77
Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy 134 P. K. Guha Road DumDum Kol-28 Study Material of 04/6/2020 For Class Nursery to XII Class Nursery Subject Topic Execution English Letterr ‘P’ Write in the copy. Math Numbers 29 – 30 Write in the copy. Hindi Letter ‘क’ Write in the copy. Bengali क, कककककक कककक कककक ১০ Write in the copy Class KG I Subject Topic Execution English Small cursive letters Write i - l in copy Math Missing numbers – worksheet Check whatsapp for worksheet Computer Pg 10 Activity Time: A Do in the book. Class KG II Subject Topic Execution English ‘O’ sound worksheet Check WhatsApp Math Worksheet – ‘Count and Write’ Check WhatsApp Computer Pg 12, 13: (Exercise A) Answers (Write in book) 1. Computer never makes mistakes. 2. Human feels tired after doing some work. Hindi Worksheet Check WhatsApp Bengali ककक कककक Pg 12 Write in the book English Cursive writing Book – Pg 6 Write in the book. Class I Subject Topic Summary Execution English 1 Opposites Done Learn and practice opposites from page 59 1 st column English 2 Poem the furry home page 45 In this poem a little boy thoughtthat if he would bea mouse and he wants a house then he would choose his new red shoes because the shoes were furry from inside and from the edges so it would be a lovely place to hide. And he would not travel or roambut just sit in his furry home. Learn and write the poem in your copy (first 4 lines)

€¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

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Page 1: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy134 P K Guha Road DumDum Kol-28

Study Material of 0462020For Class Nursery to XII

Class NurserySubject Topic ExecutionEnglish Letterr lsquoPrsquo Write in the copyMath Numbers 29 ndash 30 Write in the copyHindi Letter lsquoकrsquo Write in the copy

Bengali এ ঐ বরণ দটি ১০ লাইন লেলখঃ Write in the copyClass KG I

Subject Topic ExecutionEnglish Small cursive letters Write i - l in copyMath Missing numbers ndash worksheet Check whatsapp for worksheet

Computer Pg 10 Activity Time A Do in the bookClass KG II

Subject Topic ExecutionEnglish lsquoOrsquo sound worksheet Check WhatsAppMath Worksheet ndash lsquoCount and Writersquo Check WhatsApp

Computer Pg 12 13 (Exercise A) Answers (Write in book)1 Computer never makes mistakes2 Human feels tired after doing some work

Hindi Worksheet Check WhatsAppBengali এসা লিললিখ Pg 12 Write in the bookEnglish Cursive writing Book ndash Pg 6 Write in the book

Class ISubject Topic Summary Execution English 1 Opposites Done Learn and practice opposites from page 59

1st columnEnglish 2 Poem the

furry home page 45

In this poem a little boy thoughtthat if he would bea mouse and he wants a house then he would choose his new red shoes because the shoes were furry from inside and from the edges so it would be a lovely place to hide And he would not travel or roambut just sit in his furry home

Learn and write the poem in your copy (first 4 lines)

Maths Chapter 5 Practice Do page 207 in your book by yourself EVS Chapter 8

clothes Learn and write page 133 B Match the following-( answers)

1 cook food ndashcopykitchen 2sleepmdash(d) bedroom 3meet people ndash(a) drawing room4 have a bathmdash(b) bathroom

Hindi Chapter 5 Book page 46 दिए गए शबो म सही जगह परए और ऐ की मातरा लगाइए-खल- खलपड-पडपसा- पसासहली-सहलीमान-मानथला-थला

Bengali বইndashবাংলা ালিতয পলিচয়

পাঠndash২১কলিবতাndashছটিকলিবndashবীনদরনাথ ঠাকঅনশীলনী পরস)াতত

২ শনযসথান -ক) বরষাকাসল আকাসশ কাসলা লেঘ লেদখা লেদয়খ) ালকা লেঘ সল াস1 াস1 লেসঘ ফা াসক লোদ লেদখা লেদয়গ) ছটি লিদসন আা খব জা পাইঘ)লেকয়াপাতা ব জায়গায় লেদখা যায় নাঙ) আা অসনক য় কাগসজ লেনৌকা তৈতলি

কস জসল ভাাই৩ লিবপীত-আজ - কাল গসlt - ভাস= লোদ - ছায়া লেসসছ - লেকা সদসছ লেদব - লেনব ালিসয় - লেপসয়

Computer CHAPTER 3 STARTING AND SHUTTING DOWN THE COMPUTER

B FILL IN THE BLANKS1 THE SCREEN THAT APPEARS ON THE MONITOR AFTER WE SWITCH ON THE COMPUTER IS CALLED THE DESKTOP SCREEN2 DIRECTLY SWITCHING OFF THE MAIN POWER SWITCH CAN HARM YOUR COMPUTER3 SWITCH OFF THE POWER BUTTON ON THE ELECTRIC BOARD4 WHEN YOU FINISH YOUR WORK ON A COMPUTER YOU NEED TO SHUTDOWN THE COMPUTER

Class IISubject Topic Summary Execution English literature

Book ndashOrchidCh 1 Brave Jiya

Refer to pg 8 Write in the book and learn them

Ex A Choose the correct word from the bracket and fill in the blanksAnswers

1 Sister2 Tarun3 Boats4 Shirt

Ex B Who said these words1 Jiya 2 Tarun3 jiya

English language

Ch 7 Being words

Refer to pg 3839The words was and were are also being words which tells us how people animals or things were in the past was is the past form of am and isWere the past form of are Read the table on pg 39

Ex C Join the columns to make with was and were

1 Jaya was in class 1 last year2 Mansi and Jaya were at home last

night3 Dhruv was in London yesterday4 It was hot yesterday5 I was in London last month6 Jaya was in college in 20157 The clowns were funny8 The rivers were dry last year

EVS Ch 7 Houses we Build

Refer to pg 130 to 132 In our last class I told you about different types of houses Today I will tell people who help us to build our houses They are Architect contractor labourer mason electrician plumber carpenter and painterA good house should be well ventilated and spacious comfortable clean well lit and airy Cockroach and rat makes our house dirty and spread germs We need to clean our house daily to keep these insects out of the house

Do in the bookRefer to pg 130Time to answerName the type of house-Answers

1 Log house2 Igloo3 Stilt house4 Caravan

Refer to pg 131Name the person who-

1 Labourer2 Plumber3 Carpenter4 Painter

Mathematics

CHAPTER 4 ADDITION

WORD PROBLEMSA word problem is a few sentences describing a real-life scenario where a problem needs to be solved

EXAMPLE 1Sam has 51 pencils His brother Ron has 36 pencils How many pencils do they have altogether

by way of a mathematical calculation

SOLUTIONNo of pencils Sam has = 51No of pencils Ron has = +36 ------------Total 87 Ans) They have 87 pencils altogether

Hindi Chapter 16 खालीसथान भरिरए-1 एक दिन सलोनी ीी जो फकटरी म अधि+कारी थी शरयाश क घर आई2 इतन म ननहीसाचीबोली-- पानी3 जली ही जल - सकट आन वाला ह4 सभी बचच राजी हो गए5फहार का इसतमाल नही करगबलकिलक बालटी स नहाएग6 बचच ो - ो घट की पारी स वहा बठत और राहगीरो को ठडा पानी पिपलात

Bengali বই ndash বরণ পলিচয়

পাতা ndash ১৮

১ রণndashফলা যকত শবদ লেলসখা -লিবরষনন তষণা লিষণ পাহন অপাহন২ ন- ফলা যকত শবদ লেলসখা-ভগন অলিগন অনন তন লিভনন লিনমন লেH জাহনবী

Class IIISUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTIONEng literature

POEM ROBIN Refer to pg 19

Wite the question and answers in the copy and learn them

1Answers the following questions[ continuation]

Qs d What does Robin say during the winter

Ans In winter Robin said that somebody should sing or else winter will seem long

Qs e When can we still hear Robinrsquos song

Ans In winter we can still hear Robin singing

Qs f What does Robin say in the spring

Ans In spring Robin said that it had said earlier that by keep on singing winter will soon go away

Qs g Do you think Robin is a happy birdWhy

Ans Yes Robin is a happy bird because it keeps on singing in all the season despite its drawbacks and is happy with whatever the season offers

Qs 2 Write true or false Answers

TrueFalseFalseFalsefalse

HINDI Chapter 3 6 परिरशरमी मनषय कभी शिशकायत नही करत व अपना ोष दसरो पर नही डालत

7 म बहत महनत करगा ककषा म परथम आऊगा-- अश न आतमपिवशवास क साथ कहा

1कचहरी --मर शहर म कचहरी ह

2 गपित --परकाश की गपित बहत तज होती ह

3 परिरणाम --जो जसा कमN करता ह वसा परिरणाम स धिमलता ह

4पिवधवस ndashआमफान क वजह स बहत पिवधवस हआ ह

5 आश --म अपन बडो की हर आश का पालन करता ह

6 गरमाहट --हम +प स गरमाहट धिमलती ह

दिए गए शबो को वाकय म परयोग कीजिजए

BENGALI বই ndash বাংলা ভারষা পলিচয়পাঠ ndash ২লিবরষয় ndash ধবলিন ও বরণ

১ ধবলিন কাসক বসলউঃ আাসদ খ লিদসয় লেয সব বা আওয়াজ লিনগত য় তাসক ধবলিন বসল২ বরণ কাসক বসলউঃ ধবলিন লিললিখত রপসক বরণ বসল লেযন -অ ক৩ বাগযনতর কাসক বসল উঃ খগহব ওষঠ নালিকা - লেয কল অংসশ াাসযয ধবলিন লিনগত য় তাসদ একসQ বাগযনতর বসল ৪ ধবলিন বা বরণ কত পরকা ও লিক লিক উঃ ধবলিন বরণ দই পরকালেযন - সবধবলিন বা সববরণ বযঞজনধবলিন বা বযঞজনবরণ

Subject Social studies

Topic India ndash the land of festivals

Dussehra

Dussehra is the festival that marks the victory of good over evil On this day Lord Rama killed Ravana It is a ten long day celebration and on the tenth day huge model of Ravana Kumbhkarna and Meghnad are burnt

Eid

Eid is celebrated at the end of Ramzan the holy month of fasting People wear new clothes and offer prayers at the mosque They wish each other lsquoEid Mubarak It is an occasion to express love and friendship

Christmas

Christmas is celebrated on December 25 It is celebrated as the birthday of Jesus Christ People offer special prayers at the church Christmas tree is decorated and gifts are exchanged Children eagerly wait for gifts from Santa Claus

Gurupurab

Gurupurab is celebrated by the Sikhs Guru Nanak was the first Sikh guru His birthday is celebrated as Guru Nanak jayanti in the month of November Sikhs go to the Gurudwaras and worship the Guru Granth Sahib A free community kitchen called langar is organised where all rich and poor people eat together

Harvest festivals

India is a land of farmers Farmers grow crops and harvest is the special time when all the crops are ready to be cut and sold in the to earn money after months of wait Some of the harvest festivals are

Makar sankranti

Makar sankranti also known as Maghi is one of the few Indian festivals that is celebrated on a fixed date January 14 It marks the end of winter and beginning of spring season People fly kites on this dayClass - III Date04 062020SUBJECT TIPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Mul

tiplic

ation

Multiplication by two-digit numbers

Exercise ndash 29Multiply

16 205times29 18 519times15 20 406times19 21 187times48

Solution16 2 0 5 times 2 9 1 8 4 5 (205times9) Multiply by ones then by 4 1 0 0 (205times20) tens and add Break 29 5 9 4 5 (205times29) into 20+9

18 5 1 9 times1 5 2 5 9 5 5 1 9 0 7 7 8 5

20 4 0 6 times1 9 3 6 5 4 4 0 6 0 7 7 1 4

21 1 8 7 times4 8 1 4 9 6 7 4 8 0 8 9 7 6

Practice at home14) 241times3219) 443times16

Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English literature

Hercules and Deianira (tales from Greece and Rome)

Hercules accepted the challenge of King of Argos He performed those wonderful deeds known as the twelve great labours of Hercules He killed lions poisonous water-snakes wild boars (wild pig) and fierce bulls tamed flesh eating horse defeated the Amazons in battle and killed a fierce dragon And at last when all the dangers were overcome Hercules was set free He started to wander from place to place He came to a country ruled by a king who had beautiful daughter named Deianira

1 By what name Hercules deeds were knownAns Twelve great labours of Hercules

2 Describe how Hercules overcame all the dangersAns Hercules killed lions poisonous water-snakes wild boars and fierce bulls tamed flesh eating horses defeated the Amazons in battle and killed a fierce dragon

3 Who was DeianiraAns Hercules came to a country ruled by a

king who had a very beautiful daughter Deianira

Social studies

India ndash physical divisions

The Northern PlainsThe Northern Plains are about 2400 km in length extending from the Punjab in the West to Assam in the east Most of the rivers that start from the Himalayas flow through the Northern Plains Indus Ganga Brahmaputra and Yamuna are some important rivers of this region As the rivers flow from the mountains they carry with them broken rocks sands and silt The fine silt which is deposited by the rivers is called alluvium This alluvial soil along with the plenty of rainfall made the Northern Plains very fertile

Northern Plains extends from Punjab in the West to Assam in the east

1Give the extension of the Northern PlainsAns The Northern Plains are about 2400 km in length from the Punjab in the west to Assam in the east2 Name the rivers which flow in the Northern PlainsAns Ganga Yamuna Brahmaputra and Indus rivers flow in the Northern Plains3 What is alluviumAns The fine silt which is deposited by the rivers is called alluvium

Science The Teeth (Structure of a tooth)

Structure of a ToothEach tooth has two main parts crown and the root These two parts are separated by neck it is thin and narrow The top part of the tooth called crown it is seen above the gum The lower part of the tooth is called root It cannot be seen as it is inside the gum Root holds the tooth firmly in place A tooth has three layers enamel dentine and pulp Enamel - The outer white layer is called the enamel it is the hardest part of the body

Dentine ndash The middle layer of the tooth is slightly yellow and known as dentine It is softer than enamel

Pulp ndash The innermost layer of the tooth is called pulp It is soft and has blood vessels in it The nutrients reach the tooth through the blood vessels

Bookrsquosexercise A Tick the correct answer5The sharp and pointed teeth to tear food ndash caninesB Fill in the blanks1 A newborn baby has no teeth 2 Milk teeth are also called temporary teeth

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 4 FORMATTING IN MS WORD

FORMATTING IS A GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF TEXT IN A DOCUMENTWE CAN CHANGE THE APPEARANCE OF A DOCUMENT BY USING THE FEATURES AVAILABLE IN MS WORD WE CAN USE DIFFERENT FONTS COLOURS AND STYLES IN THE TEXT

FORMATTING FEATURESFORMATTING IS DONE TO IMPROVE THE APPEARANCE OF A DOCUMENTTHE FORMATTING FEATURES IN MS WATER AVAILABLE UNDER THE HOME TABTHIS TAB CONTAINS FONT GROUP WHICH HAS FONT FORMATTING OPTIONS AND A PARAGRAPH GROUP WHICH HAS PARAGRAPH FORMATTING OPTIONS

FONTUPON TEACHERS STYLE OF WRITING AND TYPING MANY FORMS ARE AVAILABLE IN MS WORD

FOLLOWING ARE THE STEPS TO CHANGE THE FONT TYPE SELECT THE TEXT THAT WE WANT TO FORMAT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB CLICK ON DROPDOWN ARROW NEXT TO THE FONT BOX IN THE FONT GROUP SELECT 11 FONT TYPE FROM THE FONT LIST BOX THE SELECTED FONT TYPE WILL BE APPLIED TO THE SELECTED TEXT

BOLD ITALIC AND UNDERLINE COMMANDS IN MS WORDTHESE COMMANDS ARE GIVEN IN THE FONT GROUP IN THE HOME TAB THEIR FUNCTIONS ARE GIVEN BELOWBOLD IT ALLOWS YOU TO BOLD THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENTITALIC IT ALLOWS YOU TO ITALICIZE THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENTUNDERLINE IT ALLOWS YOU TO UNDERLINE THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENT

CHANGE FONT TYPE

CHANGE FONT COLOR

CHANGE CASE OF SENTENCESWORDSPARAGRAPHS

CHANGE TEXT ALIGNMENT IN MS WORD

APPLY STYLE IN MS WORD

READ PAGE 30 AND 31SUBJECT TIPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

ACTI

VITY

- 7

Add the following 1 1 1g L T-Th Th H T O 7 3 0 2 3 7 + 1 1 3 9 6 3

1 1 1h L T-Th Th H T O 5 7 2 8 4 5 + 3 5 6 4 8 4

8 4 4 2 0 0 9 2 9 3 2 9

MEN

TAL

MAT

HS

2 How much isa) 400 more than 6333 _____________

Solution 6733 [6333+400]

b) 6000 more than 25645 __________ Solution 31645 [25645+6000]

c)20000 more than 856354 _____________ Solution 876354 [856354+20000]

d) 400000 more than 234654 ____________ Solution 634654 [234654+400000]

3 Fill in the missing numbers

c) ___ 8 2 1 ___ 9 + 4 ___ 2 ___ 6 ___ 8 6 ___ 4 5 7

Solution 3 8 2 1 8 9 + 4 8 2 2 6 8 8 6 4 4 5 7

d) 5 ___ 9 8 ___ 4 + ___ 6 __ __ 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 ___

Solution 5 6 9 8 9 4 +1 6 3 0 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 7

Practice at home

a) 6 ___ 4 2 5 + 2 4 4 ___ 4

b) 7 3 2 ___ 4 +___ 1 ___ 3 3

___ 7 ___ 3 ___ 9 ___ 7 8 ___

Class VClass VSubject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesTwo major highwaysTwo major highway projects have been undertaken by the government recently1The Golden Quadrilateral is a network of highway connecting the four metros ndashDelhi Mumbai Kolkata and Chennai2The East ndash West and the North ndash South corridor connectPorbandar in the west to Silchar in the east and Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south respectively

RailwaysSpecially designed vehicles called trains run on two parallel rail tracks made of iron or steel These tracks are called the railways These tracks have different widths called the gauge The track was built between Swan sea and Mumbles in England to carry passengers in 1806 In India the British built the first track between Mumbai and Thane in 1853 Our Indian Railways is 160 years old It is also the largest in Asia but also the second largest in the world Different types of trains operate on different tracks in India Most of the passenger and goods trains run on broad gauge tracks In the hilly regions narrow gauge tracks have been laid Two such famous tracks are Kalka to Shimla and New Jalpaiguri to Darjeeling where toy trains still run Another special train system running underground is the MetroRail System Kolkata was the first city to privileged to build this network followed by New DelhiRailway is a cheaper means of transport for long distance travel both for passengers and goodsThey can transport large amounts of goods to different placesThey are relatively fast considering they cover long distancesThey help in the development of the country by connecting raw material areas manufacturing units and the markets where the goods are to be sold

WaterwayTransport through rivers canals and seas is one of the oldest means carrying people and goods over short as well as long distances Travel routes through water are called waterways Waterways are the cheapest mode of transport specially if bulky goods are to be transported to other continentsAlthough waterways is not a fast means of transport it is a cheap and easy means to travel over short and long distances for people living in the rural areasPorts are built along the coasts for ships to dock and on or offload the goods they carry or for passengers to get off coming from other countries There are thirteen major ports in India Some of which are Kolkata Vishakhapatnam Chennai Kochi Marmugao and Navi Mumbai A place where ships take shelter for a few weeks or months for maintenance and repair is called a harbour

Subject Topic Summary Execution

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch5

Fact

ors amp

M

ultip

les

Rules of divisibility discussed on 02062020

Exercise ndash 197 Which of the following numbers are divisible by 9 82 103 279 3041 702306

Solution 279 702306 are divisible by 9

[ 2+7+9 = 18 and 7+0+2+3+0+6 = 18 and 18 is divisible by 9]

Prime numbersA number greater than 1 which has any two factors (1 and the number itself) is called prime number

2 is the smallest prime number

2 is the only even prime number

2 and 5 are the only prime numbers that end with 2 and 5

Twin PrimePrime numbers with a difference of 2 are called twin primesFor example 3amp5 5amp7 17amp19 are the examples of twin primeComposite NumbersA number greater than 1 which has more than two factors is called a composite number

The smallest composite number is 4

Examples of other composite numbers are 6 12 18 27 39 hellip

Exercise ndash 201 Which of the following are prime numbers 5 35 41 77 81 97

Solution 5 41 97

3 Find the greatest prime number which is less than (a)21 (c) 74 (d) 90 (e) 100

Solution (a)19 (c) 73 (d) 89 (e) 97

4 Find the greatest composite number which is less than (a)23 (c) 85 (d) 71

Solution (a) 22 (c) 84 (d) 70

5 Find the least prime number which is greater than (a) 11 (c) 39 (d) 80

Solution (a) 13 (c) 41 (d) 83

6 Name the smallest (a) Prime number (b) Composite number

Solution (a) Smallest prime number = 2

(b) Smallest composite number = 4

8 Write a pair of twin primes Solution 3 and 5

11 Find the prime factorization of the smallest number of three digits

Solution The smallest 3-digit number = 1002 100

2 50 5 25 5 there4 Prime factorization of 100 = 2times2times5times5

English literature

The fall of Lanka

This is the story of the fight between Rama and Ravana as told by Valmiki in the Ramayana The monkeys worked all day and all night and at last built a bridge so that Rama and his army could cross to Lanka and rescue Sits

Questions and Answers

6 Why did they hesitate to welcome Bibhisana at firstThey hesitated to welcome Bibhisana at first because he left his brother in times of danger and one who leaves his brother in times of danger cannot be relied upon

7 Who suggested the idea of a bridge and how was it builtThe ocean-god suggested the idea of a bridge The monkeys worked day and night and carried huge blocks of stone and dropped them into the sea It went on for five days and a bridge was built

8 What did Rama say to the spiesRama said that they donrsquot kill spies if they have already seen their army to leave the place at once if not then go with one of his

chiefs He will take them around then go and tell Ravana that they will attack Lanka tomorrow

9 How did Angada mock RavanaAngada with a great leap forward came right before Ravana and mocked at the Rakshasa king by saying ldquo You are a great warrior you stole Sita in the absence of Rama and now Rama has come Go and fight with him Letrsquos see how brave you arerdquo

10 How did Indrajit paralyse Rama and LakshmanaIndrajit made himself invisible and from behind the clouds shot deadly arrows at Rama and Lakshmana Rama and Lakshmana could not see their enemy and found huge serpents slowly coiled themselves around their bodies After sometime they lost consciousness and fell on the ground

English language

Reflexive pronouns

Meaning of pronounsPronouns are words that are often used in place of nouns

Reflexive pronounsPronouns that are formed by

adding the suffix -self (singular) or -selves (plural) to some of the different forms of the personal pronouns These pronouns are known as

reflexive pronouns

Uses of reflexive pronouns1Reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis When a reflexive pronoun is used for emphasis it is also known as an emphatic or emphasizing pronoun

2Reflexive pronouns are also used to emphasize that somebody does did or will do something alone or without any help or interference from anyone else

Examples of emphatic pronoun1Gopalan cooked all the dishes himself

2We ourselves saw a tiger fighting with an elephant

3Vikram went to Delhi himself

4The old man lived in that house all by himself

5I solved the puzzle by myself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Pollination

Androecium It is the male reproductive part of a flowerIt contains number of stamensStamen

Q What is pollen grains Ans - The powder like substance produces by anther is called pollen grains

The stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower Collectively the stamens form the androecium Each stamen has two parts ndash

Filament Anther

A stamen has a long stalk called a filament At the top of the filament there is anther Anther is saclike structures (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination

Q What is the function of pollen grains Ans - Pollen grains contain the male reproductive cells and help in reproduction

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

BIOLOGY The LeafPg-23B2) Differentiate between a simple and a compound leaf Ans -

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

1)It has a single lamina 1) Lamina is divided into leaflets

2) Axillary bud is present on its axil 2) Axillary buds are absent

3) Example- Argemone leaf 3) Example ndash rose neem etc

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

2 Write the antonyms of

1 Merry X Gloomy2 Louder X Soft3 Cheerful X Sad4 Weary X energetic5 Descend X Ascend6 Darkening X Lighten

Read and learn the poem

English Language

ADJECTIVES An adjective qualifies a noun telling us something specific about it

Kinds of Adjectives

Qualitative Adjectives- describes the size shape colour or attribute of a person or thing

Quantitative Adjectives- describes the amount or quality big uncountable nouns and the number of countable nouns

Possessive Adjectives- specify ownership or relationship Appears together with the noun and stands before it

Interrogative Adjectives- they are used to form questions

Demonstrative Adjectives- points at something or someone and helps the listener to understand exactly what or whom the speaker is talking about

Exercise 1

Underline the Adjectives in the following sentences and identify itrsquos kind

1 She is sincere Qualitative Adjective2 I need some money Quantitative

Adjective3 These mangoes are ripe Demonstrative

Adjective4 Which kite do you want to buy

Interrogative Adjective5 Meena sprained her ankle while playing

Possessive Adjective

Hindi 2nd lang महावर (वयाकरण) जो वाकय या वाकयाश सामानय अथN स अलग पिवशष अथN त ह इनक परयोग स भाषा सर परभावशाली होती ह उस महावर कहत ह

जस आखो म +ल झोकना-अथN -(+ोखा ना)

वाकयndashचोर पशिलस की आखो म +ल झोक कर भाग गया

1 पिनमनशिलखिखत महावरो का अथN शिलखकर वाकय म परयोग कीजिजएक) आखो का तारा (बहत पयारा) रोहन अपन

घर का आखो का तारा हख) आकाश पाताल एक करना ndash (बहत

परिरशरम करना) ककषा म परथम आन क शिलए सीमा न आकाश पाताल एक कर दिया

ग) आवाज उठाना (पिवरो+ करना) गलत पिनणNय पर मनषय को हमशा आवाज उठाना चापिहए

घ) कोलह का बल (बहत अधि+क महनती) शयाम क पापा न शयाम को उचच शिशकषा दिलान क शिलए कोलह क बल की तरह काम पिकया

ङ) शिचकना घडा (कछ असर ना होना) सधिमत

तो शिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) जान पर खलना (पराणो को सकट म डालना) डबत बचच की जान बचान क शिलए मपिहमा जान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना (गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत हकर लाल पीली हो जाती ह

ज) +नका पकका (लगन का सचचा) जो बचच घम क पकक हो त ह व जीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बा+ना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बा+ लना चापिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना (पिनयतरण म रखना) आजकल माता पिपता अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ধবলিন ও বরণ বাংলা বযঞজন বরণসক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় ndash সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ- ক লেথসক পযনত ২৫টি বরণসক সপশ বরণ বসল কারণ এই বরণ গলিল উচচাসন য় লিজহবা লেকাসনা অংসশ স= কণঠ তাল ওষঠ লিকংবা অধস সপশ ঘস^ তাই এসদ সপশ বরণ বসল

উষমবরণ- শ রষ ndashএই চাটি বরণ উচচাসন য় শবাবায় যতকষরণ ধস াখা য় ততকষন এগলিল উচচান মভব শবাবায় পরাধাসনয জনয এগলিলসক উষমবরণ বলা য়

অনতঃসথবরণ- য ল ব এই চাটি বরণ সপশ বরণ ও উষমবসরণ াস1 অবলিসথত বসল এগলিল অনতঃসথ বরণ

আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ- ংং ংঃ এই দটি বরণ পববতc লেকান সববসরণ আশরয় ছাltা উচচালিত সত পাসনা তাই এসদ আশরয়সথান ভাগী বরণ বা অসযাগবা বরণও বলা য়

বাংলা বযঞজনবরণসক কয় ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় কী কী

বাংলা বযঞজন বরণ লেক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য়- সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ কাসক বসল উদারণ সযাসগ খসত কসা ও খাতায় লেলসখা

SYNOPSIS

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Numbers

Chapter Numbers in Indian and International systems

In Indian system also called Hindu Arabic System to read and write large quantities with ease the groups are made with certain periods as shown below

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands OnesPlaces Ten

CroresCrores Ten

lakhsLakh Ten

thousandsThousand Hundred Tens Ones

One 1Ten 1 01 Hundred 1 0 01 Thousand 1 0 0 0

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 2: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

কস জসল ভাাই৩ লিবপীত-আজ - কাল গসlt - ভাস= লোদ - ছায়া লেসসছ - লেকা সদসছ লেদব - লেনব ালিসয় - লেপসয়

Computer CHAPTER 3 STARTING AND SHUTTING DOWN THE COMPUTER

B FILL IN THE BLANKS1 THE SCREEN THAT APPEARS ON THE MONITOR AFTER WE SWITCH ON THE COMPUTER IS CALLED THE DESKTOP SCREEN2 DIRECTLY SWITCHING OFF THE MAIN POWER SWITCH CAN HARM YOUR COMPUTER3 SWITCH OFF THE POWER BUTTON ON THE ELECTRIC BOARD4 WHEN YOU FINISH YOUR WORK ON A COMPUTER YOU NEED TO SHUTDOWN THE COMPUTER

Class IISubject Topic Summary Execution English literature

Book ndashOrchidCh 1 Brave Jiya

Refer to pg 8 Write in the book and learn them

Ex A Choose the correct word from the bracket and fill in the blanksAnswers

1 Sister2 Tarun3 Boats4 Shirt

Ex B Who said these words1 Jiya 2 Tarun3 jiya

English language

Ch 7 Being words

Refer to pg 3839The words was and were are also being words which tells us how people animals or things were in the past was is the past form of am and isWere the past form of are Read the table on pg 39

Ex C Join the columns to make with was and were

1 Jaya was in class 1 last year2 Mansi and Jaya were at home last

night3 Dhruv was in London yesterday4 It was hot yesterday5 I was in London last month6 Jaya was in college in 20157 The clowns were funny8 The rivers were dry last year

EVS Ch 7 Houses we Build

Refer to pg 130 to 132 In our last class I told you about different types of houses Today I will tell people who help us to build our houses They are Architect contractor labourer mason electrician plumber carpenter and painterA good house should be well ventilated and spacious comfortable clean well lit and airy Cockroach and rat makes our house dirty and spread germs We need to clean our house daily to keep these insects out of the house

Do in the bookRefer to pg 130Time to answerName the type of house-Answers

1 Log house2 Igloo3 Stilt house4 Caravan

Refer to pg 131Name the person who-

1 Labourer2 Plumber3 Carpenter4 Painter

Mathematics

CHAPTER 4 ADDITION

WORD PROBLEMSA word problem is a few sentences describing a real-life scenario where a problem needs to be solved

EXAMPLE 1Sam has 51 pencils His brother Ron has 36 pencils How many pencils do they have altogether

by way of a mathematical calculation

SOLUTIONNo of pencils Sam has = 51No of pencils Ron has = +36 ------------Total 87 Ans) They have 87 pencils altogether

Hindi Chapter 16 खालीसथान भरिरए-1 एक दिन सलोनी ीी जो फकटरी म अधि+कारी थी शरयाश क घर आई2 इतन म ननहीसाचीबोली-- पानी3 जली ही जल - सकट आन वाला ह4 सभी बचच राजी हो गए5फहार का इसतमाल नही करगबलकिलक बालटी स नहाएग6 बचच ो - ो घट की पारी स वहा बठत और राहगीरो को ठडा पानी पिपलात

Bengali বই ndash বরণ পলিচয়

পাতা ndash ১৮

১ রণndashফলা যকত শবদ লেলসখা -লিবরষনন তষণা লিষণ পাহন অপাহন২ ন- ফলা যকত শবদ লেলসখা-ভগন অলিগন অনন তন লিভনন লিনমন লেH জাহনবী

Class IIISUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTIONEng literature

POEM ROBIN Refer to pg 19

Wite the question and answers in the copy and learn them

1Answers the following questions[ continuation]

Qs d What does Robin say during the winter

Ans In winter Robin said that somebody should sing or else winter will seem long

Qs e When can we still hear Robinrsquos song

Ans In winter we can still hear Robin singing

Qs f What does Robin say in the spring

Ans In spring Robin said that it had said earlier that by keep on singing winter will soon go away

Qs g Do you think Robin is a happy birdWhy

Ans Yes Robin is a happy bird because it keeps on singing in all the season despite its drawbacks and is happy with whatever the season offers

Qs 2 Write true or false Answers

TrueFalseFalseFalsefalse

HINDI Chapter 3 6 परिरशरमी मनषय कभी शिशकायत नही करत व अपना ोष दसरो पर नही डालत

7 म बहत महनत करगा ककषा म परथम आऊगा-- अश न आतमपिवशवास क साथ कहा

1कचहरी --मर शहर म कचहरी ह

2 गपित --परकाश की गपित बहत तज होती ह

3 परिरणाम --जो जसा कमN करता ह वसा परिरणाम स धिमलता ह

4पिवधवस ndashआमफान क वजह स बहत पिवधवस हआ ह

5 आश --म अपन बडो की हर आश का पालन करता ह

6 गरमाहट --हम +प स गरमाहट धिमलती ह

दिए गए शबो को वाकय म परयोग कीजिजए

BENGALI বই ndash বাংলা ভারষা পলিচয়পাঠ ndash ২লিবরষয় ndash ধবলিন ও বরণ

১ ধবলিন কাসক বসলউঃ আাসদ খ লিদসয় লেয সব বা আওয়াজ লিনগত য় তাসক ধবলিন বসল২ বরণ কাসক বসলউঃ ধবলিন লিললিখত রপসক বরণ বসল লেযন -অ ক৩ বাগযনতর কাসক বসল উঃ খগহব ওষঠ নালিকা - লেয কল অংসশ াাসযয ধবলিন লিনগত য় তাসদ একসQ বাগযনতর বসল ৪ ধবলিন বা বরণ কত পরকা ও লিক লিক উঃ ধবলিন বরণ দই পরকালেযন - সবধবলিন বা সববরণ বযঞজনধবলিন বা বযঞজনবরণ

