flow of water in theirchannel.

2. These rivers have shorter and shallowercourses as compared to the Himalayan rivers.

3. Peninsular rivers originate in the Western Ghats andflow towards the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.

4. Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kauveriare the major peninsular rivers and these rivers are going towards Bay of Bengal.

5. Whereas some rivers which originate in thecentral highlands flow westward direction in theArabian Sea are Narmada and Tapi.

THE HIMALAYAN RIVERS SYSTEMS:

1. The Indus Drainage System

2. The Ganga Drainage System

3. The Brahmaputra Drainage System

The Indus Drainage System:

· The Indus River rises from China (Tibet) near Mansarowar lake at the altitude of 5180m. It flows westwards and enters Indiain the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir.

· Several tributaries, like the Zaskar, Nubra, Shyok and Hunza join it in the Kashmir region.

· The Indus flows through Baltistan and Gilgit and emerges from the mountains at Attock.

· The Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum jointogether the Indus near Mithankot in Pakistan.

· The Indus flows southwards till it reaches the Arabiansea east of Karachi port in Pakistan.

· It has a total length of 2900 km and it is one of thelongest rivers of the world.

· It’s one third basin is located in India in the states ofJammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.The rest is in Pakistan.

· As per the Indus Water Treaty signed between Indiaand Pakistan in 1960, India can utilise only 20%(4195 million cubic metres) ofwater carried by the Indus River System. Punjab,Haryana and Southern and Western parts ofRajasthan use this water for irrigation.

INDUS RIVER SYSYTEM

Q1. Write a note on Indus river system.

A1.

· The Indus river rises from China (Tibet) nearMansarowar lake at the altitude of 5180m. It flows westwards and enters Indiain the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir.

· Several tributaries, like the Zaskar, Nubra, Shyok andHunza join it in the Kashmir region.

· The Indus flows through Baltistan and Gilgit andemerges from the mountains at Attock.

· The Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum jointogether the Indus near Mithankot in Pakistan.

· The Indus flows southwards till it reaches the Arabiansea east of Karachi port in Pakistan.

· It has a total length of 2900 km and it is one of thelongest rivers of the world.

· It’s one third basin is located in India in the states ofJammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.The rest is in Pakistan.

· As per the Indus Water Treaty signed between Indiaand Pakistan in 1960, India can utilise only 20%(4195 million cubic metres) ofwater carried by the Indus River System. Punjab,Haryana and Southern and Western parts ofRajasthan use this water for irrigation.

Q2. Differentiate between the Himalayan rivers and The Peninsular rivers.

A2.

The Himalayan River Systems

The Peninsular River Systems

The catchment areas and basins of theHimalayan river systemare very large.

The catchment areas and basins of thePeninsular rivers are of comparatively smallersize.

Himalayan rivers are larger in number.

Peninsular rivers are smaller in number.

The Himalayan rivers originate from the snowcovered areas and receive water from rainfallas well from snow-melt.Therefore they areperennial.

The Peninsular rivers depend entirely uponrain water and are seasonal or non perennial.

The Himalayan rivers form deep gorges.

The Peninsular rivers flow in shallow valleys.

These rivers are useful for irrigation and navigation.

These rivers are not much suited for irrigationand navigation.

These rivers flow across the young fold mountains and are still in a youthful stage.

These rivers have been flowing in one of theoldest plateaus of the world and havereached maturity.

The Himalayan rivers form big deltas. Ganga-Brahmaputra delta is the largest in the world.

The Peninsular rivers form comparativelysmall deltas. Narmada and Tapi formesturaries.

Subject: Eng Literature (The Tempest – William Shakespeare)

Topic: Essay Questions (EQ-1)

Question No. 1:

Give a sketch of the character of Alonso.

Answer:

Alonso, the King of Naples, is one of the three villains of the play. The other two are Sebastian and Antonio. Alonso is not as wicked as the other two. Also, he is not merely the conventional villain of the play but he has some individual traits.

As a criminal:

The one great crime of his life is his treachery to Prospero. He was a party to the conspiracy of Antonio for expelling Prospero from his dukedom and casting him and his weeping three year old daughter adrift in the perilous seas. In this way he not only satisfies his feelings of antagonism towards Prospero, but also becomes entitled to an annual tribute from Antonio who agrees to recognize the King of Naples as his sovereign Lord and to make the state of Milan a tributary of Naples. Prospero reminds him of this when he is ready to forgive him “Most cruelly didst thou, Alonso, use me and my daughter.” This crime of Alonso is attributed to an inveterate enmity between him and the Duke of Milan Prospero.

His Love for Ferdinand:

Love for his son is a great redeeming feature in the character of Alonso. It shows that the villain has a heart to feel. He loves his son deeply. He is a picture of grief when he supposes his son to be drowned. All the efforts of Gonzalo to console him prove fruitless. He strays about the island in search of his son till he is “attacked with heaviness.”

The supposed loss of his son humanizes Alonso and prepares him for the “heart’s sorrow and a clear life ensuing.” Alonso remains silent while all the members of his party keep talking to one another. Alonso takes absolutely no part in this conversation and, in fact, pays no attention at all to what the others are saying. He is completely lost in his grief. Sebastian and Antonio make many sarcastic remarks to mock at Gonzalo, but Alonso remains indifferent to what they say. Nor does Alonso pay any attention to Gonzalo’s description of his ideal commonwealth. He is almost driven to suicide by the bitter sense of his crime and loss. He bursts into a terrible self-reproach. We notice how unrestrained is his joy when he finds his lost son and bestows upon him the blessings of a glad father.

Alonso‘s sense of guilt by the effect of the Harpy’s words:

When Ariel plays a solemn music and strange shapes appear bearing a banquet and, in mime, beckons Alonso and others to eat and then disappear. Alonso is bewildered and is also afraid. When Ariel appears in the shape of a harpy and denounces the sinners who had been responsible for the expulsion of Prospero from his dukedom, Alonso is totally unnerved by the threatening words. He is so afraid that he says that the creature must surely be a supernatural being. He says that it seemed that the sea was speaking to him and reminding him of his crime. He further says that it now seems to him that his son Ferdinand is laying dead at the bottom of the ocean and that he would go and search for his son’s dead body in the depths of the ocean where it lies. The voice of Ariel drives him to realize his sin and remorse stirs in him. He suffers from an acute sense of guilt of his sin that he had committed by joining hands with Antonio and expelling Prospero from his Dukedom. His remorse knows no end.

His seeking pardon for his past misdeeds:

Alonso is a man of conscience. If at all he joined the conspiracy of Antonio to throw out Prospero, it was merely a political game. He was not as wicked as Antonio. He looks like a noble-hearted soul who repents of his evil deeds. When he meets Prospero in the last act, he begs to be excused. When he sees Prospero standing before him, all his feelings disappear. He has a conscience which is absent in Antonio. He would have begged the same of Miranda, if Prospero had not stopped him by urging him not to burden their remembrance with a heaviness that is gone. It is to be noted that among the three male sinners, he is the least criminal and his remorse is deepest and most sincere.