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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.1011111

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16


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17


vmygvmyg jyefvmygvdk@t}udrf}udrftcgcg xyfumac:wJhorRw}uD;&J@ pum;a=umifhuG,f

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a&zdk;/ rD;zdk;/ zHk;zdk; E_wfvdk@tdrfvceJ@ pm;p&dwf&,ftdrfuom;r,m; ydk@zdk@ z,fwjym;rS rusefbl;uG,f ?

b,fhES,hf b,fhES,fvkyf&b,fhES,fh b,fhES,fvkyf&rjyefawmhygbl; uG,fwoufvHk;yJ aeawmhr,f ? ?

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18


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19


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20


19191919191919191919arv(10)&uf/ paeae@/ nae 6 em&D 15 rdepfwGif zcif OD;btkef; ESifh rdcif

a':zGm;&Sifwdk@rS armifaX;+rdKifudk {&m0wDwdkif;/ usdLufvwf+rdK@e,fteD; rGef&Gmwpf&Gmjzpfaomxdkifuljrpfwef;&GmY arG;zGm;cJhonf/ wpfOD;wnf;aom om; jzpfonf?

19231923192319231923zcifjzpfolonf bvkyfb&m;om; ukr%DY pyg;yGJpm;tvkyf&I &efukef+rdK@odk@

rdom;pkESifhtwl ajymif; a&$@cJhonf?

19251925192519251925&efukef+rdK@ (7) vrf;/ atmifaZ,sr*Fvm trnf&Sd jrefrmpmoifausmif;wGif pwif

ynmoif=um;onf?

19271927192719271927tbdk;jzpfol uG,fvGefI usdLufvwf+rdK@odk@ ajymif;a&$@+yD; usdLufvwftrsdL;om;

ausmif;wGif ynmoif=um;onf?

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(ci fESi f;O D; a&;om;jyKpkonf?)

21


19321932193219321932i,fpOfuavhusifhcJhaom yef;csDynmudk rwdk; wuf[kxifI pGef@v$wfonf?

19331933193319331933wuUodkvf ody`Hr*~Zif;Y r_efjym&D0wWKwdkudk +rdKifoZif uavmiftrnfjzifh

yxrqHk;yHkESdyf azmfjyjcif;cH&onf?

19341934193419341934'*kefr*~Zif;Y a'gif;rifhoD[mcsD &wkydk'fpHkudk yxr qHk;uAsmtjzpf azmfjyjcif;cH&onf?

xdkydk'fpHk&wkudk trsdK;om; ausmif;ygvDrefzGifhyGJY ausmif;om;wpfOD;u toHaetoH xm;jzifh&Gwfzwfonf? &efukefwGif Hophinson wHqdyf pEN&m;udk udk,fwdkif0,f,lI prf;oyftoH&Sm+yD; twD;avh usifhonf?

19361936193619361936jrefrmordkif;wGif xif&Sm;onfh yxrausmif; om; oydwfjzpfay:+yD; &efukef+rdK@

*sKAvDa[mwGif usif;y aom yxrqHk; ArmEdlifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om; nDvmcHodk@usdLufvwf+rdK@ ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wuf a&mufonf?

19371937193719371937&efukef+rdK@/ rufo'pf txufwef;ausmif;odk@ ajymif;a&$@+yD; ynmqufvufoif

=um;&m (10) wef;atmif jrifcJhonf?

19381938193819381938&efukefwuUodkvfY ynmoifpwifoif,l+yD; ppfudkif;aqmifwGifaeonf?- apmif;OD;boef;xHwGif pEN&m; ynmoif,l onf?- &efukefwuUodkvf/ ppfudkif;ausmif;aqmif o[m, ESifh pmzwftoif;/ jrefrm

bmom pum; &nfvkyGJ Xmer_;jzpfonf?- urBmausmf t*Fvdyfpma&;q&m tdyfcsf*sD0J (H.G.Wells) ESifh vufzuf&nfyGJY

yg0ifonf?- jrefrmEdlifiH. yxrqHk;pma&;q&m toif;jzpf o!@f Armjynf pma&;q&mrsm;

tpnf;t&Hk; (Burma Writer’s Union) udk pwifzGJ@pnf;&m tr_aqmif tzGJ@Y tr_aqmifwpfOD;tjzpfyg0ifonf?

22


- wuUodkvfESpfywfvnf r*~Zif;wGif aqmif;yg; &Sif OD;wdk;qdko!@f pmayaqmif;yg;rsm;udka&;om;onf?

19391939193919391939&efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~wGif tr_ aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&+yD;

aygif;oif; qufqHa&;r_; wm0ef,lcJhonf? &efukefwuUodkvf Ak'<bmomtoif; tr_aqmifwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf?

19401940194019401940- &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~. 0g 'jzef@csDa&;r_;/- wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~rS xkwfa0 aom tkd;a0r*~Zif;. t,f'Dwm?

- ArmEdlifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rSxkwfa0aom rsdL;!Gef@r*~Zif;. t,f'DwmcsLyf//

- tif;0ausmif;aqmifrS xkwfa0aom tif;0&J acgif r*~Zif;. jrefrmpmpmwnf;?xdkESpfwGif t*Fvdyf tpdk;&. pHkaxmufrsm;u yHk ESdyfpufwGif &dkufESdyfqJ pmazmif

rsm;udk umuG,fa&;Oy a'jzifh odrf;,loGm;I tdk;a0r*~Zif;udk xdkESpfwGif rxkwfa0Edlifacs?

19411941194119411941pma&;q&m bDAmavepfudk;. (slef ) udk rSDjirf;I yxrqHk; vHk;csif;0wWKjzpfaom

ar(&efukef/e*g;eD/1941) udk txl;xkwftjzpf e*g;eDpmtkyfwdkufrS xkwfa0onf? ocifatmifqef; (aemif trs dL;om;acgif;aqmif jzpfvmol Ad kvf csLyfatmifqef;).wkdufwGef;csuft& &JabmfoHk;usdyf *syef oGm;a&mufyHkudk ‘ta&;awmfyHk&mZ0if’ trnfjzifhjzp f&yfr Se f ord ki f ;pmay[ef 0wWKa&;c J h +y D ;aomfvnf; pmrlrsm;aysmuf oGm;Ixkwfa0Edlifjcif;r&Sdyg? Ekd0ifbmvY rdcifjzpfol a':zGm; &Sif uG,fvGefonf?

19421942194219421942rwfvY &efukef+rdK@udk t*FvdyfavwyfrS AHk;}uJpOf +rdK@awmfcef;rwGif &efukef+rdK@

tkyfcsLyfa&;tzGJ@ pwifzGifhvSpf o!@f tcrf;tem;wGif ArmhvGyfvyfa&; wyfrawmfbGJ@ (bDtdkifat) oDcsif;wpfyk'fudk a&;pyfI udk,fwdkif pEN&m;wD;+yD; wl&d,m0dkif;udk OD;aqmifcJhonf?

1942-451942-451942-451942-451942-45*syefacwfwGif ar+rdK@ (,ck-jyifOD;vGif+rdK@) Y a'gufwmbarmf tr_;jyKaom

23


‘jrefrmEdlifiHtkyfcsLyfa&; pDpOftzGJ@’ rS cef@tyfaom jrif;+cH+rdK@ydkif&mxl;udk vufrcHo!@ftjyifjrefrmhwyfrawmf. jynfol@qufqHa&;Xme}uD;. !$ef=um; a&;r_;&mxl;udkvnf; vufrcHcJhacs?

odk@aomf xda&mufpGm tultnDay;cJhonf? xkdt&m&Sdoifwef;om;rsm;.av#mufv$mrsm; udkppfaq; ay;&ef AdkvfvusFmrS wm0efay;onf? ‘'dk@Arm taygif;wdk@’acgif;pOfjzif h a=ujim csufwpfoef;udk av,Ofay:rS }uJcs&ef a&;om;ay;cJ honf?EldifiHjcm;t&m&Sdcef@&ef ocifEku urf; vSrf;aomfvnf; vufrcHcJhacs? zufqpf*syefacwfwGift vkyfrvkyfvkda=umif; ajz&Sif;csufay;onf?

19461946194619461946wm&mr*~Zif; t,f'DwmESifh xkwfa0oltjzpf udk,fwdkifOD;pD;+yD; pwifwnf

axmifcJhonf? 'DZifbmv 4 &ufae@Y wm&mr*~Zif;trSwf (1) udkwefzdk; (1) usyfjzifhxkwfa0cJhonf? wm&mr*~Zif;rS =unfat;/ ausmfatmif/ armif=unfvif/ jroef;wifh/ rdk;pnf/armifpnfol paom pm a&;q&mrsm;udk pwifarG;xkwfay;onf?19471947194719471947

ar (&efukef/ aX;+rdKif pmtkyfjzef@csDa&;Xme/ 1947) 0wWKudk 'kwd,t}udrf xkwfa0onf?

19501950195019501950arvwGif wm&mr*~Zif;ukd &yfem;onf?- jrefrmEdlifiH pma&;q&mtoif; OuUX//pmayopf r*~Zif;/ t,f'DwmtzGJ@?- &kyf&SifESifhjyZwftpnf;t&Hk;/ trsdL;om; t}uH ay;tzGJ@0if?- ,if;ESpfwGif ewf&SifaemifjyZwfudk ujy&m ewf &Sifaemif&wkrsm;rSpmom;tcsdL@

udk,lI aEGaESmif; 0\ef Zmwf0ifaw;tjzpf a&;cJhonf? oDqkdolonf okc jzpf+yD; pmom;udktoHoGif;olrSm *Dweufoef udkapmndrf; jzpf onf?

19511951195119511951jrefrmw&kwfrdwfaqGjzpftoif;. aiGxdef;?- ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; acgif;aqmifaom jrefrm cspf =unfa&; ukd,fpm;vS,f

tzGJ@0iftjzpf w&kwfEdlifiHodk@ oGm; a&mufonf?- urBm@+idrfcsrf;a&; uGefu&uf (jrefrmEdlifiH) . ,m,D 'k-OuUX?- udk,fa&; twKywWdjzpfaom '*kefwm&m. '*kefwm&m (&efukef/ *sme,fausmf

rrav; pmayjzef@csDa&;? 1951) udk xkwfa0onf?

24


19521952195219521952w&kwfjynf c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf;jzpfaom *E<mv &mZf (&efukef/ *sme,fausmf rrav;

pmayjzef@csDa&;/ 1952) udk Zefe0g&DvwGif xkwfa0onf?- arvY yxrt}udrf jrefrmEdlifiHvHk;qdkif&m +idrf; csrf;a&;uGef*&ufrS jrefrmEdlifiH.

EdlifiHvHk;qdkif&m aumfrwD 'kwd,OuUX tjzpfa&G;cs,fcH&onf? OuUrSmocifudk,fawmfr_dif;jzpfonf?

- jrefrm qdkAD,ufrdwfaqGjzpfESifh ,Ofaus;r_ t oif;. 'kOuUX?- yDuif;+rdK@&Sd tm&SESifhypdzdwfa'oqdkif&m +idrfcsrf; a&;nDvmcHodk@ wufa&mufonf?- yDuif;a&'D,dkrS jrefrmoDcsif;rsm;jzpfaom yef; a[0ef/ ,dk;',m;zdef;csmuav;

jrjrarmif;armif; ywfysdL;ESifh umvay:oDcsif;rsm; jzpfaom &wkbk&if/ aEGaESmif; 0oefoDcsif;rsm;udk tqdkrygbJ pEN&m;vufoHtjzpf toHv$ifhonf?

- AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef; twKywWdjyKpka&; aumfrwD/ tzGJ@0if?- pma&;q&m pmayuvyf twGif;a&;r_;tzGJ@. tzGJ@0if?- pma&;q&m or*~tr_aqmiftzGJ@0if?- *EW0if*sme,f (literary Grazette) . t,f'Dwm?

19531953195319531953=opaw;vD;,m;EdlifiH/ AD,ifem+rdK@Y urBm@+idrf;csrf; a&;aumifpD tpnf;ta0;odk@

urBm@+idrfcsrf;a&; uGef*&uf ( jrefrmEdlifiH) . udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@acgif;aqmif tjzpfwufa&mufonf?

- qdkAD,uf &k&Sm;/ a*smf*sD,m/ ,lu&def;ESifh csufudk pvkdAm;uD;,m;(,ck csuforRwEdlifiHawmf)odk@ vnfywf onf? xkdta=umif;udk {!@fonfawmfacgif;pOfjzifh &_r0 r*~Zif;wGifa&;om;onf?

19551955195519551955- &kyfyHkv$m (&efukef-*sme,fausmfrrav; pmay jzef@csDa&;/ 1955) udk

xkwfa0onf? xdkpmtkyfwGif EdlifiH a&; acgif;aqmifrsm;/ pmay/ *Dw/ yef;csDtEkynmonfrsm; pkpkaygif; 16 OD; ta=umif; wpfpdwfwpfydkif; a&;om;xm; onf?

- jrefrmEdlifiHvHk;qdkif&maumfrwD nDvmcHY ta&S@ awmiftm&SESifh +idrfcsrf;a&;pmwrf;udkwifoGif;onf?

19561956195619561956- q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; arG;ae@usif;ya&; aumfrwD/ aiGxdef;?

25


- jrefrmjynfqdkif&m tm&Spma&;q&m nDvmcH jyifqifa&; aumfrwDtwGif;a&;r_;- tdENd,EdlifiH e,l;a'vD+rdK@Y usif;yaom tm&S pma&;q&mnDvmcHodk@

jrefrmpma&;q&m udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ twGif;a&;r_;tjzpf wufa&mufonf? xkdnDvmcH.pma&;q&m toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief; aumfrwD. obm ywdESifh xkdnDvmcHobmywdtzGJ@. twGif;a&;r_; tzGJ@0if tjzpf wm0ef,lI ‘jrefrmpmaypmwrf;udkzwf=um;onf?

- xkdta=umif;udk ‘{&m0wDrS ,rHkemodk@’ okd@acgif; pOfjzifh &_r0r*~Zif;wGiftcef;quf aqmif;yg;a&;om;onf?

19601960196019601960tESpf40 ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ ordkif;jyKpka&; aumfrwD0if?

19611961196119611961tdENd,EdlifiH/ e,l;a'vDY usif;yaom urBm@ +idrf; csrf;a&; aumifpDtpnf;ta0;odk@

jrefrm@+idrfcsrf;a&; udk,fpm; vS,ftjzpf wufa&mufonf?- qGD'ifEd lifiH/ pawmh[krf;+rdK@Y usif;yaom urBm@+idrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD

tpnf;ta0;odk@ jrefrmEdlifiH +idrf;csrf; a&;udk,fpm;vS,f tjzpfwufa&mufonf?- aiGwm&DpmpOf (7) tjzpf pHy,fOD;0wˆKwdk aygif;csLyf (&efukef/ 1961)udk

xkwfa0onf? 0wKwkd (14) yk'fyg0ifonf?- qGD'ifEdlifiHrStjyef qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkESifh w &kwfEdlifiHodk@ 0ifa&mufvnfywf

cJhonf?

19621962196219621962py,fOD;0wKwkd aygif;csLyfpmtkyftjzpf pmay Adrmef0wKwkd aygif;csLyfpmayqk(1961)udk &&Sdonf? tvuFm (&efukef/ csdL;jzL pmay/ 1962) uAsmaygif;csLyfukdwefzdk; (2) usyfjzifh xkwfa0onf? uAsm (63) yk'fESihf pmaywGif uAsm.tcef;

aqmif;yg;wpfyk'f yg0ifonf? ta&S@ awmiftm&S tajc taepmwrf; (1955)/,Ofaus;r_pmwrf; (1957)/ pnf;&Hk; a&;pmwrf; (1958)/ pnf;&Hk;a&;pmwrf; (1962) wkd@udkEdlifiHvHk;qdkif&m +idrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcHwGif jyKpkwifoGif;cJhonf?

- pmaynDvmcHjyifqifa&; A[kdaumfrwD/ 'kwd, OuUX/- ,if;nDvmcHY ‘qdk&S,fvpfo&kyfazmfpmay’ pm wrf;udk wifoGif;onf?- zifvefEdlifiH/ [,fvif;puD;+rdK@&Sd urBm@ +idrf;csrf; a&; aumifpD. tzGJ@0iftjzpf

a&G;cs,fcH&onf?

26


19631963196319631963- jrefrmEdlifiHuAsmq&mor*~ OuUX?- urBm@+idrf;csrf; a&;uGef*&uf (jrefrmEdlifiHvHk;qdkif&m) nDvmcHY 'k-OuUXtjzpf

a&G;cs,fcH&onf?- =umyef;a&pif (&efukef/ &_r0/ 1963) 0wKudk xkwfa0onf?- Edl0ifbmv/ 18 &ufae@wGiftxdef;odrf;cH& onf?- &kyfyHkv$m (&efukef/ yk*H/ 1963) 'kwd, t}udrf xkwfa0onf?

19641964196419641964va&mif&$ef;jraom nwpfn (&efukef/ cifausmf pmay/ 1964) 0wKudk xkwfa0

onf? qrRmqrfrGef (W. Somerest Maugham) . 0wKudk rSDIa&;om; jcif;jzpfonf?

19671967196719671967azazmf0g&Dv 5 &ufae@wGif txdef;odrf;cH&jcif;rS vGwfajrmufvmonf?- =o*kwfvwGif pmayoabmw&m;/ pmaya0zef a&;/ pmayv_yf&Sm;r_ (&efukef/

eH@om/1967) xkwfa0onf?- Edl0ifbmvwGif '*kefwm&m. '*kefwm&mESifh ol.uAsm (&efukef/ yk*H/ 1967)udk

'kwd,t}udrfxkwf a0 onf?

19681968196819681968atmufwdkbmvwGif rl;,pfa0aom aEGOD;nrsm; (&efukef/ ,rif;pmaywdkuf/

1968) 0wKwdkpmtkyfudk xkwfa0 onf? EdlifiH&yfjcm;0wKwkd 28 yk'fudkwdkuf&dkuf bmomjyefrSDjirf;a&;om;xm;aom 0wKwdkaygif;csLyfpmtkyfjzpfonf?

19691969196919691969'DZifbmvwGif '*kefwm&m0wKwdk aygif;csLyf (&efukef/ yk*Hpmtkyfwdkuf/ 1969)

udkxkwfa0onf? 1937-67 ckESpftwGif;a&;om;cJhaom 0wKwdk 51 yk'fjzpfonf?

19701970197019701970jrefrmudk&D;,m;rdwfaqGjzpftoif;/ 'kwd, OuUX?-pmayoabmw&m;/ pmaya0zefa&;/ pmayv_yf&Sm;r_ (&efukef/ eH@ompmay/

1970)pmtkyfudk 'kwd, t}udrfxkwfa0onf?

27


19711971197119711971q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfrd_if; &mjy!@fobif usif;ya&; aumfrwD0if/ t,f'Dwm

pm;yGJ/ pmay/ tEkynm a0zefa&;ESif h yef;Eka&miftdk(&efukef/ [oFmpmay/ 1971)pmtkyfxkwfa0onf?

19721972197219721972jynfyc&D;rSwfwrf;pmtkyfjzpfaom {&m0wD/ ,efpD/ aAmfv*g (&efukef/yk*Hpmtkyf

wdkuf/ 1971) pmtkyf xkwfa0onf?-armiftkef;vGifu '*kefwm&m - ol@uAsmESifh ol@uAsm pmayoabmw&m;

pmwrf;udk jrefrmpm r[m0dZ…m bGJ@twGuf &efukefwuUodkvfodk@ wifoGif;onf?19731973197319731973

armifarmifOD;u '*kefwm&m.pmpkpm&if; (1934-1972) udk pm=u!@fwdkuf'DyvdkrmtwGuf &efukefwuU odkvfodk@ wifoGif;onf?

- atmufwdkbmvY oZifoif;jyefawmh(&efukef/ ordkif;opfpmtkyfwdkuf/ 1974)pmtkyfudkxkwfa0onf?

19741974197419741974pmvHk;/ aq;puf/ apmif;}udK;ESifh uwWDygum;vdyf (&efukef/ tu,f'rDpmaywdkuf/

1973) pmtkyfudkxkwf a0 onf?

19791979197919791979wdk@acwfudka&muf&rnfrSm rvGJyg (&efukef/ ajr vwfom;pmay/ 1979)

0wKpmtkyfudk xkwfa0onf?

19811981198119811981EdlifiH*k%f&nf 'kwd,tqifhudk&&Sdonf?

19911991199119911991rm,m (&efukef/ tm;rmefopfpmay/ 1991) uAsm aygif;csLyfpmtkyfudk xkwfa0

onf?

19921992199219921992py,fOD;0wKwkdaygif;csKyf (&efukef/ tvif;wdkuf/ 1992) 'kwd,t}udrf xkwfa0onf/

28


/19931993199319931993

=u,f&dyfyef;Ek (&efukef/ tm;rmefopfpmay/ 1993) 0wˆKwkdaygif;csKyfudkxkwfa0onf?

19941994199419941994pdrf;jr{&m (&efukef/ OwW&vGifjyifpmay/ 1994) 0wKudkxkwfa0onf//- armifvGef;=uiftrnfcH OD;tkef;vGifonf ol. r[m0dZ…mbGJ@,lpmwrf;udk

'*kefwm&m/ ol@uAsmESifh ol@uAsm pmayoabmw&m;usrf;/ (&efukef/ xl;jrwf/ 1994)udkxkwfa0onf?

19951995199519951995pEN&m;q&m (&efukef/ vif;OD;wm&mpmay/ 1995) 0wK?- okemy&Eœ (&efukef/ tm;rmefopfpmay/ 1995) 0wKpmtkyfrsm;ukd xkwfa0onf?

19961996199619961996'*kefwm&mta=umif; pma&;ol 40 OD;rS a&;om; aom aq;a&mifpHk '*kefwm&m

(&efukef/ atZuf/ 1996) pmtkyfxkwfa0onf?

19971997199719971997zswfceJawG@&aom &kyfyHkv$mum;csyfrsm; (&efukef/ rdk;=unfpmay/ 1997)- pmayppfwrf; (&efukef/ a&$yk&ydkufpmay/ 1997) pmtkyfrsm;xkwfa0onf?

pmayppfwrf;udk Anm;oD[ u avmiftrnfjzifh xkwfa0onf?- pdrf;jrnwpfn (&efukef/ ,Gef;a&$tdrf/ 1997) 0wKudk xkwfa0onf?

19981998199819981998rrDrD0if;u '*kefwm&m0wKwdkrsm; avhvmcsuf trnfjzifh jrefrmpmr[m0dZ…mbGJ@

,lpmwrf;udk &efukef wuUodkvfodk@ wifoGif;onf?

19991999199919991999tvSaA' 1 (&efukef/ ywWjrm;iarmufpmay/ 1999) aqmif;yg;pmtkyfudk

xkwfa0onf? pmayAdrmefrS ay;tyfaom trsdK;om;pmayqk (pmya'om) udk&&Sd onf?

29


- r!dk!dku '*kefwm&m. =umyef;a&pif 0wKavhvmcsuftrnfjzifh jrefrmpmr[m0dZ…mbGJ@ ,lpmwrf;udk &efukefwuUodkvfokd@ wifoGif;onf?

20002000200020002000r,fZ,f&eH@oif;ysH@ar$;&D (&efukef/ wkdif;vif;pmay/ 2000) pmtkyfxkwfa0onf?- yckuULOD;tkef;az wpfoufwmpmayqkudk &&SdcJh onf?- pdwf}udKuf0wKwdk aygif;csLyfopf (&efukef/ Future Time Idea 2000)

20042004200420042004aumufopfay:OD; (&efukef/ rdk;pufpmay/2004)- tvSaA' 2 (&efukef/ qkpmtkyfwdkuf/ 2004)- +rdKifaucdkifouf/ a=uGa0ESifh cifar+rdKif &efukef/ csrf;ajrh&wem/2004) pmtkyfrsm;

xkwfa0onf?

20062006200620062006&efukef+rdK@a&mufv#if trSwf 88§2/ u&ruf vrf;/ (14§2) &yfuGuf/ awmifOuU

vmy+rdK@e,fwGifae xdkif +yD; &Srf;jynfe,f atmifyef;+rdK@e,fwGif &GmiHpk&yf/ aps;t aemufbuf/91 wGif wlrESifhajr;jzpfolwdk@ESihftwl +idrf;csrf; pGm aexdkifv#uf&Sd+yD; ,Hk=unfcsuf tjy!@f&Sdaom pmayESifh pmay avhvmr_rsm;udk a&;om;jyKpkaeyga=umif;ESihf tdrf axmifrjyKaomvlysdL}uD;wpfOD;jzpfygonf? '*kefwm&m. b0 wpfav#mufvHk;wGif tpdk;&0efxrf;tvkyfESihfpD;yGm;a&; tvkyfrsm;ukd rvkyfbJ vGwfvyfaom pma&;oltjzpfom aexdkifygonf?