Subject Social studies

Topic India ndash the land of festivals

Dussehra

Dussehra is the festival that marks the victory of good over evil On this day Lord Rama killed Ravana It is a ten long day celebration and on the tenth day huge model of Ravana Kumbhkarna and Meghnad are burnt

Eid

Eid is celebrated at the end of Ramzan the holy month of fasting People wear new clothes and offer prayers at the mosque They wish each other lsquoEid Mubarak It is an occasion to express love and friendship

Christmas

Christmas is celebrated on December 25 It is celebrated as the birthday of Jesus Christ People offer special prayers at the church Christmas tree is decorated and gifts are exchanged Children eagerly wait for gifts from Santa Claus

Gurupurab

Gurupurab is celebrated by the Sikhs Guru Nanak was the first Sikh guru His birthday is celebrated as Guru Nanak jayanti in the month of November Sikhs go to the Gurudwaras and worship the Guru Granth Sahib A free community kitchen called langar is organised where all rich and poor people eat together

Harvest festivals

India is a land of farmers Farmers grow crops and harvest is the special time when all the crops are ready to be cut and sold in the to earn money after months of wait Some of the harvest festivals are

Makar sankranti

Makar sankranti also known as Maghi is one of the few Indian festivals that is celebrated on a fixed date January 14 It marks the end of winter and beginning of spring season People fly kites on this dayClass - III Date04 062020SUBJECT TIPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Mul

tiplic

ation

Multiplication by two-digit numbers

Exercise ndash 29Multiply

16 205times29 18 519times15 20 406times19 21 187times48

Solution16 2 0 5 times 2 9 1 8 4 5 (205times9) Multiply by ones then by 4 1 0 0 (205times20) tens and add Break 29 5 9 4 5 (205times29) into 20+9

18 5 1 9 times1 5 2 5 9 5 5 1 9 0 7 7 8 5

20 4 0 6 times1 9 3 6 5 4 4 0 6 0 7 7 1 4

21 1 8 7 times4 8 1 4 9 6 7 4 8 0 8 9 7 6

Practice at home14) 241times3219) 443times16

Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English literature

Hercules and Deianira (tales from Greece and Rome)

Hercules accepted the challenge of King of Argos He performed those wonderful deeds known as the twelve great labours of Hercules He killed lions poisonous water-snakes wild boars (wild pig) and fierce bulls tamed flesh eating horse defeated the Amazons in battle and killed a fierce dragon And at last when all the dangers were overcome Hercules was set free He started to wander from place to place He came to a country ruled by a king who had beautiful daughter named Deianira

1 By what name Hercules deeds were knownAns Twelve great labours of Hercules

2 Describe how Hercules overcame all the dangersAns Hercules killed lions poisonous water-snakes wild boars and fierce bulls tamed flesh eating horses defeated the Amazons in battle and killed a fierce dragon

3 Who was DeianiraAns Hercules came to a country ruled by a

king who had a very beautiful daughter Deianira

Social studies

India ndash physical divisions

The Northern PlainsThe Northern Plains are about 2400 km in length extending from the Punjab in the West to Assam in the east Most of the rivers that start from the Himalayas flow through the Northern Plains Indus Ganga Brahmaputra and Yamuna are some important rivers of this region As the rivers flow from the mountains they carry with them broken rocks sands and silt The fine silt which is deposited by the rivers is called alluvium This alluvial soil along with the plenty of rainfall made the Northern Plains very fertile

Northern Plains extends from Punjab in the West to Assam in the east

1Give the extension of the Northern PlainsAns The Northern Plains are about 2400 km in length from the Punjab in the west to Assam in the east2 Name the rivers which flow in the Northern PlainsAns Ganga Yamuna Brahmaputra and Indus rivers flow in the Northern Plains3 What is alluviumAns The fine silt which is deposited by the rivers is called alluvium

Science The Teeth (Structure of a tooth)

Structure of a ToothEach tooth has two main parts crown and the root These two parts are separated by neck it is thin and narrow The top part of the tooth called crown it is seen above the gum The lower part of the tooth is called root It cannot be seen as it is inside the gum Root holds the tooth firmly in place A tooth has three layers enamel dentine and pulp Enamel - The outer white layer is called the enamel it is the hardest part of the body

Dentine ndash The middle layer of the tooth is slightly yellow and known as dentine It is softer than enamel

Pulp ndash The innermost layer of the tooth is called pulp It is soft and has blood vessels in it The nutrients reach the tooth through the blood vessels

Bookrsquosexercise A Tick the correct answer5The sharp and pointed teeth to tear food ndash caninesB Fill in the blanks1 A newborn baby has no teeth 2 Milk teeth are also called temporary teeth

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 4 FORMATTING IN MS WORD

FORMATTING IS A GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF TEXT IN A DOCUMENTWE CAN CHANGE THE APPEARANCE OF A DOCUMENT BY USING THE FEATURES AVAILABLE IN MS WORD WE CAN USE DIFFERENT FONTS COLOURS AND STYLES IN THE TEXT

FORMATTING FEATURESFORMATTING IS DONE TO IMPROVE THE APPEARANCE OF A DOCUMENTTHE FORMATTING FEATURES IN MS WATER AVAILABLE UNDER THE HOME TABTHIS TAB CONTAINS FONT GROUP WHICH HAS FONT FORMATTING OPTIONS AND A PARAGRAPH GROUP WHICH HAS PARAGRAPH FORMATTING OPTIONS

FONTUPON TEACHERS STYLE OF WRITING AND TYPING MANY FORMS ARE AVAILABLE IN MS WORD

FOLLOWING ARE THE STEPS TO CHANGE THE FONT TYPE SELECT THE TEXT THAT WE WANT TO FORMAT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB CLICK ON DROPDOWN ARROW NEXT TO THE FONT BOX IN THE FONT GROUP SELECT 11 FONT TYPE FROM THE FONT LIST BOX THE SELECTED FONT TYPE WILL BE APPLIED TO THE SELECTED TEXT

BOLD ITALIC AND UNDERLINE COMMANDS IN MS WORDTHESE COMMANDS ARE GIVEN IN THE FONT GROUP IN THE HOME TAB THEIR FUNCTIONS ARE GIVEN BELOWBOLD IT ALLOWS YOU TO BOLD THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENTITALIC IT ALLOWS YOU TO ITALICIZE THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENTUNDERLINE IT ALLOWS YOU TO UNDERLINE THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENT

CHANGE FONT TYPE

CHANGE FONT COLOR

CHANGE CASE OF SENTENCESWORDSPARAGRAPHS

CHANGE TEXT ALIGNMENT IN MS WORD

APPLY STYLE IN MS WORD

READ PAGE 30 AND 31SUBJECT TIPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

ACTI

VITY

- 7

Add the following 1 1 1g L T-Th Th H T O 7 3 0 2 3 7 + 1 1 3 9 6 3

1 1 1h L T-Th Th H T O 5 7 2 8 4 5 + 3 5 6 4 8 4

8 4 4 2 0 0 9 2 9 3 2 9

MEN

TAL

MAT

HS

2 How much isa) 400 more than 6333 _____________

Solution 6733 [6333+400]

b) 6000 more than 25645 __________ Solution 31645 [25645+6000]

c)20000 more than 856354 _____________ Solution 876354 [856354+20000]

d) 400000 more than 234654 ____________ Solution 634654 [234654+400000]

3 Fill in the missing numbers

c) ___ 8 2 1 ___ 9 + 4 ___ 2 ___ 6 ___ 8 6 ___ 4 5 7

Solution 3 8 2 1 8 9 + 4 8 2 2 6 8 8 6 4 4 5 7

d) 5 ___ 9 8 ___ 4 + ___ 6 __ __ 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 ___

Solution 5 6 9 8 9 4 +1 6 3 0 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 7

Practice at home

a) 6 ___ 4 2 5 + 2 4 4 ___ 4

b) 7 3 2 ___ 4 +___ 1 ___ 3 3

___ 7 ___ 3 ___ 9 ___ 7 8 ___

Class VClass VSubject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesTwo major highwaysTwo major highway projects have been undertaken by the government recently1The Golden Quadrilateral is a network of highway connecting the four metros ndashDelhi Mumbai Kolkata and Chennai2The East ndash West and the North ndash South corridor connectPorbandar in the west to Silchar in the east and Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south respectively

RailwaysSpecially designed vehicles called trains run on two parallel rail tracks made of iron or steel These tracks are called the railways These tracks have different widths called the gauge The track was built between Swan sea and Mumbles in England to carry passengers in 1806 In India the British built the first track between Mumbai and Thane in 1853 Our Indian Railways is 160 years old It is also the largest in Asia but also the second largest in the world Different types of trains operate on different tracks in India Most of the passenger and goods trains run on broad gauge tracks In the hilly regions narrow gauge tracks have been laid Two such famous tracks are Kalka to Shimla and New Jalpaiguri to Darjeeling where toy trains still run Another special train system running underground is the MetroRail System Kolkata was the first city to privileged to build this network followed by New DelhiRailway is a cheaper means of transport for long distance travel both for passengers and goodsThey can transport large amounts of goods to different placesThey are relatively fast considering they cover long distancesThey help in the development of the country by connecting raw material areas manufacturing units and the markets where the goods are to be sold

WaterwayTransport through rivers canals and seas is one of the oldest means carrying people and goods over short as well as long distances Travel routes through water are called waterways Waterways are the cheapest mode of transport specially if bulky goods are to be transported to other continentsAlthough waterways is not a fast means of transport it is a cheap and easy means to travel over short and long distances for people living in the rural areasPorts are built along the coasts for ships to dock and on or offload the goods they carry or for passengers to get off coming from other countries There are thirteen major ports in India Some of which are Kolkata Vishakhapatnam Chennai Kochi Marmugao and Navi Mumbai A place where ships take shelter for a few weeks or months for maintenance and repair is called a harbour

Subject Topic Summary Execution

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch5

Fact

ors amp

M

ultip

les

Rules of divisibility discussed on 02062020

Exercise ndash 197 Which of the following numbers are divisible by 9 82 103 279 3041 702306

Solution 279 702306 are divisible by 9

[ 2+7+9 = 18 and 7+0+2+3+0+6 = 18 and 18 is divisible by 9]

Prime numbersA number greater than 1 which has any two factors (1 and the number itself) is called prime number

2 is the smallest prime number

2 is the only even prime number

2 and 5 are the only prime numbers that end with 2 and 5

Twin PrimePrime numbers with a difference of 2 are called twin primesFor example 3amp5 5amp7 17amp19 are the examples of twin primeComposite NumbersA number greater than 1 which has more than two factors is called a composite number

The smallest composite number is 4

Examples of other composite numbers are 6 12 18 27 39 hellip

Exercise ndash 201 Which of the following are prime numbers 5 35 41 77 81 97

Solution 5 41 97

3 Find the greatest prime number which is less than (a)21 (c) 74 (d) 90 (e) 100

Solution (a)19 (c) 73 (d) 89 (e) 97

4 Find the greatest composite number which is less than (a)23 (c) 85 (d) 71

Solution (a) 22 (c) 84 (d) 70

5 Find the least prime number which is greater than (a) 11 (c) 39 (d) 80

Solution (a) 13 (c) 41 (d) 83

6 Name the smallest (a) Prime number (b) Composite number

Solution (a) Smallest prime number = 2

(b) Smallest composite number = 4

8 Write a pair of twin primes Solution 3 and 5

11 Find the prime factorization of the smallest number of three digits

Solution The smallest 3-digit number = 1002 100

2 50 5 25 5 there4 Prime factorization of 100 = 2times2times5times5

English literature

The fall of Lanka

This is the story of the fight between Rama and Ravana as told by Valmiki in the Ramayana The monkeys worked all day and all night and at last built a bridge so that Rama and his army could cross to Lanka and rescue Sits

Questions and Answers

6 Why did they hesitate to welcome Bibhisana at firstThey hesitated to welcome Bibhisana at first because he left his brother in times of danger and one who leaves his brother in times of danger cannot be relied upon

7 Who suggested the idea of a bridge and how was it builtThe ocean-god suggested the idea of a bridge The monkeys worked day and night and carried huge blocks of stone and dropped them into the sea It went on for five days and a bridge was built

8 What did Rama say to the spiesRama said that they donrsquot kill spies if they have already seen their army to leave the place at once if not then go with one of his

chiefs He will take them around then go and tell Ravana that they will attack Lanka tomorrow

9 How did Angada mock RavanaAngada with a great leap forward came right before Ravana and mocked at the Rakshasa king by saying ldquo You are a great warrior you stole Sita in the absence of Rama and now Rama has come Go and fight with him Letrsquos see how brave you arerdquo

10 How did Indrajit paralyse Rama and LakshmanaIndrajit made himself invisible and from behind the clouds shot deadly arrows at Rama and Lakshmana Rama and Lakshmana could not see their enemy and found huge serpents slowly coiled themselves around their bodies After sometime they lost consciousness and fell on the ground

English language

Reflexive pronouns

Meaning of pronounsPronouns are words that are often used in place of nouns

Reflexive pronounsPronouns that are formed by

adding the suffix -self (singular) or -selves (plural) to some of the different forms of the personal pronouns These pronouns are known as

reflexive pronouns

Uses of reflexive pronouns1Reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis When a reflexive pronoun is used for emphasis it is also known as an emphatic or emphasizing pronoun

2Reflexive pronouns are also used to emphasize that somebody does did or will do something alone or without any help or interference from anyone else

Examples of emphatic pronoun1Gopalan cooked all the dishes himself

2We ourselves saw a tiger fighting with an elephant

3Vikram went to Delhi himself

4The old man lived in that house all by himself

5I solved the puzzle by myself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Pollination

Androecium It is the male reproductive part of a flowerIt contains number of stamensStamen

Q What is pollen grains Ans - The powder like substance produces by anther is called pollen grains

The stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower Collectively the stamens form the androecium Each stamen has two parts ndash

Filament Anther

A stamen has a long stalk called a filament At the top of the filament there is anther Anther is saclike structures (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination

Q What is the function of pollen grains Ans - Pollen grains contain the male reproductive cells and help in reproduction

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

BIOLOGY The LeafPg-23B2) Differentiate between a simple and a compound leaf Ans -

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

1)It has a single lamina 1) Lamina is divided into leaflets

2) Axillary bud is present on its axil 2) Axillary buds are absent

3) Example- Argemone leaf 3) Example ndash rose neem etc

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

2 Write the antonyms of

1 Merry X Gloomy2 Louder X Soft3 Cheerful X Sad4 Weary X energetic5 Descend X Ascend6 Darkening X Lighten

Read and learn the poem

English Language

ADJECTIVES An adjective qualifies a noun telling us something specific about it

Kinds of Adjectives

Qualitative Adjectives- describes the size shape colour or attribute of a person or thing

Quantitative Adjectives- describes the amount or quality big uncountable nouns and the number of countable nouns

Possessive Adjectives- specify ownership or relationship Appears together with the noun and stands before it

Interrogative Adjectives- they are used to form questions

Demonstrative Adjectives- points at something or someone and helps the listener to understand exactly what or whom the speaker is talking about

Exercise 1

Underline the Adjectives in the following sentences and identify itrsquos kind

1 She is sincere Qualitative Adjective2 I need some money Quantitative

Adjective3 These mangoes are ripe Demonstrative

Adjective4 Which kite do you want to buy

Interrogative Adjective5 Meena sprained her ankle while playing

Possessive Adjective

Hindi 2nd lang महावर (वयाकरण) जो वाकय या वाकयाश सामानय अथN स अलग पिवशष अथN त ह इनक परयोग स भाषा सर परभावशाली होती ह उस महावर कहत ह

जस आखो म +ल झोकना-अथN -(+ोखा ना)

वाकयndashचोर पशिलस की आखो म +ल झोक कर भाग गया

1 पिनमनशिलखिखत महावरो का अथN शिलखकर वाकय म परयोग कीजिजएक) आखो का तारा (बहत पयारा) रोहन अपन

घर का आखो का तारा हख) आकाश पाताल एक करना ndash (बहत

परिरशरम करना) ककषा म परथम आन क शिलए सीमा न आकाश पाताल एक कर दिया

ग) आवाज उठाना (पिवरो+ करना) गलत पिनणNय पर मनषय को हमशा आवाज उठाना चापिहए

घ) कोलह का बल (बहत अधि+क महनती) शयाम क पापा न शयाम को उचच शिशकषा दिलान क शिलए कोलह क बल की तरह काम पिकया

ङ) शिचकना घडा (कछ असर ना होना) सधिमत

तो शिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) जान पर खलना (पराणो को सकट म डालना) डबत बचच की जान बचान क शिलए मपिहमा जान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना (गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत हकर लाल पीली हो जाती ह

ज) +नका पकका (लगन का सचचा) जो बचच घम क पकक हो त ह व जीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बा+ना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बा+ लना चापिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना (पिनयतरण म रखना) आजकल माता पिपता अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ধবলিন ও বরণ বাংলা বযঞজন বরণসক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় ndash সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ- ক লেথসক পযনত ২৫টি বরণসক সপশ বরণ বসল কারণ এই বরণ গলিল উচচাসন য় লিজহবা লেকাসনা অংসশ স= কণঠ তাল ওষঠ লিকংবা অধস সপশ ঘস^ তাই এসদ সপশ বরণ বসল

উষমবরণ- শ রষ ndashএই চাটি বরণ উচচাসন য় শবাবায় যতকষরণ ধস াখা য় ততকষন এগলিল উচচান মভব শবাবায় পরাধাসনয জনয এগলিলসক উষমবরণ বলা য়

অনতঃসথবরণ- য ল ব এই চাটি বরণ সপশ বরণ ও উষমবসরণ াস1 অবলিসথত বসল এগলিল অনতঃসথ বরণ

আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ- ংং ংঃ এই দটি বরণ পববতc লেকান সববসরণ আশরয় ছাltা উচচালিত সত পাসনা তাই এসদ আশরয়সথান ভাগী বরণ বা অসযাগবা বরণও বলা য়

বাংলা বযঞজনবরণসক কয় ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় কী কী

বাংলা বযঞজন বরণ লেক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য়- সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ কাসক বসল উদারণ সযাসগ খসত কসা ও খাতায় লেলসখা

SYNOPSIS

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Numbers

Chapter Numbers in Indian and International systems

In Indian system also called Hindu Arabic System to read and write large quantities with ease the groups are made with certain periods as shown below

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands OnesPlaces Ten

CroresCrores Ten

lakhsLakh Ten

thousandsThousand Hundred Tens Ones

One 1Ten 1 01 Hundred 1 0 01 Thousand 1 0 0 0

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 3: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

by way of a mathematical calculation

SOLUTIONNo of pencils Sam has = 51No of pencils Ron has = +36 ------------Total 87 Ans) They have 87 pencils altogether

Hindi Chapter 16 खालीसथान भरिरए-1 एक दिन सलोनी ीी जो फकटरी म अधि+कारी थी शरयाश क घर आई2 इतन म ननहीसाचीबोली-- पानी3 जली ही जल - सकट आन वाला ह4 सभी बचच राजी हो गए5फहार का इसतमाल नही करगबलकिलक बालटी स नहाएग6 बचच ो - ो घट की पारी स वहा बठत और राहगीरो को ठडा पानी पिपलात

Bengali বই ndash বরণ পলিচয়

পাতা ndash ১৮

১ রণndashফলা যকত শবদ লেলসখা -লিবরষনন তষণা লিষণ পাহন অপাহন২ ন- ফলা যকত শবদ লেলসখা-ভগন অলিগন অনন তন লিভনন লিনমন লেH জাহনবী

Class IIISUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTIONEng literature

POEM ROBIN Refer to pg 19

Wite the question and answers in the copy and learn them

1Answers the following questions[ continuation]

Qs d What does Robin say during the winter

Ans In winter Robin said that somebody should sing or else winter will seem long

Qs e When can we still hear Robinrsquos song

Ans In winter we can still hear Robin singing

Qs f What does Robin say in the spring

Ans In spring Robin said that it had said earlier that by keep on singing winter will soon go away

Qs g Do you think Robin is a happy birdWhy

Ans Yes Robin is a happy bird because it keeps on singing in all the season despite its drawbacks and is happy with whatever the season offers

Qs 2 Write true or false Answers

TrueFalseFalseFalsefalse

HINDI Chapter 3 6 परिरशरमी मनषय कभी शिशकायत नही करत व अपना ोष दसरो पर नही डालत

7 म बहत महनत करगा ककषा म परथम आऊगा-- अश न आतमपिवशवास क साथ कहा

1कचहरी --मर शहर म कचहरी ह

2 गपित --परकाश की गपित बहत तज होती ह

3 परिरणाम --जो जसा कमN करता ह वसा परिरणाम स धिमलता ह

4पिवधवस ndashआमफान क वजह स बहत पिवधवस हआ ह

5 आश --म अपन बडो की हर आश का पालन करता ह

6 गरमाहट --हम +प स गरमाहट धिमलती ह

दिए गए शबो को वाकय म परयोग कीजिजए

BENGALI বই ndash বাংলা ভারষা পলিচয়পাঠ ndash ২লিবরষয় ndash ধবলিন ও বরণ

১ ধবলিন কাসক বসলউঃ আাসদ খ লিদসয় লেয সব বা আওয়াজ লিনগত য় তাসক ধবলিন বসল২ বরণ কাসক বসলউঃ ধবলিন লিললিখত রপসক বরণ বসল লেযন -অ ক৩ বাগযনতর কাসক বসল উঃ খগহব ওষঠ নালিকা - লেয কল অংসশ াাসযয ধবলিন লিনগত য় তাসদ একসQ বাগযনতর বসল ৪ ধবলিন বা বরণ কত পরকা ও লিক লিক উঃ ধবলিন বরণ দই পরকালেযন - সবধবলিন বা সববরণ বযঞজনধবলিন বা বযঞজনবরণ

Subject Social studies

Topic India ndash the land of festivals

Dussehra

Dussehra is the festival that marks the victory of good over evil On this day Lord Rama killed Ravana It is a ten long day celebration and on the tenth day huge model of Ravana Kumbhkarna and Meghnad are burnt

Eid

Eid is celebrated at the end of Ramzan the holy month of fasting People wear new clothes and offer prayers at the mosque They wish each other lsquoEid Mubarak It is an occasion to express love and friendship

Christmas

Christmas is celebrated on December 25 It is celebrated as the birthday of Jesus Christ People offer special prayers at the church Christmas tree is decorated and gifts are exchanged Children eagerly wait for gifts from Santa Claus

Gurupurab

Gurupurab is celebrated by the Sikhs Guru Nanak was the first Sikh guru His birthday is celebrated as Guru Nanak jayanti in the month of November Sikhs go to the Gurudwaras and worship the Guru Granth Sahib A free community kitchen called langar is organised where all rich and poor people eat together

Harvest festivals

India is a land of farmers Farmers grow crops and harvest is the special time when all the crops are ready to be cut and sold in the to earn money after months of wait Some of the harvest festivals are

Makar sankranti

Makar sankranti also known as Maghi is one of the few Indian festivals that is celebrated on a fixed date January 14 It marks the end of winter and beginning of spring season People fly kites on this dayClass - III Date04 062020SUBJECT TIPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Mul

tiplic

ation

Multiplication by two-digit numbers

Exercise ndash 29Multiply

16 205times29 18 519times15 20 406times19 21 187times48

Solution16 2 0 5 times 2 9 1 8 4 5 (205times9) Multiply by ones then by 4 1 0 0 (205times20) tens and add Break 29 5 9 4 5 (205times29) into 20+9

18 5 1 9 times1 5 2 5 9 5 5 1 9 0 7 7 8 5

20 4 0 6 times1 9 3 6 5 4 4 0 6 0 7 7 1 4

21 1 8 7 times4 8 1 4 9 6 7 4 8 0 8 9 7 6

Practice at home14) 241times3219) 443times16

Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English literature

Hercules and Deianira (tales from Greece and Rome)

Hercules accepted the challenge of King of Argos He performed those wonderful deeds known as the twelve great labours of Hercules He killed lions poisonous water-snakes wild boars (wild pig) and fierce bulls tamed flesh eating horse defeated the Amazons in battle and killed a fierce dragon And at last when all the dangers were overcome Hercules was set free He started to wander from place to place He came to a country ruled by a king who had beautiful daughter named Deianira

1 By what name Hercules deeds were knownAns Twelve great labours of Hercules

2 Describe how Hercules overcame all the dangersAns Hercules killed lions poisonous water-snakes wild boars and fierce bulls tamed flesh eating horses defeated the Amazons in battle and killed a fierce dragon

3 Who was DeianiraAns Hercules came to a country ruled by a

king who had a very beautiful daughter Deianira

Social studies

India ndash physical divisions

The Northern PlainsThe Northern Plains are about 2400 km in length extending from the Punjab in the West to Assam in the east Most of the rivers that start from the Himalayas flow through the Northern Plains Indus Ganga Brahmaputra and Yamuna are some important rivers of this region As the rivers flow from the mountains they carry with them broken rocks sands and silt The fine silt which is deposited by the rivers is called alluvium This alluvial soil along with the plenty of rainfall made the Northern Plains very fertile

Northern Plains extends from Punjab in the West to Assam in the east

1Give the extension of the Northern PlainsAns The Northern Plains are about 2400 km in length from the Punjab in the west to Assam in the east2 Name the rivers which flow in the Northern PlainsAns Ganga Yamuna Brahmaputra and Indus rivers flow in the Northern Plains3 What is alluviumAns The fine silt which is deposited by the rivers is called alluvium

Science The Teeth (Structure of a tooth)

Structure of a ToothEach tooth has two main parts crown and the root These two parts are separated by neck it is thin and narrow The top part of the tooth called crown it is seen above the gum The lower part of the tooth is called root It cannot be seen as it is inside the gum Root holds the tooth firmly in place A tooth has three layers enamel dentine and pulp Enamel - The outer white layer is called the enamel it is the hardest part of the body

Dentine ndash The middle layer of the tooth is slightly yellow and known as dentine It is softer than enamel

Pulp ndash The innermost layer of the tooth is called pulp It is soft and has blood vessels in it The nutrients reach the tooth through the blood vessels

Bookrsquosexercise A Tick the correct answer5The sharp and pointed teeth to tear food ndash caninesB Fill in the blanks1 A newborn baby has no teeth 2 Milk teeth are also called temporary teeth

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 4 FORMATTING IN MS WORD

FORMATTING IS A GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF TEXT IN A DOCUMENTWE CAN CHANGE THE APPEARANCE OF A DOCUMENT BY USING THE FEATURES AVAILABLE IN MS WORD WE CAN USE DIFFERENT FONTS COLOURS AND STYLES IN THE TEXT

FORMATTING FEATURESFORMATTING IS DONE TO IMPROVE THE APPEARANCE OF A DOCUMENTTHE FORMATTING FEATURES IN MS WATER AVAILABLE UNDER THE HOME TABTHIS TAB CONTAINS FONT GROUP WHICH HAS FONT FORMATTING OPTIONS AND A PARAGRAPH GROUP WHICH HAS PARAGRAPH FORMATTING OPTIONS

FONTUPON TEACHERS STYLE OF WRITING AND TYPING MANY FORMS ARE AVAILABLE IN MS WORD

FOLLOWING ARE THE STEPS TO CHANGE THE FONT TYPE SELECT THE TEXT THAT WE WANT TO FORMAT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB CLICK ON DROPDOWN ARROW NEXT TO THE FONT BOX IN THE FONT GROUP SELECT 11 FONT TYPE FROM THE FONT LIST BOX THE SELECTED FONT TYPE WILL BE APPLIED TO THE SELECTED TEXT

BOLD ITALIC AND UNDERLINE COMMANDS IN MS WORDTHESE COMMANDS ARE GIVEN IN THE FONT GROUP IN THE HOME TAB THEIR FUNCTIONS ARE GIVEN BELOWBOLD IT ALLOWS YOU TO BOLD THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENTITALIC IT ALLOWS YOU TO ITALICIZE THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENTUNDERLINE IT ALLOWS YOU TO UNDERLINE THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENT

CHANGE FONT TYPE

CHANGE FONT COLOR

CHANGE CASE OF SENTENCESWORDSPARAGRAPHS

CHANGE TEXT ALIGNMENT IN MS WORD

APPLY STYLE IN MS WORD

READ PAGE 30 AND 31SUBJECT TIPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

ACTI

VITY

- 7

Add the following 1 1 1g L T-Th Th H T O 7 3 0 2 3 7 + 1 1 3 9 6 3

1 1 1h L T-Th Th H T O 5 7 2 8 4 5 + 3 5 6 4 8 4

8 4 4 2 0 0 9 2 9 3 2 9

MEN

TAL

MAT

HS

2 How much isa) 400 more than 6333 _____________

Solution 6733 [6333+400]

b) 6000 more than 25645 __________ Solution 31645 [25645+6000]

c)20000 more than 856354 _____________ Solution 876354 [856354+20000]

d) 400000 more than 234654 ____________ Solution 634654 [234654+400000]

3 Fill in the missing numbers

c) ___ 8 2 1 ___ 9 + 4 ___ 2 ___ 6 ___ 8 6 ___ 4 5 7

Solution 3 8 2 1 8 9 + 4 8 2 2 6 8 8 6 4 4 5 7

d) 5 ___ 9 8 ___ 4 + ___ 6 __ __ 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 ___

Solution 5 6 9 8 9 4 +1 6 3 0 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 7

Practice at home

a) 6 ___ 4 2 5 + 2 4 4 ___ 4

b) 7 3 2 ___ 4 +___ 1 ___ 3 3

___ 7 ___ 3 ___ 9 ___ 7 8 ___

Class VClass VSubject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesTwo major highwaysTwo major highway projects have been undertaken by the government recently1The Golden Quadrilateral is a network of highway connecting the four metros ndashDelhi Mumbai Kolkata and Chennai2The East ndash West and the North ndash South corridor connectPorbandar in the west to Silchar in the east and Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south respectively

RailwaysSpecially designed vehicles called trains run on two parallel rail tracks made of iron or steel These tracks are called the railways These tracks have different widths called the gauge The track was built between Swan sea and Mumbles in England to carry passengers in 1806 In India the British built the first track between Mumbai and Thane in 1853 Our Indian Railways is 160 years old It is also the largest in Asia but also the second largest in the world Different types of trains operate on different tracks in India Most of the passenger and goods trains run on broad gauge tracks In the hilly regions narrow gauge tracks have been laid Two such famous tracks are Kalka to Shimla and New Jalpaiguri to Darjeeling where toy trains still run Another special train system running underground is the MetroRail System Kolkata was the first city to privileged to build this network followed by New DelhiRailway is a cheaper means of transport for long distance travel both for passengers and goodsThey can transport large amounts of goods to different placesThey are relatively fast considering they cover long distancesThey help in the development of the country by connecting raw material areas manufacturing units and the markets where the goods are to be sold

WaterwayTransport through rivers canals and seas is one of the oldest means carrying people and goods over short as well as long distances Travel routes through water are called waterways Waterways are the cheapest mode of transport specially if bulky goods are to be transported to other continentsAlthough waterways is not a fast means of transport it is a cheap and easy means to travel over short and long distances for people living in the rural areasPorts are built along the coasts for ships to dock and on or offload the goods they carry or for passengers to get off coming from other countries There are thirteen major ports in India Some of which are Kolkata Vishakhapatnam Chennai Kochi Marmugao and Navi Mumbai A place where ships take shelter for a few weeks or months for maintenance and repair is called a harbour

Subject Topic Summary Execution

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch5

Fact

ors amp

M

ultip

les

Rules of divisibility discussed on 02062020

Exercise ndash 197 Which of the following numbers are divisible by 9 82 103 279 3041 702306

Solution 279 702306 are divisible by 9

[ 2+7+9 = 18 and 7+0+2+3+0+6 = 18 and 18 is divisible by 9]

Prime numbersA number greater than 1 which has any two factors (1 and the number itself) is called prime number

2 is the smallest prime number

2 is the only even prime number

2 and 5 are the only prime numbers that end with 2 and 5

Twin PrimePrime numbers with a difference of 2 are called twin primesFor example 3amp5 5amp7 17amp19 are the examples of twin primeComposite NumbersA number greater than 1 which has more than two factors is called a composite number

The smallest composite number is 4

Examples of other composite numbers are 6 12 18 27 39 hellip

Exercise ndash 201 Which of the following are prime numbers 5 35 41 77 81 97

Solution 5 41 97

3 Find the greatest prime number which is less than (a)21 (c) 74 (d) 90 (e) 100

Solution (a)19 (c) 73 (d) 89 (e) 97

4 Find the greatest composite number which is less than (a)23 (c) 85 (d) 71

Solution (a) 22 (c) 84 (d) 70

5 Find the least prime number which is greater than (a) 11 (c) 39 (d) 80

Solution (a) 13 (c) 41 (d) 83

6 Name the smallest (a) Prime number (b) Composite number

Solution (a) Smallest prime number = 2

(b) Smallest composite number = 4

8 Write a pair of twin primes Solution 3 and 5

11 Find the prime factorization of the smallest number of three digits

Solution The smallest 3-digit number = 1002 100

2 50 5 25 5 there4 Prime factorization of 100 = 2times2times5times5

English literature

The fall of Lanka

This is the story of the fight between Rama and Ravana as told by Valmiki in the Ramayana The monkeys worked all day and all night and at last built a bridge so that Rama and his army could cross to Lanka and rescue Sits

Questions and Answers

6 Why did they hesitate to welcome Bibhisana at firstThey hesitated to welcome Bibhisana at first because he left his brother in times of danger and one who leaves his brother in times of danger cannot be relied upon

7 Who suggested the idea of a bridge and how was it builtThe ocean-god suggested the idea of a bridge The monkeys worked day and night and carried huge blocks of stone and dropped them into the sea It went on for five days and a bridge was built

8 What did Rama say to the spiesRama said that they donrsquot kill spies if they have already seen their army to leave the place at once if not then go with one of his

chiefs He will take them around then go and tell Ravana that they will attack Lanka tomorrow

