1996

Available online through - http://ijifr.com/searchjournal.aspx

www.ijifr.com

Published On: February 26, 2016

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697

Volume 3 Issue 6 February 2016 Reviewed Paper

Abstract

This paper is focused on a device used for measurement of transformer parameters through wireless system, which has in built step-down transformer with voltage and frequency and measurement circuit for measuring input voltage and frequency of a transformer. This paper will aim to monitor the different parameters like voltage, frequency, temperature, oil level in the transformer tank and also protect the transformer from overload and high voltage and use of GSM module for transmitting the data through wireless media.

1. INTRODUCTION

Initially 230 v ac input voltage from mains supply is stepped down into 12v ac through

12-0-12 step down transformer and then its output given to frequency and voltage

measurement circuit and at end these measurement data output is feed to microcontroller

Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

Paper ID IJIFR/ V3/ E6/ 022 Page No. 1996-2011 Subject Area Electrical &

Electronics Engg.

Keywords Transformer, GSM Module, Microcontroller And Wireless Measurement Meter

1st Babu Naik G

Assistant Professor

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

BMS Institute of Technology & Management,

Yelahanka, Bangalore( Karnataka)-India

2nd Ozwin Dominic Dsouza

Assistant Professor

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

BMS Institute of Technology & Management,

Yelahanka, Bangalore( Karnataka)-India

3rd Manjunatha Babu P

Assistant Professor

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

BMS Institute of Technology & Management,

Yelahanka, Bangalore( Karnataka)-India

4th Naresh Kumar CH Engineer, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

5th Mahipal Bhukya Assistant Professor

Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Manipal University, Jaipur(Rajasthan)-India

1997

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1996-2011

Babu Naik G, Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, Manjunatha Babu P, Naresh Kumar CH, Mahipal Bhukya :: Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

for processing [2]. All these parameter are sending through GSM module. Here we

using P89V51RD2 microcontroller for processing information. 8051 architecture based

P89V51RD2 microcontroller from NxP is used, which controls the whole system [1]. It

contains 1k RAM, 64k Flash, 3 Timers, 2 external interrupts, 1 UART, 32 GPIO’s, ISP programming support etc. KEIL IDE is used to program the microcontroller and the

coding will be done using Embedded C. GSM module is used to send SMS to the

required GSM mobile. This module is programmed using AT commands through

UART. Monitoring of Transformers data related to various parameters, predict and

prevent the failure of transformer by observing deviation of the transformer parameters

expected values [4]. Transformers are the most critical assets of electrical

transmission and distribution system. Transformer failures could cause power outages,

personal and environmental hazards and expensive rerouting or purchase of power from

other suppliers [2]. Transformer in-service interruptions and failures usually result

from dielectric breakdown, winding distortion caused by short-circuit withstand,

winding and magnetic circuit hot spot, electrical disturbances, deterioration

of insulation, lightning, inadequate maintenance, loose connections, overloading, failure

of accessories such as OLTCs, bushings, etc [3]. Integrating the ‘individual cause’ monitoring allows for monitoring the overall condition of transformer.

A. Thermal Modeling

The useful life of a transformer is determined partially by the ability of transformer

to dissipate the internally generated heat to its surroundings. The comparison of actual

and predicted operating temperatures can provide a sensitive diagnosis of the

transformer condition and might indicate abnormal operation. The consequences of

temperature rise may not be sudden, but gradual as long as it is within break down limit.

Among these consequences, insulation deterioration is economically important.

Insulation being very costly, its deterioration is undesirable. Thermal modeling is the

development of a mathematical model that predicts the temperature profile of the power

transformer using the principle of thermal analysis. The thermal model is used to

determine the top oil temperature and hot spot temperature.

B. Dissolved Gas Analysis Gases are produced by degradation of the transformer oil and solid insulating

materials. Gases are generated at a much more rapid rate whenever an electrical fault

occurs. Normal causes of fault gases are classified into three categories: Corona

or partial discharge, thermal heating and arcing. These faults can be detected by

evaluating the quantities of hydrocarbon gases, hydrogen and oxides of carbon that are

present in the transformer. Different gases can serve as markers for different types of

faults. The concentration and the relation of individual gases allow a prediction of

whether a fault has occurred and what type it is likely to be.