'*kefwm&m. uavmifcGJ trnfrsm;1? usdLufvwf+rdKifoZif2? cifpef;atmif3? cifarquf4? *Dwt,f'Dwm5? pmaytuJcwform;6?apmwifhrl7? apmxGwf8? apm&efaemif9? aX;+rdKif10? wm&m

30


11? wuUodkvfarmifeef;EG,f12? '*kefwm&m13? '*kef+rdKifoZif14? EdlifiHjcm;t,f'Dwm15? EdlifiHa&;owif;axmufwpfOD;16? EdlifiHa&;tuJcwform;17? ESif;vGif18? yef;csDt,f'Dwm19? Anm;EGJ@20? Anm;oDv21? bdk;'*kef22? jzLqifh23? armif=um!Gef@24? armifcsHL25? armif*Dw26? armif*EW0if27? armifp28? armifpef;xdkuf29? armifpef;atmif30? armifpdrf;jr31? armifaX;+rdKif32? armifaX;+rdKif(wuUodkvfausmif;wkduf)33? armifeef;EG,f34? armifbwifh35? armifrsdL;oef@36? armif&efaemif37? armifvif;xuf38? armifopPm39? armifoEW40? armiftHhbG,f41? +rdKif42? +rdKifoZif

31


43?+rdKifoZif(wdkif;&if;om;wef;jrifhausmif;usdLufvwf+rdK@)44?a&mbwfaAvk045? &dk;r46?&_r0qka&G;cs,fa&;tzGJ@0ifwpfOD;47? a&$[oFm48?owif;axmufwpfOD;49?oydwfarSmufausmif;om;a[mif;wpfOD;50?or*~tr_aqmifwpfOD;51?olr.rdwfaqG52?olr.rdwfaqGwpfOD;53? OD;'*kef

txufyguavmiftrnfaygif; (53) ckteuf uAsmrsm;udka&;om;&mwGif oD;oef@toHk;jyKcJhaom uavmifrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf?1? cifpef;atmif2? apm&efaemif3?armifeef;EG,f4? wm&m5? '*kefwm&m6? jzLqifh7? armifrsdL;oef@8? +rdKif9? +rdKifoZif10? usdLufvwf+rdKifoZif11? +rdKifoZif( wdkif;&if;om;wef;jrifhausmif;/ usdLufvwf +rdK@12? '*kef+rdKifoZif13? armifopPm

uAsma&;om;&mY uavmiftrnf (13) ckoHk;pGJI a&;om;cJhygonf? pma&;olonf jrefrmpmayavmuY u avmiftrnf 'kwd,trsm;qHk; yk*~dKvfjzpfonf? odyH armif0.uavmifcGJtrnf (57) ck+yD;ygu pma&;olonf 'kwd, uavmifcGJ trsm;qHk;toHk;jyKoljzpfa=umif; awG@&ygonf?

32


'*kefwm&m. pmay vuf&mrsm;1? ar 1941/1947/1960/1970/1998/20022? +rdKif 1948/ 1997/ 20023? '*kefwm&m (ESifh ol.uAsm) 1951/ 19674? *E<mv&Zf 19525? =umyef;a&pif 1953/ 19636? &kyfyHkv$m 1955/ 19637? py,fOD; (0wKwdkrsm;) 1961/ 19928? tvFum (uAsmaygif;csLyf) 19629? pmayoabmw&m;/ pmaya0zefa&;/ pmayv_yf&Sm;r_ 196710? rl;,pfa0aomaEGOD;nrsm; (bmomjyef 0wKwdkaygif; csLyf) 1968/ 1996/200211? 0wKwdkaygif;csLyf 1969/ 197712? t,f'Dwmpm;yGJ/ pmay/ tEkynma0zefa&;ESifh yef;Ek a&miftdk 197113? pmvHk;/ aq;puf/ apmif;}udK;ESifh uwWDygum;vdyf/ 197114? {&m0wD/ ,efpD/ aAmfv*g 197215? 'dk@acwfudka&muf&rnfrSmrvGJyg 197316? oZifoif;jyefawmh 197417? okemy&EW 1987/ 199518? pdrf;jr{&m 198719? rm,m (uAsmrsm;) 199120? =u,f&dyfyef;Ek (0wKwdkrsm;) 1993/ 200421? pEN&m;q&m odk@r[kwf r[mtcspf 1995/200422? va&mif&$ef;jraom nwpfn 199523? tdrfruftjyifuvl (=unfat;ESifh) 199624? oHk;ESpfoHk;rdk; ydk;xdik0gyGifhtjymEk 199625? pmayppfwrf; (Anm;oD[) 199726? rSefuGJpay: Y vrf;av#mufjcif; 199727? zswfceJawG@&aom &kyfyHkv$mum;csyfrsm; 199728? tvSaA' 199929? pdwf}udKuf0wKwkdaygif;csLyfopf 200030? r,fZ,f&eH@oif;ysH@ar$;&D 200031? tEkynmorm; (0wKwdkpkpnf;r_/ wufwdk;/ rif;ausmf/ cifESif;,k/ cspfOD;!dk/ armifpdef0if;

33


(ykwD;ukef;) wdk@ESifh.....) 200132? aumufopfay:OD; 200433? jraucdkifouf/ a=uG/ a0/ ESifh cifrr+rdKif 200434? tvSaA'-2 200435? uAsmaygif;csLyf (pkaygif;yHkESdyfjcif;) 2005



ci fESi f;O D; a&;om;jyKpkonf?

rl&if;....ydawmufyGifhopf r*~Zif;?

34


(1)1948 ckESpfavmufu jzpfrnf? q&m }uD; a&$Oa'gif;onf ol@t,ltqrsm;tm;

pma&;q&m '*kefwm&mu ab;rS =um;&olrsm;yif rcHr&yfEkdif/ x±kdufcsif avmufatmifa0zefajym qkdcJhonf[k pma&;q&m aiGOa'gif;. wqifhajym=um;csuft& =um;od&ojzifh'*kefwm&mtay: rausrvnf jzpfcJhrdonf? pma&;q&m &efatmifu x±kdufcsifonf[kajymonfqkd.? [kwfr[kwf ukdawmh q&m}uD;a&$Oa'gif; taotcsmrod? ukd,fh om;t&G,favmufom &Sdrnfh pma&;q&m wOD;u Tr# eifheifh oD;oD; a0zefajymqkd &ygrnfvm;qkdonfhoabmjzifh '*kefwm&m ESifh rsufESmcsif;yif rqkdifvkdonftxd jzpfcJhonf?

okd@aomf pma&;q&mtcsif;csif; rsufESmcsif; rqkdifcsifIr&? 1952 ckESpf yDuif;òrd@wGifusif;yaom urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; uGefz&ifhokd@ wufa&muf&onfh jrefrmukd,fpm; vS,ftzGJ@wGifq&m}uD; a&$Oa'gif;yg0ifovkd q&m'*kefwm&mvnf; ygonf? yDuif;wGif '*kefwm&m.pEN&m;vufoHukd =um;rdaomtcg q&m}uD;a&$Oa'gif;u ‘tm*vli,f’[k qkH;jzwfonf? w}udrfESpf}udrfr# pum;ajym =unfhrdonfhtcg t&nftcsif; ‘jynfh’ol[k rSwfcsufcsonf?'*kefwm&mESifh pmayta=umif;rSpI axG&mav;yg; ta=umif;t&mrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;rdonfhtcgwGifrl q&m}uD; a&$Oa'gif;onf ol. t&nftcsif;ukd tuJcwfrdI tmCmwpdwf

yef;Eka&mifESpfumvrsm;odk hvSrf;ar#mf}unfhjrifcsuf

armi fvS0i f;(jri f;jcH)

35


rsm; vkH;0vGifhpifoGm; onf[k qkdygonf?emrnfausmf uAsmq&m a'gif;EG,faqG uvnf; ‘uvsmrdrdrkef;’0wKukd

a&;I q&m'*kefwm&mukd xkd;ESufwkdufckdufzl;onf? okd@&mwGif aemufykdif;Y oabmxm;ajymif;oGm;+yD; oluG,fvGefcgeD;tcsdefYyif q&m'*kefwm&mukd wrf;woGm;a=umif;=um;od&onf?

ol@ukd cspfcif/ av;pm;/ =unf nKdolawG rsm;ovkd ol@ukd xkd;ESufwkdufckdufolrsm;vnf; renf;vSyg? renf;vSaom xkd;ESufwkdufckduf olrsm;teuf oabmxm; ajymif;+yD;ol@ukd 0efcsawmif;yefolrsm;vnf; &SdcJhygonf? txif&Sm;qkH; Oyrmay;&v#if r=umrDurSq&m'*kefwm&m tay: oabmxm;ajymif;+yD; ‘Tpmukd;cef;/ ykvJ yef;jzifh/ pdwfusef;rmefav#mh/ig uefawmh.’[lI ukd;uef;ysKd@rS pmwykd'fjzifh awmif;yefcJhol aZmfaZmfatmif?

txufyg Oyrmrsm;uJhokd@ ol@ukd tjrifr=unfvif olrsm;yif ol@tay:oabmxm; wqpfcsKd; ajymif;vJ vmonfrSm bma=umifhygvJ? ol@ wefzkd;[m bmvJ? ol@wefzkd;ukd b,fvkd tuJjzwfrvJ? jynfolrsm;u olESifh xkdufwefaom wefzkd;ukday;I av;pm;cspfcifae=u onfrSm bmha=umifhvJ?

(2)olonf orkdif;a=umif; wav#muf a,bk,s tm;jzifh rSefuefonfhbufrSmom

tpOf&SdcJhol/ rSefuef onfhbufrS &yfwnfcJhol[k qkdEkdifonf?Armjynf ukdvkdeDacwf e,fcsJ@tkyfpkd;r_ atmuf&SdaecsdefwGif olonf

q,fwef;ausmif;om;b0om &Sdao;onf? xkdtcsdefrSmyif olonf *wkH; wkH;I ocif aX;òriftjzpf cH,lcJhonf? q,fwef; ausmif;om;b0rSmyif jrefrmEkdifiHvkH; qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;.*sLAvDa[mnDvmcH}uD;okd@ usKdufvwfausmif;om; ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wuf a&mufcJhol?&efukefwuUokdvf ausmif;okd@ wufa&muf aom tcgwGifvnf; ,ae@wkdif tpOftvmESifh=oZm}uD;rm;aom ausmif;om;or*~. tr_aqmif? 1938 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm 15 &ufausmif;om;awG ukdvkdeDtpkd;&. yk'fr 144 ukd zDqef+yD; qENjyonfh tcg olonf wyfOD;rSwlwHpOftvHeDukd v$ifhxlukdifaqmifcJhol? 1938 ckESpf 'DZifbm 20 &ufae@ ausmif;om;awGtwGif;0ef±kH; 0kdif;pOfu AkdvfatmifausmfESifh twl yg0ifcJhol jzpfonf?

Armjynf orkdif;a=umif;wGif ta&;}uD; onfh 1300 jynfhta&;awmfykH}uD;twGif;rSmvnf; olonf a&eHacsmif;/ acsmufESifh yk*HanmifOD; okd@oGm;um tvkyform;ESifhjynfolrsm;ukd a[majympnf;±kH;&mwGif yg0ifcJhav onf?

xkd@xufykdI olonf tvif;ukd &yfcHol/ tm±k%fOD;ukd }uKdqkdol? aemuf+yD;ocifA[def;. oli,fcsif; /cspfrdwfaqG ? ‘ocifA[def;. cspfrdwfaqG’[laom tokH;tE_ef;wGif av;eufus,fjyef@aom t"dyg,frsm; &Sdae=uavonf?

36


olonf rmhufpf0g'ukd avhvm ,kH =unfoljzpfonf? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDukd pwifwnf axmifolrsm;jzpfaom ukdatmifqef;/ ukdA[def;wkd@ESifh &if;ESD;ol jzpfonf?ol. ‘atmifqef; (okd@r[kwf) t±kdif;’ESifh ‘A[def;(okd@r[kwf) uAsm’ukd zwf+yD;aemuf vlrsm;ocifatmifqef;ESifh ocifA[def;wkd@ukd &if;ESD;cspfcifvm=u&jcif; jzpfonf? (ocifoef;xGef;uol@pmrsm;ukd zwf±_&onfhtcg ‘oufa0 oDcsif;}uKdufol’trnfjzifh awmxJrSaeI ol@xHE_wfcGef;quf pmwapmifyif ykd@ay;cJhao;onf?)

olonf ocifA[def;ESifh pmay/ *Dw/ tEkynm ta=umif;wkd@ukdomrurmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g' wkd@ukdyg aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? orkdif;0ifrnfh ArmjynfuGefjrLepf ygwDzGJ@pnf;cgeD;tcsdefY olonf ygwDpwifwnfaxmifolrsm; ESifh teD;uyf &SdaecJhavonf? ukdA[def;uArmjynfuGefjrL epfygwD pwifzGJ@pnf;&mY ol@ukd yg0ifzkd@ &efukefwuUokdvf bJG@ESif;obifcef;rrsufESmpm jcaoFh±kyfa&S@ avSum;xpfrsm;ay: vomom nwnY tjyif;txef tav;teuf aqG;aEG;cJhonf? olu EkdifiHa&;orm;rjzpfcsifI ryg0ifcJh? okd@&mwGif ol@&yfcHcsufu“'DtzGJ@tpnf;ukd pdwf0ifpm;onf/ }uKdufonf”wJh?

vGwfvyfa&; jyifqifr_umvwGif olonf ukdA[def;ESifhtwl w±kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh quf oG,f&ef &Srf;jynfe,f vm;±_d;/ odEMDtxdwufum }uKd;yrf;cJh aomfvnf;&Srf;jynfe,f yk'fr-10 u wm;qD;xm;ojzifh vSnfhjyefcJh&onf? *syefacwfwGif ppf0ef}uD;jzpfolAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u &mxl;ukd trdef@xkwfI cef@tyfaomfvnf; olrvkyfcJhay?

olonf ‘tkd;a0’r*~Zif; t,f'Dwm vkyfcJhol? A rmjynfuGefjrKepfygwDtwGuf ‘jynfol@owif;pm’wGif t,f'Dwm vkyfcJhzl;ol? ‘jynfol@tm%m’ukd }uKdufESpfouf aomolonfol. pmaywm0eftwGuf 1946 ckESpf wGif wm&mr*~Zif;udk pwifxkwfa0cJhonf?wm&mr*~Zif;onf um; acwfopf. pmaywyfOD;? trsKd;om;,Ofaus; r_wyfOD;? vGwfvyfa&;/ya'o&mZf ukdvkdeD e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ EkdifiHwum cspf=unfa&;/ urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; [email protected];? pmayonf EkdifiHa&;. vufatmufcH/ pmayonf jynfolukd tvkyftau|;jyK&rnf[laom tawG;tac:ukd olpkdufxl ay;cJhonf?

1950 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiH pma&;q&mtoif;. OuUXtjzpf ol@ukdwifajr‡mufvkdufonfhtcg vGwfvyfa&;ae@ xrif;pm;yGJwGif olu OuUXrdef@cGef;tjzpf........” t&if;&SifacwfrSm pmaytEkynm[m rvGwfvyfygbl;? pmaytEkynmonfawG[mt&if;&Sifpepf&J@ zefwD;jc,f vS,fr_atmufrSm ae&ygw,f? tck vGwfvyfa&;[m t&if;&SifawGrSmom vGwfvyfwmyg? qif;&Jom; vlxkrSm rvGwfvyfygbl;”[lI ajymcJhonf?TonfrSm zqyv tpkd;& vufxuf ol. &yfwnfcsufyif jzpfonf? ppftm%m&Sifpepfvufxuf ol@&yf wnfcsufrSmrlæolonf 1963 ckESpfrS 1967 ckESpftxd qdwfzvl;ehHoif;aom tusOf;axmif wGif;rSm (Aef;armfwifatmifukd olzGJ@qkdokH; E_ef;cJhaom tokH; tE_ef;

37


twkdif;) ‘e&odef tusOf;om;’ jzpfcJh&av onf?olonf q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif; OuUX tjzpf aqmif&Gufaom

urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&uf (jrefrmEkdifiH)wGif 'kwd, OuUXtjzpf 1952 ckESpfrS pwifIaqmif&GufcJhonf? urBmh+idrf; csrf;a&;/ vufeufzsufodrf;a&;/ trsKd;om;rsm; vGwfajrmufa&;wkd@ukd aqmif&Gufovkd jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ukdvnf; aqmif&Gufonf? jynfwGif;ppf q,fESpfajrmufwGif +idrf;csrf;a&; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; azmfaqmifcJh onf?

+cKHikH=unfhv#if ol. EkdifiHa&;b0rSm trsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&;/ jynfol@b0vGwf ajrmufa&;/ +idrf;csrf; a&;wkd@twGuf oloefonfh/ olEkdifeif;onfh vkyfaqmif csufrsm;jzifh xrf;&Guf jcif; jzpfonf? ol. pmayb0rSm pmayjzifh jynfolukd tvkyftau|;jyKa&;jzpfonf?

olonf orkdif;pOfw av#muf/ ol@b0wav#muf jynfolrsm;bufrS tpOf&yfwnfcJhol? ,kH=unfcsuftay: pGJ+rJopPm&Sdol? b,facwfrSmrS tpkd;& &mxl;r,lcJh? b,f acwfrSmrSukd,fusKd;pD;yGm;r&SmcJh? b,facwfrSmrS tm%m ykdifwkd@ tay: atmufrusKd@cJh?

xk dr#ru jynfol@buf &yfwnfolrsm; ESif h awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;wGiftav;teufxm;&Sd&ef vkdtyfaom ukd,fusifh oduQmykdif;wGif olonf pGef;xif;r_r&Sd/*k%foduQm&Sdol/ ajzmifhrwfol?

Tokd@aom b0t&nftcsif;/t&nf taoG;rsm;ESifh ol. xufjrufaom/ ºu,f0aom/ vSyaom/ yg&rD&Sdaom/ wb0vkH; tywfwukwf }uKd;yrf;tm;xkwfcJh& aom/txktxnfESifh *k%fj'yf xGef;vufckdifrmvmaom uAsm/ 0wK/ aqmif;yg; pmay/ *Dw/tEkynm t&nftcsif;/ t&nftaoG;wkd@jzifh aygif;pyfvkdufaomtcg jynfolwkd@ucspfcifav;pm;tyfaom ‘'*kefwm&m’ jzpfvmcJhavonf? (3)

wcsdefu ol@ukd u|efawmfwkd@+rdK@odk@ tvnfvmzkd@ zdwfac: I pum;ajymqkdaqG;aEG;cJhzl;onf? pmay ta=umif;/ Ekdif iHa&; ta=umif; pum;pkH ajymjzpfcJh =uonf? trSwfxifxifjzpfonfh ta=umif;t&mrSm [efa*&Dtay: qkdAD,uf jynfaxmifpku 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufonfh ta&;tcif;tay: ol@oabm xm;tjrifyif jzpfonf? u|efawmf wkd@uar;Iolu jyef vnf ajz=um; ajymqkdjcif; jzpf onf? oluat; aq; pGmjzifh ol@oabmxm;tjrifukdtckdiftrm tusKd;ta=umif; rsm;ESifh &Sif;vif;jycJhonf? u|efawmfwkd@ tjiif;tckef rvkyfcJhyg?ol&Sif;jyonfukd em;axmi frSwfom;±kHom jzpfygonf? tck ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=um vmonfhtcgolajymonfh tjrif rSefuefa=umif; u|efawmfwkd@ ykdrkd em;vnf oabmayguf vm&onf?EkdifiHa&;0g&ifh olrsm;yif rsufpdvnf&aom onfta&;udpPY olonf rSefuefaomtjrif&SdcJh±kHomru ol@tjriftay: &yfcH&mY &J&ifh/ jywfom;/ ±kd;om; cJhav onf? cJh=uonf?)

38


olwkd@ESpfOD;u '*kefwm&mukd bma=umifh wkdufoifha=umif; ta=umif;t rsKd;rsKd;jyI u|efawmfwkd@ukd aqG; aEG;onf? u|efawmfwkd@ vkH;0 vufrcHyg? vufrcH±kHru bma=umifh rwkdufoifha=umif; olwkd@ t,ltqukd jyefvnfacsycJh=uygonf? u|efawmf wkd@ESifh tvm;wl tjcm;a'otjcm;òr@rsm;pGmrS &Jabmftrsm;pkwkd@uvnf; vufrcHa=umif; =um;od&ygonf? xkd@tjyifArmjynfuGefjrL epfygwDuvnf; ol@ukdwkdufckdufzkd@ jyifqif=uonfukd vufrcHyg? vufrcH±kHrutcsdefrD [ef@wm;zkd@yif ygwDu }uKd;pm;cJha=umif; =um;od&ygonf? ol@rSm onfokd@aomwefzkd;&SdcJh avonf?

(4)urBmh pmayqkdif&m Ekdb,fqk& csDvD uAsm q&m}uD; ygbvkd eD±l'gonf

'kwd,urBmppft+yD;wGif csDvDjynf uGefjrLepf ygwD.ygwD0ifwOD; jzpfcJhonf? 1947 ckESpfwGifcsDvDjynf uGefjrLepf ygwDu eD±l'gtaejzifh uAsm q&mwa,muftjzpf aexkdifjcif;onfuGefjrLepf wa,muftjzpf aexkdifjcif;xuf wkdif;jynftwGuf ykdrkdta&;}uD;onfqkd+yD;uGefjrLepfygwD0iftjzpfrS wESpf tem;ay; cJhzl;avonf? xkdpOfu csDvDjynf uGefjrLepfygwD.tjrifonf opfvGifvwfqwfaom tawG;tjrif[k qkdEkdifayvdrfhrnf?

'*kefwm&monf uGefjrLepfygwD0if r[kwf? okd@aomf orkdif;0ifuGefjrLepfygwD. acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifha&m/ EkdifiHa&;ygwD toD;oD;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhyg &if;ESD;u|rf;0if+yD; orkdif;0if tjzpftysufrsm;Y twlwuG yg0ifcJh oljzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh wcsKd@uol@ukd orkdif;wefzkd; &Sdol[k qkd=uonf? TtuJjzwfr_rSm jynfhpkHvkHavmufr_ r&Sdyg? orkdif;a=umif;ukd a&;om;Ekdifol ynm&Sif trsm;tjym; &Sd=uygonf? '*kefwm&mrSm Tr#ruyg?orkdif;ukd wkd;wufaom tjrifjzifh tuJjzwfwwfol/ tuJjzwfEkdifol jzpfygonf?

'*kefwm&monf ol@ukd,fol ae&mcsxm;r_ rSefuefcJhol jzpfonf?olu|rf;usif&m/ olEdkifeif;&m/ oloefonfh e,fy,f/ ol0goemygonfh e,fy,frS wkdif;jynfukdtvkyftau|; jyKvkdol jzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;t+yD; jrefrmh pmayavmurSmyifv#if ol.tusKd;jyK r_onf renf;vSaom twkdif;twm &SdcJhygonf? T enf;jzifh jynfolukd tusKd;jyK&mYolonf ,kH=unfcsuf tay:/ tjrifESifh &yfwnfcsuftay: pGJ+rJckdifrmol/ opPm&Sdol jzpfygonf?vkyfwkef;u vkyfcJh+yD; ,kH=unfcsuftay: opPmazmufum ‘rSm;cJhyg+yD’ [k vlod&Sif=um;a=unm±kHru wcsdefu ukd,fpGJukdifcJhaom ,kH=unfcsufukd ypfypfcgcg qJa&; wkdif;xGmaeoltrsm;tjym;&Sdygonf? xkdolwkd@rSm ukd,fhbmom wGif;wl;+yD; ‘edrfhus’aeolrsm;jzpfum '*kefwm&murl wnf+idrf+idrf;csrf;pGm ‘jrifhrm;’aeolyg?

olonf q&m}uD;ocif ukd,fawmfr_dif; tay: az;ulol/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd av;pm;ol/ ocifEkukd &if;ESD;ol/ ocifoef;xGef;.ta&mifukd em;vnfol/ ocifA[def;ukd cspfu|rf;ol? onfyk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifh ‚if;wkd@ yg0ifcJhaom orkdif;tjzpftysufrsm;ukd

39


vufvGwfpy,f tuJjzwf ajym qkdr_rsm; b,fwkef;urS rvkyfcJhyg? ol}uKdufcsif }uKdufrnf?ol r}uKdufonfrsm;vnf; &Sdrnf? rnfokd@qkdap/ tav;teufoabmjzifhom a0zeftuJjzwfr_vkyfcJhonfom jzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh olcspfu|rf;cJhonfh &JabmfA[def; wnfaxmifyg0ifcJhonfh tzGJ@tpnf;ukd ol rnfhonfhtcgr# vufvGwfpy,f a0zefykwfcwfvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? tcsuf tvuf trSm;rsm;jzifh 0kdif;0ef; wkdufckduf ae=ucsdefrSmyif olu trSefukdwifjy+yD; &yfcHajymqkdr_rsm;ukd u|efawmfwkd@ zwfcJhzl;ygonf? olu tjyifuvl jzpfojzifh ol@&yfcHcsufu ykdrkd wmoGm;avonf? tjyifvltjzpf ol &yfwnfcJhjcif; onf wcsKd@udpPrsm;Y ykdrkdtusKd;oufa&mufr_ &Sdaeygonf?

jynfol@buf &yfwnfr_csif; wlaomf vnf; tjrifuGJjym;r_/ tjrifrwlonfrsm;um; &SdEkdifygonf? tzGJ@tpnf; wcktwGif;rSmyifv#if tjrifuGJvGJr_rsm; &Sdwwfygonf?trsKd;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ukd wkdif;jynfu wifvmcsdef olu ‘&efolr&Sd/ rdwfaqGom&Sd’t,ltqukd wifvmygonf? Tt,ltqtay: tjrifwlol/ rwlolrsm; &SdaeonfrSmobm0 usygonf? q&m}uD; ocifukd,f awmf rSK dif;. wcsKd@a&;om;csufrsm;wGifya'o&mZfpepfbufokd@ ‘nGwf’aom tjrifrsm;ygonf[k wcsKd@u tjrifcsif;rwlEkdif=uonfrsm; &Sdygonf? okd@&mwGif Ttcsufonf q&m}uD; ocifukd,fawmfrSKdif;pkdufxlcJhaom *k%fj'yfukd pl;0if oufa&muf xdckdufjcif; r&Sdyg? TtcsufukdomukdifI q&m}uD;ocifuk d,fawmfrS K di f;uk d tuJjzwfr_onf rrSefuefEk di fyg? '*kefwm&mtay:tuJjzwfr_onfvnf; Tenf; twkdif; om jzpfygonf?

