The Niagara Falls - Forgotten Books

Cop y r i gh t 1 904 b yGeo rge D a ven po rtN ia ga r a F a l l s . N . V

THE MASON PR ES SSyrac u se New Yo r k

C ON TENTS

PART I

N iaga ra

PART I I

AM ER IC A N N IAGARA POWER DEV ELOPM ENT BY CA NA LTh e Niaga ra Fa l l s Hyd rau l i c Power and Ma n u fac

t u r ing CompanyTenant s o f t he N iaga ra Fal l s Hydraul i c Power andh-I an u factu r ing CompanyN iagara Fa l l s B rew i ng CompanyThe Pet tebone - Cataract Pape r CompanyC l iFf Paper CompanyWm . A . Rogers

,Limited

The N iaga ra Go rge Ra i l road CompanyThe Nat iona l E l ect ro lyt i c CompanyAcker Process Company

“PART I I I

AM ER IC A N N IAGARA POWER DEV ELOPM ENT BY TUN N EL .

The N iagara Fa l ls Power CompanyLoca l Tenants o f t he N iagara Fa l l s Power Company

The Carbo rundum CompanyUn ion Ca rb ide CompanyN iaga ra E l ect ro—Chemica l CompanyBu ffalo and N iaga ra Fa l l s E l ect r i c Light andPowe r Company

Th e Niagara Fa l l s Wate r WorksInte rnat iona l Paper Company

PAGEE l ect r i ca l Lead Reduct ion Company 1 14

Castner E l ect ro lyt i c Alka l i Company 1 16

I nte rnat iona l Acheson Graph i t e Company 1 1 7

Robert s Chemical Company 1 23

Franc i s Hook an d Eye and Fastene r Company . 1 24

No rton Emery Whee l Company . 1 26

The Natu ra l Food Company 1 29

Ramapo I ron Wo rks 1 36

The Compos i t e Boa rd Company 1 37

Niagara Resea rch Labo rato r i e s 1 38

Canadi an Tenant s o f the N iagara Fal l s Pow e r Company

Long - d i stance Tenants o f The N iaga ra Fa l l s PowerCompany

The Cata ract Power an d Condu i t Company .

Int ernat iona l Rai lway CompanyTonawanda Power CompanyLockpo rt Gas an d E l ect r i c Light Company .

PART IV

N IAGARA POWER D EV ELOPM ENT I N CA NA D ACanad i an N iaga ra Power Company .

The E l ect r i ca l D eve lopment Company o f Onta r io,

Ltd, an d the To ronto and N iaga ra Powe r C om

panyThe Onta r io Power Company

PART V

From N iagara to Ch i cago .

The Am er i ca n Fa l l s

I t s na rrat ive i s h i story,i n t he b roades t and bes t

sens e ; fo r i t t e l l s , not on ly o f wars and rumo rs o f wars ,”but a l so o f the re l ig ions

,o f the c iv i l i zat ion , o f the a rt s o f

peace,an d o f the progres s o f many peopl es .

I t dates back,i n I nd ian t rad i t ion

,to the remote st

past ; and i n I nd i an sto ry, fo r yea rs be fore a wh it e mant rod i t s so i l .I t s name i s w ri t large i n the Ind i an M i ss ion s o f the

Roman Catho l i c Chu rch , an d i n the se rv i ce o f he r pr i es t sunder the flag bear ing the l i l i e s o f France .

I t has acknowledged,on i t s easte rn shore

,t he sov

ere ign ty, i n t u rn , o f t h ree o f the great nat ion s o f themodern wo rl d ; and on i t s weste rn sho re , o f two o f them .

I t has seen batt l es , some o f undying fame , and dec is ive o f t he ownersh ip o f vast a reas

,pe rhaps o f the cont i

n ent , fought w ith i n i t s l im i ts .Many t ime s and long has d ip lomacy exe rt ed a l l o f i t s

a r t s and o f i t s ab i l i t i e s fo r i t s a c qu i s i t io n .

N!agam

HE N iagara Reg ion , by wh icht i t l e the in l and st retch ingbanks o f ou r r ive r, from“ E r i eto Onta r io

,are known to man ,

touches the h i sto ry o f manypersons , o f many invent ions ,and o f many b ranches o f un iversa l knowledge

,at many

po i nt s .I n the reco rds o f the

'

Amer

i can Ind ian , o f France, o fGreat B r ita in

,o f Canada , and

o f t he Un i ted States ,I ts nam e i s o n th e i r pa ges ,

An d you c anno t b lo t i t ou t.

4 T h e N i a g a r a F a l l s

I t has p layed a not un impo rtan t pa rt in the westwardextens i on o f c iv i l i zat ion and o f set t l ement .I ts name i s l i nked w i th that o f commerce , both on

land and wate r .I t i s assoc i at ed w ith the sc i ences , i n severa l path s .

I t i s p rominent,th rough i t s rep roduct ions, i n the i l l u s

trative ; and th rough i ts ach i evement s, i n the mechan ica la rt s .I t s scen i c grandeu r

,an d the act ions o f two sovere ign

commonweal th s, in p rese rv ing the su rround ings o f i t sma in g lo ry fo r a l l t ime fo r the free u se o f a l l mank ind

,

a re known o f a l l men .

And,i n the l i t e ratu re o f the wo r l d , and in many

tongues,i t holds a by no mean s i nconspi cuous pl ace

.

I nd i an t rad i t ion t e l l s that the abo r igi nes were wont togaze i n awe upon th e spray o f the Fal l s , as be ing theabode o f the Great Sp i r i t o f N iagara , whom the t r ibes ,from fa r and nea r

,wo rsh iped ; an d to whom they o ff e red

as sacr ifices , by cast i ng into the wate rs , weapons o f thebraves

,fo r success i n wa r and i n the chase ; and fru i t s o f

the ea rth , for th e abundance o f the crops . I n s t i l l h ighe rhomage

,i n propi t i at ion o f H i s favo r to the i r race

,t hey

annual ly sac rificed the fa i res t ma iden o f the nat ion,

chosen by lot ; send ing her over the Fa l l s i n a wh it e canoebedecked w i t hfru i t s and flowers . After d ea thth e c h i efs werela id to re st o nG o a t I s l a n d .

‘6wh ich n o n ebut brave mene e r c o u l dr e a c h ,

” a n dwh i ch has beenca l ledth e

“mo st

i n t ere st i n g spo ti n a l l A m e ri ca I n late r

H ennep in ’ s V i ew o f th e Fa l l s days th e Neute r

E l e c t r i c a l H a n db o o k ‘

5

Nat ion he ld sway over th i s reg ion , unt i l ob l i te rated , about165 1 , by the savage Senecas, who rema i ned “lo rd s o f theso i l

,

” even under French occupat ion,unt i l compe l l e d

to cede i t to B ri ta i n,i n 1 764 , as payment fo r past hos

ti l ities .

Pr i ests o f the Catho l i c Chu rch , wh o da i ly r i sked the i rl ives as they carr i ed the Go spe l to the I nd ian t r ibe s i n anunknown wi l derness

,were here du r ing the sevent eenth

centu ry. I n 1626,Fathe r D a i l lon c ros se d i t s st ream,

“thegreat r ive r o f the Neut ra l s ; and othe rs, between thatdate an d 1 679, when H ennep in and h i s B rothe r Reco l l et s,who accompan i ed the exp lo re r La Sa l l e

,s tood upon i t s

banks . I t i s to Father H ennep i n t hat the wo rl d owes theea r l i es t desc r ipt ion o f the Fal l s

,an d the fi rs t p i ct u re

thereo f. Whi l e Champla in , who never saw them , madethe fi rst re fe rence to them in l i t e ratu re

, j ust th ree centu ries ago

,and Father Ragueneau , i n 1 648, wrot e o f t h i s

“cata ract o f fea r fu l he ight ,” i t i s Hennepi n ’s “great andp rod igiou s cadence o f waters , wh ich fa l l s down a ft e r asu rp r i s ing and as ton i sh ing manner

,i n somuch that the

un ive rse does not a ffo rd i t s pa ra l l e l,t hat rema in s even

unt i l to - day as the qua intes t an d bes t known o f a l l descr iptions thereo f.Wars have raged and b loody batt le s have been fought

upon i t s so i l ; t he ea r l i est o f reco rd , when the Senecassudden ly fe l l upon the i nha b i tant s o f a Neute r v i l lage andann ih i lat e d them . I n a ft e r yea rs the i r w inte r ’s s i ege o fFo rt De Nonv i l l e a lmost ann ih i l at ed the garr i son

,and

late r compel l ed i t s demo l i t ion,and the w ithd rawa l o f the

French .

I n 1 759, the th r ice - proj ect ed B r i t i sh attack on Fo rtN iagara took fo rm

,and an army la id s i ege to i t . A few

days o f cannonad ing, with the advantage a l l on the s i deo f the bes i egers

,and the re l i ev ing fo rce

,cons i st i ng o f a l l

the Frenchmen and Ind ians that cou ld be hast i ly gathered in the West , reached i t . S i r W i l l i am Johnson , withh i s fo rces i n battle a rray, met and routed them . Thefo rt su rrendered and B r i ta i n ’s long dream o f i t s possess ion was at l ast fu lfi l l ed . Fou r years lat e r, Pont iac ’sGreat Conspi racy touched th i s f ront i e r

,i n the D ev i l ’s


Hol e Massac re ; where the Senecas , st i l l fr i end ly toFrance , ambushed fi rs t a B ri t i sh supply t ra i n , and thenthe fo rce that hu rr i ed to i t s ass i stance ; nea rly one hund red sca lped co rp ses t est i fy ing to the p rec i s ion o f the i rp l an and to the exactnes s o f i t s execut ion .

The cont ro l o f the N iaga ra Region engaged the at tent ion o f the d ip lomats Of bot h France and B r i ta i n fo rmany years ; from 1680 to 1 725, i t s acqu i s i t ion was one o fthe ma in featu res o f t he po l i c i es Of t hos e . government s .France secu red i t

,bu t B ri ta i n p rompt ly compassed her

w ithdrawa l . Years a fte rwa rds France aga i n acqu i red i t,

and he l d i t,i n sp i t e o f a l l he r r iva l ’s th reat s an d w i l es .

Then began the plann ings ; on one s i de to ho l d i t , on th eothe r to oust i t s pos sesso r . When d ip lomacy and int r igue had fa i le d

,a rms were reso rted to ; and then B ri t

a i n won . H e r d iplomacy fa i le d aga i n i n dea l ing w ithhe r Amer ican Co lon i es . To a rms aga i n ; but th i s t imeB r i ta i n los t . The Revo l ut ion robbed her o f a l l h erAmer ican pos sess ions

,save what she had to rn f rom

France ; and even o f one - ha l f o f what she had thu sga ined a long th i s r i ve r . Even then B ri ta i n ’s d ip lomacyd i d n ot despa i r . Fo r t h i rt een years , 1 783 to 1 796 , knowni n h i sto ry as the “Ho l d Over Per iod ,

‘ she he l d five o fou r fo rt s

,Niaga ra the mos t impo rtant . On ly on he r

evacuat ion o f that fo rt was the tangib l e hope o f someday reconquer ing he r rebel l ious Co lon i e s d i sm i ss ed . Indeed

,not unt i l the clo se o f the War o f 1 8 1 2 was i t rea l ly

abandoned .

The region has p layed i t s pa rt,and an impo rtant one ,

i n the extens ion o f c i v i l i zat ion and i n the s ett l ement o fthe West . I t was the great h ighway between the Atlant ic seaboard and the M is s i s s ipp i . By i ts famous po rtage lay the westward route fo r a l l . Under French ru l ei t wa s secu re ; he r so l d i e rs we re the re , and Frenchmenwere on te rms o f amity w ith the West e rn Ind ian t r ibe s .

Unde r Great B r it a in i t was a l so the favo red route . Buti t l ay in the Seneca s ’ count ry

,and they were host i l e at

h ea rt . SO i t was fo rt ified . There was a fo rt at i t s lowerend ; between that and the r i ve r above the Fa l l s , a d i st ance o f seven m i l e s , were e l even block hou ses , garr i

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k


soned and cannoned ; at i t s uppe r end was Fo rt Sch losser .I t was the best p rot ect ed h ighway i n a l l Ameri ca . Overi t passed an eno rmous trafii e, the t rade o f ha l f a cont inen t ; cons i s t i ng o f boats fo r the so l d i e rs and t rappers onthe i r way to and from D et ro i t and even po i nt s beyond ,ammun it ion and sto res Of every descr ipt ion fo r the western po sts

,and l oads o f cheap merchand i se , to be ex

changed by the t raders fo r va luab l e fu rs . With theseca rgoes ' went th e d i ffe ren t c las s es o f men , who thustaught the savages the ways o f t he i r wh i t e b reth ren .

Eastward,over the po rtage

,came a steady st ream o f

pe l t r i e s,gathe red ove r a bound l es s t err i to ry, en route

from Det ro i t,t he weste rn met ropol i s Of t he fu r t rade , to

New Yo rk . H ad the re been no Niaga ra Po rtage —it wassecu re an d i t was easy

,fo r by i t there was an othe rw i se

unb roken water t r ip between Oswego and the weste rnend o f Lake Supe r io r— th e h i sto ry o f the fu r t rade , ando f i t s sem i—sett l ement o f the West , wou ld have to l d o fgreat er hard sh ips and o f s lower growth .