C. Frequency Response Analysis

When a transformer is subjected to high currents through fault currents, the

mechanical structure and windings are subjected to severe mechanical stresses causing

1998

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1996-2011

Babu Naik G, Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, Manjunatha Babu P, Naresh Kumar CH, Mahipal Bhukya :: Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

winding movement and deformations. It may also result in insulation damage and turn-

to-turn faults. Frequency response analysis (FRA) is a non-intrusive very sensitive

technique for detecting winding movement faults and deformation assessment caused by

loss of clamping pressure or by short circuit forces. FRA technique involves measuring

the impedance of the windings of the transformer with a low voltage sine input varying

in a wide frequency range.

2. HARDWARE REQUIMENTS

A. Transformer

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another

through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in

the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and

thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic

field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or "voltage", in the secondary

winding. This effect is called inductive coupling. In the vast majority of transformers,

the windings are coils wound around a ferromagnetic core, air-core transformers being a

notable exception. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling

transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons

used to interconnect portions of power grids. While new technologies have eliminated

the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in

nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are

essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes long-distance

transmission economically practical. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped

around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most of the

magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils. If a load is

connected to the secondary winding, the load current and voltage will be in the

directions indicated, given the primary current and voltage in the directions indicated

(each will be alternating current in practice).

B. Core

Laminated steel core: Transformers for use

at power or audio frequencies typically have

cores made of high permeability silicon

steel. The steel has a permeability many

times that of free space and the core thus

serves to greatly reduce the magnetizing

current and confine the flux to a path which

closely couples the windings. Early

transformer developers soon realized that cores constructed from solid iron resulted in

prohibitive eddy-current losses, and their designs mitigated this effect with cores

consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires. Later designs constructed the core by

stacking layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that has remained in use. Each

Figure.1: Laminated core transformer

1999

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1996-2011

Babu Naik G, Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, Manjunatha Babu P, Naresh Kumar CH, Mahipal Bhukya :: Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

lamination is insulated from its neighbors by a thin non-conducting layer of insulation.

The effect of laminations is to confine eddy currents to highly elliptical paths that

enclose little flux, and so reduce their magnitude. Thinner laminations reduce losses,

but are more laborious and expensive to construct. Thin laminations are generally used

on high frequency transformers, with some types of very thin steel laminations able to

operate up to 10 KHz. One common design of laminated core is made from interleaved

stacks of E-shaped steel sheets capped with I-shaped pieces, leading to its name of "E-I

transformer". Such a design tends to exhibit more losses, but is very economical to

manufacture.

When power is then reapplied, the residual field will cause a high inrush current until the

effect of the remaining magnetism is reduced, usually after a few cycles of the applied

alternating current. Overcurrent protection devices such as fuses must be selected to

allow this harmless inrush to pass. On transformers connected to long, overhead power

transmission lines, induced currents due to geomagnetic disturbances during solar

storms can cause saturation of the core and operation of transformer protection devices.

C. P89V51RD2 Microcontroller

The main center part of the project is the microcontroller. Here we are using the 8051

based Philips P89V51RD2 microcontroller. The P89V51RD2 are 80C51

microcontrollers with 64kB flash and 1024 B of data RAM. A key feature of the

P89V51RD2 is its X2 mode option. The design engineer can choose to run the

application with the conventional 80C51 clock rate (12 clocks per machine cycle) or

select the X2 mode (six clocks per machine cycle) to achieve twice the throughput at the

same clock frequency. The flash program memory supports both parallel programming

and in serial ISP. Parallel programming mode offers gang-programming at high speed,

reducing programming costs and time to market. ISP allows a device to be

reprogrammed in the end product under software control. The capability to field/update

the application firmware makes a wide range of applications possible.

Figure 2: Block Diagram of P89V51RD2

2000

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1996-2011

Babu Naik G, Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, Manjunatha Babu P, Naresh Kumar CH, Mahipal Bhukya :: Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

D. Timers

The two 16-bit Timer/counter registers: Timer 0 and Timer 1 can be configured

to operate either as timers or event counters. In the ‘Timer’ function, the register is incremented every machine cycle. Thus, one can think of it as counting machine cycles.

