28
222 REFERENCES 1. Abbasi, S. A. and Soni, R. “Nickel in Environment”, J. Indian Assoc. Environ. Manage., Vol. 17, pp. 95-108, 1990. 2. Abdel-Halim, E. S. and Salem Al-Deyab S. “Removal of heavy metals from their solutions through adsorption onto natural polymers”, Carbohydr Polym., Vol. 84, pp. 454-458, 2011. 3. Abraham Clearfiled, Anatoly I. Bortun, Sergco A. Khainakor, Lyudmila N. Bortur, Vladmir V. Strelko and Vladimir N. Khyrascherskii, “Spherically granulated titanium phosphate as exchanger for toxic metals”, Waste Manage., Vol. 18, pp. 203-210, 1998. 4. Aderhold, D., Williams, C. J. and Ddyrean, R. G. J. “The removal of heavy metal ions by seaweeds and their derivatives”, Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 58, pp. 1-6, 1996. 5. Adeyiga, A. A., Hu, L., Miamee, E., Adeyiga, A. and Greer, T. “ Removal of metal ions from wastewater with road side tree leaves”, Chem. Eng. Commun., Vol. 189, pp. 1587-1597, 2002. 6. Ahalya, N., Kanamadi, R. D. and Ramachandra, T. V. “Removal of hexavalent chromium using coffee husk”, Int. J. Environ. Pollut., Vol. 43, No. 1-3, pp. 106-116, 2010. 7. Aksu, Z. “Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of cadmium (II) biosorption By C.Vulgaris in a batch system: effect of temperature”, Sep. Purif. Technol., Vol. 21, pp. 285-294, 2001. 8. Al-Asheh, S., Banat, F. and Abu-Aitah L. “Adsorption of phenol using different types of activated bentonites”, Sep. Purif. Technol., Vol. 33, pp. 1-10, 2003. 9. Albert Bordons and Joan Jofre, “Enzyme and microbial technology”, Water Res., Vol. 9, pp. 709-713, 1987. 10. Ali, A. and Ghaderi, A. R. “On-line solid phase selective separation and preconcentration of Cd (II) by solid-phase extraction using carbon active modified with methyl thymol blue”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 148, No. 1-2, pp. 319-325, 2007.

REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    5

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

222

REFERENCES

1. Abbasi, S. A. and Soni, R. “Nickel in Environment”, J. Indian Assoc.

Environ. Manage., Vol. 17, pp. 95-108, 1990.

2. Abdel-Halim, E. S. and Salem Al-Deyab S. “Removal of heavy metals

from their solutions through adsorption onto natural polymers”,

Carbohydr Polym., Vol. 84, pp. 454-458, 2011.

3. Abraham Clearfiled, Anatoly I. Bortun, Sergco A. Khainakor,

Lyudmila N. Bortur, Vladmir V. Strelko and Vladimir N.

Khyrascherskii, “Spherically granulated titanium phosphate as

exchanger for toxic metals”, Waste Manage., Vol. 18, pp. 203-210,1998.

4. Aderhold, D., Williams, C. J. and Ddyrean, R. G. J. “The removal of

heavy metal ions by seaweeds and their derivatives”, Bioresour.Technol., Vol. 58, pp. 1-6, 1996.

5. Adeyiga, A. A., Hu, L., Miamee, E., Adeyiga, A. and Greer, T.

“ Removal of metal ions from wastewater with road side tree leaves”,Chem. Eng. Commun., Vol. 189, pp. 1587-1597, 2002.

6. Ahalya, N., Kanamadi, R. D. and Ramachandra, T. V. “Removal ofhexavalent chromium using coffee husk”, Int. J. Environ. Pollut.,

Vol. 43, No. 1-3, pp. 106-116, 2010.

7. Aksu, Z. “Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of cadmium (II)biosorption By C.Vulgaris in a batch system: effect of temperature”,

Sep. Purif. Technol., Vol. 21, pp. 285-294, 2001.

8. Al-Asheh, S., Banat, F. and Abu-Aitah L. “Adsorption of phenol usingdifferent types of activated bentonites”, Sep. Purif. Technol., Vol. 33,

pp. 1-10, 2003.

9. Albert Bordons and Joan Jofre, “Enzyme and microbial technology”,Water Res., Vol. 9, pp. 709-713, 1987.

10. Ali, A. and Ghaderi, A. R. “On-line solid phase selective separation

and preconcentration of Cd (II) by solid-phase extraction using carbonactive modified with methyl thymol blue”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 148,

No. 1-2, pp. 319-325, 2007.

Page 2: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

223

11. Amala Fatima Rani, S. “Removal of Ni (II) from aqueous solution and

nickel plating industry wastewater using rice husk carbon,” in Proc.

ICCE, pp. 55-60, 2001.

12. Amala Fatima Rani, S. and Srinivasan, K. “Removal of Lead (II) from

water and industrial wastewater by adsorption on rice-husk carbon”,

Holy Cross Res. J., Vol. 1, pp. 40-48, 2005.

13. Ambrose, A. M., Larson, P. S., Borzelleca, J. F. and Hennigar, Jr.

G. R. “Long term toxicologic assessment of nickels in rats and dogs”,

J. Food Sci. Technol., Vol. 13, pp. 181-187, 1976.

14. Amin-Zaki, L., Elhassani, S., Majeed M. A., Clarkson, T. W., Doherty,

R. A. and Greenwood, M. “Intrauterine methyl mercury poisoning in

Iraq”, Pediatrics, Vol. 54, pp. 587-595, 1974.

15. Amir Fouladi Tajar, Tahereh kaghazchi and Mansooreh Soleimani,

“Adsorption of cadmium from aqueous solutions on sulfurised

activated carbon prepared from nut shells”, J. Hazard. Mater.,

Vol. 165, pp. 1159-1164, 2009.

16. Amir Hossein Mahvi and Edriss Bazra Fshan, “Removal of cadmium

from industrial effluents by electro coagulation process using

aluminium electrodes”, J. World App. Sci., Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 34-39,

2007.

17. Anoop kapoor, Viraraghavan, T. and Roy Cullimore, D. “Removal of

heavy metals using the fungus Aspergillus niger”, Bioresour. Technol.,

Vol. 70, pp. 95-104, 1999.

18. Ansari, M. H., Deshkar, A. M., Kelkar, P. S., Dharmadhikari, D. M.,

Hasan, M. Z. and Paramasivam, R. “Mercury removal from wastewater

by steamed hoof powder”, Water Sci. Technol., Vol. 40, pp. 109-116,

1999.

19. Arulanantham, A., Balasubramanian, N. and Ramakrishna, T. V.

“Coconut shell carbon for treatment of cadmium and lead containing

wastewater”, Metal Finish, Vol. 87, pp. 51-55, 1989.

20. Ayyasamy Thevannan, Rubeena Mungroo and Catherine Hui Niu,

“Biosorption of nickel with barly straw”, Bioresour. Technol.,

Vol. 101, pp. 1776-1780, 2010.

Page 3: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

224

21. Babel, S. and Kurniawan, T. A. “Lowest adsorbents for heavy

metals uptake from contaminated water”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 97,

pp. 219-243, 2003.

22. Bailey, S. E., Olin, T. J, Bricka, R. M. and Adrian, D. D. A. “Reviewof potentiality low cost sorbents for heavy metals”, Water Resour.,

Vol. 33, pp. 2469-2479, 1999.

23. Bakalar, T., Bugel, M. and Gajelosova, L. “Heavy metal removal using

reverse osmosis”, Acta Montanistica Slovaca, Vol. 14, No. 3,

pp. 250-253, 2009.

24. Bakir, F., Damluji, S. F., Amin-Zaki, L., Murtadha, M., Khalidi, A.

and Al-Rawi, N. Y. “Methyl Mercury Poisoning in Iraq”, Science,

Vol. 181, pp. 230-241, 1973.

25. Banat, F., Asheh, S. A., and Makhadmeh, L., “Preparation and

examination of activated carbons from date pits impregnated withpotassium hydroxide for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous

solutions, Adsorpt. Sci. Technol., Vol. 21, No. 6, p. 245, 2003.

26. Bansal, R. C. and Goyal, M. Activated carbon adsorption, Taylor and

Francis Taylor, Francis group publishers, 2005.

27. Belgin Bayat, “Comparative study of adsorptive properties of Turkish

fly ashes in the case of nickel (II), copper (II) and zinc (II)”, J. Hazard.

Mater., Vol. 95, pp. 251-273, 2002.

28. Beliles, R. P. The lesser metals and toxicity of heavy metals in the

environment, in part II, F. W. Oehme Eds. Marcel Dekker Inc., New

York, p. 583, 1979.

29. Beltran-Heredia, J. and Sanchez-Martin, J. “Municipal

wastewater treatment by modified tannin flocculent agent”,

Desalination, Vol. 249, pp. 353-358, 2009.