,ae@umvwGif orkdif;ed*kH;csKyf+yD/ uGefjrLepf0g' csKyf+idrf;oGm;+yD/[laomtoHrsm; us,favmifpGm [pfaºuG;ae=ucsdef ol@&yfcHcsufukd =unfhyg? “1991qkdAD,uf,leD,H +yKduGJwm[m uGefjrLepft,ltq +ydKuGJ wm r[kwfbl;AsæqkdAD,uf,leD,H+yKduGJwm”[k ol&yfcH vkdufygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ajymaeonfxuf olajymonfuwcsKd@e,fy,fwGif ykdrkdwmoGm;ygonf? q&m '*kefwm&mukd aus;Zl;wifygonf?

armi fvS0i f;(jrif;jcH)

'*kefwm&monf ol@ukd,fol ae&m csxm;r_ rSefuefcJhol jzpfonf? olu|rf;usif&m/ olEdki fei f;&m/ oloefonfhe,fy,f/ ol0goemygonfh e,fy,frS wkdi f;jynfukd tvkyftau|; jyKvkdol jzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;t+yD; jrefrmhpmayavmurSmyi fv#if ol. tusKd;jyKr_onf renf;vSaom twkdi f;twm &SdcJhygonf? Tenf;jzifh jynfolukdtusKd;jyK&mY olonf ,kH=unfcsuf tay:/ tjrifESi fh &yfwnfcsuftay: pGJ+rJckdi frmol/ opPm&Sdol jzpfygonf?



40


(1) pmayordki f;rSm q&mwm&m&J@tcef;t=urf;zsif; ajym&&if acwfopfjrefrmpmay orkdif;[m ukdvdkeDacwfOD;u pw,fvkd@

qkd&ygr,f? ukdvkdeDacwf aysmufuif;oGm;wm[m ya'o&mZfacwfukd tqkH;owf vkdufjyD;ya'o&mZfrif;pkd; &mZmpmay uae acwfopf pm aybufukd wpwpajymif; a&$hvmygw,f?ya'o&mZf pmay r[mtoGifajymif;jyD; 0HomEkpmayvkdh ac:wJh acwfopf pmaybufukda&mufvm ygw,f? 0HomEk pmayacwfrSm q&m=uD; ocifukd,f awmfrSKdif;[m t=uD;jrwfqkH;uAsm q&m/ owif;q&m=uD; jzpfygw,f?

ukdvkdeDacwf aemufykdif;rSm 0HomEkpmay&Jh t&dyf tm0g oatmufuae yDrkd;eif;/a&$Oa'gif;/ OD;zkd;usm;pwJh pma&;q&m=uD;rsm;u acwfopfpmayukd qufvufzGH hjzKd;apcJhygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm &efukefwuUokdvfu acwf prf;pmay ay:xGef;vmjyD; aZmf*sD/ rif;ok0%f/odyHarmif0pwJh wuU okdvfynmwwf pma&;q&mi,frsm; ay:xGufvmcJh yg w,f? acwfprf;pm ayu acwfopf pm ay&Jh wkd;wufr_ t &Sdefukd jr‡‡ifhwifcJhygw,f? t&Sdefwuf qJrSm 'kwd,urBmppf =uD; jzpfyGm;cJhygw,f?

'kwd,urBm ppf=uD;&Jh urBmh EkdifiHa&; tajctaeeJh ,SOfwGJjyD; ArmhekdifiHa&;rSmvGwfvyfa&; =uKd;yrf;r_ t&Sdefjr‡ifh vmygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppf Armjynf ra&mufrDuav;rSmyJ e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;eJ htwl uGefjrLepf0g' t,ltqrsm; pwifjyef hESH hvmygw,f? uGefjrLepf

usaemfwkd hq&m '*kefwm&m

armifpGrf;&nf

41


vuf0J vli,fawG&Jh =um;rSm vuf0Jpmay t,ltqrsm;vJ jyef hESH hvmcJhygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppftjyD;rSmawmh OD;odef;azjrifheJ h '*kefwm&mwkd@&J@ ta&;tom;rsm;a=umifh jynfol@pmayt,ltq ay:xGef;vmcJhygw,f? '*kefwm&m[m ppfjyD;p (1946)upjyD; (1950)ckESpftxd wm&mr*~Zif;ukd wnf;jzwfxkwfa0cJhygw,f? wm&mr*~Zif;uae EkdifiHopf/ acwfopftwGuf pmayopf ay:xGefa&; t,ltqeJ h ta&;tom;opfrsm;ukd OD;aqmifjzef@csda&;om;cJhygw,f?

acwfopfuAsm/ acwfopf0wKwkd/ acwfopf txkywWdwkd (pmay&kyfykHvGm)eJ hacwfopfpmay a0zefa&;wkd wcef;wu¾jzpfxGef;vmjyD; Aef;armfwifatmif/ jroef;wifh/ausmfatmif/ =unfvif/ =unfat;pwJh pmayopform;rsm;vJ ay:xGufvmcJhygw,f?'ga=umifh ppfjyD;pacwfrsm;rSm vuf0Jpmay (jynfol hpmay)t,ltqrsm;ukd tajccHwJhpmayopfv_yf&Sm;r_ukd q&mwm&mu OD;aqmifcJhjyDvkd h usaemf ,lqygw,f? 'g[macwfopfpmayorkdif;pOfrSm q&m' *kefwm&m&Jh tcef;u¾ygyJ? (2) q&mwm&meJ@ usaemfwdk@u¾

usaemfwkd hqkdwmu rEWav;wuUokdvf wifrkd;/ armifomEkd;/ =unfatmif/ukdav;(tif;0*k%f&nf)/armifrkd; ol/ armifpGrf;&nfpwJh wcsdefwnf; uavmifukdifvm=uolrsm; uk d qk dvd kygw,f? wcs de fwnf;rSm wEk di fi Hvk H ;r Sm usaemfwk d h e J h jy d Ki fwluavmifukdifvm=uolawGvJ trsm;tjym; &Sd=uayrJh ckusaemfa&;rSmu q&mwm&meJ husaemfwkd hwawG qufpyfykHukdom uGufuGufuGif;uGif; uav;ajymcsifvkd h wjcm;uavmif&SifawGta=umif;ukd csefcJhygw,f? tus,fw0ifh a&;rSmr[kwfvkd hyg? 'gayrJhwjcm;usaemfwkd heJ h &G,fwl acwfjyKdif uavmiform;awGvJ 'DvkdbJ &Sdvdrfhr,fvkd h ,lqygw,f?

usaemfwkd hwawG[m acwfprf;pmay&Jh t&dyf=o ZmatmufrSm =uD;jyif;cJh=uygw,f?acwfprf;pmayu pum; ajyeJ h uAsmta&;tzGJ hawGukd ESpfoufpGJvef;&mu wky a&;om;&if;pmayavmuxJukd 0ifa&muf vmcJh=u olcsnf; jzpfygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm q&mwm&m&Jhwm&mr*~Zif; ta&; tom;rsm;eJ h pmayopfr*~Zif; ta&;tom;rsm;uvJ t&Sdefjyif;jyif;eJ@jyef hESH hvGrf;rkd;vmcJhygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppf umv/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;=uD;ukd t"duOD;aqmif =uol awGrSm ocifatmifqef;/ocifpkd;/ocifoef;xGef;/ ocif odef;az/ ocifA[def;/pwJh uGefjrLepfvli,fawG ygcJhygw,f? 'gha=umifh zufqpfawmfvSefa&;=uD; atmifjrifpGmqifEGJjyD;wJh aemufrSm uGefjrLepf0g'[m Armvli,fawG=um;rSm tjrpf wG,frdoGm;jyD;vuf0Jpmay t,ltq/ jynfol hpmayt,l tqeJ h acwfprf;[efeJ h pwifjyD; uAsma&;=uolawG ( O yrm wifrkd;/ =unfatmif/ armifpGrf;&nf)wkd h &Sd=uovkd wm&m/ =unfat;[efeJ@uAsmpwifa&;ae=uwJh olawGvJ (Orm/ armifomEkd;/ armifrkd;ol)wkd h &Sd=uygw,f?

42


(3) q&mwm&meJ@ armi fpGrf;&nfckqufjyD;a&;rSmu q&mwm&meJ h usaemf (armif pGrf;&nf)eJ h qufpyfvmykHyJ

jzpfygw,f? usaemfwkd h ref; wuUokdvfrSm (1953)ckESpfuwnf;u &SdcJhwJh ref;wuUokdvfuavmif&Siftoif;qkdwm[m (1957-58)rSm wuUokdvf 0if;/ wifrkd;/ armifodef;Ekdifwkd h&JhOD;aqmifr_a=umifh ykdrkdwuf=uG v_yf&Sm; vmcJhygw,f? aemufESpfawGrSm 0if;=uG,f/ armifpGrf;&nf/=unfatmifwkd@yg OuUX twGif;a&;rSL;awG jzpfvm=uygw,f? wifrkd;&Jh zefrD;tdrfuAsmpmtkyfukd pwifxkwf a0jyD; rS bkwvifcspfav;/0if;=uG,f =unfatmif/ armifpGrf;&nfpwJh uavmif&Sifrsm;&Jh uAsmpmtkyfawGukd xkwfygw,f? wifrkd;&Jh zefrD;tdrf uAsmpmtkyftwGuf trSmpmawmif;zkd h wifrkd;u armifpGrf;&nfukd &efukefv$wfygw,f? 'DrSmwifarmifpGrf;&nf/ q&maZmf*sD/ rif;ok0%feJ h '*kefwm&mwkd hukd vlukd,fwkdif pwifawG hzl;cJh&jyD;q&m(3)OD;vkH;eJ h &mouf yefq&m wynfhtjzpf &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifoGm;cJhygw,f? pmayudpPawGomru yk*~Kdvfa&;awGyg qufpyfvmcJh&ygw,f?

q&mwm&mukd awG h&wmu armfwif(14)vrf; tdrfrSmyg? ajym=uwmawGawmharhukefygjyD? tJ'Daemuf wifrkd;eJ husaemftwlwl &efukefoGm;&ygw,f? &efukef wuU okdvfrSmjyKvkyfwJh wuUodkvf aumvdyfaygif;pkH ynma&;ESD; aESmzvS,fyGJeJ h pmayAdrmefqk&ygw,f?trsKd;om;pmayqk ray:cifuyg? usaemfwkd h (2)a,muf aZmf*sD/ rif;ok0%f/ wkdufpkd;/rif;,ka0pwJh q&mrsm;ukda&m/ q&mwm&mukda&m awG h=uygw,f? q&mwm&mukd pawG@prSmusaemfwkd h &if;ESD;bkd hr&ygbl;? q&mwm&mu pum;ukd tifrwef xdef;xdef; odrf;odrf;ajymygw,f? 'gayrJh txufArmEkdifiH pma&;q&m toif;&J h ESpfpOfpmqkd awmfae hpmwrf;zwfyGJawGrSm usaemf uAsmpmwrf;awG wif&awmhr,fqkd&if ol hukdpma&;jyD; enf;enf; yg;yg; ar;avh&Sdygw,f? ol hpmawGxJrSm ygjyD;om;awG ukdyJ vSrf;ar;wJhtcg &Snf&Snfa0;a0;odyfjyD; ajzavhr&Sdygbl;? tifrwef odyfonf;ygw,f? okdodyfygw,f? wm0ef,l&rSm qkdawmh'DvkdyJ owdxm;& rSmyg? (4) '*kefwm&m rjrifbl;ci fu &kyfyHkv$m

q&mwm&meJ h a':cifrsKd;cspfwkd hukd rjrifbl;cifu wnf;u txl;&if;ESD;&cJhygw,f?bmjzpfvkd hvJqkdawmh &_r0 r*~Zif;rSm q&maomfwmaqG&Jh pmawGukd c%c%zwf&vkdh yg?aemufajymifjyD;a&;xm; wmqkdawmh pdwfxJrSm ykdjyD;&if;ESD; aeygw,f? q&mw&meJ hq&maomfwm(=u,feJ hv)wkd h[m arG;ESpf arG;vvJ wl=uawmh &G,fwlawGyg? q&maomfwmuq&mwm&mukd pmxJrSmxuf tjyifrSm ykdjyD; aemufajymif wwfwmukd awG hbl;ygw,f?q&mwm&muawmh tjrJjyKH;jyD; oD;cHaewmygyJ? q&mwm&m? =unfat;/ q&maomfwmwkdhwawG[m OD;cifarmifvwf&Jh tdrfjcH0if;xJrSmvJ pk&yftjzpf qkHavh&SdcJhawmh olwkd@csif;utvGef&if;ESD;ygw,f? 'gawG zwf&awmh q&mwm&mukd ukd,fhtukd=uD; wa,mufrSm pdwf

43


xJrSm &if;ESD;aewJhtjyif vlcsif;awG hawmhvJ ol ht&G,f/ olh *k%fukd owdrxm;rdawmhzufvSJwuif; vkyfrdwmawG &Sdyg w,f? tjrJowdxm; qifjcif&ygw,f?

&_r0 pzwfcsdefrSm usaemfu tv,fwef;atmuf qifh/ ig;wef;/ajcmufwef;avmuf&Sdao; w,f? q&mwm&m&Jh pmawGukd =uKdufvkd hr&ao;ygbl;? enf;enf;twef;=uD; vm awmhusaemfh tazu ol hrSmvJ pmayaqG;aEG;zuf r&SdwJhtwGuf usaemhfukdbJ pmzwfazmf/ aqG;aEG;azmf vkyfvmygw,f? awm&GmrSmukd; wuUokdvf ausmif;om;rajymeJ h(7) wef;ausmif;om;ukdbJw a,mufrS r &Sdao;wJhumvyg? (19 50) ausmfavmufuyg? tazhnDawGuvJawm ckdukefvkd pm zwfazmf r&Sd ygbl;? usaemfhtazuawmh jrKd@ukdoGm;&if; &_r0/ aoG;aomufr*~Zif;/Armhacwf/ jrefrmhtvif;/ [Hom0wD/vlxkpwJh owif;pmawG pk aqmif; vmwwfygw,f? q&mwm&mwkd h&Jh pmayopf v_yf&Sm; r_u vJ t&SdefjrifhaewJhumv r[kwfvm;? olwkd@rSm Aef;armf wifatmif/ jroef;wifh/ ausmfatmif/ =unfvif/=unfat;/ rkd;pnfwkd hemrnfxGufvmw,f?

=unfvifu aemufawmh uGJoGm;jyD; i,f i,f&G,f &G,feJ h uG,f vGefoGm;cJh &Smw,f?q&mwm&mwkd hukd wnfh axmifwkdufw,f? yk*~Kdvf a&;awGygcsw,f? ukdatmifvif;qkH;cgeD;awmh “cifAsm;wkd h acwfygyJ? usaemfukd ypfrxm;ygeJh” q&mwm&mwkd hukd ajymoGm;ygw,f? &efukef/ (33)vrf;xdyf/ a&$jynfat; vufzuf &nfqkdifrSmyg? olwkd hudk a0zef&mrSmta&;=uD;qkH;u OD;odef; azjrifh&Jh pmyg jynfol hpmayvkdh a=uG; a=umfjyD; “pum;vkH;opfwDxGifjcif;Yom v#yfay:/avmfvD” ae=uonfwJh? “0wfvpfpvpf vrf;r=uD;/ “a0gh'pPaetjym”/ “avEkat;uav;u aemfqJukd”pwJh pum;vkH;awGukd axmufjyygw,f?Aef;armfwifatmif&J h “awmhfum ombJ &,feJ h”qkdwhJ htokH;tESKef;awGukdvJ axmufjyw,f?tJ'gawGukd usaemfh tazu w[m;[m;&,fjyD; usaemhfukd zwfjyw,f?

q&mAef;armfwifatmif&Jh “bkef;armifwa,muf xJ&,f” 0wKxJu“bJ”awGukdvJ usaemfhukd atmufrsOf;om;apjyD; a&wGufckdif;w,f? tJ'guawmh q&m aomfwm aqGuusDp,fwmuGm? usaemhf tazu zwfjyjyD; a&wGuf ckdif;wmyg? usaemfhtazuvJ r[maqGukdpGJvef;aecJh&mu odef;azjrifh/ '*kefwm&m/ Aef;armfwifatmifwkd h pmawGbuf ukd ajymif;vmawmh usaemfvJ pmajymif;zwfvm&ygw,f? '*kefwm&m/ Aef;armfwifatmifeJ h olwkd@&Jhaemufvkduf vif;,kefeDukdyg pGJvef;vmcJh&ygw,f?

q&mwm&m&Jh w[DwDukdoGm;&atmif uAsmrl&if; ukd rzwfzl;ayrJh ol huAsmawGukda0zefwJh pmay/q&maomf wmaqGeJ h OD;&efatmifwkd hu ol huAsmukd jyifpyfwJh uAsm awGukdt&ifzwfzl;jyD; jyKH; cJh &,fcJhygw,f? q&mwm&m &Jh pmawGukd zwfvm&awmhvJ tzwfenf;jyD;t=uKdufenf; cJhygw,f?

q&m Aef;armfwifatmifeJ h vif;,kefeDwkd h pmawG ukd 0,fzwfayrJh q&mwm&m&Jh

44


pmawGukd 0,frzwfygbl;? r=uKdufvkd hyg? 'gu wuUodkvf ra&mufcifu tjrifyg? (5) wuUodkvfausmi f;pm;wdk@&J@ "ca&ZD"

wuUodkvfa&mufawmh eH&HuyfpmapmifawGeJ h ESpf vnf r*~Zif;awGrSm q&mwm&mwkd h&Jh pmay opf a&;[efawGu zuf&Sifjzpfaeygawmhw,f? ref;wuUokdvfrSmu uAsm a&;oltvGefrsm;w,f? usaemfwkd h a&mufoGm;wJh (1956)ckESpf ywf0ef;usifrSm uavmifaoG;=uoltaygif; [m uAsma&;=uwmcsnf;ygyJ? usaemfwkd ht&ifuqkd&if armifom& wa,mufbJxl;xl;jcm;jcm; xGufay:cJhyg&Jh? olu pum;ajyorm;yg? 'gayrJh olvJ vlxk*sme,frSm uAsmeJhuavmifaoG;cJhwmukd aemifrSawG hvm&ygw,f? uAsm a&;=uolwkdif;u '*kefwm&m/=unfat;wkd h&Jh pmayopf[ef awGbJ a&;=uw,f? usaemf a&mufpwESpfrSmawmh pmayaqG;aEG;zuf “wkd;wkd;azmf” r&Sdbl;? (1957)rSm wifrkd;/ odef; Ekdif/ =unfatmifwkd heJ ha&maZmfaZmfatmif (tJ'Dwkef;u aZmfov†m)/0if;=uG,fwkd heJ ha&m pmayaqG;aEG;zufjzpfvmjyD;'*kefwm&mukd &SmazGawGh&Sdvmygawmhw,f? tJ'DDawmhrSbJ q&mwm&m&Jh uAsmaygif;csKyfwkd@0wKaygif; csKyfwkd hvJ xGufvmcJhwmukd;? 'gawGzwfjyD;rS q&mwm&m&Jh “pmay &kyf ykHv$m”pmtkyf/ ol h&J hukd,fwkdifa&; twˆKy`wd pmtkyfeJ h “ar” pmtkyfwkd hukd &SmzwfjyD;wm&mr*~Zif;awGukdvJ ta[mif; qkdifawGrSm jyef vnf&SmazG pk aqmif; &ygw,f? “ar”pmtkyfukd (1963) ckESpfausmfawmh armifrkd;ol&Jh rkd;OD; yef;pmtkyf wkdufjyefxkwfygw,f?

usaemfwkd h rEW av;rSm uAsmorm;awGcsif;qkH=u&if; aZmf*sDeJ hrif;ok0%f b,fol@=uKdufovJ '*kefwm&meJ h a'gif;EG,faqG b,fol h=uKdufvJqkdwm rsKd;ar;avh &Sdygw,f?usaemfu rif;ok0%feJ h '*kefwm&mukd =uKdufw,fvkd h &kd;&kd;om;om; ajymygw,f?'*kefwm&meJ@a'gif;EG,faqG ,SOfar;wmuawmh EkdifiHa&; aemufcHodatmif pkHprf;w,f qkdwmaemifrSodvm&ygw,f? oabmu “tvHeD”ehJ “Auy” b,f[m ykd=uKdufovJ ar;wmygyJ?usaemfu tvHeD (ocifpk d; uGefjrLepfygwD) tkyfcsKyf&m/ awm&Gmuav; w&Gmuvmwmrkd hwa=umif;/ wifrkd;u a&p=uKdu q,f wef;atmif vmwmrkd hwa=umif;/tvHeD,drf;ol ausmif;om;awGu usaemfwkd hESpfa,mufvkH;ukd tvHeDvkdh xifxm;=uygw,f?usaemfwkd hu '*kefwm&m =uKdufw,f vkd hyJ ajzygw,f? 'Dawmh olwkd h vef hoGm;=uygw,f?

'*kefwm&m&Jh ta&;tom;awGukd aqG;aEG;jzpf wmu wifrkd;eJ hpwifwmyg?usaemfu tpu '*kefwm &mwkdh&Jh ta&;tom;[m “qwfawmufqwfawmuf”“pdrf;qwfqwf”eJ hrkd h=uKdufvkd hr&cJh bl;? aemufrS wpdrfhpdrfh =uKdufvmwmvkd hh ajzzl;ygw,f?'*kefwm&m&Jh uAsm/ uAsm 0wK/ 0wKupmay a0zefa&;ukd wqifhoGif; wkd;csJ hzwfrdvmygw,f? q&mwm&m&Jh a0zefa&; pmtkyfawGuvJ aemuf us xGufygw,f? usaemfpmaya0zefa&;vkyfrdvmwJh (1964) 0ef;usifa&mufawmh q&mwm&meJ ha0zefa&; pmay awGukdvufpGJjyKygw,f? ol h&Jhjynfol hpmay t,ltqukd vufcH&kHru vufcHvmcJhygw,f?

45


ol=uKdufr=uKduf rodayrJh usaemfu ol h*kd%f;om;qkdwm 0efcHavh&Sdygw,f? (6) q&mwm&meJ@ acwfprf;q&mwm&m wuUokdvfausmif;om;b0rSm ocifA[def;/ ocifatmifqef;/

ukdAaqG/ vSarmif (AkdvfaZ,s)/Akdvf&efEkdif pwJhausmif;om; acgif;aqmifawGeJ h&if;ESD;ygw,f?'ga=umifhvJ *syefacwfrSmolwkd h EkdifiHacgif;aqmifykdif;a&mufawmh ol&JhabmfawGu ol@ukdac:,ljyD; olwkd h&Jh ,kH=unfpdwf cs&wJh vl&if;tjzpfeJ h &mxl;awGay;=uygw,f? *syefacwfrSm tpkd;&tvkyfrvkyfvkd hqkdjyD; Akdvfatmifqef;/ AkdvfvusFm/ AkdvfaZ,s/wkd hukd olwwfEkdifor#pmaya&;om;jcif;jzifh ulnDcJhygw,f? Adkvfatmifqef; eJ hocifoef;xGef;wkd h yGJawmif;&ifvJpEN&m;wD;ay;cJh&ygw,f?

tJ'D&JabmfawGtm;vkH;&J h wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0rSm q&maygufpawGjzpfae=uwmu q&maZmf*sDeJ h rif;ok0%fwkd h jzpfygw,f? 'Dausmif;om;awGtm;vkH;uvJpmayorm;awGcsnf;vkdvkd ygyJ? 'gha=umifh 'Dq&mawGeJh &if;ESD;=uygw,f? nDtukdvkdqufqH=uygw,f? q&m '*kefwm&m ppfjyD;p acwfrSm wm&mr*~Zif; wnfaxmif wnf;jzwf xkwfa0awmh acwfprf;q&mwkd hu pmawGa&;jyD; tm; ay;axmufcH=uygw,f?q&maZmf*sD&Jh “a&S;upmayopf” aqmif;yg;awG[m a&S;pmayeJ hacwfpmaywkd hukd aygif;ul;ay;wJh tzkd;wefpmay a0zefa&;pmayawG jzpfvmygw,f? usaemfwkd h aESmif;acwfvli,fpmayorm; a0zefa&;vkyf&if q&maZmf*sDeJ h '*kefwm&mwkd h&Jh pmayawGukdbJ OD;xdyf&GufjyD; a0zef=u& ygw,f? a&S;upmayawG wacwfjyD; wacwf qef;opfvmwmawG[molwkd@acwftoD;oD;&Jh t&if acwf awGu a&;cJh=uwJhta=umif;t&meJ ha&m/ ta&;tzGJ hygjcm; em;opfqef;vmykHawGukd axmufjy&mrSm q&maZmf*sDu v,form;/ tvkyform;/qif;&Jom; jynfolawG&Jh t a=umif;t&mukd t&yfokH;pum;eJ h a&;zGJ hr_ukd t"durSwf ausmufxm;ygw,f? 'gha=umifh q&mw&m&Jh jynfol hpmay t,ltqawGeJ hvkH;0[yfrdaeygw,f?