I ts name, i s l inked w i th the commerce o f the cont inent . Niagara, in a l l i t s summe r beauty , l i es Sp read out

be fore ou r eyes . One beholds i t a l l,and i s thank fu l .

Each t ime that on e v i ews i t some new att r ibute appears .I t is

,i n very t ruth ,

“The embl em o f God ’s maj esty onearth .

” Many gi fted men and women have t ri ed to re

co rd the i r impress ions o f i t . Has any one o f them everbeen success fu l ! One o f the best

,probably the sho rt est ,

pos s ib ly the mos t eloquent, ce rta i n ly the most nondescr ipt ive

,was that by Fanny Kemble , who merely

w rot e :“I l i ft ed up m in e eyes, and behe ld N iaga ra— Oh ,God !Who can descr ibe that s ight !”On account o f i t s s cene ry th i s reg ion has pl ayed a

p rominent part in the gene ra l l i t e ratu re o f the wo rl d .

I t touches i t a t many point s . I n“

poetry, Niagara i s notunnamed . I n pro se , and i n many tongues , i n wdrk s desc r ipt ive , s c i ent ific, rem in i scent ( espec ia l ly o f t rave l ) , i ti s a component e lement ; even i n fict ion i t i s not neg lected .

A bib l iography o f N iaga ra i s ne i the r un in te re st ing no run ins t ruct ive ; ne it he r i s i t sho rt .The mode rn h i story o f the N iaga ra Region began

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 9

with the pr imit ive R ed Man . I t ends to - day w i th thep rogress ive descendant o f the co lon i s t . At the borde rso f t he cata ract

,as a lmost eve rywhere

,the c iv i l i zat ion

and p rogress o f the l at ter h ave swept away eve ry vest igeo f abor ig ina l occupat ion . Fo r th e hee l o f the AngloSaxon i s on the grave o f the Ind ian

,and on h i s dwe l l i ng

— by“The Thunde r o f the Wate rs .

”

THE NAME NIAGARAThe wo rd N iagara i s a hous eho ld wo rd the wo r l d

over,and i s the synonym for the typ i ca l

n

w aterfa l l . I t i so f Ind i an o r igi n . Over fi fty var iat ions o f th e name a reknown

,though fo r over 200 years the p resent spel l i ng has

been genera l,and fo r the past 1 50 years in z

a lmo st un ive rsa l us e . O l de r fo rms found in books Of th e seventeenth centu ry are :Ongu iaa rh a , Ongia ra , Och n iaga ra ,

Iagara,and N iah - gah - ra

,t he latte r accented somet imes

on th e second syl l ab l e . I n the more modern I nd ian d i a l ectt he sound o f every vowe l be ing a lways given i n fu l l ,Ni - ah - gah - rah s eems to have been the accepted pron unciation

,and i s no doubt the rea l ly correct accentuat ion .

The mode rn wo rd Ni - ag - a—ra ,accented on the second

syl lab l e,i s the now invar i ab ly - use d form o f t he wo rd ;

but i t i s o f mo re recent o r igi n and devo id O f the beaut ifu l flowing art i cu l at ion o f the Ind ian tongue .

As to the mean i ng Of the wo rd there i s great doubt .The common ly accepted inte rp retat ion

,

“The Thundere ro f the Wate rs,

” i s the most poet i c .Niaga ra appears to have been the name o f a t r ibe,

given by D rake a s “Nicaraga s ,

”w i t h th e added

-7"

not e,“once about Mach i l ima k ina k

,j o i ned the I roquo i s about

Th i s s tat ement wou l d seem to '

show that thes eNica raga s were a po rt ion o f the Neut ers (who were conquered by the S enecas in 165 1 ) th i s remnant then escaping to

.

the No rthwest , and that seventy years late r the i rdescendant s retu rned and j o i ned the I roquo i s

,among

whom the othe r su rv ivo rs o f the, Neuters'

h ad p rev ious lybeen abso rbe d .

I t was the I nd i an custom to name the i r t r ibes an d thesmal l e r subd iv i s ions thereo f from the mos t important

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k ‘I I

natu ra l feature o f the count ry they inhab i t ed , o r to g ivethe i r nata l name to such feat u re . So the deduct ion i sthat the subd iv i s ion Of t he Neut ers who dwel t a long theN iagara R ive r took the i r name from i t and i t s famedcataract . Certa in ly

,these were the ch i e f natu ra l featu res

o f t he t err i to ry,and t he i r pr i nc ipa l v i l lage, s i tuated j ust

below the end o f the lower rap i ds,and unde r Lew is ton

he ight s,bo re the same name, fo r i t was ca l l ed Ongu ia

ahra , The Neute rs a re re fe rred to by Fathe r L’

A l lement

i n the “Jesu i t Re lat ion” o f 1 64 1 , pub l i shed i n 1642 , as“t he Neut e r Nat ion

,Ongu ia ah ra , hav ing the same name

as the r ive r .

THE NIAGARA RIVERThe N iaga ra

,one o f t he wo r l d ’s sho rt es t

,but a l so one

o f i t s most famou s , r ive rs i s t h i rty - s i x m i l es long, twentytwo—mi les f rom Lake E r i e to t he Fa l l s, ‘ and fou rteenm i l es f rom the Fal l s to Lake Onta r io .

I t s sou rces a re the bas in s o f the fou r great uppe r l akes .who se wate rshed i s ove r square mi l es . The s i z eand depth o f t hes e l akes a re

Supe r io r . . 365 mi le s long, 1 60 mi l es w i de , feet deepH ‘o 6‘H u ron . 200 1 00

Mich igan 70a

E r i e 65 84

The deepest channe l f rom Lake E r i e to t he Fa l l s ,a long the cent re o f wh ich run s the bounda ry l in e be tweenthe Un it ed Stat es and Canada— as determ ined under thet reaty o f Ghent , which en ded the war o f 1 8 1 2— l i es to thewest o f Grand I s land and to t he eas t an d so uth o f NavyI s land , with an ave rage depth o f twenty feet o f wate r .

Below the Fal l s,and extend ing down to nea r the cant i

l eve r b r i dge,t he depth i s 200 feet

,as dete rmined by

Uni ted Stat es Government su rveys . Under the ra i l roadbr i dges the depth i s on ly about n inety fee t . I n theWhirl poo l Rap i ds

,as ca l cu l at ed

,i t i s on ly fo rty feet .

The depth o f the Whi r lpoo l i s e st imat ed at 400 feet .From there to Lewi ston

,i t i s es t imated at s i xty feet i n

pl aces ; and from Lew iston to Lake Onta r io at over 100feet .

1 2 T h e N i a g a r a F a l l s

I t i s a l i t t l e l es s than one—hal f o f a m i le w i de at i t ssource

,one m i l e j u st above t he Fal l s , one - e ighth o f a

m i l e above and at the out l et o f t he Whi rlpoo l , an d on lyabout one - s i xt eenth at i t s nar rowest point, at Foste r ’sFlats i n the Go rge .

From the out l et o f Lake Onta r io to the ocean , t her ive r i s ca l l ed the St . Lawrence ; which name one hund red yea rs ago, was common ly given to what we now ca l lth e N iaga ra River .The descen t Of the N iagara R iver , from lake to l ake ,

i s 336 feet , o f wh ich 2 16 feet i s i n the rap i ds above theFa l l s and i n the Fa l l s themse lve s , d i st r ib uted as fo l lowsFrom Lake E r i e to t he beginn ing o f the rap i ds , Feet( 2 1% the descent i s 1 5

I n the hal f m i l e o f rap i ds above the Fal l s 55

I n th e Fal l s 16 1

From the Fa l l s to Lew i ston ( 7 mi le s ) 98

From Lewi ston to Lake Onta r io ( 7 mi les ) 7

336

Below the Fal l s t he re i s sa i d to be an undercu rren t o ffa r greater st rength and veloc i ty than th e s u r face cu rrent ,an d to th i s i s att r ibute d the fact that bod i es go i ng overthe Ho rs eshoe Fal l a re not usua l ly s een unt i l th ey reachthe Wh i r lpool .The r ive r i s one o f comparat ive ly changel es s vo l ume .

When for b r i e f pe r iods the wat e r i s h igh a r i se o f onefoo t i n the r ive r above the Fal l s mean s a r i se o f s i xt eenfeet d i rect ly be low— caus ed bv t he ab rupt t u rn o f ther i ve r

’

s channe l at th e Fal l s and the reduced w idth f romabout a m i l e at the begi nn ing o f the rap i ds above to abouta qua rte r o f a mi l e at the base o f t he Ho rseshoe o r Canad ian Fa l l .

THE FALLSAlthough there a re wate r fa l l s that a re h ighe r

,N iag

ara , the i dea l water fa l l , i s the greate st i n the amount o fwate r that pou rs ove r i t s br i nk as wel l as i n the imp re ss ion o f immens i ty i t c reates . Niagara i s decept ive i n i t she ight . V i ewed from above , e i the r on the American o r

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The est imated vo l ume o f t he Fa l l s in ho rs e power i sabout i n tons , pe r hou r

,o r about one

cub ic mi l e o f wate r pe r week .

The top o f t he co l umn o f sp ray that i s eve r r i s ingfrom the go rge can be seen on a c l ea r day for a great d i stance

,whi l e the roa r o f t he Fa l l s , i t has been c l a imed ,

has been heard fo r many mi le s,doubt le s s when the s ec

t ion was a compa rat ive ly unb roken w i l derness .I n connect ion w i th the roar o f th e Fal l s, i t i s i nt e r

est i ng to re lat e that , i n 1 897, a huge t e l ephone t ran sm itte r was pl aced at t he ent rance to the Cave o f the W i nd s( the othe r end o f the American Fa l l was t r i ed, but theresu l t s obta ined were not as sat i s facto ry ) , and eacheven ing

,between 7 and 1 0 O ’c lock

,fo r a per iod o f a

month,t he w i re connect ing th i s rece ive r w ith the loca l

t e l ephone Office was put i n d i rect connect ion , over thewi re s o f t he Tel ephone Company

,w ith New Yo rk c i ty,

and hundreds o f peop l e l i st ened to the roa r o f N i agara ,450 mi les away ; and at the same t ime power was n ight lyt ransmi tt ed f rom the N iagara Power Hou se over an o r

din a ry t e legraph w i re to the same room in New Yo rkc i ty

,and there i l l um inated e l ect r i c l amps and fu rn i shed

cu rrent ( l es s than ha l f a ho rs e power ) to Operat e a miniatu re mode l o f the power house i t s e l f and o f the adj acent te rr i to ry .

The apex o f the Ho rseshoe Fa l l,wh ich i s the po i nt o f

the cata ract ’s greatest e ros ion , has w ith in the memo ry o fmen now l iv ing, receded much mo re than 1 00 feet .H ennep in speaks o f , and h i s p i ct u re o f N iaga ra ( the

first one . i n 1697 , shows a th i rd fa l l ,at Tabl e Rock.» I t

’

seems to be t rue,as gathered from

reco rds,t hatat that t ime a la rge rock

,s i tuated nea r the

west ern edge o f t he Canad i an Fal l , c reated a th i rd fa l l asthe w at e r cou rsed a round i t ; but th i s rock has long s inced i sappeared , d i s i nt egrated by the e l ement s an d i ts fragments washed away by the st ream .

THE FALLS FIRST SEEN BY WH ITE MENI t wou l d be mos t i nt e rest ing i f we cou ld know the

name and nat iona l i ty o f t he fi rs t wh i t e man who eve r

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 1 5

gazed upon N iagara and the exact date o f h i s v i s i t . Ac

co rd i ng to a l egend,th e fi rst wh i t e man to beho l d the

Fa l l s was a French pr i est,who was l ed one moon l ight

n ight by an Ind i an ch i e f to Tabl e Rock . When the ch i e fpo i nt ed to Goat I s land and sa i d i t was the abode o f theGreat Spi r i t and that no one except wa rr io rs cou ld reachi t a l ive, the pr i es t denounced the s tatement a s fa l s e . Thech i e f Off ered to tes t th i s p r i es t ’s bel i e f by tak ing h im atonce to the i s l an d

,and the pr i est agreed . The ch i e f led

h im ti p—st ream to a po i n t above the head o f t he rap i ds ,

where t hey embarked i n a canoe and soon reached thei s l and , on wh ich the pr i est st epped , and a fte r wo rsh iping h i s Maker

,demanded the fu lfi l lment Of the ch ie fta i n ’s

p romise to become a fol lower o f God i f t he pr i es t t rodthe i s l e a l ive. The ch i e f demanded a fu rthe r proo f

,

namely, that he l eave the pr i es t on the i s l and al ive, andi f when he retu rned the n ext noon he found h im a l ive hewou l d be l i eve in h i s God . The p ri es t agreed

,on ly ask

ing that he wa i t twenty - fou r hou rs,and that the next day

at sunset he and h i s t r ibe shou l d go to Tab l e Rock . Att hat t ime he ( the pr i es t ) wou l d s tand on the i s l and ’sshore at the end o f the b ig Fa l l . When they saw that hewas a l ive, i f th ey wou l d become fo l lowers o f God , theyshou ld kneel , andacros s the go rge he wou l d b less them .

The ch i e f padd led h i s ba rk canoe sw i ft ly up- st ream .