30. Benjamin, M. M. and Lecike, J. O. “Competitive adsorption of Cd, Cu,Zn, and Pb on amorphous iron oxyhydroxide”, J. Colloid. Interface Sci.

Vol. 83, pp. 410-419, 1981.

31. Bhattacharya, K. and Venkobachar, C. “Cadmium adsorption on

coconut charcoal and Giridith coal”, J. Environ. Eng. Div., ASCE,

Vol. 104, pp. 110-122, 1984.

Page 4: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

225

32. Bhattacharyya, D., Jumawan, A., Sun G. and Schwitzbel K.

“Precipitation of sulphide, Bench scale and full-scale experimental

results”, AlchE Symposium series, Water, Vol. 77, pp. 31-42, 1980,1981.

33. Bin Yu Zhang, Alka shukla, Shyam S. Shukla and Kenneth L. Dorris,“The removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by sawdust

adsorption-removal of lead and comparison of its adsorption with

copper”, J. Hazard Mater., Vol. 84, pp. 83-94, 2001.

34. Bockris, J. O. M. Environmental Chemistry, Plenum Press, New York,

Parker S. P. (1980), Encyclopedia of Environmental Sciences, 2nd Edn.

McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 354, 1977.

35. Brady, D. and Duncan, J. R. “The simultaneous biosorption process of

lead (II) and nickel (II) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae” Appl.

Microbiol. Biotechnol., Vol. 41, pp. 149-154, 1994.

36. Browski, A. D., Hubicki, Z., Podko, C. and Robens, E. “Selective

removal of heavy metal ion from water and industrial wastewater by

ion exchange method”, Chemosphere, Vol. 56, pp. 91-106, 2004.

37. Bulut, Y. and Baysal, Z. “Removal of Pb (II) from wastewater using

wheat bran”, J. Environ. Manage., Vol. 78, pp. 107-113, 2006.

38. Calace, N., Nardi, E., Petronio, B. M., Pietroletti, M. and Tosti, G.

“Metal ion removal from water by sorption on piper mill sludge”,

Chemosphere, Vol. 51, pp. 797-803, 2003.

39. Campbell, D., Gonzales, M. and Sullivan, J. B. Jr. Mercury In:

Sullivan J. B. and Jr, Krieger G. R. Eds. Hazardous Materials

Toxicology-Clinical Principles of Environmental Health. Baltimore M.

D., Williams and Wilkins, pp. 824-833, 1992.

40. Caramusico, P., De Stefano, L., Seggiani, M., Vitolo, S. and Narducci,

“Preparation of activated carbons from heavy-oil fly ashes”, Waste

Manage., Vol. 23, pp. 345-351, 2003.

41. Choong Jeon and Kwang Ha park, “Adsorption and desorption

characteristics of mercury (II) ions using aminated chitosan bead”,

Water Res., Vol. 39, pp. 3938-3944, 2005.

42. Christian Taty-Costodes, V., Henri Fauduet., Catherine Porte and Alain

Delacroix, “ Removal of Cd (II) and Pb (II) ions from aqueous solution

by adsorption onto sawdust of Pinus Sylvestris”, J. Hazard. Mater.,Vol. 105, pp. 12-142, 2003.

Page 5: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

226

43. Chui, V. W. D., Mok, K. W., Ng, C. Y., Luong, B. P. and Ma, K. K.

“Removal and recovery of copper (II), chromium (II) and nickel (II)

from solutions using crude shrimp chitin packed in small columns”,

Environ. Int., Vol. 22, pp. 463-468, 1996.

44. Cifuentes, L., Garcia, I., Arriagada, P. and Casas, J. M. “The use of

electro dialysis for metal separation and water recovery from

CuSO4-H2SO4-Fe Solutions”, Sep. Purif. Technol., Vol. 68, No. 1,

pp. 105-108, 2009.

45. Corapcioglu, M. O. and Huang, C. P. “The surface acidity and

characterization of some commercial activated carbons”, Carbon,

Vol. 25, pp. 569-578, 1987.

46. Danny Ko, C. K., Cheung, C. W., Keith, K. H., Choy Porter J. F. and

McKay, G. “Sorption equilibria of metal ions on bone char”,

Chemosphere, Vol. 54, pp. 273-281, 2004.

47. Dastoora, A. P. and Larocque, Y. Atmos. Environ., Vol. 38,

pp. 147-161, 2004.

48. David, P. Trace elements contamination of the environment, Elsevier,

Amsterdam, p. 143, 1977.

49. Davis, A. P. and Bhatnagar, V. “Adsorption of cadmium and humic

acid onto heamatite”, Chemosphere.Vol. 30, pp. 243-256, 1955.

50. Davis, J. A. and Leckie, J. D. “Surface ionization and complexation at

the oxide water interface, surface properties of amorphous iron

oxyhydroxide and adsorption of metal ions”, J. Colloid Interface Sci.,

Vol. 67, pp. 90-107, 1978.

51. Demirba, E. M., Kobya, M., Oncel, S., and Encan, S. “Removal of

Ni (II) from aqueous solution by adsorption onto hazelnut shell

activated carbon: equilibrium studies”, Bioresour. Technol.,

Vol. 84, pp. 291-293, 2002.

52. Demirbas, A., Pehlivan, E., Gode, F., Altun, T. and Arslan, G.

“Adsorption of Cu (II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous

solution on Amberlite IR-120 Synthetic resin”, J. Colloid Interface

Sci., Vol. 282, No. 1, pp. 20-25, 2005.

Page 6: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

227

53. Dinesh Mohan., Charles U. Pittman Jr., Mark Bricka., Fran Smith.,

Ben Yancery., Javeed Mohammad., Philip. H. Steele., Maria F.

Alexandre-Franco., Vincente Gomez-Serrano and Henry Gong,“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast

pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”, J. Colloid

Interface Sci., Vol. 310, pp. 57-73, 2007.

54. Dinesh Mohan., Gupta, V. K., Srivastava, S. K. and Chander, S.

“Kinetics of mercury adsorption from wastewater using activated

carbon derived from fertilizer waste”, Colloids Surf., A., Vol. 177,

Issue: 2-3. pp. 169-181, 2000.

55. Doyurum, S. and Celik, A. “Pb (II) and Cd (II) removal from aqueoussolution by olive cake”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 138,

pp. 22-28, 2006.

56. Eckenfelder, W. Jr., “Industrial Water Pollution Control, 3rd Edition”,

McGraw-Hill, Inc., p .152, 2000.

57. Ekinci, E., Budinova, T., Yardim, F., Petror, N., Razvigrorora and

Minkora, V. “Removal of mercury ion from aqueous solution by

activated carbon obtained from biomass and coals”, Fuel process.

Technol., Vol. 77-78, pp. 437-443, 2002.

58. Elliott, H. A. and Huang, C. P. “Factors affecting the adsorption ofcomplexed heavy metals on hydrous Al2O3”, Water Sci. Technol.

Vol. 17, pp. 1017-1028, 1984.

59. Environmental protection agency (EPA), Mercury in medical

laboratories, Centers for technology transfer and pollution prevention,

Vol. 2, Ist Edn. In: Purdue University, 1998.

60. Fair, G. M., Geyer, J. C. and Okun, D. A. Elements of water supply

and wastewater Disposal, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York,

p. 446, 1971.

61. Farida Harrelkas., Abdelaziz Azizi., Abdelrani Yaacoubi., Ahmed

Benhammou and Marie Noelle Pons., “Treatment of textile dyeeffluents using coagulation-flocculation coupled with membrane

processes of adsorption on powdered activated carbon”, Desalination,

Vol. 235, pp. 330-339, 2009.

62. Feng, D., Aldrich, C. and Tan, H. “Treatment of acid mine water by

use of heavy metal precipitation and ion exchange”, Miner. Eng.,

Vol. 13, pp. 623-642, 2000.

Page 7: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

228

63. Ferro-Garcia, M. A., Rivera-Utrilla, J., Rodriguez-Gordillo, J. and

Bautista-Toledo, I. “Adsorption of zinc, cadmium and copper on

activated carbons obtained from by products”, Carbon, Vol. 26, No. 3,pp. 363-373, 1988.

64. Fiono, A. Nicholson, Kevin, C. Jones and Johnston, A. E. “Effects of

phosphate fertilizers and atmosphere deposition of long-term changesin the cadmium content of soils and crops”, Environ. Sci. Technol.,

Vol. 28, pp. 2170-2175, 1994.

65. Forstner, U. and Wittman, R. G. T. W. Metal pollution in the aquatic

environment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin,Heidelberg, p. 486, 1979.

66. Freundlich, H. and Helle, W. J. Rubber die adsorption in Lusungen, J.

Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 61, pp. 2-28, 1939.

67. Friberg, L., Elinder, C. G., Kjellestrom, T. and Norberg, G. F.

“Cadmium and health, a toxocological and epidermiologocal and

appraisal”, Vol. II, Effects and the response, Cleveland, Ohio, CRC

Press, p. 303, 1986.