&efukefwuUokdvf ausmif;om;or*~rSm pmaya[majymyGJvkyf&if q&m=uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif; q&m aZmf*sD/ q&mrif;ok0%f/ q&mOD;odefazjrifh/ q&m'*kef wm &mwkd@yJa[m=uajym=uawmh 0HomEkacwf/ acwfprf;acwfeJh pmayopfZwf tarGawGukd &efukefwuUokdvfausmif;om; pmay0goem&Sif awGu ,lcsifwkdif;&aeygw,f? ,lwwfwkdif;&ae=uygw,f? usaemfwkd h rEWav;bufuawmh 'Da[m ajymcsufawG/ pmvkH;tjzpfajymif;vJr_&ygw,f? vlukd,fwkdif eJ h pmeJ hxda&mufykHcsif; b,frSmwlEkdifygh rvJ? q&maZmf*sD uawmhol ha[majymcsufawG ykHESdyf&if usaemfwkd hqDukd “azmifpdrf;awG” pmtkyfrjzpfcif wifykd@ay;avh&Sdygw,f?

q&mwm&m[m (1950) ckESpfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH pma&;q&mtoif;&Jh OuUXjzpfvmw,f? 'Dtcg rSm vuf0J*kd%f; (2)*kd%f;teuf w*kd%f;u (ukdatmifvif;wkd hu) qef husif

46


ovkd vusmF*kd%f;uvJ qef husifygw,f? q&mwm&mu pmay[m jynfolukdtusKd;jyK&r,fqkd&if vusmF*kd%f;u “tEkynmonf tEkynmtwGuf”a=unm&if;qef husif=uygw,f? trSKaqmifa&G;yG JrSmawmh acwfprf; q&mrsm; u q&mwm&mbufu&yfjy=uwJhtwGuf q&mwm&m&Jh bufrSm wHwkdif;=uD;awG umay;ovkd jzpfcJhygw,f? 'gusaemhfukd tnmuvSrf;jyD; =um;&wmawGyg? “jynfol hpmay/ t,lt qeJ h”“tEkynmonf/tEkynmtwGuf” t,ltq wkdufyGJ aqmif;yg; aygif;pkHukd usaemfpkxm;ay;cJhwm&Sdygw,f?ckxufxd xGufrvmao;yg? q&mwm&m&Jh cGifhjyKcsufeJ h ed'gef;ukdvJ usaemfa&;ay;xm;cJhjyD;om;yg?

q&mwm&mwkd hukd yckuULom; wOD;jzpfwJh OD;oef; wifu pmayopf r*~Zif;xkwf=uz@kdwkdifyifvmwmh yckuUL om;awGjzpf=uwJh &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om; ausmf atmif/jroef;wifh/ =unfvif atmifvif; wkd hvJ yg=uw,f? q&mwm&mu OD;aqmifw,f?q&m=uD;r_dif;/ q&maZmf*sD/ rif;ok0%f q&m OD; odef;azjrifhwkd hu em ,uawGtjzpf yg0if&yfwnf tm;ay;=u jyefygw,f? 'gu (50) ckESpfausmf umvrsm; twGif;uyg? wm&mr*~Zif;vJ &yfoGm;jyD; aemufykdif;yg?

wckqef;wmav;ukdawmh =um;azmufjyD; wifjycsifygw,f/ usaemhftaeeJ@ OD;odef;azjrifheJ h pmayeJ h=uD;jyif;cJhjyD; q&m =uD;&Jh ta&;om;awGukd txl;av;pm; tm;uscJhygw,f?'gayr J h “acwfpr f ;” e J h”wm&m”udp PawGuk d tqk H ; jzwfay; &mr Smawmhusaemfhwdk@oabmrwlEkdifbJ tHhtm;oifhcJh&ygw,f? rqvacwfrSm OD;odef;azjrifh[mAkdvfae0if;ukd axmufcHcJhw,f? &efukefwuUodkvf jrefrmpmXmerSm r[m0dZ…mwef;rsm;twGufjyifyut=uHay; yk*~Kdvf =uD;tjzpf a&S@aqmifcGifhvnf; &vmcJhygw,f? tJ'D wkef;u(1)acwfprf;rSwfwkdifukd &kdufcsKd;&r,f qkdwm&,f (2) wm&mr*~ Zif;ukd avhvmcsufpm wrf;a&;bkd@r[m0dZ…mwef; ausmif; olwOD;u wifjywJhtcg wm&mr*~Zif;[m r[m0dZ…musrf;jyKavmufatmif t&mr0ifcJhbl;qkdjyD; y,fcscJhwm&,f? tJ'D (2)csufukd tHh=ocJh&ygw,f? (armifpkd;csdef'\eduaA' r[m0dZ…musrf;jyKbkd h '*kefwm&m&Jh &oaA'ukd acgif;pOfay;wJh tcgrSmvnf;y,fcscH&w,fvkd h tar&dum;a&mufrS =um;& bl;ygw,f?)

q&mOD;odef;azjrifheJ h q&mwm&mqkdwm nDtukd awGvkd &if;ESD;ygw,f? jynfol@pmayt,lq awGukdvJ Arm pmayrS OD;pGmjzef hcsdcJhwJh vlawGjzpfygw,f? 'D=um;xJu t ckvkd=um;&bl;awmh 'Dtcsuf ESpfcsufukd q&mwm&m&Jh t a=umif;ajym&if;u xJhoGif;rSwfwrf;wifvkdufygw,f? bmbJ jzpfjzpf 'Dae hvli,f rsKd;qufopfawG/ rsKd;qufopf awG&Jh aemuf/rsKd;qufopfawG[m acwfprf;pmayeJ h pmayopfukd OD;xdyf&Guf=ujyD; q&maZmf*sD/q&mrif;ok0%fwkd heJ h q&m' *kefwm&mwkd hukd olwkd h&Jh ('Drkdua&pD vl i,fawG&Jh) rD;&SL;wefaqmifawGtjzpf cH,lv#uf&Sd=ua=umif;ukd xl;xl;jcm;jcm; awG h=uKHae=u&ygw,f?

47


(7) udkae0i f;/ rci frmvmwdk@tdrfusaemfwkd@wawG (rEWav;wuUodkvf uavmif&Sif ausmif;om;awG) tvkyftukdif

awGeJ h/tdrfaxmifawGeJ jzpfvmawmh &efukefqif;vm=uw,f? pmayavmurSm ajc csjzpf=ujyDjzpfawmh ukd,feJ hqkdifwJh pmay*kd%f;awG/ pma&; q&mawGqDukd oGm;a&mufcsOf;uyf=u&w,f/usaemfwkd h tm;vkH;[m q&mwm&m wkd hukdbJ ausmif;om; or*~tr_ aqmifawG/ausmif;om;r*~Zif; t,f'DwmawG/ q&m=uD; ocifukd,fawmfrSKdif;&Jh jidrf;csrf;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_rSma&muf&m ae&mu yg0ifcJh=uolawGqkdawmh q&m=uD; ocifukd,f awmf rSKdif; OuUXtjzpfaqmif&GufwJh urBmhjidrf;csrf;a&; uGefu&uf 'kwd,OuUXtjzpf yg0ifcJhwJh q&mwm&m[musaemfwkd h&Jh acgif;aqmif tvkdvkdjzpfcJh&ygw,f? q&mwm&m vli,fb 0rSm jzwfoef;cJh&wJhc&D;pOftwkdif; usaemfwkd hvJ csDwuf jzwfoef;cJh&w,fvkd h ,lqjyD; &Jabmfpdwfvnf; 0ifcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh aumvdyf*sifeJ hrcifrmvmwkd htdrfukd usaemfwkd hacsmif;aygufrwwfoGm;a&muf cJh=uygw,f? aumvdyf *sifae0if;u rcifrmvm&Jh cifyGef;yg? rcifrmvmu &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~ OuUX wOD;jzpfcJhwJh ukdvSarmif&Jh orD;yg? ukdvSarmifu&JabmfokH;usdyf0if AkdvfaZ,syg? Akdvf aZ,su '*kefwm&meJ h wuUodkvfrSm ausmif;aezufoli,f csif;yg? ausmif;om;or*~ vkyfazmf udkifzufawGyg? AkdvfaZ,su awmxJrSm rkd;xJ/avxJ ajy;vGm;ae&awmh ol ho rD;awGukd &efukefjyefykdhjyD; oli,fcsif; '*kefwm&m ac: ukdaX; jrdKif&Jhvufukd tyfxm;cJhygw,f? 'Dvkd eJ hq&mwm&m[m ukdae0if;wkd heJ h tdrfOD;cef;rSmt=um=uD;aecJhygw,f? aumvdyf*sifae0if;u &efukefwuUodkvf vufa&G;pif abmvkH;orm;yg? rEWav; wuUodkvft=uKdyGJawmfwkd h ausmif;om;yGJ awmfwkd hvkyfwJh tcgrSmusaemfwdkhwawGu ausmif;om; or*~ tr_aqmifawGtjzpfeJ h olwkd hukd=uKdqkd{nfhcH&wJh olawGyg? &efukefwuU odkvfrSm yGJawmfawG usif;y&ifbJ us aemfwkd hoGm;=u&ygw,f? 'Dvkd heJukdae0if;/ukdjrwfav;/ ukd nGefh=uL;/ ukdcspfaqG pwJhausmif; om;=uD; awGukd tJ'DacwfuxkH;pHtwkdif; usaemf wkd h “&Jabmf awG” vkd hac:cGifh &SdvmcJh ygw,f?

aumvdyf*sif&Jh tdrfukdusaemfwkd hu wHcg;r&dS/"m; r&Sd 0ifxGufEkdif =uygw,f? wifrkd;qkd&if q&mwm&m&Jh tcef; ab;aygufu0ifjyD; ukwif ay:ukd wef;vSJcsvkdufavh&Sdygw,f?wcgwav wa&;warmtdyfygw,f? q&mwm&m&J h acgi f;&if;bD&k d tHqG JxJuca&mhpvDyef;a&mifeJ ha&;xm;wJh ay;pmzkdifawGeJ h ca&mhpvD tjyma&mifeJ ha&;xm;wJhay;pmzkdifwGJ awGukdvJ cGifhrawmif; bJ ,lzwfygw,f? usaemfu q&mwm&meJ h pum;ajymaeavh&Sdygw,f? wifrkd;uvJ tdyf&may:rSm pmzwfaeavh &Sd awmh q&mwm&m bmpmawGukdwifrkd; zwfaeovJqkdwm trSwfrxm;rdygbl;? wu,fawmh yk*~Kdvfa&;pmawGyg? tcGihf r&Sdrukdif&yg? usaemfwkd h tnmom;/awmom;awGu 'grsKd; awGukdpnf; xm;avhenf;ygw,f?txl;ojzifh wifrkd;u olcifwJhvlqkd&if ol htdyf&m/ukd,fhtdyf&m/ ol ht0wfukd,fh t0wf/

48


ol@pmtkyfukd,fhpmtkyf&,f vkd h vkH;0t[ef htwm; jzpfwwfolrsKd;r[kwfygbl;? q&mwm&mupnf;eJ hurf;eJ h oyfoyf&yf&yf aewwfolrsKd;[m wifrkd;eJ h awG hrS Zwfysuf oGm; wmyg?“[mæukdwifrkd;bmawG ,lzwfaewmwkef;”qkd jyD; tvefhw=um;jzpfcsdefrSm wifrkd;upmawGzwfjyD;vkd htm; &jyD; wa&;jyeftdyfoGm;cJhygjyD? a[rmwkd h/&mZmwkd hu 0if vkdufxGufvkdufeJhuav;awGbmqGJrvJ =unfh&/ vl=uD;awG bmqGJrvJ =unfh&eJ h q&mwm&mcrsm usaemfeJhwifrkd;vm&if ysm&mcwfoGm;&wwfygw,f?

wifrkd; wa&; warmtdyfjyD;rS q&mwm &mu tjyifxGuf vufzuf &nfaomuf=upkd hvkdh ac:ygw,f? jyD;&if wifrkd; ukd vufwGJjyD; um;vrf; jzwfay;jyD; bwfpum; rSwfwkdifukdvkdufykd hyg w,f? wcgw&H q&mwm&mu usaemf wkd hqDvmygw,f? &efukef pmayrdwfaqGawGu q&mwm/q&myg/ q&mAef;armf/ q&m jroef;wifh wkd hukd xrifpm;zdwf&if armifomEkd;/wifrkd;eJ h armifpGrf;&nfwkd hukdyg wwGJwnf; zdwfavh&Sdygw,f? usaemfwkd huyJ q&mwm&mtdyfcef;ukd a&mufwm rsm;vm awmh ol htdrfu ukdae0if;wkd h ac:ovkdyJ q&mwm&mukd OD;av;vkd h usaemfwkd hac: jzpf oGm;ygw,f? jcH0if;xJ a&muf&if “&mZma& OD;av; &Sdvm;”“ukdae0if;a& OD;av;&Sdvm;” p ojzifhar;&if; ajym&if;u E_wfusKd;oGm;jyD; rEWav;u vlxkOD;vSu usaemfwkd h&Jh eHygwf (1)OD;av; &efukefu q&mwm &mu usaemfwkd h&Jh eHygwf(2)OD;av; jzpfvmygawmhw,f? wu,fawmh OD;av;(vS)eJ h q&mwm&mwkd h[mvJ q&m wm&mausmif;om;b0 uwnf;u rdwfaqGawGyg?

aemufykdif;rSmawmh q&mwm&m[m arSmfbDukd olh wlr&Sd&majymif;oGm;ygw,f?wcgw&H awmifOuUvm/ ao ewfypfuGif;teD;u ol hwlrtdrfukdyJ oGm;awG h&avh&Sdyg w,f?q&mwm&m &Srf;jynf atmifyef;ukd ol hwl/wlrawGeJ vkdufajymif;oGm;awmhvJ tJ'DukdoGm;vnfzl;ygw,f? q&m wm&m aqmif;ckdzkd h &efukefvmcsdefrSm q&mwkdufpkd; (olhausmif;aezuf oli,fcsif; OD;oef;xGwf) tdrfrSmqkH=u wm rsm;ygw,f? avxD; OD;tkef;armif/ociftkef;jrifh/ q&myg &*lwkd heJ h0kdif;zGJ havh&Sdygw,f? usaemfwkd hvJygavh&Sdygw,f? wjcm;vlykdawGygvm&if OD;oef;xGwfu “a[h tkef;armifa& aumifav;awG rac:cJheJ@uGmvkd@ wm;avh&Sdygw,f?

(8) *kef - ,kef*dk%f;&efukefrSm pma&;q&mawG[m ol htkyfpkeJ holpk a0;avh&Sd=uygw,f? rif;ausmf/

ewfEG,f ausmfatmif/ nGef =uL;/ armifae0if;pwJh pma&;q&mrsm;pm usaemfwkd h&efukefra&mufcif pma&;q&m or*~/ pmayuvyfpojzifh zGJ h=u awmh q&mwm&mwkd h q&mAefarmfwifatmifwkd heJ h wtkyfpkwnf; awGvkd h =um;od xm;&ygw,f? usaemf&efukefa&mufwmu (1970-71)rSm yg? odyfr=umcifrSmbJ ref; wuUodkvfxGuf uavmif&Sif wifrkd;/armifomEkd;eJ h usaemf wkd hukd armifvif;,kef(&Srf; jynf)&Jh wkdufcef;rSm armif; oif; ckdif/

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armifatmif&SifpwJh vli,f uAsmq&mawG vmawG hjyD; rkd;a0 r*~Zif;rSm pmra&;zkd haqG;aEG;vmygw,f? rkd;a0 r*~Zif; t,f'Dwm ukdewfEG,fu q&mwm&mukd yk*~Kdvf a&;t&jidpGef;wJh aqmif;yg; wyk'f/ ESpfyk'fru a&;xm; ygw,f? befaumuf vkHcsnf0wfxm;wJhuAsmq&meJ h aoG;pGef;wJh *g0ef0wfxm;wJh EkdifiHjcm;ol wOD;ol hukdvmawG hjyD; um&efrJh uAsmta=umif; vmay;w,fvkd h tdrfruf xJrSm awG h&a=umif; a&;owJh tcef;qufa&;aewmyg?'gukd rauseyfvkd h armifoif;ckdifu vmjyD; ajymwmyg? 'geJ hus aemfwkd hvJ rkd;a0rSm ra&;awmhbJaevkdufygw,f?

wae hawmh ykHESdyfwkdufwwkdufrSm vif;,kef armif armif OD;aqmifjyD; pum;0kdif;zGJ@ygw,f? oluvJ q&mewfwkdh ukd rauseyfa=umif; ajymjyD;pmtkyfuav; wtkyfxkwfr,fajymvmygw,f? tJ'D wkef;u q&mwm&meJ@twl q&m yg&*l/ Aef;armfwifatmifeJ hjroef;wifh/wifrkd;wkd hvJygyg w,f? pmtkyfuav; emrnfu “jrefrmpmay &_cif;”wJh?q&mwm&may;wJh emrnfyg? q&mwm&m/ q&mAef;armfeJ@ q&mjroef;wifhwkd@uaxmufuvGwfvmwm r=umao; bl;? usaemfvJ rEWav;u &efukef ajymif;vmwm r=umao;bl;? tJ'DpmtkyfrSm usaemfu “vlrkduf”vkyfjyD; ukdewfEG,f&Jh 0wKawGukd “typftcwf/tn‡pftowf/ tnpftywf”awGvkd h acgif;pOfwyfjyD; a0zefvkdufygw,f? rlvxkwfa0olurjzef hcsdvkd haemufwcg jyef&kdufjyD; jzef awmh pmaywkdufyGJav;yrm jzpfoGm;cJh&ygw,f?jzpfEkdif&if rqv vufxuf rqvukd pdwfxJuom qef husifaeol awGukdawmifrxdrckdufapcsifygbl;? 'DwyGJ rSmawmh tkyfpkzGJ@jyD; “wef;pD&yf”vkdufygw,f? pmayavmurSmusaemfwkdh ukd “*kef-,kef”*kd%f;wJh ukdewfEG,fwkd htwGJukd “aeewfrif;” *kd%f;vkd hqkdif;bkwfcsdwfvkduf=uygw,f? ukdewfEG,feJ htwGJ jzpfwJh armifae0if;eJ hrif;ausmfwkd hygqGJxnfhxm;wmyg? w u,fu ukdewfEG,fyJ [kdbufu zGJ haechJwmyg? (9) rdk;}udK;rkefwdki f;eJ@ ewfEG,f*dk%f;

ukdukd;u|ef;uaejyD; Aef;armfwifatmif/ jroef; wifhwkd heJ htwlvGwfvmwJhtxJrSmxufjrufvJygw,f? ol u Ekdif0if;aqGukd pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;w,f? Ekdif0if;aqGcrsm tEkynmrsKd;ADZaumif;v#uf eJ h tkd;eif;cGufeif; jzpfoGm;&Sm w,f? ekdifiHa&; tpmra=uvkd htxufvefatmufav#mawG jzpfukefw,f? olwkd hESpfa,muf OD;aqmifjyD; rkd;=udKrkefwkdif; qkdwJhpmtkyfxkwfw,f? rxkwfcifwa,mufu vmajymw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u usaemfhtdrfuoefvsifrSmyg? oefvsifukd xrif;pm;=uGygvkd h Ekdif0if;aqGwkd hukd us aemfzdwfwmyg? vmr,fqkdjyD;rvmygbl;? 'geJ h&efukefrSm awG hzkd hcsdef;w,f? vlcsif;vSrf;jrifae&ygv#uf eJ h awG hqkHzkd hjiif;w,f?bmjzpfvkdh vJqkdawmh usaemfu 'Dpmtkyfrxkwfzkd h vkdufzsufaevkd hyg bJ? olwkd hu q&mwm&m/q&mAef;armfwifatmifpwJh olwkdh q&m&if;awGukd a0zef&_wfcs wkdufckdufzkd ha&; aea=umif;=um;vkd hzsufwmyg? 'Dq&mawG[m zdESdyftkyfpkd;wJh vlawGukd b,fwkef;urS ta&mr0ifcJhwJh

50


yk*~KdvfawGyg? 'DtcgrSm rqveJ h yl;aygif;ae=uwJh vuf0J/vuf,m pma&;q&m=uD; awGuvJukd,fq&m awGukd rqv jrKd h&kd;ay:uae av;oH/jrm;oHrpJ ypfcwfae=uwmyg? “q&mwm&m/q&mAef;armfwkd h[m tjrJtpOf jynfol hbufu &yf wnfcJh=uolawGbJ? olwkd h[m rwkdufaumif;/rckduf aumif; wJh “ewfae ukdif;”awG ygvkd h &Sif;jycJhygw,f?

“ewfaeukdif;”qkdwJh pum;ukdawmom; jzpfwJh usaemfu okH;aeus pum;rkdhokH;vkdufwmyg? usaemf wkd h tnmrSm aqmif;ukefcgeD;/ xef;jyifawmhrJhtcg xif; ckwf=uygw,f?xif;ckwf&if wyifvkH; uwkH; rwkH;bJ xdyfukdif;ukd csefxm;&ygw,f? tJ'gukd“ewfaeukdif;”csefw,fvkd h Zwfa=umif;em;vnf olwcsKd hukd&Sif;jy&ygw,f? r&bl;? aemufawmh “rif;wkdhubmawGukd b,favmufpGrf; aqmif cJh=u zl;vkd hvJ”vkd hawmif cyf&ifh&ifh ar;cGef;eJ h “csJ”ygw,f?r&bl;? 'gaa=umifh Ekdif0if;aqG&Jh “a&qefvrf;” pmtkyf xGufvmwJh tcg olwkd hEkdifiHa&;tpmra=uykHukd axmufjy ygw,f? r_dif;uAsm wpukd,ljyD; “EkdifiH qkdwm jArŠmhbkH/EGm;ckefwufovkd” vkyfvkd hr&bl;vkd h ajymjyD; “Ekdif0if;aqGa& awG hvm;/ a&S hrSmausmufaqmif”vkd h owday;vkdufygw,f? Ekdif0if;aqGvkd tEkynmtm; aumif; wJhvlwa,muf pmayavmurSm qkH;&_H;oGm;&wm 'Dae hxd ESar#mrqkH;ygbl;? 'gayrJh usaemfaemifwr&ygbl;? ukdewfEG,fa&m/ ukdxufjrufa&m 'Daeh usaemfjynfyrSm ta0;=uD;a&mufaewmawmif aum0efykÀm;vkd tem&Gwfprf;rdwkdif; wufacgufae=ujyD; olwkdh wHawG;r_efawG[m ypdzdwfork'N&mxJxd vGifhuswwfav&Jh? olwkd hu cH&ol ayukd;? 'gawGukd bma=umifhajymovJqkd&if q&m '*kefwm&mwkd h[m q&m=uD; ocifukd,fawmfr_dif; &Jh ajcawmf&if;u=uD;jyif;vmolawG/ ocifatmifqef;/ ocifA[def;wkd h&Jh &Jabmf=uD;awG/ b,fwkef;urStm%m& vlwef; pm;ukd OD;rnGwfcJh=uolawGtjzpf &kdaoav;pm; cspfcifvkdh ygbJ?'Dae@ESpfaygif; (30) avmuf =umvmwJhtcg usaemf rrSm;bl;vkd hyJ auseyfvsufomyg? (10) wlwmvJ&Sd rwlwmvJ&Sd

q&mwm&mukd usaemfwkd@u rsufpdrSdwf ukd;uG,fae=uwm r[kwfygbl;?q&mwm&muvJ ol hukdr=uKdufwJh bufuvJ a0zefprf;ygvkd h wzGzGajymwwfolyg? usaemfuol huAsmawGukdom txl; jyK a0zefavh&SdcJhygw,f? 'Dae h um&efrJh uAsm[m q&m'*kefwm&mpwifcJhwJh um&efrJh uAsmawGeJ h vkH;0 rwlygbl;? 'gayrJh um&efrvGwfvyfr_ukd tOD;qkH;ckefxGufvmol[m q&mwm&mygyJ? wuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~r*~Zif; pmtkyfrSm pwifa&;cJhwmyg?ausmfatmif/ jroef;/ =unfvif/ yckuULom;awG ESpfywfvnf r*~Zif;/ t,f'Dwmvkyf=uwJh(1949)avmufuxifygw,f? usaemhfpmwrf; wckxJrSmawmh ol@uAsmxJu “rsufjrifum&ef”qkdwmukd usaemfazmfjy a0zefzl;ygw,f? (wu,f awmh a&S;tqkdawGvJ vkyf=uwm&SdcJhzl;ygw,f?) Oyrm? yifv,f ‘0’ okd h/ avS ‘u’ av;eJhqkdygpkd h? ‘0’eJ h‘u’[m rsufjrift&um&efrdayrJh toHrjidygbl;? “rm,m”uAsm pmtkyfxGufawmh “rm,m&Jh rm,m”

51


pmwrf;ukd usaemf a&;ygw,f? q&mwm&m&Jh um&efcHppfawGukd avhvm wifjy wmyg?q&mwm&mu “cifAsm;vkyfwmrsKd;awGukd wuUodkvfuvkyf&r,fAs”vkd h ajymygw,f?

q&mwm&mu 'Dacwf[m uAsmukd toHxGufjyD; &GwfqkdwJhacwf r[kwfawmhbl;vkd h uAsmrSmtoHtwGuf um&efn‡dzkd h odyfrvkd awmhbl;vkd h qkdvkd[ef&Sdygw,f?usaemfu &k&Sm;pwJh t aemufEkdifiHawGrSm uAsm&GwfqkdyGJvkyf=uykH awGukd axmuf jyjyD; vlxkeJhuAsmq&m jyefaygif;xkyfa&;twGuf uAsm&Gwf yGJawG vkyf&r,f? uAsm[m toHaumif;&r,fvkd h wifjyzl; ygw,f? aemufwckuawmh pmaytajccH odyfr&SdvJ pma&;vkd h&ygw,f?ausmif;*EW0if pmjrnf;avmufeJ hvJ uAsm pyfEkdifygw,fqkdwJh “oabm”ukd ajymjyD;/q&mwm&mu “rkqkd;pkdifoif”qkdwJh aqmif;yg;ukd a&;ygw,f? usaemfuawmh pmaytajccHraumif;bJ pma&;&if tkd;eif;cGufeif; jzpfwwf w,f? t&ifvlawG bmvkyfxm;ovJ rodawmhudk,fu wyifwyef; tm;xkwfae&wwfw,f? q&m rif;ok0%f ajymovkd “pk-wk-jyK”tpOftwkdif; eufeuf&_dif;&_dif; vkyf&r,fvkd h ,lqygw,f? pmayrSm “twwfynmeJ htEk ynm” jy\emtxd a&mufoGm;cJhygw,f? usaemfu rkqdk;vkyfr,fh vl[mav;twwftajccHukd t&ifoif&OD; r,f? awmxJa&mufrS av;wifenf; oifaevkd hr&bl;? rkqkd;ukd“pkdif”u oifwm[m wu,ftrJvkdufrS “oif” wm? oifcef;pm ay;oGm;wm?av;ypfwmrSawmh av;n‡dK h enf;pwmawG/ av;r/ av;wif/ av;csdef pwmawGukdtrJvkdufz@kd awmxJukd r0ifcif (pkdifeJ hrawG hcif oifrSygvkd qifajcwufygw,f? 'Dawmholu jrefrmhpmoif&kd;xJrSm bmawGygovJvkd har;ygw,f? Akdvfae0if; trdef@eJ@ jrefrmpmoif&kd;awG uarmufur jzpfcJhykHawG ajymjyawmhrS oif&kd; tajccH rvkHavmufykHukdoabmaygufoGm;ygw,f? q&m wm&m&Jh tjrifu tekynm zefwD;csifpdwf&SdwJh vli,fawGvufwGef@oGm;rSm pkd;vkd hygyJ? 'gvJ ol htjrifeJ hol ukd,hf tjrifeJ hukd,frSefaewmygyJvkd h xifygw,f?