9 How did Angada mock RavanaAngada with a great leap forward came right before Ravana and mocked at the Rakshasa king by saying ldquo You are a great warrior you stole Sita in the absence of Rama and now Rama has come Go and fight with him Letrsquos see how brave you arerdquo

10 How did Indrajit paralyse Rama and LakshmanaIndrajit made himself invisible and from behind the clouds shot deadly arrows at Rama and Lakshmana Rama and Lakshmana could not see their enemy and found huge serpents slowly coiled themselves around their bodies After sometime they lost consciousness and fell on the ground

English language

Reflexive pronouns

Meaning of pronounsPronouns are words that are often used in place of nouns

Reflexive pronounsPronouns that are formed by

adding the suffix -self (singular) or -selves (plural) to some of the different forms of the personal pronouns These pronouns are known as

reflexive pronouns

Uses of reflexive pronouns1Reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis When a reflexive pronoun is used for emphasis it is also known as an emphatic or emphasizing pronoun

2Reflexive pronouns are also used to emphasize that somebody does did or will do something alone or without any help or interference from anyone else

Examples of emphatic pronoun1Gopalan cooked all the dishes himself

2We ourselves saw a tiger fighting with an elephant

3Vikram went to Delhi himself

4The old man lived in that house all by himself

5I solved the puzzle by myself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Pollination

Androecium It is the male reproductive part of a flowerIt contains number of stamensStamen

Q What is pollen grains Ans - The powder like substance produces by anther is called pollen grains

The stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower Collectively the stamens form the androecium Each stamen has two parts ndash

Filament Anther

A stamen has a long stalk called a filament At the top of the filament there is anther Anther is saclike structures (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination

Q What is the function of pollen grains Ans - Pollen grains contain the male reproductive cells and help in reproduction

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

BIOLOGY The LeafPg-23B2) Differentiate between a simple and a compound leaf Ans -

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

1)It has a single lamina 1) Lamina is divided into leaflets

2) Axillary bud is present on its axil 2) Axillary buds are absent

3) Example- Argemone leaf 3) Example ndash rose neem etc

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

2 Write the antonyms of

1 Merry X Gloomy2 Louder X Soft3 Cheerful X Sad4 Weary X energetic5 Descend X Ascend6 Darkening X Lighten

Read and learn the poem

English Language

ADJECTIVES An adjective qualifies a noun telling us something specific about it

Kinds of Adjectives

Qualitative Adjectives- describes the size shape colour or attribute of a person or thing

Quantitative Adjectives- describes the amount or quality big uncountable nouns and the number of countable nouns

Possessive Adjectives- specify ownership or relationship Appears together with the noun and stands before it

Interrogative Adjectives- they are used to form questions

Demonstrative Adjectives- points at something or someone and helps the listener to understand exactly what or whom the speaker is talking about

Exercise 1

Underline the Adjectives in the following sentences and identify itrsquos kind

1 She is sincere Qualitative Adjective2 I need some money Quantitative

Adjective3 These mangoes are ripe Demonstrative

Adjective4 Which kite do you want to buy

Interrogative Adjective5 Meena sprained her ankle while playing

Possessive Adjective

Hindi 2nd lang महावर (वयाकरण) जो वाकय या वाकयाश सामानय अथN स अलग पिवशष अथN त ह इनक परयोग स भाषा सर परभावशाली होती ह उस महावर कहत ह

जस आखो म +ल झोकना-अथN -(+ोखा ना)

वाकयndashचोर पशिलस की आखो म +ल झोक कर भाग गया

1 पिनमनशिलखिखत महावरो का अथN शिलखकर वाकय म परयोग कीजिजएक) आखो का तारा (बहत पयारा) रोहन अपन

घर का आखो का तारा हख) आकाश पाताल एक करना ndash (बहत

परिरशरम करना) ककषा म परथम आन क शिलए सीमा न आकाश पाताल एक कर दिया

ग) आवाज उठाना (पिवरो+ करना) गलत पिनणNय पर मनषय को हमशा आवाज उठाना चापिहए

घ) कोलह का बल (बहत अधि+क महनती) शयाम क पापा न शयाम को उचच शिशकषा दिलान क शिलए कोलह क बल की तरह काम पिकया

ङ) शिचकना घडा (कछ असर ना होना) सधिमत

तो शिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) जान पर खलना (पराणो को सकट म डालना) डबत बचच की जान बचान क शिलए मपिहमा जान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना (गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत हकर लाल पीली हो जाती ह

ज) +नका पकका (लगन का सचचा) जो बचच घम क पकक हो त ह व जीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बा+ना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बा+ लना चापिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना (पिनयतरण म रखना) आजकल माता पिपता अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ধবলিন ও বরণ বাংলা বযঞজন বরণসক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় ndash সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ- ক লেথসক পযনত ২৫টি বরণসক সপশ বরণ বসল কারণ এই বরণ গলিল উচচাসন য় লিজহবা লেকাসনা অংসশ স= কণঠ তাল ওষঠ লিকংবা অধস সপশ ঘস^ তাই এসদ সপশ বরণ বসল

উষমবরণ- শ রষ ndashএই চাটি বরণ উচচাসন য় শবাবায় যতকষরণ ধস াখা য় ততকষন এগলিল উচচান মভব শবাবায় পরাধাসনয জনয এগলিলসক উষমবরণ বলা য়

অনতঃসথবরণ- য ল ব এই চাটি বরণ সপশ বরণ ও উষমবসরণ াস1 অবলিসথত বসল এগলিল অনতঃসথ বরণ

আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ- ংং ংঃ এই দটি বরণ পববতc লেকান সববসরণ আশরয় ছাltা উচচালিত সত পাসনা তাই এসদ আশরয়সথান ভাগী বরণ বা অসযাগবা বরণও বলা য়

বাংলা বযঞজনবরণসক কয় ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় কী কী

বাংলা বযঞজন বরণ লেক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য়- সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ কাসক বসল উদারণ সযাসগ খসত কসা ও খাতায় লেলসখা

SYNOPSIS

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Numbers

Chapter Numbers in Indian and International systems

In Indian system also called Hindu Arabic System to read and write large quantities with ease the groups are made with certain periods as shown below

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands OnesPlaces Ten

CroresCrores Ten

lakhsLakh Ten

thousandsThousand Hundred Tens Ones

One 1Ten 1 01 Hundred 1 0 01 Thousand 1 0 0 0

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 4: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

7 म बहत महनत करगा ककषा म परथम आऊगा-- अश न आतमपिवशवास क साथ कहा

1कचहरी --मर शहर म कचहरी ह

2 गपित --परकाश की गपित बहत तज होती ह

3 परिरणाम --जो जसा कमN करता ह वसा परिरणाम स धिमलता ह

4पिवधवस ndashआमफान क वजह स बहत पिवधवस हआ ह

5 आश --म अपन बडो की हर आश का पालन करता ह

6 गरमाहट --हम +प स गरमाहट धिमलती ह

दिए गए शबो को वाकय म परयोग कीजिजए

BENGALI বই ndash বাংলা ভারষা পলিচয়পাঠ ndash ২লিবরষয় ndash ধবলিন ও বরণ

১ ধবলিন কাসক বসলউঃ আাসদ খ লিদসয় লেয সব বা আওয়াজ লিনগত য় তাসক ধবলিন বসল২ বরণ কাসক বসলউঃ ধবলিন লিললিখত রপসক বরণ বসল লেযন -অ ক৩ বাগযনতর কাসক বসল উঃ খগহব ওষঠ নালিকা - লেয কল অংসশ াাসযয ধবলিন লিনগত য় তাসদ একসQ বাগযনতর বসল ৪ ধবলিন বা বরণ কত পরকা ও লিক লিক উঃ ধবলিন বরণ দই পরকালেযন - সবধবলিন বা সববরণ বযঞজনধবলিন বা বযঞজনবরণ

Subject Social studies

Topic India ndash the land of festivals

Dussehra

Dussehra is the festival that marks the victory of good over evil On this day Lord Rama killed Ravana It is a ten long day celebration and on the tenth day huge model of Ravana Kumbhkarna and Meghnad are burnt

Eid

Eid is celebrated at the end of Ramzan the holy month of fasting People wear new clothes and offer prayers at the mosque They wish each other lsquoEid Mubarak It is an occasion to express love and friendship

Christmas

Christmas is celebrated on December 25 It is celebrated as the birthday of Jesus Christ People offer special prayers at the church Christmas tree is decorated and gifts are exchanged Children eagerly wait for gifts from Santa Claus

Gurupurab

Gurupurab is celebrated by the Sikhs Guru Nanak was the first Sikh guru His birthday is celebrated as Guru Nanak jayanti in the month of November Sikhs go to the Gurudwaras and worship the Guru Granth Sahib A free community kitchen called langar is organised where all rich and poor people eat together

Harvest festivals

India is a land of farmers Farmers grow crops and harvest is the special time when all the crops are ready to be cut and sold in the to earn money after months of wait Some of the harvest festivals are

Makar sankranti

Makar sankranti also known as Maghi is one of the few Indian festivals that is celebrated on a fixed date January 14 It marks the end of winter and beginning of spring season People fly kites on this dayClass - III Date04 062020SUBJECT TIPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Mul

tiplic

ation

Multiplication by two-digit numbers

Exercise ndash 29Multiply

16 205times29 18 519times15 20 406times19 21 187times48

Solution16 2 0 5 times 2 9 1 8 4 5 (205times9) Multiply by ones then by 4 1 0 0 (205times20) tens and add Break 29 5 9 4 5 (205times29) into 20+9

18 5 1 9 times1 5 2 5 9 5 5 1 9 0 7 7 8 5

20 4 0 6 times1 9 3 6 5 4 4 0 6 0 7 7 1 4

21 1 8 7 times4 8 1 4 9 6 7 4 8 0 8 9 7 6

Practice at home14) 241times3219) 443times16

Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English literature

Hercules and Deianira (tales from Greece and Rome)

Hercules accepted the challenge of King of Argos He performed those wonderful deeds known as the twelve great labours of Hercules He killed lions poisonous water-snakes wild boars (wild pig) and fierce bulls tamed flesh eating horse defeated the Amazons in battle and killed a fierce dragon And at last when all the dangers were overcome Hercules was set free He started to wander from place to place He came to a country ruled by a king who had beautiful daughter named Deianira

1 By what name Hercules deeds were knownAns Twelve great labours of Hercules

2 Describe how Hercules overcame all the dangersAns Hercules killed lions poisonous water-snakes wild boars and fierce bulls tamed flesh eating horses defeated the Amazons in battle and killed a fierce dragon

3 Who was DeianiraAns Hercules came to a country ruled by a

king who had a very beautiful daughter Deianira

Social studies

India ndash physical divisions

The Northern PlainsThe Northern Plains are about 2400 km in length extending from the Punjab in the West to Assam in the east Most of the rivers that start from the Himalayas flow through the Northern Plains Indus Ganga Brahmaputra and Yamuna are some important rivers of this region As the rivers flow from the mountains they carry with them broken rocks sands and silt The fine silt which is deposited by the rivers is called alluvium This alluvial soil along with the plenty of rainfall made the Northern Plains very fertile

Northern Plains extends from Punjab in the West to Assam in the east

1Give the extension of the Northern PlainsAns The Northern Plains are about 2400 km in length from the Punjab in the west to Assam in the east2 Name the rivers which flow in the Northern PlainsAns Ganga Yamuna Brahmaputra and Indus rivers flow in the Northern Plains3 What is alluviumAns The fine silt which is deposited by the rivers is called alluvium

Science The Teeth (Structure of a tooth)

Structure of a ToothEach tooth has two main parts crown and the root These two parts are separated by neck it is thin and narrow The top part of the tooth called crown it is seen above the gum The lower part of the tooth is called root It cannot be seen as it is inside the gum Root holds the tooth firmly in place A tooth has three layers enamel dentine and pulp Enamel - The outer white layer is called the enamel it is the hardest part of the body

Dentine ndash The middle layer of the tooth is slightly yellow and known as dentine It is softer than enamel

Pulp ndash The innermost layer of the tooth is called pulp It is soft and has blood vessels in it The nutrients reach the tooth through the blood vessels

Bookrsquosexercise A Tick the correct answer5The sharp and pointed teeth to tear food ndash caninesB Fill in the blanks1 A newborn baby has no teeth 2 Milk teeth are also called temporary teeth

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 4 FORMATTING IN MS WORD

FORMATTING IS A GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF TEXT IN A DOCUMENTWE CAN CHANGE THE APPEARANCE OF A DOCUMENT BY USING THE FEATURES AVAILABLE IN MS WORD WE CAN USE DIFFERENT FONTS COLOURS AND STYLES IN THE TEXT

FORMATTING FEATURESFORMATTING IS DONE TO IMPROVE THE APPEARANCE OF A DOCUMENTTHE FORMATTING FEATURES IN MS WATER AVAILABLE UNDER THE HOME TABTHIS TAB CONTAINS FONT GROUP WHICH HAS FONT FORMATTING OPTIONS AND A PARAGRAPH GROUP WHICH HAS PARAGRAPH FORMATTING OPTIONS

FONTUPON TEACHERS STYLE OF WRITING AND TYPING MANY FORMS ARE AVAILABLE IN MS WORD

FOLLOWING ARE THE STEPS TO CHANGE THE FONT TYPE SELECT THE TEXT THAT WE WANT TO FORMAT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB CLICK ON DROPDOWN ARROW NEXT TO THE FONT BOX IN THE FONT GROUP SELECT 11 FONT TYPE FROM THE FONT LIST BOX THE SELECTED FONT TYPE WILL BE APPLIED TO THE SELECTED TEXT

BOLD ITALIC AND UNDERLINE COMMANDS IN MS WORDTHESE COMMANDS ARE GIVEN IN THE FONT GROUP IN THE HOME TAB THEIR FUNCTIONS ARE GIVEN BELOWBOLD IT ALLOWS YOU TO BOLD THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENTITALIC IT ALLOWS YOU TO ITALICIZE THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENTUNDERLINE IT ALLOWS YOU TO UNDERLINE THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENT

CHANGE FONT TYPE

CHANGE FONT COLOR

CHANGE CASE OF SENTENCESWORDSPARAGRAPHS

CHANGE TEXT ALIGNMENT IN MS WORD

APPLY STYLE IN MS WORD

READ PAGE 30 AND 31SUBJECT TIPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

ACTI

VITY

- 7

Add the following 1 1 1g L T-Th Th H T O 7 3 0 2 3 7 + 1 1 3 9 6 3

1 1 1h L T-Th Th H T O 5 7 2 8 4 5 + 3 5 6 4 8 4

8 4 4 2 0 0 9 2 9 3 2 9

MEN

TAL

MAT

HS

2 How much isa) 400 more than 6333 _____________

Solution 6733 [6333+400]

b) 6000 more than 25645 __________ Solution 31645 [25645+6000]

c)20000 more than 856354 _____________ Solution 876354 [856354+20000]

d) 400000 more than 234654 ____________ Solution 634654 [234654+400000]

3 Fill in the missing numbers

c) ___ 8 2 1 ___ 9 + 4 ___ 2 ___ 6 ___ 8 6 ___ 4 5 7

Solution 3 8 2 1 8 9 + 4 8 2 2 6 8 8 6 4 4 5 7

d) 5 ___ 9 8 ___ 4 + ___ 6 __ __ 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 ___

Solution 5 6 9 8 9 4 +1 6 3 0 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 7

Practice at home

a) 6 ___ 4 2 5 + 2 4 4 ___ 4

b) 7 3 2 ___ 4 +___ 1 ___ 3 3

___ 7 ___ 3 ___ 9 ___ 7 8 ___

Class VClass VSubject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesTwo major highwaysTwo major highway projects have been undertaken by the government recently1The Golden Quadrilateral is a network of highway connecting the four metros ndashDelhi Mumbai Kolkata and Chennai2The East ndash West and the North ndash South corridor connectPorbandar in the west to Silchar in the east and Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south respectively

RailwaysSpecially designed vehicles called trains run on two parallel rail tracks made of iron or steel These tracks are called the railways These tracks have different widths called the gauge The track was built between Swan sea and Mumbles in England to carry passengers in 1806 In India the British built the first track between Mumbai and Thane in 1853 Our Indian Railways is 160 years old It is also the largest in Asia but also the second largest in the world Different types of trains operate on different tracks in India Most of the passenger and goods trains run on broad gauge tracks In the hilly regions narrow gauge tracks have been laid Two such famous tracks are Kalka to Shimla and New Jalpaiguri to Darjeeling where toy trains still run Another special train system running underground is the MetroRail System Kolkata was the first city to privileged to build this network followed by New DelhiRailway is a cheaper means of transport for long distance travel both for passengers and goodsThey can transport large amounts of goods to different placesThey are relatively fast considering they cover long distancesThey help in the development of the country by connecting raw material areas manufacturing units and the markets where the goods are to be sold

WaterwayTransport through rivers canals and seas is one of the oldest means carrying people and goods over short as well as long distances Travel routes through water are called waterways Waterways are the cheapest mode of transport specially if bulky goods are to be transported to other continentsAlthough waterways is not a fast means of transport it is a cheap and easy means to travel over short and long distances for people living in the rural areasPorts are built along the coasts for ships to dock and on or offload the goods they carry or for passengers to get off coming from other countries There are thirteen major ports in India Some of which are Kolkata Vishakhapatnam Chennai Kochi Marmugao and Navi Mumbai A place where ships take shelter for a few weeks or months for maintenance and repair is called a harbour

Subject Topic Summary Execution

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch5

Fact

ors amp

M

ultip

les

Rules of divisibility discussed on 02062020

Exercise ndash 197 Which of the following numbers are divisible by 9 82 103 279 3041 702306

Solution 279 702306 are divisible by 9

[ 2+7+9 = 18 and 7+0+2+3+0+6 = 18 and 18 is divisible by 9]

Prime numbersA number greater than 1 which has any two factors (1 and the number itself) is called prime number

2 is the smallest prime number

2 is the only even prime number

2 and 5 are the only prime numbers that end with 2 and 5

Twin PrimePrime numbers with a difference of 2 are called twin primesFor example 3amp5 5amp7 17amp19 are the examples of twin primeComposite NumbersA number greater than 1 which has more than two factors is called a composite number

The smallest composite number is 4

Examples of other composite numbers are 6 12 18 27 39 hellip

Exercise ndash 201 Which of the following are prime numbers 5 35 41 77 81 97

Solution 5 41 97

3 Find the greatest prime number which is less than (a)21 (c) 74 (d) 90 (e) 100

Solution (a)19 (c) 73 (d) 89 (e) 97

4 Find the greatest composite number which is less than (a)23 (c) 85 (d) 71

Solution (a) 22 (c) 84 (d) 70

5 Find the least prime number which is greater than (a) 11 (c) 39 (d) 80

Solution (a) 13 (c) 41 (d) 83

6 Name the smallest (a) Prime number (b) Composite number

Solution (a) Smallest prime number = 2

(b) Smallest composite number = 4

8 Write a pair of twin primes Solution 3 and 5

11 Find the prime factorization of the smallest number of three digits

Solution The smallest 3-digit number = 1002 100

2 50 5 25 5 there4 Prime factorization of 100 = 2times2times5times5

English literature

The fall of Lanka

This is the story of the fight between Rama and Ravana as told by Valmiki in the Ramayana The monkeys worked all day and all night and at last built a bridge so that Rama and his army could cross to Lanka and rescue Sits

Questions and Answers

6 Why did they hesitate to welcome Bibhisana at firstThey hesitated to welcome Bibhisana at first because he left his brother in times of danger and one who leaves his brother in times of danger cannot be relied upon

7 Who suggested the idea of a bridge and how was it builtThe ocean-god suggested the idea of a bridge The monkeys worked day and night and carried huge blocks of stone and dropped them into the sea It went on for five days and a bridge was built

8 What did Rama say to the spiesRama said that they donrsquot kill spies if they have already seen their army to leave the place at once if not then go with one of his

chiefs He will take them around then go and tell Ravana that they will attack Lanka tomorrow

9 How did Angada mock RavanaAngada with a great leap forward came right before Ravana and mocked at the Rakshasa king by saying ldquo You are a great warrior you stole Sita in the absence of Rama and now Rama has come Go and fight with him Letrsquos see how brave you arerdquo

10 How did Indrajit paralyse Rama and LakshmanaIndrajit made himself invisible and from behind the clouds shot deadly arrows at Rama and Lakshmana Rama and Lakshmana could not see their enemy and found huge serpents slowly coiled themselves around their bodies After sometime they lost consciousness and fell on the ground

English language

Reflexive pronouns

Meaning of pronounsPronouns are words that are often used in place of nouns

Reflexive pronounsPronouns that are formed by

adding the suffix -self (singular) or -selves (plural) to some of the different forms of the personal pronouns These pronouns are known as

reflexive pronouns

Uses of reflexive pronouns1Reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis When a reflexive pronoun is used for emphasis it is also known as an emphatic or emphasizing pronoun

2Reflexive pronouns are also used to emphasize that somebody does did or will do something alone or without any help or interference from anyone else

Examples of emphatic pronoun1Gopalan cooked all the dishes himself

2We ourselves saw a tiger fighting with an elephant

3Vikram went to Delhi himself

4The old man lived in that house all by himself

5I solved the puzzle by myself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Pollination

Androecium It is the male reproductive part of a flowerIt contains number of stamensStamen

Q What is pollen grains Ans - The powder like substance produces by anther is called pollen grains

The stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower Collectively the stamens form the androecium Each stamen has two parts ndash

Filament Anther

A stamen has a long stalk called a filament At the top of the filament there is anther Anther is saclike structures (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination

Q What is the function of pollen grains Ans - Pollen grains contain the male reproductive cells and help in reproduction

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

BIOLOGY The LeafPg-23B2) Differentiate between a simple and a compound leaf Ans -

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

1)It has a single lamina 1) Lamina is divided into leaflets

2) Axillary bud is present on its axil 2) Axillary buds are absent

3) Example- Argemone leaf 3) Example ndash rose neem etc

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

2 Write the antonyms of

1 Merry X Gloomy2 Louder X Soft3 Cheerful X Sad4 Weary X energetic5 Descend X Ascend6 Darkening X Lighten

Read and learn the poem

English Language

ADJECTIVES An adjective qualifies a noun telling us something specific about it

Kinds of Adjectives

Qualitative Adjectives- describes the size shape colour or attribute of a person or thing

Quantitative Adjectives- describes the amount or quality big uncountable nouns and the number of countable nouns

Possessive Adjectives- specify ownership or relationship Appears together with the noun and stands before it

Interrogative Adjectives- they are used to form questions

Demonstrative Adjectives- points at something or someone and helps the listener to understand exactly what or whom the speaker is talking about

Exercise 1

Underline the Adjectives in the following sentences and identify itrsquos kind

1 She is sincere Qualitative Adjective2 I need some money Quantitative

Adjective3 These mangoes are ripe Demonstrative

Adjective4 Which kite do you want to buy

Interrogative Adjective5 Meena sprained her ankle while playing

Possessive Adjective

Hindi 2nd lang महावर (वयाकरण) जो वाकय या वाकयाश सामानय अथN स अलग पिवशष अथN त ह इनक परयोग स भाषा सर परभावशाली होती ह उस महावर कहत ह

जस आखो म +ल झोकना-अथN -(+ोखा ना)

वाकयndashचोर पशिलस की आखो म +ल झोक कर भाग गया

1 पिनमनशिलखिखत महावरो का अथN शिलखकर वाकय म परयोग कीजिजएक) आखो का तारा (बहत पयारा) रोहन अपन

घर का आखो का तारा हख) आकाश पाताल एक करना ndash (बहत

परिरशरम करना) ककषा म परथम आन क शिलए सीमा न आकाश पाताल एक कर दिया

ग) आवाज उठाना (पिवरो+ करना) गलत पिनणNय पर मनषय को हमशा आवाज उठाना चापिहए

घ) कोलह का बल (बहत अधि+क महनती) शयाम क पापा न शयाम को उचच शिशकषा दिलान क शिलए कोलह क बल की तरह काम पिकया

ङ) शिचकना घडा (कछ असर ना होना) सधिमत

तो शिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) जान पर खलना (पराणो को सकट म डालना) डबत बचच की जान बचान क शिलए मपिहमा जान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना (गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत हकर लाल पीली हो जाती ह

ज) +नका पकका (लगन का सचचा) जो बचच घम क पकक हो त ह व जीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बा+ना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बा+ लना चापिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना (पिनयतरण म रखना) आजकल माता पिपता अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ধবলিন ও বরণ বাংলা বযঞজন বরণসক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় ndash সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ- ক লেথসক পযনত ২৫টি বরণসক সপশ বরণ বসল কারণ এই বরণ গলিল উচচাসন য় লিজহবা লেকাসনা অংসশ স= কণঠ তাল ওষঠ লিকংবা অধস সপশ ঘস^ তাই এসদ সপশ বরণ বসল

উষমবরণ- শ রষ ndashএই চাটি বরণ উচচাসন য় শবাবায় যতকষরণ ধস াখা য় ততকষন এগলিল উচচান মভব শবাবায় পরাধাসনয জনয এগলিলসক উষমবরণ বলা য়

অনতঃসথবরণ- য ল ব এই চাটি বরণ সপশ বরণ ও উষমবসরণ াস1 অবলিসথত বসল এগলিল অনতঃসথ বরণ

আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ- ংং ংঃ এই দটি বরণ পববতc লেকান সববসরণ আশরয় ছাltা উচচালিত সত পাসনা তাই এসদ আশরয়সথান ভাগী বরণ বা অসযাগবা বরণও বলা য়

বাংলা বযঞজনবরণসক কয় ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় কী কী

বাংলা বযঞজন বরণ লেক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য়- সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ কাসক বসল উদারণ সযাসগ খসত কসা ও খাতায় লেলসখা

SYNOPSIS

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Numbers

Chapter Numbers in Indian and International systems

In Indian system also called Hindu Arabic System to read and write large quantities with ease the groups are made with certain periods as shown below

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands OnesPlaces Ten

CroresCrores Ten

lakhsLakh Ten

thousandsThousand Hundred Tens Ones

One 1Ten 1 01 Hundred 1 0 01 Thousand 1 0 0 0

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 5: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

India is a land of farmers Farmers grow crops and harvest is the special time when all the crops are ready to be cut and sold in the to earn money after months of wait Some of the harvest festivals are

Makar sankranti

Makar sankranti also known as Maghi is one of the few Indian festivals that is celebrated on a fixed date January 14 It marks the end of winter and beginning of spring season People fly kites on this dayClass - III Date04 062020SUBJECT TIPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Mul

tiplic

ation

Multiplication by two-digit numbers

Exercise ndash 29Multiply

16 205times29 18 519times15 20 406times19 21 187times48

Solution16 2 0 5 times 2 9 1 8 4 5 (205times9) Multiply by ones then by 4 1 0 0 (205times20) tens and add Break 29 5 9 4 5 (205times29) into 20+9

18 5 1 9 times1 5 2 5 9 5 5 1 9 0 7 7 8 5

20 4 0 6 times1 9 3 6 5 4 4 0 6 0 7 7 1 4

21 1 8 7 times4 8 1 4 9 6 7 4 8 0 8 9 7 6

Practice at home14) 241times3219) 443times16

Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English literature

Hercules and Deianira (tales from Greece and Rome)

Hercules accepted the challenge of King of Argos He performed those wonderful deeds known as the twelve great labours of Hercules He killed lions poisonous water-snakes wild boars (wild pig) and fierce bulls tamed flesh eating horse defeated the Amazons in battle and killed a fierce dragon And at last when all the dangers were overcome Hercules was set free He started to wander from place to place He came to a country ruled by a king who had beautiful daughter named Deianira

1 By what name Hercules deeds were knownAns Twelve great labours of Hercules

2 Describe how Hercules overcame all the dangersAns Hercules killed lions poisonous water-snakes wild boars and fierce bulls tamed flesh eating horses defeated the Amazons in battle and killed a fierce dragon

3 Who was DeianiraAns Hercules came to a country ruled by a

king who had a very beautiful daughter Deianira

Social studies

India ndash physical divisions

The Northern PlainsThe Northern Plains are about 2400 km in length extending from the Punjab in the West to Assam in the east Most of the rivers that start from the Himalayas flow through the Northern Plains Indus Ganga Brahmaputra and Yamuna are some important rivers of this region As the rivers flow from the mountains they carry with them broken rocks sands and silt The fine silt which is deposited by the rivers is called alluvium This alluvial soil along with the plenty of rainfall made the Northern Plains very fertile

Northern Plains extends from Punjab in the West to Assam in the east

1Give the extension of the Northern PlainsAns The Northern Plains are about 2400 km in length from the Punjab in the west to Assam in the east2 Name the rivers which flow in the Northern PlainsAns Ganga Yamuna Brahmaputra and Indus rivers flow in the Northern Plains3 What is alluviumAns The fine silt which is deposited by the rivers is called alluvium

Science The Teeth (Structure of a tooth)

Structure of a ToothEach tooth has two main parts crown and the root These two parts are separated by neck it is thin and narrow The top part of the tooth called crown it is seen above the gum The lower part of the tooth is called root It cannot be seen as it is inside the gum Root holds the tooth firmly in place A tooth has three layers enamel dentine and pulp Enamel - The outer white layer is called the enamel it is the hardest part of the body

Dentine ndash The middle layer of the tooth is slightly yellow and known as dentine It is softer than enamel

Pulp ndash The innermost layer of the tooth is called pulp It is soft and has blood vessels in it The nutrients reach the tooth through the blood vessels

Bookrsquosexercise A Tick the correct answer5The sharp and pointed teeth to tear food ndash caninesB Fill in the blanks1 A newborn baby has no teeth 2 Milk teeth are also called temporary teeth

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 4 FORMATTING IN MS WORD

FORMATTING IS A GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF TEXT IN A DOCUMENTWE CAN CHANGE THE APPEARANCE OF A DOCUMENT BY USING THE FEATURES AVAILABLE IN MS WORD WE CAN USE DIFFERENT FONTS COLOURS AND STYLES IN THE TEXT

FORMATTING FEATURESFORMATTING IS DONE TO IMPROVE THE APPEARANCE OF A DOCUMENTTHE FORMATTING FEATURES IN MS WATER AVAILABLE UNDER THE HOME TABTHIS TAB CONTAINS FONT GROUP WHICH HAS FONT FORMATTING OPTIONS AND A PARAGRAPH GROUP WHICH HAS PARAGRAPH FORMATTING OPTIONS

FONTUPON TEACHERS STYLE OF WRITING AND TYPING MANY FORMS ARE AVAILABLE IN MS WORD

FOLLOWING ARE THE STEPS TO CHANGE THE FONT TYPE SELECT THE TEXT THAT WE WANT TO FORMAT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB CLICK ON DROPDOWN ARROW NEXT TO THE FONT BOX IN THE FONT GROUP SELECT 11 FONT TYPE FROM THE FONT LIST BOX THE SELECTED FONT TYPE WILL BE APPLIED TO THE SELECTED TEXT

BOLD ITALIC AND UNDERLINE COMMANDS IN MS WORDTHESE COMMANDS ARE GIVEN IN THE FONT GROUP IN THE HOME TAB THEIR FUNCTIONS ARE GIVEN BELOWBOLD IT ALLOWS YOU TO BOLD THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENTITALIC IT ALLOWS YOU TO ITALICIZE THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENTUNDERLINE IT ALLOWS YOU TO UNDERLINE THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENT

CHANGE FONT TYPE

CHANGE FONT COLOR

CHANGE CASE OF SENTENCESWORDSPARAGRAPHS

CHANGE TEXT ALIGNMENT IN MS WORD

APPLY STYLE IN MS WORD

READ PAGE 30 AND 31SUBJECT TIPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

ACTI

VITY

- 7

Add the following 1 1 1g L T-Th Th H T O 7 3 0 2 3 7 + 1 1 3 9 6 3

1 1 1h L T-Th Th H T O 5 7 2 8 4 5 + 3 5 6 4 8 4

8 4 4 2 0 0 9 2 9 3 2 9

MEN

TAL

MAT

HS

2 How much isa) 400 more than 6333 _____________

Solution 6733 [6333+400]

b) 6000 more than 25645 __________ Solution 31645 [25645+6000]

c)20000 more than 856354 _____________ Solution 876354 [856354+20000]

d) 400000 more than 234654 ____________ Solution 634654 [234654+400000]

3 Fill in the missing numbers

c) ___ 8 2 1 ___ 9 + 4 ___ 2 ___ 6 ___ 8 6 ___ 4 5 7

Solution 3 8 2 1 8 9 + 4 8 2 2 6 8 8 6 4 4 5 7

d) 5 ___ 9 8 ___ 4 + ___ 6 __ __ 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 ___

Solution 5 6 9 8 9 4 +1 6 3 0 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 7

Practice at home

a) 6 ___ 4 2 5 + 2 4 4 ___ 4

b) 7 3 2 ___ 4 +___ 1 ___ 3 3

___ 7 ___ 3 ___ 9 ___ 7 8 ___

Class VClass VSubject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesTwo major highwaysTwo major highway projects have been undertaken by the government recently1The Golden Quadrilateral is a network of highway connecting the four metros ndashDelhi Mumbai Kolkata and Chennai2The East ndash West and the North ndash South corridor connectPorbandar in the west to Silchar in the east and Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south respectively

RailwaysSpecially designed vehicles called trains run on two parallel rail tracks made of iron or steel These tracks are called the railways These tracks have different widths called the gauge The track was built between Swan sea and Mumbles in England to carry passengers in 1806 In India the British built the first track between Mumbai and Thane in 1853 Our Indian Railways is 160 years old It is also the largest in Asia but also the second largest in the world Different types of trains operate on different tracks in India Most of the passenger and goods trains run on broad gauge tracks In the hilly regions narrow gauge tracks have been laid Two such famous tracks are Kalka to Shimla and New Jalpaiguri to Darjeeling where toy trains still run Another special train system running underground is the MetroRail System Kolkata was the first city to privileged to build this network followed by New DelhiRailway is a cheaper means of transport for long distance travel both for passengers and goodsThey can transport large amounts of goods to different placesThey are relatively fast considering they cover long distancesThey help in the development of the country by connecting raw material areas manufacturing units and the markets where the goods are to be sold