68. Friberg, L., Piscator, M. Nordberg, G. F. and Kjellstorm, T. Cadmium

in the environment; 2nd Edition, CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, p.355,

1974.

69. Fristoe, B. R. and Nelson, P. O. “Equilibrium chemical modeling of

heavy metals in activated sludge”, Water Res. Vol. 17, pp. 772-778,

1983.

70. Frumkin, A. “On the adsorption of electrolytes on activated coal”,Kolloid Z, Vol. 51, pp. 123-132, 1930.

71. Fu-shenzhang., Jerome O. Nriagu and Hideaki Iton, “Mercury removal

from water using activated carbons derived from organic sewagesludge”, Water Res., Vol. 39, pp. 389-395, 2005.

72. Gaballah, I. and Kilbertus, G. “Recovery of heavy metal ions through

decontamination of synthetic solutions and industrial effluents using

modifiedbarks”, J. Geochem. Explor., Vol. 62, pp. 241-286, 1998.

73. Gashi, S. T., Daci, N. M., Ahmeti, X. M., Selimi, T. J. and

Hoxha, E. M. Removal of heavy metal from industrial wastewaters,

In: Chemistry for Protection of Environment, Powlowski Eds. Elsevier,Amsterdam, 1987.

Page 8: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

229

74. Gholamreza Moussavi and Rasoul Khosravi, “Removal of cyanide

from wastewater by adsorption onto pistachio hull wastes: parametric

experiments, Kinetics and equilibrium analysis”, J. Hazard. Mater.,

Vol. 183, pp. 724-730, 2010.

75. Giles, C. H. and D’ Silva, A. P., Trans Faraday Society, Vol. 65,

pp. 1943, 1969.

76. Goel Jyodtsna., Kadirvelu, K., Raja gopal, C. and Vinod Kumar, G.

“Investigation of adsorption of lead, mercury and nickel from aqueous

solution onto carbon aerogel”, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., Vol. 80,

pp. 469-476, 2005.

77. Goel, J., Kadirvelu, K. and RajaGopal, C. “Mercury (II) Removal

from water by coconut shell based activated carbon: Bench and

Column studies”, Environ. Technol., Vol. 25, pp. 141-153, 2004.

78. Goel, J., Kadirvelu, K., Rajagopal, C. and Garg, V.K. “Removal oflead (II) by adsorption using treated granular activated carbon: Batch

and column studies”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 125, pp. 211-220, 2005.

79. Gosset, T., Trancart, J. L. and Thevenot, D. R. “Batch metal removal

by Peat”, Water Res., Vol. 20, pp. 21-26, 1986.

80. Goyer, R. A. and Clarkson T. W. Toxic effects of metals, In: casarett

and Doullis Toxicology. The basic science of poisons, Sixth Edn,

Klaassen C. D. Ed., Mc-Graw-Hill, New York. pp. 811-867, 2001.

81. Grandjean, P., Murata, K., Budtz-Jorgensen, E. and Weihe, P. “Cardiac

automatic activity in methyl mercury neurotoxicity: 14 year follow-up

of a flaroese birth cohort”, J. Pediatrics, Vol. 144. pp. 169-176, 2004.

82. Guibal, E., Mccarrick, P. and Tobin, J. M. “Comparsion of the

sorption of anionic dyes on activated carbon and chitosan derivativesfrom dilute solutions”, Sep. Sci. Technol., Vol. 38, pp. 3049-3073,

2003.

83. Gupta, G. S., Prasad, G. and Singh, V. N. “Removal of chrome dye

from aqueous solution by mixed adsorbents: fly ash and coal”, Water

Res., Vol. 24, pp. 45-50, 1990.

84. Gupta, S. and Bhatnagar, M. “Removal of zinc and cadmium by

activated carbon adsorption”, Asian J. Chem., Vol. 14, No. 2,

pp. 1031-1034, 2002.

Page 9: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

230

85. Gupta, S. S. and Bhattacharyya, K. G. “Immobilization of Pb (II) and

Ni (II) ion on kaoliinte and montmorillonite surfaces from aqueous

medium”, J. Environ. Manage., Vol. 87, pp. 46-58, 2008.

86. Gupta, V. K. and Ali, I. “Removal of lead and chromium from

wastewater using bagasse fly ash-a sugar industry waste

material”, J. Colloid Interface Sci., Vol. 271, pp. 321-328, 2004.

87. Gupta, V. K., Jain, C. K., Ali, I., Sharma, M. and Saini, V. K.

“Removal of cadmium and nickel from wastewater using bagasse

fly ash-a sugar industry waste”, Water Res., Vol. 7, pp. 4038-4044,2003.

88. Hagino, N. and Yoshioka, K. “A study on the cause of ‘itai-itai’

disease”, J. Jpn. Orthopaedic Assoc., Vol. 35, pp. 812-822, 1961.

89. Hall, K. R., Edgleton, L. C., Acrivos and Vermeulen, T. “Pore and

Solid diffusion kinetics in fixed bed adsorption under constant pattern

conditions”, J. Indian Eng. Chem. Fundam., Vol. 5, pp. 212-212, 1966.

90. Harry, I. D., Saha, B. and Cumming, I. W. “Effect of electrochemical

oxidation of activated carbon fiber on competitive and non competitive

sorption of trace metal ions from aqueous solution”, J. ColloidInterface Sci., Vol. 304, pp. 9-20, 2006.

91. Hasan, S., Krishnaiah, A., Ghosh, T. K., Vishwanath, D. S.,Boddu, V. M. and Smith, E. D., J. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 45,

p. 5066, 2006.

92. Hashimoto, T. and Sato, T. “Removal of aqueous lead by poorly-

crystalline hydroxyapatites”, Chemosphere, Vol. 69, pp. 1775-1782,2007.

93. Hassler, J. W. Purification with activated Carbon, Chemical Publishing

Company, Inc., New York, p. 169, 1974.

94. Helfferich, F. “Ion Exchange”, McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.,

New York, p. 150, 1962.

95. Hema, M. and Srinivasan, K., “Removal of Nickel (II) fromwastewater: Activated carbons from oilcakes”, Asian J.Chem., Vol. 22,

No. 5, pp. 3675-3690, 2010.

96. Ho, Y. S. and Mckay, G. (1999), “Pseudo-second order model forsorption processes”, Process Biochem., Vol. 34, pp. 451-465, 1999.

Page 10: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

231

97. Ho, Y. S. and Mckay, G. “The Sorption of lead (II) ions on peat”,

Water Res., Vol. 33, pp. 578-584, 1999.

98. Ho, Y. S., Ng, J. C. Y. and Mckay, G. “Removal of Lead (II) from

effluents by sorption on peat using second-order kinetics”, Sep. Sci.

Technol., Vol. 36, pp. 241-261, 2001.

99. Howard, A. Simonin., and Micheal W. Meyer, “Mercury and other air

toxics in the Adirondack region of New York”, Environ. Sci. Policy,

Vol. 1, pp. 199-209, 1998.

100. Huang, C., Huang, C. P. and Morehart, A. L. “Proton competition in

Cu (II) adsorption by fungal mycelia”, Water Res., Vol. 25,

pp. 1365-1365, 1991.

101. Huang, C., Huang, C. P. and Morehart, A. L. “The Removal of Cu (II)

from dilute aqueous solution by S. cerevisial”, Water Res., Vol. 24,

pp. 433-439, 1990.

102. Huang, C. P. and Blakenship, D. W. “The removal of mercury (II)

from dilute aqueous solution by activated carbon”, Water Res., Vol.18,

pp. 37-46, 1984.

103. Hui, K. S., Chau, C. Y. H. and Kot, S. C. “Removal of mixed heavy

metal ions in wastewater by zeolite 4A and residual product from

recycled coal fly ash”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 127, No. 1-3,

pp. 89-101, 2005.

104. Humenick, M. J., Jr. and Schnoor, J. L. “Mercury sorption by activated

carbon: FS-300”, J. Env. Eng. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Engrs., Vol. 100

(EE6), p. 1249, 1974.

105. Indian Standards Institution (ISI) , Methods of sampling and tests for

activated carbon used for decolourizing vegetable oils and sugar

solutions, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, p. 877, 1977.

106. Indian Standards Institution (ISI), Tolerance limits for industrial

effluents prescribed by Indian standards Institution, New Delhi, ISI

Part-I, p. 2490, 1981.

107. Irukayama, K. “The Pollution of Minamata Bay and Minamata

Disease”, Adv. Water Pollut. Res., Vol. 3, pp. 153-165, 1967.

Page 11: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

232

108. Isabel Villaescusa, Nuria Fiol, Maria Martinez, Nuria Miralles, JordiPoch and Joan Serarols, “Removal of copper and nickel ions from

aqueous solution by grape stalks wastes”, Water Research, Vol. 38,pp. 992-1002, 2004.