Since a machine cycle consists of six oscillator periods, the count rate is 1 to 6 of the

oscillator frequency. In the ‘Counter’ function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0 transition at its corresponding external input pin, T0 or T1. In this function, the

external input is sampled once every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in

one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value

appears in the register in the machine cycle following the one in which the transition

was detected. Since it takes two machine cycles (12 oscillator periods) for 1-to-0

transition to be recognized, the maximum count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency.

In addition to the ‘Timer’ or ‘Counter’ selection, Timer 0 and Timer 1 have four

operating modes from which to select. The ‘Timer’ or ‘Counter’ function is selected by control bits C/T in the Special Function Register TMOD. These two Timer/counters

have four operating modes, which are selected by bit-pairs (M1, M0) in TMOD. Modes

0, 1, and 2 are the same for both Timers/counters. Mode 3 is different. The four

operating modes are described in the following text.

Figure 3: Timers

E. LM-317 Adjustable Regulator

The LM117 series of adjustable 3-terminal positive voltage regulators is capable

of supplying in excess of 1.5A over a 1.2V to 37V output range. They are exceptionally

easy to use and require only two external resistors to set the output voltage. Further, both

line and load regulation is better than standard fixed regulators. Also, the LM117 is

packaged in standard transistor packages which are easily mounted and handled. In

addition to higher performance than fixed regulators, the LM117 series offers full

overload protection available only in IC's. All overload protection circuitry remains fully

2001

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1996-2011

Babu Naik G, Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, Manjunatha Babu P, Naresh Kumar CH, Mahipal Bhukya :: Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

functional even if the adjustment terminal is disconnected. Normally, no capacitors are

needed unless the device is situated more than 6 inches from the input filter capacitors in

which case an input bypass is needed. An optional output capacitor can be added to

improve transient response. The adjustment terminal can be bypassed to achieve very

high ripple rejection ratios which are difficult to achieve with standard 3-terminal

regulators. Besides replacing fixed regulators, the LM117 is useful in a wide variety of

other applications. Since the regulator is ``floating'' and sees only the input-to-output

differential voltage, supplies of several hundred volts can be regulated.

Figure 4: Voltage Regulator

ADC0809: ADC0809 data acquisition component is a monolithic CMOS device with an

8-bit analog-to-digital converter, 8-channel multiplexer and microprocessor compatible

control logic. The 8-bit A/D converter uses successive approximation as the conversion

technique. The 8-channel multiplexer can directly access any of 8-single-ended analog

signals. The device eliminates the need for external zero and full scale adjustments. Easy

interfacing to microprocessors is provided by the latched and decoded multiplexer

address inputs and latched TTL TRI-STATE Outputs.

Multiplexer Selection: The device contains an 8-channel single-ended analog signal

multiplexer. A particular input channel is selected by using the address decoder. Table

below shows the input states for the address lines to select any channel. The address is

latched into the decoder on the low-to-high transition of the address latch enable signal.

Table 1: Multiplexer selection

ANALOG

CHANNEL

SELECTED

ADDRESS LINE

C B A

IN0 0(L) 0 0

IN1 0 0 1(H)

IN2 0 1 0

IN3 0 1 1

IN4 1 0 0

IN5 1 0 1

IN6 1 1 0

IN7 1 1 1

2002

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1996-2011

Babu Naik G, Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, Manjunatha Babu P, Naresh Kumar CH, Mahipal Bhukya :: Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

3. CONVERTER SECTION OF ADC

The heart of this single chip data acquisition system is its 8-bit analog-to-digital

converter. The converter is designed to give fast, accurate, and repeatable conversions

over a wide range of temperatures. The converter is partitioned into 3 major sections: the

256R ladder network, the successive approximation register, and the comparator. The

converter’s digital outputs are positive true.

Figure 5: Block diagram of ADC

The 256R ladder network approach was chosen over the conventional R/2R ladder

because of its inherent monotonicity, which guarantees no missing digital codes.

Monotonicity is particularly important in closed loop feedback control systems.

Additionally, the 256R network does not cause load variations on the reference voltage.

