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For future years, fix the first critique of R-C – doesn’t really make sense
Consider dropping or consolidating theories part. It’s too elaborate and just a legacy of old stuff
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 1
Decision-making: Dilemmas in Policy Design – Case Study of Forest Practices 2
Artist: Holly Friesen
Today’s Agenda
Decision-making theoriesCase: 6% solution
policy design Tools -
instrument choice
Configuration
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 3
Readings this week
October 28, 30 – Decision-making: Dilemmas in policy design: choice of instrument, making trade-offs, optimal precision of rules
George Hoberg, “The 6 Percent Solution: The Forest Practices Code, in Cashore et al, In Search of Sustainability, (UBC Press, 2001), pp. 69-75.
Marty Luckert, David Haley, and George Hoberg, Policies for Sustainably Managing Canada’s Forests: Provincial Tenure, Stumpage Fees, and Forest Practices, (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2011), pp. 97-102 CONCEPTS OF POLICY DESIGN AS APPLIED TO FOREST PRACTICES, ACCOMMODATING SPATIAL DIVERSITY
Forest Practices Board, A Decade in Review: Observations on Regulation of Forest and Range Practices in British Columbia
HOW FRPA IS DESIGNEDOctober 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 4
New Themes
Because of the challenges on conflict resolution, policy is often made without clarifying objectives
Because of limited resources, rational decision-making is usually not feasible
A major challenge for forest policy making is designing policies to accommodate spatial diversity
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 5
Policy Cycle Model
6
Agenda-Setting
Policy Formulation
Decisionmaking
Policy Implementation
Monitoring and Evaluation
Decisionmaking
Theories: How policy makers decide
Policy Design: What kind of things they decide about – tools
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 7
Theory I: Rational-Comprehensive Model
clarify objectives, prioritize them list all alternatives assess consequences of alternatives compare alternatives choose alternative that
maximizes/optimizes objectives
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 8
Rational-Comprehensive Model - Criticisms
Assumes values can be identified and compared pervasive conflict result: policy often made without clarifying
objectives Assumes complete information on
alternatives, consequences criticism:
▪ lack of information, understanding, time/resources result: rational approach impossible or too
costlyOctober 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 9
Theory II: IncrementalismCharles Lindblom, “The Science of Muddling Through”
no means-ends distinction alternative search limited to those closest
to status quo ignores possible consequences decision rule: “satisfice” test of good policy: agreement successive limited comparisons: trial and
error learning
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 10
Incrementalism - critique
policies divisible errors tolerable every interest has
its watchdog
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 11
Insights from Incrementalism Helps to explain
government drift, inertia inability to think big difficulty with long term planning vague policies that postpone conflict resolution
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 12
Sample exam question
Under Lindblom’s incrementalism framework, the test of a good of a good policyA. Maximizing net benefitsB. Minimizing environmental risksC. OptimizationD. SpecificityE. Getting agreement
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 13
D-M Theories: Conclusion
rational model – useful to aspire to, but poor account of real world
Incremental model – shows how governments not so much “stupid” but “constrained”
More feasible when context has: few actors good information stability
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 14
Today’s Agenda
decision-making theoriesCase: 6% solution
policy design Tools - instrument
choice policy design
Tools - instrument choice
Configuration
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 15
Categories of Forest Policy
1. Allocation of “Crown” timber-- tenure
2. Pricing -- stumpage 3. Rate of harvest – allowable annual
cut (AAC)4. Land Use – zoning for different
values (logging, conservation, etc)5. Regulation of harvesting --
Forest Practices6. Emergent areas and overlaps (
energy, carbon) 16
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 17
Incrementalism in action: The 6% Solution
Forest Practices Code: NDP government (introduced 1994; in effect
1995) Significant increase in regulation to protect
environmental values Resulted in business alarm about impact on
industry
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 18
6% (cont)
How should environment and economic criteria be balanced? rational model: objectives, consequences,
decision▪ optimal balance between environmental and timber
objectives Reality: backward policy-making (Hoberg 2001)
Cabinet directive to limit impact on AAC to 6% no publicly available explanation or rationale
6% (cont)
FPC Timber Supply Analysis (Feb 96)
stated as projection of AAC impacts
remarkable coincidence! Answer: 6%
became policy output, not input
Remains in force today
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 19
Sustainable Forest Policy 20
Apportioning 6% by value
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 21
6% - Policy Strategy towards tradeoffs
when facing harsh tradeoffs, adopt constraints to guide decision making and implementation
advantage: certainty for industry disadvantage: arbitrariness incrementalism, not “rational”
Today’s Agenda
Decision-making theoriesCase: 6% solution
policy design Tools -
instrument choice
Configuration
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 22
Policy Design Toolbox
Policy Instruments category Settings configuration
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 23
Policy Instruments - Categories
persuasion, education property rights spending taxation regulation
information activities
direct provision
October 28, 2014 24
October 28, 2014 25
Regulating Forest PracticesAlternative Approaches
Approach Example from protecting riparian values
guidelines (best practices) suggest, but do not require, practices like stream buffers
technology- or practice-based regulations
30 meter no harvest zone
performance- or results-based regulations
maintain water quality within the range of natural variation
compulsory management planning requirement to develop a plan to protect riparian values
Instrument Configuration formality - guidelines or rules? transparency simplicity congruence: rule varies to match
problem
October 28, 2014 26
Instrument Configuration formality - guidelines or rules? transparency simplicity congruence: rule varies to match
problem
October 28, 2014 27
Riparian Protection
October 28, 2014 28
design challenge:
accommodating spatial diversity
Objective: congruent, but simple and clear
1. Vary the rules to account for different circumstances (Prescriptive congruence)
2. Rely on professional judgment (Professional delegation)
3. Rely on local plans (Geographical delegation)
October 28, 2014 29
design challenge:
accommodating spatial diversity
October 28, 2014 30
congruence transparency simplicity
Prescriptive congruence
good good poor
Professional delegation
good poor good
Geographical delegation
good medium medium
Sample Short answer question
Using forest policy examples, describe the three approaches to accommodating spatial diversity.
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 31
New Themes
Because of the challenges on conflict resolution, policy is often made without clarifying objectives
Because of limited resources, rational decision-making is usually not feasible
A major challenge for forest policy making is designing policies to accommodate spatial diversity
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 32
Thursday
FRPA case study
Tutorials 3 + 4
October 28, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 33
Artist: Holly Friesen