© 2013, 2010, 2007, 2003, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. L. Dean Webb Arlene Metha…

© 2013, 2010, 2007, 2003, 2000Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

L. Dean WebbArlene MethaK. Forbis Jordan

Foundations of American Education

Seventh Edition

1-2Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 6

From Revolution to the Twentieth Century

Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Overview of Chapter 6 Education in the Early National Period The Common School Movement Leading Proponents of the Common

School Movement Secondary School Movement Developments in Higher Education Education of Minorities Teacher Education


Education in the Early National Period Northwest Land Ordinances

Land Ordinance of 1785 Required the 16th section of land in each township be set aside for the

support of education Nationalism and Education

Thomas Jefferson Believed men were entitled certain rights Provided legislation in Virginia for system of free, universal public

education Benjamin Rush

Advocate of education for blacks and women Noah Webster

Schools should have distinctive language and curriculum to prove political independence from England


Education in the Early National Period

Educational Innovations Monitorial Schools- Started by an American Quaker

One paid teacher instructed hundreds through use of student helpers or “monitors”

Free School Societies/Charity Schools: For poor children in urban environment

Sunday Schools: Taught children who worked during the week

Infant Schools: Designed for children age 4-7 The Growth of the Academy

Academies for Women: Provided opportunities for women


The Common School Movement Educational system as we now know it

began in 1830 State systems of education established

Moving forces Changing demographics- larger, more urban Demands of the Working Class Social Control The Frontier Movement Extended Suffrage Educational Journals and Organizations Protestant Religious Accommodation


Horace Mann Considered “Father of American Education” Spokesperson for common school movement Influenced educational legislation Established normal schools (first teacher training

institutions) Henry Barnard

Another major leader of common school Democratic philosophy

Catherine Beecher Strong supporter of common school and female

teachers

Leading Proponents of the Common School Movement


Growth of State and Local Support and Supervision Increased state support providing aid to

schools Prior to having taxes support education,

parents of children in school paid a rate bill Creation of State Boards and State

Superintendents of Education Creation of Local School Districts and

Superintendents Common Schools developed more organized

curriculum and practices


Secondary School Movement

Fully established in later part of 19th century First comprehensive high school was

established in 1831 Grew slowly prior to civil war primarily in urban

areas Factors contributing to growth of secondary

education Increased population growth and demand for skilled

workers Tax support and compulsory attendance laws

furthered secondary education and literacy


The Committee of Ten Established by National Education Association Proposed a standardized curriculum Basic subjects with little room for electives Curriculum dominated by college-prep courses

Seven Cardinal Principles A group responding critically to original decision Identified objectives important for education Not solely focused on college-prep goals

Junior high schools appear, providing training for grades six and seven or six through eight

Secondary School Movement


Developments in Higher Education Increase in common schools led to increase in

higher education First state institutions established in South Lecture, recitation, and strict discipline common Dartmouth College Case

Private colleges secure from government control Morrill Acts-Land-Grant Institutions

Granted 30,000 acres of land to each state for each senator and representative in 1862

Second Morrill Act provided for grants to each state to develop land-grant colleges


Higher Education for Women Few opportunities existed for women before Civil War During Civil War higher education flourished Women’s colleges established

Emergence of the Modern University Between end of Civil War and beginning of 20th century known

as the “Age of the University” 200 colleges were established in US

Founding of Junior Colleges First established in 1901, established by 1920 Included broad-based needs of community including vocational

and technical training

Developments in Higher Education, cont.


Education of MinoritiesOpportunities for education not even across classes or

races of people Native Americans

Initiated by missionaries trying to convert Treaties and mission schools- trying to assimilate Native

Americans to American society Boarding schools established to help remove children from

tribal settings Native language and culture excluded from classroom In later 19th century the Bureau of Indian Affairs operated day

schools on the reservation Meriam Report- granted US citizenship to all Native Americans


Education of Minorities, cont. Education of Hispanic Americans

Life for Mexicans who remained in southwestern states forced to assimilate

Segregated in schools Asian Americans

Discriminated against like other minorities Marked by segregation Special language needs ignored

Black Americans Prior to Civil War- education virtually non-existent After Civil War-Peabody Fund for the Advancement of Negro

Education in the South.


Education of Minorities, cont. Education of Black Americans, cont.

Freedmen’s Bureau- established 3,000 schools -1869 Booker T. Washington

Emphasized the dignity of labor rather than academic education Advocated practical education to help make blacks self-sufficient

W.E.B. Dubois Believed in education for political and civil equality of blacks Encouraged political activism and founded National Association

for the Advancement of Colored People Segregation of Public Schools

Remained in effect until desegregation movement of 50’s and 60’s


Teacher Education Formal training of teachers in US began in 19th century Originally chosen for religious beliefs than educational abilities Many times teachers were those who were unsuccessful at other

occupations Teacher Institutes

Before normal schools, teachers had little training would attend institute Normal Schools

Included specific training for teachers Mainly included women Included a model school where students could practice teaching By 1920 programs were 4 years and became teachers’ colleges and

later “state colleges” Universities offer Teacher Training


Review for Chapter 6 Education in the Early National Period The Common School Movement Leading Proponents of the Common

School Movement Secondary School Movement Developments in Higher Education Education of Minorities Teacher Education

Documents

© 2013, 2010, 2007, 2003, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. L. Dean Webb Arlene Metha…