q&mrif;ok0%ftdr fr Sm q&mtjidr f ;pm;roGm;cif (1968)ckE Sp fxJr Sm“uAsm0yfa&Smh”0g“uAsm tvkyf pcef;” qkdwm vkyfzl;w,f? aemufawmh q&mhtdrf‘oajynKd’ qkdwmukd ta=umif;jyKjyD; oajy nKd uAsm tvkyfpcef; vkdh ac:wJhtcg ac:ygw,f?t'Duae “acwfay:tm&kH cH pm;ykH”“um&ef”“&pforf” qdkwmawG jy\em=uD; oGm;ygw,f? aemufykdif;rSm q&mwm&mu “armifpGrf;&nf”odkh tdwfzGifhay;pm qkdwma&;ygw,f?usaemhf oli,fcsif; =unf atmifeJ huawmh tara':trm arG;ae hoGm;&if; r,fZ,fyifwef;rSm wcg/ acwfay:uAsm ta=umif;ukd aqG;aEG;a&;om; jzpf=ujyefygw,f? tJ'gawGaygif;jyD; aemufawmh pmtkyf xkwfjzpfygw,f? (2000)jynfhESpfrSm “r,fZ,f&eH hoif;ysH h ar$;&D”qkdwJh emrnfeJ hxkwfygw,f? =unfatmifemrnf xJhcGifhr&ygbl;? usaemfuvJ a&S;a[mif;eJhacwfopf uAsmya'oawGukd wwfor# avhvma&;om;jyD; “uAsm&Jh rm,m”qkdwJhpmtkyfwtkyf xkwfzkd h toihfjyifxm;qJ jynfyxGufvmvkd h rxkwfEkdifawmhygyJ? tJ'D wkef;uawmh

52


q&mwm&mtjyif armifomEkd;/ jrZifpolwkd hvJ a&;ygw,f? (11) &efolr&Sd rdwfaqG&Sd

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armifpGrf;&nf



53


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'DpmtkyfxJu aqmif;yg;awG[m tJ'Dwkef;u em rnf}uD;wJh pma&;q&mawG/txl;ojzifh vuf0JE$,fwJh pma&;q&mawG&J@ vuf&mawGudk a0zefwdkufcdkufxm;wm jzpfygw,f? ta0zefcH&olawGxJrSm (uavmifemrnf&if; eJ@yJ a&;cGifhðyyg) '*kefwm&m/ Aef;armf

vGefcJhwJh tESpfoHk;q,fausmfurdk;}udKrkefwdkif;

&Jabmf zkd;oHacsmi f;

54


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55


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56


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57


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58


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59


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(&eH@opf / 2012 rwfvrS)

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wyfrawmfzcif}uD;ESif h jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;Adokum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u“AdkvfAxl;onf emrnfESifhvkdufatmif xl;rnfholjzpfonf? tu,fI olom qufvuftouf&Sifaeao;ygrl ol@twGuf a&SŒwufvrf;rsm;pGm&Sdonf[k uGsEkfyf,Hk=unfrdonf?olonftusifhoduQm&Sd.? Om%f&Sd.? owWd&Sd.? 0D&d,&Sd.? ol@udk aumif;pGmajrawmifajrSmufay;vSsifolonf jrefrmEdkifiHwGifomru urBmwv$m;wGifyg ausmf=um;Edkifaom ppfacgif;aqmif/ppfol&JjzpfEdkif.? olonf EdkifiHa&;bufwGif rsm;pGmtawGŒt}uHKr&Sdao; vifhupm; ol@wGifEdkifiHa&;oaE<^mOf&Sdonf[k uGsEkfyf,lqonf? tu,fI tcGifhta&;aumif;pGm&ygrlEdkifiHa&;wGifvnf; pGrf;pGrf; wrHjzpfvmEdkifonf[k uGsEkfyfxif.? TrSs tvm;tvm&SdaomAdkvfAxl;onf uGsEkfyfwdk@ESifhtwl r&Sdawmh+yD?

olonf urBmtES H @tjym;wGif ta&;ygt&mvnf;a&mufvkqJjzpfaomtvkyform;vlwef;pm;rS ay:xGufvmcJhonf? olonf oluJhodk@ tcGifhta&;r&Sdaomtvm;tvmr&Sdol trsm;tjym;ay:xGufapEdkifaom vGwfvyfa&;udk tvdk&SdcJhonf?&Sdonfhtwdkif; vnf; vkyfI pGef@cJhonf? 0hHcJhonf? odk@aomf olum; a&wdrfwGif epfcJh&onf?tu,fIom ol@tpGrf;owWdrsm;udk r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf aocsmpGmawGŒ }uHKygut*FvdyfppfwyfwGif ol&owWdtwGuf tjrifhqHk;0dwdk&d,ua&mhpf (Victoria Cross) ac:qkwHqdyfudk &rnfrSm rvGJ[k xifrdawmhonf?

zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;ol&Jaumif;/AdkvfrSL;}uD;Axl; (c&pf 1916 - 1945)

oef;0i f;v_di f

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trSwf (3) t*FvdyfwyfrrSL; Ad kvfcsKyf}uD;rpfqmrDajymjycsuft&qdkvSsifAdkvfAxl;.emrnfudk vef'efa* ZufwGif csD;usL;azmfjyrnf[kajymcJhonf?TrSspGef@pm;wkdufcdkufcJhaom AdkvfAxl;onf wkdufcdkuf&mwGif bmrSsrxdcdkufbJ iSufzsm;a&m *gESifhusqHk;&onfrSma&wdrfwGifepfjcif;omjzpfawmhonf” [lI ajymqdkcJhonf?

AdkvfrSL;}uD;Axl;udk 1916ckESpf (jrefrmouU&mZf 1278 ckESpf) Y xm;0,fc¶dkif/(,ckweoFm&Dwdkif;a'o}uD;) avmif;vHk+rdKŒe,f/ av;oGef;cH aus;&GmwGif tz &Gmol}uD; OD;bxGef;(jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; twGJ (7) pmrsufESm (334) wGifazmfjyxm;aom AdkvfrSL;}uD; Axl;twKywWdY4if;.zciftrnfudk OD;zdk;xGef;[k rSm;,Gif;pGmazmfjyxm;onf?) ESifh trd a':pdefjr&ifwdk@rSzGm;jrifonfh wwd, ajrmufom;jzpfonf? ol@txufwGif tpfudk zdk;pkESifh udkayg'ifwdk@&SdIatmufwGif nDr rcif=unfESifhrpdefydkwdk@ &Sdonf?

i,fpOfu av;oGef;cH&GmESifh v,fuGif;}uD;wpfuGif;jcm;onfh ppf+rJ&Gmbkef;}uD;ausmif;Y pwifynmqnf;yl;onf? jrefrmpmtajccHtenf;i,f&&Sdvm+yD;rS xm;0,f+rdKŒ&Sdqef;csD&yf aqGrsKd;tdrfYaeum tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif qufvuf+yD; t*Fvdyf-jrefrm(7) wef;txd ynmoif=um;cJhonf? tvkyfvkyfcsifpdwf ay:aygufvmI ausmif;rSxGufvkdufonf?

rdbESifhaqGrsKd;o*F[rsm;u ausmif;qufae&ef azsmif;zsaomfvnf; vufrcHcJh?[dENm;owWKwGif;od k @oGm;a&mufI tvkyf&SmazG&m rdbrsm;ESif hcifrif&if;ES D ;onfh[dENm;owWKwGif; tdkAmpD,mcsKyf OD;vGef;yif. tultnDjzifh tvkyf&cJhonf? xdktvkyfrSma&pkyfpuf}uD; udk qDxdk;&onfhtvkyfjzpf+yD; wpfae@vSsif wpfq,fhESpfyJ&onf? xdkrSwpfae@wpfusyfpm; pufarmif;orm;b0jzifh 1 ESpfcef@vkyf udkif+yD;aemuf ¶dk;om;ajzmifhrwfIvHk@v0D&d,&SdpGm }udK;pm;vkyfudkifcJhjcif;a=umifh rdkif;tdkAmpD,mb0odk@ wdk;jrSifhcef@tyfjcif;cHcJh&onf?

aygif;oif;qufqHr_aumif;jcif;/ acgif;aqmifr_aumif;jcif;wdk@a=umifh tvkyform;aygif;. cspfcif&if;ESD;jcif;udkcH&um tvkyform;pm=unfhwkdufrSL;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifvm&onf? udkAxl;onf e*g;eDtoif;0ifwpfOD;vnf; jzpfcJhonf?

rdbrsm;ESifh cifrif&if;ESD;pGJ&Sdonfh [dENm;rdkif;tdkAmpDcsKyf OD;vGef;yif/ a':pdefcs,[email protected]; rtkef;wif (AdkvfrSL;}uD;Axl;. ZeD;a':tkef; wif (78) ESpfonf xm;0,f+rdKŒ cHk0if;'yf&yf/ydawmufa&$0gvrf;aetdrfY (27-7-92) &ufae@wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?) ESifh wpfpwpfpcspfcifrdvmcJh=uonf? ESpfzufaomrdbrsm;uvnf; auseyfoabmwl=uojzifh xm;0,f+rdKŒcHk0if;'yf&yf/ OD;vGef;yif/ a':pdefcs,[email protected] xdrf;jrm;vufxyfay;cJhonf? om;}uD;armifaz0if; (AdkvfrSL;jrifhxl;-ppftpdk;&.nSOf;yrf;ESdyfpufr_a=umifhppf a=uma&;pcef;wGifaoqHk;cJh&ol)/ om;i,farmifpdef0if; (OD;pef;xl;/ 'k-tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd/ a&eH-uG,fvGef) ESifh

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orD; rcif0if; (a': rdrdav;) [lI om;orD;oHk;a,muf xGef;um;cJhonf?e,fcs J Œt&if;& Si fvufatmufY qif;& Jyi fye f ;p Gmvky fud ki fvm=uaom

ypPnf;rJhtvkyform;rsm;. 'kuQb0tawGŒt}uHKudk cHpm;rd aomtcg rcHr&yfEdkifojzifhZeD;.armif rdkif;tdkADpD,m udkpdefvif; (1958 ckESpf xm;0,fjrLeDpDy,fOuUX OD;pdefvif;) ESifhtwl[dENm; owWKwGif; tvkyform;tpnf;t¶kH;udk 1940 jynfhESpfwGif zGJŒpnf;wnfaxmifvkdufonf? tvkyform;b0epfemr_rsm;udk azmfxkwf +yD; tcGif hta&;wdk;wufcHpm;a&;wkdufyGJ0ifcJhonf? ,if;tcsdefY e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyfrsm; tm%mjyif;xefpOfjzpfI wdkufyGJatmifjrifr_r&onf htjyif tvkyform;rsm;rSm yd kr d kz dE S dy fr _ud kc H =u&onf? ud kAxl;E Si f htwla,muQrOD;vGef;yifESifh a,mufzudkpdefvif;wdk@ tvkyf jzKwfcHvkduf&onf? odk@aomf 1942ckeSpf/ e,fcsJŒawmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJtwGuf tvkyform;rsm;. ESvHk;om;wGif wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfrsm; pwifoaE<wnfaponfhtjrwfudkum; &&Sdvdkufayonf?

xdk@aemuf OD;vGef;yif/ udkpdefvif;wdk@ESifhtwl zGwfvufwdk¶Gm/ "vdacsmif;¶GmESifhazmif;awm&Gmrsm;wGif opfukefonftvkyfudk vkyf udkif&if; owWKwGif;e,fajra'oYe,fcsJŒqef@usifr_pnf;¶kH;a&;udk aqmif&Gvsuf&Sdonf?

1942 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif AdkvfrSL;}uD;vufsmOD;pD;aom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfonf *syefwyfrsm;ESifhtwl ,dk;',m; (xdkif;)rS jzwfI xm;0,f+rdKŒe,f arwWm&Gmudkazmuf+yD; jrefrmjynftwGif;odk@ pwif0ifa&mufvmonf?

xdktcsdefwGif udkAxl;wdk@onf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk awmifoHk;vHk;&GmrSqD;}udK=uI OD;vGef;yif taxGaxGwm0efcHtjzpf owWKwGif;e,fajra'oY wyfom;/ &duQm/vufeufpkaqmif;a&;wm0efudk Adkvf m%ESifh wGJzufwm0ef,laqmif&Gufonf? udkpdefvif;u,dk;',m;jynf bGefwD;pcef;od k@ vufeufrsm;o,f,lyd k@aqmif&ef wm0efcHtjzpfoGm;a&mufaqmif&Guf&onf? udkA xl;onf rdrd.cspfpGmaom owWKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;ESifhtwl AdkvfAvwyfwGif 0ifa&mufvdkuf.?

xm;0,f+rdKŒudk bDtdkifatwyfu vHk;0odrf;ydkufvkduf+yD;aemuf a&SŒodk@ ppfa=umif;csD&mwGif udkAxl;onf wyfom; (15) a,mufudk tkyfcsKyf&aom omrefwyf=uyfuav;&mxl;jzifh wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&onf?

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;Y t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒwdk@xGufcGmoGm;+yD;aemuf 1942ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv(26) &ufae@wGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (bD/tk di f /at) udkzsufodrf;umArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf (bD/ 'D/ at) udk zGJŒpnf;vkdufonf? topfzGJŒpnf;aomArmhumuG,f a&;wyfrawmfwGif Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; Ad kvfrSL;}uD;&mxl;jzif haoemywdcef@tyfI AdkvfrSL;atmif/ AdkvfrSL;&efEdkif/ AdkvfrSL;aZ,swdk@ tm; wyf&if;rsm;udkOD;pD;ap+yD;vSsif wyf&if; (3) &if; zGJŒcJhonf? xdktcgwGif AdkvfAxl;onf AdkvfrSL;&efEdkifOD;pD;onfh

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ysOf;rem;+rdKŒ&Sd ajcvsifwyf&if; trSw f(2) wyfcGJ (3) wGif Adkvf}uD;&mxl;jzifh wyfcGJrSL;tjzpfwm0efay;cef@tyfjcif;cH&avonf?

ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfudk wjznf;jznf; wdk;csJŒzGJŒpnf;cJh&m pufr_vufr_wyf&if;trSwf (1) udk ysOf;rem;+rdKŒwGifzGJŒcJhonf? Adkvf Axl;udk xdkwyfwGif ajymif;a&$Œxrf;aqmifapI1943 ckeSpf ESpfOD;ydkif;avmufwGif xdkwyfrSmyif wyf&if;rSL;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfumAdkvfrSL;tqifhtwef;odk@ wdk;wufcef@xm;cH&onf?

uome,f/ tif;awmfe,fw0dkufY +AdwdoSsavxD;wyfom;rsm; v_yf¶Sm;vmaomtcg/ tifzm;odk@ csDwuf&ef vrf;yef;tquftoG,frsm; vdktyfaomtcsdefwGif AdkvfrSL;Axl;.pufr_vufr_ wyf&if;trSwf (1) onfvrf;yef;azmufvkyf&efvnf;aumif;/ avxD;wyfrsm;ESifh&ifqdkif&efvnf;aumif; ajrmufydkif;ppfajrodk@ xGufvm&onf? tae txdkiftpm;taomufqif;&Jjcif;/ aq;0g;&duQmnHhzsif;jcif;a=umifh &Jabmfrsm; emrusef;jzpfum 'kuQtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh&ifqd kif =u&onf? Ad kvfrSL;Axl;udk,fwdkifvnf; iSufzsm;a&m*gpG JuyfcJ h&avonf?qufoG,fa&;r&&Sdr_wdk@a=umifh 1943 ckeSpf =o*kwfv (1) &ufae@wGif *syefu jrefrmEdkifiHtm;ta,mifaqmifvGwfvyfa&;ay;vkdufonfudkyif AdkvfrSL;Axl;wdk@rodvkduf[k qdkonf?

1944 ckESpf arvwGif Armhwyfrawmf (*syefay;aom vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemufArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfudk ajymif;xm;aom trnf) udk ppfwdkif;rsm;cGJjcm;owfrSwfumAdkvfrSL;Axl;udk wkdif;rSL;tjzpfcef@tyf+yD;vSsif rEWav;odk@ ajymif;a&$ŒapcJhonf? rEWav;wkdif;ppfe,fonf awmifilbufwGif ysOf;rem;txd ajrmufbufwGif wrl;/ uav;0e,ftxdus,fonf? wdkif;twGif;wGif ajcvsifwyf &if; trSwf (1)/ (3)/ (4) ESifh (5)/ pufr_vufr_wyf&if; (1)/ tajrmufwyfESif h pufaoewf}uD;wyfrsm;&S donf? Ad kvfrSL;Axl;onfrEWav;wdkif;rSL;tjzpf tqufjywfaeaom wyf&if;rsm;qDodk@ &duQm/ aq;0g;rsm; ydk@ay;.?

wpfae@aomf tr&yl&+rdKŒ vlxktpnf;ta0;wpfcktwGuf zdwf=um;jcif;cH&ojzifhtazmft&m&Sd ESpfa,mufESifhtwl um;wpfpD;jzifh xGufoGm;=u.? tpnf;ta0;udpP+yD;I n(9) em&DcGJcef@wGif jyefvmcJh.? 4if;[email protected];aemufrS *syefppft&m&Sd um;wpfpD;onfarmif;ESifI vm.? um;onf a&SŒudkausmfwuf&ef um;[Gef;udk tqufrjywfwD;I vm.?AdkvfrSL;Axl;u um;armif;onfh&Jabmftm; a¶Smifay;vkduf&efajym.? odk@aomfvrf;rSmvrf;usOf;jzpfI rwufEdkifonfudk um;ay:&Sd*syeft&m&Sdu *syefpum;jzifh qJa&;wdkif; xGm.?od k @E Si f h qufvufarmif;vm&m vrf;us,fod k @a&mufonfESi f h *syefum;onfa&SŒodk@ausmfrwufbJ 4if;wdk@um;a&SŒrS &yf vkdufjcif;jzifh um;ESpfpif;vHk;&yfoGm;ap.?AdkvfrSL;Axl;onf um;ay:rSqif;vkduf.? um;ay:rS *syeft&m&Sdonfvnf; a'goESifhpwifpum;ajym&mrS *syeft&m&Sdonf rdrd"m;udkqGJcGswfrnftjyKwGif AdkvfrSL;Axl;onfrdrd"m;udk tjrefqGJxkwfI *syef.OD;acgif; wnfhwnfhodk@ ckwfvkdufavonf?

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xdkodk@ "m;csif;,SOf+ydKifa&;ESifhywfoufI tjcm;olwpfOD;wpfa,mufomqkdyguwyfrawmft&m&Sd}uD;rsm; tvkyf¶_yfp&m? ,ckrlum; *syefwdk@av;pm;aom AdkvfrSL;Axl;jzpfaejcif;/ AdkvfrSL;Axl;tultnDudkvnf; *syefwdk@rsm;pGmtvdk&Sdaejcif;/ AdkvfrSL;Axl;onfvrf;r usvSsif rnfonfhtcgrSs rcHa=umif;udk ,cifajrmufydkif; ppfajrjyifrS tjzpftysufud kvnf; *syefwd k@od&S daejcif;/ Ad kvfrSL;Axl;ud k,fwk di f rw&m;onfud krvkyf[lI*syefwd k@em;vnfjcif;/ ,ckudpPrSm rdrdwd k @*syeft&m&S duyifvSsif rl;,pf&rf;um;qJa&;wkdif;xGmjcif; ponf wdk@a=umifh AdkvfrSL;Axl;rSm rnfonfhta&;tjypfay;jcif;rSrcH&bJtr_+yD;jywfcJhavonf?

AdkvfrSL;Axl;onf trnfESifhvkdufatmif xl;jcm;onf? wae@aomf ArmjynfwpfjynfvHk; zufqpf*syefwdk@. &ufpufr_/ rrSswr_/ t oem;tnSmwmuif;rJhr_a=umifh pm;aomufaexdkifr_usyfwnf;um ukefaps;E_ef;jrifhrm;ojzifh ‘igwnfwJhbk&m; vif;wyifem;em;’[lbdouJhodk@ rsufpdudkpHkrSdwfI cwfrqdwfaecJhaom ¶kyfao;r[m Armtpdk;&onftydk&Sm;yg;p&dwfxkwfay;&ef pDrH&awmh.?

xdkpOftcgu AdkvfrSL;Axl;onf tydkp&dwf*syefaiGpuULawmfawmfrsm;rsm;&avonf? rdrd¶kH;rS aiGpm&if;t&m&Sdu aiGpuULtxkyf}uD; udk pm;yGJwGifwifxm;onfudkpl;pdkuf=unfhae.?

“wcsKdŒawmhvJ om;r,m;qD jyefydk@=uwmyJ? igvJtdrfudk wpfacgufrSrjyefrdbl;?‘^mwumeOPo*Fa[m’ aqGrsKd;wdk@tm; axmufyHh&rnf vdk@ bk&m;a[ma'oemeJ@tnDom;r,m;qD aiGa=u;awmhaxmufyHhoifhwmyJ? 'gayr,fh ig,cktvkyfvkyfaewm[mr*Fvmw&m;awmfESifh tnD om;auGs;r_/ r,m;auGs;r_/ aqGrsKd;rsm; axmufyHhr_twGufr[kwfbl;? igppfxJ0ifwm wdkif;jynftwGufyJ? olwdk@udk axmufyHhcsifvdk@ r[kwfbl;? olwdk@udk[dkpOfuaxmufyHhcJh+yD? auGs;arG;jyKpkcJh+yD? tck ightzdk@ 'DaiGawGudk igeJ@ qif;&Jazmfqif;&JbuftvkyfvkyfzufjzpfwJh igh&JŒ&JabmfawGudkom axmufyHhoifhw,f” [kqHk;jzwfum ppfajrjyifYtrsKd;rsKd;yifyef;cJhonfh&Jabmfrsm; t yef;ajyap&ef yGJvrf;obifjyKvkyfaysmf&$ifa&;twGuftoHk;cscJhavonf? AdkvfrSL;Axl;u tpOfojzifh &Jabmfrsm;tm; owd&tm;udk; ovdk&Jabmfwdk@uvnf; AdkvfrSL;Axl;tm; av;pm;,Hk=unftm;xm;cJhayonf?

vlrsKd;taejzifh *syefvlrsKd;rsm;rSm cspfcifzG,f&maumif;vSonf? odk@&mwGifolwdk@usifhoHk;aomzufqpf0g'rSmrl tvGefqdk;&Gm;vSonf? aemufqHk; zufqpf'%fudkrcHEdkifawmhojzifh AdkvfcsKyftrSL;&Sdaom wyfrawmft&m&Sdrsm;/ ArmEdkifiH&Sd zufqpfudkawmfvSefvdkaom tpnf;t¶kH;rsm;/ toif;tyif;rsm;. tpnf;ta0;qHk;jzwfcsuft& *syefudkawmfvSef&efa&G;cs,fjcif; e,fcGJjcm;owfrSwfcef@xm; &mwGif wdkif;rSL;AdkvfrSL;Axl;rSmrlvrdrdpDpOfxm;&Sd+yD;jzpfaom txufjrefrmjynfwkdif;udkyif wm0efcHacgif;aqmiftjzpf

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a¶G;cs,fap v$wfjcif; cH&avonf? AdkvfrSL;Axl;onf txufjrefrmjynfwdkif;rSL;tjzpfvufa&G;pOf&Jabmfrsm;udk acgif;aqmifum ajymif;a&$Œ oGm;avonf?

1945 ckESpf / Zefe0g&DvtwGif;wGif *syefud kawmfvSef&ef &efukef +rd K Œ YvSsdKŒ0SufpGmusif;yaomaqG;aEG;yGJodk@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;pD; onfh awmfvSefa&;aumfrwDtzGJŒ0ifwdk@ESifhtwl AdkvfrSL;Axl; wufa&mufcJhonf?

1945 ck ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif r[mrdwfwyfwdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufydkif;odk@0ifa&mufumrEWav;+rdKŒodk@ OD;wnfcsDwuf=uonf? AdkvfrSL;Axl;onf EdkifiHpnf;¶kH;a&;/ ppfa&;tcGifhomr_wdk@udk a&SŒ¶_I rdrdvufatmuf&Sd ppfudkif;/ rEWav;/ oDaygrSwyfrsm;jzifh 1945 ck/ rwfv (8)&ufae@ *syeftm; pwifawmfvSefwdkufcdkufonf? xdktcsdefwGif atmufjrefrmEdkifiH&SdArmhwyfrawmfonf *syefudkawmfvSef&ef tao;pdwfpDpOfcsufrsm; r+yD;jywfao;? TwGifAdkvfrSL;Axl;onf ol.wyfrsm; *syefwdk@tm;awmfvSefjcif;a=umifh usefwyfrsm; 'kuQawGŒrnfudkod&S dojzif h *syefud k awmfvSefwd kufcd kufa&;twGuf a=unmcsufwGifAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tquftoG,fjzwfum rdrd.wyfudk ArmhawmfvSefa&;wyfrawmftrnfjzifh zufqpfqef@usifa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJŒ }uD;ESifh yl;wGJaqmif&GufvsufAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk &efoltjzpf a=unmvsuf&Sda=umif; y&d,m,fjzifh azmfjya=unmxm;avonf? AdkvfrSL;Axl; xkwfjyefcJhonfha=unmcsufrSm ....

“&Jabmfwdk@.... igwdk@wpfawGonf igwdk@wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;[email protected] yrmrxm;bJ wyfrawmfom;yDyD wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJh=ua=umif; trsm;od=uonf? zufqpf*syefawGonf igwdk@vlrsKd;rsm;tm; trsKd;rsKd;nSOf;qJowfjzwf+yD;igwd k @ud kvGwfvyfa&;ray;bJ uG se foabmufb0od k @ y d k @ aqmifc J h =ua=umif;/barmfESifhatmifqef;trSL;jyKonfh ¶kyfao;tpdk;&&JŒppfwyfonf *syefawG&JŒnSOf;yef; ESdyfpufr_udk umuG,fay; Edkifvdrfhrnf[k igwdk@,Hk=unftm;xm;cJh=uaomfvnf; ,cktxd olwdk@onfrnfonfhumuG,fr_udkrSs jyKvkyfray;EdkifcJhojzifh igwdk@ onf Ttwdkif; acgif;iHkŒ I cHraeEdkifawmhay?

xdk@a=umifh 1945 ckESpf rwfv 8 &ufae@rSpI ighvufatmuf&Sd ppfudkif;/ rEWav;/oDayg paome,frsm;&Sd wyfrsm;onf zuf qpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;ESif hyl;aygif;vsuf zufqpf*syefwdk@tm; pwifwdkufcd kuf+yDjzpfa=umif;a=unmvdkufonf?

