*** Unique and stable ways people think, feel, and behave

PSYCHOLOGY 3eSaundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Copyright © Pearson Education 2012Modified by Jackie Kroening

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012

Modified by Jackie Kroening

***Uniqueand

stableways

peoplethink,

feel,and

behave

ersonality



Theories of Personality

TemperamentCharacter

Value judgments of morality and ethics

Enduring characteristics each person is born with



Psychodynamic

Behavioral

Humanistic

Trait

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Four Main Perspectives

The Man and the Couch: Sigmund Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective



Freud and Psychoanalysis

• Founder, psychoanalytic movement

• Cultural background– Victorian era

• Sexual repression, sex for procreation, mistresses satisfied men’s “uncontrollable” sexual desires

Sigmund Freud

13.2 How did Freud’s historical view of the mind and personality form a basis for psychodynamic theory?



Freud’s Conception of the Personality

ID

Superego

EgoConscious: Contact with outside world

Preconscious: Material just beneath the surface of awareness

Unconscious: Difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awarenessThe most important determining factor in human behavior and personality Can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue

** Unconscious mind - level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness..



Freud’s Theory: Parts of Personality

Id - part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious.• Libido - the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the

demands of a society’s standards for behavior.• Pleasure principle - principle by which the id functions; the immediate

satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences.

** Ego - part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical.• Reality principle - principle by which the ego functions; the

satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result.



Freud’s Theory: Parts of Personality

Superego - part of the personality that acts as a moral center.• Ego ideal - part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior.• Conscience - part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does

not match the ego ideal.



Psychological defense mechanisms:

Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of

reality that reduce stress and anxiety

The Psychological Defense Mechanisms



The Psychological Defense Mechanisms



Stages of Personality Development

• Fixation: Unresolved psychosexual stage conflict– “Stuck” in stage of

development • Psychosexual stages:

– Five stages of personality– Tied to sexual development



Stages of Personality Development

First stage, first year

Mouth = erogenous zone

Weaning is primary conflict

Age 6 to puberty

Sexual feelings repressed, same-sex

play, social skills

3 to 6 years

Superego develops

Sexual feelings

** Oedipus complex

1 to 3 years

Ego develops

Toilet training conflict

Expulsive vs. retentive personalities

Puberty

Sexual feelings consciously expressed

LATENCY STAGE

ANAL STAGE

GENITAL STAGE

ORAL STAGE

PHALLIC STAGE

FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL

STAGES



Freud’s Psychosexual Stages



Neo-Freudians

The Neo-Freudians

Developed competing psychoanalysis theories• Jung: Personal and collective unconscious,

archetypes• Adler: Inferiority and compensation,

birth-order theory• Horney: Basic anxiety and neurotic

personalities• Erikson: Social relationships across the

lifespan

13.3 How did Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson modify Freud’s theory?



Modern Psychoanalytic Theory

Current research has found support for:• Defense mechanisms• Concept of an unconscious mind that can influence conscious behavior

• ** Free Association– method of exploring the unconscious– person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing– Latent content of patients’ dreams

Other concepts cannot be scientifically researched.

The Behaviorist and Social Cognitive View of Personality


The Behaviorist and Social Cognitive View of Personality

Behaviorists define personality as a set of learned responses or habits.

Social cognitive theorists emphasize the importance of others’ behaviors and one’s own expectations.


Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism and Self-Efficacy

** Reciprocal Determinism: Environment, characteristics of the person, and behavior itself all interact

Self-efficacy:Perception of one’s competence in a certain circumstance



Rotter’s Social Learning Theory: Expectancies

Personality is set of potential responses to various situations, including:• Locus of control• Sense of

expectancy

The Third Force: Humanism and Personality



** Humanistic view: Focuses on traits that make people uniquely human• Reaction against

negativity of psychoanalysis and behavioral determinism

13.6 How do humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality?

The Third Force: Humanism and Personality



Carl Rogers and Self-Concept

Self-actualizing

tendency Self-concept

Striving to fulfill innate capabilities

Image of oneself that develops from interactions with significant people in one’s life




Real self: One’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities

Ideal self: What one should or would like to be

IDEALSELF

REALSELF

** Match = Harmony

IDEALSELF

REALSELF

** Mismatch = Anxiety



Unconditional positive regard:Positiveregard that is given without conditions orstrings attached


Conditional positive regard:Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

** Positive regard – warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one’s life.

Trait Theories: Who Are You?



rait

Consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling,

or behaving



Trait Theories of Personality

Source traits:More basic traits

forming core of personality

• Example: Introversion is source trait in which people withdraw

Surface traits:Can be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person



The Big Five

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Openness

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The Big Five

The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics



Twin and Adoption Studies

Source: Loehlin (1992)



Current Findings

Variations in personality traits are about 25 to 50 percent inherited.Environmental and cultural influences apparently account for the other (approximately) 50 percent.



Individualism/collectivism

Power distance

Masculinity/femininity

Uncertainty avoidance

Hofstede’s Four Dimensions

Cultural Personality

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Assessment of Personality



Eclectic Assessment

Projective tests

Observations Interviews

Inventories

Who Uses Which Method?



Interviews

Interview: Professional asks questions of client, structured or unstructured

** Halo effect: Allowing client’s positive traits to influence assessment of client



Projective Tests

• Projection: Projecting one’s unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto others

• Projective tests: Ambiguous visual stimuli presented to client who responds with whatever comes to mind– Rorschach inkblot test: 10

inkblots as ambiguous stimuli• (Have proven not to work)

– Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations

• Subjectivity problems with projective tests



Thematic Apperception Example



Behavioral Assessments

Direct observation: Professional observes client; clinical or natural settings • Rating scale:

Numeric value assigned to specific behavior

• Frequency count: Frequency of behaviors is counted

Problems:• Observer

effects/bias • Lack of control



Personality Inventories

NEO-PI: Based on the five-factor model

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: Based on Jung’s theory of personality types

MMPI-2: Designed to detect abnormal personality

Personality inventory: Questionnaire with standard list of questions • Response format: Yes, no, can’t decide, etc.• Include validity scales to prevent cheating, but

such measures are not perfect

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*** Unique and stable ways people think, feel, and behave