The first output transition with analog signal has reached +1⁄2 LSB and succeeding output transitions at every 1 LSB later up to full-scale. The successive approximation

register (SAR) performs 8 iterations to approximate the input voltage. For any SAR type

converter, n-iterations are required for an n-bit converter and a 3-bit converter. In the

ADC0809, the approximation technique is extended to 8 bits using the 256R network.

The A/D converter’s SAR is reset on the positive edge of the start conversion pulse. The conversion is begun on the falling edge and will process a new pulse. The Continuous

conversion is used to end-of-conversion (EOC) output to the SC input and power up.

End-of-conversion will go low between 0 and 8 clock pulses after the rising edge of start

conversion. The A/D converters compare the comparator and get ultimate accuracy.

2003

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1996-2011

Babu Naik G, Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, Manjunatha Babu P, Naresh Kumar CH, Mahipal Bhukya :: Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

Figure 6: ADC Basic circuit

Figure 7: Timing diagram of ADC

A. Group Special Mobile

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications formerly called as Group

Special Mobile.

This is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards

Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies for second generation (or "2G") digital cellular

networks. Packet data transmission speeds were later increased via EDGE. The GSM

standard is succeeded by the third generation (or "3G") UMTS standard developed by

the 3GPP. GSM networks will evolve further as they begin to incorporate fourth

generation (or "4G") LTE Advanced standards. "GSM" is a trademark owned by the

GSM Association. GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency

ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for

3G), with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands.

Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were

used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400 and

450 MHz frequency bands are assigned.

Table 2: GSM carriers

India GSM 900 5 carriers

GSM

900/1800 3 carriers

2004

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1996-2011

Babu Naik G, Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, Manjunatha Babu P, Naresh Kumar CH, Mahipal Bhukya :: Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

This allows eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency.

These eight radio timeslots (or eight burst periods) are grouped into a TDMA frame and

gives 270.833Kbits/s. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot and

gives 4.615ms. The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2

watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900. One of the key features of GSM is

the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM card. We are be using

SIM300 GSM Module in our Project. SIM300 is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine from

SIMCOM Ltd, that works on frequencies EGSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and PCS

1900 MHz SIM300 features GPRS multi-slot class 10 / class 8 (optional) and supports

the GPRS coding schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4. With a tiny configuration of

40mm x 33mm x 2.85 mm, SIM300 can fit almost all the space requirement in an

application, such as Smart phone, PDA phone and other mobile device. The physical

interface between SIM300 and the mobile application is through a 60 pins board-to-

board connector, which provides all hardware interfaces from module to customer’s boards except the RF antenna interface.

The keypad and SPI LCD interface will give you the flexibility to develop

customized applications.

Two serial ports can help you easily develop your applications.

Two audio channels include two microphones inputs and two speaker outputs.

These audio interfaces can be easily configured by AT command.

One ADC input

Two GPIO ports and SIM card detection port

Both 1.8V and 3.0V SIM Cards are supported. The SIM interface is powered from an

internal regulator in the module having nominal voltage 2.8V. All pins reset as outputs

driving low. You can use AT Commands "AT" meaning attention, to communicate with

the SIM card. The SIM interface supports the functionality of the GSM Phase 1

specification and also supports the functionality of the new GSM Phase 2+ specification

for FAST 64 kbps SIM. The "AT" or "at" prefix must be set at the beginning of each

command line. To terminate a command line enter <CR>. Commands are usually

followed by a response that includes ”<CR><LF><response><CR><LF>”.

B. Alpha-Numeric LCD Display

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, based on

Liquid Crystal Technology. A liquid crystal display consists of an array of tiny segments

(called pixels) that can be manipulated to present information. Liquid crystals do not

emit light directly instead they use light modulating techniques.

The size of LCDs comes in wider varieties.

They do not use Phosphor; hence images are not burnt-in.

Safer disposal

Energy Efficient

Low Power Consumption

2005

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1996-2011

Babu Naik G, Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, Manjunatha Babu P, Naresh Kumar CH, Mahipal Bhukya :: Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments

filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to

produce images in color or monochrome.

Polarizing filter film with a vertical axis to polarize light as it enters.

Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will

determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is turned ON. Vertical ridges

etched on the surface are smooth.

Glass substrate with common electrode film (ITO) with horizontal ridges to line

up with the horizontal filter.

Polarizing filter film with a horizontal axis to block/pass light.

Reflective surface to send light back to viewer. (In a backlit LCD, this layer is

replaced with a light source.)

Figure 8: JHD162A LCD

C. Operating Voltage Table 3: Operating voltage of LCD

D. Software Requirements

The Keil C51 C Compiler for the 8051 microcontroller is the most popular 8051 C

compiler in the world. It provides more features than any other 8051 C compiler

available today. The C51 Compiler allows you to write 8051 microcontroller

applications in C that, once compiled, have the efficiency and speed of assembly

2006

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1996-2011

Babu Naik G, Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, Manjunatha Babu P, Naresh Kumar CH, Mahipal Bhukya :: Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

language. Language extensions in the C51 Compiler give you full access to all resources

of the 8051. The C51 Compiler translates C source files into reloadable object modules

which contain full symbolic information for debugging with the µVision Debugger or an

in-circuit emulator.

E. Specific Objectives

The main aim of this project is to monitor and protection of Distribution

transformer Acquisition of different parameters of the transformer by the use of GSM

Microcontroller used to monitor and protection of the transformer. 8051 architecture

based P89V51RD2 microcontroller from NxP is used to implement this project.

Microcontroller acts as the heart of the project, which controls the whole system. It

contains 1k RAM, 64k Flash, 3 Timers, 2 external interrupts, 1 UART, 32 GPIO’s, ISP programming support etc. KEIL IDE is used to program the microcontroller and the

coding will be done using Embedded C.GSM module is used to send SMS to the

required GSM mobile. This module is programmed using AT commands through

UART. These are the main Objectives of our project

Voltage Measurement.

Frequency Measurements.

Temperature Measurements.

Oil Level Measurements.

Overload Protection.

4. SCOPE OF THE PRESENT WORK

It is a micro-controller based wireless monitoring and protection of the

transformer. Particularly our project is implemented for distribution transformers,

because it is difficult to check the transformer parameters by going there manually. So

this paper will aim to monitor the different parameters like voltage, frequency,

temperature, oil level in the transformer tank and also protect the transformer from

overload and high voltage. Here we are using micro-controller as a controlling unit,

different sensors are being used and it is interfaced with the micro-controller like

temperature sensor, floating sensor. And also different parameter measuring circuits like

frequency, voltage and over-load current. Working of this module has fallows, initially

230V ac input is stepped down into 12V ac through 12-0-12 step down transformer and

then its output given to frequency , voltage, oil level measurement circuit and at end

these measurement data is feed to microcontroller for processing. All these parameter

are sending through GSM module. Here we using P89V51RD2 microcontroller for

processing information. 8051 architecture based P89V51RD2 microcontroller from NxP

is used to implement this project. Microcontroller acts as the heart of the project, which

controls the whole system. It contains 1k RAM, 64k Flash, 3 Timers, 2 external

interrupts, 1 UART, 32 GPIO’s, ISP programming support etc. KEIL IDE is used to program the microcontroller and the coding will be done using Embedded C. GSM

2007

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1996-2011

Babu Naik G, Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, Manjunatha Babu P, Naresh Kumar CH, Mahipal Bhukya :: Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

module is used to send SMS to the required GSM mobile. This module is programmed

using AT commands through UART.

Figure 9: Transformer Parameter Measurement

A. Frequency Measurement

Figure 10: Frequency measurement circuit

Input of optocoupler is connected to the output of the transformer and output of the

Optocoupler is connected to the interrupt pin (P 3.2) of the micro-controller.

Optocoupler gives a positive high voltage for every one cycle of voltage. This high

voltage is fed to the interrupt pin, and the micro-controller programmed to count the

interrupts, so we can easily find the frequency of the transformer. Working of Opto

coupler is already discussed in previous chapter. The frequency of the transformer found

by the micro-controller is sent to the mobile using the GSM Module.