The next even i ng, at s un set , the p r i es t went to theedge o f the Fal l , and th e In di an s, who were on Tab l eRock . s ee i ng that he st i l l l i ved , kne l t down and the pr i e st

“Spake the wo rd,

Though i t was not hea rd,

And ra i s ed h i s hands,

As God command s,

And l i fted h i s eyes to H eaven .

Thus i n th e way the chu rch decree s,

To s uppl i cant s, t ho ’ a fa r, on the i r knees ,Was the Bened i ct ion given .

”

Then the p r i est , so run s the l egend, i n imagin at ionaga in stood in a ho ly chu rch

,fo r

“I t was th ree long years s i nce heHad stept w ith i n a sac r is ty

,

1 6 T h N i a g a r a F a l l s


_

A wondrous chu rch i t was indeed,By Natu re ’s changel es s laws dec reed ,Tho ’ man reared not t he s t ructu re fa i r,Al l chu rch ly att r ibut es were there !The go rge was the g lo r ified nave,Whose floo r was the emera l d wave ,The mighty fa l l was the re redos ta l l ,The a lta r

,the pu re wh it e foam,

The azu re sky,so c l ea r and h igh ,

Was s imply the vau l ted dome .The column o f sp rayOn i ts upward way,Was the smoke o f i ncen se bu rned ,And the cata ract ’s roa r,Now less

,n ow mo re,

As i t rose and fe l l ,L ike an o rgan ’s swe l l

,

Into sacred mus i c t u rned .

Wh i l e,l ike a ba ldach in o

’

erh ead,

The spray c loud i n i t s gl ory spread,

I ts c re st , by the se tt ing sun i l l umedThe fo rm o f a holy c ros s assumed .

Father de la Roche Ba i l l on i s th e fi rs t wh i te manknown to have been on the N iaga ra R i ver . H e cross edi t n ea r the s i t e o f Lewi ston , i n 1626 . But though wehave no reco rd o f any pr io r v i s i t o f a wh i t e man

,i t i s

mo re than probabl e that such had been made .

PO I NTS OF H I STORI C I NTEREST ALO NGTHE N IAGARA RIVERON THE AME R I C AN S I D E

Bu ffa lo,at the sou rce o f the r ive r, i s the e ighth c i ty

o f the Un ion in po i n t o f popu l at ion,which i n 1 900 was

I t i s famous a s the western t erminus o f theEr i e Cana l

,and a l so as the ch i e f easte rn po rt o f lake

nav igat ion . I t i s s i t uated twenty - two mi les from theFal l s . I t was a v i l l age i n 1 8 1 3 , when i t was bu rned bythe B ri t i sh

,on ly one o r two houses be i ng l e ft s tand ing.


Black Rock,fo rmer ly a v i l l age , now a pa rt o f Buff a lo,

was famous i n the Wa r o f 1 8 1 2 . In s i d e o f the p resen tl im i t s o f B uff a lo

,along the r ive r sho re

,some seven o r

e ight so - ca l l ed fo rts o r

'

batteries were located ; as wasa l so a b lo ckhouse , bu i l t about 1 8 10, at the mouth o f the

c reek . I n B lack Rock , Genera l Smythe o f V i rgin i a co llected men

,who responded to h i s bombast i c c i rcu lar

ask ing a l l to ret r i eve the Nat ion ’s honor and share i n theglo ry o f an i nvas ion o f Canada . There was no i nvas iono f Canada at that t ime

,though there was much fight ing ,

and two i nvas ions at othe r per iods dur ing the war .Grand I s l and i s not ed as the pro posed s i t e

,i n 1 825, o f

Maj o r M . M . Noah ’

s “New Je ru sa l em ,

” o r the indust r i a lcent re fo r the Jews Of the new wo rl d . B eyond the laying o f the co rne r stone

,w ith du e ce remon i es

,on the a l ta r

o f a Chr i s t i an chu rch,in Bu ffa lo , the p roj ect neve r made

any advancement .

Tonawanda,e l even m i le s above the Fa l l s , i s famous as

a lumbe r market,hold i ng the s econd p lace i n America ,

be ing next to Ch icago, i n the amount o f lumber hand l ed .

The v i l l age o f La Sal l e,

five m i l es above the Fa l l s,

close to t he mouth o f Cayuga Creek , was named a ft e rthe famou s exp l o rer La Sal l e

,who at th i s ve ry po i n t , i n

1679, bu i l t h i s ve sse l , the“Gri ffon

,t he fi rs t cra ft othe r

than an Ind i an canoe,

" that floated on the upper l akes .H ere. too, about 1800, the Un it ed States Governmentes tab l i shed a navy ya rd .

Burn t Sh ip Bay,at th e lower end o f Grand Is l and ,

der ives i t s name from the fact t hat the re t he de featedFrench (who hast ened f rom the West to a i d i n the defen se o f Fo rt N i aga ra

,i n i n the i r fl ight

,bu rnt and

sunk two sma l l vesse l s,i n o rde r to prevent the i r fa l l i ng

into the hands o f the v i cto r i ous B ri t i sh .

At Sch los se r Dock , on the n ight o f D ecembe r 29, 1837,occu rre d the “Burn ing O f th e Ca ro l i n e .

” She was anAmeri can boat an d was t hought to be render ing a i d tothe Pat riot s on Navy. I s land . S ix boat loads o f B r i t i shso l d i e rs c ros sed from Ch ippewa , se i zed her , towed herfa r out into t he st ream

,set he r on fi re an d let he r d r i ft


over the Fa l l s . The i nc i dent came very nea r to invo lvi ng the Uni ted State s and Great B r i ta i n i n a war .

Below Sch los se r Dock,and m i dway between i t and

the Old stone ch imney, was located Fo rt Sch losse r, bu i l tby the Engl i sh in 1 76 1 and named a fte r i t s bu i l der . Ju st

be low th is was locat ed Fo rt de Po rt age , o r Fo rt L i tt l eN iaga ra

,bu i l t by the French about 1 750. Thi s was

bu rned by Jon ca ire i n 1 759 . H ere stands an i so l at edstone ch imney

,t he o l dest rema in ing b i t o f pe r fect ma

son ry on the front i e r, i f not i n a l l Weste rn New Yo rk .

I t was attached to the barracks whi ch the French bu i l tfo r Fo rt Li tt l e N iaga ra

,and was a l so attached to the

mess house wh ich the Engl i sh bu i l t i n connect ion w ithFo rt Sch lo s se r .The road runn ing back i nto the count ry i s s t i l l ca l l e d

the Po rtage Road , and was the o l d road ove r wh ich , f romthe m idd le o f the l ast centu ry , was carr i ed a l l the vastfre ight go i ng to and coming f rom the West . Less thanha l f a m i l e up th i s road from the r ive r a re st i l l to bepla i n ly s een the ea rthwork out l i n es o f a b lockhouse bu i l tby Capta in Mont re so r i n 1 764 . Th i s was on e o f el evenbu i l t by h im that year to prot ect t he po rtage betweenFort Sch los ser and the top o f the mounta i n above Lew i ston . The N iagara Fa l l s Power Company ’

s p 'ower housesa re on the r ive r bank a sho rt d i stance below .

Below the next m i l l t h e r ive r runs i n c los e to the road,

and the spo t i s st i l l known as Frenchman ’

s Land ing .

Thi s was t he upper end o f the ea rl i est po rtage from Lewiston to th e upper r ive r ; was i n u se by the I nd ians p robably be fore 1600 and from about 1 700 i n a sma l l way , andfrom 1 720 to 1 750 was a much - used h ighway o f commerceunder French cont ro l . He re, i n 1 745, the French bu i l t astone blockh ou se and a sto rehouse

,known as the fi rs t

Fo rt Li ttl e N iagara .

Next come the N iagara Rap ids and Fa l l s,and the

Rese rvat ions .The smal l sett l ement s at Sch loss er and Mancheste r

( now the Ci ty o f N iaga ra Fal l s ) were bu rnt by the B r i ti sh in 18 1 3 .


NO po i n t o f immed iate h i s to r i c inte rest occu rs unt i lwe reach the Dev i l ’s Hol e, a spo t famed as the s i t e o f the“Massacre o f t he B ri t i sh by the Senecas , i n 1 763 , one o fthe mos t not ed h i sto r i c i nc i dents o f the front i e r .The Tusca ro ra Rese rvat ion

,conta in ing some

acres,l i e s above the mounta in , some th ree mi les ea st .

The Tuscaro ras were the fi rs t sett l e rs a long th i s f ron t i e r ,in 1 780,

and have a lways been the fi rm fr i ends o f theUn i t ed State s .The b luff on top o f the mounta in , s ix mi les from the

Fa l l s,i s

,geologi st s t e l l us , the o ld sho re o f Lake Onta r io .

On th i s b lu ff , i n 1678, and at th i s po i n t , s tood Fathe rH ennep i n and La Sa l le, hav ing c l imbed up the steep ascent f rom the p l a i n be low

,which

,f rom i ts th re e p lateau s

,

H ennep i n ca l l s t he “th ree mounta ins .” H ere, in 1 764 ,

was bu i l t the fi rst o f t he e l even b lockhouses above re

fer re d to . H ere, a l so, was locat ed the upper end Of thefi rst ra i l road eve r bu i l t i n Amer ica . I t was bu i l t o f logsla id on c rude p i ers and ran

,in a presumab ly st ra ight l i ne

,

from th i s spot on the c l i ff d i rect ly down the edge o f theb lu ff to t he wate r . True

,i t was o f wood

,but ca rs ran on

i t . I t was ope rat ed part ly by hand power,which the I n

d ians supp l i ed ; fo r an I nd ian b rave , wh o wou ld sco rnany othe r manua l labo r, was conten t i n thos e days towork at theWi n d las s fo r a who l e day, rece iv ing in payment about on e p int o f wh i skey and a p lug o f tobacco

,

luxu ri es unobta inab l e i n any othe r way.

Ove r th i s inc l i ne,wh ich was bu i l t by Capta in Mon

t reso r,and wh ich cont i nu ed in act i ve Operat ion fo r over

th i rty years, was ca r ri ed the ent i re fre ight go ing westwa rd ; not on ly the boat s , cannon and mi l i ta ry stores fora l l the weste rn Engl i sh post s , bu t a l so the vas t amoun t o ffre ight o f every descr i pt ion and th e boat s and goods o fthat large fo rce o f men who were known in h i sto ry as fu rt raders .

At th i s poin t on top o f t he mounta i n , a l so, was l ocatedFo rt Gray in th e Wa r o f 1 8 1 2 .

The v i l lage at the foo t o f th e mounta in i s Lew i ston,

named fo r Gove rno r Mo rgan Lewi s o f New Yo rk,and

was once a p lace o f impo rtance as the head o f nav igat i on



Nonv i l l e,whi ch stoo d whe re Fo rt N iagara now stand s ,

both she,the v i cto r, and France , the vanqu i shed , des i red

the reérection o f a fo rt at th i s l ocat ion . Chabe rt Jonca i re

,a Frenchman by b i rth

,a Seneca by adopt ion

,an d a

power among the I nd ian t r ibes, and whom Charlevo i xde sc r ibes a s speak ing w ith a l l t he good sen se o f aFrenchman and w ith a l l o f the eloquence o f an I roquo i s ,”was so be l oved by the Seneca s tha t they wanted h im tomake h i s dwel l ing p lace amongst them

,o ff er i ng h imthe

locat ion o f a s i t e whe rever he chos e,and to locate one o f

the i r v i l l ages a round h im .

Pu rsuant to French ins t ruct ions,he locat ed h i s cab in

on the r ive r bank at Lew i ston . I t was ca l l ed Magaz ineRoyal ,” and was osten s ib ly a t rad ing house , but in rea l i tyi t was a fo rt . Ove r i t fl oated the flag bea ring the l i l i e so f France . I t s attendant s were a l l French so l d i e rs , andere a yea r had pas sed i t was descr ibed as a heav i ly - bu i l tlog hou se , fo rty feet long by th i rty feet w i de , two s to r i e sh igh

,musket p roo f

,w ith many po rtho l e s i n i t s uppe r

sto ry,and su rrounded w i th pa l i sades . I t was poss ib le to

locate t he fo rt on th is p l ea at th i s po i nt,becaus e Lew i s

ton was the hea d o f navigat ion on the r ive r , and FortN iaga ra

,where t he fo rt was rea l ly des i red

,was seven

m i l es away,an d a fo rt cou l d n ot be bu i l t t he re w i th the

same p retense . Jonca i re’

s house stoo d fo r about s i xyea rs

,and th en t he French obta i ned the consent o f the

Seneca s to bu i l d a dwe l l ing where Fo rt N iagara n ow

stan ds .Two mi l es be low Lew i ston a re the five - mi le meadows ,

where , i n December , 18 1 3 , the B r i t i sh c ros sed the r i ve rfo r the i r n ight attack on Fo rt N iaga ra .

Fo rt N iaga ra,one o f the mos t h i s to r i c spot s i n No rth

Amer ica . s tands to - day p ract i ca l ly de fen se l ess,but bea r

i ng w i th in i t s wa l l s the re l i c s Of almo st two and a ha l fc entu r i es . On th i s po i n t Of l and , in 1669, La Sa l l e bu i l tthe fi rst st ructu re , othe r than an Ind i anWi gwam ,

evere rected on th i s f ront i e r . On th i s s i t e , i n 1678, La Sal lebu i l t Fo rt Cont i . On i t s ru in s

,i n 1 687 . D e Nonv i l le bu i l t

the i l l - fated fo rt t hat bo re h i s name,which was bes ieged

by the Seneca s a s soon as the a rmy depart ed,and was de


st royed the fo l lowing yea r, on the demand o f t he Seneca s

,act ing under B ri t i sh inst igat ion .