WaterwayTransport through rivers canals and seas is one of the oldest means carrying people and goods over short as well as long distances Travel routes through water are called waterways Waterways are the cheapest mode of transport specially if bulky goods are to be transported to other continentsAlthough waterways is not a fast means of transport it is a cheap and easy means to travel over short and long distances for people living in the rural areasPorts are built along the coasts for ships to dock and on or offload the goods they carry or for passengers to get off coming from other countries There are thirteen major ports in India Some of which are Kolkata Vishakhapatnam Chennai Kochi Marmugao and Navi Mumbai A place where ships take shelter for a few weeks or months for maintenance and repair is called a harbour

Subject Topic Summary Execution

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch5

Fact

ors amp

M

ultip

les

Rules of divisibility discussed on 02062020

Exercise ndash 197 Which of the following numbers are divisible by 9 82 103 279 3041 702306

Solution 279 702306 are divisible by 9

[ 2+7+9 = 18 and 7+0+2+3+0+6 = 18 and 18 is divisible by 9]

Prime numbersA number greater than 1 which has any two factors (1 and the number itself) is called prime number

2 is the smallest prime number

2 is the only even prime number

2 and 5 are the only prime numbers that end with 2 and 5

Twin PrimePrime numbers with a difference of 2 are called twin primesFor example 3amp5 5amp7 17amp19 are the examples of twin primeComposite NumbersA number greater than 1 which has more than two factors is called a composite number

The smallest composite number is 4

Examples of other composite numbers are 6 12 18 27 39 hellip

Exercise ndash 201 Which of the following are prime numbers 5 35 41 77 81 97

Solution 5 41 97

3 Find the greatest prime number which is less than (a)21 (c) 74 (d) 90 (e) 100

Solution (a)19 (c) 73 (d) 89 (e) 97

4 Find the greatest composite number which is less than (a)23 (c) 85 (d) 71

Solution (a) 22 (c) 84 (d) 70

5 Find the least prime number which is greater than (a) 11 (c) 39 (d) 80

Solution (a) 13 (c) 41 (d) 83

6 Name the smallest (a) Prime number (b) Composite number

Solution (a) Smallest prime number = 2

(b) Smallest composite number = 4

8 Write a pair of twin primes Solution 3 and 5

11 Find the prime factorization of the smallest number of three digits

Solution The smallest 3-digit number = 1002 100

2 50 5 25 5 there4 Prime factorization of 100 = 2times2times5times5

English literature

The fall of Lanka

This is the story of the fight between Rama and Ravana as told by Valmiki in the Ramayana The monkeys worked all day and all night and at last built a bridge so that Rama and his army could cross to Lanka and rescue Sits

Questions and Answers

6 Why did they hesitate to welcome Bibhisana at firstThey hesitated to welcome Bibhisana at first because he left his brother in times of danger and one who leaves his brother in times of danger cannot be relied upon

7 Who suggested the idea of a bridge and how was it builtThe ocean-god suggested the idea of a bridge The monkeys worked day and night and carried huge blocks of stone and dropped them into the sea It went on for five days and a bridge was built

8 What did Rama say to the spiesRama said that they donrsquot kill spies if they have already seen their army to leave the place at once if not then go with one of his

chiefs He will take them around then go and tell Ravana that they will attack Lanka tomorrow

9 How did Angada mock RavanaAngada with a great leap forward came right before Ravana and mocked at the Rakshasa king by saying ldquo You are a great warrior you stole Sita in the absence of Rama and now Rama has come Go and fight with him Letrsquos see how brave you arerdquo

10 How did Indrajit paralyse Rama and LakshmanaIndrajit made himself invisible and from behind the clouds shot deadly arrows at Rama and Lakshmana Rama and Lakshmana could not see their enemy and found huge serpents slowly coiled themselves around their bodies After sometime they lost consciousness and fell on the ground

English language

Reflexive pronouns

Meaning of pronounsPronouns are words that are often used in place of nouns

Reflexive pronounsPronouns that are formed by

adding the suffix -self (singular) or -selves (plural) to some of the different forms of the personal pronouns These pronouns are known as

reflexive pronouns

Uses of reflexive pronouns1Reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis When a reflexive pronoun is used for emphasis it is also known as an emphatic or emphasizing pronoun

2Reflexive pronouns are also used to emphasize that somebody does did or will do something alone or without any help or interference from anyone else

Examples of emphatic pronoun1Gopalan cooked all the dishes himself

2We ourselves saw a tiger fighting with an elephant

3Vikram went to Delhi himself

4The old man lived in that house all by himself

5I solved the puzzle by myself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Pollination

Androecium It is the male reproductive part of a flowerIt contains number of stamensStamen

Q What is pollen grains Ans - The powder like substance produces by anther is called pollen grains

The stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower Collectively the stamens form the androecium Each stamen has two parts ndash

Filament Anther

A stamen has a long stalk called a filament At the top of the filament there is anther Anther is saclike structures (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination

Q What is the function of pollen grains Ans - Pollen grains contain the male reproductive cells and help in reproduction

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

BIOLOGY The LeafPg-23B2) Differentiate between a simple and a compound leaf Ans -

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

1)It has a single lamina 1) Lamina is divided into leaflets

2) Axillary bud is present on its axil 2) Axillary buds are absent

3) Example- Argemone leaf 3) Example ndash rose neem etc

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

2 Write the antonyms of

1 Merry X Gloomy2 Louder X Soft3 Cheerful X Sad4 Weary X energetic5 Descend X Ascend6 Darkening X Lighten

Read and learn the poem

English Language

ADJECTIVES An adjective qualifies a noun telling us something specific about it

Kinds of Adjectives

Qualitative Adjectives- describes the size shape colour or attribute of a person or thing

Quantitative Adjectives- describes the amount or quality big uncountable nouns and the number of countable nouns

Possessive Adjectives- specify ownership or relationship Appears together with the noun and stands before it

Interrogative Adjectives- they are used to form questions

Demonstrative Adjectives- points at something or someone and helps the listener to understand exactly what or whom the speaker is talking about

Exercise 1

Underline the Adjectives in the following sentences and identify itrsquos kind

1 She is sincere Qualitative Adjective2 I need some money Quantitative

Adjective3 These mangoes are ripe Demonstrative

Adjective4 Which kite do you want to buy

Interrogative Adjective5 Meena sprained her ankle while playing

Possessive Adjective

Hindi 2nd lang महावर (वयाकरण) जो वाकय या वाकयाश सामानय अथN स अलग पिवशष अथN त ह इनक परयोग स भाषा सर परभावशाली होती ह उस महावर कहत ह

जस आखो म +ल झोकना-अथN -(+ोखा ना)

वाकयndashचोर पशिलस की आखो म +ल झोक कर भाग गया

1 पिनमनशिलखिखत महावरो का अथN शिलखकर वाकय म परयोग कीजिजएक) आखो का तारा (बहत पयारा) रोहन अपन

घर का आखो का तारा हख) आकाश पाताल एक करना ndash (बहत

परिरशरम करना) ककषा म परथम आन क शिलए सीमा न आकाश पाताल एक कर दिया

ग) आवाज उठाना (पिवरो+ करना) गलत पिनणNय पर मनषय को हमशा आवाज उठाना चापिहए

घ) कोलह का बल (बहत अधि+क महनती) शयाम क पापा न शयाम को उचच शिशकषा दिलान क शिलए कोलह क बल की तरह काम पिकया

ङ) शिचकना घडा (कछ असर ना होना) सधिमत

तो शिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) जान पर खलना (पराणो को सकट म डालना) डबत बचच की जान बचान क शिलए मपिहमा जान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना (गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत हकर लाल पीली हो जाती ह

ज) +नका पकका (लगन का सचचा) जो बचच घम क पकक हो त ह व जीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बा+ना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बा+ लना चापिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना (पिनयतरण म रखना) आजकल माता पिपता अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ধবলিন ও বরণ বাংলা বযঞজন বরণসক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় ndash সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ- ক লেথসক পযনত ২৫টি বরণসক সপশ বরণ বসল কারণ এই বরণ গলিল উচচাসন য় লিজহবা লেকাসনা অংসশ স= কণঠ তাল ওষঠ লিকংবা অধস সপশ ঘস^ তাই এসদ সপশ বরণ বসল

উষমবরণ- শ রষ ndashএই চাটি বরণ উচচাসন য় শবাবায় যতকষরণ ধস াখা য় ততকষন এগলিল উচচান মভব শবাবায় পরাধাসনয জনয এগলিলসক উষমবরণ বলা য়

অনতঃসথবরণ- য ল ব এই চাটি বরণ সপশ বরণ ও উষমবসরণ াস1 অবলিসথত বসল এগলিল অনতঃসথ বরণ

আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ- ংং ংঃ এই দটি বরণ পববতc লেকান সববসরণ আশরয় ছাltা উচচালিত সত পাসনা তাই এসদ আশরয়সথান ভাগী বরণ বা অসযাগবা বরণও বলা য়

বাংলা বযঞজনবরণসক কয় ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় কী কী

বাংলা বযঞজন বরণ লেক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য়- সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ কাসক বসল উদারণ সযাসগ খসত কসা ও খাতায় লেলসখা

SYNOPSIS

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Numbers

Chapter Numbers in Indian and International systems

In Indian system also called Hindu Arabic System to read and write large quantities with ease the groups are made with certain periods as shown below

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands OnesPlaces Ten

CroresCrores Ten

lakhsLakh Ten

thousandsThousand Hundred Tens Ones

One 1Ten 1 01 Hundred 1 0 01 Thousand 1 0 0 0

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 6: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

king who had a very beautiful daughter Deianira

Social studies

India ndash physical divisions

The Northern PlainsThe Northern Plains are about 2400 km in length extending from the Punjab in the West to Assam in the east Most of the rivers that start from the Himalayas flow through the Northern Plains Indus Ganga Brahmaputra and Yamuna are some important rivers of this region As the rivers flow from the mountains they carry with them broken rocks sands and silt The fine silt which is deposited by the rivers is called alluvium This alluvial soil along with the plenty of rainfall made the Northern Plains very fertile

Northern Plains extends from Punjab in the West to Assam in the east

1Give the extension of the Northern PlainsAns The Northern Plains are about 2400 km in length from the Punjab in the west to Assam in the east2 Name the rivers which flow in the Northern PlainsAns Ganga Yamuna Brahmaputra and Indus rivers flow in the Northern Plains3 What is alluviumAns The fine silt which is deposited by the rivers is called alluvium

Science The Teeth (Structure of a tooth)

Structure of a ToothEach tooth has two main parts crown and the root These two parts are separated by neck it is thin and narrow The top part of the tooth called crown it is seen above the gum The lower part of the tooth is called root It cannot be seen as it is inside the gum Root holds the tooth firmly in place A tooth has three layers enamel dentine and pulp Enamel - The outer white layer is called the enamel it is the hardest part of the body

Dentine ndash The middle layer of the tooth is slightly yellow and known as dentine It is softer than enamel

Pulp ndash The innermost layer of the tooth is called pulp It is soft and has blood vessels in it The nutrients reach the tooth through the blood vessels

Bookrsquosexercise A Tick the correct answer5The sharp and pointed teeth to tear food ndash caninesB Fill in the blanks1 A newborn baby has no teeth 2 Milk teeth are also called temporary teeth

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 4 FORMATTING IN MS WORD

FORMATTING IS A GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF TEXT IN A DOCUMENTWE CAN CHANGE THE APPEARANCE OF A DOCUMENT BY USING THE FEATURES AVAILABLE IN MS WORD WE CAN USE DIFFERENT FONTS COLOURS AND STYLES IN THE TEXT

FORMATTING FEATURESFORMATTING IS DONE TO IMPROVE THE APPEARANCE OF A DOCUMENTTHE FORMATTING FEATURES IN MS WATER AVAILABLE UNDER THE HOME TABTHIS TAB CONTAINS FONT GROUP WHICH HAS FONT FORMATTING OPTIONS AND A PARAGRAPH GROUP WHICH HAS PARAGRAPH FORMATTING OPTIONS

FONTUPON TEACHERS STYLE OF WRITING AND TYPING MANY FORMS ARE AVAILABLE IN MS WORD

FOLLOWING ARE THE STEPS TO CHANGE THE FONT TYPE SELECT THE TEXT THAT WE WANT TO FORMAT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB CLICK ON DROPDOWN ARROW NEXT TO THE FONT BOX IN THE FONT GROUP SELECT 11 FONT TYPE FROM THE FONT LIST BOX THE SELECTED FONT TYPE WILL BE APPLIED TO THE SELECTED TEXT

BOLD ITALIC AND UNDERLINE COMMANDS IN MS WORDTHESE COMMANDS ARE GIVEN IN THE FONT GROUP IN THE HOME TAB THEIR FUNCTIONS ARE GIVEN BELOWBOLD IT ALLOWS YOU TO BOLD THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENTITALIC IT ALLOWS YOU TO ITALICIZE THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENTUNDERLINE IT ALLOWS YOU TO UNDERLINE THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENT

CHANGE FONT TYPE

CHANGE FONT COLOR

CHANGE CASE OF SENTENCESWORDSPARAGRAPHS

CHANGE TEXT ALIGNMENT IN MS WORD

APPLY STYLE IN MS WORD

READ PAGE 30 AND 31SUBJECT TIPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

ACTI

VITY

- 7

Add the following 1 1 1g L T-Th Th H T O 7 3 0 2 3 7 + 1 1 3 9 6 3

1 1 1h L T-Th Th H T O 5 7 2 8 4 5 + 3 5 6 4 8 4

8 4 4 2 0 0 9 2 9 3 2 9

MEN

TAL

MAT

HS

2 How much isa) 400 more than 6333 _____________

Solution 6733 [6333+400]

b) 6000 more than 25645 __________ Solution 31645 [25645+6000]

c)20000 more than 856354 _____________ Solution 876354 [856354+20000]

d) 400000 more than 234654 ____________ Solution 634654 [234654+400000]

3 Fill in the missing numbers

c) ___ 8 2 1 ___ 9 + 4 ___ 2 ___ 6 ___ 8 6 ___ 4 5 7

Solution 3 8 2 1 8 9 + 4 8 2 2 6 8 8 6 4 4 5 7

d) 5 ___ 9 8 ___ 4 + ___ 6 __ __ 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 ___

Solution 5 6 9 8 9 4 +1 6 3 0 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 7

Practice at home

a) 6 ___ 4 2 5 + 2 4 4 ___ 4

b) 7 3 2 ___ 4 +___ 1 ___ 3 3

___ 7 ___ 3 ___ 9 ___ 7 8 ___

Class VClass VSubject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesTwo major highwaysTwo major highway projects have been undertaken by the government recently1The Golden Quadrilateral is a network of highway connecting the four metros ndashDelhi Mumbai Kolkata and Chennai2The East ndash West and the North ndash South corridor connectPorbandar in the west to Silchar in the east and Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south respectively

RailwaysSpecially designed vehicles called trains run on two parallel rail tracks made of iron or steel These tracks are called the railways These tracks have different widths called the gauge The track was built between Swan sea and Mumbles in England to carry passengers in 1806 In India the British built the first track between Mumbai and Thane in 1853 Our Indian Railways is 160 years old It is also the largest in Asia but also the second largest in the world Different types of trains operate on different tracks in India Most of the passenger and goods trains run on broad gauge tracks In the hilly regions narrow gauge tracks have been laid Two such famous tracks are Kalka to Shimla and New Jalpaiguri to Darjeeling where toy trains still run Another special train system running underground is the MetroRail System Kolkata was the first city to privileged to build this network followed by New DelhiRailway is a cheaper means of transport for long distance travel both for passengers and goodsThey can transport large amounts of goods to different placesThey are relatively fast considering they cover long distancesThey help in the development of the country by connecting raw material areas manufacturing units and the markets where the goods are to be sold

WaterwayTransport through rivers canals and seas is one of the oldest means carrying people and goods over short as well as long distances Travel routes through water are called waterways Waterways are the cheapest mode of transport specially if bulky goods are to be transported to other continentsAlthough waterways is not a fast means of transport it is a cheap and easy means to travel over short and long distances for people living in the rural areasPorts are built along the coasts for ships to dock and on or offload the goods they carry or for passengers to get off coming from other countries There are thirteen major ports in India Some of which are Kolkata Vishakhapatnam Chennai Kochi Marmugao and Navi Mumbai A place where ships take shelter for a few weeks or months for maintenance and repair is called a harbour

Subject Topic Summary Execution

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch5

Fact

ors amp

M

ultip

les

Rules of divisibility discussed on 02062020

Exercise ndash 197 Which of the following numbers are divisible by 9 82 103 279 3041 702306

Solution 279 702306 are divisible by 9

[ 2+7+9 = 18 and 7+0+2+3+0+6 = 18 and 18 is divisible by 9]

Prime numbersA number greater than 1 which has any two factors (1 and the number itself) is called prime number

2 is the smallest prime number

2 is the only even prime number

2 and 5 are the only prime numbers that end with 2 and 5

Twin PrimePrime numbers with a difference of 2 are called twin primesFor example 3amp5 5amp7 17amp19 are the examples of twin primeComposite NumbersA number greater than 1 which has more than two factors is called a composite number

The smallest composite number is 4

Examples of other composite numbers are 6 12 18 27 39 hellip

Exercise ndash 201 Which of the following are prime numbers 5 35 41 77 81 97

Solution 5 41 97

3 Find the greatest prime number which is less than (a)21 (c) 74 (d) 90 (e) 100

Solution (a)19 (c) 73 (d) 89 (e) 97

4 Find the greatest composite number which is less than (a)23 (c) 85 (d) 71

Solution (a) 22 (c) 84 (d) 70

5 Find the least prime number which is greater than (a) 11 (c) 39 (d) 80

Solution (a) 13 (c) 41 (d) 83

6 Name the smallest (a) Prime number (b) Composite number

Solution (a) Smallest prime number = 2

(b) Smallest composite number = 4

8 Write a pair of twin primes Solution 3 and 5

11 Find the prime factorization of the smallest number of three digits

Solution The smallest 3-digit number = 1002 100

2 50 5 25 5 there4 Prime factorization of 100 = 2times2times5times5

English literature

The fall of Lanka

This is the story of the fight between Rama and Ravana as told by Valmiki in the Ramayana The monkeys worked all day and all night and at last built a bridge so that Rama and his army could cross to Lanka and rescue Sits

Questions and Answers

6 Why did they hesitate to welcome Bibhisana at firstThey hesitated to welcome Bibhisana at first because he left his brother in times of danger and one who leaves his brother in times of danger cannot be relied upon

7 Who suggested the idea of a bridge and how was it builtThe ocean-god suggested the idea of a bridge The monkeys worked day and night and carried huge blocks of stone and dropped them into the sea It went on for five days and a bridge was built

8 What did Rama say to the spiesRama said that they donrsquot kill spies if they have already seen their army to leave the place at once if not then go with one of his

chiefs He will take them around then go and tell Ravana that they will attack Lanka tomorrow

9 How did Angada mock RavanaAngada with a great leap forward came right before Ravana and mocked at the Rakshasa king by saying ldquo You are a great warrior you stole Sita in the absence of Rama and now Rama has come Go and fight with him Letrsquos see how brave you arerdquo

10 How did Indrajit paralyse Rama and LakshmanaIndrajit made himself invisible and from behind the clouds shot deadly arrows at Rama and Lakshmana Rama and Lakshmana could not see their enemy and found huge serpents slowly coiled themselves around their bodies After sometime they lost consciousness and fell on the ground

English language

Reflexive pronouns

Meaning of pronounsPronouns are words that are often used in place of nouns

Reflexive pronounsPronouns that are formed by

adding the suffix -self (singular) or -selves (plural) to some of the different forms of the personal pronouns These pronouns are known as

reflexive pronouns

Uses of reflexive pronouns1Reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis When a reflexive pronoun is used for emphasis it is also known as an emphatic or emphasizing pronoun

2Reflexive pronouns are also used to emphasize that somebody does did or will do something alone or without any help or interference from anyone else

Examples of emphatic pronoun1Gopalan cooked all the dishes himself

2We ourselves saw a tiger fighting with an elephant

3Vikram went to Delhi himself

4The old man lived in that house all by himself

5I solved the puzzle by myself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Pollination

Androecium It is the male reproductive part of a flowerIt contains number of stamensStamen

Q What is pollen grains Ans - The powder like substance produces by anther is called pollen grains

The stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower Collectively the stamens form the androecium Each stamen has two parts ndash

Filament Anther

A stamen has a long stalk called a filament At the top of the filament there is anther Anther is saclike structures (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination

Q What is the function of pollen grains Ans - Pollen grains contain the male reproductive cells and help in reproduction

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

BIOLOGY The LeafPg-23B2) Differentiate between a simple and a compound leaf Ans -

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

1)It has a single lamina 1) Lamina is divided into leaflets

2) Axillary bud is present on its axil 2) Axillary buds are absent

3) Example- Argemone leaf 3) Example ndash rose neem etc

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

2 Write the antonyms of

1 Merry X Gloomy2 Louder X Soft3 Cheerful X Sad4 Weary X energetic5 Descend X Ascend6 Darkening X Lighten

Read and learn the poem

English Language

ADJECTIVES An adjective qualifies a noun telling us something specific about it

Kinds of Adjectives

Qualitative Adjectives- describes the size shape colour or attribute of a person or thing

Quantitative Adjectives- describes the amount or quality big uncountable nouns and the number of countable nouns

Possessive Adjectives- specify ownership or relationship Appears together with the noun and stands before it

Interrogative Adjectives- they are used to form questions

Demonstrative Adjectives- points at something or someone and helps the listener to understand exactly what or whom the speaker is talking about

Exercise 1

Underline the Adjectives in the following sentences and identify itrsquos kind

1 She is sincere Qualitative Adjective2 I need some money Quantitative

Adjective3 These mangoes are ripe Demonstrative

Adjective4 Which kite do you want to buy

Interrogative Adjective5 Meena sprained her ankle while playing

Possessive Adjective

Hindi 2nd lang महावर (वयाकरण) जो वाकय या वाकयाश सामानय अथN स अलग पिवशष अथN त ह इनक परयोग स भाषा सर परभावशाली होती ह उस महावर कहत ह

जस आखो म +ल झोकना-अथN -(+ोखा ना)

वाकयndashचोर पशिलस की आखो म +ल झोक कर भाग गया

1 पिनमनशिलखिखत महावरो का अथN शिलखकर वाकय म परयोग कीजिजएक) आखो का तारा (बहत पयारा) रोहन अपन

घर का आखो का तारा हख) आकाश पाताल एक करना ndash (बहत

परिरशरम करना) ककषा म परथम आन क शिलए सीमा न आकाश पाताल एक कर दिया

ग) आवाज उठाना (पिवरो+ करना) गलत पिनणNय पर मनषय को हमशा आवाज उठाना चापिहए

घ) कोलह का बल (बहत अधि+क महनती) शयाम क पापा न शयाम को उचच शिशकषा दिलान क शिलए कोलह क बल की तरह काम पिकया

ङ) शिचकना घडा (कछ असर ना होना) सधिमत

तो शिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) जान पर खलना (पराणो को सकट म डालना) डबत बचच की जान बचान क शिलए मपिहमा जान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना (गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत हकर लाल पीली हो जाती ह

ज) +नका पकका (लगन का सचचा) जो बचच घम क पकक हो त ह व जीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बा+ना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बा+ लना चापिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना (पिनयतरण म रखना) आजकल माता पिपता अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ধবলিন ও বরণ বাংলা বযঞজন বরণসক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় ndash সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ- ক লেথসক পযনত ২৫টি বরণসক সপশ বরণ বসল কারণ এই বরণ গলিল উচচাসন য় লিজহবা লেকাসনা অংসশ স= কণঠ তাল ওষঠ লিকংবা অধস সপশ ঘস^ তাই এসদ সপশ বরণ বসল

উষমবরণ- শ রষ ndashএই চাটি বরণ উচচাসন য় শবাবায় যতকষরণ ধস াখা য় ততকষন এগলিল উচচান মভব শবাবায় পরাধাসনয জনয এগলিলসক উষমবরণ বলা য়

অনতঃসথবরণ- য ল ব এই চাটি বরণ সপশ বরণ ও উষমবসরণ াস1 অবলিসথত বসল এগলিল অনতঃসথ বরণ

আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ- ংং ংঃ এই দটি বরণ পববতc লেকান সববসরণ আশরয় ছাltা উচচালিত সত পাসনা তাই এসদ আশরয়সথান ভাগী বরণ বা অসযাগবা বরণও বলা য়

বাংলা বযঞজনবরণসক কয় ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় কী কী

বাংলা বযঞজন বরণ লেক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য়- সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ কাসক বসল উদারণ সযাসগ খসত কসা ও খাতায় লেলসখা

SYNOPSIS

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Numbers

Chapter Numbers in Indian and International systems

In Indian system also called Hindu Arabic System to read and write large quantities with ease the groups are made with certain periods as shown below

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands OnesPlaces Ten

CroresCrores Ten

lakhsLakh Ten

thousandsThousand Hundred Tens Ones

One 1Ten 1 01 Hundred 1 0 01 Thousand 1 0 0 0

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 7: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

FONTUPON TEACHERS STYLE OF WRITING AND TYPING MANY FORMS ARE AVAILABLE IN MS WORD

FOLLOWING ARE THE STEPS TO CHANGE THE FONT TYPE SELECT THE TEXT THAT WE WANT TO FORMAT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB CLICK ON DROPDOWN ARROW NEXT TO THE FONT BOX IN THE FONT GROUP SELECT 11 FONT TYPE FROM THE FONT LIST BOX THE SELECTED FONT TYPE WILL BE APPLIED TO THE SELECTED TEXT

BOLD ITALIC AND UNDERLINE COMMANDS IN MS WORDTHESE COMMANDS ARE GIVEN IN THE FONT GROUP IN THE HOME TAB THEIR FUNCTIONS ARE GIVEN BELOWBOLD IT ALLOWS YOU TO BOLD THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENTITALIC IT ALLOWS YOU TO ITALICIZE THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENTUNDERLINE IT ALLOWS YOU TO UNDERLINE THE TEXT OF YOUR DOCUMENT

CHANGE FONT TYPE

CHANGE FONT COLOR

CHANGE CASE OF SENTENCESWORDSPARAGRAPHS

CHANGE TEXT ALIGNMENT IN MS WORD

APPLY STYLE IN MS WORD

READ PAGE 30 AND 31SUBJECT TIPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

ACTI

VITY

- 7

Add the following 1 1 1g L T-Th Th H T O 7 3 0 2 3 7 + 1 1 3 9 6 3

1 1 1h L T-Th Th H T O 5 7 2 8 4 5 + 3 5 6 4 8 4

8 4 4 2 0 0 9 2 9 3 2 9

MEN

TAL

MAT

HS

2 How much isa) 400 more than 6333 _____________

Solution 6733 [6333+400]

b) 6000 more than 25645 __________ Solution 31645 [25645+6000]

c)20000 more than 856354 _____________ Solution 876354 [856354+20000]

d) 400000 more than 234654 ____________ Solution 634654 [234654+400000]

3 Fill in the missing numbers

c) ___ 8 2 1 ___ 9 + 4 ___ 2 ___ 6 ___ 8 6 ___ 4 5 7

Solution 3 8 2 1 8 9 + 4 8 2 2 6 8 8 6 4 4 5 7

d) 5 ___ 9 8 ___ 4 + ___ 6 __ __ 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 ___

Solution 5 6 9 8 9 4 +1 6 3 0 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 7

Practice at home

a) 6 ___ 4 2 5 + 2 4 4 ___ 4

b) 7 3 2 ___ 4 +___ 1 ___ 3 3

___ 7 ___ 3 ___ 9 ___ 7 8 ___

Class VClass VSubject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesTwo major highwaysTwo major highway projects have been undertaken by the government recently1The Golden Quadrilateral is a network of highway connecting the four metros ndashDelhi Mumbai Kolkata and Chennai2The East ndash West and the North ndash South corridor connectPorbandar in the west to Silchar in the east and Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south respectively

RailwaysSpecially designed vehicles called trains run on two parallel rail tracks made of iron or steel These tracks are called the railways These tracks have different widths called the gauge The track was built between Swan sea and Mumbles in England to carry passengers in 1806 In India the British built the first track between Mumbai and Thane in 1853 Our Indian Railways is 160 years old It is also the largest in Asia but also the second largest in the world Different types of trains operate on different tracks in India Most of the passenger and goods trains run on broad gauge tracks In the hilly regions narrow gauge tracks have been laid Two such famous tracks are Kalka to Shimla and New Jalpaiguri to Darjeeling where toy trains still run Another special train system running underground is the MetroRail System Kolkata was the first city to privileged to build this network followed by New DelhiRailway is a cheaper means of transport for long distance travel both for passengers and goodsThey can transport large amounts of goods to different placesThey are relatively fast considering they cover long distancesThey help in the development of the country by connecting raw material areas manufacturing units and the markets where the goods are to be sold

WaterwayTransport through rivers canals and seas is one of the oldest means carrying people and goods over short as well as long distances Travel routes through water are called waterways Waterways are the cheapest mode of transport specially if bulky goods are to be transported to other continentsAlthough waterways is not a fast means of transport it is a cheap and easy means to travel over short and long distances for people living in the rural areasPorts are built along the coasts for ships to dock and on or offload the goods they carry or for passengers to get off coming from other countries There are thirteen major ports in India Some of which are Kolkata Vishakhapatnam Chennai Kochi Marmugao and Navi Mumbai A place where ships take shelter for a few weeks or months for maintenance and repair is called a harbour

Subject Topic Summary Execution

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch5

Fact

ors amp

M

ultip

les

Rules of divisibility discussed on 02062020

Exercise ndash 197 Which of the following numbers are divisible by 9 82 103 279 3041 702306

Solution 279 702306 are divisible by 9

[ 2+7+9 = 18 and 7+0+2+3+0+6 = 18 and 18 is divisible by 9]

Prime numbersA number greater than 1 which has any two factors (1 and the number itself) is called prime number

2 is the smallest prime number

2 is the only even prime number

2 and 5 are the only prime numbers that end with 2 and 5

Twin PrimePrime numbers with a difference of 2 are called twin primesFor example 3amp5 5amp7 17amp19 are the examples of twin primeComposite NumbersA number greater than 1 which has more than two factors is called a composite number

The smallest composite number is 4

Examples of other composite numbers are 6 12 18 27 39 hellip

Exercise ndash 201 Which of the following are prime numbers 5 35 41 77 81 97

Solution 5 41 97

3 Find the greatest prime number which is less than (a)21 (c) 74 (d) 90 (e) 100

Solution (a)19 (c) 73 (d) 89 (e) 97

4 Find the greatest composite number which is less than (a)23 (c) 85 (d) 71

Solution (a) 22 (c) 84 (d) 70

5 Find the least prime number which is greater than (a) 11 (c) 39 (d) 80

Solution (a) 13 (c) 41 (d) 83

6 Name the smallest (a) Prime number (b) Composite number

Solution (a) Smallest prime number = 2

(b) Smallest composite number = 4

8 Write a pair of twin primes Solution 3 and 5

11 Find the prime factorization of the smallest number of three digits

Solution The smallest 3-digit number = 1002 100

2 50 5 25 5 there4 Prime factorization of 100 = 2times2times5times5

English literature

The fall of Lanka

This is the story of the fight between Rama and Ravana as told by Valmiki in the Ramayana The monkeys worked all day and all night and at last built a bridge so that Rama and his army could cross to Lanka and rescue Sits

Questions and Answers

6 Why did they hesitate to welcome Bibhisana at firstThey hesitated to welcome Bibhisana at first because he left his brother in times of danger and one who leaves his brother in times of danger cannot be relied upon

7 Who suggested the idea of a bridge and how was it builtThe ocean-god suggested the idea of a bridge The monkeys worked day and night and carried huge blocks of stone and dropped them into the sea It went on for five days and a bridge was built

8 What did Rama say to the spiesRama said that they donrsquot kill spies if they have already seen their army to leave the place at once if not then go with one of his

chiefs He will take them around then go and tell Ravana that they will attack Lanka tomorrow

9 How did Angada mock RavanaAngada with a great leap forward came right before Ravana and mocked at the Rakshasa king by saying ldquo You are a great warrior you stole Sita in the absence of Rama and now Rama has come Go and fight with him Letrsquos see how brave you arerdquo

10 How did Indrajit paralyse Rama and LakshmanaIndrajit made himself invisible and from behind the clouds shot deadly arrows at Rama and Lakshmana Rama and Lakshmana could not see their enemy and found huge serpents slowly coiled themselves around their bodies After sometime they lost consciousness and fell on the ground

English language

Reflexive pronouns

Meaning of pronounsPronouns are words that are often used in place of nouns

Reflexive pronounsPronouns that are formed by

adding the suffix -self (singular) or -selves (plural) to some of the different forms of the personal pronouns These pronouns are known as

reflexive pronouns

Uses of reflexive pronouns1Reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis When a reflexive pronoun is used for emphasis it is also known as an emphatic or emphasizing pronoun

2Reflexive pronouns are also used to emphasize that somebody does did or will do something alone or without any help or interference from anyone else

Examples of emphatic pronoun1Gopalan cooked all the dishes himself

2We ourselves saw a tiger fighting with an elephant

3Vikram went to Delhi himself

4The old man lived in that house all by himself

5I solved the puzzle by myself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Pollination

Androecium It is the male reproductive part of a flowerIt contains number of stamensStamen

Q What is pollen grains Ans - The powder like substance produces by anther is called pollen grains

The stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower Collectively the stamens form the androecium Each stamen has two parts ndash

Filament Anther

A stamen has a long stalk called a filament At the top of the filament there is anther Anther is saclike structures (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination

Q What is the function of pollen grains Ans - Pollen grains contain the male reproductive cells and help in reproduction