&[email protected]*syefvl¶dkif;rsm;tm; awGŒ&mocsKdif; "m;rqdkif;bJ okwfoif=uavmh?

AdkvfrSL;Axl; jrefrmhawmfvSefa&;wyfrawmf

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txufjrefrmjynfodk@&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif hum; em;vnfr_ &&Sd+yD;jzpfonf? xdkodk@

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txufjrefrmjynfwdkif;wGif; AdkvfrSL;Axl;pwifawmf vSefcJhaom rwfv 8 &ufae@rS15 &ufae@txd wkdufyGJaygif; 37 yGJ wkdufcJh&onf? wdkuf&aom &efoltiftm;rSm 8100cef@ &Sdonf? &efol@bufrS tustqHk;rSm 428 a,muf ('kAdkvfrSL;}uD;wOD;tygt0if) 31a,muf '%f&m&cJhonf? ppfoHk@yef; 12 a,muf zrf;qD; rdcJhonf? AdkvfrSL;Axl;.xl;cGsefpGmaqmif&Gufr_a=umifh 1945 ckESpf/ arv (1) &ufae@yg jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf) trdef@jzif h Ad kvfrSL;Axl;udk Ad kvfrSL;tqifhrS Ad kvfrSL;}uD;tqifhodk@ESpfqifhwdk;wufay;vkdufavonf? xdktrdef@udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwkdif vufrSwfa&;xdk;I rEWav;wdkif;wyfrSL; AdkvfrSL;Axl;tm; ol&owWd&Sdjcif;/ xl;jcm;pGm acgif;aqmifEdkifjcif;wdk@twGuf AdkvfrSL;tqifhtwef;rS AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifhtwef;odk@ ESpfqifhwdk;ay;vdkufonf[kazmfjyxm;onf?

rEWav;+rdKŒudk r[mrdwfwdk@ jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf AdkvfrSL;}uD;Axl;onfausmufqnfrSwpfqifh &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; atmifyef; +rdKŒodk@ csDwufcJhonf? xdktcsdefurdk;Owkvnf;jzpfI &moDOwkrSm =urf;wrf;vSojzifh c&D;yrf;vlyrf;jzpfcJh&aom AdkvfrSL;}uD;Axl;ESifhwuG &Jabmfwdk@onf usef;rma&;csdKŒwJhI zsm;em=u.? AdkvfrSL;}uD;Axl;onfvnf; tif;awmf/uav;0ppfa=umif;Y wkdufyGJ0if&if; pGJuyfaom iSufzsm;a&m*gjyefay:vmawmhonf?iSufzsm;a&m*gudk &SdorSsaq;0g;wdk@jzifh tpGrf;ukefukpm;ygaomfvnf; emvefrxl awmhbJ1945 ckESpf/ ZGefv (2) &uf n (8) em&D (10) rdepftcsdefwGif &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; atmifyef;+rdKŒe,f/ jrif;=um;'dk;&GmteD; w,fvl;pcef;Y (29) ESpft&G,fwGif uG,fvGeftedpPa&mufoGm;&Smavawmhonf?

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awmif}udKtkH=um; ppfrsufESmwdk@Yom tcsdefukefcJh&aom AdkvfrSL;}uD;Axl;onfuG,fvGefcsdeftxd ol@tm; AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifhodk@ wdk; jrSifh*k%fjyKaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.trdef@pmudk rzwfvkduf&acs? AdkvfrSL;}uD;Axl;um; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGif; 0ifa&mufonfhae@rSpI ZeD;ESifhom;orD;rsm;xHodk@ wpfcgwpfacguf oGm;a&muf=unfh¶_&ef tcsdefr&avmufatmif wkdif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;twGuf wm0efrsm;udk }udK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhaom tmZmenfyk*~dKvf}uD;wpfOD;om jzpfavonf? AdkvfrSL;}uD;Axl;.yHko¾mefrSm t&yf&Snf&Snf/ ar;cGsefcGsef/rsufvHk;jyL;jyL;/ rsufuGif;csKdifhcsKdifh/ E_wfcrf;ar$;rwdkr&Snf qHyifpkwfzGm;zGm;[l.?

atmifyef;+rdKŒ (uavmESifh 5 rdkifuGma0;onf) wGif AdkvfrSL;}uD;Axl;ESifh &Jabmfrsm;twGuf ausmufwkdifwpfck pdkufxlxm;onf? tqdkygausmufwdkifwGif “jrefrmEdkifiHawmf&Srf;jynfawmifydkif; zufqpf*syefawmfvSefwdkufcdkufa&;wGif OD;pD;cJhI 1307 ckESpf/ e,kefvqkwf (8) &ufae@ n (8) em&D (10) rdepftcsdef w,fvl;pcef;wGifusqHk;&SmaomAdkvfrSL;}uD;ume,fAxl;ESifh &JabmfESpfq,fh ajcmufa,muf” [k urnf;xdk;xm;.? AdkvfrSL;}uD;Axl;tm;*k%fjyKcsD;usL;aomtaejzifh wyfrawmfrSvnf; ‘Axl;wyf+rdKŒ’ [laom trnfjzifhwyfpcef;+rdKŒwpfckudk &yfapmuf (avmufaqmuf) +rdKŒajrmufbuf wpfrdkifcef@tuGmwGif 1953ckESpfY wnfxm;avonf?

[email protected]*syefwdk@udk yxrOD;qHk;wdkufcdkufcJhaom AdkvfrSL;}uD;Axl;.trnfonf xm0pOfxGef;vif;awmufajymifaernfrSm rvGJ{uefyifwnf;?

pmudk;(1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;/ twGJ(7)/ pm-334/ 337?(2) ody`Hpdk;&if/ ArmhawmfvSefa&;tmZmenf AdkvfrSL;}uD;Axl;/ &efukef/ ,Hk=unfcsufpmay/ y}udrf 1969?(3) wifwif0if; ‘Armhom;aumif; AdkvfrSL;Axl;’ aiGwm&Dr*~Zif; trSwf 57 (1969/ rwfv) pm 15-19?(4) AkdvfrSL;Axl;. ay;pmrsm; jr0wDr*~Zif; (1970/ rwf)

(rdk;rcrD'D,mrS)

oef;0i f;v_di f{+yD 19/ 2012

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tJ'Dwkef;u oleJ@twl vlxkwdkufudk vmavh&Sdolu ausmufqnfuyJjzpfwJh

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tqifajyoGm;wmyg? olwdk@&JŒ jynfvHk;Edkifausmif;[m rqvtpdk;&&JŒ “jynfolydkif”odrf;jcif;udk cHvdkuf&ayrJh ausmufqnf+rdKŒ&JŒ ordkif;rSm csefxm;vdk@r&wJh udk,fydkifausmif;wausmif; jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? oleJ@twl c&D;=urf;avSsmufcJholawGxJrSm orwjzpfoljzpf/0ef}uD;jzpfolujzpf/ txl;t&m&Sd jzpfolujzpf/ aumif;pm;olawG &SdayrJh olu ol@aea&;xdkifa&;twGuf wcgrS tultnD rawmif;cJhygbl;? ol@&ifxJu zdESdyfwJh tpdk;&awGtay:emusnf;csufudk bmeJ@rS vJrypfcJhygbl? 'DvdkeJ@ ol@om; udkpdk;odef;udk usaemfeJ@ wESpfxJ rEœav;wuUodkvfudk ydk@EdkifcJhygw,f? aemufrSm usaemhf ESr rwif0if;atmuf enf;enf;i,fwJhol@orD;cifapm0if;udkvnf; wuUodkvf ydk@EdkifcJhygw,f?

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usaemf axmifuxGufvmwJhtcgrSm ol[m ausmufqnfuae wul;wuvmawG@ygw,f? rsuf&nfawGeJ@ usaemfhudk jyHK;jyHK;}uD;=unhf&if; “ighaumif}uD;” qdk+yD; usaemhf&JŒaxmifwGif;&yfwnfcsufrsm;udk csD;usL;ygw,f? 'Dvdk eJ@ usaemf vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;xJa&mufaewkef; &Spfav;vHk; ta&;tcif;}uD; ay:xGufvmawmh touf 70 &Sd+yDjzpfwJhta':a': jr&Dwa,muf qENjyyGJawGxJrSm a=uG;a=umfoHawGudk xufxufoefoefwdkifaejyef+yDvdk@ =um;&ygw,f?

wu,fawmh ol[m uG,fvGefwJhtxd jynfol@bufu &yfwnfcJhol jzpfygw,f?'gxufru ol@rdcifygwD tay: vnf; opPmrysufcJhol jzpfygw,f? ta': a': jr&D &JŒpdwf"mwfeJ@ vkyf[efawG[m Armjynfom;awG/ trsKd; orD; awGtwGuf wHcGefozG,f xm0&wvlvlvGihfysHaerSm jzpfygw,f?

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zdk;oH(vlxk)

77


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1900 rS 2010 txdpdwfydkif;qdkif&m ynm&yfESifhtwl

uJGaeaom ordkif;EdkifiHa&; oHk;oyfcsuf

atmi fxGef;

78


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79


odk@aomf jrefrmwdk@uvnf; 1906 bmoma&; tzGJ@ESifhtwl bmoma&;y&0k%ftwGif;Y aemufxyfpdwf"gwfupm;r_wckudk zefwD;Edkifjcif;rSm omref trsdK;bmomomoem[k ac:qdkEdkifaomfvnf; twGif;pdwfrS jzpfay:vmaom tZ …swWt&Sdeft[kefwck.awmufyr_ jzpfonf? xdkpdwftajctaet&uyif jAdwdo#. pHtdrfawmfudk vljzifhpwifwdkufvdkufjcif;jzpfayonf?

xdkvlwdk@. jcpf&monf toGm;pl;pl;jzpfa=umif; pdwftompD;&xm;aom jAdwdo#wdk@odem;vnfojzif h olwdk@. pdwftay:pD; xyfrH&atmif jrL SqG,fr_ topfwdk@ jzif hxyfrHjzm;a,mif; vmayonf/ xdktcsdeftcgu jAdwdo#wdk@onf pdwfudk yHkoGif;apjcif;jzifhpdwftvsif zGJ@enf;jzifh yHkzsufaeaom jrefrmvlrsdK;wdk@. pdwfudk tom;us yHkrSef&moDpuf0ef;jzpfap&ef pdwfynmt&vnf;aumif;/ ppfvufeuf/ aiGt&vnf;aumif; vkyfaqmifcJhayonf//

wbufu jyef=unfhv#if jrefrmwdk@onf bmoma&;. jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifaomvrf;a=umif;twGif;odk@ tjrJvdkvdk a&muf&Sdwwfa=umif;udk jAdwdo#wdk@em;vnfvmaomtcgjrefrmEdkifiHudk 1906 rS 1948txd xyfrHtkyfcsKyfcGifh &&ef enf;vrf;rsm;awG@&SdcJhjcif;jzpfayonf//

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jrefrmESifh t*Fvdyfwdk@. pdwf"gwfppfqifa&; tm;jydKifr_ yGJwGif jrefrmwdk@. e*dk

80


twGif;pdwf. tukefjrifhwufvmaeovdk jAdwdo#wdk@. vrf;a=umif;rS oif,lEdkifaomrod&Sdw&m; wdk@jzifh pdwftm;jrSifhwufvm&m jrefrmwdk@. pdwfESifh qufpyfaeaom vlr_w&m;/,Ofaus;r_w&m;rsm; jrifhrm;vm=uayonf// e,fcsJ@udk txif}uD;pdwfrSwqifh twk,lvdkpdwf/xdk@aemuf e,fcsJ@udk z,fxkwfI jrefrmvGwfvyfa&; jyef&vdkaom jrifhrm;pdwfrsm;jzpfay:vmayonf?

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81


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&Sdcdk;jy\emjzifh tufuGJoGm;aom tajccHtkwfjrpfudk jyefvnfzmax;cJhjyD;aemufzdeyfjy\em// jrefrmwdk@. xdkvGwfajrmufa&; pdwf"gwf. tkwfjrpftom;uscJhayonf?

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82


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92


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rvdkvm;tyfaom ajz&Si f;r_rsm;ESi fhtwl rvdkvm;tyfaom tajz&&SdEdki frSef;odvsufESi fhyi f(1990)a&G;aumufyGJ0ifjzi f;/ 1993 trsdK;om;nDvmcHusi f;yjci f;jzi fh

xyfrH(2)zufpvHk;rS &H_;edrfhcJh&jyefonf?

93


tzrf;tqD; 1978

vlxk a':trm

OD;vSud k axmifajymif; ac:oGm;awmh usru axmif0ifpm &efuke fvdkufrawG@Edkifbl;aygh? usrrSm uav; (5) a,mufeJ@ owif;pmu &ufrysuf xGufEdkifatmifvkyfae&ao;w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u tck om;ti,fqHk;aumif +idrf;csrf; (nDykav;) u Edk@pdk@&Sdao;wmuvm;? pum;pyfrdvdk@ ajym&OD;r,f? OD;vS (3) ESpfausmf &efukefaxmifxJrSmtcsKyftaESmif cHae&+yD; axmifu vGwfvmawmh usru uav;awG ac:+yD; av,mOfuGif;oGm;}udKw,f? OD;vS u ol@zrf;oGm;wkef;u (2) ESpfom; &Sdao;wJh ti,fqHk;aumif (5) ESpf(6) ESpfom;udk aumufcsDawmh 'Daumifu ol@tazudk rrSwfrdvdk@ tdk@wdk@tef;wef;eJ@=unhfaew,f?

'ga=umihf usru 'Daumif 1990 jynhfESpfu axmif (10)ESpf tcscH&awm ol@udkajymif;csKyfxm;wJh o&ufaxmif udk ola&mufawmh ol@uav; (3) a,mufpvHk;ac:ac:oGm;+yD; oHk;v wcg/ ESpfv wcg oGm;awG@cJhw,f? oGm;& wmu rdkif (350) avmufum;c&D;/ ol@orD; ESpfa,mufpvHk;u um;awmufwwfvdk@ atmifvHrSm wntdyf+yD;rStrl;ajy=uw,f? u&dux rsm;vdkufyHkrsm; rajymygeJ@awmh? 'gayrJh taz xGufvm&iftazuvnf; rrSwfrd/ u av;awGuvnf; rrSwfrdeJ@/ olwdk@ taz jzpfwkef;u jzpfwmrsdK;jzpfrSmpdk;vdk@ tm;vHk; ac:oGm;wmyJ? atmifvHu yxp trwfa[mif; OD;oef;jrihfwdk@ wdkufrSmwntdyf+yD; eHeufvif; o&ufudk armfawmfeJ@ ul;awmhrS uav;ESpf a,mufutrl;ajy=uw,f?

94


uav;awGu olwdk@ tazudk rrSwfrdbl; qdkwJh &ifxkrem tjzpfrsdK; =uHK&rSmpdk;vdk@'kuQcH+yD; ac:ac:oGm;wmav?

yOPrt}udrfuawmh OD;vStzdk@ r=umvdkufygbl;/ awmfygao;w,f/ vluaeraumif;bJeJ@ ac:oGm;wmrdk@? wae@rSm OD;vS olodyfaeraumif;bl;? vluvnf;rl;aemufaemufaemufeJ@ aew,fvdk@ ajymvdk@ orD; q&m0efudk tac: v$wf+yD; eihftazprf;oyf=unhfprf;/ aeraumif;bl; ajymw,fvdk@ ajymawmh orD;u tpHk prf;oyfygw,f? +yD;awmh taz qD;csKdxaevdk@ jzpfwm/ tazhudk tifqlvif xdk;ay;rS jzpfawmhr,fvdk@ ajymygw,f?OD;vSrSm qD;csdKa&m *g &Sdygw,f? 'gayrJh tpm;udk *¶kpdkufpm;+yD; aq;rSefrSefaomufwmeJ@yJol@orD;u qD;csdKudk xdef;xm;ay;ygw,f? tifqlvif ae@wdkif; xdk;ay;&avmufatmifqdk;rvmygbl;?

tJ'Dae@u ol@orD;u wvavmuf tifqlvif ae@ wdkif; xdk;ay;OD;r,fvdk@ajymawmh tifqlvif xdk;&r,f qdkwmu qD;csdKorm; tzdk@ aemufqHk;tqihf/ ae@wdkif; wae@ (2) }udrf xdk;&rSm/ usru pdwfqif;&Jvdkufwm? tJ'Dvdk orD;u ajym+yD; jyefoGm;vdk@rSr=umao;bl;/ tdrfa&SŒrSm {nhfonfa&mufw,f ajymvdk@ xGufawG@awmh ol&,f/ usr&,f/om;bdkndK&,f vdkufcJhygOD; qdk+yD; vmzrf;jyefvdk@ om;trd om;tzoHk;a,mufpvHk;vdkufoGm;=u&wmyg?

tJ'Dae@u 1978 pufwifbm (22) &ufae@yg?tdrfrSm rsufpdoli,f em;oli,feJ@ usef&pf&SmwJh orD;ysK d rwif0if;av;

twGufvnf; t+rJowd&+yD; pdwfqif;&Jrd w,f? Edk@ayr,hf b,folusefusef rusefusef olwdk@vmac:&if vdkuf&wmyJ r[kwfvm;? ac:oGm;+yD; usrwdk@udk rEœav; tusOf;axmif}uD;xJxnhfxm;wmyg? olwdk@ om;tzu wGJzufaxmifrSmwJh? usru trsdK;orD; wGJzufaxmifrSmyg? udk,ftzrf;cHae&wmxuf OD;vStwGuf usrrSm ylvdkuf&wm? olaeraumif;vdk@aq;ae@wdkif;xdk; uk&r,hfqJqJudk odaeawmh udk,hftwGufxuf ol@twGuf ylwmaygh?

usrrSm OD;vS aewdkif; tifqlvif xdk;&r,fvdk@ orD;ajymjywJh toHcsnf; =um;ae+yD;olwdk@u OD;vSudk tifqlvif vnf; ae@wdkif; xdk;ay;rSm r[kwfbl; qdk+yD; pdwfqif;&J&wmae@wdkif;yg? OD;vSu (28) &ufeJ@ tdrfjyefa&mufoGm;yg owJh? om;u (7) vausmfeJ@tdrfjyefa&mufygw,f? usr 'Dvdk usefcJhwmudk OD;vSu “a':trmu usaemf oGm;&m qdk&ifae&mwum vdkufcsifwwfw,f? [dkxJ oGm;wmudkawmifrS rjzpfrae vdkufvmcJhao;w,f?ck usaemf jyef xGufvmawmh ol rvdkufEdkifcJ hjyefbl;” vdk@ rdwfqGawGeJ@ awG@&if[mopum;av;eJ@ ajymwwfowJh?

usruawmh [dkxJ usr usef&pfcJhwkef;u 4-5-6 vavmufaeawmh 0g'gruav;wa,mufu “rae@u &uf tm;&vdk@ usr +rdKŒxJxGufawmh OD;av;vSudk awG@cJhw,f” vdk@

95


usrudk wdk;wdk;uav; vmajymygw,f? usru 0rf; omtm;& “[kwfvm;/ b,frSmawG@cJhwmvJ/ rif;udk odovm;/ bmajymvdkufvJ” vdk@ ar;awmh “OD;av;wdk@ wdkuf a&SŒuusr nae (3) em&Davmuf jzwfoGm;cJhwmyg? wdkufwHcg;}uD; ydwfxm;ygw,f? tJ'DtxJOD;av; vrf; avSsmuf&if; ykwD;pdyfaewmudk jrifcJhwmyg” wJh? ae@cif;}uD; wdkufwHcg;}uD;ydwf+yD; vrf;avSsmuf ykwD;pdyfaeowJh qdk+yD; usrrSm rsuf&nf0JcJh&w,f? 'Dtcsdef 'Dae&mrsdK;rSmol ykwD;pdyfavh &SdwmrS r[kwfygbJuvm;/ {uEœ ol usr rvGwfao;vdk@omaygh qdk+yD;pdwfraumif;&wmyg? 'g[m ol@tzdk@ aemufqHk;t}udrfygyJ? 'gayrJh OD;vSu om;r,m; tay:tvGef oHa,mZOf}uD;&Smolrdk@ om;a&m r,m;a&m awmfawmfeJ@ rjyefvm=uawmh oludk,fwdkifaecJh&wm xuf ydk+yD; pdwfqif;&J &Smvdrhfr,f? ol@rdef;r 'Dvdk cH&rSmudk olwoufvHk;ylyefcJhzl;ayr,hf wcgrS udk,fawG@ r=uHK cJh&bl;? 'DwcgrS udk,fawG@=uHK&&Smwmuvm;?

usrqDudk wywfw}udrf axmif0ifpm pm;p&mawG tdrfuydk@ydk@ay;aeygw,f?vlcsif;awmh b,foleJ@rS rawG@&bl;? b,folu ydk@ovJawmh rodbl;? bmowif;rS usrudktodray;ygbl;? usr tzrf;cH&wm wESpf/ wveJ@ w&uf&Sdawmh 23/ 10/ 79 ae@u usrudkaxmifxJvmac:w,f? usru vdkufoGm;wmh tjyifrSm OD;vS&,f orD;t}uD;u arG;wJhajr;OD;rav;udk csDxm;+yD; &yfae=uwmawG@vdk@ a=omf olwdk@ axmif0ifpmawG@cGihf&vdk@vm=uwm xifyg&JŒvdk@ atmufarh+yD; olwdk@ac:wJh axmif¶Hk;cef;xJ vdkufoGm;&w,f? +yD;awmhrS'gv$wfwmwJhav? tJ'Dawmh usr tdrfjyefa&mufw,f?

tdrfa&mufawmhrS wa,mufwnf; xm;cJh&wJh orD;av;eJ@ usr nDr a':wifwifu vm+yD; aeay;&SmowJh? axmifxJrSm ae&wkef;uawmh tJ'Dowif;rsKd; bmrSr=um;cJh&bl;?olr&S dbJ usr wa,mufwnf; aecJh&wmu awmh t}udrf}udrftcgcgrd k@ usrrSmusihfom;&oavmuf &ae+yDvdk@ ajym&if &Edkifrvm; rajymwwfygbl;? 'gayrJh usr r&SdbJ oltdrfrSm ae&wJh qif;&Judkawmh olu 1978-79 rSmrS cH&zl;wmuvm;? 'ga=umihf xifyg&JŒ?olrqHk; cif 3-4 v tvdkrSm oleJ@ usr at;at;aq;aq; c%wjzKwf em;&csdefrSm olubmajymovJ qdkawmh/ “aojcif;ao&if ig rif;t&ifaocsifw,f” wJh? usru“t&ifao&wJh vlu uHaumif;wmaygh” vdk@ jyefajymawmh/ olu “igu rif;r&Sd&if

tJ'Dae@u 1978 pufwifbm (22) &ufae@yg?tdrfrSm rsufpdoli,f em;oli,feJ@ usef&pf&SmwJh orD;ysKd rwif0i f;av; twGufvnf; t+rJowd&+yD;

pdwfqi f;&Jrd w,f? Edk@ayr,hf b,folusefusef rusefusef olwdk@ vmac:&if vdkuf&wmyJ r[kwfvm;?ac:oGm;+yD; usrwdk@udk rEœav; tusOf;axmif}uD;xJ xnhfxm;wmyg? olwdk@ om;tzu wGJzufaxmifrSmwJh?usru trsdK;orD; wGJzuf axmifrSmyg? udk,ftzrf;cHae&wmxuf OD;vStwGuf usrrSm ylvdkuf&wm?olaeraumif;vdk@ aq;ae@wdki f;xdk; uk&r,hfqJqJudk odaeawmh udk,hftwGufxuf ol@twGuf ylwmaygh?

96


raewwfbl;” wJh?olwdk@u wu,fawmh usrudk zrf;csifvdk@ zrf;wmaerSmyg? ¡'Dta=umif;eJ@

ywfouf+yD; wwd,om; jzpfol armif cspfcif (ac: ) (OD;) zdk;oHacsmif;u uavmiftrnf'zdk;oH (vlxk)' eJ@ 'usaemf ra&;EdkifcJhwJh udpPw&yf' vdk@ acgif;pOf wyf+yD; aqmif;yg;wyk'fa&;cJhygw,f?¢ om;i,fuawmh 'g yxrt}udrfaygh? aemuf (11) ESpf=umrS 1990 rSm'kwd,t}udrf tzrf;cH&+yD; (10) ESpf csvdkufw,fav? tJ'Dawmh ol@tazu r&Sdawmhbl;?&Sd&if pdwfqif;&J&SmrSm? tif;pdefrSm (1) ESpfxm;+yD;awmh o&ufaxmifudk a¶$Œxm;w,f?

tif;pdefwkef;uawmh axmif0ifpmudk ol@rdef;r 0if;0if;yJ oGm;ygw,f? usrrvdkufygbl;? bmvdk@vJ qdkawmh tif;pdefaxmifrSm tusOf;om;awGudk ay;wJh axmif 0ifpmawG@&wJh yHkpHu qdk;¶Gm;vGef;vdk@? oHqefcg tjrihf}uD; (2) csyf umxm;w,f? wcsyfeJ@ wcsyfu(3) ay avmuf jcm;xm;w,f? oHqefcg wcsyfaemufu tusOf;om;awG/ rsufESmcsif;qdkifwcsyfaemufu awG@csifwJh vlawG tm;vHk; wef;pD ae=u&w,f? awG@awmh qdkawmhw+ydKufeuf rsufESmcsif;qHk pum;ajym=uwm toHawG u a0ga0geJ@ pum;vHk; uGJatmif=um;=u&JŒvm; rodygbl;? tJ'g (10) rdepfavmuf a0ga0gjzpf+yD; jyef=u qdkawmh jyef=u&wm?tJ'gudk tif;pdefaxmif wcgoGm;wkef;u jrifcJhzl;w,f?