B. Tempreature And Oil Level Measurment

One of the main objectives is measurement of temperature and oil level in the

transformer. Temperature sensor LM-35 is used to measure the temperature of the

transformer connected to the micro-controller via ADC. Variable Resistance Float

sensor is used to measure the oil level in the tank connected to micro-controller through

ADC

2008

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1996-2011

Babu Naik G, Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, Manjunatha Babu P, Naresh Kumar CH, Mahipal Bhukya :: Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

Figure 10: Temperature and oil Level measurement

.

C. Temperature Measurement

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose

output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The

LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the

user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain

convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or

trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4˚C at room temperature and ±3⁄4˚C over a full −55 to +150˚C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It

can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws

only 60 µA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1˚C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a −55˚ to +150˚C temperature range. The LM-35 Sensor is

placed in the transformer, for every degree Celsius it will give the 10milli ampere of the

current output. This will be given to ADC, it will convert analog to digital and gives to a

micro-controller. Micro-controller is programmed to calculate the temperature. Finally

determined temperature will be sent to the mobile by the use of GSM module.

D. Oil Level Measurement

Floating sensor used to measurement of oil in the tank. It is an instrument used to

indicate the level of fuel contained in a tank commonly used in Transformers; these may

also be used for any tank including underground storage tanks.

As used in Transformer, the gauge consists of two parts:

The sensing unit

The indicator

The sensing unit usually uses a float connected to a potentiometer, typically printed ink

design in a modern automobile. As the tank empties, the float drops and slides a moving

contact along the resistor, increasing its resistance. In addition, when the resistance is at

a certain point, it will also turn on a "low fuel" light on some Transformer Tank.

2009

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1996-2011

Babu Naik G, Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, Manjunatha Babu P, Naresh Kumar CH, Mahipal Bhukya :: Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

Meanwhile, the indicator unit is measuring and displaying the amount of electrical

current flowing through the sending unit . Depends on the variation in current micro-

controller detects the oil level. Output of the sensor is connected to the ADC, sensor will

change its resistance according to change in the oil level. If the resistance changes then

the output voltage will changes, by this change in voltage we can calculate oil level in

the tank by the use if micro-controller. Micro-controller is programmed to calculate the

oil level in the transformer by the use of change in voltage of the sensor. For every

change in the oil level output current will varies. This measured oil level is sent to

mobile through the GSM Module.

E. Temperature And Oil Level Condition For Sending A Message

Here we programmed the micro-controller for sending a message, if the

temperature of the transformer exceeds the operating temperature (say 40 degree

Celsius) . So if the transformer temperature exceeds the operating temperature then the

warning message will be sent to the cell phone through the GSM Module. Similarly if

the oil level varies than the normal level or if the oil level falls down below the normal

level then micro-controller sends a warning message to the phone through the GSM

Module

F. Overload Protection Of Tranformer

Figure 11: Overload Protection of Transformer, Block diagram.

Normally distribution transformer placed near the consumer side, so if the load

on the transformer is more it will be dangerous to the transformers only. Because by the

increase in the load current, the current in the transformer winding will increases it may

cause failure of the transformer winding. So it is important to protect the transformer

from over load, this is done by the micro-controller and other electrical equipment’s. Above figure shows the functional block diagram of the overload protection of the

transformer. It consists of a current transformer placed in the load circuit side, if the load

current increases the current transformer senses the over load current and it will be fed to

the comparator LM-358.

This voltage comparator will comparers the current transformer voltage and the

reference voltage. If the current transformer voltage is more than the reference value

then the comparator output goes to the high. This high voltage is fed to the micro-

2010

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1996-2011

Babu Naik G, Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, Manjunatha Babu P, Naresh Kumar CH, Mahipal Bhukya :: Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

controller, then the micro-controller recognizes the over load detection and activates the

electromagnetic relay. Normally the relay is in the NORMALLY CLOSED (NC). So the

micro-controller energizes the relay and relay contact gets opened, then the whole

system gets switched off. By this way we can protect the transformer from the over load.