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

BIOLOGY The LeafPg-23B2) Differentiate between a simple and a compound leaf Ans -

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

1)It has a single lamina 1) Lamina is divided into leaflets

2) Axillary bud is present on its axil 2) Axillary buds are absent

3) Example- Argemone leaf 3) Example ndash rose neem etc

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

2 Write the antonyms of

1 Merry X Gloomy2 Louder X Soft3 Cheerful X Sad4 Weary X energetic5 Descend X Ascend6 Darkening X Lighten

Read and learn the poem

English Language

ADJECTIVES An adjective qualifies a noun telling us something specific about it

Kinds of Adjectives

Qualitative Adjectives- describes the size shape colour or attribute of a person or thing

Quantitative Adjectives- describes the amount or quality big uncountable nouns and the number of countable nouns

Possessive Adjectives- specify ownership or relationship Appears together with the noun and stands before it

Interrogative Adjectives- they are used to form questions

Demonstrative Adjectives- points at something or someone and helps the listener to understand exactly what or whom the speaker is talking about

Exercise 1

Underline the Adjectives in the following sentences and identify itrsquos kind

1 She is sincere Qualitative Adjective2 I need some money Quantitative

Adjective3 These mangoes are ripe Demonstrative

Adjective4 Which kite do you want to buy

Interrogative Adjective5 Meena sprained her ankle while playing

Possessive Adjective

Hindi 2nd lang महावर (वयाकरण) जो वाकय या वाकयाश सामानय अथN स अलग पिवशष अथN त ह इनक परयोग स भाषा सर परभावशाली होती ह उस महावर कहत ह

जस आखो म +ल झोकना-अथN -(+ोखा ना)

वाकयndashचोर पशिलस की आखो म +ल झोक कर भाग गया

1 पिनमनशिलखिखत महावरो का अथN शिलखकर वाकय म परयोग कीजिजएक) आखो का तारा (बहत पयारा) रोहन अपन

घर का आखो का तारा हख) आकाश पाताल एक करना ndash (बहत

परिरशरम करना) ककषा म परथम आन क शिलए सीमा न आकाश पाताल एक कर दिया

ग) आवाज उठाना (पिवरो+ करना) गलत पिनणNय पर मनषय को हमशा आवाज उठाना चापिहए

घ) कोलह का बल (बहत अधि+क महनती) शयाम क पापा न शयाम को उचच शिशकषा दिलान क शिलए कोलह क बल की तरह काम पिकया

ङ) शिचकना घडा (कछ असर ना होना) सधिमत

तो शिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) जान पर खलना (पराणो को सकट म डालना) डबत बचच की जान बचान क शिलए मपिहमा जान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना (गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत हकर लाल पीली हो जाती ह

ज) +नका पकका (लगन का सचचा) जो बचच घम क पकक हो त ह व जीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बा+ना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बा+ लना चापिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना (पिनयतरण म रखना) आजकल माता पिपता अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ধবলিন ও বরণ বাংলা বযঞজন বরণসক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় ndash সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ- ক লেথসক পযনত ২৫টি বরণসক সপশ বরণ বসল কারণ এই বরণ গলিল উচচাসন য় লিজহবা লেকাসনা অংসশ স= কণঠ তাল ওষঠ লিকংবা অধস সপশ ঘস^ তাই এসদ সপশ বরণ বসল

উষমবরণ- শ রষ ndashএই চাটি বরণ উচচাসন য় শবাবায় যতকষরণ ধস াখা য় ততকষন এগলিল উচচান মভব শবাবায় পরাধাসনয জনয এগলিলসক উষমবরণ বলা য়

অনতঃসথবরণ- য ল ব এই চাটি বরণ সপশ বরণ ও উষমবসরণ াস1 অবলিসথত বসল এগলিল অনতঃসথ বরণ

আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ- ংং ংঃ এই দটি বরণ পববতc লেকান সববসরণ আশরয় ছাltা উচচালিত সত পাসনা তাই এসদ আশরয়সথান ভাগী বরণ বা অসযাগবা বরণও বলা য়

বাংলা বযঞজনবরণসক কয় ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় কী কী

বাংলা বযঞজন বরণ লেক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য়- সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ কাসক বসল উদারণ সযাসগ খসত কসা ও খাতায় লেলসখা

SYNOPSIS

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Numbers

Chapter Numbers in Indian and International systems

In Indian system also called Hindu Arabic System to read and write large quantities with ease the groups are made with certain periods as shown below

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands OnesPlaces Ten

CroresCrores Ten

lakhsLakh Ten

thousandsThousand Hundred Tens Ones

One 1Ten 1 01 Hundred 1 0 01 Thousand 1 0 0 0

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 8: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

CHANGE CASE OF SENTENCESWORDSPARAGRAPHS

CHANGE TEXT ALIGNMENT IN MS WORD

APPLY STYLE IN MS WORD

READ PAGE 30 AND 31SUBJECT TIPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

ACTI

VITY

- 7

Add the following 1 1 1g L T-Th Th H T O 7 3 0 2 3 7 + 1 1 3 9 6 3

1 1 1h L T-Th Th H T O 5 7 2 8 4 5 + 3 5 6 4 8 4

8 4 4 2 0 0 9 2 9 3 2 9

MEN

TAL

MAT

HS

2 How much isa) 400 more than 6333 _____________

Solution 6733 [6333+400]

b) 6000 more than 25645 __________ Solution 31645 [25645+6000]

c)20000 more than 856354 _____________ Solution 876354 [856354+20000]

d) 400000 more than 234654 ____________ Solution 634654 [234654+400000]

3 Fill in the missing numbers

c) ___ 8 2 1 ___ 9 + 4 ___ 2 ___ 6 ___ 8 6 ___ 4 5 7

Solution 3 8 2 1 8 9 + 4 8 2 2 6 8 8 6 4 4 5 7

d) 5 ___ 9 8 ___ 4 + ___ 6 __ __ 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 ___

Solution 5 6 9 8 9 4 +1 6 3 0 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 7

Practice at home

a) 6 ___ 4 2 5 + 2 4 4 ___ 4

b) 7 3 2 ___ 4 +___ 1 ___ 3 3

___ 7 ___ 3 ___ 9 ___ 7 8 ___

Class VClass VSubject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesTwo major highwaysTwo major highway projects have been undertaken by the government recently1The Golden Quadrilateral is a network of highway connecting the four metros ndashDelhi Mumbai Kolkata and Chennai2The East ndash West and the North ndash South corridor connectPorbandar in the west to Silchar in the east and Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south respectively

RailwaysSpecially designed vehicles called trains run on two parallel rail tracks made of iron or steel These tracks are called the railways These tracks have different widths called the gauge The track was built between Swan sea and Mumbles in England to carry passengers in 1806 In India the British built the first track between Mumbai and Thane in 1853 Our Indian Railways is 160 years old It is also the largest in Asia but also the second largest in the world Different types of trains operate on different tracks in India Most of the passenger and goods trains run on broad gauge tracks In the hilly regions narrow gauge tracks have been laid Two such famous tracks are Kalka to Shimla and New Jalpaiguri to Darjeeling where toy trains still run Another special train system running underground is the MetroRail System Kolkata was the first city to privileged to build this network followed by New DelhiRailway is a cheaper means of transport for long distance travel both for passengers and goodsThey can transport large amounts of goods to different placesThey are relatively fast considering they cover long distancesThey help in the development of the country by connecting raw material areas manufacturing units and the markets where the goods are to be sold

WaterwayTransport through rivers canals and seas is one of the oldest means carrying people and goods over short as well as long distances Travel routes through water are called waterways Waterways are the cheapest mode of transport specially if bulky goods are to be transported to other continentsAlthough waterways is not a fast means of transport it is a cheap and easy means to travel over short and long distances for people living in the rural areasPorts are built along the coasts for ships to dock and on or offload the goods they carry or for passengers to get off coming from other countries There are thirteen major ports in India Some of which are Kolkata Vishakhapatnam Chennai Kochi Marmugao and Navi Mumbai A place where ships take shelter for a few weeks or months for maintenance and repair is called a harbour

Subject Topic Summary Execution

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch5

Fact

ors amp

M

ultip

les

Rules of divisibility discussed on 02062020

Exercise ndash 197 Which of the following numbers are divisible by 9 82 103 279 3041 702306

Solution 279 702306 are divisible by 9

[ 2+7+9 = 18 and 7+0+2+3+0+6 = 18 and 18 is divisible by 9]

Prime numbersA number greater than 1 which has any two factors (1 and the number itself) is called prime number

2 is the smallest prime number

2 is the only even prime number

2 and 5 are the only prime numbers that end with 2 and 5

Twin PrimePrime numbers with a difference of 2 are called twin primesFor example 3amp5 5amp7 17amp19 are the examples of twin primeComposite NumbersA number greater than 1 which has more than two factors is called a composite number

The smallest composite number is 4

Examples of other composite numbers are 6 12 18 27 39 hellip

Exercise ndash 201 Which of the following are prime numbers 5 35 41 77 81 97

Solution 5 41 97

3 Find the greatest prime number which is less than (a)21 (c) 74 (d) 90 (e) 100

Solution (a)19 (c) 73 (d) 89 (e) 97

4 Find the greatest composite number which is less than (a)23 (c) 85 (d) 71

Solution (a) 22 (c) 84 (d) 70

5 Find the least prime number which is greater than (a) 11 (c) 39 (d) 80

Solution (a) 13 (c) 41 (d) 83

6 Name the smallest (a) Prime number (b) Composite number

Solution (a) Smallest prime number = 2

(b) Smallest composite number = 4

8 Write a pair of twin primes Solution 3 and 5

11 Find the prime factorization of the smallest number of three digits

Solution The smallest 3-digit number = 1002 100

2 50 5 25 5 there4 Prime factorization of 100 = 2times2times5times5

English literature

The fall of Lanka

This is the story of the fight between Rama and Ravana as told by Valmiki in the Ramayana The monkeys worked all day and all night and at last built a bridge so that Rama and his army could cross to Lanka and rescue Sits

Questions and Answers

6 Why did they hesitate to welcome Bibhisana at firstThey hesitated to welcome Bibhisana at first because he left his brother in times of danger and one who leaves his brother in times of danger cannot be relied upon

7 Who suggested the idea of a bridge and how was it builtThe ocean-god suggested the idea of a bridge The monkeys worked day and night and carried huge blocks of stone and dropped them into the sea It went on for five days and a bridge was built

8 What did Rama say to the spiesRama said that they donrsquot kill spies if they have already seen their army to leave the place at once if not then go with one of his

chiefs He will take them around then go and tell Ravana that they will attack Lanka tomorrow

9 How did Angada mock RavanaAngada with a great leap forward came right before Ravana and mocked at the Rakshasa king by saying ldquo You are a great warrior you stole Sita in the absence of Rama and now Rama has come Go and fight with him Letrsquos see how brave you arerdquo

10 How did Indrajit paralyse Rama and LakshmanaIndrajit made himself invisible and from behind the clouds shot deadly arrows at Rama and Lakshmana Rama and Lakshmana could not see their enemy and found huge serpents slowly coiled themselves around their bodies After sometime they lost consciousness and fell on the ground

English language

Reflexive pronouns

Meaning of pronounsPronouns are words that are often used in place of nouns

Reflexive pronounsPronouns that are formed by

adding the suffix -self (singular) or -selves (plural) to some of the different forms of the personal pronouns These pronouns are known as

reflexive pronouns

Uses of reflexive pronouns1Reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis When a reflexive pronoun is used for emphasis it is also known as an emphatic or emphasizing pronoun

2Reflexive pronouns are also used to emphasize that somebody does did or will do something alone or without any help or interference from anyone else

Examples of emphatic pronoun1Gopalan cooked all the dishes himself

2We ourselves saw a tiger fighting with an elephant

3Vikram went to Delhi himself

4The old man lived in that house all by himself

5I solved the puzzle by myself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Pollination

Androecium It is the male reproductive part of a flowerIt contains number of stamensStamen

Q What is pollen grains Ans - The powder like substance produces by anther is called pollen grains

The stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower Collectively the stamens form the androecium Each stamen has two parts ndash

Filament Anther

A stamen has a long stalk called a filament At the top of the filament there is anther Anther is saclike structures (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination

Q What is the function of pollen grains Ans - Pollen grains contain the male reproductive cells and help in reproduction

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

BIOLOGY The LeafPg-23B2) Differentiate between a simple and a compound leaf Ans -

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

1)It has a single lamina 1) Lamina is divided into leaflets

2) Axillary bud is present on its axil 2) Axillary buds are absent

3) Example- Argemone leaf 3) Example ndash rose neem etc

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

2 Write the antonyms of

1 Merry X Gloomy2 Louder X Soft3 Cheerful X Sad4 Weary X energetic5 Descend X Ascend6 Darkening X Lighten

Read and learn the poem

English Language

ADJECTIVES An adjective qualifies a noun telling us something specific about it

Kinds of Adjectives

Qualitative Adjectives- describes the size shape colour or attribute of a person or thing

Quantitative Adjectives- describes the amount or quality big uncountable nouns and the number of countable nouns

Possessive Adjectives- specify ownership or relationship Appears together with the noun and stands before it

Interrogative Adjectives- they are used to form questions

Demonstrative Adjectives- points at something or someone and helps the listener to understand exactly what or whom the speaker is talking about

Exercise 1

Underline the Adjectives in the following sentences and identify itrsquos kind

1 She is sincere Qualitative Adjective2 I need some money Quantitative

Adjective3 These mangoes are ripe Demonstrative

Adjective4 Which kite do you want to buy

Interrogative Adjective5 Meena sprained her ankle while playing

Possessive Adjective

Hindi 2nd lang महावर (वयाकरण) जो वाकय या वाकयाश सामानय अथN स अलग पिवशष अथN त ह इनक परयोग स भाषा सर परभावशाली होती ह उस महावर कहत ह

जस आखो म +ल झोकना-अथN -(+ोखा ना)

वाकयndashचोर पशिलस की आखो म +ल झोक कर भाग गया

1 पिनमनशिलखिखत महावरो का अथN शिलखकर वाकय म परयोग कीजिजएक) आखो का तारा (बहत पयारा) रोहन अपन

घर का आखो का तारा हख) आकाश पाताल एक करना ndash (बहत

परिरशरम करना) ककषा म परथम आन क शिलए सीमा न आकाश पाताल एक कर दिया

ग) आवाज उठाना (पिवरो+ करना) गलत पिनणNय पर मनषय को हमशा आवाज उठाना चापिहए

घ) कोलह का बल (बहत अधि+क महनती) शयाम क पापा न शयाम को उचच शिशकषा दिलान क शिलए कोलह क बल की तरह काम पिकया

ङ) शिचकना घडा (कछ असर ना होना) सधिमत

तो शिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) जान पर खलना (पराणो को सकट म डालना) डबत बचच की जान बचान क शिलए मपिहमा जान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना (गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत हकर लाल पीली हो जाती ह

ज) +नका पकका (लगन का सचचा) जो बचच घम क पकक हो त ह व जीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बा+ना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बा+ लना चापिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना (पिनयतरण म रखना) आजकल माता पिपता अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ধবলিন ও বরণ বাংলা বযঞজন বরণসক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় ndash সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ- ক লেথসক পযনত ২৫টি বরণসক সপশ বরণ বসল কারণ এই বরণ গলিল উচচাসন য় লিজহবা লেকাসনা অংসশ স= কণঠ তাল ওষঠ লিকংবা অধস সপশ ঘস^ তাই এসদ সপশ বরণ বসল

উষমবরণ- শ রষ ndashএই চাটি বরণ উচচাসন য় শবাবায় যতকষরণ ধস াখা য় ততকষন এগলিল উচচান মভব শবাবায় পরাধাসনয জনয এগলিলসক উষমবরণ বলা য়

অনতঃসথবরণ- য ল ব এই চাটি বরণ সপশ বরণ ও উষমবসরণ াস1 অবলিসথত বসল এগলিল অনতঃসথ বরণ

আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ- ংং ংঃ এই দটি বরণ পববতc লেকান সববসরণ আশরয় ছাltা উচচালিত সত পাসনা তাই এসদ আশরয়সথান ভাগী বরণ বা অসযাগবা বরণও বলা য়

বাংলা বযঞজনবরণসক কয় ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় কী কী

বাংলা বযঞজন বরণ লেক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য়- সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ কাসক বসল উদারণ সযাসগ খসত কসা ও খাতায় লেলসখা

SYNOPSIS

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Numbers

Chapter Numbers in Indian and International systems

In Indian system also called Hindu Arabic System to read and write large quantities with ease the groups are made with certain periods as shown below

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands OnesPlaces Ten

CroresCrores Ten

lakhsLakh Ten

thousandsThousand Hundred Tens Ones

One 1Ten 1 01 Hundred 1 0 01 Thousand 1 0 0 0

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 9: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

MEN

TAL

MAT

HS

2 How much isa) 400 more than 6333 _____________

Solution 6733 [6333+400]

b) 6000 more than 25645 __________ Solution 31645 [25645+6000]

c)20000 more than 856354 _____________ Solution 876354 [856354+20000]

d) 400000 more than 234654 ____________ Solution 634654 [234654+400000]

3 Fill in the missing numbers

c) ___ 8 2 1 ___ 9 + 4 ___ 2 ___ 6 ___ 8 6 ___ 4 5 7

Solution 3 8 2 1 8 9 + 4 8 2 2 6 8 8 6 4 4 5 7

d) 5 ___ 9 8 ___ 4 + ___ 6 __ __ 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 ___

Solution 5 6 9 8 9 4 +1 6 3 0 9 3 7 3 2 9 8 7

Practice at home

a) 6 ___ 4 2 5 + 2 4 4 ___ 4

b) 7 3 2 ___ 4 +___ 1 ___ 3 3

___ 7 ___ 3 ___ 9 ___ 7 8 ___

Class VClass VSubject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesTwo major highwaysTwo major highway projects have been undertaken by the government recently1The Golden Quadrilateral is a network of highway connecting the four metros ndashDelhi Mumbai Kolkata and Chennai2The East ndash West and the North ndash South corridor connectPorbandar in the west to Silchar in the east and Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south respectively

RailwaysSpecially designed vehicles called trains run on two parallel rail tracks made of iron or steel These tracks are called the railways These tracks have different widths called the gauge The track was built between Swan sea and Mumbles in England to carry passengers in 1806 In India the British built the first track between Mumbai and Thane in 1853 Our Indian Railways is 160 years old It is also the largest in Asia but also the second largest in the world Different types of trains operate on different tracks in India Most of the passenger and goods trains run on broad gauge tracks In the hilly regions narrow gauge tracks have been laid Two such famous tracks are Kalka to Shimla and New Jalpaiguri to Darjeeling where toy trains still run Another special train system running underground is the MetroRail System Kolkata was the first city to privileged to build this network followed by New DelhiRailway is a cheaper means of transport for long distance travel both for passengers and goodsThey can transport large amounts of goods to different placesThey are relatively fast considering they cover long distancesThey help in the development of the country by connecting raw material areas manufacturing units and the markets where the goods are to be sold

WaterwayTransport through rivers canals and seas is one of the oldest means carrying people and goods over short as well as long distances Travel routes through water are called waterways Waterways are the cheapest mode of transport specially if bulky goods are to be transported to other continentsAlthough waterways is not a fast means of transport it is a cheap and easy means to travel over short and long distances for people living in the rural areasPorts are built along the coasts for ships to dock and on or offload the goods they carry or for passengers to get off coming from other countries There are thirteen major ports in India Some of which are Kolkata Vishakhapatnam Chennai Kochi Marmugao and Navi Mumbai A place where ships take shelter for a few weeks or months for maintenance and repair is called a harbour

Subject Topic Summary Execution

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch5

Fact

ors amp

M

ultip

les

Rules of divisibility discussed on 02062020

Exercise ndash 197 Which of the following numbers are divisible by 9 82 103 279 3041 702306

Solution 279 702306 are divisible by 9

[ 2+7+9 = 18 and 7+0+2+3+0+6 = 18 and 18 is divisible by 9]

Prime numbersA number greater than 1 which has any two factors (1 and the number itself) is called prime number

2 is the smallest prime number

2 is the only even prime number

2 and 5 are the only prime numbers that end with 2 and 5

Twin PrimePrime numbers with a difference of 2 are called twin primesFor example 3amp5 5amp7 17amp19 are the examples of twin primeComposite NumbersA number greater than 1 which has more than two factors is called a composite number

The smallest composite number is 4

Examples of other composite numbers are 6 12 18 27 39 hellip

Exercise ndash 201 Which of the following are prime numbers 5 35 41 77 81 97

Solution 5 41 97

3 Find the greatest prime number which is less than (a)21 (c) 74 (d) 90 (e) 100

Solution (a)19 (c) 73 (d) 89 (e) 97

4 Find the greatest composite number which is less than (a)23 (c) 85 (d) 71

Solution (a) 22 (c) 84 (d) 70

5 Find the least prime number which is greater than (a) 11 (c) 39 (d) 80

Solution (a) 13 (c) 41 (d) 83

6 Name the smallest (a) Prime number (b) Composite number

Solution (a) Smallest prime number = 2

(b) Smallest composite number = 4

8 Write a pair of twin primes Solution 3 and 5

11 Find the prime factorization of the smallest number of three digits

Solution The smallest 3-digit number = 1002 100

2 50 5 25 5 there4 Prime factorization of 100 = 2times2times5times5

English literature

The fall of Lanka

This is the story of the fight between Rama and Ravana as told by Valmiki in the Ramayana The monkeys worked all day and all night and at last built a bridge so that Rama and his army could cross to Lanka and rescue Sits

Questions and Answers

6 Why did they hesitate to welcome Bibhisana at firstThey hesitated to welcome Bibhisana at first because he left his brother in times of danger and one who leaves his brother in times of danger cannot be relied upon

7 Who suggested the idea of a bridge and how was it builtThe ocean-god suggested the idea of a bridge The monkeys worked day and night and carried huge blocks of stone and dropped them into the sea It went on for five days and a bridge was built

8 What did Rama say to the spiesRama said that they donrsquot kill spies if they have already seen their army to leave the place at once if not then go with one of his

chiefs He will take them around then go and tell Ravana that they will attack Lanka tomorrow

9 How did Angada mock RavanaAngada with a great leap forward came right before Ravana and mocked at the Rakshasa king by saying ldquo You are a great warrior you stole Sita in the absence of Rama and now Rama has come Go and fight with him Letrsquos see how brave you arerdquo

10 How did Indrajit paralyse Rama and LakshmanaIndrajit made himself invisible and from behind the clouds shot deadly arrows at Rama and Lakshmana Rama and Lakshmana could not see their enemy and found huge serpents slowly coiled themselves around their bodies After sometime they lost consciousness and fell on the ground

English language

Reflexive pronouns

Meaning of pronounsPronouns are words that are often used in place of nouns

Reflexive pronounsPronouns that are formed by

adding the suffix -self (singular) or -selves (plural) to some of the different forms of the personal pronouns These pronouns are known as

reflexive pronouns

Uses of reflexive pronouns1Reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis When a reflexive pronoun is used for emphasis it is also known as an emphatic or emphasizing pronoun

2Reflexive pronouns are also used to emphasize that somebody does did or will do something alone or without any help or interference from anyone else

Examples of emphatic pronoun1Gopalan cooked all the dishes himself

2We ourselves saw a tiger fighting with an elephant

3Vikram went to Delhi himself

4The old man lived in that house all by himself

5I solved the puzzle by myself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Pollination

Androecium It is the male reproductive part of a flowerIt contains number of stamensStamen

Q What is pollen grains Ans - The powder like substance produces by anther is called pollen grains

The stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower Collectively the stamens form the androecium Each stamen has two parts ndash

Filament Anther

A stamen has a long stalk called a filament At the top of the filament there is anther Anther is saclike structures (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination

Q What is the function of pollen grains Ans - Pollen grains contain the male reproductive cells and help in reproduction

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

BIOLOGY The LeafPg-23B2) Differentiate between a simple and a compound leaf Ans -

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

1)It has a single lamina 1) Lamina is divided into leaflets

2) Axillary bud is present on its axil 2) Axillary buds are absent

3) Example- Argemone leaf 3) Example ndash rose neem etc

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

2 Write the antonyms of

1 Merry X Gloomy2 Louder X Soft3 Cheerful X Sad4 Weary X energetic5 Descend X Ascend6 Darkening X Lighten

Read and learn the poem

English Language

ADJECTIVES An adjective qualifies a noun telling us something specific about it

Kinds of Adjectives

Qualitative Adjectives- describes the size shape colour or attribute of a person or thing

Quantitative Adjectives- describes the amount or quality big uncountable nouns and the number of countable nouns

Possessive Adjectives- specify ownership or relationship Appears together with the noun and stands before it

Interrogative Adjectives- they are used to form questions

Demonstrative Adjectives- points at something or someone and helps the listener to understand exactly what or whom the speaker is talking about

Exercise 1

Underline the Adjectives in the following sentences and identify itrsquos kind

1 She is sincere Qualitative Adjective2 I need some money Quantitative

Adjective3 These mangoes are ripe Demonstrative

Adjective4 Which kite do you want to buy

Interrogative Adjective5 Meena sprained her ankle while playing

Possessive Adjective

Hindi 2nd lang महावर (वयाकरण) जो वाकय या वाकयाश सामानय अथN स अलग पिवशष अथN त ह इनक परयोग स भाषा सर परभावशाली होती ह उस महावर कहत ह

जस आखो म +ल झोकना-अथN -(+ोखा ना)

वाकयndashचोर पशिलस की आखो म +ल झोक कर भाग गया

1 पिनमनशिलखिखत महावरो का अथN शिलखकर वाकय म परयोग कीजिजएक) आखो का तारा (बहत पयारा) रोहन अपन

घर का आखो का तारा हख) आकाश पाताल एक करना ndash (बहत

परिरशरम करना) ककषा म परथम आन क शिलए सीमा न आकाश पाताल एक कर दिया

ग) आवाज उठाना (पिवरो+ करना) गलत पिनणNय पर मनषय को हमशा आवाज उठाना चापिहए

घ) कोलह का बल (बहत अधि+क महनती) शयाम क पापा न शयाम को उचच शिशकषा दिलान क शिलए कोलह क बल की तरह काम पिकया

ङ) शिचकना घडा (कछ असर ना होना) सधिमत

तो शिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) जान पर खलना (पराणो को सकट म डालना) डबत बचच की जान बचान क शिलए मपिहमा जान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना (गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत हकर लाल पीली हो जाती ह

ज) +नका पकका (लगन का सचचा) जो बचच घम क पकक हो त ह व जीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बा+ना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बा+ लना चापिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना (पिनयतरण म रखना) आजकल माता पिपता अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ধবলিন ও বরণ বাংলা বযঞজন বরণসক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় ndash সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ- ক লেথসক পযনত ২৫টি বরণসক সপশ বরণ বসল কারণ এই বরণ গলিল উচচাসন য় লিজহবা লেকাসনা অংসশ স= কণঠ তাল ওষঠ লিকংবা অধস সপশ ঘস^ তাই এসদ সপশ বরণ বসল

উষমবরণ- শ রষ ndashএই চাটি বরণ উচচাসন য় শবাবায় যতকষরণ ধস াখা য় ততকষন এগলিল উচচান মভব শবাবায় পরাধাসনয জনয এগলিলসক উষমবরণ বলা য়

অনতঃসথবরণ- য ল ব এই চাটি বরণ সপশ বরণ ও উষমবসরণ াস1 অবলিসথত বসল এগলিল অনতঃসথ বরণ

আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ- ংং ংঃ এই দটি বরণ পববতc লেকান সববসরণ আশরয় ছাltা উচচালিত সত পাসনা তাই এসদ আশরয়সথান ভাগী বরণ বা অসযাগবা বরণও বলা য়

বাংলা বযঞজনবরণসক কয় ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় কী কী

বাংলা বযঞজন বরণ লেক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য়- সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ কাসক বসল উদারণ সযাসগ খসত কসা ও খাতায় লেলসখা

SYNOPSIS

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Numbers

Chapter Numbers in Indian and International systems

In Indian system also called Hindu Arabic System to read and write large quantities with ease the groups are made with certain periods as shown below

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands OnesPlaces Ten

CroresCrores Ten

lakhsLakh Ten

thousandsThousand Hundred Tens Ones

One 1Ten 1 01 Hundred 1 0 01 Thousand 1 0 0 0

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 10: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

WaterwayTransport through rivers canals and seas is one of the oldest means carrying people and goods over short as well as long distances Travel routes through water are called waterways Waterways are the cheapest mode of transport specially if bulky goods are to be transported to other continentsAlthough waterways is not a fast means of transport it is a cheap and easy means to travel over short and long distances for people living in the rural areasPorts are built along the coasts for ships to dock and on or offload the goods they carry or for passengers to get off coming from other countries There are thirteen major ports in India Some of which are Kolkata Vishakhapatnam Chennai Kochi Marmugao and Navi Mumbai A place where ships take shelter for a few weeks or months for maintenance and repair is called a harbour

Subject Topic Summary Execution

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch5

Fact

ors amp

M

ultip

les

Rules of divisibility discussed on 02062020

Exercise ndash 197 Which of the following numbers are divisible by 9 82 103 279 3041 702306

Solution 279 702306 are divisible by 9

[ 2+7+9 = 18 and 7+0+2+3+0+6 = 18 and 18 is divisible by 9]

Prime numbersA number greater than 1 which has any two factors (1 and the number itself) is called prime number

2 is the smallest prime number

2 is the only even prime number

2 and 5 are the only prime numbers that end with 2 and 5

Twin PrimePrime numbers with a difference of 2 are called twin primesFor example 3amp5 5amp7 17amp19 are the examples of twin primeComposite NumbersA number greater than 1 which has more than two factors is called a composite number

The smallest composite number is 4

Examples of other composite numbers are 6 12 18 27 39 hellip

Exercise ndash 201 Which of the following are prime numbers 5 35 41 77 81 97

Solution 5 41 97

3 Find the greatest prime number which is less than (a)21 (c) 74 (d) 90 (e) 100

Solution (a)19 (c) 73 (d) 89 (e) 97

4 Find the greatest composite number which is less than (a)23 (c) 85 (d) 71

Solution (a) 22 (c) 84 (d) 70

5 Find the least prime number which is greater than (a) 11 (c) 39 (d) 80

Solution (a) 13 (c) 41 (d) 83

6 Name the smallest (a) Prime number (b) Composite number

Solution (a) Smallest prime number = 2

(b) Smallest composite number = 4

8 Write a pair of twin primes Solution 3 and 5

11 Find the prime factorization of the smallest number of three digits

Solution The smallest 3-digit number = 1002 100

2 50 5 25 5 there4 Prime factorization of 100 = 2times2times5times5

English literature

The fall of Lanka

This is the story of the fight between Rama and Ravana as told by Valmiki in the Ramayana The monkeys worked all day and all night and at last built a bridge so that Rama and his army could cross to Lanka and rescue Sits

Questions and Answers

6 Why did they hesitate to welcome Bibhisana at firstThey hesitated to welcome Bibhisana at first because he left his brother in times of danger and one who leaves his brother in times of danger cannot be relied upon

7 Who suggested the idea of a bridge and how was it builtThe ocean-god suggested the idea of a bridge The monkeys worked day and night and carried huge blocks of stone and dropped them into the sea It went on for five days and a bridge was built

8 What did Rama say to the spiesRama said that they donrsquot kill spies if they have already seen their army to leave the place at once if not then go with one of his

chiefs He will take them around then go and tell Ravana that they will attack Lanka tomorrow

9 How did Angada mock RavanaAngada with a great leap forward came right before Ravana and mocked at the Rakshasa king by saying ldquo You are a great warrior you stole Sita in the absence of Rama and now Rama has come Go and fight with him Letrsquos see how brave you arerdquo

10 How did Indrajit paralyse Rama and LakshmanaIndrajit made himself invisible and from behind the clouds shot deadly arrows at Rama and Lakshmana Rama and Lakshmana could not see their enemy and found huge serpents slowly coiled themselves around their bodies After sometime they lost consciousness and fell on the ground

English language

Reflexive pronouns

Meaning of pronounsPronouns are words that are often used in place of nouns

Reflexive pronounsPronouns that are formed by

adding the suffix -self (singular) or -selves (plural) to some of the different forms of the personal pronouns These pronouns are known as

reflexive pronouns

Uses of reflexive pronouns1Reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis When a reflexive pronoun is used for emphasis it is also known as an emphatic or emphasizing pronoun

2Reflexive pronouns are also used to emphasize that somebody does did or will do something alone or without any help or interference from anyone else

Examples of emphatic pronoun1Gopalan cooked all the dishes himself

2We ourselves saw a tiger fighting with an elephant

3Vikram went to Delhi himself

4The old man lived in that house all by himself

5I solved the puzzle by myself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Pollination

Androecium It is the male reproductive part of a flowerIt contains number of stamensStamen

Q What is pollen grains Ans - The powder like substance produces by anther is called pollen grains

The stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower Collectively the stamens form the androecium Each stamen has two parts ndash

Filament Anther

A stamen has a long stalk called a filament At the top of the filament there is anther Anther is saclike structures (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination

Q What is the function of pollen grains Ans - Pollen grains contain the male reproductive cells and help in reproduction

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

BIOLOGY The LeafPg-23B2) Differentiate between a simple and a compound leaf Ans -

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

1)It has a single lamina 1) Lamina is divided into leaflets

2) Axillary bud is present on its axil 2) Axillary buds are absent

3) Example- Argemone leaf 3) Example ndash rose neem etc

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

2 Write the antonyms of

1 Merry X Gloomy2 Louder X Soft3 Cheerful X Sad4 Weary X energetic5 Descend X Ascend6 Darkening X Lighten

Read and learn the poem

English Language

ADJECTIVES An adjective qualifies a noun telling us something specific about it

Kinds of Adjectives

Qualitative Adjectives- describes the size shape colour or attribute of a person or thing

Quantitative Adjectives- describes the amount or quality big uncountable nouns and the number of countable nouns