109. Jain, M., Garg, V. K. and Kadirvelu, K. “Adsorption of hexavalentchromium from aqueous medium onto carbonaceous adsorbentsprepared from waste biomass” J. Environ. Manage., Vol. 91,

pp. 949-957, 2010.

110. Jefferey, G. H., Bassett, J., Mendham, J. and Denney, R. C. Vogel’sText Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 5th Edn. Revised,ELBS. Longman, London, pp. 207-208, 1991.

111. Kadirvelu, K. and Namasivayam, C. “Agricultural By-product asmetal adsorbent: Sorption of lead (II) from aqueous solution onto coir

pith carbon”, Environ. Technol., Vol. 21, pp. 1091-1097, 2000.

112. Kadirvelu, K. and Namasivayam, C. “Activated carbon from coconut

coirptih as metal adsorbent: adsorption of Cd (II) from aqueoussolution”, Adv. Environ. Res., Vol. 7, pp. 471-478, 2003.

113. Kadirvelu, K., Kavipriya, M., Karthika, C., Vennilamani, N. andPattabhi, S. “Mercury (II) adsorption by activated carbon made fromsago waste”, Carbon, Vol. 42, Issue. 4, pp. 745-752, 2004.

114. Kahkohen, M. A. and Kairesalo, T. “The effect of nickel on the

nutrient fluxes and on the growth of Elodea Canadensis”,Chemosphere, Vol. 37, pp. 1521-1530, 1998.

115. Kaiser, G. and Toly, G. Mercury in: The handbook of EnvironmentalChemistry, Anthropogenic compounds, Vol. 3, Part-A, Springer-Verlag-Berlin Heidelberg, New York, 1980.

116. Kakabadse, G. Chemistry of Effluent Treatment, Applied SciencePublisher Ltd., London, 1979.

117. Kannan, N. and Malar, S. J. S. “Removal of mercury (II) ions by

adsorption onto dates nut and commercial activated carbon: Acomparative study”, Indian J. Chem. Technol., Vol. 12, No. 5,pp. 522-527, 2005.

118. Kapica, J., Pelech, R., Przeiorski, J., Morawski, A. W. “Kinetics of theadsorption of copper and lead ions from aqueous solution onto WD-

ekstra activated Carbon”, Adsorpt. Sci. Technol., Vol. 20,pp. 442-452, 2002.

Page 12: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

233

119. Kapoor, A. and Viraraghavan, T. “Adsorption of mercury fromwastewater by fly ash”, Adv. Sci. Technol., Vol. 9, pp. 130-147, 1994.

120. Kazemipour, M., Ansari, M., Tajrobenkar, S., Majdzadeh, M. andkermani, H. R. “Removal of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper fromwalnut, hazelnut, almond, pistachio shell and apricot stone”, J. Hazard.

Mater., Vol. 150, pp. 322-327, 2008.

121. Kevin Kelly-Vargas, Monica Cerro-Lopez, Silvia Reyna-Tellez,Erick R. Bandala and Jose Luis Sanchez-Salas, “Biosorption of heavy

metals in polluted water, using different waste fruit cortex”, Physicsand Chemistry of the earth, Parts A/B/C, In Press, Corrected Proof,Available online 1, April 2011.

122. Kim, B. S. and Lim, S. T. “Removal of heavy metal ions from waterby cross-linked carboxymethyl corn starch”, Carbohydr. Polym.,Vol. 39, pp. 217-223, 1999.

123. Kim, T. Y., Kim, S. J., Yang, J. H. and Cho, S. Y. “Environmentallyfriendly separation of heavy-metal ions onto porus chitosan beads”,J. Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 201-207, 2004.

124. Knocke, W. R. and Hemphil, L. H. “Mercury sorption by wasterubber”, Water Res., Vol. 15, p. 275, 1981.

125. Kobya, M., Demirbas, E., Senturk, E. and Ince, M. “Adsorption ofheavy metal ions from aqueous solution by activated carbon preparedfrom apricot stone”, Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 96, No. 13,

pp. 1518-1521, 2005.

126. Kocaoba, S., Orhan, Y. and Akyuz, T. “Kinetics and equilibriumstudies of heavy metal ions removal by use of natural zeolite”,

Desalination, Vol. 241, No. 1-3, pp. 1-10, 2007.

127. Konstantinos Dermentzis, “Removal of nickel from electroplating rinsewaters using electrostatic shielding electro dialysis / electro

deionization”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 73, No. 1-3, pp. 647-652, 2010.

128. Krishnan, K. A and Anirudhan, T. S. “Uptake of heavy metals in batch

systems by sulfurised steam activated carbon prepared from sugarcanebagasse pith”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 41, No. 20, pp. 5085-5093,2002.

129. Krishnan, K. A., Shella, A. and Anirudhan, T. “Adsorption of lead andchelates on activated carbon”, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., Vol. 78,pp. 642-653, 2003.

Page 13: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

234

130. Kutsal, T. and Sag, Y. “Biosorption of heavy metals by Zoogloea

ramigera: Use of adsorption isotherms and a comparison of

biosorption characteristics”, J. Chem. Eng. Biochem. Eng., Vol. 60,

pp. 181-188, 1995.

131. Kutsuma, M. (ed). “Minamata Disease”, Kumamato University, Japan,

1968.

132. Lagergren, S. About the theory of so called adsorption of soluble

substances, Kungliga Svenska Venkenskapsakademiens, Hand linger,

Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 1-39, 1898.

133. Lakshmi, N. and Srinivasan, K. “Lead removal in Aqueous medium

by Agricultural Waste-Cotton seed (Ciba pentandra)”, Indian J.

Environ. Prot., Vol. 24, pp. 379-384, 2004.

134. Lakshmi, N. and Srinivasan, K. “Removal of nickel (II) from water by

agricultural waste: cottonseed (Ciba pentandra)”, Orient. J. Chem.,

Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 487-492, 2004.

135. Langmuir, I. “The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica

and platinum”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 40, pp. 1361-1367, 1918.

136. Latif, P. A. and Jaafar, N. “Adsorption of Cu (II), Zn (II), andPb(II) by selected agricultural wastes”, Pertanika, Vol. 12,

pp. 193-200, 1989.

137. Lester, J. N. Heavy metals in wastewater and sludge treatment

processes, Sources, Analysis and Legislation, CRC Press, Boca Raton,

Florida, Vol. 1, pp. 12-14, 1987.

138. Lin, K. C. and Chou, I. N. “Studies on the mechanism of nickel ion

induced cell injury effects of nickel ion on microtubes” Toxicol. Appl.

Pharmacol., Vol. 106, pp. 209-221, 1990.

139. Lindbergh, S. E. and Stralton, W. J. “Atmospheric mercury speciation:

concentrations and behavior of reactive gaseous mercury in ambient

air” Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol. 32, pp. 49-57, 1998.

140. Lodeiro, P., Barriada, J. L., Herrero, R. and Sastre de Vincente, M. E.“The marine macro alga Crystoseira baccata as biosorbent for

cadmium (II) and lead (II) removal: kinetic and equilibrium studies”,

Environ. Pollut. Vol. 142, pp. 264-273, 2006.

Page 14: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

235

141. Lopez-Delgado, A., Perez, C. and Lopez, F. A. “Sorption of heavy

metals on blast furnace sludge”, Water Res., Vol. 32, pp. 989-996,

1998.

142. Lotfi Mouni, Djoudi Merabet, Abdelkrim Bouzaza and Lazhar

Belkhiri, “Adsorption of Pb (II) from aqueous solutions using activatedcarbon developed from apricot stone”, Desalination, Vol. 276,

Issues 1-3, pp. 148-153, 2011.

143. Low, K. S., Lee, C. K. and Liew, S. C. “Sorption of cadmium and leadfrom aqueous solution by spent grain”, Process Biochem.,

Vol. 36, pp. 59-64, 2000.

144. Luciano Marder, Guilherme O. Sulzhach and Andrea M. Bernardes,“Removal of cadmium and cyanide from aqueous solutions through

electro dialysis”, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 610-615,

2003.

145. Ma, X., Subramanian, K. S., Chakrabarti, C. L., Guo, R., Cheng, J.,

Lu, Y. and Pickering, W. F. “Removal of trace mercury (II) from

drinking water: Sorption by granular activated carbon”, J.Environ. Sci.

Health, Vol. 27, pp. 1389-1404, 1992.

146. Mabel Vaca Mier, Raymundo Lopezcallejas, Ronald Gehr, Blanca E.

Jimenez Cisneros and Perfo J.J. Alvarez , “Heavy metal removal with

Mexican clinoptilolite”, Water Res., Vol. 35, pp. 373-378, 2001.

147. Malay Chaudhuri, Shamsul Rahman Mohamed kutty and Siti Haida

Yusuf, Nature Environment and pollution technology, Vol. 9, No. 1,

pp. 25-28, 2010.