I n 1 725, the French erect ed , by consent o f the Senecas

,a stone st ructu re on the present s i t e o f the Cast le,

who se foundat ions a re to - day no doubt th e o l dest ex i sti ng mason ry west o f A lbany . Thi s fo rt was gradua l lyst rengthened and en larged by the French unt i l , at thet ime o f i t s attack by the B ri t i sh i n 1 759 ,

i t was as st ronglyfo rt ified an d prot ected as the sc i ence o f that day, withsuch mater ia l as cou ld be gathered at so fa r o ff a po i nt ,cou l d po ss ib ly make i t . The desc r ipt ion o f that s i ege , inc l u d ing th e th ree para l l e ls bu i l t by the B r i t i sh a long thel ake sho re

,the deat h o f Genera l P r id eaux , and the sub

sequent de feat o f the French re l i ev ing fo rce f rom theWest by S i r Wi l l iam Johnson , thus acqu i r ing fo r England that spot wh ich fo r ove r hal f a centu ry she had des i red an d where fo r a t l east a sco re o f yea rs p rev ious lyher hated r iva l , France , had ma int ai ned a cent re o f m i l it a ry and commerc ia l act iv i ty

,a re matte rs o f h i sto ry ; but

o f the bu i l d ings that s tand i n Fo rt N iagara to - day,t he

lower pa rt Of t he stone wa l l s dates back to 1832 , and theupper pa rt o f thes e wa l l s to about 1 86 1 . The earthwo rkswere const ructed at l east one hund red and fi fty yearsago

,whi le the i r b r i ck fac i ngs date on ly f rom about 186 1 .

The la rge bu i l d ing,t he Cast l e , o r mess hou se, dat es from

1725. The fi rs t and second sto r i es o f stone dat e backpr io r to 1 759, whi l e the t imbered roo f dates f rom j ustpr io r to the Amer ican Revo l ut ion . I t was the st rategica lcent re o f the mi dd l e pa rt Of No rth Amer ica fo r overone hundred yea rs , and dur ing the e ighteen th centu ryi t s commandant , whethe r Engl ish o r French , was themost impo rtant man west o f N ew York . The two stoneb lockhouses , the best spec imens o f t he i r k ind extant inAmer ica , were bu i l t i n 1 770 and 1 77 1 by the B r i t i sh . Theo ld bakehouse , bu i l t i n 1 762 , rep l aced an ea r l i e r s t ruetu re . The hot - shot fu rnace

,fi rst bu i l t p r io r to 18 1 2 , was

rebu i l t some fi fty yea rs ago .

The long , l ow stone barracks were const ructed by theFrench about 1 750, and about that same t ime t hey bu i l tthe square magaz in e wh ich stands to th e r ight o f the


ent rance gat e . The roo f o f t h i s magazi n e i s a huge, th icks tone a rch

,t he modern sh ing l e roo f hav ing been erected

over that .Between the fort and the v i l l age o f Youngstown ,

a l ong th e r iver sho re, a l i ne o f batte r i e s extended du r ingthe Wa r o f 1 8 1 2 .

“Niaga ra i s w i thout except ion the mo st impo rt an t pos tin Ameri ca and secu res a greate r number o f commun ica

t ions,t h rough a more extens ive count ry , than perhaps

any othe r pass i n the wo r ld .

”80 wrot e Maj or Wynne

i n 1 770 . H i s op in ion was p robab ly co rrect, fo r no onespo t o f lan d i n No rt h Amer i ca has p l ayed a mo re importan t pa rt i n the cont ro l , growth and sett lement o f theGreat We st than t he few ac res embraced w i th i n i t s fort ification s . I t s cemete ry i s the oldest consecrated groundwes t o f A lbany.

ON THE CANAD IA N S I D EAt the sou rce o f N i aga ra R iver stand the ru in s, pa rt

o f s tone, part o f earthwork, o f Fo rt E r ie , famed in theWar o f 18 1 2 . The fi rs t fo rt nea r th i s s i t e was bu i l t in1 764, as a depot o f supp l i es fo r Gene ra l B radst reet ’sa rmy. The waves o f the lake undermined and bat te redthe foundat ions

,so that

,about 1 78 1 , a new l ocat ion,

neare r t he sou rce o f the r ive r and on the b luff out o f t hereach o f the waves was sel ected

,and a second fort was

bu i l t . I n 1807 th i s was abandoned and part o f the ea rthwo rks on t he i r p res ent l ocat ion were const ructed . I t wasen la rged by the B ri t i sh

,i n 1 8 1 2 , by th e add i t ion o f the

stone bu i ld ings wh ich face the r ive r ; and st i l l fu rthe ren la rged , i n 18 14 , by the Amer ican s, when i n pos sess iono f the fo rt fo r th e second t ime du r ing that wa r, by theadd i t ion o f two la rge bast ion s and connect ing wo rks i nthe rea r and on the s ide . I n 1 8 14 , the American s , a fte rthe bat t le o f Lundy’s Lane , estab l i shed themse lves in th i sfo rt , and here soon a fte rward s they were bes i eged byGene ra l D rummond .

A l i tt le way down the r ive r,and ext end i ng i n land, the

B r i t i sh es tabl i shed a l i n e o f s i ege wo rks and two batteries, and i n the no rthwest bast i on , du r ing one o f the


B r i t i sh attacks on the fo rt,occu rred one o f th e most t re

mendons los se s o f l i fe,due part ly to hand - to - hand con

fl i et and part ly to th e exp l os ion o f the magaz in e, that hasever occu r red i n any war i n so smal l a space .

From Fo rt E r i e, on Sept ember 1 7, 1 8 14, th e Amer

ican s made that famous sort i e p lanned and l ed by Genera l Pet er B . Po rt er

,wh ich

,i n the wo rd s o f S i r W i l l i am

Nap i e r,

“i s t he on ly i nstance i n h i sto ry o f a bes iegingarmy be ing utter ly routed in a s ingl e so rt i e

,

” and wh ichevent ended the “Wa r O fNo ot her s i t e o f h i stor i ca l impo rt ance ex i sts on t he

r i ve r bank unt i l we reach Navy Is land . Though back o f

Fo rt Er i e some five mi l es , Navy I s l and i s the scene o f theBatt l e o f Ridgeway

,foiight between the Canad i ans and

the Fen i an s i n 1 866.

The I s land conta ins 340 acres and be longs to Canada .

I t i s the on ly i s land o f any s i ze that fe l l to he r lot i ndet ermin ing the boundary l i n e between th e Un i ted Statesand Canada, which l i n e runs th rough the deepest channelo f the r i ve r. Navy Is land i s famed ma in ly a s the headquarte rs o f the Pat r i ot s du r ing the War o f 1 837 .

On the mai n shore,j u st eas t o f the v i l l age o f Ch ip

pewa , are the fie l ds where,on Ju ly 5, 1 8 14,

was fought theBatt le o f Chippewa . On bot h s i des o f th e mouth Of

Chippewa Creek were located batte r i es du r ing th eWaro f 18 1 2 . On the west e rn bank o f th i s c reek

,from '

1 794

unt i l a fter 1 800 , s tood one o f the o rd ina ry pat ter n o f

blockhouses , bu i l t fo r the p rotect ion o f t he po rtagea round the Fal l s on the Canada s i de

,an d d ign ified by the

name o f Fo rt Ch ippewa .

One mi l e west o f the Fal l s,on the h ighest po i n t o f

land , on Ju ly 25, 1 8 14 , was fought th e famous bat t l e o fLundy

’

s Lane . Commenced lat e in the a ft ernoon,th i s

batt l e, large ly a hand—to - hand confl i ct,was cont i nued be

neat h the glo r ious l ight o f a summer moon unt i l l onga fte r mi dn ight ; wh i l e the ceas e l es s roar o f N iaga ra t hundered the d i rge o f t he many that fe l l on both s i des . Thecent ra l po i nt o f the bat t l efie l d was a bat t ery l ocated onthe h i l l where th e v i l lage cemete ry an d a monument i nhono r o f the B r i t i sh who fe l l in that batt l e now stand

.

26 T h N i a g r a F a l l s

The Cana d ian Fa l l s , V i ew ed from Goa t I s la nd


Thi s h i l l was captu red by the Amer icans and he ld aga instrepeated assau l t s

,on ly

,a ft er the b loody v icto ry had been

ga ined by the Ameri cans , to have Genera l B rown, the i rcommande r

,orde r the a rmy back toward Chippewa , l eav

ing the cannon,fo r whose captu re so many l ive s had

been lost,u n sp ik ed and a lone on the h i l l , wh ich ear ly the

next mo rn ing the B ri t i sh,without Oppos i t ion , reoccu

p i ed . I t i s one o f t he mos t famou s bat t l e s i n h i sto ryremarkabl e i n that even now

,near ly a hundred yea rs

aft e rwards , t he Ame r i can s st i l l c l a im the V i cto ry, and theCanad i ans

,go i ng st i l l fu rthe r

,annua l ly ce l eb rat e on the

batt l efie l d,w ith pomp and ce remony , a famous v ictory

wh ich i n the op in ion o f the i r Amer ican cou s ins they d idnot w in .

The v i l l age o f D rummondv i l l e , one - ha l f m i l e west o fthe Fa l l s

,was named i n hono r o f Genera l D rummond o f

th e War Of 1 8 1 2 .

Queenston He ight s, where was fought the batt l e o f

October 1 2 , 1 8 1 2 , i s marked by the nob le monument toGenera l B rock . The rema in s Of the earthwo rks o f Fo rtD rummond a re eas i ly t raceab l e .

A cenotaph at the foot o f the he ights marks the spotwhe re Genera l B rock fe l l

,mo rta l ly wounded .

Queenston , a smal l v i l l age below the he ight s , was soca l l ed in hono r o f Queen Char lot t e .The v i l l age o f N iagara , nea r the mouth o f t he r iver,

ca l l ed al so,at var ious t imes , Newark and Butlersbu ry, i s

Ol de r than any sett l ement on the easte rn bank . I n 1 792

i t became the res i dence o f the Li eutenant - Gove rno r o fCanada

,and here was he l d the fi rs t s es s ion o f t he Par l i a

ment o f Uppe r Canada .

Fo rt Geo rge , whose vast ea rthworks a re p l a i n ly d i scern ib le to - day, was commenced i n 1 796 to p rov i de ahab i tat ion for the B ri t i sh gar r i son

,wh ich , soon a fter i n

that yea r, evacuated Fo rt N iagara unde r Jay ’s Treaty .

I t was en l a rged p r io r to t he war o f 1 8 1 2 , and doubl edi n s i ze , i n the immed iate p reparat ion fo r that wa r, andwas , o f cou rse, th e mi l i ta ry cent re o f t he Canad ian lowerN iagara dur ing that p er iod . From here Gene ra l B rock,who was i n command

,s ta rt ed to take pa rt i n the Batt l e


o f Queenston H e ight s, an d when he retu rned i t was inh i s cofli n ,

to be bu r i e d i n the Cava l i e r Bast ion o f t hefo rt

,f rom whence h i s rema in s were sub sequent ly re

moved to t he i r p resent tomb in B rock ’s monument . H e re,i n 1 8 1 3 ,

the Amer ican s,attack i ng from the l ake s i de , cap

tu red t he v i l l age and the fo rt , which they he l d unt i l D ecember o f that yea r

,when Gene ra l McC lu re, t he Amer

i can genera l, on a day

’ s not i ce , w ithout p rovocat ion , s etfi re to and bu rned the v i l lage , thu s tu rn ing the inh abitants out i nto the co l d . H i s de st ruct ion o f the bu i ld ingsi n t he fo rt an d o f the t ent s and other m i l i ta ry s to res(which he l eft unharmed ) wou l d have done fa r mo regood fo r the American cause and have l e ft fa r l es s benefit s for th e advanc ing B r i t i sh than they found when theyente red .the fo rt . Thi s act so aroused the B r i t i sh so l‘d i e ry that i t resu l t ed i n the reta l i at ion and the utte r lyunnecessa ry attack and massacre at Fo rt N iagara and thebu rn ing o f the N iaga ra front i e rFo rt Mis s issaga , a stone b lockhou se, su rrounded by

h igh ea rthwo rks , s tands to - day a per fect sp ec imen o f the

ea r ly n ineteenth centu ry fo rt . I t was bu i l t by the B ri ti sh i n 18 14, when they he l d cont ro l o f Fo rt N iaga ra ; fo rw i thou t the i r occupat ion o f t hat fort

,be ing d i rect ly cov

e red by the guns the reo f,i t cou l d not have been bu i l t .

Nei the r dur ing the Wa r o f 1 8 1 2 n o r du r ing any subse

quent per iod has i t p l aye d any impo rtant pa rt . Dur ingthe Wa r o f 1 8 1 2 t he wate r f ront fo r a mi l e up from themout h o f the r iver was a l i ne o f batt er i e s .