¶dk;¶dk;tusOf;om;awGudk 'Dvdk tawG@cHapwmvm;/ EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;awGvnf;'DyHkpHyJvm; rodcJhbl;? Edk@ayr,hf 'DyHkpHrsdK; qdk&if ighom; rawG@&&ifvnf; aeayap/ igrawG@bl;qdk+yD; wESpfvHk; aewmyg? aemuf ol@udk o&uf axmif ajymif;oGm;+yD =um;awmh o&ufawmhtif;pdefu yHkpHrsdK; [kwfr,frxifbl;qdk+yD; ajr;awGudkac:um o &ufaxmifudk oGm;awG@wmyg?xifwJhtwdkif;ygyJ/ o&ufaxmifuawmh vlawGtrsm;}uD;eJ@ w+ydKifwnf; rawG@cJh& ygbl;?oleJ@ udk,feJ@ axmufvSrf;a&;eJ@ awG@&wmyg?

usr rEWav; axmif}uD;xJrSm tcsKyfcH&wkef;uawmh axmif0ifpm ypPnf;awmhrSefrSef&yg&JŒ/ vlcsif; awG@cGihfawmh wcgrS r&cJhygbl;?

(Ludu vlxk}uD;yGm;a&; azhpfbGcfrS ull;,lwifqufygonf?)

vlxk a':trm

97


ausmif;om;0wW&m;

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ynma&;ukd usGrf;usifaom urBmhynm&Sdwkd@onf avmua&; / "rRa&;jy\emt&yf&yfwkd@ukd pdppfa0zef ajz&Sif;wwfaomynmrS pmtkyfpmayukd tHI&aomtrSwfonm ESpf&yfukd cGJjcm;xm;avonf? pmar;yGJukdatmifjrifolonf avmuppfyGJwGifvnf; atmifjrifEkdifonfh t&nftcsif;&Sdonf[k rkcsqufquf rqkdomacs? Tokd@vSsifpmar;yGJta=umif;oepfukd azmfxkwfvm=uonf?

An Examination of E»amination pmar;y G Jr sm;. tusK d ;-tjyp fppfaq;csufqkdaom pmtkyfwGif Ttcsufukd &Sif;vif;jyxm;ay.? pmar;yGJwpfck.tajzpm&Gufrsm;ukd pmppfol trsKd;rsKd;ppfaq;&m tajzwpfckwnf;ukdyif trSwfay;ykHcsif;

AkdvfcsKyfatmi fqef;

98


rwlonfukd awG@&ayonf? wpfzef pmppfolwpfOD;wnf; 4if;wpfESpfu zsufcJhaomtajzukdaemufxyf ppfaq;aomtcg yxr trSwfay;ykHESif h aemufwpfcg trSwfay;ykHcsif;uGmjcm;onfukd awG@&avonf? urBmausmf jyZmwfa&;q&m bm;ewfa&Smuvnf;xdyfusaom ausmif;om;onf avmuwGif atmufqkH;xpfa&mufwwfonf[k rdef@qkdzl;.?

TwGif urBmausmfpma&;q&m. ta&;tom;ukd 4if;a&;om;ojzifh ,kH=unf&rnf[k rqkdvkd? okd@&mwGif 4if;um; ta=umif;rJh ra&;om;&m? ,if;okd@jzpf&um; usGEfkyfwkd@onfurBm&mZ0ifomru taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd =unfhrnfqkdvSsif urBmxdyfwef;usa&mufaomyk*~dKvfwkd@onf pmar;yGJrsm;wGif xdyfwef;usolcsnf; r[kwfay?

Oyrm tenf;i,fxkwfjy&aomf ,ckacwf xdyfwef;orm;rsm;wGif [pfwvm/r lqk dvk de Donf ausmif ;r Syi f aumif;p GmraecJ h =u&ay? r[wWr*EN Donfvnf;aumvdyfausmif;wGif a&mufzl;¶kHrSsom&SdI ausmif;om;tjzpfaepOftcgu xl;xl;csGefcsGefr&Sdacs? y¾pf *s0g[mvmae¶l;onfvnf; t*Fvefjynf&Sd emrnfausmfausmif;ESifhwuUokdvfwkd@rS atmifjrifvifhupm; ausmif;om;tjzpf rsm;pGmrxl;csGefvSacs? bDat*k%fxl;wef;wGif 'kwd,wef;rSsom &avonf? okd@&mwGif xkdtcgu 4if;txufyxr&cJholwpfOD;rSm &efukefwGif ygarmuQwpfOD;tjzpf 4if;uJhokd@ ausmf=um;jcif;r&Sdacs?t*Fvdyfpma&;q&m}uD;rsm;jzpf=uaom 0kd;vfprpf/ qm0gvwmpaumh paom yk*~dKvfrsm;rSmvnf; ausmif;aepOfu xl;csGefjcif; r&Sday?

qm0gvwmpaumhrSmrl vl@iEGm; [kyif q&m. ta0zefcH&avonf? Tum;O'g[¶k%fukd tusOf;rSs o¶kyfay:atmif jyvkdufjcif;aywnf;? Tokd@jzpf&jcif;.ta=umif;t&if;ukdppf&vSsif vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf. wefzkd;ukd rnfrSs&Sdonf[kcsdefq&efowfrSwfxm;aomenf;vrf; r&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfavonf?

pifppfaomfum; ausmif;wGif wpfcgrSsraezl;I pmwpfvkH;rSs roifzl;olyifynm&SdjzpfEk dif.? Tum;jzpfEk difonfhta=umif;ukd usGEk fyfqkdjcif; jzpfayonf? ,ckurBmay:&Sdonfh pmtkyftm;vkH;onf t&if;ppfvSsif avmuta=umif;ukd trsKd;rsKd;rSwfom;csufrsm;omjzpfayonf? xkdrSwfom;csufrsm;ukd a&;olrsm;. tmabmf/ 4if;wkd@a&;&m a'o/a&;onfhtcsdefumv ponfwkd@ukd=unfhI a0zef+yD;vSsif avmutvkyf0wW&m;wGifokH;pGJwwfrSom pmwwftrSefjzpfayonf?

tu,fI pmrwwfolonf avmutrSwfom;aumif;rGefI ae&mcswwfygvSsifpmwwfae&ef rvkdacs? xkd@a=umifhyif rlqkdvkdeDu 4if;.twKywWdwGif uíEfkyfzwfcJhaomt}uD;qkH;aompmtkyfum;/ uíEfkyfaecJhaom avmu}uD;yifwnf;[k a&;xm;.? xkduJhokd@pmtkyfpmayrS ausmfvGefaomynmukd tb,fokd@&tHhenf;?

xkdynmppfukd&&ef vGwfvyfpGm awG;awmajymqkd aqG;aEG;vkyfukdifvkdaompdwf

99


arG;&efvkd.? Ttcsufukd ynma&;usGrf;usifol yk*~dKvfwkd@u (Academic Freedom)

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xkdif;EkdifiH[m Ak'<bmomEkdifiHawmfjzpfvkd@ uqkefvjynhfae@ukd &Hk;ydwf&uftjzpfowfrSwfxm;w,f? bk&iftkyfcsKyfwJh EkdifiHjzpfvkd@ bk&ifeJ@wuG bk&ihfaqGawmfrsKd;awmftygt0if t&m&Sdt&mcHrsm;tm;vHk; uqkefvjynhfae@ tcrf;tem;jzpfwJh “0dqmcyl;csm;”ukd wjynffvHk; yg0ifqifE$J=uw,f? uqkefvjynhfae@rSm omoemhtvHawmfrsm;onf xkdif;EkdifiHwpf0Srf;vHk;rSm wvlvlv$ihfxl=uw,f? (xkdif;EkdifiHomoemhtvH[m jrefrmeJ@ oD&dvuFmEkdifiHvkda&mifjcnfawmf ajcmufoG,f r[kwfbJ t&[wW"Z ouFef;a&mifay: wGif "rRp=um puf0kdif;yHkwyfxm;jcif;jzpfw,f?)?

uqkefvjynhfae@rSm xkdif;Ak'<bmom0if;rsm;[m eHeufykdif;rSm oHCmawmfrsm;tm;qGrf;avmif;vSL=uw,f? bk&m;ausmif;uefrsm;ukd oef@&Sif;a&;rsm; jyKvkyfum ukokdvf,l=u+yD;

111


ae@vnfykdif;tcsdef bkef;}uD;ausmif; "rRomvmZ&yfrSm w&m;em,l=uw,f? wcsKdŒuawmhbm0emw&m;rsm; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf=uw,f? nOD;ykdif;rSmpkaygif;+yD; vlwpfOD;vsif za,mif;wkdifwpfwkdif/ tar$;wkdifoHk;wkdif xGef;ndSum yef;wpfyGihfeJ@twl apwDawmftm; vusmf&pfoHk;ywfywfum ylaZmf=uw,f? apwDawmfukd vSnhfywfpOf bk&m;*k%fawmf w&m;*k%fawmfeJ@oHCmh*k%fawmfrsm;ukd &Gwfzwfo&Z…sm,f=uw,f? oHCmawmfrsm;xH w&m;em,l=uw,f?

xkdif;EkdifiH&JŒ xif&Sm;wJh uqkefvjynhfAk'<ae@ usif;ywJh ae&muawmh ecGef;yxkrf&SdAk'<rGef;xkd;bk&m;yJ jzpfw,f? tJ'Dae&mrSm xkdif;bk&ifrif;jrwf (okd@r[kwf) aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm;u Ak'<bmom0if vlxkukd OD;aqmif+yD; “0dqmcyl;csm;” (0domcylZm) yJGukd ESpfpOfusif;yw,f? xif&Sm;wJh xkdif;EdkifiHwuUokdvfawGrSmvJ 0dqmcyl;csm; tcrf;tem;rsm; usif;y=uw,f?tjynfjynf qkdif&m Ak'<bmom tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukdvnf; usif;ycJh=uw,f? oD&dvuFmEkdi fiH ESihf uqkefvjynhf Ak'<ae@

oD&dvuFmEkdifiHom;rsm;uawmh uqkefvjynhf Ak'<ae@ukd “a0qwf ] Vesak”vkd@ac:um &Hk;ydwf&uftjzpf owfrSwfxm;w,f? uqkefvjynhfae@[m txl;jcm;qHk; ae@tjzpfowfrSwfum yJGawmfukd (7) &ufcef@ usif;yw,f? tpnfum;qHk;ae@uawmh uqkefvqef;(14) &uf/ vjynhfae@eJ@ vjynhfausmf wpf&ufae@yg? Ak'<bmom0iftdrfwkdif; omoemhtvHawmfukd v$ihfxlxm;=uw,f? xif&Sm;wJh apwDawmf/ ausmif;awmfeJ@ vrf;qHkvrf;cGawGrSm rD;pifjrihf}uD; aqmufvkyfum bk&m;&Sif&JŒ aq;a&; yef;csDyHkawmf ywfywfvnfeJ@Zmwuaq;yef ;cs Dy H kawmfawGuk d vS sy fpp fr D ;rsm; tvSqifum r k d ;vif ;aygufxGef;ndSylaZmf=uw,f? tqkdtuyJGrsm; r&Sdayr,hf tvGefpnfum;w,f? a&mifpHkrD;yHk;

xkdif;EdkifiH uqkefvjynhf Ak'<ae@ usif;yyHk

112


tvS+ydKifyJGrsm; usif;ywJh ae&mrSmqkd&if yJGvmy&dowfrsm; }udwf}udwfwkd; pnfum;vSw,f?te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS Ak'<bmom0ifrsm; (txl;ojzihf &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;)[m

ukdvHbkd+rdKŒ (okd@r[kwf) +rdKŒ }uD;rsm;rS rD;xGef;yJGukd vma&muf=unhf&_=uw,f? armfawmfum;/qkdifu,f/ pufbD;pD;+yD; vnfywf =uwJholawG/ vrf;avSsmufvnfywf=uwJh olawG wpfnvHk;pnfum;wm awGŒ&w,f? &Gmuae vm=uwJh vrf;avSsmufwJholawG[m rsm;aomtm;jzihfzdeyfrpD;=uay? tcsKdŒaom apwem&Sifrsm;u rdrdtdrfa&SŒrSm a&at;/ tcsKda&rsm;eJ@vnf;aumif;/ tcsKdŒuawmh r¾myfaqmufum xrif;/ [if;rsm; pwk'domtvSLrsm; jyKvkyf+yD;ukokdvf,l=uw,f? tcsKdŒtdrfrSm pyDum t}uD;}uD;eJ@ Ak'<0ifoDcsif;awG zGihf/ wcsKdŒuawmhoD[kd&k d;&mAH kwD;um uckef aysmfjrL;ae=uwmukdawGŒ&w,f? yJ GawmfumvtwGif;,mOfa=umydwfqkd@r_awG rsm;pGm jzpfay:w,f? xif&Sm;wJh vrf;qHk vrf;cGeJ@ orkdif;0ifuvsm%D, ausmif;awmf}uD;/ um&kkwW&apwDawmf}uD;/ uEœD+rdKŒ pG,fawmfausmif;wkd@uawmhtvGef pnfum;wm awGŒ&w,f?

oD&dvuFmAk'<bmom0ifrsm;[m aAm"danmifyifukd y&dabm*apwDtjzpf vGefpGm=unfnd K =uw,f? ae@pO f ae@wk di f ; aAm" dyi fuk d a&avmif ;y laZm f =uw,f?bkef;}uD;ausmif;wkdif;rSm aAm"dyif&Sd&w,f? uqkefvjynhf Ak'<ae@ reufykdif;rSm oD&dvuFmAk'<bmom0if uav;vl}uD;rsm;[m 0wfpifjzL0wf+yD; bkef;}uD;ausmif;ukd oGm;=uw,f?wHjrufpnf;vSnf;jcif; / aAm"dyiftm; ylaZmf jcif; / oDvcH,ljcif; / y&dwf&Gwfjcif; /bm0emyGm;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyf=uw,f? (oD&dvuFmAk'<bmom0if uav;vli,fawG y&dwf}uD;11 okwfukd &=uw,f?) uqkefvjynhfae@ukd tjynfjynfqkdi f&m &Hk;ydwf&uf tjzpf owfrSwfjci f;

uqkefvjynhfae@[m Ak'<bmom0ifwkd@&JŒ txGwftjrwfae@jzpfw,f? 'ga=umihf1998 ck/ Ekd0ifbmv 5 &ufrS 14 &uftxd oD&dvuFmEdkifiH/ ukdvHbkd+rdKŒawmfrSm usif;ycJhwJhtjynfjynfqkdif&m Ak'<bmom uGefz&ihfrSm uqkefvjynhfae@ukd urBmh&Hk;ydwf&uf tjzpfowfrSwfEkdif&eftwGuf ndSE_dif;aqG;aEG; cJh=uw,f? tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;uae 1999 ckpufwifbmvrS oD&dvuFmEkdifiH EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; vuf&Sref;uwd*rf [m tJ'Dtqkdukdukvor*~okd@ wifoGif;cJhw,f?

54 }udrfajrSmuf ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHrSm tJ'Dtqkdukd jrefrmEkdifiHtygt0if tm&Swkduf&Sd Ak'<bmomEkdifiHrsm; awmiftm&StzJGŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;/ &k&Sm;ekdifiH/tar&duefjynfaxmifpkeJ@ tjcm;EkdifiHrsm; pkpkaygif; 34 EkdifiHu axmufcH=uw,f? 'ga=umihf1999 'DZifbm 13 &uf tpnf;ta0;qHk;jzwfcsuf trSwf 174 eJ@ urBmhukvor*~rS“uqkefvjynhf Ak'<ae@” ukd tjynfjynfqkdif&m &Hk;ydwf&uf Vesak Universal Holiday

tjzpf owfrSwfay;cJhw,f?

113


urBmhukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufuawmh“a*gwrAk'<bk&m;&Sif&JŒ omoemawmfonf urBmay:rSm oufwrf;&Snf=umwJh

bmomwpfckjzpfwJh tjyif bk&m;&Sif&JŒ tqHk;trawmf[m ESpfaygif; 2500 ausmfumvwkdifatmif vlom;wkd@tay: um,okc/ pdwWokceJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;ukd aqmif&Gufay;cJh+yD;aemi ftem*wfr Smvnf; urBm hvlom;wk d @tay: aumif ;us K d ;r sm; qufvufoufa&mufaernfjzpfa=umif;/ ok d @ jzpfI ukvor*~A[k dXmecsKyfe J@ urBmay:&S dukvor*~XmetoD;oD;wkd@rS uqkefvjynhf Ak'<ae@ (a0qwfa';)ukd tjynfjynfqkdif&m&h k H;ydwf&uftjzpf owfrSwf&rnf? TqHk;jzwfcsuft& a0qwfa'; usif;y&mwGifukvor*~&HyHkaiGukd oHk;pJGcGihfr&Sd? ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; uqkefvjynhfae@onf rnfonhfv(t*Fvdyfv)wGif usa&mufrnfukd ukvor*~ XmecsKyfESihf tjcm;aom ukvor*~Xmewkd@uwkdifyifnSdE_dif;um qHk;jzwfoGm;&rnf” vkd@ qHk;jzwfcJhygw,f?

xl;jcm;vSwJh Ak'<bmom0ifwkd@&JŒ uqkefvjynhfae@ukd urBmhukvor*~u tjynfjynfqkdif&m &Hk;ydwf&uftjzpf owfrSwfay;cJhav+yD?

uqkefvjynhfae@[m bk&m;&Sif tqlql yGihfawmfrlwJhae@vnf;jzpfw,f? avmurSmbk&m;&Sif yGihfxGef;ay:aygufvmjcif;[m avmuaumif;usKd;twGufyJjzpfw,f? bk&m;&Sif&JŒtqHk;trawmf[m avmuom;wkdif;twGuf jzpfw,f? avmuom;wkd@[m bk&m;&Sif&JŒtqHk;trtwkdif; vkdufem usihfoHk;ygu um,okc pdwWokceJ@ jynhfpHk=u+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;tppf jzpfwJhoEœdokc edAŠmefukd rv$J{uef a&muf&ayrnf?

bk&m;&Sif tqHk;trjzpfwJh “raumif;r_a&Smif/ aumif;r_aqmif/ pdwfukdjzLatmifxm;” “Ak'<wkdif;om/ rdef@cJhwm/ oHk;jzmTpum;” twkdif; vkdufemusihfoHk;Ekdif=u+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;tppfjzpfwJh oEdœdokcukd &&SdEkdif=uygap?

Ref:

- The Sunday Times/ Sunday/ (12/9/1999) & (21/5/2000) Colombo˜ Sri Lanka

- Essay on the Thailand˜ Copyright 1991˜ Thanapol Vittayakarn Co/Ltd

- jrefrmh pG,fpHkusrf; twJG 1/ 8/ uqkefvjynhfae@/ aAm"dyif?

awmi fwef;omoemjyK q&mawmf t&SifokcrdEN (p0fqkcrf; wef@,ef;)

(armuQynma&; r*~Zif;rSul;,laz: jyygonf?)

114


rsufarSmufacwfomoemY omoemjyK &[ef;awmfrsm;. omoema&;aqmif&Gufcsuf wenf;tm;jzihf omoemjyKenf;AsL[m (6) rsKd; &Sdygonf? ?wkd@rSm.....(1) w&m;a[momoemjyKenf;(2) w&m;jyomoemjyKenf;(3) pmcsomoemjyKenf;(4) oifwef;ydk@csomoemjyKenf;(5) pma&; (usrf;jyK) omoemjyKenf;(6) toif;tzGJŒwnfaxmif omoemjyKenf; wkd@jzpfygonf?

(1) w&m;a[momoemjyKenf; jrwfpGmbk&m;rSpI w&m;a[momoemjyKcJhonfrSm ,ckqkdvSsif ESpfaygif; 2600

eD;yg;&Sdyg+yD? jrwfpGmbk&m;onf rd*'g0kefawmY yOP0*~Dwkd@tm; w&m;OD;a[mI omoemjyKcJhygonf? &Sifom&dykwW&monfyif &Sifr[mt\ZdxHrS w&m;em&I aomwmyefwnfcJhygonf? omoemxGef;um;jyef@yGm;a&; omoemwnfwe@fckdifjrJa&;wkd@twGuf w&m;a[mjcif;onf rsm;pGmaus;Zl;jyKygonf? omoemruG,fao;bJ wnf&SdaeOD;rnfh umvwpfavSsmufw&m;a[momoemjyKjcif;onf rjzpfrae &SdaeOD;rnfh omoemjyKvkyfief; jzpfygonf?&Sift&[HxHawmfrSw&m;em&I taemf&xm Ak'<bmom0ifjzpfonfhftcsdefrSpI jrefrm jynfYw&m;a[momoemjyKenf; wGifus,fvmcJhygonf? v,fwDq&mawmf/ teD;pcef;q&mawmf/xl;}uD;q&mawmf/ rif;uGef; q&mawmf/ oDw*lq&mawmf/ jrp=uFmq&mawmf/ 0g;cif;ukef;q&mawmf ponfwkd@rSm w&m;a[momoemjyK&mY xif&Sm;aom q&mawmf}uD;rsm;jzpfygonf?

t&Si f0D&ol

ausmif;xkdifomoemjyKenf;

........................

115


(2) w&m;jyomoemjyKenf;jrwfpGmbk&m; a[majymn$efjyonfh enf;emrsm;udk vufawG@usifh=uH }udK;ukwf

tm;xkwfawmfrl=u&mrS t+rdKufw&m;t&omudkcHpm;=u&+yD; rdrdwkd@&&SdcHpm;zl;onfh w&m;xl;/w&m;jrwfrsm;udk jyefvnfydkk@cs&if; omoemjyKonfhenf;onf w&m;jy omoemjyKenf;jzpfygonf? jrwfpGmbk&m;onf y&dwfowfav;yg;tm; qkdif&mqkdif&m a0ae,swkd@ESif hoifhawmfrnfh urRÏmef;w&m;udk a[majymydk@csjyo n$ef=um;cJhygonf? &[ef;yk*~Kdvfvlyk*~dKvfrsm;u urRXmef;enf;rsm;udkem,l+yD; udk,fwkdifusifh=uHyGm; rsm; tm;xkwf=u&if;rSw&m;xl; w&m;jrwfrsm; &&SdcJh=uygonf? xkd@okd@ w&m;jyomoemjyKenf;onfvnf;jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif. omoemjyKenf;jzpfI jrwfpGmbk&m;omoemwnf&SdaeorSs umvywfvkH;wnf&SdaeOD;rnfh omoemjyKenf;AsL[mwpfck jzpfygonf?

jrefrmEkdifiHY urRÏmef;&dyfomrsm;wnfaxmif+yD; w&m;jyomoemjyKcJhonfhq&mawmf}uD;rsm;/ vuf&Sdvnf; w&m;jyaeonfh q&mawmf}uD;rsm; rsm;pGm&Sdygonf?v,fwDq&mawmf/ a0blq&mawmf/ pGef;vGef;q&mawmf/ r[mpnfq&mawmf/ rkd;ukwfq&mawmf/ rkd;nSif;q&mawmf/ oJtif;*lq&mawmf/ uopf0kdifq&mawmf/ awmful;q&mawmf/ a&$awmifukef;q&mawmf/ csrf;ajrh q&mawmf/ o'<rR&HoDq&mawmf/ a&$Orifq&mawmf/ zm;atmufq&mawmf ponfwkd@rSm urRÏmef;&dyfomrsm; wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfI w&m;jyomoemjyK&mY xif&Sm;aom q&mawmf=uDrsm;jzpfygonf? (3) pmcsomoemjyKenf;

pmcsomoemjyKvkyfief;onfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufuyif wnf&SdcJhonfhomomemjyKenf;AsL[m jzpfygonf? ydÉuwfokH;ykHwwfI wynfhrsm;udk pmayykd@csomoemjyK&mY aygÏdvrax&f}uD;rSm xif&Sm;ygonf? jrefrmjynfYvnf; yk*Hacwf usrf;wwftausmfq&mawmf}uD;rsm;rStp yckuULacwf usrf;jyKtausmfq&mawmf}uD;rsm;/ pHuif;q&mawmf/rpkd;&drf q&mawmf/ jrawmifq&mawmf/ 0dok'<g&k Hq&mawmf/ rk d;aumif;q&mawmf/cifruefq&mawmf/ awmiforefq&mawmf/ a*G;csKdq&mawmf/ bk&m;}uD;q&mawmf/ awmif+rdKŒr[m*E<m¶kHq&mawmf/ "rRdum&mrq&mawmf/ xD;vif;q&mawmf/ eENDaoem&mrq&mawmf/qDbefeDq&mawmf/ rif;uGef;q&mawmfponfwkd@rSm pmoifwkduf}uD;rsm;wnfaxmifIpmayydk@cs+yD; omoemjyK&mY xif&Sm;aom q&mawmf}uD;rsm; jzpfygonf? (4) oi fwef;ydk@csomoemjyKenf;

a&S;acwf a&S;tcgu ,Ofaus;r_oifwef;/ tbd"rRmoifwef;/ y&dwfyÏmef;oifwef;ponfjzifh 0dZ…mynm&yfqkdif&m bmoma&;oifwef;rsm; r&Sdao;yg? &Sdp&mvnf;rvkdyg?&SdvSsifvnf; atmifjrifrnfr[kwfyg/ ta=umif;rSm a&S;q&mawmf}uD;rsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiH.ynma&;udk csKyfudkifxdef;odrf;xm;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? Ak'<bmom0ifuav;rsm;rSeforSs

116


bk&m;&Sdckd;trsdK;rsdK;/ tjyifatmifjcif;/ twGif;atmifjcif; tygt0if q,fapmifwGJvmy&dwf}uD;rsm; avmueDwdwkd@rSpI o'Ng/ o+*õK[fponfwkd@udk roifrae& oif=um;&aoma=umifhvlyk*~dKvfwkdif;eD;yg; bmoma&;tajccH&Sd=uygonf? tbd"rRmwwfod=u ygonf? xkd@a=umifh,Ofaus;r_oifwef;[lIvnf;aumif;/ tbd""Rmoifwef;[lIvnf;aumif; oD;jcm;ykd@csp&mrvdkawmhyg? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; aemufydkif;umvY acwfynmwwf c&pf,mefomoemjyKausmif;rsm; ay:aygufvm&mrSpI acwfrDvdkaom rdbrsm;u &[ef;awmfrsm; t&dyftm0goxJrS uav;rsm;udkqGJxkwfac:,loGm;&mrS wpfppjzifh bu (bkef;}uD; ausmif;oif)ynma&;rsm; qkH;&_H;vmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf?

rsufarSmufacwfYum; omoemjyK&[ef;awmfrsm;onf bGJ@wHqdyfynma&;aemuftylwjyif;vkdufae =uI uav;rsm;. bmom,Ofaus;r_jzpfonfh Ak'<pmay0dZ…mynma&;udkvspfvsL¶_vmcJh=uygonf? xkdtcg uav;rsm;. &ifxJESvkH;om;xJY bk&m;wnfay;&eftvdk@iSg bmomw&m;udk vufqifhurf; ay;&eftvdk@iSm/ tajccH,Ofaus;r_oifwef;rsm;rStptbd "rRmoifwef;rsm;txd oifwef;rsm;ay:aygufvm&jcif;jzpfygonf? xkd@tjyif&[ef;awmfrsm; omoemjyK&mY taxmuftuljzpfatmif ausmif;xkdifbkef;}uD; oifwef;ausmif;rsm;/ y&d,wWdwuUokdvf}uD;rsm;vnf; wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfvmcJh=uygonf? (5) pma&; (usrf;jyK) omoemjyKenf;

oD[kdVfacwf t&Sifr[mAk'<aCmo. jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mawmfrlonfh ydÉuwfokH;ykHygVdawmfrsm;udk zGifhqkdonfhusrf;rsm;jzpfaom tÏuxmusrf;rsm;rSpwifI pma&;om;jcif;/usrf;jyKjcif;/ omoemjyKenf;ynmrsm; xGef;um;vmcJhonfrSm ,ae@wdkifatmifyifjzpfygonf? pmoif/ pmcs/ pmzwfy&dwfowfrsm; todtvdrRmwkd;yGm;&ef tvdk@iSmpma&;om;jcif;/ usrf;jyKjcif; omoemjyKvkyfief;rsm;onfvnf; trSefwu,fvkdtyfonfhenf;ynmjzpfygonf? &Sifr[moDv0Ho/ &Sifr[m&Ïom&/ rif;bl;t&Sif OD;=obmo/ q&mawmf OD;Ak"f/v,fwDq&mawmf/ refvnfq&mawmf/ anmifuefq&mawmf/ awmif+rdKŒ r[m*E<m¶kHq&mawmf/ rif;uGef;q&mawmf/ awmifwef;q&mawmf ponfwkd@rSm pmayusrf;*efa&;om;jyKpk&if;omoemjyK&mY xif&Sm;aom q&mawm}uD;rsm; jzpfygonf? (6) toi f;tzGJŒ wnfaxmi fomoemjyKenf;

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(3) bmomËDum usrf;jyKtausmf awmif+rdKŒr[m*E<m&kHq&mawmf}uD;onfvnf;

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131


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jzpfI “ ya*; ” udkrlum; vlwfe;pm;ra&G; oHk;pGJEdkifayonf?