148. Malik, D. J, Strelko, V., Streat, M. and Puziy, A. M. “Characterization

of novel modified active carbons and marine algal biomass for the

selective adsorption of lead”, Water Res., Vol. 36, pp. 1527-1538,2002.

149. Malik, P. K. “Use of activated carbons prepared from sawdust and rice

husk for adsorption of acid dyes: a case study of Acidyellow 36”, Dyes Pigm., Vol. 56, pp. 239-249, 2003.

150. Malkoc, E. “Ni (II) removal from aqueous solutions using cone

biomass of Thuja Orientalis”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 137, No. 2,pp. 899-908, 2006.

151. Manahan, S. Environmental Chemistry, Lewis Publishers, Florida,

1994.

Page 15: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

236

152. Manivasagam, N. Industrial effluents: Origin, Characteristics, Effects,

Analysis and Treatment, First Reprint Sakthi Publications, Coimbatore,

p. 498, 1997.

153. Manohar, D. M., Anoop Krishnan, K. and Anirudhan, T. S. “Removalof mercury (II) from aqueous solution and Chlor-alkali industry

wastewater using 2-mercapto benzimidazole-clay”, Water Res.,

Vol. 36, pp. 1609-1619, 2002.

154. Maranon, D. and Sastre, H. “Heavy metal removal in packed beds

using apple wastes”, Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 38, pp. 39-43, 1991.

155. Marquez, G. E., Ribeiro, M. J. Ventura and Labrincha, J. A. “Removal

of nickel from aqueous solution by clay-based beds”, Ceram. Int.,

Vol. 30, pp. 111-119, 2004.

156. Martinez, M., Miralles, N., Hidalog, S., Fiol, N., Villaescusa, I. and

Poch, J. “Removal of lead (II) and cadmium (II) from aqueoussolutions using grape stalk waste”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 133,

pp. 203-211, 2006.

157. Mason, R. P., Fitzgcrald, W. F. and Morel, F. M. M. “The

Biogeochemical cycling of elemental mercury: Anthropogenic

influences”, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 58, pp. 3191-3198,

1994.

158. Mathur, A. and Rupainwar, D. C. “Removal of lead from polluted

water by adsorption on fly ash”, Asian Environ., Vol. 10, pp. 19-25,

1988.

159. Mckay, G., Blair, H. S. and Garden, J. R. “Adsorption of dyes onchitin-1, Equilibrium Studies”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 27,

pp. 3043-3057, 1982.

160. Mellah, A. and Benachour, D. “Adsorption of heavy metals from

industrial phosphoric acid by algerian activated bentonite modeling”,

Ann. Chim. Sci. Mat., Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 487-504, 2007.

161. Meunier, N., Laroulandie, J., Blais, J. F. and Tyagi, R. D. “Cocoa

shells for heavy metal removal from acidic solutions”, Bioresour.

Technol. Vol. 90, pp. 255-263, 2003a.

162. Mhosen-Nia, M., Montazeri, P. and Modarress, H. “Removal of Cu2+

and Ni 2+ from wastewater with a chelating agent and reverse osmosisprocesses”, Desalination, Vol. 217, No. 1, pp. 276-281, 2007.

Page 16: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

237

163. Michelson, L. D., Gideon, P. G., Pace, E. G. and Kutal, L. H., USDI,

Office of Water Research and Technology, Bulletin No. 74, p. 90,

1975.

164. Ming Zhao and John R. Duncan, “Removal and recovery of nickel

from aqueous solution and electroplating rinse effluent using Azollafiliculoides”, Process Biochem., Vol. 33, pp. 249-255, 1998.

165. Mitsuyo kondoh, Masanori Fukuda, Masayaki Azuma, Hiroshi

Ooshima and Jyoji Kato, “Removal of mercury ion by the Mosspohliaflexuosa”, J. Ferment. Bioeng., Vol. 86, pp. 197-201, 1992.

166. Mohamed El Zayat and Edward Smith., “Removal of heavy metals by

using activated carbon produced from cotton stalks”, Can. J. Environ.Constr .Civ. Eng., Vol. 1, No. 4, 2010.

167. Mohammad Fereidouni, Ali Daneshi and Habibollah Younesi,

“Biosorption equilibria of binary Cd (II) and Ni (II) systems ontoSaccharomyces cerevisiae and Ralstonia eutropha cells: Application of

response surface methodology”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 168,

pp. 1437-1448, 2009.

168. Mohan, D., Gupta, V. K., Srivastava, S. K. and Chandra, S. “Kinetics

of mercury adsorption from wastewater using activated carbon derived

from fertilizer waste”, Colloids and Surfaces, Vol. 177, pp. 169-181,

2001.

169. Mohan, S. and Sreelakshmi, G. “Fixed bed column study for heavy

metal removal using phosphate treated rice husk”, J. Hazard. Mater.,

Vol. 153, pp. 75-82, 2008.

170. Mouni, L., Mreabet, D., Bouzaza, A. and Belkhiri, L., “Removal of

Pb2+ and Zn2+ from the aqueous solutions by activated carbon preparedfrom Dates Stone”, Desalin. Water Treat., Vol. 16, No.1-3, pp. 66-73,

2010.

171. Murata, K., Weihe, P., Budtz-Jorgensen, E., Jorgensen, P. J. and Grandjean, P. “Delayed Brainstem auditory evoked potential latencies in

14-year-old children exposed to methyl mercury”, J. Pediatrics,

Vol. 144, pp. 177-183, 2004.

172. Myers, G. J., Davidson, P. W., Coxc, Shamlaye, C. F., Palumbo, D.

and Cernichiari, E. “Prenatal methyl mercury exposure from the ocean

fish consumption in Seychelles child development study”, Lancet,

Vol. 361, pp. 1686-1692, 2003.

Page 17: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

238

173. Nagashanmugam, K. B. and Srinivasan, K. “Evaluation of lead (II)

Removal by carbon Derived from Gingelly Oil cake”, Asian J. Chem.,

Vol. 22, pp. 5447-5462, 2010.

174. Namasivayam, C. and Kadirvelu, K. “Uptake of mercury (II) from

wastewater agricultural solid by- product: Coir pith”, Carbon, Vol.37,pp. 79-84, 1999.

175. Namasivayam, C. and Periasamy, K. “Bicarbonate-treated peanut hull

carbon for mercury (II) removal from aqueous solution”, Water Res.,Vol. 27, pp. 1663-1668, 1993.

176. Namasivayam, C. and Ranganathan, K. “Recycling of waste Fe (III),

Cr (III) hydroxide for the removal of nickel from wastewater:Adsorption and equilibrium studies”, Waste Manage., Vol. 14,

pp. 709-716, 1994.

177. Namasivayam, C. and Yamuna, R. T. “Adsorption of chromium (VI)by a Low-cost Adsorbent: Biogas Residual slurry”, Chemosphere,

Vol. 30, pp. 561-578, 1995.

178. Narin, I., Kars, A. and Soylak, M. “A novel solid phase extractionprocedure on Amberlite XAD-1180 for speciation of Cr(III), Cr(VI)

and total chromium in environmental and pharmaceutical samples”, J.

Hazard. Mater., Vol. 150, pp. 453-458, 2008.

179. Nathalie Meunier, Jerome Laroulandie, Jean-Francois Blais and

Rajeshwer Dayal Tyagi, “Lead removal from acidic solutions by

sorption on Cocoa shells: effect of some parameters”, J. Environ. Eng.,

Vol. 129, pp. 693, 2003.

180. Nielsen, J. S. and Hrudey, S. E. “Role of the free metal ion species in

soluble nickel removal by activated sludge”, Environ. Sci. Technol.,Vol. 18, pp. 883-886, 1984.

181. Nihal Bekata, A. and Serdar Kara, “Removal of lead from aqueous

solutions by natural clinoptilolite: equilibrium and kinetic studies”,Sep. Purif. Technol., Vol. 39, pp. 189-200, 2004.

182. Nordberg, M., Winblad, B. and Basun, H. “Cadmium in blood in an

elderly urban population, Biometals”, Vol. 13, pp. 311-317, 2000.

183. Nourbakhsh, M., Sag, Y., Ozer, D., Aksu, Z., Katsal, T. and

Calgar, A. “A comparative study of various biosorbents for theremoval of chromium (VI) ions from industrial wastewater”, Process

Biochem., Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 1-5, 1994.

Page 18: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

239

184. Ofer Raize, Yerachmiel, Argaman and Shmuel Yannai, “Marine macro

algae as biosorbents for cadmium and nickel in water”, Water Environ.

Res., Vol. 75, pp. 246-253, 2003.

185. Okieimen, F. E. and Onyenkpa, V. V. “Removal of heavy metal ionsfrom aqueous solution with melon (Citrullus vulgaris) seed husks”,

Biol. Waste, Vol. 29, pp. 11-16, 1989.