Navy H a l l , the res i dence o f Gove rno r S imcoe, the fi rs t

Gove rno r—Genera l o f Uppe r Canada,i s st i l l s tand ing

,a

long, low , on e - sto ry wooden bu i l d ing (where, i n 1 792 ,

met the fi rs t Pa rl i ament o f Upper noton i t s o r ig i na l s i te .About a m i l e back from the r i ve r a re st i l l s een the

wooden barracks oc cup i ed du r ing the Revo l u t ion by thatnot ed band o f wh i t e, but savage,

0

w a rrio rs known as Butl e r ’s Rangers .”


30 T h e Ni a g a r a F a l l s

la i d bare,as fa r south as the Oh i o R iver, and i s apparen t

on Goat I s land and a long the front i e r. Thi s i ce sh eetbrought down in i t s cou rs e not on ly bou lders from thefa r no rth and no rtheast

,but i t s own vast accumulat ion s

and scrap ings and abras ion s wh ich we ca l l “dr i ft ,” an dw ith t h i s d r i ft i t fi l l e d up ( and w ith i t s eno rmous we ightp ressed compact ly ) al l va l l eys , go rges and indentat ionso f the earth in i ts course , among them the Old out l et o rbed o f the N iagara R i ve r from St . Dav id ’s to the Wh i r lpooL

Many o f the bou lders b rought he re i n the i ce age, ca rr i ed perhaps hund reds o f mi l es

,have been co l l ect ed i n

th i s sect ion and used in th e con st ruct ion Of the b r i dgesthat have been bu i l t on the Rese rvat ion , on t he ma i n

sho re,oppos i t e Goat I s land .

On the recess ion o f the i ce sheet a second N iagaraR ive r came into ex is tence .

The weigh t o f t h i s vast i ce sheet had canted o r t i l t edthe land to the no rtheast , so that at i t s recess ion thewaters o f the pre sen t three great no rthern lakes flowedeast by the O t tawa and late r

,as the land ros e

,by the

Trent Va l l ey. As th i s s econd N iaga ra R ive r d ra inedon ly the Lake E r i e bas i n , and as Lake E r i e was verymuch sma l le r than at p res ent , i t wo rked in a smal l channel , was o f sma l l vo l ume , and had but Smal l rock—cutt ingpower to take up the e ro s ive process o f the ea r l i e r N iaga ra R i ve r

,wh ich had dra i ned on ly th i s same Lake E r i e

bas i n .

Th i s i s the per iod,aga i n re fe rred to

,when the present

channe l to the south and wes t o f Goat I s land ( the Canad i an channe l ) was made .

The second N iaga ra River gradual ly merged i ts e l fi nto a vast f resh - wate r lake, fo rmed by the me l t ing iceand heavy ra in fa l l s , an d coveri ng a l l the Lake Er i e bas i n ,and gradual ly rose i n l eve l unt i l i t s tood fu l ly 1 00 feetabove the p resent rocky bed o f Goat Is l and .

I t s no rthe rn boundary was the esca rpment o r r i dgewhos e lowest po i nt was j us t above the pres ent v i l l age o fLew i ston

,wh ich po i n t i s th i rty - two feet above the pres


ent l eve l o f Lake E r i e . Here th e r is ing w a ters firs t bro k e

over th e dam, and h ere Niagara F a l ls w ere born .

From here they cut the i r way back to the Whi r lpoo l ,fo r the wat ers found i t eas i e r to cu t a new channel backthrough the so ft rock from th i s po in t i n the embankmentthan to scou r out the O l d d r i ft—fil led channe l (which wasat the very bot tom o f t he l ake ) from the Wh i rlpoo l toSt . Davi d

’s .The flow o f t he lake set towards the Fa l l s and brought

down from the E r i e bas i n fluv i a l depo s i t s i n large

Th e S us p ens io n Br id ge Ac ro s s N ia ga ra R i v e r a t L ew iston

amounts dur ing the succeed ing years,depo s i t ing them al l

a long the bot tom o f t he lake . I t i s o f t hes e fluv ia l depos i t s , cons i st ing o f sand and loam ( except i ng a compara tively sma l l l ayer o f d ri ft n ext to the top rock ) , that theso i l o f Goat I s land i s fo rmed

,and o f wh ich the so i l cov

e r ing the rocky subst rat a a long the gorge i s fo rmed .

Thi s Goat I s land soi l,mo re than any su rface in th i s

sect ion , i s the geologi sts ’ parad i se . Wh i l e some landsand fo rest s nea r here may not have been cu l t ivated byman , t he weste rn end o f Goat I s land i s an ab so l ut e lyun ique p i ece Of V i rgi n fo rest .


Mos t Of the t ime i t has been , in gene ra l t e rms, inaccess ib l e to man ; and s ince access ib l e by br i dges, no cutt i ng o i the t rees , no c l ea r i ng o f t he land no r cu lt ivat ionthereo f

,no pastu r i ng Of cat t l e , i n fact , no d i stu rbance o f

the so i l has been perm i tt ed .

H e re,t hen

,i s the o r ig ina l d r i ft

,with the sub sequent

over ly ing a l l uv i a l depos i t s and accumu lat ions , und i stu rbed byman . And when , as i n th i s cas e , i n th i s und i s

tu rbed fluv i a l depos i t a re found fresh—wate r she l l s , i tp roves that the N iaga ra R i ve r to - day flows th rough whatwas once the bot tom o f a vas t fre sh—water lake that cove re d a l l th i s sect i on .

As th e Ems cut the i r way backward , so the i r he ightgradua l ly d im in i shed

,and the leve l o f t h i s f resh - wate r

lake fe l l unt i l,fina l ly

,t he re came a t ime when th e l and o f

what i s now Goat I s l and rose above the waters . Thatth i s lake ex i st ed at a comparat ive ly recent geo logica l per iod i s p roven by the fact that these she l l s now found onGoat Is land a re i dent i ca l in spec i es w ith thos e found inhab i t ing the N iaga ra R i ve r an d Lake Ontar io to—day .

Acco rd ing to the most accu rat e ca l cu l at ion , the consensuso f geo logica l op in ion i s that yea rs have e lapseds ince the Fa l l s were at Lew i ston , wh ich i s s even mi l esaway ; and that the fluv i a l depos i t s on the i s l and beganas soon as the r ive r rose ove r the mo ra in e at the foo t o fLake E r i e can scarce ly be doubted .

That i n yea rs the re i s no spec ific d iff e rence between the anc i ent she l ls found in t he so i l o f Goat I s lan dand the i r ex i st ing rep re sentat ives and p rogeny i n t h i sloca l i ty i s wonde r fu l indeed .

When the Fal l s i n the i r recess ion shal l have reachedthe head o f the rap i ds they wi l l be about fi fty feet h ighe rthan they are now , o r ove r 200 feet i n he ight, l ess whateverthe upward s lope o f t he bed o f the r i ve r be l ow the Fa l lmay d im in i sh that tota l , and i t cannot be by many feet .The ave rage d ip o f the rocky st rata to the south i s twentyfive feet to the m i l e, and the average s lope o f the r ive rchannel i n th e Oppos i t e di rect ion i s fi ft een feet to them i l e .


When the Fal l s sha l l have receded yet anothe r ha l fm i le

,o r a tota l d i stance o f one m i le f rom the i r p resent

locat ion,by the wear ing away o f the st rata wh ich d ips

rap id ly downward , and by the cont i nue d, but gradua le l evat ion o f the bed Of the r i ve r, an d the re fo re o f t hesu r face o f t he wate r be low them, they w i l l have decreas edi n he ight to about 100 feet . And when they shal l haverece de d st i l l anothe r mi l e

,the i r he ight w i l l be only about

s ixty feet .

As geo logi sts d i ffe r by thousands o f years a s to howlong i t took the Fa l l s to cut the i r way from Lewi stonr i dge to t he i r present locat ion i t wou l d be imposs ib l e tosay when i n the h i story o f th i s sect ion the wate rs had sofa r d ra i ned o ff that the muddy depos i t s over lying therocky bed o f what i s now Goat I s land fi rs t appea red

above the s low ly - reced ing wate rs o f t he lake,un less we

adopt some l ength o f t ime fo r th i s wo rk as a bas i s .But i t i s not so d ifficu lt

,by not ing the e l evat ion o f t he

land, the t rend o f the rocks and the depth o f the ove rly ing “d r i ft ,

”to locate app rox imate ly where the Fa l l s

were when th i s occu rred . At t hat t ime,j udging from

the p resent l eve l s o f t he land , the Fa l l s must have beenat a po i nt nea rly a mi l e no rth o f the present locat ion o fthe Ho rseshoe Fa l l . And i f we accept

,a s above

,one

foot a year as a fa i r ave rage est imate o f the recess ion o f

Niagara from Lewi ston He ights i n the mo re recent geologica l t ime , it must have been between fou r an d fivethousand years ago t hat the so i l o f Goat I s land

,then a

part o f the ma in l and , fi rs t appea red ; and probab ly i t i snea r ly as long s ince i t became an i s land .

I n speak ing o f the reces s ion '

o f N iaga ra,t he reces s ion

o f the Ho rseshoe Fa l l i s re fe rred to,fo r i t re cedes seve ra l

hundred t imes as fast a s the Amer ican Fa l l ; fo r i n thet ime that the Hors eshoe Fal l has receded f rom ProspectPo i nt , at the lower o r northe rn edge o f the Ameri canFa l l , acros s the w i dth o f t he Amer i can Fal l and acrossthe w i dth o f Goat I s land to i t s p res ent pos i t ion

,t he

Amer ican Fa l l has receded but a very few feet . H ence,

on these deduct ions , Goat Is land has ex i st ed as an i s l and


from about the t ime o f t he Flood,o r f rom about

B . C .

This p roves the statement that i n a sc i ent ific sensethe i s land i s o f t r ifl i ng ant iqu i ty

,i n fact

,i t wou l d be d i f

h eu l t to po i n t out i n the weste rn wo rld any cons i derab l et ract Of l and mo re recent i n i t s o r ig in .

N iagara has b een ca l l ed the “sun c lock o f the ages,

and the st rat ificat ion Of the rocks th rough wh ich i t hascut i t s way may be stud i ed at many_ ,

rpo ints , espec ia l ly atthe “Whi r lpool Rap i ds

,

” above the Wh i rlpool,whe re both

sho re s o f t he go rge are l i t t l e covered w ith fo l i age,and

aga i n on the Goat I s land cl iff .

Th eWh i rpoo l R a p id s

PAR T 1 1

AMERI CAN NIAGARA POWERD E V ELOPMENT BY CANAL




d ee p . The b re ak i ng o u t o f t he C i v i l W a r d e l aye dO pe r a t ion s

,an d fo r ye a r s t he c an a l s t re am pou re d

ov e r t h e c l i ff u n u se d . Ea r ly i n t h e ’

7o’

s , Char l e s B .

Gask i l l bu i l t a gr i st m i l l at the lower end o f thec ana l

,an d t hu s b e c am e t h e fi r s t u s e r o f t h e c an a l

powe r .I n t h e ye a r 1 877 t h e c an a l p ro pe r ty a nd a l l i t s

b e l on gi n g s an d r i gh t s we re pu rch a se d by t h e l at e

Up pe r E nd o f Can a lThe N i a ga ra Fa l l s H y d ra u l i c Pow e r a ndM a nu fa c tur ing Com pan y

J a cob F . Scho e l l ko p f, fa t h e r o f M r . Art hu r S cho e l lko p f, an d t h e l a t e Ab ram Che sb rou gh . The s e me no rgan i z e d t h e p re s e n t N i aga ra Fa l l s Hyd rau l i c Powerand Manu fa c t u r i n g Company , o f w h i c h J acob F .

S cho e l lko p f wa s p re s i d e n t u p t o Se p t emb e r 1 5, 1 899,

t h e d ay o f h i s de a t h . From th e d a t e o f t he a c qu i reme n t o f t h e c an a l p rop e rt y by t h i s company , t hed ev e l o pme n t h a s co n t i nue d s t e ad i ly , an d w ha t t h ecompany h a s a c comp l i s h e d h a s b e e n a l a rge fac to ri n t h e d ev e l o pmen t o f t h e i nd u s t r i e s o f N i aga raFa l l s . They p ro ce e d e d a l o n g t h e co n se rv a t i ve l i n e s


t h a t ch a rac t e r i z e a l l t he N i aga ra dev e l o pmen t . Tod ay t h e c an a l h a s a w i d t h o f 1 00 fe e t fo r i t s fu l l

l e n gt h,wh i l e i t s fin a l de p t h w i l l b e 1 4 fe e t . At

t h e l owe r e n d o f t h e c ana l p rop e r t he re i s a b as i n850 fe e t lo ng an d 70 fe e t w i de , t h e l e n gt h o f wh i ch

i s to b e s t i l l fu r t he r i n c re a s e d t o fe e t . Ext e nd i n g from t h i s b a s i n to fo reb ay s l o c a t e d c lo s eto t he e dge Of t h e h i gh b ank a re two co n ne c t i n gcana l s

,t h ro ugh wh i ch w at e r fl ows from th e ba s i n

t o t h e fo reb ay s a n d t h e n t h rou gh p e n s to c k s t o t h et u rb i n e s .