136


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144


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148


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149


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bmomjyef armifarmifvwf (c) Roland Hardy

qufvufaz: jyygrnf?

151


a'gufwmbarmf.

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Ba Maw

BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA

Memoirs Of a Revolution

1939 - 1946

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154


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jrefrmwdk@. EkdifiHa&;aemufcH tcif;tusif;udk rodv#if/jrefrmhhEdkifiHa&; wdk;wufjzpfxGef;r_udk vnf; aumif;pGm em;vnf Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? odk@twGuf u|Ekfyftaejzifh jy!fhjy!fhpHkpHkazmfjyzdk@&m/ twdwf ta=umif;t&mwdk@udk tenf;i,f jyefaumuf&ygrnf?

,ae@ em;vnfxm;=uovdk / jrefrmh EdkifiHa&;rSm yxrurBm@ppf rwdkifrD/ ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; 0kdif/ trf/ bD/ at ac: Ak'<bmom uvsm%,k0toif;rSm/ c&pf,[email protected]/ trf/ pD/ at ac: c&pf,mef uvsm%,k0 toif;}uD;udk erlem,lxm;jcif; jzpfonf?odk@twGuf toif;}uD;. rlv&nf&G,f csufrSm bmoma&;ESifh oufqdkifae+yD;/ aemufydkif;jzpfay:vmo!fh tusyftwnf; tajctaersm;ESif h twl tjcm;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;yg0ifvmcJhonf? xdkrSwqifh +rdK@}uD;rsm;wGif 0dkif/ trf/ bD/ at toif;cGJrsm; tESH@tjym;zGJ@pnf;vm=uonf? rsm;r=umrDrSmyif jzpf&yfwdk@u &kwfjcnf; ajymif;vJvmaeovdk/ ppf}udKacwf jrefrmjynf EkdifiHa&; tusyftwnf;rsm;rSm/ toif;}uD;. jy\emrsm; jzpfvmonf?tqdkyg tajctaeatmufYyif/ toif;0if;rsm; tqrwef us,fjyef@vmovdk/t&SdefESifhftm;vnf; ydkaumif;vm onf? TtajctaeY toif;}uD;rSm/ &mE_ef;jy!fhtrsdK;om;v_yf&Sm;r_toGif ajymif;vJvm+yD;/ &[ef;/ oHCmrsm;u OD;aqmifI/ +rdK@&GmtESH@v_yf&Sm;vmonf? jzpfay:vmaom vuQ%mopfrsm;ESihftnD toif;}uD;. trnfudk*sD/ pD/ bD/ at(General Council of Buddhist Association) ac: jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mjrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD;[k ajymif;vJvdkufovdk/ toif;0ifrsm;uvnf; olwdk@udk,f olwdk@“0HomEk” [lI *k%f,l0ifh=uGm;pGm trnfay;cJh=uonf?

tvm;wl &[ef;/ oHCmawmfrsm;uvnf; oHCmhtpnf;t&Hk;rsm; zGJ@pnf;vm=u+yD;/ a&OD; q&mawmf/ bm;rJh q&mawmf/ oufyef; q&mawmf tp&Sdo!fh =oZmt&Sdeft0g}uD;o!fh/ q&mawmf}uD; rsm;u OD;aqmifvm=uonf? yxrydkif;wGif oHCmhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh t&yfom;tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@rSm teD;uyf qufoG,fv_yf&Sm;cJh+yD; / aemufydkif;rSoHCmhtzGJ@ tzGJ@tpnf;. OD;aqmifr_udk cH,lvmcJh=uonf? vlxkEdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wpfckvHk;taeESifhqkyfudkifxm;o!fh/ EdkifiHa&;,Hk=unfr_rSm bmoma&;ESifh vlrsdK;a&; t,l0g'wdk@ a&mpyfaeonf? tqdkyg tqifhY EdkifiHa&;tjrifrSm &dk;&Sif;ovdk/ cHpm;r_Yom tajccHxm;onf? vlxk EdkifiHa&;tpY vlxka=uG;a=umfoHrsm;onfyif &dk;&Sif;vSonf? vlrsdK;a&;/bmom pum;/ bmomw&m; ponfwdk@jzihf aygif;pyfxm;onf? odk@wdkif tqdkyg pum;vHk;rsm;onfyif/ jynfolvlxk}uD; wpf&yfvHk;udk tHk=uGapzdk@/ vHkavmufo!fh pGJaqmifr_ &Sdae+yD;/xkdrSwqifh jrefrmwdk@. EdkifiHa&; ajymif;vJ jzpfxGef;r_rsm; wGJzufvmcJhonf?

tajctaeopfonf ,if;. yHk&dyfwdk@udk tvsiftjref xkwfvkyfvsuf&Sdonf?

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,if;wdk@teuf xif&Sm;aom &kyfyHkv$mwpfckrSm/ q&mawmf OD;OwWr jzpfonf? q&mawmf.&Jwif;vSo!fh pdefac:oHrSm a&S@ur}uHKzl;aom vlrsdK;a&;/ bmoma&; pnf;&Hk;r_wdk@udktjcm;vlrsm;xuf azmfaqmifEkdifcJhonf? q&mawmf. }udrf;0g;oHwdk@udk/ tkwfatmfaomif;eif;pka0; em;axmifum vufqifhurf; jzef@a0cJh=uonf? q&mawmfonf trSefyif }uD;rm;aomtiftm;pk}uD;. a&S@ajy;jzpf.? jynfolwdk@. ESvHk;om;wdk@udk v_yf&rf;ypfvdkufo!fh rkef;wdkif;vnf; jzpf.?

tjcm; tkyfpkwpfpkrSm &efukefwuUodkvfrS xkwfvkyfay;vdkufo!fh/ ynmwwfvli,frsm; jzpfonf? ,ifwdk@Y olwdk@ udk,fwdkif awG@&Sdxm;aom enf;vrf;opfrsm; &Sdxm;=u.? tqdkyg tkyfpkY OD;bazrSm xif&Sm;+yD; 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&;orm;}uD; wpfOD;vnf; jzpf.?vufawG@qefovdk jrefrmjynf EdkifiH a&; rdk;oufrkef;wdkif;rsm;=um;Y 'layemay cHolvnf;jzpfonf? 4if;tjyif OD;yk/ OD;odef;armif/ q&m trfat armif}uD;/ ,l/ trf/ trf tkef;cdkiftp&Sdolwdk@rSm jrefrmjynf EdkifiHa&; tapmydkif;uvnf; ta&;ygo!fh tcef;rsm;uyg0ifcJholrsm; jzpfonf?

jrefrmhordkif;Y ordkif;wGifo!fh jzpf&yfwpfckudk OD;aqmif zefwD;cJholrSmOD;odef;armif jzpfonf? yxrurBmppf}uD; +yD;prSmyif/ zdeyfrpD;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udkpwifcJhonf?

xdktcsdefrwdkifrDtxd taemufEdkifiHom;rsm;rSm/ jrefrmwdk@. bk&m;ykxdk;ESihftjcm; txGwftjrwfxm;&mae&mrsm;odk@ vma&muf vnfywfo!fhtcg / jrefrmwdk@. "avhxHk;wrf;wdk@udk/ tvsOf;*&krpdkufyJ zdeyfpD;ae=uonf? tqdkyg tjyKtrlrSm/ jrefrmwdk@twGuf bmoma&;t& apmfum;aeovdk EdkifiHa&;t&vnf; rnfodk@r# onf;cHp&m ta=umif;r&Sday? odk@jzihf wpfjynfvHk; twdkif;twmtm;jzifh zdeyfrpD;& v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; pwifvmcJhonf?xdktcsdefY yxrurBmppf}uD;u/ t*Fvdyfwdk@udk wpfpHkwpf&m oif=um;vdkufyHk&onf?urBm}uD;onf trSefyif ajymif;vJaea=umif;/ odk@twGuf rdrdwdk@bufrS wpfxpf avsmhay;zdk@qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf?

&v'ftm;jzifhjrefrmwdk@ bmoma&;qdkif&mae&mrsm;wGif/rnfo!fh ajc0wfwefqmr# r0wf&[laom jrefrmwdk@. awmif;qdkr_udk vdkufavsmcJhonf?

ordkif;t&/ tqdkyg atmifyGJrSm vlxkqef@usifr_jzifh/ OD;qHk;&vdkufo!fh atmifyGJjzpfovdk/ trsdK;om; Edk;=um;r_udkvnf; jrSifhwifay;vdkufo!fh t&Sdeft[kefyif jzpfonf?EdkifiHa&; acgifaqmifopfwdk@ uvnf;/ &&Sdvdkufo!fh atmifyGJudk t&Sdeft[kef tysufrcHyJ/trsdK;om; ynma&;e,fy,fY xda&mufpGm toHk;cscJh=u+yD; trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? xdkrSwpfqifh trsdK;om; pdwf"mwfopfwdk@udk zefwD; ay;EdkifcJhonf?tqdkyg atmifjrifr_rsm;rSm jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; ordkif;twGuf tjyKoabmaqmifo!fh wdk;wufr_

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rsm; jzpfo!fhtwGuf 4if;wdk@udk tenf;i,f azmfjy&aomf--?aemufxyf rsdK;qufopfudk OD;aqmifolrSm OD;xGef;&Sdef jzpfonf? pGJaqmifr_&Sdaom

Oy"d &Sdovdk rsdK;cspfvli,fwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf? wuUodkvfrS xGuf+yD;aemuf/EdkifiHa&;avmuxJ a&mufvmcJh onf? jrefrm ynmwwfrsm;taeESifh jrefrmhwefzdk;wdk@udkjyefvnf wefzdk;xm;I/ jrefrmqefqef 0wfpm; qif,ifoihfa=umif; v_H@aqmfcJhonf? ol.pnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm &dk;pif;aomfvnf;/ tcsdeftcgESifh udkufnDovdk &J0ihfo!fh pdefac:r_vnf;jzpfonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh 0HomEk pdwf"mwfudk wyfvSef@ E_d;aqmfvdkufjcif; jzpfovdk/xdkumvu jrefrmwdk@twGuf onf;ajc }udKufvnf; jzpfonf? tqdkyg v_yf&Sm;r_Y OD;xGef;&Sdeftjyif/ tjcm; xif&Sm;olrSm OD;zdk;usm; jzpfonf?

ynma&;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_opfESifh ywfoufI/ qufvuf azmfjyOD;tHh? 1920ckESpf 'DZifbmv wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom/ ,leDAmpwD ausmif;om;oydwfrSm txif&Sm;qHk;ESifhta&;ygqHk; tjzpfysuf}uD; wpfck jzpfonf? tqdkyg oydwfa=umihf EdkifiHa&;tawG;tjrifrsm;ajymif;vJcJh=u+yD;/ trsdK;om;a&; todrsm; jrifhwufvmcJhonf? OD;qHk;t}udrf pepfwuspkpnf;vdkufo!fh/ vlxk v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; wpfck jzpfovdk tusdK;quftm;jzihf/ trsdK;om;ynma&; pepfopf}uD; ay:xGef;vmcJhonf? udk,fydkifausmif;rsm; axmifum/ t&m&mudk,fwdkifvkyf&o!fhtwGuf tvGefw&m cufcJo!fhwdkif/ atmifjrifpGm aqmif&Guf EdkifcJh=uonf? udkvdkeDqef@usifa&; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; tawG;tac:topfwdk@udk pl;prf;&SmazGae aom vli,frsm;twGuf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;rSm A[kdXmersm; jzpfvmonf? u|efpdwfudk arG;xkwfay;aeo!fh/ u|efynma&; pepfwpfcktjzpf udkvdkeD ynma&;udk qefusifho!fh/a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;rSmvnf; trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;rS tpjyKvmcJhonf? rsm;r=umrDrSmyiftqdkyg ausmif;rsm;. a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;ESifh tnD/ trsdK;om;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm/ trsdK;om;v_yf&Sm;twGif; tvHk;t&if;ESifh yg0ifvmawmhonf?

ausmif;om;oydwfrS ay:xGufvmaom wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifo!fh tjcm;&v'fwckrSmtrsdK;om;ae@ jzpfonf? 1920 jy!fhESpf 'DZifbmv (5) &ufae@ ausmif;om;oydwf pwifo!fhae@udk/ xdktcsdefrSpI trsdK;om;ae@tjzpf owfrSwfvmcJhonf? wenf;tm;jzifhtqd kygae@&ufud k u|Ek fy fwd k @. trs d K ;om;0g' &if husufvmo!f hae@tjzpftodtrSwfjyKEdkifygonf? 1934 ckESpfY ynma&;0ef}uD;tjzpf u|Ekfyf wm0ef,l &o!fhtcg/ESpfpOf wefaqmifrkef;vjy!fhausmf(10) &ufae@udk/ trsdK;om;ae@tjzpf jrefrmjynfausmif;rsm; tm;vHk;/ w&m;0ifausmif;ydwf&uftjzpf owfrSwfcJh+yD;/ 1938 ckESpf EdkifiHawmf0eff}uD;csKyftjzpf aqmif&Guf &o!fhtcgYvnf;/ trsm;jynfol &Hk;ydwf&uftjzpf a=unmay;cJhygonf? odk@jyif trsdK;om;ae@rSm twdwfta=umif;t&mwdk@ESifh csdwfqufaeo!fh/ ae@wpfae@tjzpf ,ae@wdkif wnf&Sdaeawmhonf?

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aemufqHk;taeESifh ajymvdkonfrSm *sD/ pD/ bD/ at. txifu& yk*~dKvfrsm; jzpfo!fh/ OD;cspf v_dif/ OD;yk/ OD;pdk;odrf;/ om,m0wD OD;ykESifh tjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm;wdk@ ta=umif; jzpfonf?

tqdkyg yk*~dKvf}uD;rsm;rSm xdkpOfu trSefyif vlxk ol&Jaumif;rsm; jzpfonf? vlxkol&J aumif;rsm;yDyD/ olwdk@wGifvnf; u|Ekfyfwdk@vdk trSm;uif;onfawmh r[kwf? odk@wdkifolwdk@Y &Sm;rS &Sm;aom acgif;aqmift&nftaoG;wdk@ ydkifqdkifxm;=uonf? olwdk@&if;wGif;YawmfvSefa&; rD;awmufrsm;/ awmufavmifaeovdk vlxktay:vnf; ul;pufjyef@yGm;Edkifo!fh t&nftcsif; &Sd=uonf? xkdvlwdk@onf jrefrmjynfwpfeH wpfvsm;/ &[ef;oHCmESifht&yfom;wdk@udk aumif;pGm pnf;&Hk;EdkifcJh=uovdk/ vlxk EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wpfckudkvnf;OD;qHk; tpjyK zefwD;cJh=uonf? olwdk@onfum; 0HomEk ppfppfrsm; jzpfawmhonf?

xdk@aemuf ra&SmifrvGJomo!fh tuGJt+yJrsm; xif&Sm;vmawmhonf? yk*~dKvfa&;v$rf;rdk;r_ rsm;ESifhtwl tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;um; avsmh&J&J jzpfvmonf? jynfolrsm;omru/&[ef; oHCmrsm;t=um; Yyif/ tajcwif tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ESifh *dk%f;u%rsm; uGJ+yJvmonf?aemufqHk;Y OD;aqmifolwdk@. yÉdyuQrSm vlod&Sif=um;jzpfvm+yD;/ toif;}uD;vnf; xufjcrf;uGJawmhonf? acgif;aqmifolwdk@. trnfESifhtwl *sD/ pD/ bD/ at toif;tzGJ@rsm; t+ydKif;+ydKif; ay:xGufvm+yD;/ acgif;aqmiftrnfu toif;. EdkifiHa&; ,Hk=unfr_udk udk,fpm;jyKvm=uonf? rnfodk@&Sdap toif;0ifrsm;um;/ 0HomEkrsm; tjzpf qufvuf todtrSwfjyKcJh=uovdk / r#a0 ,lxm;o!fh toif;}uD;. trnfuvnf;/ toif;0if wdk@udk ta&;}uHKvmo!fh tajctaewdk@wGif pkpnf;ay;o!fh aESmif}udK;wpfckvdk wnf&SdcJhonf? ordkif;wGifo!fhtuGJt+yJrSm/ &[ef;rsm; OD;aqmifo!fh 0HomEkwdk@ESifh +Adwdo# ynmwwfrsm; OD;aqmifo!fh/zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHrludk vufcHo!fh tkyfpkwdk@=um; jzpfyGm;cJhonf?

1920 jy!fhESpf tapmydkif;wGif/ jrefrmjynftwGuf cGifhjyKcJho!fh/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkrlopfESifh ywfoufI jy\emrSm txGwftxdyf a&mufvmonf? +Adwdo# ynmwwftkyfpku/ +Adwdo# tpdk;& ay;or#udk vufcH+yD;/ wjznf;jznf; jyKjyifajymif;vJoGm;zdk@vdkvm;onf? wpfae@ wpfvH yk*H b,fra&G@ qdko!fh a&S;xHk;udk ESvHk;rlxm;=uonf? odk@wdkif0HomEkrsm;u jiif;qef=uonf? olawmif;pm; ay:vpD[k oabmxm;=uonf? 0HomEkrsm;tzdk@ tukef&v#if&/ r&v#if r,l/ wpfjynfvHk; twdkif;twmESifh Oya'jyK aumifpDopfudkoydwfarSmufzdk@ qHk;jzwfxm;=uonf? odk@jzifh tdENd,uJhodk@ jrefrmjynfwGifvnf; EdkfifiHa&;vrf;a=umif;opf wpfck ay:xGufvmawmhonf? tdENd,. vufawG@ EdkifiHa&;t&/ tqdkygvrf;a=umif;Y aumif;onfvnf; &Sdonf? qdk;onfvnf; &Sdonf? aumif;o!fhtcsufrSmOya'jyK v$wfawmfwGif avmavmq,f tumtuG,f &Sdaeovdk/ wpfzufuvnf; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf ususee pnf;&Hk;Edkifonf qdko!fhtcsufu/ EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tqifajyoGm;+yD; +Adwdo# tpdk;& 0HomEkrsm;ESifh tv,ftvwf oabmxm;&Sdol ynmwwf

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rsm; t=um;/ oHk;yGifhqdkif yÉdyuQ jzpfvmonf? ydkI qdk;onfrSm 0HomEk*dk%f;rsm;rSm Oya'jyKv$wfawmf / jyify a&mufaejcif; jzpfonf?

}uD;rm;aom vlxkaemufcHtm;jzifh *sD/ pD/ bD/ atu Oya'jyK v$wfawmfudk oydwfarSmuf vdkufo!fhtwGuf tkyfcsKyfa&; ,EW&m;rSm tawmfyif tajc,dkifoGm;onf? xdk@twl*sD/ pD/ bD/ at bufrSmvnf; jyif;jyif;xefxef txdemcJhonf? tdENd, trsdK;om;v_yf&Sm;r_vrf;a=umif; vdkufcJholrsm; taeESifh tqdkyg EdkifiHrS ppf}udKacwf OD;qHk; zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH csrSwf+yD;aemuf/ jzpfay:vmo!fh tajctae wdk@udk rSwfrSwf&& &Sdwwf=uonf?jrefrmjynfwGifvnf; tvm;wl jzpfonf? *sD/ pD/ bD/ at OD;aqmifaom oydwfwdkufyGJaemufwGif tcGefray;a&;/ EdkifiHjcm;jzpf ypPnf;wdk@udk oydwfarSmufjcif;onf/ tm%mzDqefa&; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; qufwdkuf jzpfvmonf? odk@twGuf t*Fvdyf tpdk;&u 0HomEkwdk@tay: Oya'rsm; ydkIwif;usyfcJhonf?

1930 jy!fhESpf tapmydkif; a&mufvmcsdefY/ tajctaerSm tawmf qdk;0g;vmonf? EdkifiHa&; tHk=uGr_rsm; qufwdkuf jzpfvmovdk/ urBm@pD;yGm; ysufuyf}uD;a=umihf/txl;ojzifh v,form;rsm; ajrrJh/ ,mrJhb0 a&mufcJh=u+yD;/ aemufqHk;wGif a=uuGJ0rf;enf;p&mtaumif;qHk;/ awmifolv,form; ta&;awmfyHk}uD; jzpfyGm;vmawmhonf? TonfYvnf; t*Fvdyfwdk@u Oya' csdK;azmufr_ tjzpfom oabmxm;+yD; tjypfay;zdk@om qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf? a&;qGJxm;o!fh Oya'wdk@xu/f ydkI wm0ef&Sdo!fh usihf0wfOya'udkum;/rnfolr# rpOf;pm;=u? Todk@ jyif;xefaom Oya'rsm;onfvnf; rnfolr# ar;cGef;rxkwf=u? jy\emrSm Oya'vm;/ EdkifiHa&;vm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vm; po!fh tajzrSefudkvnf;rnfolr# rpOfpm;=u? rsufuef; wap> ra=umufyrm/ wHk@jyef@r_jzifhom t*Fvdyfwdk@zufuvufpm;acs cJh=uonf? aemufqHk;wGif v,form; acgif;aqmif}uD; q&mpHESifh taygif;tygwdk@udkom }udK;rdef@ay; taoowfvdkufawmhonf? q&mpHESihf ol. &Jabmf &Jrufwdk@rSmOD;pdk;odrf;/ *sD/ pD/ bD/ at tzGJ@0ifrsm; jzpf+yD;/ ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif tjcm; *sD/ pD/ bD/ attzGJ@om;rsm;vnf; 4if;wdk@ESifh yl;aygif;cJh=uonf? u|Ekfyf udk,fwdkifonfyif xdkpOfua&S@aewpfOD;taeESifh q&mpHESifh tjcm; xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifwdk@ tr_udk OD;aqmifOD;&Gufaqmif&GufcJhojzifh/ OD;pdk;odrf; *sD/ pD/ bD/ at tzGJ@om; wpfa,muf[k ajymEdkifonf?

v,form;wdk@ trSefwu,f &ifqdkifae&aom 'kuQ/ okuQrsm;ESihf v,form;olykef}uD; jzpfay:vm&o!fh ta=umif;&if;udk u|Ekfyf=um;odcJho!fhtavsmuf/ tpdk;&udkajymzdk@ }udK;pm;cJho!fhwdkif ratmifjrifcJhay? tpdk;&u Oya'[laom 0wf&Hkudk +cHKvsufwGifwGifom “bl;”cHae+yD;/ &Gmol/ &Gmom;wdk@ tay: wdk;Iom ta&;,laeawmhonf?odk@wdkif &Gmol/ &Gmom;wdk@um; t*Fvdyfwdk@ Oya'udk rod? tcsdefrD tcGef twkwfray;Edkif=uo!fhtwGuf/ &Sdor# ypPnf;awG xdk;ay;vdkuf&o!fhtjzpfom/ olwdk@ odonf?

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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.1011111

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