186. Okieimen, F. E., Ogheifun, D. E., Nwala, G. N. and Kunsah, “Binding

of copper, cadmium and lead ions by modified celloulosic materials”,

Bulletin of Environment contamination Toxicology, Vol. 34,

pp. 866-870, 1985.

187. Okieimen, F. E., Okundia, E. V. and Ogbeifun, D. E. “Sorption of

cadmium and lead ions on modified ground nut (Arachis hypogea)

husk”, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., Vol. 51, pp. 97-103, 1991.

188. Oliveira, E. A., Montanher, S. F., Andrade, A. D., Nohrega and Rollemberg, M. C. “Equilibrium studies for the sorption of chromium and

nickel from aqueous solutions using raw rice bran”, Process Biochem.,

Vol. 40, pp. 3485-3490, 2005.

189. Orhan, Y. and Buyukgungor, “The removal of heavy metals by

using agricultural wastes”, Water Sci. Technol., Vol. 28, pp. 247-255,

1993.

190. Ozer, A. “Removal of Pb (II) ions from aqueous solutions by sulphuric

acid-treated wheat bran”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 141, pp. 753-761,

2007.

191. Ozer, A. and Pirincci, H. B. “The adsorption of Cd (II) ions onsulphuric acid-treated wheat bran”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 137, No. 2,

pp. 849-855, 2006.

192. Ozturk, A., Artan, T. and Ayar, A. “Biosorption of nickel (II) and

copper (II) ions from aqueous solution by Streptomyces coelicolor A”,

Collids Surf. B, Vol. 34, p. 105, 2004.

193. Panda, G. C., Das, S. K. and Guha, A. K. “Biosorption of cadmium

and nickel by functionalized husk of Lathyrus sativus”, Colloids Surf.

B: Biointerfaces, Vol. 62, pp. 173-179, 2008.

194. Parker, S. P., Encyclopedia of Environment sciences, 2nd Edn,

McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 356, 1980.

Page 19: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

240

195. Patrick, J. Cyl, Rominder, P. S. Suri, and Edward, D. Helmig, “A pilot

scale evaluation of removal of mercury from pharmaceutical

wastewater using granular activated carbon”, Water Res.,

Vol. 36, pp. 4725-4734, 2002.

196. Paul Chen, J. and Xiaoyuan Wang, “Removing copper, zinc and lead

ion by granular activated carbon in pretreated fixed-bed columns”, Sep.

Purif. Technol., Vol. 19, pp. 157-167, 2000.

197. Peri, J., Trgo, M. and Vukojeri Medvidovi, “Removal of zinc, copper

and lead by natural zeolite-a comparison of adsorption isotherm”,

Water Res., Vol. 38, pp. 1893-1899, 2004.

198. Periasamy, K. and Namasivayam, C. “Removal of nickel (II) from

aqueous solution and nickel plating industry wastewater using anagricultural waste. Peanut hulls”, Waste Manage., Vol. 15, No. 1,

pp. 63-68, 1995.

199. Periyasamy, K., Srinivasan, K. and Murugan, P.K. “Studies on

Chromium (VI) Removal by Activated Groundnut Husk Carbon”,

Indian J. Environ. Health, Vol. 33, pp. 433-439, 1991.

200. Peter Chun and Mathew J. Hall, “Sorbents for the removal of airborne

heavy metals from incinerator effluent”, Waste Manage., Vol. 14,

pp. 671-676, 1994.

201. Ping Zhou, Jun-Chang Huang, Alfred W. F. Li and Shirly Wei, “Heavy

metal removal from wastewater in fluidized bed reactor”, Water Res.,

Vol. 33, pp. 1918-1924, 1999.

202. Pollard, S. J. T., Fowler, G. F., Sollars, C. J. and Perry, R. “Low costadsorbents for waste and wastewater treatment”, Sci. Total Environ.,

Vol. 116, pp. 31-52, 1992.

203. Pollution control law series, Ministry of Environment and forests,

Government of India, 4, (2000-2001).

204. Poots, V. J. P., Mckay, G. and Healy, J. J. “Removal of basic dye from

effluent using wood as an adsorbent”, Water Pollut. Control Fed.,

Vol. 50, pp. 926-935, 1978.

205. Prasad, M. N. V. and Freitas, H. “Removal of toxic metals from

solution by lead, steam and root phytomass of Quercusilex L.

(Hollyoak)’, Environ. Pollut., Vol. 110, pp. 277-283, 2000.

Page 20: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

241

206. Prasad, S., Kodukala James W., Patterson and Rao Y. Surampalli.,

“Sorption of cadmium and nickel in activated sludge”, Water Qual.

Res. J. Can., Vol. 30, pp. 277-297, 1995.

207. Qdais, H. A. and Moussa, H. “Removal of heavy metals fromwastewater by membrane process: A comparative study”, Desalination,

Vol. 164, No. 2, pp. 105-110, 2004

208. Quanyuan Chen, Zhou Luo, Colin Hills, Gang Xue and Mark Tyrer,

“Precipitation of heavy metals from wastewater using simulated flue

gas: Sequent additions of fly ash, lime and carbondioxide”, Water Res.,

Vol. 43, pp. 2605-2614, 2009.

209. Ragan, H. A. “The Bioavailability of iron, lead and cadmium via

gastrointestinal adsorption: Sci. Total Environ., Vol. 28, p. 317, 1983.

210. Rajangam Vinodh, Rajangam Padmavathi, Dharmalingam Sangeetha,

“Separation of heavy metals from water samples using anion exchangepolymers by adsorption process”, Desalination, Vol. 267, pp. 267-276,

2011.

211. Ramachandran, S., Kumar singh, S., Larroche, C., Ricardo Soccol, C.

and Pandey, A. “Oilcakes and their biotechnological applications”

A Rev. Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 98, pp. 2000-2009, 2007.

212. Ramadevi, A. and Srinivasan, K. “Agricultural solid waste for the

removal of inorganics: Adsorption of mercury (II) from aqueous

solution by Tamarind nut Carbon”, Indian J. Chem. Technol., Vol. 12,

pp. 407-412, 2005.

213. Ramiro, J. E., Martins, Rosana Pardo and Rui A. R. Boaventura,“Cadmium (II) and zinc (II) adsorption by the aquatic mass Fontinalis

antopyretica: effect of temperature, pH and water hardness”, Water

Res., Vol. 38, pp. 693-699, 2004.

214. Rao, M., Parwate, A. V. and Bhole, A. G. “Removal of Cr6+ and Ni2+

from aqueous solution using bagasse and fly ash”, Waste Manage.,

Vol. 22, pp. 821-830, 2002.

215. Rao, M. M., Ramesh, A., Rao, G. P. C. and Seshaiah, K. “Removal of

copper and cadmium from aqueous solution by activated carbonderived from Ceiba pentandra hulls”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 129,

No. 1-3, pp. 123-129, 2006.

Page 21: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

242

216. Reif, J. S., Tsongas, T. A., Anger, W. K., Mitchell, F., Metzger, L.,

Keefe, T. J., Tessari, J. D. and Amler, R. “Two-stage evaluation of

exposure to mercury and biomarkers of neurotoxicity at a hazardouswaste site”, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Vol. 40, No. 2-3,

pp. 413-422, 1993.

217. Ren, S., Robert, W. M. and Frymeierb, D. P. “Using factorial

experiments to study the toxicity of metal mixtures”, Ecotoxicology

and Environmental Safety, Vol. 59, pp. 38-43, 2004.

218. Rengaraj, S. Seung-Hyeon moon., Sivabalan, R., Arabindoo, B., and

Murugesan, V. “Agricultural solid waste for the removal of organics:

adsorption of phenol from water and wastewater by palm seed coat

activated carbon”, Waste Manage., Vol. 22, pp. 543-548, 2002.

219. Ricou-Hoffer, P., Hequet, V., Lecuyer, I. and lecloriece, P. “Waste

minimization and end of pipe treatment in chemical and petrochemical

industries”, Water Sci. Technol., Vol. 42, pp. 79-84, 2000.

220. Romero-Gonzalez, M. E., Williams, C. J. and Gardiner, H. E. “Studyof the mechanisms of cadmium Biosorption by Dealginated

seaweed waste”, Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 35, pp. 3025-3030, 2001.

221. Romero, L. C., Bonomo, A. and Gonzo, E. E. “Peanut shell activated

carbon: Adsorption capacities for copper (II), Zinc (II), Nickel (II) and

chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solutions”, Adsorpt. Sci. Technol.,

Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 237-243, 2004.

222. Ronald, R. Navarro, Katsuhiro Sumi, Naoyuki Fujii and Masatoshi

Matsumura, “Mercury removal from waste water using porouscellulose carrier modified with polyethylene imine”, Water Res., Vol.

30, pp. 2488-2494, 1996.