I t s hou l d b e remembe re d t ha t t h e e a r ly dev e l opmen t o f t h e N i agar a Fa l l s Hyd rau l i c Powe r andM anu fac t u r i n g Company wa s b egu n b e fo re e n g i ne e r sand manu fac t u re r s d a re d to d e s i gn a nd b u i l d wat e rwh e e l s fo r u s e u nd e r t h e h i gh h ea d po s s ib l e i n co nn ectio n w ith o th i s p l a n t . Fo r t h i s re a so n

,s h a ft s o r

p i t s w e re s u nk i n t h e ro ck ne a r t h e e dge o f t he c l i fft o s u c h d ep t h s a s w e re co n s i d e re d s a fe fo r t h e o pe rat io n o f t h e wat e r - whe e l s t h e n made . Th e se d e p th sv a r i e d from 25 to 75 fe e t . The t u rb i ne s w e re lo c a t e da t t h e b o t toms o f t h e s e p i t s , from wh i ch t he w at e re s c ap e d t h ro ugh t u nn e l s i n to t h e go rge b e low . Thed i s ch a rge from some o f t h e s e t u n ne l s i s s t i l l t o b es e e n a t N iaga ra , a s po r t raye d i n a n a c company i n gi l l u s t ra t io n . V e r t i c a l s h a ft s w e re i n s t a l l e d to b r i n gt he powe r to t he s u r fac e o f t h e grou nd .

I n 1 88 1 t h e N i agara Fa l l s Hyd rau l i c Powe r andM anu fac t u r i ng Company e s t ab l i s h e d i t s fi r s t s t a t io nto s u p p ly e l e c t r i c i ty fo r comme rc i a l p u rpo s e s . Th i ss t a t io n was k nown a s S t a t io n NO . 1

, and wa s l o c a t e di n wh at wa s t he n Qu i g l ey

'

s m i l l , n ow t h e C l i ff Pape rCompany ’ s m i l l . I n t h i s s t a t io n we re i n s t a l l e d a re

l i gh t m ac h i n e s to fu rn i s h a s t re e t an d s to re s e rv i c e ,t h e m ach i ne s b e i n g o pe ra t e d from t h e m i l l s h a ft .I t w a s h e re t hat t h e pub l i c d i s t r i b u t io n o f e l e c t r i c i tyi n N i aga ra Fa l l s b egan .

I n 1 895—96 me t hod s ap p l i e d to t h e d eve l o pme n t o fpowe r h ad mad e con s i d e rab l e p rogre s s , an d abo u tt h i s t ime t h e N i aga ra Fa l l s Hyd rau l i c Powe r an d


Manu fa c t u r ing Company b ega n t he e re c t io n o fPowe r Hou s e N o . 2 . Th i s powe r ho u s e w a s e re c t e da t t h e wa t e r ’s e d ge i n t h e go rge

,a n d wa s so de s i gne d

t h a t t he w at e r co u l d b e u s e d u nde r t h e fu l l av a i l ab l eh e ad o f 2 1 0 fe e t . No t o n ly was t h i s m ade po s s i b l e ,but t h e company was al so ab l e to tak e advan tage oft h e u s e o f ho r i zo n t a l s h a ft s fo r t u rb i n e s an d ge n e rato r s wh i c h me t ho d p ra c t i c a l l y e l im i n a t e s a l l b e a r i n g

I nter io r o f S ta t ion No . 2

Th e N ia ga ra Fa l l s Pow e r andM anu fa c tu r in g Com pan y

t ro ub l e,no t a s i n g l e s hu t down from any s u ch t rou

b l e h av i n g b ee n n e ce s s a ry i n s eve n y e a r s .I n t he fi r s t s e c t io n o f t h i s powe r hou s e t h e re w e re

i n s t a l l e d fo u r doub l e d i s ch a rge Leff e l t u rb in e s g ivi n g a to t a l c ap ac i ty o f ho r s e powe r . A s te e lp e n s to ck e igh t fe e t s i x i n ch e s i n d i ame t e r c a r r i e st h e w a t e r s u pp ly fo r t he s e w he e l s from th e fo reb aya t t h e to p o f t he c l i ff to t h e powe r s t a t io n b e l ow .

The fi r s t s e c t io n o f t h e go rge powe r ho u se hav ingp rov e d a gre a t s u c ce s s , t h e company a t o n c e add ed

E l e c t r i c a l H a n db o o k 41

two mo r e s e c t io n s m ak i ng a s t a t io n 1 70 fe e t lo ng by100 fe e t w i d e . The co n s t ru c t io n i s o f s to ne an ds t e e l . I n t h i s powe r ho u s e t he re a re now i n Ope rat io n 1 5 t u rb i n e s , t h e c ap ac i ty o f 1 4 o f t hem rang i ngfrom to ho r s e powe r. The comb i n e d o u tp u t c ap ac i ty i s abo u t ho r s e powe r . The t u rb i n e s o f t h e two s e c t io n s l a s t b u i l t r e c e iv e t h e i rs up p ly o f w a t e r t h ro u gh s t e e l p e n s to ck s 1 1 fe e t i nd i ame t e r . I n re s p e c t o f t h e i r powe r c ap a c i ty, t he s ep e n s to ck s a re t h e l a rge s t i n t h e w o r l d .

I n t h i s co n ne c t io n i t i s i n t e re s t i n g to r ev i ew t hern a ch in es d r ive n by e a c h t u rb i n e , an d t he ap p l i c a t io nt h a t i s mad e o f t he e l e c t r i c powe r so dev e l o pe d:Tu rb i n e s No s . 4 , 5 an d 6 , e a c h d r iv e tw o 560—k w .

300—vo l t , d i re c t c u r re n t , W e s t i nghou s e ge ne ra to r s ,

t h e c u r re n t from wh i c h i s s u p p l i e d t o t h e P i t t sb u rgRe du c t io n Company .

Tu rb i n e NO . 7 d r iv e s two 560- k w . , 550—vo l t , d i re c t

c u r re n t ge n e ra to r s o f Ge n e ra l E l e c t r i c make . O neo f t h e s e ge ne ra to r s c a r r i e s a comme rc i a l l o ad , s u pp ly i ng cu r re n t t o t he N i aga r a Fa l l s B rew i ng Company and to fi fty othe r use r s o f power . The othe rge ne ra to r c a r r i e s a ra i lway lo ad

,fo r t h e Ope r a t io n

o f t h e N i aga ra Go rge Ra i l ro ad . A bo o s t e r w i t h arange o f 300 ampe re s i s a t t a c he d , an d i s

’

i n c i r c u i tw i th th e Youngstown and Lew i ston ra i l ro ad fourt e e n m i l e s d i s t an t f rom th e powe r ho u s e . Tu rb i neN o . 7 ha s a l so co n ected t o i t o ne 200 - k w . ,

I 35- vo l t

ge ne ra to r,t h e cu r re n t from wh i ch go e s t o t h e Na

tio n a l E l e c t ro l y t i c Company . B o t h ge n e ra to r s a n db oo s t e r. a re o f Gene ra l E l e c t r i c make .

Turb i n e No . 8 ha s a t t a ch e d o ne 875- k w . ,d i re c t

c u r re n t gen e r a to r , fe e d i n g ampe re s,1 75 vo l t s ,

to the Nat iona l E l ect ro lyt i c Company . The generato ri s o f Ge n e ra l E l e c t r i c m ake

,an d i s o f t h e doub l e

commut a to r fo rm . I t i s s hown i n o ne o f t h e ae company i n g i l l u s t r a t io n s . Tu rb i ne No . 8 a l so d r iv e s a na l t e rn at i n g c u r re n t ge n e r ato r o f —k w .

,

vo l t s , 3—pha s e , an d o f B u l l o ck makeTurb i ne NO . 9 ha s a t t a c he d a Ge ne ra l E l e c t r i c


ge ne ra to r o f 875- k w . , ampe re s , 1 75 vo l t s , cu rre n t f rom wh i c h go e s to t he Nat io n a l E l e c t ro ly t i cCompany , an d a l so a - k m , d i re c t c u r re n t , Gene ra l E l e c t r i c , 325- vo l t , ampe r e ge n e ra to r , t hec u r re n t from wh i c h go e s t o t h e A cke r Pro ce s s C ompany .

Tu rb i n e No . 1 0 d r i ve s tw o Gene ra l E l e c t r i c ,k w . , 325 - vo l t

,ampe re ge n e ra to r s , t h e cu r re n t

from wh i c h i s u s e d by t h e Ack e r Pro c e s s Company .

NO. 8 Turb ine D r i v in g 875 - Kw . 5000 Am p er e Genera to rTh e N ia ga ra Fa l l s H yd rau l i c Pow e r andM a nu fa c tu r ing Com pan y

Tu rb i n e NO . 1 1 an d t u rb i n e N o . 1 2 e ac h O pe r a t etwo W e s t i ngho u s e , 750 - k w . , d i re c t c u r re n t , 300 - vo l t

,

ampe re ge n e ra to r s fo r t h e P i t t sb u rg Re du c t io nCompany .

Tu rb i n e N o . 1 3 ha s a B u l l o ck - k w . ,

vo l t , 3- ph a se ge n e ra to r o n o ne e n d , and o n t h e

o t h e r e n d a 7oo - k w . ,2,2oo - vo l t , s i ng l e—p ha s e a l t e r

n ato r, made by t he Wa lke r M anu fac t u r i n g Company .

Th i s l a t t e r m ac h i n e s u pp l i e s t h e c u r re n t fo r ov e rfi ft y p e r c e n t . o f t h e i n c an de s ce n t l i gh t i ng t h rou gh


o u t t h e c i ty . I t i s o pe ra t e d fo r t h e B u ff a l o a ndN i agara Fa l l s E l e c t r i c L i gh t an d Powe r Company .

Tu rb i n e NO . 1 4 an d t u rb i n e No . 1 5 e a c h o pe ra t etwo W e s t i n ghou s e , - k w . , 300

- vo l t , ampe re

gen e r a to r s fo r t h e P i t t sb u rg Re du c t io n Company .

Tu rb i ne No . 1 6 a n d t u rb i n e No"

. 1 7 e ac h O p e ra t e

two W e s t i ngho u s e, 750

- k w . , d i re c t c u r re n t ge n e ra

t o r s fo r t h e P i t t sb u rg Re du c t io n Company .

Tu rb i n e No . 1 8 i s a 250—h .p . whee l made by J . M .

V o ith ,H e i d e nh e im

,Ge rmany . I t d r iv e s t h e e xc i t e r s

u s e d i n co n ne c t io n w i t h t he 3—ph a se a l t e rn ato r s abov ere fe r re d to .

Tu rb i n e No . 1 9 i s o f 500 h p , an d dr i v e s a 400—k w . ,

500 - vo l t ge n e ra to r, fo r comme rc i a l s e rv i c e .

I n ad d i t io n to t h e d i s t r i b u t io n o f e l e c t r i c powe ra s above o u t l i n e d

,t h e N i aga ra Fa l l s Hyd rau l i c

Powe r a nd M anu fa c t u r i n g Company h a s t e n a n t s towhom i t su p p l i e s hy d rau l i c powe r

,a s fo l l ows : The

C l i ff Pape r Company , h p ; Cat a rac t C i ty M i l li n g Company , 700 h p ; Pe t t ebo ne—Cat a ra c t Pap e rCompany , h p ; O ne i d a Commun i ty Company ,Ltd , 300 h p ; C i ty Wat e r Wo rk s , 400 h p ; N i aga raFa l l s M i l l i n g Company , h p ,

mak i ng a t o t a l o fh p .

I n a smu ch a s i t w a s po s s ib l e t o l o c a t e fa c to r i e sv e ry c lo s e to t h e powe r hou s e , p ra c t i c a l ly t he e n t i ree l e c t r i c a l d ev e l o pme n t h a s b e e n i n t he fo rm s re qu i r e dby t h e d i ff e re n t i n du s t r i e s: The maj o r i ty O f t h e s ec a l l fo r d i re c t c u r re n t a t vo l t age s v a ry i n g from 1 75

to 300. Howeve r , t h e l a s t tw o mach i n e s to bei n s t a l l e d i n t h i s p owe r ho u se we re - k w . ,

vo l t , 3 - ph as e a l t e rn ato r s , bu i l t by t h e B u l lo ck M anufa ctu rin g Company . An i l l u s t r a t io n giv e n he rew i t hs hows o ne o f t h e ho r i zon t a l s h af t t u rb i n e s , to onee nd o f wh i c h i s co nne c t e d an 875 - k w . , d i re c t - c u re n tge n e ra to r

,wh i l e a t t h e o t he r e n d i s conne c t e d o n e

o f t he - k w . a l t e rn ato r s . The s e a l t e rn ato r s a ret he fi r s t i n s t a l l at io n o f a l t e rn a t i n g cu r re n t mach i ne rymade by t h e company .

Th e 1 1,ooo - vo l t c u r re n t ge ne ra t e d by t h e m ach i n e s



T h e N i a g a r a F a l l s

Pow e r Ho u s e No . 3

The N ia ga ra Fa l l s H y d ra u l i c Pow e r a ndM a nu fa c tur in g Compan y


s e pa ra t e pe n s to ck to s u pp ly wat e r to e a ch ho r s epower u n i t . The s e u n i t s w i l l a l so b e o f t h e ho r iz o n ta l s ha ft fo rm , and w i l l ru n a t 300 r ev . p e r m i n . ,

giv i ng 25- cyc l e , 3 - ph a s e c u r re n t , a t vo l t s d i re c tfrona th e gene ra to r s . I t i s exp e c t e d t h a t t h e fi r s ts e c t io n o f t h i s powe r hou s e w i l l be i n Op e r at io n byJanu ary

,1 906 .