Possessive Adjectives- specify ownership or relationship Appears together with the noun and stands before it

Interrogative Adjectives- they are used to form questions

Demonstrative Adjectives- points at something or someone and helps the listener to understand exactly what or whom the speaker is talking about

Exercise 1

Underline the Adjectives in the following sentences and identify itrsquos kind

1 She is sincere Qualitative Adjective2 I need some money Quantitative

Adjective3 These mangoes are ripe Demonstrative

Adjective4 Which kite do you want to buy

Interrogative Adjective5 Meena sprained her ankle while playing

Possessive Adjective

Hindi 2nd lang महावर (वयाकरण) जो वाकय या वाकयाश सामानय अथN स अलग पिवशष अथN त ह इनक परयोग स भाषा सर परभावशाली होती ह उस महावर कहत ह

जस आखो म +ल झोकना-अथN -(+ोखा ना)

वाकयndashचोर पशिलस की आखो म +ल झोक कर भाग गया

1 पिनमनशिलखिखत महावरो का अथN शिलखकर वाकय म परयोग कीजिजएक) आखो का तारा (बहत पयारा) रोहन अपन

घर का आखो का तारा हख) आकाश पाताल एक करना ndash (बहत

परिरशरम करना) ककषा म परथम आन क शिलए सीमा न आकाश पाताल एक कर दिया

ग) आवाज उठाना (पिवरो+ करना) गलत पिनणNय पर मनषय को हमशा आवाज उठाना चापिहए

घ) कोलह का बल (बहत अधि+क महनती) शयाम क पापा न शयाम को उचच शिशकषा दिलान क शिलए कोलह क बल की तरह काम पिकया

ङ) शिचकना घडा (कछ असर ना होना) सधिमत

तो शिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) जान पर खलना (पराणो को सकट म डालना) डबत बचच की जान बचान क शिलए मपिहमा जान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना (गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत हकर लाल पीली हो जाती ह

ज) +नका पकका (लगन का सचचा) जो बचच घम क पकक हो त ह व जीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बा+ना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बा+ लना चापिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना (पिनयतरण म रखना) आजकल माता पिपता अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ধবলিন ও বরণ বাংলা বযঞজন বরণসক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় ndash সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ- ক লেথসক পযনত ২৫টি বরণসক সপশ বরণ বসল কারণ এই বরণ গলিল উচচাসন য় লিজহবা লেকাসনা অংসশ স= কণঠ তাল ওষঠ লিকংবা অধস সপশ ঘস^ তাই এসদ সপশ বরণ বসল

উষমবরণ- শ রষ ndashএই চাটি বরণ উচচাসন য় শবাবায় যতকষরণ ধস াখা য় ততকষন এগলিল উচচান মভব শবাবায় পরাধাসনয জনয এগলিলসক উষমবরণ বলা য়

অনতঃসথবরণ- য ল ব এই চাটি বরণ সপশ বরণ ও উষমবসরণ াস1 অবলিসথত বসল এগলিল অনতঃসথ বরণ

আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ- ংং ংঃ এই দটি বরণ পববতc লেকান সববসরণ আশরয় ছাltা উচচালিত সত পাসনা তাই এসদ আশরয়সথান ভাগী বরণ বা অসযাগবা বরণও বলা য়

বাংলা বযঞজনবরণসক কয় ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় কী কী

বাংলা বযঞজন বরণ লেক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য়- সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ কাসক বসল উদারণ সযাসগ খসত কসা ও খাতায় লেলসখা

SYNOPSIS

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Numbers

Chapter Numbers in Indian and International systems

In Indian system also called Hindu Arabic System to read and write large quantities with ease the groups are made with certain periods as shown below

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands OnesPlaces Ten

CroresCrores Ten

lakhsLakh Ten

thousandsThousand Hundred Tens Ones

One 1Ten 1 01 Hundred 1 0 01 Thousand 1 0 0 0

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 11: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

Prime numbersA number greater than 1 which has any two factors (1 and the number itself) is called prime number

2 is the smallest prime number

2 is the only even prime number

2 and 5 are the only prime numbers that end with 2 and 5

Twin PrimePrime numbers with a difference of 2 are called twin primesFor example 3amp5 5amp7 17amp19 are the examples of twin primeComposite NumbersA number greater than 1 which has more than two factors is called a composite number

The smallest composite number is 4

Examples of other composite numbers are 6 12 18 27 39 hellip

Exercise ndash 201 Which of the following are prime numbers 5 35 41 77 81 97

Solution 5 41 97

3 Find the greatest prime number which is less than (a)21 (c) 74 (d) 90 (e) 100

Solution (a)19 (c) 73 (d) 89 (e) 97

4 Find the greatest composite number which is less than (a)23 (c) 85 (d) 71

Solution (a) 22 (c) 84 (d) 70

5 Find the least prime number which is greater than (a) 11 (c) 39 (d) 80

Solution (a) 13 (c) 41 (d) 83

6 Name the smallest (a) Prime number (b) Composite number

Solution (a) Smallest prime number = 2

(b) Smallest composite number = 4

8 Write a pair of twin primes Solution 3 and 5

11 Find the prime factorization of the smallest number of three digits

Solution The smallest 3-digit number = 1002 100

2 50 5 25 5 there4 Prime factorization of 100 = 2times2times5times5

English literature

The fall of Lanka

This is the story of the fight between Rama and Ravana as told by Valmiki in the Ramayana The monkeys worked all day and all night and at last built a bridge so that Rama and his army could cross to Lanka and rescue Sits

Questions and Answers

6 Why did they hesitate to welcome Bibhisana at firstThey hesitated to welcome Bibhisana at first because he left his brother in times of danger and one who leaves his brother in times of danger cannot be relied upon

7 Who suggested the idea of a bridge and how was it builtThe ocean-god suggested the idea of a bridge The monkeys worked day and night and carried huge blocks of stone and dropped them into the sea It went on for five days and a bridge was built

8 What did Rama say to the spiesRama said that they donrsquot kill spies if they have already seen their army to leave the place at once if not then go with one of his

chiefs He will take them around then go and tell Ravana that they will attack Lanka tomorrow

9 How did Angada mock RavanaAngada with a great leap forward came right before Ravana and mocked at the Rakshasa king by saying ldquo You are a great warrior you stole Sita in the absence of Rama and now Rama has come Go and fight with him Letrsquos see how brave you arerdquo

10 How did Indrajit paralyse Rama and LakshmanaIndrajit made himself invisible and from behind the clouds shot deadly arrows at Rama and Lakshmana Rama and Lakshmana could not see their enemy and found huge serpents slowly coiled themselves around their bodies After sometime they lost consciousness and fell on the ground

English language

Reflexive pronouns

Meaning of pronounsPronouns are words that are often used in place of nouns

Reflexive pronounsPronouns that are formed by

adding the suffix -self (singular) or -selves (plural) to some of the different forms of the personal pronouns These pronouns are known as

reflexive pronouns

Uses of reflexive pronouns1Reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis When a reflexive pronoun is used for emphasis it is also known as an emphatic or emphasizing pronoun

2Reflexive pronouns are also used to emphasize that somebody does did or will do something alone or without any help or interference from anyone else

Examples of emphatic pronoun1Gopalan cooked all the dishes himself

2We ourselves saw a tiger fighting with an elephant

3Vikram went to Delhi himself

4The old man lived in that house all by himself

5I solved the puzzle by myself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Pollination

Androecium It is the male reproductive part of a flowerIt contains number of stamensStamen

Q What is pollen grains Ans - The powder like substance produces by anther is called pollen grains

The stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower Collectively the stamens form the androecium Each stamen has two parts ndash

Filament Anther

A stamen has a long stalk called a filament At the top of the filament there is anther Anther is saclike structures (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination

Q What is the function of pollen grains Ans - Pollen grains contain the male reproductive cells and help in reproduction

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

BIOLOGY The LeafPg-23B2) Differentiate between a simple and a compound leaf Ans -

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

1)It has a single lamina 1) Lamina is divided into leaflets

2) Axillary bud is present on its axil 2) Axillary buds are absent

3) Example- Argemone leaf 3) Example ndash rose neem etc

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

2 Write the antonyms of

1 Merry X Gloomy2 Louder X Soft3 Cheerful X Sad4 Weary X energetic5 Descend X Ascend6 Darkening X Lighten

Read and learn the poem

English Language

ADJECTIVES An adjective qualifies a noun telling us something specific about it

Kinds of Adjectives

Qualitative Adjectives- describes the size shape colour or attribute of a person or thing

Quantitative Adjectives- describes the amount or quality big uncountable nouns and the number of countable nouns

Possessive Adjectives- specify ownership or relationship Appears together with the noun and stands before it

Interrogative Adjectives- they are used to form questions

Demonstrative Adjectives- points at something or someone and helps the listener to understand exactly what or whom the speaker is talking about

Exercise 1

Underline the Adjectives in the following sentences and identify itrsquos kind

1 She is sincere Qualitative Adjective2 I need some money Quantitative

Adjective3 These mangoes are ripe Demonstrative

Adjective4 Which kite do you want to buy

Interrogative Adjective5 Meena sprained her ankle while playing

Possessive Adjective

Hindi 2nd lang महावर (वयाकरण) जो वाकय या वाकयाश सामानय अथN स अलग पिवशष अथN त ह इनक परयोग स भाषा सर परभावशाली होती ह उस महावर कहत ह

जस आखो म +ल झोकना-अथN -(+ोखा ना)

वाकयndashचोर पशिलस की आखो म +ल झोक कर भाग गया

1 पिनमनशिलखिखत महावरो का अथN शिलखकर वाकय म परयोग कीजिजएक) आखो का तारा (बहत पयारा) रोहन अपन

घर का आखो का तारा हख) आकाश पाताल एक करना ndash (बहत

परिरशरम करना) ककषा म परथम आन क शिलए सीमा न आकाश पाताल एक कर दिया

ग) आवाज उठाना (पिवरो+ करना) गलत पिनणNय पर मनषय को हमशा आवाज उठाना चापिहए

घ) कोलह का बल (बहत अधि+क महनती) शयाम क पापा न शयाम को उचच शिशकषा दिलान क शिलए कोलह क बल की तरह काम पिकया

ङ) शिचकना घडा (कछ असर ना होना) सधिमत

तो शिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) जान पर खलना (पराणो को सकट म डालना) डबत बचच की जान बचान क शिलए मपिहमा जान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना (गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत हकर लाल पीली हो जाती ह

ज) +नका पकका (लगन का सचचा) जो बचच घम क पकक हो त ह व जीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बा+ना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बा+ लना चापिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना (पिनयतरण म रखना) आजकल माता पिपता अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ধবলিন ও বরণ বাংলা বযঞজন বরণসক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় ndash সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ- ক লেথসক পযনত ২৫টি বরণসক সপশ বরণ বসল কারণ এই বরণ গলিল উচচাসন য় লিজহবা লেকাসনা অংসশ স= কণঠ তাল ওষঠ লিকংবা অধস সপশ ঘস^ তাই এসদ সপশ বরণ বসল

উষমবরণ- শ রষ ndashএই চাটি বরণ উচচাসন য় শবাবায় যতকষরণ ধস াখা য় ততকষন এগলিল উচচান মভব শবাবায় পরাধাসনয জনয এগলিলসক উষমবরণ বলা য়

অনতঃসথবরণ- য ল ব এই চাটি বরণ সপশ বরণ ও উষমবসরণ াস1 অবলিসথত বসল এগলিল অনতঃসথ বরণ

আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ- ংং ংঃ এই দটি বরণ পববতc লেকান সববসরণ আশরয় ছাltা উচচালিত সত পাসনা তাই এসদ আশরয়সথান ভাগী বরণ বা অসযাগবা বরণও বলা য়

বাংলা বযঞজনবরণসক কয় ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় কী কী

বাংলা বযঞজন বরণ লেক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য়- সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ কাসক বসল উদারণ সযাসগ খসত কসা ও খাতায় লেলসখা

SYNOPSIS

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Numbers

Chapter Numbers in Indian and International systems

In Indian system also called Hindu Arabic System to read and write large quantities with ease the groups are made with certain periods as shown below

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands OnesPlaces Ten

CroresCrores Ten

lakhsLakh Ten

thousandsThousand Hundred Tens Ones

One 1Ten 1 01 Hundred 1 0 01 Thousand 1 0 0 0

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 12: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

chiefs He will take them around then go and tell Ravana that they will attack Lanka tomorrow

9 How did Angada mock RavanaAngada with a great leap forward came right before Ravana and mocked at the Rakshasa king by saying ldquo You are a great warrior you stole Sita in the absence of Rama and now Rama has come Go and fight with him Letrsquos see how brave you arerdquo

10 How did Indrajit paralyse Rama and LakshmanaIndrajit made himself invisible and from behind the clouds shot deadly arrows at Rama and Lakshmana Rama and Lakshmana could not see their enemy and found huge serpents slowly coiled themselves around their bodies After sometime they lost consciousness and fell on the ground

English language

Reflexive pronouns

Meaning of pronounsPronouns are words that are often used in place of nouns

Reflexive pronounsPronouns that are formed by

adding the suffix -self (singular) or -selves (plural) to some of the different forms of the personal pronouns These pronouns are known as

reflexive pronouns

Uses of reflexive pronouns1Reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis When a reflexive pronoun is used for emphasis it is also known as an emphatic or emphasizing pronoun

2Reflexive pronouns are also used to emphasize that somebody does did or will do something alone or without any help or interference from anyone else

Examples of emphatic pronoun1Gopalan cooked all the dishes himself

2We ourselves saw a tiger fighting with an elephant

3Vikram went to Delhi himself

4The old man lived in that house all by himself

5I solved the puzzle by myself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Pollination

Androecium It is the male reproductive part of a flowerIt contains number of stamensStamen

Q What is pollen grains Ans - The powder like substance produces by anther is called pollen grains

The stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower Collectively the stamens form the androecium Each stamen has two parts ndash

Filament Anther

A stamen has a long stalk called a filament At the top of the filament there is anther Anther is saclike structures (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination

Q What is the function of pollen grains Ans - Pollen grains contain the male reproductive cells and help in reproduction

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

BIOLOGY The LeafPg-23B2) Differentiate between a simple and a compound leaf Ans -

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

1)It has a single lamina 1) Lamina is divided into leaflets

2) Axillary bud is present on its axil 2) Axillary buds are absent

3) Example- Argemone leaf 3) Example ndash rose neem etc

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

2 Write the antonyms of

1 Merry X Gloomy2 Louder X Soft3 Cheerful X Sad4 Weary X energetic5 Descend X Ascend6 Darkening X Lighten

Read and learn the poem

English Language

ADJECTIVES An adjective qualifies a noun telling us something specific about it

Kinds of Adjectives

Qualitative Adjectives- describes the size shape colour or attribute of a person or thing

Quantitative Adjectives- describes the amount or quality big uncountable nouns and the number of countable nouns

Possessive Adjectives- specify ownership or relationship Appears together with the noun and stands before it

Interrogative Adjectives- they are used to form questions

Demonstrative Adjectives- points at something or someone and helps the listener to understand exactly what or whom the speaker is talking about

Exercise 1

Underline the Adjectives in the following sentences and identify itrsquos kind

1 She is sincere Qualitative Adjective2 I need some money Quantitative

Adjective3 These mangoes are ripe Demonstrative

Adjective4 Which kite do you want to buy

Interrogative Adjective5 Meena sprained her ankle while playing

Possessive Adjective

Hindi 2nd lang महावर (वयाकरण) जो वाकय या वाकयाश सामानय अथN स अलग पिवशष अथN त ह इनक परयोग स भाषा सर परभावशाली होती ह उस महावर कहत ह

जस आखो म +ल झोकना-अथN -(+ोखा ना)

वाकयndashचोर पशिलस की आखो म +ल झोक कर भाग गया

1 पिनमनशिलखिखत महावरो का अथN शिलखकर वाकय म परयोग कीजिजएक) आखो का तारा (बहत पयारा) रोहन अपन

घर का आखो का तारा हख) आकाश पाताल एक करना ndash (बहत

परिरशरम करना) ककषा म परथम आन क शिलए सीमा न आकाश पाताल एक कर दिया

ग) आवाज उठाना (पिवरो+ करना) गलत पिनणNय पर मनषय को हमशा आवाज उठाना चापिहए

घ) कोलह का बल (बहत अधि+क महनती) शयाम क पापा न शयाम को उचच शिशकषा दिलान क शिलए कोलह क बल की तरह काम पिकया

ङ) शिचकना घडा (कछ असर ना होना) सधिमत

तो शिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) जान पर खलना (पराणो को सकट म डालना) डबत बचच की जान बचान क शिलए मपिहमा जान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना (गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत हकर लाल पीली हो जाती ह

ज) +नका पकका (लगन का सचचा) जो बचच घम क पकक हो त ह व जीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बा+ना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बा+ लना चापिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना (पिनयतरण म रखना) आजकल माता पिपता अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ধবলিন ও বরণ বাংলা বযঞজন বরণসক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় ndash সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ- ক লেথসক পযনত ২৫টি বরণসক সপশ বরণ বসল কারণ এই বরণ গলিল উচচাসন য় লিজহবা লেকাসনা অংসশ স= কণঠ তাল ওষঠ লিকংবা অধস সপশ ঘস^ তাই এসদ সপশ বরণ বসল

উষমবরণ- শ রষ ndashএই চাটি বরণ উচচাসন য় শবাবায় যতকষরণ ধস াখা য় ততকষন এগলিল উচচান মভব শবাবায় পরাধাসনয জনয এগলিলসক উষমবরণ বলা য়

অনতঃসথবরণ- য ল ব এই চাটি বরণ সপশ বরণ ও উষমবসরণ াস1 অবলিসথত বসল এগলিল অনতঃসথ বরণ

আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ- ংং ংঃ এই দটি বরণ পববতc লেকান সববসরণ আশরয় ছাltা উচচালিত সত পাসনা তাই এসদ আশরয়সথান ভাগী বরণ বা অসযাগবা বরণও বলা য়

বাংলা বযঞজনবরণসক কয় ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় কী কী

বাংলা বযঞজন বরণ লেক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য়- সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ কাসক বসল উদারণ সযাসগ খসত কসা ও খাতায় লেলসখা

SYNOPSIS

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Numbers

Chapter Numbers in Indian and International systems

In Indian system also called Hindu Arabic System to read and write large quantities with ease the groups are made with certain periods as shown below

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands OnesPlaces Ten

CroresCrores Ten

lakhsLakh Ten

thousandsThousand Hundred Tens Ones

One 1Ten 1 01 Hundred 1 0 01 Thousand 1 0 0 0

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 13: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

The stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower Collectively the stamens form the androecium Each stamen has two parts ndash

Filament Anther

A stamen has a long stalk called a filament At the top of the filament there is anther Anther is saclike structures (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination

Q What is the function of pollen grains Ans - Pollen grains contain the male reproductive cells and help in reproduction

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution

BIOLOGY The LeafPg-23B2) Differentiate between a simple and a compound leaf Ans -

SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF

1)It has a single lamina 1) Lamina is divided into leaflets

2) Axillary bud is present on its axil 2) Axillary buds are absent

3) Example- Argemone leaf 3) Example ndash rose neem etc

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

2 Write the antonyms of

1 Merry X Gloomy2 Louder X Soft3 Cheerful X Sad4 Weary X energetic5 Descend X Ascend6 Darkening X Lighten

Read and learn the poem

English Language

ADJECTIVES An adjective qualifies a noun telling us something specific about it

Kinds of Adjectives

Qualitative Adjectives- describes the size shape colour or attribute of a person or thing

Quantitative Adjectives- describes the amount or quality big uncountable nouns and the number of countable nouns

Possessive Adjectives- specify ownership or relationship Appears together with the noun and stands before it

Interrogative Adjectives- they are used to form questions

Demonstrative Adjectives- points at something or someone and helps the listener to understand exactly what or whom the speaker is talking about

Exercise 1

Underline the Adjectives in the following sentences and identify itrsquos kind

1 She is sincere Qualitative Adjective2 I need some money Quantitative

Adjective3 These mangoes are ripe Demonstrative

Adjective4 Which kite do you want to buy

Interrogative Adjective5 Meena sprained her ankle while playing

Possessive Adjective

Hindi 2nd lang महावर (वयाकरण) जो वाकय या वाकयाश सामानय अथN स अलग पिवशष अथN त ह इनक परयोग स भाषा सर परभावशाली होती ह उस महावर कहत ह

जस आखो म +ल झोकना-अथN -(+ोखा ना)

वाकयndashचोर पशिलस की आखो म +ल झोक कर भाग गया

1 पिनमनशिलखिखत महावरो का अथN शिलखकर वाकय म परयोग कीजिजएक) आखो का तारा (बहत पयारा) रोहन अपन

घर का आखो का तारा हख) आकाश पाताल एक करना ndash (बहत

परिरशरम करना) ककषा म परथम आन क शिलए सीमा न आकाश पाताल एक कर दिया

ग) आवाज उठाना (पिवरो+ करना) गलत पिनणNय पर मनषय को हमशा आवाज उठाना चापिहए

घ) कोलह का बल (बहत अधि+क महनती) शयाम क पापा न शयाम को उचच शिशकषा दिलान क शिलए कोलह क बल की तरह काम पिकया

ङ) शिचकना घडा (कछ असर ना होना) सधिमत

तो शिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) जान पर खलना (पराणो को सकट म डालना) डबत बचच की जान बचान क शिलए मपिहमा जान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना (गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत हकर लाल पीली हो जाती ह

ज) +नका पकका (लगन का सचचा) जो बचच घम क पकक हो त ह व जीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बा+ना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बा+ लना चापिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना (पिनयतरण म रखना) आजकल माता पिपता अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ধবলিন ও বরণ বাংলা বযঞজন বরণসক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় ndash সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ- ক লেথসক পযনত ২৫টি বরণসক সপশ বরণ বসল কারণ এই বরণ গলিল উচচাসন য় লিজহবা লেকাসনা অংসশ স= কণঠ তাল ওষঠ লিকংবা অধস সপশ ঘস^ তাই এসদ সপশ বরণ বসল

উষমবরণ- শ রষ ndashএই চাটি বরণ উচচাসন য় শবাবায় যতকষরণ ধস াখা য় ততকষন এগলিল উচচান মভব শবাবায় পরাধাসনয জনয এগলিলসক উষমবরণ বলা য়

অনতঃসথবরণ- য ল ব এই চাটি বরণ সপশ বরণ ও উষমবসরণ াস1 অবলিসথত বসল এগলিল অনতঃসথ বরণ

আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ- ংং ংঃ এই দটি বরণ পববতc লেকান সববসরণ আশরয় ছাltা উচচালিত সত পাসনা তাই এসদ আশরয়সথান ভাগী বরণ বা অসযাগবা বরণও বলা য়

বাংলা বযঞজনবরণসক কয় ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় কী কী

বাংলা বযঞজন বরণ লেক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য়- সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ কাসক বসল উদারণ সযাসগ খসত কসা ও খাতায় লেলসখা

SYNOPSIS

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Numbers

Chapter Numbers in Indian and International systems

In Indian system also called Hindu Arabic System to read and write large quantities with ease the groups are made with certain periods as shown below

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands OnesPlaces Ten

CroresCrores Ten

lakhsLakh Ten

thousandsThousand Hundred Tens Ones

One 1Ten 1 01 Hundred 1 0 01 Thousand 1 0 0 0

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 14: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

2 Write the antonyms of

1 Merry X Gloomy2 Louder X Soft3 Cheerful X Sad4 Weary X energetic5 Descend X Ascend6 Darkening X Lighten

Read and learn the poem

English Language

ADJECTIVES An adjective qualifies a noun telling us something specific about it

Kinds of Adjectives

Qualitative Adjectives- describes the size shape colour or attribute of a person or thing

Quantitative Adjectives- describes the amount or quality big uncountable nouns and the number of countable nouns

Possessive Adjectives- specify ownership or relationship Appears together with the noun and stands before it

Interrogative Adjectives- they are used to form questions

Demonstrative Adjectives- points at something or someone and helps the listener to understand exactly what or whom the speaker is talking about

Exercise 1

Underline the Adjectives in the following sentences and identify itrsquos kind

1 She is sincere Qualitative Adjective2 I need some money Quantitative

Adjective3 These mangoes are ripe Demonstrative

Adjective4 Which kite do you want to buy

Interrogative Adjective5 Meena sprained her ankle while playing

Possessive Adjective

Hindi 2nd lang महावर (वयाकरण) जो वाकय या वाकयाश सामानय अथN स अलग पिवशष अथN त ह इनक परयोग स भाषा सर परभावशाली होती ह उस महावर कहत ह

जस आखो म +ल झोकना-अथN -(+ोखा ना)

वाकयndashचोर पशिलस की आखो म +ल झोक कर भाग गया

1 पिनमनशिलखिखत महावरो का अथN शिलखकर वाकय म परयोग कीजिजएक) आखो का तारा (बहत पयारा) रोहन अपन

घर का आखो का तारा हख) आकाश पाताल एक करना ndash (बहत

परिरशरम करना) ककषा म परथम आन क शिलए सीमा न आकाश पाताल एक कर दिया

ग) आवाज उठाना (पिवरो+ करना) गलत पिनणNय पर मनषय को हमशा आवाज उठाना चापिहए

घ) कोलह का बल (बहत अधि+क महनती) शयाम क पापा न शयाम को उचच शिशकषा दिलान क शिलए कोलह क बल की तरह काम पिकया

ङ) शिचकना घडा (कछ असर ना होना) सधिमत

तो शिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) जान पर खलना (पराणो को सकट म डालना) डबत बचच की जान बचान क शिलए मपिहमा जान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना (गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत हकर लाल पीली हो जाती ह

ज) +नका पकका (लगन का सचचा) जो बचच घम क पकक हो त ह व जीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बा+ना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बा+ लना चापिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना (पिनयतरण म रखना) आजकल माता पिपता अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ধবলিন ও বরণ বাংলা বযঞজন বরণসক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় ndash সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ- ক লেথসক পযনত ২৫টি বরণসক সপশ বরণ বসল কারণ এই বরণ গলিল উচচাসন য় লিজহবা লেকাসনা অংসশ স= কণঠ তাল ওষঠ লিকংবা অধস সপশ ঘস^ তাই এসদ সপশ বরণ বসল

উষমবরণ- শ রষ ndashএই চাটি বরণ উচচাসন য় শবাবায় যতকষরণ ধস াখা য় ততকষন এগলিল উচচান মভব শবাবায় পরাধাসনয জনয এগলিলসক উষমবরণ বলা য়

অনতঃসথবরণ- য ল ব এই চাটি বরণ সপশ বরণ ও উষমবসরণ াস1 অবলিসথত বসল এগলিল অনতঃসথ বরণ

আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ- ংং ংঃ এই দটি বরণ পববতc লেকান সববসরণ আশরয় ছাltা উচচালিত সত পাসনা তাই এসদ আশরয়সথান ভাগী বরণ বা অসযাগবা বরণও বলা য়

বাংলা বযঞজনবরণসক কয় ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় কী কী

বাংলা বযঞজন বরণ লেক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য়- সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ কাসক বসল উদারণ সযাসগ খসত কসা ও খাতায় লেলসখা

SYNOPSIS

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Numbers

Chapter Numbers in Indian and International systems

In Indian system also called Hindu Arabic System to read and write large quantities with ease the groups are made with certain periods as shown below

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands OnesPlaces Ten

CroresCrores Ten

lakhsLakh Ten

thousandsThousand Hundred Tens Ones

One 1Ten 1 01 Hundred 1 0 01 Thousand 1 0 0 0

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 15: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

तो शिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) जान पर खलना (पराणो को सकट म डालना) डबत बचच की जान बचान क शिलए मपिहमा जान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना (गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत हकर लाल पीली हो जाती ह

ज) +नका पकका (लगन का सचचा) जो बचच घम क पकक हो त ह व जीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बा+ना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बा+ लना चापिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना (पिनयतरण म रखना) आजकल माता पिपता अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ধবলিন ও বরণ বাংলা বযঞজন বরণসক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় ndash সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ- ক লেথসক পযনত ২৫টি বরণসক সপশ বরণ বসল কারণ এই বরণ গলিল উচচাসন য় লিজহবা লেকাসনা অংসশ স= কণঠ তাল ওষঠ লিকংবা অধস সপশ ঘস^ তাই এসদ সপশ বরণ বসল

উষমবরণ- শ রষ ndashএই চাটি বরণ উচচাসন য় শবাবায় যতকষরণ ধস াখা য় ততকষন এগলিল উচচান মভব শবাবায় পরাধাসনয জনয এগলিলসক উষমবরণ বলা য়

অনতঃসথবরণ- য ল ব এই চাটি বরণ সপশ বরণ ও উষমবসরণ াস1 অবলিসথত বসল এগলিল অনতঃসথ বরণ

আশরয়সথান ভাগীবরণ- ংং ংঃ এই দটি বরণ পববতc লেকান সববসরণ আশরয় ছাltা উচচালিত সত পাসনা তাই এসদ আশরয়সথান ভাগী বরণ বা অসযাগবা বরণও বলা য়

বাংলা বযঞজনবরণসক কয় ভাসগ ভাগ কা য় কী কী

বাংলা বযঞজন বরণ লেক চাটি ভাসগ ভাগ কা য়- সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ

সপশবরণ উষমবরণ অনতঃসথবরণ আশরয়সথানভাগীবরণ কাসক বসল উদারণ সযাসগ খসত কসা ও খাতায় লেলসখা

SYNOPSIS

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Numbers

Chapter Numbers in Indian and International systems

In Indian system also called Hindu Arabic System to read and write large quantities with ease the groups are made with certain periods as shown below

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands OnesPlaces Ten

CroresCrores Ten

lakhsLakh Ten

thousandsThousand Hundred Tens Ones

One 1Ten 1 01 Hundred 1 0 01 Thousand 1 0 0 0

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 16: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

10 Thousands

1 0 0 0 0

1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 010 Lakhs 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Crores 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(i) Onersquos period ones tens and hundreds(ii) Thousandrsquos period thousand and ten thousands(iii) Lakhrsquos period lakh and ten lakhs(iv) Crorersquos period crore and ten crores

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pet the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

A Identify the verbs in the sentences bellow Write Y for verbs that require an object and N for the verbs that do not

1 The baby smiled in its sleep ndash N

2 The man slept well ndash N3 He was snoring loudly ndash N4 Those boys are singing songs-

Y5 These girls are playing hockey-

Y6 The clown laughed aloud N7 He has read two novels ndash y8 The man giggled softly ndash N9 She loves instrumental music-

Y10 She has composed a poem ndash Y

GEOGRAPHY ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Troposphere is the lowest

layer of the atmosphere It is the densest layer

containing 75 percent of the total mass of the atmosphere

This layer contains the air we breathe

All changes in the weather conditions involving clouds rain snow fog and storm occur in the troposphere due

Normal Laps Rate In the troposphere 1 degree decrease in temperature with every 165 meters of ascent This is known as the Normal Laps Rate

Why mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders when they climb great heightsAns- The density of air declines and air becomes thinner away from Earthrsquos surface These leads to the decline in the amount of oxygen and other vital gases

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 17: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

to the presence of water vapour

Both temperature and pressure of air decreases as density of air gradually decreases away from the Earthrsquos surface at higher levels of troposphere

This layer of the atmosphere acts as a blanket protecting the Earth from extreme heat during the day It also traps terrestrial heatkeeping the Earth warm during the night

The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause where temperature stops decreasing with height

COMPUTER CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

1rsquos complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it ie transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0Examples1s complement of 0111 is 10001s complement of 1100 is 00112rsquos complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1rsquos complement of the binary numberExamples

EXAMPLES

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 18: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

Separation of solid-solid mixture Hand-picking Winnowing Magnetic separation Gravitational method Sulimation Solvent Extraction

Method

Answer the following Q) What is sublimation Ans ndash The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

Q) What kind of substance can be separated by sublimationAns - The mixtures of solid substances with one sublimable material and other non-sublimable material can be separated by sublimation Examples of sublimable substances are ndash ammonium chloride camphor iodine naphthalene anthraceneetc

Q) What is Magnetic separation

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 19: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

Ans - Magnetic separation is a method in which magnetic substances are separated from non-magnetic substances by using magnets

Subject ndash MathematicsTopic Number SystemChapter Rational NumberStudy item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the ruleStudy item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equalIn this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2When the two rational numbers whose denominator are unequalSuppose ab and cd are two rational numbersTherefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd) = ab + (-cd)Study item Multiplication of rational numbersMultiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbersTherefore Multiplication of two rational numbers= product of their numerators product of their denominatorsMultiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverseStudy item Division of rational numbersIf ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dcClass VIII

Subject Topic Summary ExecutionCOMPUTER CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS FUNCTIONS AND CHARTS

Create a Chart

To create a line chart execute the following steps

1 Select the range A1D7

Select a Range in Excel

2 On the Insert tab in the Charts group click the Line symbol

Go through page 32 to 36 and also watch the video from YouTube (Link that I shall send you)

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 20: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

Insert Line Chart

3 Click Line with Markers

Result

Note enter a title by clicking on Chart Title For example Wildlife Population

Change Chart Type

You can easily change to a different type of chart at any time

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Type group click Change Chart Type

Change Chart Type

3 On the left side click Column

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 21: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

4 Click OK

Result

Switch RowColumn

If you want to display the animals (instead of the months) on the horizontal axis execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 On the Design tab in the Data group click Switch RowColumn

Result

Legend Position

To move the legend to the right side of the chart execute the following steps

1 Select the chart

2 Click the + button on the right side of the chart click the arrow

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 22: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

next to Legend and click Right

Result

Data Labels

You can use data labels to focus your readers attention on a single data series or data point

1 Select the chart

2 Click a green bar to select the Jun data series

3 Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar)

4 Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels

Result

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 Brief description of each type State the factors for Internal and external migration

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 23: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