223. Roy, D., Greenlaw, P. N. and Shane, B. S. “Adsorption of

heavy metals by green algae and ground rice hulls”, J. Environ. Sci.

Health, Vol. 28, pp. 37-50, 1993.

224. Saglam, A., Yalcinkaya, Y., Penizli, A., Arica, M. Y., Genc, O. and

Bektas, S. “Biosorption of mercury by carboxymethyl cellulose andimmobiozed Phanerocheie Chrysosporium”, Micro Chem. J., Vol. 71,

pp. 73-81, 2002.

225. Said, O. B., Shalmor, M. B. and Egila, J. N. “A note on the binding of

nickel and copper ions by cellulosic materials”, Bioresour. Technol.

Vol. 3, pp. 63-65, 1993.

Page 22: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

243

226. Sameer Al-sheh, Fawzi-Banat and Fadal Mohai, “Sorption of copper

and nickel by spent animal bones”, Chemosphere, Vol. 39,

pp. 2087-2096, 1999.

227. Sanchez-Polo, M. and Rivera Utrilla, J. “Adsorbent-adsorbate

interactions in the adsorption of Cd (II) and Hg (II) on ozonized

activated carbons”, Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 36, pp. 3850-3854,2002.

228. Santhaniello, R. M, and Herber, F. L. (Ed.), Industrial pollut. Contr.

Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 154, 1971.

229. Santhy, K. and Selvapathy, P. “Removal of heavy metals from

wastewater by adsorption on coirpith activated carbon”, Sep. Sci.

Technol., Vol. 39, No. 14, pp. 331-335, 2004.

230. Satapathy, D., Natarajan, G. S. and Raja S. “Modified Granular

Activated Carbon: A Carrier for the recovery of nickel ions from

aqueous water”, Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. Vol. 22, pp. 285-294, 2004.

231. Schmutterer, H. (Ed). “The neem tree, source of unique naturalproducts for integrated post management medicine, industry and other

purposes”, (Hard cover), 2nd Edn. VCH, Verlagsg esellschaft,

Weinheim, Germany, 2002.

232. Seco, A., Marzel, P. and Gabaldon, C. “Adsorption of heavy metals

from aqueous solution onto activated carbon in single Cu and Ni

system and in binary Cu-Ni, Cu-Cd and Cu-Zn systems”, J. Chem.

Tech. Biotechnol. Vol. 68, pp. 23-30, 1997.

233. Sekar, M., Sakthi, V. and Rengaraj, S. “Kinetics and equilibrium

adsorption study of lead (II) onto activated carbon prepared from

coconut shell”, J. Colloid Interface Sci., Vol. 279, pp. 307-313, 2004.

234. Seki, K., Saito, N. and Aoyama, M. “Removal of heavy metal ions

from solutions by coniferous barks”, Wood Sci. Technol., Vol. 31,

pp. 441-447, 1997.

235. Selatina, A., Bakhti, M. Z., Madani, A., Kertous, L. and Mansouri, T.“Biosorption of Cd2+ from aqueous solution by a NaOH_treated

bacterial dead streptomyces rimosus biomass”, Hydrometallurgy, Vol.

75, No. 1-4, pp. 11-24, 2004.

Page 23: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

244

236. Selatnia, A., Madani, A., Bakthi, M. Z., kertous, L., Mansouri, Y. and

Yous, R. “Biosorption of Ni2+ from aqueous solution by a NaOH-

treated bacterial dead streptomyces rimosus biomass”, Miner. Eng.,

Vol. 17, No. 7-8, pp. 903-911, 2004.

237. Selhan Karagoz, Turgay Tay, Suar Ucar and Murat Erden, “Activated

carbon from waste biomass by sulfuric acid activation and their use on

methylene blue adsorption”, Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 99,

pp. 6214-6222, 2008.

238. Sen, A. K. and De, A. K. “Adsorption of mercury (II) by coal fly ash”,

Water Res., Vol. 21, pp. 885-888, 1987.

239. Sharma, Y. C. “Economic treatment of cadmium (II)-rich hazardous

waste by indigenous material”, J. Appl. Interface Sci., Vol. 173,

pp. 66-70, 1995.

240. Sharma, Y. C., Prasad, G. and Rupainwar, D. C. “Heavy metalpollution of river Ganga in Mirzapur, India”, Int. J. Environ. Stud.,

Vol. 40, pp. 41-53, 1992.

241. Shun-Xing Li, Zheng Feng -Ying, Huang Yang and Ni Jian-Cong,

“Thorough removal of inorganic and organic mercury from aqueous

solutions by adsorption on Lemna minor powder”, J. Hazard. Mater.,

Vol. 186, pp. 423-429, 2011.

242. Shyam S. Shukla, Lijia Yu, Kenneth L. Doris and Alka Shukla,

“Removal of nickel from aqueous solutions by sawdust”, J. Hazard.

Mater., Vol. 121, pp. 243-246, 2005.

243. Singh, C. K., Sahu, J. N., Mahalik, K. K., Mohanty, C. R., Raj Mohan,B. and Meikap, B. C. “Studies on the removal of Pb (II) from

wastewater by activated carbon developed from Tamarind wood

activated with sulphuric acid”, J. of Hazard. Mater., Vol. 153,

Issues. 1-2, pp. 221-228, 2008.

244. Singh, D. and Rawat, N. S. “Adsorption of heavy metals on treated

and untreated low grade bituminous coal”, Indian J. Chem. Technol.,

Vol. 4, pp. 39-41, 1997.

245. Singh, D. B. “Studies on the removal of heavy metal Ions from water”,Ph.D., Thesis, Department of Applied Chemistry, Banaras Hindu

University, Varanasi, India, 1992.

Page 24: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

245

246. Sirianuntapboon, S. and Ungkaprasatcha, O. “Removal of Pb2+ and

Ni2+ by biosludge in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and granular

activated carbon-SBR (GAC-SBR) systems”, Bioresour. Technol.,Vol. 98, No. 14, pp. 2749-2757, 2007.

247. Sitting, M. “Electroplating and related metal finishing: pollutant and

toxic materials control”, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, N.J. p. 322, 1978.

248. Smith, R. G. “Dose-response relationship associated which knows

mercury absorption at low dose levels of inorganic mercury”,

Environmental mercury contamination. Ann Arbor, MI; Ann ArborScience Publishers, 1972.

249. Sorg, T. J., Csanady, M. and Logsdon, G. S. “Treatment technology to

meet the interim primary drinking water regulations for inorganism”,J. Am. Water Works Assoc., Vol. 70, pp. 680-691, 1978.

250. Sousa, I. W., Moreira, S. A., Oliveira, A. G., Caralcante, R. M.,

Nascimento, R. F. and Rosa, M. F. “The removal of toxic metals”,

Quimica Nova, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 1153-1157, 2007.

251. Srinivasan, K. and Balasubramanian, N. “Removal of cadmium (II),

mercury (II) and Lead (II) by rice husk carbon”, Orient. J. Chem.,

Vol. 19. pp. 287-292, 2003.

252. Srinivasan, K. and Geethamani, G. “Studies of chromium (VI)

removal by activated tamarind nut carbon”, Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 20,

pp. 335-340, 2004.

253. Srinivasan, K. and Sathiya, E. “Bimetal adsorption by cottonseed

carbon: Equilibrium and Kinetic studies”, E-J. Chem., Vol. 6,

pp. 1667-1175, 2009.

254. Srinivasan, K., Balasubramanian, N. and Ramakrishna, T. V. “Studies

on chromium Removal by Rice Husk Carbon”, Indian J. Environ.

Health, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 376-387, 1988.

255. Srivastava, S. K., Gupta, V. K. and Mohan, D. “Kinetic parameters forthe removal of lead and chromium from wastewater using activated

carbon developed from fertilizer waste material”, Environ. Model

Assess., Vol. 1, pp. 281-290, 1996.

Page 25: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

246

256. Srivastava, S. K., Gupta, V. K. and Mohan, D. “Removal of lead and

chromium by Activated slag, a blast-Furnace Waste”, J. Environ. Eng.,

Vol. 123, pp. 461-468, 1997.

257. Srivastava, S. K., Tyagi, R .and Pant, N. “Adsorption of heavy metalsions on carbonaceous material developed from the waste slurry

generated in local fertilizer plants”, Water Res., Vol. 23,

pp. 1161-1165, 1989.

258. Srivastava, V. C., Mall, I. D. and Mishra, I. M. “Modeling individual

and competitive adsorption of cadmium (II) and zinc (II) metal ions

from aqueous solution onto bagasse Fly ash”, Sep. Sci. Technol.,

Vol. 41, No. 12, pp. 2685-2710, 2006.

259. Sunderman, F. W. Jr., “Carcinogenicity of nickel compounds inanimals”, In: Sunderman, F. W., Jr., Ed. Nickel in the human

environment. Lyon, International agency for research on cancer, IARC

Scientific Publications, No. 53, pp. 127-142, 1984.