Tena n ts of The Niaga ra Fa lls Hy

dra u lio Pow er a nd M a n ufa ctu r

ing C ompa ny

THE N IAGARA FALLS B REW I NG COMPANY

H E N i aga ra Fa l l s B rew i n g Company manufa c t u re s lage r b e e r, a l e , and po r t e r . I t s p l an ti s O p e r a t e d by e l e c t r i c a l powe r e xc l u s iv e ly .

The b rewe ry ha s b e e n i n O pe r a t io n s i n ce1 880. I t h a s a n an nu a l c ap a c i ty o f b a r re l s

,

w i t h a s to rage c ap ac i ty Of b ar re l s . I t s e xt e n s iv e ce l l a r s a re e xc ava t e d i n t h e so l i d ro ck

,t h e

s to ne t ake n o u t h av i n g b e e n u t i l i z e d i n t h e co n s t ru et io n o f t h e b u i l d i ng s . The s e b u i l d i ngs cove r an a re aO f tw o ac re s an d a re s i t u at e d o n t he h i ghe s t g rou ndi n N i aga ra Fa l l s , o n t h e r i ve r b ank , command i ng ab e au t i fu l v i ew o f t h e c a t a r ac t abov e a n d O f t heWh i r lpo o l Rap i d s b e l ow .

The c e l l a r s o f t he N i aga ra Fa l l s B rew i n g Company are ch i l l e d by the d i rect expans ion re fr ige rat i ngsystem . The 6o - ton re fr ige rat ing p l an t i s o f the vert i ca ldoub l e - ac t i n g type , an d i s d r ive n by a 500—vo l t d i re c tc u r re n t mo t o r . Thi s m ach i n e i s c ap ab l e o f m a i nt a i n i n g a t empe ra t u re a s low as 30° fah r . t h ro ughoutthe cel l a rs , which have a capac ity o f cub icfe e t . A s e co nd 500—v o l t mo to r s e rv e s to o pe ra t e a l lt h e m ach i ne ry i n t h e b rewe ry

,i n c l ud i n g t h e m as h

mac h i n e , ma l t m i l l , fre i gh t e l ev a to r , k e g wash e r s ,b e e r p ump , ro t a ry wa t e r p ump , b o t t l i n g wo rk s m ach ines , et c . The power i s obta ined from the c i rcu i t s o fthe Hydrau l i c Power and Manu factu r ing Company .


PETTEBONE—CATARACT PAPER COMPANY

H E p re de c e s so r compan i e s go i n g to make u pt h e Pe t t ebo n e - Cat a ra c t Pape r Company ra nkam o ng t h e O l d e s t o f i n du s t r i a l co n c e rn s a tN i aga ra Fa l l s , an d we re t h e p io ne e r s i n t h e

manu fa c t u re o f n ew s p ape r i n t h i s l o c a l i t y . The fi r s tm i l l was lo c a t e d o n B at h I s l an d , now Gre e n I s l a nd .

News pape r w a s fi r s t m ade from rags , l a t e r o n fromst raw

,an d fin a l ly from wood .

Th i s company was fo rme d O c tobe r fi r s t , 1 892 ,

by t he co n so l i d a t io n o f Th e Pe t t eb o ne Pap e r Company and t he Ca t a ra c t M anu fa c t u r i n g Company .

The l a t t e r company had e re c t e d o n t h e Hyd rau l i cCana l

,i n 1 880,

a m i l l fo r t h e manu fa c t u re o f gro u n dwood

,u s e d i n t h e m anu fa c t u re o f n ew s pape r, an d

t he fo rme r company h ad b u i l t a p ap e r m i l l i n t h es ame l o c a l i ty i n 1 884 .

The p rop e r ty O f t h e company co n s i s t s o f a s t r i po f l an d o n t he Hyd rau l i c Can a l w i t h a fro n t age o f1 1 5 fe e t , ext e n d i n g b a ck some 330 fe e t to t h e h i ghb ank o f t h e r i v e r , o n wh i c h a re l o c a t e d a fo u r - s to ryb r i c k m i l l 1 00 by 1 1 5 fe e t , co n t a i n i n g two Fou rd r i n i e rpa p e r m ach i ne s

,an d a l l t h e mach i n e ry and app a ra t u s

re qu i re d i n a we l l—e qu i p pe d p l an t . I n t h e re a r t h e rei s a t h re e - s to ry s ton e b u i l d i n g fo r t h e manu fa c t u re o fgrou n d woo d pu l p .

Hyd rau l i c powe r i s u s e d exc l u s ive ly,t h e com

pany dev e l o p i n g h . p . by t h e u s e o f t u rb i n e sp l ace d o ne hun d re d fe e t down t he h i gh bank . Wat e ri s t ak e n from the ca na l o f t he N i aga ra Fa l l s Hydra ul i c Powe r and M anu fa c t u r i n g Company

,an d a ft e r

p a s s i n g t h e w at e r - whee l s i s d i s ch a rge d i n to t h e l owe rr i ve r .The d a i ly o u t p u t o f t he p l an t i s t we n ty - five t o n s

o f fin i sh e d n ew s p ape r an d twe n ty t o n s o f gro u ndwoo d pu l p .

50 T h e N i a g a r a F a l l

CLI FF PAPER COMPANY

H E Cl i ff Pap e r C omp any i s e ngage d i nt he manu fac t u re o f

woo d pu l p an d new sp ape r . The p ro ce s s i s com

mo n to a l l mi l l s i n t h eUn i t e d S t a t e s m ak ing t h i sc l a s s o f p ape r . The pe cu l i a rfe a t u re s o f t he p l an t a r e t h a tt h e p u l p m i l l , s i t u a t e d a t t h efo o t o f t h e h i gh b ank , i n t h ego rge o f t he N i aga ra R i v e r ,i s d r iv e n by wat e r p owe r ,u s i n g w at e r wh i c h h as b e e nu se d o nc e u nd e r 75 fe e the ad . Aft e r do i n g d u ty u n

de r t h i s h ea d,t h e t a i l wate r

i s d e l i v e re d to a p e n s to ckPa pe r M i l l a tTo p o f C l in r u n n i n g d

'

own0

1 25 fe e t fu rPu l p M i l l a t \V a te r ’ s E d ge t h e r a n d I S u t i l i z e d i n ho r iC l ifi p a p e f Com pan y z o n ta l t u rb i n e Leff e l wh ee l s

g iv i n g abo u t h . p . The se w hee l s a re d i re c tco nne c t e d . The powe r i s t h e re fo r e u se d a s eco n omica l ly a s po s s i b l e . Th e pu l p i s b ro ugh t to t he pape rm i l l ab ov e t h e b ank by a c ha i n c a r r i e r .The pape r mach i nes a re d r iven by el ect r i c motor s

suppl i e d w i th cu rren t from generato rs d i rect connectedto 300 h . p . Leff e l ho r i zo n t a l t u rb ine whee l s u s in gt a i l wat e r from o t h e r wh ee l s .The pu l p m i l l a nd p ape r m i l l a re co n ne c t e d by

an inc l ined ra i lway used fo r ca rryi ng f re ight andp a s s e nge r s .

The Cl i ff mi l l was the fi rs t deve lopment Of N iaga rawate r power under a head o f over 100 feet , and was i noperat ion be fo re e i the r o f the power compan i es .


Turb ine and Genera to rC l i ff Pa p er Com pa ny

51


WM . A . ROGERS,LIMITED

H I S bu s in es s wa s st arte d at N iaga ra Fal l s i n 1 893unde r the name o f the N iagara S i l ve r Company .

I t has grown ve ry rap id ly and in 1 902 i t wasamalgamated w ith t he important bus iness o f

Wm . A . Rogers , o f New Yo rk c i ty , at wh ich t ime thepresent name o f Wm . A . Roge rs

,Limi ted

,w a s adopt ed .

Severa l ext ens ion s o f the manu factu r ing p lant s have been

Fa c to r y o fWi l l iam A . Ro ge rs , L im ited

made i n recent yea rs,and at th e present t ime, i n add i t ion

to t he l a rge pl ant now operated at N iaga ra Fa l l s, t hecompany owns and operat es facto r i e s at One i da , N . Y . ,

an d No rthampton,Mass . The recent en la rgement o f the

N iagara Fa l l s facto ry has very cons iderab ly added to i t scapac ity and at the p re sent t ime the company i s employing i n N iagara Fa l l s n ea r ly 500 employees . The company manu factu res s i lve r p lated wa re and cut l e ry .


54 T h e N i a g a r a F a l l

THE N IAGARA GORGE RA I LROAD co .

THE N IAGARA GORGEN i t s passage f rom the Fa l l s to Lake Onta r i o theN iagara R i ve r passes th rough a deep and nar rowcl e ft between rocky c l i ff s

,fa l l i ng

,i n i t s cou rs e o f

fo u rt e e n m i l e s,mo re t h a n 1 1 1 fe e t , and fo r c i n g

i t s way t hro u gh a c han ne l so co nfine d and p re c ip ito u s t h at t h e t umu l t o f t h e w a t e r s make s a s c e n eOf grand e u r t hat , i n t h e e s t im at io n o f many t rave l e r s ,ex ce e d s t he s pe c t ac l e o f t h e c a t a ra c t i t s e l f. Theo n ly me an s o f en t ran ce to t h e Go rge i s by t heN i aga ra Go rge Ra i l ro ad , a we l l - bu i l t , do ub l e - t r a cke l e c t r i c ro ad

,who s e c a r s s t a r t from Pro s pe c t Pa rk ,

N i aga ra Fa l l s , an d t rave r s e t h e l e n gt h o f t h e Go rget o Lew i s to n i n fo r ty - five mi nu t e s , r u n n i n g t h e en

t i r e d i s t a n c e w i t h i n a few fe e t o f t he wa t e r, an dg iv i n g t he p a s s e nge r a n o ppo r t u n i ty to Ob t a i n a nu n r iv a l e d V i ew o f t h e Rap i d s a nd Wh i r l poo l , o rto s to p a t v a r io u s po i n t s fo r a l o nge r i n s pe c t io no f t h e w o n de r s o f t h e m i gh ty ‘r iv e r . The co n s t ru et io n o f th e Go rge Ro ad i s co n s i d e re d by expe r t s tobe o n e o f t h e gre a t e s t e ngi n e e r i ng fe a t s o f mo de r nt ime s . Fo r y e a r s e ng i n e e r s co n t e n de d t h a t i t cou ldno t b e bu i l t

,b u t i n 1 890 s u rvey s we re made by M r .

Geo rge A . Ri cke r, a c iv i l e n g i n e e r Of B u ffa l o , N . Y . ,

wh i c h p rov e d t ha t i t w a s pe rfe c t ly fe a s ib l e t o co ns t r u c t a r a i l ro ad t h rou gh t h e Go rge t h a t w o u ldb e a t o n c e s a fe . a nd compara t iv e l y e a sy o f o pe rat io n . Wo rk wa s b egu n so o n a ft e rw ard s , an d i n 1 895

t h e roa d wa s o pe n e d fo r pa s se nge r t ra ffi c . The"

comp l e t io n o f t h e ro ad— wh i c h w a s reb u i l t a n d imp rov e d i n 1 890— make s i t po s s i b l e fo r th e tou r i s tt o .v i s i t t h e Go rge f rom end to e n d wh e re b e fo re i tw a s on ly ac c e s s i b l e in s po t s .

ENTRA N C E TO TH E GORGEPas s i n g down a m o de ra t e i n c l i n e

,t h e Go rge

Ro ad t ake s t he s i gh t s e e r u nd e r t h e tw o ra i l ro adb r i d ge s wh i c h , s p ann i n g t he Go rge be l ow th e Fa l l s,


giv e a c ce s s to Canad a , a s we l l a s p rov i d i n g t he mo s td i re c t ro u t b e twe e n t h e Ea s t a nd t h e g re a t We s t .The can t i l ev e r b r i d ge o f t h e M i ch i gan Ce n t ra l Ra i lro ad was b u i l t in 1 882 ; whi l e t he s t e e l a rc h b r i d ge ,bu i l t i n 1 897 by t h e G ran d Trunk Ra i l ro ad Of Canada ,re p l a c e s t he fam i l i a r o l d Su s pe n s io n B r i d ge

,wh i c h

was l o n g o ne o f t h e w o nde r s o f t h i s po i n t . TheGran d Trunk b r i d ge i s s a i d to b e t h e l a rge s t a rc hi n t he w o r ld .

THE WH IRLPOOL RAPID SJ u s t b e low t h e ra i l ro ad b r i d ge s t h e go rge su d

den ly n a rrows an d t h e Wh i r l poo l Rap i d s b e g i n .

