Water Biota and Physico-chemical environment factor

Water Biota and Physico-chemical

environment factor

Sagita juniati , Experiment Animal Ekology ,Bilingual

Biology Education 2013,Mathematic and Natural Science

Faculty State University of Medan.

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The point of the experiment was to knowing the

biota that contain in many kind water such as Pond

water, Dirty water, Wet water, and last River water.

But in the data resourches the objective experiment

just focus in River water. The observation doing at

Ciliwung river in bogor, Weir of Katulampa, Housing

geulis island, botanical garden Bogor, Guava market

stalls and new street. The temperature is the most

affected to the present of the water biota. Mainly the

biota can found in 350 C. The biota found in Pond water

(Ciliata), Dirty water (Amoeba and Paramecium algae)

and last in Wet water (Transparant and long form). And

for river waters at ciliwung found coliform bacteria,

mostly on all of part of rivers. Result showing that

quality and quantity of river water Ciliwung are lower

standart or can say is so bad. Where average number of

BOD from the result experiment are 9975, and DO is 6479

and Amount of coliform is 57000 colony/ml-408000

Water Biota and physico-chemical environment factor Page 1

mailto:[email protected]

colony/ml. Quantity and Quality of waters is the main

problem for our life . Quality of waters determine by

some parameters there are such as Physic, chemical,

Biology (microbiology).

Keywords: Bacteria coliform, quality, physics, chemical, microbiology

INTRODUCTION

The environmental factors affecting an organism

and limiting its distribution, and in some cases its

population, may be considered under three ill-defined

headings: (1) Physical, (2) Chemical and, (3) Biotic.

(H. A. Hawkes,

2013 page: 39)

Three of the most common environmental influences

are temperature, water hardness, and pH. Most organisms

have a range of the influence tolerances for different

activities.

(Jim Perry. 2009.

Page: 300)

Both Abiotic and biotic factors determine both

where an organism can live and how much a population

can grow. A limiting factor is a factor that restricts

the size of a population from reaching its full

potential, there are:


Light (exposure to light can change climate & growth

of plants)

Heat (will determine the weather/climate of an

ecosystem)

Organic Matter (this will determine soil nutrition

and therefore plant growth)

Nutrients (Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon etc.) are

essential stability of an ecosystem

Water/ Air (Water and Air quality will play a drastic

role in the survivable of a species; rainfall etc.)

Predation (Predators will limit the growth of the

population as well as human pouching)

Competition (Competition within the species and with

other species for food, water, mates will limit

further growth)

(Ananymous. http://

schoolworkhelper.net….)

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Instruments and Materils

The materials that used is the waters at Ciliwung

river in bogor, Weir of Katulampa, Housing geulis

island, botanical garden Bogor, Guava market stalls and

new street, EMBA ( Media Eosin Methylene Blue Agar ),

NaCl ( 0,85% ), Aquades.


The instruments that used is thermometer to measure the

degree, bottle as the placed, Microscope to look the

types of biota, pippete as dropped, cover glass as

covered the object glass, object glass as placed of

waters before observe with microscope, Erlenmayer,

Measuring pipette, Reaction tube, Autoclave, Oven,

Label paper, Hot plate, pH meters, Dometer, and last

Transport bottle.

Time and Place of Experiment

The experiment mainly doing in Weir of Katulampa,

Housing geulis island, botanical garden Bogor, Guava

market stalls and new street. or at the Ciliwung River

in bogor.

Methods

The experiment mainly doing in of Katulampa,


market stalls and new street. Research was conducted

with the depth 30 cm from water surface and every point

was taken every 1000ml of water sample then entered

into glass completed with cover.

The procedures :

• sterilisation

• EMB Making

• Pengenceran


• Measuring Bacteria colony

RESULT

BOD content

Waters River Ciliwung

Bogor

contain organic materials

with

higher number as food

resourch

of living of

microorganisms. The

present of pathogen of

microba in

waters will increase the

content

organic materials on

waterss that the

function as placed and

food resourch

for microorganisms

Ph or degree of

Almost at all part river Ciliwung that

past Bogor city found the different

degree od acidity(pH), for every point

taking the samples. Changing of pH


affected by waste types that enter

to the waters body.

DO (Dissolved Oxygen)

Found that different number of DO for

every point taking the samples. where

Oxgygen content of the river is

4781-9075 mg/l, with the average is

6479 mg/l. It’s show that the river include

on Class I. Amount of Dissolved O2 in a

waters is not affected by temperature, pressure gases

or air, and content of salt.