260. Sunderman, F. W. Jr., “Review: nasal toxicity, carcinogenicity and

olfactory uptake of metals”, Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., Vol. 31, pp. 3-24,

2001.

261. Tan, T. C. and Teo, W. K. “Combined effect of carbon dosage and

initial adsorbate concentration on the adsorption isotherm of heavymetals on activated carbon”, Water Res., Vol. 21, pp. 1183-1188,

1987.

262. Terashima, Y., Ozaki, H. and Sekine, M. “Removal of dissolved

heavy metals by chemical coagulation, magnetic seeding and high

gradient magnetic filtration”, Water Res., Vol. 20, pp. 537-545, 1986.

263. Thierry Gosset, Jean-Luc Trancart and Daniel P. Thevenot, “Batch

metal removal by peat, Kinetics and thermodynamics”, Water Res.,

Vol. 20, pp. 21-26, 1986.

264. Thyssen, J. P., Linneberg, A., Menne, T. and Johanson, J. D. “The

epidemiology of contact allergy in the general population-prevalence

and main findings”, Contact Dermatitis, Vol. 57, pp. 287-299, 2007.

265. Tien, C. T. and Huang, C. P. “Adsorption behaviour of Cu (II)onto sludge particulate surfaces”, ASCE, J. Envir. Engg. Vol. 113,

pp. 285-299, 1987.

Page 26: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

247

266. Toshimitsu Tokimoto, Nahito Kawasaki, Takeo Nakamur Jyunichi

Akutagawa and Seiki Tanada, “Removal of Lead ions in drinking

water by coffee grounds as vegetable biomass”, J. Colloid Interface

Sci., Vol. 281, pp. 56-61, 2005.

267. Tripathi, A. K. and Pandey, S. N. “Water Pollution” Published by S. B

Nangis, Ashis Publishing House, New Delhi, ISBN-81, pp. 7024-267-

31, 1990.

268. Valenzuela-Calahorro, C., Macias-Garcia, A., Bernalte-Garcia, A. and

Gomez-serrano V. “Study of sulfur introduction in activated carbon”,

Carbon, Vol. 28. pp. 321-335, 1990.

269. Vandal, G. M. and Fitzgcrald, W. F., Boutron, C.F. and Candelone,J.P.

“Variation in mercury deposition to Antarctica over the past 34000

years”, Nature, Vol. 362, pp. 621-623, 1993.

270. Vazquez, G., Gonzalez-Alvarez, J. Freire, S., Lopez-Lorenzo andAntorrena, G. “Removal of cadmium and mercury ion from aqueous

solution by sorption on treated pinus pinaster bark: Kinetics and

isotherm”, Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 82, pp. 247-251, 2002.

271. Vedhavalli, S. and Srinivasan, K. “Removal of Copper (II) from

aqueous solution by cottonseed carbon”, Asian J. Chem., Vol. 17,

No. 4, pp. 2644-2652, 2005.

272. Vijayaraghavan, K., Jagan, J., Palanivelu, K. and Velan, M. “Removal

of nickel (II) ions from aqueous solution using crab shell particles in apacked bed up-flow column”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 113,

pp. 223-230, 2004.

273. Vijayaraghavan, K., Jagan, J., Palanivelu, K. and Velan, M.

“Biosorption of copper, cobalt and nickel and marine green alga Ulva

reticulata in a packed column”, Chemosphere, Vol. 60, pp. 419-426,

2005.

274. Vinod K. Gupta, Monika Gupta and Saurabh Sharma, “Process

development for the removal of lead and chromium from aqueoussolution using red mud-an aluminum industry waste”, Water Res., Vol.

35, pp. 1125-1134, 2001.

275. Viraraghavan, T. and Dronamarju, M. M. “Utilization of coal ash in

water pollution control”, Int. J. Environ. Stud., Vol. 40, pp. 79-85,

1992.

Page 27: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

248

276. Viswakarma, P. P., Yadava, K. P. and Singh,V. N. “Nickel (II)

removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on fly ash”, Pertanika

Vol. 12, pp. 357-366, 1989.

277. Viswanathan, N. and Meenakshmi, S. “Enriched fluoride sorptionusing alumina / chitosan composite”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 178.

pp. 226-232, 2010.

278. Vogel, I., A Text book of quantitative inorganic analysis including

elementary instrumental analysis, III Edn, ELBS and Longmans,

London, pp. 887-888, 1961.

279. Vymazal, J. “Short term uptake of heavy metals by periphyto algae”,

Hydrobiologia, Vol. 119, p. 171, 1984.

280. Waihung Lo, Hong Chua, Kim-Huang Lam and Shu-ping Bi, “A

comparative investigation on the biosorption of lead by filamentous

fungal biomass”, Chemosphere, Vol. 39, pp. 2723-2736, 1999.

281. Wan Ngah, W. S and Fatinathan, S. “Pb (II) biosorption using

chitoson and chitosan derivatives beads: Equilibrium, ion exchange

and mechanism studies”, J. Environ. Sci., Vol. 22, pp. 338-346, 2010.

282. Wan Ngah, W. S. and Hanafiah, M. A. K. M. “Biosorption of copperwins from dilute aqueous solutions on base treated rubber (Hevea

brasiliensis) leaves powder, Kinetics isotherm and biosorption

mechanism”, J. Environ. Sci., Vol. 20, pp. 1168-1176, 2008.

283. Wang, X. S., Li, Z. Z. and Sun, C. “A comparative study of removal

of Cu (II) from aqueous solutions by locally low-cost materials: marine

macro algae and agricultural by-products”, Desalination, Vol. 235,

pp. 146-159, 2009.

284. Watonable, T. and Ogava, K. “Copper electrolytes”, Chem. Abs.,

Vol. 24, p. 1037, 1929.

285. Weber Jr., W. J. and Morris J. C. “Kinetics of adsorption on carbons

from solution”, J. Sanitary Eng. Div. - Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., Vol. 89,

p. 1037, 1963.

286. Wei Chu, “Lead metal removal by recycled alum sludge”, Water Res.,

Vol. 33, pp. 3019-3025, 1999.

287. Wendricke, S. B. The yearbook of Agriculture, The United states,

Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., p. 84, 1955.

Page 28: REFERENCESshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15253/10/10...“Sorption of arsenic, cadmium and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production”,

249

288. Wilde, S. A., Voigt, G. K. and Iyer, J.G. Soil and Plant analysis for

Tree culture, chesters G. (ed), 4th edition, Oxford & IBH Publishing

Co., New Delhi, p. 52, 1972.

289. World Health Organization (WHO), “Methyl Mercury”,

Environmental Health Criteria, Vol. 101, Geneva, pp. 68-102, 1990.

290. World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking water Quality,

Geneva, Switzerland, and Vols. 1-2, 1984.

291. Yadav, K. P., Tyagi, B. S., Pandey, K. K. and Singh, V.N. “Fly-ash forthe treatment of Cd (II) rich effluents”, J. Environ. Tech. Lett.

Vol. 8, No. 5, p. 225, 1987.

292. Yavuz, R., Orbak, I. and Karatepe, N. “Factors affecting the adsorption

of chromium (VI) on activated carbon”, J. Environ. Sci. Health,

Vol. 41, pp. 1967-1980, 2006.

293. Yin, J. and blanch, H. W. “A bio-mimetic cadmium absorbent: Design,

Synthesis and characterization”, Biotech. Bioeng, Vol. 34, pp. 180-88,

1989.

294. Youssef Zeroual, Adname Moutraouakkil, Fatima Zohara Dzairi,

Mohammed Talbi, Park Ungchung, Kangmin Lee and MohammedBlaghen, “Biosorption of mercury from aqueous solution by

Ulva lactuea biomass”, Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 90, pp. 349-351,

2003.

295. Zabihi, M., Haghighi, A. and Ahmadpour, A. “Studies on adsorption of

mercury from aqueous solution on activated carbons prepared from

walnutshell”, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 174, pp. 251-256, 2010.

296. Zhang Li, Zhao Li, Yu Yaoting and Chen Changzhi, “Removal of lead

from aqueous solution by non-living Rhizopus nigricans”, Water Res.,

Vol. 32, pp. 1437-1444, 1998.

297. Zulfadhyl, Z., Mashitah, M. D. and Bhatia, S. “Heavy metals removalin fixed-bed column by the macro fungus Phycoporus Sanguineus” ,

Environ. Pollut., Vol. 112, pp. 463-470, 2001.

298. Zvinowand Caliphs, M., Jonathan, O. Okonkwo, Nana M. Agrei,

Martin Van Staden, Werner Jordaan and V. Kharaebe, “Recovery of

lead (II) from aqueous solutions by Zea Mays Tassel Biosorption”,

Am. J. Biochem. Biotechnol., Vol. 6, Issue, I, pp. 1-10, 2010.