MIGRATION Internal and External migration ndash

Internal migration ndash The movement of people within same country or another country Large number of people migrates from one state to another state in a country due to disturbed social political economic and climatic condition

External migration ndash migration of highly skilled people from one country to another country for better job opportunities Example ndash movement of people of East-Asian countries to western world for better job opportunities standard of living and higher income

Emigrants ndash people moving from India to USA Europe and Middle Eastern countries in search of better job prospects

Immigrants ndash Emigrants are known in their new country as Immigrants

Ans Factors for Internal migration ndash disturbed social political economic and climatic conditionsFactors for External migration ndash Better job opportunities better standard of living and higher incomes

Difference between internal and external migration

Internal migration

External migration

1 The movement of people with in a country

2 The internal migration is mostly seen in the semi skilled and unskilled workers in the rural and semi urban areas

3 The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states

1 The movement of the people from one country to another country

2 The external migration is mostly seen is the professional and skilled people

3 The government provides security to the international migrants through Indian embassyrsquos respective countries

Subject MATHEMATICSCh 7 Percent amp Percentage

Exercise ndash 7(A)

12 In an election between two candidates one candidate secured 47 of the votes polled and lost the election by 12366 votes Find the total number of votes polled and the votes secured by the winning candidate

Solution According to the given question the winning candidate got (100-47) = 53 of votesthere4 Difference of percentage of votes between two candidates = (53-47) = 6So 6 of vote polled = 12366 votes

there4 100 of vote polled = 12366times 100

6 = 2061times100 = 206100 votes

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 24: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

And the winning candidate secured = 206100times 53100 = 2061times53 = 109233

there4 Total number of votes polled = 2 06100 and the vote secured by the winning candidate = 1 09233

18 The number 12000 is decreased by 25 and then increased by 25 Find the resulting number

Solution If the number 12000 decreased by 25 it will be = 12000times (100minus25)100

= 120times 75100 = 120times75 = 9000

Now 9000 increased by 25 then the resulting number will be = 900times (100+25)100

= 900times 125100

= 9times125 = 11250

there4The resulting number is 11250

Exercise ndash 7(B)

Note

If a number decreased by x the new number = ( 100minusx100 )timesthe original number

If a number increased by x the new number = ( 100+x100 )timesthe original number

5 Arsquos income is 25 more than Brsquos Find how much percent Brsquos income is less than Arsquos

Solution Let Brsquos income Rs100 then according to the given question Arsquos income will be Rs125So when A earns Rs125 then B earns Rs100

there4When A earns Rs100 then B earns = Rs( 100 times100125 ) = Rs

10000125 = Rs80

there4 Brsquos income is (100-80) = 20 less

there4Brsquos income 20 less than Arsquos

8 A number increased by 15 becomes 391 Find the number

Solution The number increased by 15

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100+15100 ) = 391

⟹ Original numbertimes 115100 = 391

there4 The original number = 391times 100115 = 340 there4 The number = 340

9 A number decreased by 23 becomes 539 Find the number

Solution The number decreased by 23

there4According to the given question Original number times( 100minus23100 ) = 539

⟹ Original numbertimes 77100 = 539

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 25: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

there4 The original number = 539times 10077 = 7times100 = 700 there4The number = 700

Exercise ndash 7(C)

8 In an examination Kavita scored 120 out of 150 in Maths 136 out of 200 in English and 108 out of 150 in Science Find her percentage score in each subject and also on the whole (aggregate)

Solution In Maths Kavita got( 120150

times100) = 80

In English she got ( 136200

times 100) = 68 and in Science she scored = ( 108150

times100)= 72

Again in aggregate Kavita got = (120+136+108) = 364 out of (150+200+150) = 500

there4The percentage she scored on the whole = ( 364 times100500 )=

3645 = 728

9 A is 25 older than B By what percent is B younger than A

Solution If Brsquos age is 100years then Arsquos age will be (100+25)years = 125years

So when Arsquos age 125yrs then Brsquos age 100yrs

there4 when Arsquos age is 100yrs then Brsquos age = ( 100 times100125 )yrs = 80yrs

there4B is (100-80) = 20 younger than A

13 The price of sugar increased by 20 By what percent must the consumption of sugar be decreasedso that the expenditure on sugar may remain same

Solution Let the original price of sugar be Rs100 for 100kg

Now the price of sugar become Rs(100+20) = Rs120 for 100kg

In order to bring down the price to same the consumption of sugar will be

Rs120 for 100kg sugar

Rs100 for = ( 100 times100120 )kg =

2503 kg

there4 Consumption of sugar will be decreased by (100minus2503 ) = ( 300minus250

3 ) = 503 = 16

23

Class IXSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoলে াসQ বlt অদভত এক^া সবপন লেদখল লেrdquo-ক)লে লেক তা পলিচয় দাও খ) এখন লেকান াসত কথা বলা সয়সছগ)লে কী সবপন লেদসখলিছল

উ- আসলাচয অংশটি লিবভলিতভরষরণ বসjযাপাধযাসয় lsquoচা াসদ পাাltrsquo নাক উপনযা লেথসক লেনওয়া সয়সছ লে বলসত উপনযাস লেকনদরীয় চলিQ শঙকসক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ শঙক অজ পাltাগাাসয় লেছসলএফএ পা লিদসয় গরাস বা কসছকাসজ সধয বনধবানধসব স= আডডা লেদওয়া দপস আাাসনত লমবা ঘ আ লিবসকসল পালঘাস^ াছ ধসত যাওয়া শঙক লেখলাধসলাসত াাতাস এনলিক লেঘাltায় চltসত লে ান পাদশc খ) এখাসন লেয াসত কথা বলা সয়সছ শঙক লেই াসত দ আসলাসত ওসয়সটাসক বসltা ভসগাসল বই লিনসয় পltলিছলবইখানা এক জায়গায় জাান পয^ক অযানটন াউপটান লিললিখত আলিsকা এক^া বlt পবত -াউনস^ন অফ লিদ ন (চা াসদ পাাlt)আসাসরণ কালিনী শঙকসক গধ কসশঙক সন সন ভাসব াউপটাসন ত লেও চা াসদ পাাlt জয় কসব

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 26: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

গ) শঙক সবপন লেদসখলিছল আলিsকা ভয়ঙক জ=সল সধয আও একজন পাাসlt উঠসছ চালিলিদসক ঘন বাাসশ জ=ল যা লে াউপটাসন াউসনটন অফ লিদ ন নাক বইসত পসltসছ লে লেদসখসছ লিচ তরষাস ঢাকা পবতশ=টি লেযটিসক একবা লেদখা যাসw আবা বসন আltাসল ঢাকা পস যাসw পলিসকা আকাশ দ- লিতনটি তাা লেদখা যাসw বসনা ালিত ডাক শনসত লেপল তাসত বন^া লেকা সপ উঠল আ লেই ডাসকই শঙকস ঘ লেভস= লেগল ঘ লেভস= লেযসতই লেদখল লিবছানা উপ ঘস শসয় আসছ

Hindi (2nd language)

पतर हमार जीवन म पतरो का पिवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवdततम सा+न ह जिजस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत उस पतर दवारा शिलखकर आसानी स भजा जा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

औपचारिरक पतर

1 अपन पर+ानाचायN को पतर शिलखकर अपन पिवषय परिरवतNन की पराथNना कीजिजए

सवा म

शरीमती पर+ानाचायN जी

१०२ पीकगहा रोड

कोलकाता-२८

पिवषय - पिवषय परिरवतNन हत पराथना पतर

महोया जी

सपिवनय पिनवन ह पिक मन ईशवर दसवी की परीकषा परथम शरणी म उतर इनकी ह मन आपक विवदयालय म परवश क लिलए पराथना पतर दिदया था और आप क ऋवि अरविवदो ममोरिरयल अकादमी विवदयालय म परवश पाकर मन अपन को धनय समझा विवजञान म मरा परवितशत 70 ह मझ परवश भी विवजञान वरग म मिमला ह मर विपताजी चाहत ह विक म बॉडी जी पर ह हटा आपस पराथना ह विक मझ विवजञान क सथान पर वाणिणजय द दिदया जाए म समझती ह विक इस समय विवय परिरवतन करन म आपको असविवधा होरगी लविकन अपनी छातरा क लिलए उसका विहत सवEपरिर आप समझती ह मरा विपरय विवय मझ दकर अनगरविहत कर मझ ह ह विक म अपन विपरय विवदयालय म लिशकषा परापत कर अपना भविवषय बना रही ह कषट क लिलए कषमा पराथJ ह

धनयवाद

आपकी आजञाकारी लिशषय

समन यादव

ककषा -९

दिदनाक -462020

EVS Chapter 2 ndash Living Things in Ecosystems

Pg-2610 What do you understand by interest specific and inter specific competition

Ans ndash Competition is of two types -Intraspecific competition

If the competition is among members of the same species then that kind of competition is called intraspecific competition

Interspecific competition If the competition is among individual of different species then that kind of competition is known as interspecific competition

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 27: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

11 What is mutualism Ans - In this type of association both species are mutually benefitted Example ndash association between Nitrogen fixing bacteria in leguminous plants The nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria form nodules in the roots of the leguminous plant The bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substance from the juice of the leguminous plants while nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria for the plants So here the leguminous plant and the nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria are both mutually benefited by each other

12 What do you understand by Synergism Ans - Interaction between two or more species that produces and effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is termed as synergism The the interaction between hermit crab and sea anemone is an example of synergism

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 2 Lines 155 to 192 (End of scene)

Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

Feeling elated Launcelot looks at his palm and reads what it says ndash he finds everything favourable as per his analysis He then proceeds to Shylockrsquos house to take final leave from him

Bassanio tells his servant Leonardo to complete his present work quickly and return to his house as he has a banquet that night

At this moment Gratiano comes and requests Bassanio to take him to Belmont at which Bassanio says that Gratianorsquos request is granted on the condition that he controls his tongue at Belmont else his mission would fail Gratiano assures Bassanio that he would put on the looks of a very serious and religious man so that everybody will take him to be the most sober person in the world But then Gratiano

(1) GRATIANO Signior Bassanio hear me (Line 175-183)

If I do not put on a sober habit

Talk with respect and swear but now and thenWear prayer-books in my pocket look demurelyNay more while grace is saying hood mine eyesThus with my hat and sigh and say AmenUse all the observance of civilityLike one well studied in a sad ostentTo please his grandammdashnever trust me more

(i) What does Bassanio complain of Gratiano

Bassanio complains that Gratiano is too unruly rough in manner and loud in voice

(ii) What does Bassanio want Gratiano to do

Bassanio wants Gratiano to change his rude character and behave in a cultured manner when they reach Belmont

(iii) Why does Bassanio want Gratiano to do such a thing

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 28: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

wants to be a little free with his tongue for this night only before leaving for Belmont to which Bassanio gladly agrees because he has invited Antonio to dine with him and Gratiano must entertain him with his wit and humour as much as possible

Bassanio says that the people in Belmont show up rather too freely They may misunderstand the wild behaviour of Gratiano and it may shatter Bassaniorsquos hopes in Belmont

(iv) What does Gratiano promise

Gratiano promises that he will put on a quiet manner talk with great politeness swear only occasionally and carry a prayer book in his pocket He adds that he will use all the good manners of the polite society

(v) What difference is shown here

Shakespeare shows the difference in culture between Venice and Belmont The rude Venetian culture is pictured against the soft and good nature of Belmont

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Pure Arithmetic

Chapter Rational and Irrational Numbers

Study item Decimal Expansions of real numbers

We all know that real numbers consist with rational numbers and lrrational numbers

Here it is given some rational numbers below Now let us find the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers

i) 1350

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull26 Divisor = 50 Remainders 30 0

ii) 2516

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull5625 Divisor = 16 and Remainders 9 10 4 8 and 0

iii) 103

By actual division we get

Quotient = 3bull333 Divisor = 3 and Remainders 1 1 1 1

iv) 1511

By actual division we get

Quotient = 1bull3636 Divisor = 11 and Remainders 4 7 4747

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 29: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

v) 17

By actual division we get

Quotient = 0bull142857 Division = 7 and Remainders 3 2 6 4 5 1

Vi) 6713

By actual division we get

Quotient = 5bull153846 Division = 13 and Remainders 2 7 5 11 6 8

From the above result we came to a conclusion

i) In all cases each remainder is smaller than the divisor which must be true for all divisors

ii) The remainders either become zero after a certain stage or start repeating

iii) The number of items in the repeating chain of remainders is less than the divisor

In case of 103 there is just one entry namely 1 which repeats itself and the division is 3

In case of 1511 there are two entries namely 4 and 7 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 11

In case of 17 there are six entries namely 3 2 6 4 5 and 1 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 7

In case of 6713 there are six entries namely 2 7 5 11 6 and 8 which repeat themselves and the divisor is 13

iv) If the remainders repeat we get a repeating block of digits in the quotient

For 103 3 repeats in the quotient for 1511 the repeating block of digits is 36 for 17 the repeating block of digits is 142857 and for 6713 the repeating block of digits is 153846

So we consider any positive rational number pq where p and q are both positive integers on dividing p and q two things happen ndash either the remainder becomes zero after a certain stage or it never becomes zero

Case ndash 1

When the remainder becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called terminating decimals

Case ndash 2

When the remainder never becomes zero Such decimal expansions are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating recurring decimals

Note The decimal expansion of a rational number pq where p q are integers q gt 0 p q have no common factors (except 1) is

1 Terminating if q can be expressed as q = 2m 5n where m n are whole numbers

2 Non-terminating recurring if q has a prime factor other than 2 or 5

Subject Economics

Production

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 30: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

The term production means the process of creating various goods and services which are consumed by the people of the country In production process whatever we use is called an input or a factor of production and whatever is obtained from the process is called an output

The different factors of production are- Land Labour Capital and Entrepreneurs

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called a factor of production

Meaning of consumption

Consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities

Meaning of economy

In economics the word economy refers to production activities of a well-defined area or region

Following are the basic units of economic analysis Household Firms Government And Foreign Sector

Household refers to a group of people living under single roof and taking economic decisions jointly

Firms The term firm refers to a particular unit producing a commodity or service with a view to earn profit

Government The term government includes all regulatory bodies which exercises its control over the behaviour of households and the firms It plays a crucial role both directly and indirectly in the economy

Foreign sector Foreign sector is that part of an economy which is concerned with transactions with overseas countries This sector includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as capital movements related to investment and banking transactions The foreign sector together with domestic sector make up the national economy

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

Commercial Studies

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Today let us start a new chapter

Capital and Revenue Expenditure

Meaning of capital expenditure

Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period

Meaning of revenue expenditure

1 What is the meaning of capital expenditure

Answer Capital expenditure means expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted with in the current year but is enjoyed over a long time period Such expenditure is of non-recurring in nature and results in acquisition of permanent assets All expenditure encouraged to acquire or increase the value of fixed asset which are used in the business for the purpose of earning revenue are called capital expenditure

2 What are the features of capital expenditure

Answer

1 Capital expenditure results in the

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 31: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets

acquisition of permanent assets such as land and buildings plant and machinery furniture

2 Capital expenditure is incurred for the extension of improvement in fixed assets

3 Capital expenditure also used to acquire intangible asset like patent Goodwill

4 Capital expenditure incurred on issuing shares and debentures

3 Give some examples of capital expenditureAnswer

1 Purchase of land building plant and machinery equipments furniture loose stools etc

2 Cost of addition Extension and improvement to existing fixed asset overhauling second hand machines increasing or improving the earning capacity or installed capacity of the business acquiring of intangible assets such as goodwill

3 What is the meaning of revenue expenditure

Answer

Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted within the current year Such expenditure is of a recurring nature and does not result in the acquisition of permanent assets It is incurred for meeting day to day requirements of business It does not increase the earning capacity of the business but only helps in maintaining the existing earning capacity

Bengali বাক ংয পলিবত ন( জটিল ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন )

জটিল বাক ংয ও লেযৌলিগক বাক ংয লেথসক ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কা লিনয়ndash1) বাক ংয পলিবলিত ত সলও অথ অপলিবলিত ত থাকসব2) অব ংযসয় লেলাপ কসত সব3) ল বাক লেংয পলিবত ন কসত সল সলও লেগসলও থাকসলও ইত ংযালিদ কথা যকত কা য়

1) তাা আভা পাইতা লিকনত নাগাল পাইতা না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) তাা আভা পাইসলও নাগাল পাইতা না

2) ওসদ অসনক আসছ তব লেদয়না (ল বাক লেংয )উতত) ওসদ অসনক থাকসলও লেদয়না

3) াছ পসlt এবং খব আস (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) াছ পলিltসল খব আস

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 32: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

4)কসল আলিল এবং কা ালিদয়া পলিltল (ল বাক লেংয)উতত ) কসল আলিয়া কা ালিদয়া পলিltল

5) যতন নাও তাসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব (ল বাক লেংয )উতত ) যতন লিনসল াসত লেলখা ভাসলা সব6) তলি লিথ ংযা কথা বসলা লেজন ংয লেতাাসক কসল ঘরণা কস (ল বাক লেংয)উতত) লিথ ংযা কথা বলিলবা জন ংয কসল লেতাাসক ঘরণা কস

English Literature

All Summer in a Day

Answer the following questions-

4) Describe the rain and its effect on life on VenusAns - The sun remains hidden for seven years on Venus and it rains continuously for those seven years thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain with the drum and gush of water with the sweet crystal fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the islands A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again

EVS Chpmdash3 Managing the urban environment

Today we will discuss about land its disadvantages

Q8 Write main purposes of land ndashuse planning

The main ndashpurpose of land use planning is to avoid land degradation and misuse to maintain and enhance land quality

Q9 Write the objectives of land ndashuse planning in INDIA

In India the National Land Use and Conservation Board (NLCB) took some objectives concerning land use

i) To prevent further deterioration of land resources

ii) To allocate land for different uses based on land capability

iii) To provide for optimum use of land Iv

iv) To restore the productivity of the degraded land

V) To meet the consumption need of growing population

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 33: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

vi) To involve the community for adaptation of appropriate land use

Q10 How do you reduce energy requirement

I) Application of low energy environmentally sound and safe technologies should be encouraged

II) Where the climate is suitable it is recommended to install solar collectors to heat domestic water

III) Designers should also encourage clients to choose low energy house hold appliances

IV) For lighting building should be designed for adequate day light

Hindi 2ndlang

नया रासताभाग 3 अधिमत व मायाराम जी जब अपन घर पहच तो उनहोन खा पिक कोई सजजन उनका इतजार कर रह ह बात करन पर पता चला पिक वह उसी शहर क एक +नी वयशिm थ जिजनका नाम +नी मल था

क) अधिमत और माया राम जी कहा स आए ह वहा कयो गए थ

ख) अधिमत कौन ह जिजस काम स गए थ उसका पिनषकषN कया पिनकला आशा को खकर सब लोग कयो आकरषिषoत हए

ग) +नी मल जी कौन ह और यहा कयो आए ह घ) +नी मल जी की और माया राम जी की कया बात हई

उततर

क) अधिमत और उनक पिपता मायाराम जी मीरापर स लौटकर अपन घर मरठ म आए ह वह वहा अधिमत क शिलए लडकी खन क शिलए गए थ

ख) अधिमत मरठ पिनवासी मायाराम जी का पतर ह वह पढा शिलखा सर एव सवसथ नवयवक ह मरठ म ही उसका अपना कारोबार ह और उसका अचछा काम चल रहा ह लडकी खन क शिलए पिपता-पतर माता और अधिमत की छोटी बहन म+ गए थ अधिमत क अलावा सब लोगो को मीन की छोटी बहन आशा अचछी लगी थी अधिमत को तो मीन पस आ गई थी लपिकन सकोच वषN उसन अपनी राय परकट नही पिक अब यह लोग घर आकर तसलली स सोच कर कछ पिनषकषN पिनकालग मीन का नाक नकशा तो अचछा था लपिकन रग कछ सावला था उसकी छोटी बहन आशा गोर रग की और खन म सर थी इसशिलए सब लोग आशा को ख कर उसकी ओर आकरषिषoत हो गए

ग) +नी मल जी मरठ क ही रहन वाल +नी वयवसाई ह वह अपनी लडकी क रिरशत क शिलए अधिमत को खन आए ह व यहा पहली बार आए ह उनह पता चला पिक मायाराम जी का बटा अपिववापिहत ह अतः वह लडक को खन और रिरशत की बात चलान आए ह

घ) +नी मल जी न अपनी बटी सरिरता क रिरशत की बात की और शाी म ₹500000 लगान क शिलए कहा मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी ह इसशिलए उनहोन कहा पिक हम अभी एक लडकी ख कर आए ह और एक लडकी वह लडकी सबको पस भी आ गई ह वह नही चाहत

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 34: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

पिक एक बड घर की लडकी लकर अपन बट को बच डाल +नी मलजी कहत हए लडकी का फोटो रख गए पिक आप पिवचार करक बता ना

2 पतर शिलखन क बा पिपताजी को लगा पिक शाय उनस कोई घोर अपरा+ हो गया ह उनकी मन सथिसथपित पिवकल हो गई उनह आभास था उस पीडा का उस दख का जो पतर धिमलन क बा लडकी वालो को होना था

क) इस अपरा+ का कारण कया था

ख)मायाराम जी पिकस परकार क वयशिm थ उनक यहा कौन आया था और कयो

ग)मायाराम जी न उनको कया जवाब दिया

घ)मायाराम जी की पिकस क सामन एक ना चली और कयो

उततरndash

क) आशा स सब+ करना मायाराम जी का एक बहाना था मना करन का जब व मीरापर स मीन को खकर लौट थ तो मीनसबको पस थी लपिकन घर लौटन पर उनह एक +नी वयशिm +नी मल धिमल जो शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात की और अपनी बटी सरिरता की शाी अधिमत क साथ करना चाहत थ ₹500000 क लालच म अधिमत की मा का पिवचार पलट गया और माया राम जी की एक न चली इसशिलए उनको झठा पतर शिलखना पडा पिक उनह छोटी लडकी पस

ख) मायाराम जी मधयम शरणी क थ लपिकन हज पिवरो+ी वयशिm थ उनक घर उसी शहर क पिकसी +नी मल वयशिm जी की अपनी बटी की रिरशता क बात करन क शिलए आए थ बातो ही बातो म उनहोन शाी म ₹500000 खचN करन की बात कर ी तापिक घर क लोग उनकी तरफ आकरषिषoत हो जाए और उनकी लडकी का रिरशता अधिमत क साथ पकका हो जाए

ग) मायाराम जी हज पिवरो+ी थ उनहोन +नी मलजी स कहा पिक शाी म ₹500000 लगान की कोई जररत नही हम एक लडकी ख कर आए ह तथा वह पस भी आ गई ह सबको

घ) मायाराम जी इस नए सब+ क आ जान स मीन क सब+ को ठकराना नही चाहत थ परत उनकी पतनी ₹500000 हज म धिमलन क लालच म भावी सख की कलपना करन लग उनहोन पस को अधि+क महतव दिया और अपन पपित पर बाव डाला पिक कोई बहाना बनाकर मीन क रिरशत क शिलए मना कर दिया जाए अतः मायाराम जी को अपनी पतनी क सामन झकना ही पडा

Math(x) Algebra and Quadratic Equation in one variable

Some solved sums from exercise 52

24)(i) radic3x + 4 = x

Solution radic3x + 4 = x

Or(radic3x + 4)2 = (x)2

Or 3x + 4 = x2

Or x2 ndash 3x ndash 4 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x + x ndash 4 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4) + 1 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x + 1 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 35: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = - 1

Therefore the roots of the equation are 4 and ndash 1

25)Use the substitution y = 3x + 1 to solve for x

5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Solution 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) ndash 8 = 0

Or 5(y)2 + 6(y) ndash 8 = 0 (putting 3x + 1 = y)

Or 5y2 + 6y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y2 + 10y ndash 4y ndash 8 = 0

Or 5y(y + 2) ndash 4(y + 2) = 0

Or( y + 2)(5y ndash 4 ) = 0

Therefore y + 2 = 0 or 5y ndash4 = 0 (zero ndash product rule )

Therefore y = - 2 or 5y = 4

Therefore y = -2 or y = 45

When y = - 2 3x + 1 = - 2 or 3x = -3 or x = -1

When y = 45 3x + 1 = 45 or 15x + 5 = 4 or 15x = -1 or x = -115

26) Find the values of x if p + 1 = 0 and x2 + Px ndash 6 = 0

Solution x2 + px ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 + (-1)x ndash 6 = 0 (putting p = -1)

Or x2 - x ndash 6 = 0

Or x2 ndash 3x + 2x ndash 6 = 0

Or x(x ndash 3 ) + 2(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 3 )(x + 2 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 (zero ndash product rule)

Therefore x = 3 or x = -2

Therefore the values of x are 3 and -2

27)Find the values of x if p + 7 = 0 q ndash 12 = 0 and x2 + px +q = 0

Solution Given x2 + px + q = 0

Or x 2 + ( -7)x + 12 = 0 (putting p = -7 and q = 12)

Or x2 ndash 7x + 12 = 0

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 36: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

Or x2 ndash 4x ndash 3x + 12 = 0

Or x(x ndash 4 )- 3 (x ndash 4 ) = 0

Or (x ndash 4 )(x ndash 3 ) = 0

Therefore x ndash 4 = 0 or x ndash 3 = 0 (zero-product rule)

Therefore x = 4 or x = 3

Therefore the values of x are 4 and 3

Computer Application

Chapter ndash 2Java Programming

hellipcontinue from last class

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=1jlt=ij++) if((i+j)2==0) Systemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo) else Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo) Systemoutprintln()

b 12345 2345 345 45 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijlt=5j++) Systemoutprint(j)

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 37: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

Systemoutprintln()

Subject GeographyChapter Natural Vegetation of India

Natural VegetationofIndia

Forests in India

Tropical DesertsTropical desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in areas getting less than 25 cm of rainfall with an average temperature of 25deg-27degC They are found in Rajasthan Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat south western Punjab and parts of the Deccan These trees of small-size kikar acacias and thorny bushes The trees have long roots small leaves hard thorns and sharp spines to enable them to face the dry climate

Littoral ForestsLittoral and swamp forests are wetland forests They are also known as tidal or mangrove forestsThey are found in and around deltas prone to tidal influence and can survive in brackish water Some of these forests are dense and impenetrable The trunks of these are supported by a number of silted roots which are underwater during high tide At low tide their roots can be seen Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which help in respiration This tangled root system is a wonderful adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud They are found in an almost continuous stretch along the edges of the deltas of the Ganga Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri and along the coasts of the AndamanIslands In West Bengal they are called the Sundarbans after the Sundari tree Its wood is hard strong and resistant to water and is used for making boats Gorjan and hintal are other important trees These forests are valuable source of fuel wood

Mountain Forests Mountain forests are found in the mountain areas of India stretching from Kashmir to Assam They produce trees ranging from the tropical to alpine The vegetation varies from mixed to deciduous and coniferous types depending on elevation and rainfall Spruce silver fir cedar pines deodar mangolia laurel poplars walnuts birch and elm occur in many areas Pine and eucalyptus are found in the Nilgiris

Chir Pineis useful for the extraction of resin and turpentine It is also used for making tea chests It is found mainly in Kashmir UP and Punjab

Silver Fir is found growing in the North Western and Eastern Himalayas Its soft and white wood is used for pulp paper matches packing cases andplanking

Deodaris a very large coniferous tree It occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Its wood is durable and oily and is used for making railway sleepers and house construction

Class XSubject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 334 to 370 (Duke helliphelliphellip Which humbleness may drive unto a fine) Date 4th June 2020 [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions (Do-it-yourself)o Portia stops Bassanio saying that Shylock Answer the following questions

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 38: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

shall have justice ie the penalty of the bond and nothing else She then reminds Shylock that he shall have nothing but the justice and so he must prepare to cut off the flesh However if he cuts Antoniorsquos flesh either more or less even to the extent of the twentieth part of a grain all his property would be confiscated by the State as per Venetian law

o Shylock then prays that he be offered the original sum of three thousand ducats and he should be let go Bassanio again offers the same to which Portia says that he has already refused such offers in open court and so he shall have nothing but justice and his bond

o Portia says that according to the laws of Venice if an alien or foreigner is found to make any direct or indirect attempt to take the life of a Venetian the alienrsquos life will be at the mercy of the Duke while half his property will be awarded to the Venetian against whose life the alien is found to conspire

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

1 What does the Duke request of Shylock

2 What reason does Shylock give for his wanting the pound of Antoniorsquos flesh

3 Why does Antonio advise his friends to give up attempting to dissuade Shylock

4 Why does Shylock believe the Duke must enforce the terms of the bond

5 Why does Portia disguised as the lawyer initially conclude that Shylockrsquos bond must be adhered to

6 Although Portia acknowledges Shylockrsquos right to a pound of Antoniorsquos flesh how does she prevent the usurer from acting on it

7 Why is Shylock stripped of his possessions

ECO-10 030620 Topic-Demand analysis

REASONS FOR OPERATION OF LAW OF DEMAND WHY DEMAND CURVE SLOPES DOWNWARDNow we will try to explain why does a consumer purchase more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price or why does the law of demand operate ie why does the demand curve slope downwards from left to right The main reasons for operation of law of demand are1 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityAs you have studied earlier law of diminishing marginal utility states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing The consumer will be ready to pay more for those units which provide him more utility and less for those which provide him less utility It implies that he will purchase more only when the price of the commodity falls2 Income EffectWhen price of a commodity falls purchasing power or real income of the consumer increases which enables him to purchase more quantity of the commodity with the same money income Let us take an example Suppose

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 39: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

you buy 4 ice creams when price of each ice cream is ` 25 If price of ice creams falls to ` 20 then with same money income you can buy 5 ice creams now3 Substitution EffectWhen price of a commodity falls it becomes comparatively cheaper as compared to its substitutes (although price of substitutes has not been changed) This will lead to rise in demand for the given commodity For example if coke and Pepsi both are sold at ` 10 each and price of coke falls Now coke has become relatively cheaper and will be substituted for Pepsi It will lead to rise in demand for coke4 Change in Number of BuyersWhen price of a commodity falls some old buyers may demand more of the commodity at the reduced price and some new buyers may also start buying this commodity who were not in a position to buy it earlier due to higher price This will lead to increase in number of buyers when price of the commodity falls As a result demand for the commodity rises when its price falls5 Diverse Uses of a CommoditySome commodities have diverse uses like milk It can be used for drinking for sweet preparation for ice cream preparation etc If price of milk rises its use may be restricted to important purpose only This will lead to reduction in demand for other less important uses When price of milk falls it can be put to other uses also leading to raise n demand for it

EXCEPTIONS TO THE LAW OF DEMANDYou have studied in law of demand that a buyer is willing to buy more quantity of a commodity at a lower price and less of it at a higher price But in certain circumstances a rise in price may lead to rise in demand These circumstances are called Exceptions to the Law of Demand Some important exceptions are

1 Giffen GoodsGiffen goods are special type of inferior goods in which negative income effect is stronger than negative substitution effect Giffen goods do not follow law of demand as their demand rises when their price rises Examples of Giffen goods are jowar and bajra etc

2 Status Symbol GoodsSome goods are used by rich people as status symbols eg diamonds gold jewellary etc The higher the price the higher will be the demand for these goods When price of such goods falls these goods are no longer looked at as status symbol goods and tehrefore therir demand falls3 NecessitiesCommodities such as medicines salt wheat etc do not follow law of demand because we have to purchase them in minimum required quantity whatever their price may be4 Goods Expected to be ScarceWhen the buyers expect a scarcity of a particular good in near future they start buying more and more of that good even if their prices are rising For example during war famines etc people tend to buy more of some goods even at higher prices due to fear of their scarcity in near futureCLASS XI

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 40: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

Subjects Topics Summary ExecutionBiology Plant Kingdom Today We will discuss about

gymnosperms and its economicimportances

GYMNOSPERMS The most ancient group of seed plants

originated in the Paleozoic era There are about 70 genera and 725

species of living gymnosperm The main plant body ( woody trees or

shrubs) is sporophytic and is differentiated into root stem and leaves

The plant possesses a well developed tap root system

Reproductive organs are aggregated into compact cones The cones are generally monosporangiate

Male cones are usually short lived Female cones lasts long and are

aggregation of megasporophylls which bear megasporangium

The male gametes are non-motile but in Cycas and Ginkgo bear flagella

The megaspore in the ovule develops into female gametophyte within the nucellus

They are wind pollinated The zygote formed as the result of

fertilization is the mother cell of the next sporophytic generation

There is a marked tendency of polyembryony

The naked ovule develops into a seed which germinates to form a new sporophytic plant

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEI) Soft wood is used for construction packing plywood board and paper industry ii) Amber fossilated resin of Pinus used as jewellary iii) Ephedra are source of drug ephedrine used in treatment of fever asthma

Mathematics

Quadratic equation

Sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equationIn general there are two roots for any quadratic equation axsup2 +bx+c=0 Lets denote those roots (alpha)α and (beta)β as followsα= [-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aβ= [-b -radicbsup2-4ac]2Therefore α+β=(-2b2a) =(-ba) αβ=caThus if αβ be the roots of the equation axsup2+bx+c=0 then α+β=-ba and αβ=caFrom this two relations we

Example The quadratic equation 2xsup2 minus7xminus5=0 has roots α and β Find(a)α+β(b) αβ(c) αsup2+βsup2 (d) (1α)+(1β) SolutionFor the expression2xsup2minus7xminus5 we havea=2b=minus7c=minus5(a) We learned just now that α+β=minus ba =-(-72) =72=35so in this example α+β= 35(b) We know αβ= caso in this exampleαβ= -52=minus25(c) For αsup2+βsup2 we need to recall that(α+β)sup2 =αsup2 +2αβ+βsup2

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 41: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

obtain the following resultsi) If the two roots are reciprocal to each other then a=cii) If the two roots be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign then b=0

Or αsup2+βsup2 =(α+β)sup2minus2αβWeve already found the sum and product of α and β so we can substitute as followsαsup2 +βsup2=(35)sup2minus2times(minus25)=1725