Immediately micro-controller send a warning signal alert, by sending a message to the

mobile from the GSM Module. Whole system gets protected from the overload.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The main application of this project is wireless monitoring and protection of the

distribution transformer. It can be implemented in distribution transformer for

monitoring and protection of the transformers. It protects transformer from fault

conditions. And also it can be implemented for automation purpose, depends upon the

application. For industrial applications like temperature, oil level and protection of

electrical machines, this system can be implemented. So it will reduce the maintenance

cost as the system gives the early warning of any abnormal condition. Time will also be

reduced as we need not to go on checking every transformer manually. So from this

paper distribution transformer will be monitored and protected from faults occurring

during real time, with the help of micro-controller based wireless monitoring system.

6. CONCLUSIONS

The paper focuses much on the efficiency of controlling process of the transformer and

mainly through wireless communication that eliminates the use of large cables which are

of high cost, low reliability and maintenance. The GSM helps in better way of

communication which enhances the improvement steps in this process. So, use of

P89V51RD2 MICROCONTROLLER makes the system real time embedded system and

aids very much in industry needs. The Distribution Transformers failures are effectively

protected against overload, over temperature and over voltage. The parameters of the

transformer are continuously monitored and transmitted to the nearest electrical office

for the necessary actions. Wireless communication systems are used for transmitting and

receiving the data from the transformer and the nearest electrical office by using GSM

communication. In this project the over voltage, temperature and over load are

monitored in signal system. The project is fully automated and require no manual

interface.

7. REFERENCES [1] Tzschoppe, C.; Kostack, R.; Wagner, J.; Paulo, R.; Ellinger, F. “A 2.4 GHz fast switchable

LNA with transformer matching for wireless wake-up receivers” Pages: 178 - 181, DOI:

10.1109/EuMIC.2014.6997821.

[2] Hammou, D.; Nedil, M.; Kandil, N.; Coulibaly, Y.; Moldovan, E.; Tatu, S.O. “Microstrip to

waveguide transition dedicated to wireless millimeter-wave applications” Pages: 1 - 2, DOI:

10.1109/APS.2012.6348786.

[3] Shiba, K.; Morimasa, A.; Hirano, H. “Design and Development of Low-Loss Transformer

for Powering Small Implantable Medical Devices” Pages: 77 - 85, DOI:

10.1109/TBCAS.2009.2034364.

2011

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1996-2011

Babu Naik G, Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, Manjunatha Babu P, Naresh Kumar CH, Mahipal Bhukya :: Wireless Transformer Parameter Measurements

[4] Castello, P.; Ferrari, P.; Flammini, A.; Muscas, C.; Pegoraro, P.A.; Rinaldi, S, “Distributed

PMU for Electrical Substations With Wireless Redundant Process Bus” Pages: 1149 - 1157,

DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2014.2363749.

[5] Liwen Jing; Li, A.; Luo, D.; Rowell, C.R.; Yue, C.P "Millimeter-wave 4∶1 Transformer-

based balun design for CMOS RF IC's” Pages: 1 - 4, DOI: 10.1109/IEEE-

IWS.2015.7164519.

[6] Gill, S.P.S.; Suryadevara, N.K.; Mukhopadhyay, S.C. “Smart Power monitoring system

using wireless sensor networks” Pages: 444 - 449, DOI: 10.1109/ICSensT.2012.6461718.

[7] Long, J.R.; Copeland, M.A “Modeling of monolithic inductors and transformers for silicon

RFIC design” Pages: 129 - 134, DOI: 10.1109/MTTTWA.1995.512338.

BIOGRAPHIES

1st. Babu Naik Gugulothu, has received his masters from the Indian Institute of Science

(IISc), Bangalore, India. Currently working as Assistant professor in the department of

Electrical and Electronics Engg at BMSIT&M, Bangalore. His research interests are in

the field of power systems, Power Electronocs and Industrial drives and applications.

2nd. Ozwin Dominic Dsouza, has received his masters from National Institute of

Engineering, Mysore, India. Currently working as Assistant professor in the department

of Electrical and Electronics Engg at BMSIT&M, Bangalore. His research interests are

in the field of electric drives and control systems.

3rd. Shilpa G, has received her masters from MS Ramaiah Institute Of Technology,

Bangalore, India. Currently working as Assistant professor in the department of

Electrical and Electronics Engg at BMSIT&M, Bangalore. Her research interests are in

the field of Power Electronics and electric drives.