BOD ( Biochemical Oxygen Demand)

Increase of BOD, pH, and nitrate

as parameters content of acidity by

using fertilizer and sedimentation of

organic substances on river.

Temperature


From the all placed have different degree

temperature, but all of them not past the

optimum temperature of the river, and

if the temperature past the optimum tem-

perature can make the living things of

river will died.

DISCCUSION

Chemical parameters

1) Ph

The pH of natural water can provide important

information about many chemical and biological

processes and provides indirect correlations to a

number of different impairments. The pH is the

measurement of the acid/base activity in solution,

specifically it is the negative common logarithm of

the activity/concentration of hydrogen ion. In natural

waters, the pH scale runs from 0 to 14. A pH value of 7

is neutral; a pH less than 7 is acidic and greater than

7 represents base saturation or alkalinity.

pH is typically monitored for assessments of

aquatic ecosystem health, recreational waters,

irrigation sources and discharges, live stock, drinking


water sources, industrial discharges, intakes, and

storm water runoff.

2) Dissolved oxygen

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is essential to all forms of

aquatic life including the organisms that break down

man-made pollutants. Oxygen is soluble in water and the

oxygen that is dissolved in water will equilibrate with

the oxygen in atmosphere. Oxygen tends to be less

soluble as temperature increases. The DO of fresh water

at sea level will range from 15 mg/l at 00 C to 8mg/l

at 25o C. Concentrations of unpolluted fresh water will

be close to 10 mg/l.

In general, the concentration of dissolved oxygen

will be the result of biological activity.

Photosynthesis of some aquatic plants will increase the

DO during day light hours and the DO levels will fall

during the nighttime hours. In natural waters, man-made

contamination, or natural organic material will be

consumed by microorganisms.

3) Electrical Conductivity

Electrical conductivity (EC) in natural waters is

the normalized measure of the water’s ability to

conduct electric current. This is mostly influenced by

dissolved salts such as sodium chloride and potassium

chloride. The common unit forelectrical conductivity is


Siemens per meter (S/m). Most freshwater sources will

range between 0.001 to 0.1 S/m.

Physico parameters

1) Water Temperature

Water Temperature, Many aquatic organisms are

sensitive to changes in water temperature. Temperature

is an important water quality parameter and is

relatively easy to measure. Water bodies will naturally

show changes in temperature seasonally and daily;

however, man made changes to stream water temperature

will affect fish’s ability to reproduce. Many lake and

rivers will exhibit vertical temperature gradients as

the sun will warm the upper water while deeper water

will remain cooler.

Aquatic/water biota is a group of organisms both

animals and plants are mostly or all of his life in the

waters. The organism can be benthos, plankton, or

nekton that can provide information on the state of the

waters in good indicator or not because each aquatic

biota have different properties and different life in

accordance with the conditions necessary marine

environment.

2) Turbidity

Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of water.

Cloudiness is caused by suspended solids (mainly soil


particles) and plankton (microscopic plants and

animals) that are suspended in the water column.

Moderately low levels of turbidity may indicate a

healthy, well-functioning ecosystem, with moderate

amounts of plankton present to fuel the fuel the food

chain. However, higher levels of turbidity pose several

problems for stream systems. Turbidity blocks out the

light needed by submerged aquatic vegetation. It also

can raise surface water temperatures above normal

because suspended particles near the surface facilitate

the absorption of heat from sunlight.

CONCLUSION

From above we we know in Weir of Katulampa,


market stalls and new street. or at the Ciliwung River

in bogor contain Bacteria conflimer. and it’s means

quality of waters has decrease it’s found as long as

river. and it’s happend if the parameters of waters

increase or decrease such as chemical and physico

parameters, chemical parameters are pH, dissolved

oxygen, and electrical conductivity and physico

parameters are waters temperature and turbidity.

REFFERENCES


H. A. Hawkes, 2013. The Ecology of Waste Water Treatment.

London: Pergamon press LTD

Jim Perry. 2009. Water Quality: Management of a Natural

Resource. London: John Willey & Sons

Ananymous.http://schoolworkhelper.net/biotic-and-abiotic-factors-

influence-on-ecosystems/. Access on Tuesday Feb, 25th

2015 at 12:09 Am


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Water Biota and Physico-chemical environment factor