(d) We add our fractions 1α + 1β as follows1α+ 1β= (β+α)αβWe know the sum (top) and product (bottom) so we can simply write1α+ 1β= 35(-25)=minus14

Hindi 2ndlang शरणागत खबरार जो उस छआ नीच उतरो नही तो तमहारा शिसर चर पिकए ता ह वह मरी शरण आया था उपयNm पशिmयो की सभN सपिहत वयाखया करत हए बताइए पिक ऐस शब उसन कयो कह थउततर-

उपयNm पशिmया गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स कही जो बलगाडी पर चढकर लाठी का एक शिसरा रजजब की छाती पर अडा कर उस तरत पस पिनकाल कर न का हकम रहा था रजजब को दसरी

बार +मकी न पर नीच बलगाडी क पास खड उस वयशिm गरीब ठाकर न अपन साथी स यह शब कहउसन अपन साथी को साव+ान करत हए कहा पिक उस मतलब रजजब को और उसक +न को मत छना ऐसा ना करन पर वह उसका शिसर चर चर कर गा ऐसा उसन इसशिलए कहा कयोपिक वह ठाकर की शरण म आया था गरीब ठाकर याल उार शरणागत का रकषक करन वाला वह बला था उसक अनसार बला अपनी शरण म आए हए शरणागत क साथ घात नही करताशरणागत की रकषा करन क शिलए उसक +न की कमी वस ही बनी रही उसका एक साथी नाराज हो गया उसन यहा तक कह दिया पिक ाऊजी म आग स कभी आपक साथ नही आऊगा एक अजनबी क शिलए ठाकर अपन साथी की धिमतरता और भाईचारा छोडन को तयार हो गया इसक अपितरिरm उसन गाडीवान को कहा पिक वह उसक शरणागत मतलब रजजब को उसक घर लशिलतपर म छोड आए वरना उसकी खर नही उसन अपन साथी और गाडीवान स कहा पिक इस घटना की चचाN पिकसी स मत करना वरना वह उनह भस की आग म जलाकर खाक कर गा लखक न शरणागत की रकषा करवाकर रकषक की महानता को हमार सामन परसतत पिकया ह यही कहानी का उददशय ह

Bengali (2nd language)

ওরকজকদেররীনদরনথঠকর

১ ldquoঅল সয় ধাা লেবসয়নচসল শনয ndash পাসন লেধসয়rdquo

ক)কলিব সয় ধাা অল লেকন খ)তা া নশনয পাসন লেচসয় লিক লেদখসত পায়গ)াটি পলিথবী পাসন আালিখ লেসলই বা কলিব লিক লেদখসত পান উঃ- ক)lsquoওা কাজ কসrsquo কলিবতাটি চনাকাল ১৯৪১ াল কলিব ব1সত পাসন লেয লিতলিন জীবসন পরানতীায় উপনীত দীঘসাগ লেভাসগ প কলানত লেদ অবনন সন আলসয কাল যাপন কাসল অতীত ইলিতাস ছায়া আাকা ছলিব অবসলাকন কসছনখ) দয আসাগয পরাপত কলিব কলপনা দষটিসত াশসনয পসথ ধালিবত সয় ান পস^ অতীসত আাকা ছলিব পরতযকষ কসসছন াকাসল অী লেপরকষাপস^ াশসনয অগলিনত ানসরষ দল যাা পরবল একলিদন পলিথবীসত এসলিছল আজ তাা লিবলীন সয় লেগসছ ামরাজয লেলাভী পাঠান লোঘলসকউ বাদ যায়লিন ভাতবসরষ বসক লিবজয় পতাকা উলিltসয় অতযাচা লিনৎপীltন চালিলসয়সছ তাা লিকনত লেই লিবসঘালিরষত লিবজয় কীলিত আজ াশসনয পসথ দষটি লেগাচ নয় পবতc কাসল ইংসজা বলিরণক লেবসশ এস ভাতসক পদানত কসসছ লিকনত তাসদ আজ লেকান অলিসততব লেনইগ) াটি পলিথবী পাসন দষটি লিসয় এসন কলিব উপললি কসন কখ জনতা ক চঞচল কলকল ধবলিন লিবসশব লিচচঞচল জনতাসক তাসদ কলব আকাশ বাতাসক খলিত কস তাা তাসদ পরলিতলিদসন চালিদা লে^াসত কাসজ াধযস পথ লিদসয় ালিবদধ ভাসব এলিগসয় চসল যগ-যগানত ধস এা কাজ কস চসল ানসরষ লিনতয পরসয়াজসন তাা কস ডালিল লিনসয় ানসরষ জীবন সরণ অথাৎ সখ দঃসখ পাসশ থাসক এই কc ানরষই ানব ভযতা অগরগলিত ধাাসক এলিগসয় লিনসয় যায় তাাই লিদক ঠিক াখা জনয ালি1 ললা ত লেনৌকা াল ধস াসখ এবং অগরগলিত ধস াখসত লেনৌকা দা াlt ^াসন ানসরষ লেবাসচ থাকা দ খাদয করষসক সতা তাাই উৎপাদন কস এবং চালিদা অনযায়ী লেযাগান লেদয় নগস ndashপরানতস শরজীবী কcাই নতন-নতন ভযতা গসlt লেতাসল তাাই াথা ঘা পাসয় লেফসল উৎপাদন কস অতযাচাী াজশলিকত পতন ঘস^- তা কখনই লিচসথায়ী সত পাস না ামরাজযবাদীসদ কতচকষ আসফালসন লেকউ ভীত য় না তাা লজজায় লিশশপাসঠয কালিনী সধয আতমসগাপসন লেচষটা কস আবানকাল ধস কcndashশরলিক-করষক-ালি1ললা লিননত কপরবা লেদসশ-লেদশানতস-পাঞজাব-লেবামবাই- গজাস^ অ= ব= কলিলস= দর নদী বjস কাজ কস ক লেকালাসল কষদর- বৎ লিশলপ খলিত সয় ওসঠ এভাসবই জীবসন ানতরধবলিন

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 42: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

উচচালিত য় কc ানসরষ কসাসদযাগ =ল ও কলযারণক ষটি ানতর- জীবসনই ংগীত এসদ ক ধাা অতযাচাী ভগনসতসপ ওপ গঠন-লিনাসরণ কাজ কস বযলিকতগত জীবসন খ দঃসখ ীানা ছালিltসয় এাই ানসরষ জনয উৎগcকত পরারণ এসদ দাসনই ানবভযতা পলিপষটndashএাই কালিয়ক শরস ধয লিদসয় লিচনতন তযসক লিনতয পরকাশ কস

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Tropical Rainforest The tropical rainforest biome is an ecosystem that covers about 7 of the Earthrsquos surface They are found all over the world but the majority of the tropical rainforest lies in South America in Brazil The weather in the tropical rainforest is rainy yet pleasant all year round day or nightThe average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85degF (21 to 30degC) The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests maintaining a high humidity of 77 to 88 year-round The yearly rainfall ranges from 80 to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm) and it can rain hard

Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in topicalrainforest

Ans ndash Animal adaptations

Many animals have adapted to the unique conditions of the tropical rainforest-

1 The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot

2 The spider monkey has long strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees

3 The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs which allows it to glide from plant to plant

4 The toucan has a long large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight

Plant adaptations

1 Carnivorous plants like the Venus fly trap have adapted the ability to catch and digest insects that are drawn to their colorful scented flowers The much larger pitcher plant can even eat small rodents or snakes that get too close

2 Buttress roots are huge woody ridges at the base of large trees that help keep these trees upright

3 Long prop or stilt roots on trees like mangroves or tropical palm trees provide added support when the soil is wet The shallow root formation also helps with the absorption of nutrients

4 Epiphytic orchids use other plants and trees as a growing surface without causing any harm They are adapted to climbing up other plants to reach sunlight in the rainforest canopy

5 Many trees in the rainforest have leaves bark and flowers that are wax coated as an adaptation to handle excessive rainfall that can give rise to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungus The leaf structure has a pointy end called a drip tip that speeds runoff when the plant receives too much water

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 43: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

Business Studies

Authority Responsibility and Accountability

Let us today revise some question answer from the chapter

-

1 Define the concept of authority

Answer Authority represent the rights and powers of an individual to command his subordinates to take various decisions in the workplace It generates due to the application principle of scalar chain which allocates post and positions to the Employees Authority flows from top to bottom People allotted authority must have the knowledge about its scope and limitations It is bestowed with an equal amount of responsibility Authority is restricted by different rules and regulations in an organisation

2 State various features of authority

Answer Following are the important features of authority

1 Author is given to individuals working at different positions and post in an organisation reflected through scalar chain principal adopted

2 It flows from superior to subordinate 3 The scope of authority is limited up to the

extent of the work assigned4 It is basically provided along with

responsibility5 Delegation of authority to an individual

fixes his accountability

3 Define the concept of responsibility

Answer Responsibility refers to the task or job assigned and its effective completion in favour of an individual in an organisation It is regarded as an obligation of employees in an organisation to complete the task effectively Responsibility flows in a concern ranging from subordinate to Superior An individual should be given authority along with responsibility

4 What is means by accountability

Answer In an organisation authority is delegated to workers along with equal amount of responsibility It is their obligation towards business to perform their work as specified and submitting the performance report to the superiors This is termed as accountability It cannot be delegated It also moves upward that is from the subordinates to the superior

5 State various features of accountability

Answer Following are the important features of accountability

1 It shows the answerable approach of a

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 44: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

subordinate to superior for the final result 2 It cannot be delegated or transferred3 It concentrate on accomplishment of the

work assigned to the workers 4 It flows in the upward direction that is

subordinate will be held accountable for his work to the superior

Commerce Partnership Today we are going to discuss about Types of partners

The main types of partners are

1 Secret partner2 Limited partner3 Active partners4 Dormantsleeping

partners5 Nominal partners 6 Partners in profits only

TYPES OF PARTNERSFollowing are the partners in a partnership

1 Secret partner These partners are like ordinary partners

whose participation in the business is not disclosed to the public He contributes capital and actively participate in the management of the firmrsquos business He shares in the profits and losses of the firm and his liability is limited

2 Limited partner The liability of such a partner is limited to the

extent of his share in the capital expenditure and profits of the firm He is not entitled to take part in the management of the business of the firm and in the case of his death insolvency or luxury the firm is not dissolved

3 Active partners The partners who actively participate in the

day-to ndashday operations of the business are known as active partners They contribute capital and are also entitled to share the profits of the business They also share the losses that the business faces

4 Dormantsleeping partners These partners do not participate in the day-

to-day activities of the partnership firm and are known as dormant ldquosleeping partnersrdquo They only contribute capital and share the profits or bear the losses if any

5 Nominal partners These partners only allow the firm to use their name as a partner They do not have any real interest in the business of the firm

Nominal partners are of two types-(a) Partner by Estoppel A person who by his words or conduct represents himself as a partner becomes liable to those who advances money to the firm on the basis of such representation(b) Partner by holding out -

When a person is declared as a partner and he does not deny this even after being aware of this wrong declaration

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 45: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

he becomes liable to third parties who lent money to the firm on the basis of such declaration

6 Partners in profits only He is a partner who shares in the profits of the firm and not in the losses His liability for the firmrsquos debt is unlimited He is not allowed to take part in the management of the firm

Class XISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 1 to 50 (Sebastian As if it had lungs and rotten ones)Date 4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Gonzalorsquos attempt to comfort Alonso goes in vain

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (Mtease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

(1) ALONSO Prithee peace (Line 9-26)SEBASTIAN He receives comfort like cold porridgeANTONIO The visitor will not give him oer soSEBASTIAN Look hes winding up the watch of his wit by and

by it will strikeGONZALO [to Alonso] SirmdashSEBASTIAN [to Antonio] One tellGONZALO [to Alonso] mdashwhen every grief is entertained thats

offered Comes to thrsquo entertainermdashSEBASTIAN A dollar GONZALO Dolour comes to him indeed You have spoken

truer than you purposedSEBASTIAN You have taken it wiselier than I meant you shouldGONZALO [to Alonso] Therefore my lordmdash ANTONIO [to Sebastian] Fie what a spendthrift is he of his

tongue

(i) In the earlier lines of this scene what does Gonzalo say to console Alonso over the supposed death of Alonsorsquos son

Gonzalo tells Alonso to be cheerful because their escape from death is a greater gain than the supposed loss of his son Their survival is a miracle because very few people caught in such a furious storm at sea escape death So their own survival should cheer them

(ii) What does Sebastian mean when he says ldquoHe receives comfort like cold porridgerdquo

Sebastian means to say that Alonso does not relish comfort at all It is not Alonsorsquos fault that he received comfort like cold porridge which is not by itself unsavoury but when it is allowed to get cold its taste is awful It is rather the fault of the comfort that is ministered(iii) In what way does Sebastian compare Gonzalorsquos wit

Sebastian compares Gonzalorsquos wit to a winding watch Just as the spring of the watch is wound up so that it may strike so Gonzalo gathers up his wit to deliver a maxim (M saying proverb dictum)(iv) How does Sebastian pun on the word lsquoentertainrsquo What does Gonzalo respond

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 46: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

Sebastian puns on the word lsquoentertainrsquo used by Gonzalo in the metaphorical sense and flippantly applies it to an inn where the entertainer (the host of the inn) gets a dollar for his pains Gonzalo aptly retorts with a further play upon dollar and dolour (M grief) He tells Sebastian that there is more serious meaning in what he says that he in his stupid joking meant it to have He tells him that dolour (Mgrief) indeed is the portion of him who hugs his misfortune(v) What does Antonio say when Gonzalo keeps talking

When Gonzalo keeps talking Antonio says that this man Gonzalo does not feel ashamed in spite of being asked not to talk further and calls him a very talkative man who is always wagging his tongue needlessly

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-030620 Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

IllustrationPrepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ms Ashima Travels from the following informationsBank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st July 2014 Rs 45000

Cheques issued but not presented for payment Rs17 500Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the bank Rs 9600Interest on investment collected by the bank Rs2 300Bank charges Rs350 debited by the bank not yet entered in the cash book

Solution

Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ashima Travelsas on July 2014

Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (`Rs) (`Rs)

1 Overdraft as per cash book 450002 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 175003 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 96004 Interest on investment collected by the bank 23005 Bank charges 350Overdraft balance as per Bank Pass book 35150

54950 54950

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Biology Chp-4 Reproductive health

Today we will discuss about the effects of population explosion and also discuss some points how

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 47: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

we can control it EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Shortage of food Un employment Difficulties in providing education Poverty

CONTROL MEASURES

Government was forced to take some measures

i) To motivate smaller families

ii) To use various contraceptive methods

iii) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and males to 21 years

iv) Providing incentives given to couples with small families

BIRTH CONTROL

The contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying the menstrual cycle

The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped into

i) Natural method

a) Periodic abstinence a method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected

b) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts the male partner withdraw his pennies from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination

c) Lactation amenorrhea Method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition As long as mother of breast feeds the chances of conception are almost nil

Mathematics Application of derivative -maxima amp minima

Local maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exist

Example Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given byf (x) = xsup3ndash 3x + 3Solution We have

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 48: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

a neighborhood (a- h a+h) such that f(x) le f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Local minimum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exist a

neighborhood (a-h a+h) such that f(x) ge f(a) for all x in (a-h a+h) xnea

Explanation of the above definitions

Functions can have hills and valleys places where they reach a minimum or maximum value

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function but locally it is

We can see where they are

but how do we define them

Local Maximum

First we need to choose an interval

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where

The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval

Or more briefly f(a) ge f(x) for all x in the interval

In other words there is no height

f (x) = xsup3 ndash 3x + 3or f (x) = 3xsup2ndash 3 prime

= 3 (x ndash 1) (x + 1)or f (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = ndash 1primeThus x = plusmn 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima andor local minima of f Let us first examine the point x = 1Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1 f (x) gt 0 and for values close to 1 primeand to the left of 1 f (x) lt 0 Therefore by primefirst derivative test x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value is f (1) = 1 In the case of x = ndash1 note thatf (x) gt 0 for values close to and to the left primeof ndash1 and f (x) lt 0 for values close to and toprime the right of ndash 1 Therefore by first derivative test x = ndash 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (ndash1) = 5

Value of x Sign of f prime(x) = 3(x ndash 1) (x + 1)

Close to 1 to the right (say 11 etc) gt0

To the left(say 09) lt0

Close to (-1)

to the right (say -09 etc) lt0

to the left (say-11 etc) gt0

greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
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greater than f(a)

Local Minimum

Likewise a local minimum is

f(a) le f(x) for all x in the interval

Hindi 2ndlang सारा आकाश

उततरादध भाग 5

शाम का समय था म चपचाप पषपक म जाकर लट गया जिजसम पिववाह स पहल क दिनो म जाकर लटा करता था दिन शिछपन म काफी र थी लोगो का चलना और हसना खकर लगता था पिक उनह कोई चिचoता ही नही ह मर घर स आती हई आवाज पीछा करती हई यहा तक पहच गई ह अमर परभा स गलत तरीक स बोला था इसशिलए मन उस मारा था इसी बात पर अममा न बहत करो+ पिकया इसस अमर को और जयाा सह धिमल गई अममा को और करो+ आ गया

ाती वह काह को ासी तो हमन जिजoगी भर खत खत कर खिखलाया पहल एक को खिखलाया अब 22 को खिखलाएग रट की बचची को जबरसती खा पर पटक कर भाभी भी मोच पर आ डटी परभा को हटाकर वह सवय खाना बनान क शिलए आ जटी इस सथिसथपित स परशान होकर म तो घर स पिनकल गया

रात को 1000 बज म घर लौटा तो शिसर म बहत N था घर म सननाटा था सब लोग सो चक थ पिकवाड भिभड हए थसब लोग ऊपर छत पर ही सोए हए थ अपनी कोठरी म आकर पिबना कपड उतार ही एक और पिबसतर पर जा पडा तभी ना जान कहा स परभाव मर पास आकर बठ गई पछा खाना नही खाओग मरी रलाई ख पडी परभा परभा बताओ हम कया कर कहा चल जाए

शबाथN

पिनशचषट - पिबना पिहल डल

हकडी -अकड

परचड -भयकर

अपरतयाशिशत - जिजसका अनमान ना हो

Bengali যলিদ লিনবান দাও

(কলিবতা )

পর)) ldquoলিবরষনন আসলায় এই বাংলাসদশ

নদী লিশয়স 1াসক পltা লেঘ

পরানতস লিদগনত লিনলিনসরষ

এ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলিldquo

ক) কা লেলখা লেকান কলিবতা অংশ

খ) বকতা লেক আসলাচ য অংসশ লেকান রপটি ধা পসltসছ

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত ভলি lsquo বলসত লিক লেবা1াসনা সয়সছ

ঘ) আসলাচ য অংসশ তাৎপয লেলখ

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 50: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

উতত)ক) আসলাচ য অংশটি নীল গস=াপাধযাসয় লেলখা lsquolsquoযলিদ লিনবান দাওlsquo কলিবতা অংশ

খ)আসলাচ য অসশ বকতা সলন কলিব লিনসজই

বাংলাসদসশ অপরপ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয কথা এই কলিবতায় তসল ধা সয়সছ বাংলাসদসশ নদ

নদী াঠ ধানসকষত দপস লিচQ লিচসল আওয়াজ এই ব কলিবসক গধ কস কলিব অবাক সয় এই বলিকছসক পরত যকষ কসন এই বলিকছ লেথসক লিবতালিltত সয় যাওয়া লেযন কলিব কাসছ ত য ালিল বাংলাসদসশ াসথ লিনলিবlt ভাসব কলিব যকত সত চান

গ) rsquoএ আাই াসlt লিতন াত জলিrsquo বলসত কলিব বলসত লেচসয়সছন ত য প াসlt লিতন াত জলি পরসয়াজন য় কান তাসক ালিত কা জন য কলিব লেচসয়সছন কলিব ত য লেযন বাংলাসদসশ াটিসতই য় বাংলাসদসশ তাসক ালিথ কা সল বাংলাসদসশ পরাকলিতক লেৌjসয াসথ একাতম সয় থাকসত পাসবন

ঘ) আসল কলিব বাংলাসদশসক অনত লিদসয় ভাসলাবাসন বাংলাসদসশ ছায়া কলিব কাসছ শালিনত নীlt বাংলাসদসশ শালিনত নীlt লেছসlt অন য লেকাথাও যাবা কলপনা কলিব কসত পাসন না তাই কলিব জালিনসয়সছন বাংলাসদশ লেথসক তাসক লেকউ লিবতালিltত কসত চাইসল লিতলিন লিনসজই ত যসক বন কস লেনসবন

Business Studies

Staff Remuneration

Today let us discuss about

Piece Rate System Its Merits and Demerits

Piece rate system

Under the system wages payable to an employer directly related to the quantity of work done by him The work may be measured in terms of units of outputs The unit is called Piece and the payment is made as fixed per piece Wages can be calculated as follows

Wages (W) = number of Pieces produced( N) x rate per piece (R)

Merits

The piece rate system offers the following advantages

1 Incentive The system provides motivation to workers because reward is directly linked with effort Workers know their merit is recognised and therefore they tried to work hard to improve their earnings and promotional opportunity

2 Economy As workers are themselves interested in producing more the need for supervision is reduced Overhead cost at spread over Iarger output and the cost of

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 51: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

production per unit is reduced3 Labour cost control Determination

of labour cost per unit is easy because wages vary with output Price rate system not only simplifies the measurement of labour cost but permits ready forecast and effective control of such costs

4 Employee developments Inefficient workers can be easily identified on the basis of their performance Suitable training can be provided to make them efficient

Demerits

Following are the demerits of piece rate system

1 Difficult The system is difficult and workers cannot understand it easily A work may mistrust the management when he fails to calculate himself the wages payable to him

2 Insecurity No minimum wages are guaranteed to workers and Temporary causes effect their earnings Wages fluctuate widely and workers cannot budget their expenditure

3 Harmful to worker In order to maximize their earnings Workers resort to over work and thereby overspend themselves There is an increase in the number of accidents and nervous breakdown In the long run the workers efficiency is reduced

4 Wastage of resources In a hurry to produce worker make use of materials and machinery Careless handling results in spoilage of materials and greater wear and Tear of machinery

Commerce Sources of Finance for a Joint Stock Company

Today let us revise some questions from the entire chapter

Questions

Short Questions

1 What is ESOP2 What do you mean by Irredeemable

preference shares

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 52: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

3 What is Bonus Shares4 What is Right Shares5 What are Sweat Equity Shares

Long Questions

1 Discuss any five limitations of Retained earnings

2 Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares

3 Explain the different kinds of debentures

4 Enumerate the main forms in which financial assistance from a commercial bank may be available

HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)

SUB TOPIC- The Refugee Problem

The Refugee Problem (continuing)- The Refugee problem may be divided into following heads

1 The incoming refugees from West Punjab now in Pakistan to East Punjab

2 The refugees from North- West Frontier Province

3 The refugees from the province of Sind

4 The refugees from East Bengal to West BengalThe division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the biggest migration in the World HistoryThe rehabilitation of millions of people was tremendous problem A large number of Hindus left Sind due to communal trouble which broke out after independenceThe Hindu refugees from East Bengal were the worst sufferers This influx of people threatened socio-economic condition of West Bengal The Government of India and the Government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan

1 Question From which part of the country the refugees came to India

Answer The refugees came to India from different parts of countrya) From West Punjab now in

Pakistan to East Punjabb) The refugees from North- West

frontier provincesc) The refugees from the province

of Sindd) The refugees from East Bengal

to West Bengal2 Question Refugees of which area

crossed over to Bombay and Rajasthan

Answer The Hindus of Sind fled to Bombay and Rajasthan

3 Question Refugees of which areas were worst sufferers

Answer Hindu refugees from East Bengal were worst sufferers Nearly one million refugees had crossed crossed over from East Bengal to West Bengal

4 Question Which state of India was disturbed most by the influx of refugees from East Pakistan

Answer Between 1947 and 1967 at least six million Hindu refugees from East Bengal crossed over to West Bengal This influx of refugees in West Bengal created critical condition in social economic and political system in West Bengal

5 Question In which areas there was continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 53: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

not to exchange immovable properties of people of East Pakistan and Bengal

The Muslim refugees did not want to go back to Pakistan in their ancestral Home land Rather they appealed to stay back in India

Answer In Bengal it was a continuous flow of refugees stretching over years

Computer Science

Class XIISubject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 172 to 215 (Gonzalo Be it so amen)Date4th June 2020

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Alonso wishes that if his son and Prosperorsquos daughter had been alive at this hour they could have been the King and Queen of Naples ndash a declaration that pleases Prospero He then welcomes Alonso and the others who were still dazed and bewildered to his cell

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

(1)

ALONSO Now all the blessings(Line 179-188)Of a glad father compass thee about

Arise and say how thou camst here

MIRANDA O wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

PROSPERO rsquoTis new to theeALONSO What is this maid with whom thou wast at play

Your eldst acquaintance cannot be three hoursIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod usAnd brought us thus together

(i) What wonderful sight does Prospero show Alonso How does Ferdinand feel to see his father alive How does Alonso react

Prospero shows to Alonso the wonderful sight of Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess On seeing his father alive Ferdinand feels delighted and kneels before him while Alonso feeling equally delighted and also surprised showers all his blessings upon Ferdinand and Miranda(ii) What is Miranda wonderstruck about

Miranda is wonderstruck on beholding many beautiful creatures on her island and speaking the language that she speaks She is also wonderstruck because for the first time in her life she has witnessed so many people on this uninhabited island(iii) Explain the terms ldquoeldrsquost acquaintancerdquo and ldquoseverrsquod usrdquo

The term lsquoeldest acquaintancersquo means that the love or friendship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not more than three hours Here Alonso emphasizes that the relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda is not long-

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 54: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

term but it is just three hours friendshipThe term lsquoseverrsquod usrsquo means parted them Here

Alonso assumes Miranda as a goddess who has separated them and now that they have met is also because of her(iv) What information does Alonso receive in response to his question ldquoIs she the goddess that hath severrsquod us And brought us thus togetherrdquo

Ferdinand tells Alonso that Miranda is not a goddess but she is mortal She is his by mercy of God He has chosen her when he did not have any opportunity of asking his fatherrsquos advice nor believed that his father is alive He even tells him (Alonso) that she is the daughter of the famous Duke of Milan of whom he has heard so much praise but has never seen before He owes the preservation of his life to Miranda by marriage with her and make him (Prospero) the second father ie father-in-law

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 182-184)MIRANDAO wonder

How many goodly creatures are there hereHow beauteous mankind is O brave new worldThat has such people int

ExplanationAlonso wishes to heaven that he himself had been drowned and Ferdinand and Miranda were alive to succeed him as King and Queen of Naples With the consent to the marriage given by Alonso even before he is asked for it all possible difficulties in this matter that Prospero envisaged are smoothed Prospero then takes Alonso and his followers to the door of his cell and shows Alonso Ferdinand and Miranda both alive and well and happy in each otherrsquos company Father and son embrace Mirandarsquos ldquochild-like naiveteacute of admirationrdquo breaks forth at the first sight of a company of her fellow creatures She had hitherto seen but two and now first beholds more lsquobraversquo men who have come to Miranda as if to discover a new world to her Those words are absolutely natural to Miranda who has been brought up in ignorance of all their magnificent clothes and sees in them what is beautiful It is a beautiful quality in her to be blind to what is ugly or injurious in others Her surprise at seeing so many human creatures is so great that the whole sight appears to her to be a wonder It is a novel experience to her It fills her with wonder and joy The new world from which these lsquobraversquo men have all come must be a very beautiful world

(v) Why is the world ldquonewrdquo to Miranda

The world is lsquonewrsquo to Miranda because after being usurped along with her father Prospero twelve years before she was a child not even three years old Since then they have settled in an uninhabited island and she has never witnessed any human creature except her father Prospero and Caliban the deformed slave Thus when she sees Alonso along with his company in her cell she is amazed by the presence of the beautiful mankind The lsquonewrsquo world which opens out to her view is that which contains such wonderful creatures(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Goodly (b) How many here

(c) Eldest

(a) Goodly handsome(b) How many here expressing wonder at the sight of so many men(c) Eldest oldest longest

(2)

FERDINAND Sir she is mortal (Line 189-196)But by immortal providence

shes mineI chose her when I could not

ask my fatherFor his advice nor thought I

had one SheIs daughter to this famous

Duke of MilanOf whom so often I have

heard renownBut never saw before of

whom I haveReceived a second life and

second fatherThis lady makes him to me

(i) Who is lsquomortalrsquo Were some doubts expressed by

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 55: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

anyone about her being mortal

Ferdinand is telling his father that the young girl is Miranda With her he was at play in the cell when his father saw him She is mortal

Yes Alonso has been surprised to see such a beautiful girl in the company of his son on that uninhabited

island He knew that the prince had met her during the three hours since the father and son separated

from each other The king wonders if she is the goddess who separated them first and has now brought

them together once again(ii) What happened by lsquoimmortal providencersquo

Prince Ferdinand tells his father that with the grace of God this beautiful girl has promised to be his wife and so they are going to marry This is lsquoimmortal providencersquo as mentioned by Ferdinand in the above passage(iii) When the speaker chose his partner (a) Why couldnrsquot he ask for his fatherrsquos advice (b) Why did he

doubt if his father was alive

Ferdinand is sorry to have exercised his choice to marry her without consulting his father But he had valid reasons for doing this(a) He could not then ask for his fatherrsquos advice because

his father was not with him He did not know anything about his fatherrsquos whereabouts after the shipwreck

(b) The prince then doubted if his father was alive in the same manner as the father thought that his son must have been drowned in the stormy sea after their shipwreck

Ac-12 040620 Topic RETIREMENTIllustration Mudit Mohit and Sonu are partners sharing profit in the ratio 3 2 1 Mudit retiresfrom the partnership In order to settle his claim the following revaluation of assetsand liabilities was agreed upon(i) The value of Machinery is increased by Rs 25000(ii) The value of Investment is increased by Rs 2000(iii) A provision for outstanding bill standing in the books at Rs1000 is now notrequired(iv) The value of Land and Building is decreased by Rs 12000Give journal entries and prepare Revaluation account

Solution JOURNALMachinery Achelliphelliphelliphellip Dr Rs25000Investments Achelliphelliphellip Dr Rs2000Provision for Outstanding BillAc hellip Dr Rs 1000To Revaluation Ac Rs 28000(Increase in value of Assets ieMachinery and investment andreduction in provision)

Revaluation Achelliphelliphellip Dr 12000

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 56: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

To Land and Building Achelliphellip Rs 12000(Decrease in value of assets)

Revaluation Ac helliphelliphellipDr 16000To Muditrsquos Capital Ac Rs8000To Mohitrsquos Capital Ac Rs5333To Sonursquos Capital Ac Rs2667(Gain on revaluation credited to allpartners capital Ac in old profit sharingratio ie 3 2 1)

Revaluation Account

Dr Cr

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs) (Rs`)Land and Building 12000 Machinery 25000Profit transferred to Investments 2000Mudit Capital 8000 Provision for 1000Mohit Capital 5333 Outstanding BillSonu Capital 2667 16000

28000 28000

ECO ndash12 04 06 2020Topic- Revenue Analysis

PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OF A COMPETITIVE FIRM PRODUCER`S EQUILIBRIUM

The major objective of a firm is to maximize profit To attain this we can explaintwo different approaches1 TR and TC approach2 MR and MC approach

MR amp MC APPROACHMR and MC Equality approach to firms Equilibrium is bend on In (two) condtions(a) First order necessary condition The Firmrsquos MC must be equal to its MR at the equilibrium level of Output(b) Second order or sufficient conditioin At the equilibrium level of Output the MC should be using ie the MC curve should have positive slope or MC curve intersects MR curve from below

Profit maximization through MC and MR Approach

Q MR MC MR ndash MC Total

1 5 8 ndash3 ndash0 loss 2 5 0 0 0

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations
Page 57: €¦  · Web viewSubject . Topic . Summary . Execution . English 1 . Opposites. Done . Learn and practice opposites from page 59. 1st column. English 2 . Poem the furry home page

3 5 2 3 0 4 5 3 2 5 Profit 5 5 4 1 6 1 6 5 5 ndash0 7 5 7 ndash2 0 loss

In the table quantity Q is increasing from 1 to 7 Marginal revenue (MR) is constant at 5 since the firm is under perfect competition (already told in the section on revenue) The marginal cost (MC) starts at 8 and then falls and increases to 5 and continues falling to 4 at Q = 5 After that MC rises to 5 at Q = 6 and then further rises to 7 at Q = 7From the behaviour of MR and MC you can see that initially between Q = 0 to 1 MC gt MR As MC = 8 and MR = 5 At Q = 1 MC = MR = 5 Then between Q = 2 to Q = 6 MC lies below MR Then again at Q = 6 MC rises to be equal to MR at 5 We can say that initially when MC gt MR there is loss So the firm must increase output Then when MC = MR at Q = 2 there was no profit and no loss But after that between Q = 3 to Q = 5 MC lies below MR This is the zone of profit For example at Q = 3 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 2 = 3 At Q = 4 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 3 = 2 At Q = 5 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 4 = 1 At Q = 6 MR ndash MC = 5 ndash 5 = 0 ie We can say that profit starts at from 0 at Q = 2 to 3 at Q = 3 2 at Q = 4 1 at Q = 5 and 0 at Q =

6 Adding all these we get total profit to be 0 + 3 + 2 + 1+ 0 = 6 when Q = 6 After that at Q = 7 there is loss again So profit is maximized at Q = 6 In the table it is clearly shown that MR = MC at two points one when Q = 2 and then when Q =

6 However at Q = 2 profit was not maximum as the firm had loss earlier at Q = 1 with MC more than MR at the time But at Q = 6 MC = MR but total profit is already maximum as indicated by the fact that MC was less than MR when they become equal Also after that MC exceeds MR creating loss Hence at Q = 6 both the conditions of profit maximization are satisfied

  • Animal adaptations
  • Plant adaptations