Betw een the Fa l ls a ndWh i r l poo l Ra p id sN i aga ra Go r ge R a i l ro a d

The de p t h o f t he c hanne l o f t h e r iv e r a t t h i s po i n tha s neve r been asce rta i ned . So prec ip i tous i s t hero cky b e d o f t h e s t r e am t h a t t h e r iv e r r e a ch e s aspe e d o f twe n ty - s ev e n m i l e s an ho u r

,an d t h e wav e s

wh i ch a re fo rme d i n i t s p a s s age re a ch a h e i gh t o ft h i r ty fe e t a t t ime s . Tw o at t emp t s h av e b e e n madeto n av i gat e t h e se r ap i d s i n v e s s e l s , b o t h b e i n g su cce s s fu l . The o r i gi n a l Mai d o f t h e M i s t” wa s t ak e n


t h ro ugh t h e l owe r r iv e r s a fe ly s ev e ra l ye ar s ago ,

an d C . A . Pe rry o f N i aga ra Fa l l s w e n t t h rou ghsa fe ly i n a l i fe bo a t , wh i c h h e made h im se l f. Tw o

pe r so n s have a t t emp t e d to sw im t h rou gh t h e r ap i d s .O n e go t t h ro u gh a l i v e , b u t t h e o t he r , Cap t . Mat t hewWebb

,an Engl i shman , who had swum th e Engl i sh

Channe l su ce s sfu l ly,lo s t h i s l i fe i n t h e N iagara

rap id s,on July 24 ,

1 883 . Severa l per son s have gonet hrough th e rap id s suc ce ssfu l ly

,i n c lo sed i n barre l s

b u i l t fo r t h e p u rpo s e .

THE N IAGARA WH IRLPOOLThre e qu a r t e r s o f a m i l e b e l ow t he b r i d ge s t h e

r iv e r b ro ad e n s,and

,c hang i n g i t s co u rs e s u dd e n ly ,

an imme n s e wh i r l poo l i s fo rme d , i n to wh i c h i sga t h e re d a l l t h e fl o a t i n g mat e r i a l t h a t t h e c u r re n th a s b ro ugh t down f rom above . Dr i ftwoo d , wh i c hm ay h av e s t a r t e d o n i t s co u r s e to t he s e a fa r u p i nLake S up e r io r

,may be s e e n wh i r l i n g s l ow ly abou t

i n t he s u r fa ce cu r re n t t h a t s e em s to make a comp lete c i rc l e f rom s i d e to s i d e o f t h e c ha sm . O c c as io n a l ly, t h e f ra gme n t s o f a w re cke d ve s s e l. w i l l bes e e n i n t h e W h i r l poo l ’ s c l u t ch e s

,b rough t f rom

above t h e Fa l l s by t h e r iv e r,an d h e re

, to o ,a re

u s u a l ly fo u nd t h e bo d i e s o f t h e u n fo r t u n at e s w h o ,

t h ro u gh a c c i d e n t o r t he d e l i b e ra t e i n t e n t to e n d t h e i rl i v e s , a re c a r r i e d ove r t h e c a t a ra c t to a c e r t a i n de a t h .

Many a c c i d e n t a l d e a t h s o c c u r eve ry yea r in t h i s way ,wh i l e N i aga ra Fa l l s h a s l o n g be e n known a s afavo r i t e r e so r t fo r s u i c i d e s . O n c e t h e u n fo r t u n a t ev i c t i m i s i n t h e gra s p o f t h e sw i ft c u r re n t abov e t h eFa l l s t he re i s n o ho pe fo r h im ,

a l t ho ugh t h e h i sto ry o f t h e re g i o n t e em s w i t h s to r i e s O f e ffo rt s t os u c co r t ho s e w ho s e r a sh n e s s o r fo l l y h a s l e d t hemtoo ne a r t he b r i nk o f t h e Fa l l s .

The passenger on the Go rge Road who looksacro s s t h e Wh i r l poo l may d i sc ern a wooded gl enru n n i n g b ack from th e r ive r o n t h e Can ad i a n s i d e .

Th i s g l e n , i t i s s a i d by ge o log i s t s , marke d t he o ri

g in a l ch an ne l o f t he r i ve r, b u t , ow ing to some m i gh ty


co nv u l s io n o f n at u re,t h a t o u t l e t fo r t he w at e r s

o f t he gre a t l ake s w a s c l o s e d and t h e r iv e r wa sfo r c e d to make a new pa s s age fo r i t s e l f t h ro ugh t h ep re s e n t c ha n ne l . I n c u t t i n g o u t i t s n ew co u r s e t h ew at e r s have w o rn away t h e ro ck s i n to p e cu l i a r an di n t e re s t i n g sh ape s . No t t h e l e a s t i n t e re s t i n g o ft h e s e i s t h e l a rge ro c k wh i c h to vVe rs u p o n t h eCanad i an s i d e j u s t a t t h e an g l e wh e re t h e r iv e rt u rn s from t he Wh i r lpoo l to fl ow o nward towardLake O n t a r io . Fo r ye a r s ev e ry p ho tograp h t ake nOf t h e W hi r l poo l from t h e Ame r i c an s i d e ha s shown ,a pp a re n t ly ca rve d i n t h e to p o f t h i s ro cky em i ne n c e ,a s t ran ge re s emb l a n ce t o a human fac e . W i t h i nt he l a s t few mo n t h s t h e . a c t io n o f t he a tmo s p h e reh a s c rumb l e d t he ro ck to s u c h an ext e n t t h a t t h efa c e i s d i s c e rn ib l e to t h e nak ed ey e . I t h a s b e e nnamed The D emon of t h e Gorge , and i t standst h e re immovab l e an d i n s c ru t ab l e , k e e p i n g wat c h an dward ove r t h e aw fu l s e c re t s o f n a t u re an d t h e myste r io u s Whi r l poo l .

THE LOWER N IAGA RA RA P ID SB e l ow t he W h i r l poo l t h e c hanne l t h ro u gh w h i c h

t h e w at e r s h ave t o fo rc e t h e i r w ay aga i n be come sna r rowe r , a nd a se co n d se t o f r a p i d s i s fo rme dby t h e d e s ce n t o f t h e s t re am—“ n o t s o sw i ft n o r sot umu l t uo u s a s t h e W h i r l poo l Rap i d s

,b u t s t i l l

ve ry sw i ft a n d s t ro ng an d o f gre a t i n t e r e s t . Tot h i s s e r i e s o f l owe r rap i d s h a s b e e n g iv e n t he n am eo f

“D ev i l ’ s Ho l e Rap i d s ,” t h e n ame b e i n g t ha t Of

a h i s to r i c s po t a l i t t l e fa r t h e r down t h e Go rge . Th ech an ne l o f t h e r iv e r i s s a i d to b e de e p e r t h rou ght h e s e rap i d s t h a n a t any o t he r po i n t

,bu t t h e exa c t

de p t h c a nno t b e a s ce rt a i n e d,be cau s e t h e s t ro ng

c u r re n t d efl e c t s any sou nd i n g app a ra t u s t h a t i s u s e d .

Fro n t i n g t h e D ev i l ’ s Hol e Rap i d s i s Ong ia ra

Pa rk . Thi s i s a p l ea s an t g l e n i n t h e w oo d s o n t hes lo p i n g b ank abov e t h e r iv e r , owne d by t he N i agaraGo rge Ra i l ro ad Company , an d u se d a s a p i c n i c grov efo r p a s s e nge r s by t ha t ro u t e .


THE G IA NT ROC K

J u s t b e l ow Ongia ra Park t h e Go rge Ro ad pa s s e sb e h i n d a n e no rmo u s ro ck

,t h a t r i s e s from th e e dge

o f t h e wa t e r an d towe r s h i gh above a s t h e c a rp a s se s . What ca t ac ly sm o f na t u re d e t a ch e d t h i sro ck from th e c l i ff ab ove an d se n t i t t hu nd e r i ngdown t he p re c i p i c e to find a re s t i n g p l a c e o n t h er i ve r ’s b r i nk i s no t known . Ev e r s i n c e w h i t e me nfi r s t e xp l o re d t he Go rge t h e G i an t Ro ck ha s s too dl i k e a s i l e n t s e n t i n e l

, a nd wh e n t h e Go rge Ro adwa s b u i l t i t wa s d e c i d e d t o l e av e i t w he re i t i s ,r a t h e r t h an to d e s t roy t h e a n c i e n t l an dmark .

THE"

DEV IL’ S HOLE

From end t o e n d t h e N i aga ra Go rge t e em s w i t hh i s to r i c a l i n c i d e n t . Fo r t h e fi r s t c e n t u ry an d a h a l fa ft e r w h i t e me n took pos s e s s io n o f th e l ands i n t h eN i agar a re g io n , t he re we re co n t i n u a l s t ru gg l e sfirs t be twe e n t h e w h i t e s an d t h e s avage s , l a t e r b etw ee n t he Eng l i s h a n d t h e Fre n c h , an d l at e s t o f

a l l,b e tw ee n t h e Engl i s h i n Can ada a n d t h e me n o f

En gl i s h d e s c e n t,wh o had c as t t he i r lo t w i t h t h e

you ng Ame r i c a n re p ub l i c . Th e Dev i l ’ s Ho l e , wh i c hi s re a c h e d by an ea sy a s c e n t f rom th e Go rge Ro ad ,was t h e s ce n e

,i n 1 763 , Of o ne o f t he mo s t awfu l

o f t h e m any t ra ge d i e s o f t h e N i aga ra re g io n . O nt h e 1 3 t h o f Se p t emb e r i n t ha t y e a r a t ra i n o f B r i t i s hAme r i c an t roo p s u n de r L i e u t . Do n Campbe l l o fth e Roya l Ame r i c an Re gim e n t

,was re t u rn ing to

Fo r t N i aga ra f rom De t ro i t , whe re i t h ad b e e n w i t ha lo a d o f s u p p l i e s fo r t h e ga r r i so n t h e re . Fo r tS c h l o s s e r , now t h e v i l lage o f E cho t a

,ab ov e t h e

Fa l l s , was re a ch e d o n t h e mo rn i n g o f t he 1 3 t h ,an d t h at even i n g

'

th e t r a i n s e t o u t fo r Fo r t N i aga ra,

t ak i n g t h e we l l—b e at e n ro a d a lo ng t h e to p o f t h ec l i ff o n t h e Ame r i c a n s i d e . Accompany i ng t h et roo p s wa s Jo h n S t e adman, o ne o f t h e fi r s t s e t t l e r si n t h i s re g io n an d mas t e r o f t h e po r t a ge aro un d th eFa l l s . H e e d l e s s o f impend i n g d ange r, t h e c ava l



cad e trave l ed a lon g i n safe ty un t i l t h e c l eft i n th ero ck s— s i n c e known by t he n ame o f t h e Dev i l

’

s

Ho l e— wa s re ac he d,when , w i t hou t a momen t ’ s

wa rn i n g,a l a rge b an d o f Se n e c a I n d i an s who h ad

b ee n ly i n g i n amb u s h a t t h i s po i n t a t t a cke d t h e t r avc l e r s w i t h gun s a nd tomah awk s . O f t h e n i n e typ e r so n s i n t h e company

,a l l b u t t h re e we re e i t h e r

d r i ve n ove r t he p re c i p i c e to mee t a ho r r i b l e de at ho n t h e ro ck s be low o r k i l l e d o u t r i gh t by t he s av age s .O ne d rumme r - b oy e s c a p e d by h i s d rum - s t ra p s c a t c hi n g i n a p i n e t re e , p a r t way down t he c l i ff , whe reh e h u ng u n t i l re s c u e d . H i s n ame was Mat t hew s ,an d he l i v e d u n t i l 1 82 1 , whe n h e d i e d i n Canad a a tt h e age o f s ev e n ty—fou r . O n e d r iv e r wa s wou nd ed1nd l ay co n ce a l e d i n a c l ump o f ev e rgre e n s , whe ret h e b l oo d—t h i r s ty s av age s ove r look e d h im . S t e adm an h im se l f w h o ,

t h e I nd i an s s a i d l a t e r,s e eme d to

be a r a c ha rme d l i fe,s p u rre d h i s ho r s e t h ro ugh t he

o p po s i n g I nd i a n s a n d made h i s e s c ap e to Fo r tS ch l o s s e r .The no i s e o f t h e co nfl i c t w a s h e a rd a t Lew i s to n

and two compan i e s o f t roop s wh i c h were stat ionedt h e re c ame h u rr i e d l y u p t h e t ra i l to t h e re s c ue o ft h e s u pp ly - t r a i n . Se e i n g no e nemy

,t hey ma rch e d

bo l d ly ac ro s s t h e l i t t l e b r i d ge t h a t s p ann e d B loodyRun , a sma l l s t r e am , t h e d ry b ed o f w h i c h maybe s e e n to - day , an d w he n h a l f w ay ac ro s s t h e b r i d gewe re t h em se lve s a t t a ck e d by t h e Se n e c a s , who h adh i dd e n i n t h e ev e rgre e n s a s t h ey he a rd t h e a pp roa c ho f t h e t roo p s . O n ly e i gh t o f t h e so ld i e r s s u rv iv e dt h i s s e co nd ambu sh . The I n d i an s h a s ti ly . s ca lped

t h e i r v i c t im s,tak i n g i n al l e i gh ty sca lp s

,i n c lud i n g

t ho s e o f s i x o ffi c e r s , a n d mo u n t i n g t h e ho rs e s t h a th ad no t be e n fo r c e d ov e r t h e c l i ff , wen t ba c k to t h e i rhome o n t h e bank s o f t h e Ge ne s e e . I t i s o n ly fa i rt o t h e ge n e ra l ly p e ac e ab l e S e ne c a n a t io n t o s ay t h att h i s a t t a ck w as m ad e w i t ho u t t h e know l e dge o f t h ec h i e fs o f t h a t t r i b e , by a band o f yo un g b rav e s u n d e rt he l e ad e r s h i p o f “Fa rme r ’ s B ro t he r,” a man who a fterw a rds be c ame a l e ad e r o f h i s p eopl e a nd a fr i e n d



powe r, wh i c h i s t ra n sm i t t e d by a l um i n um c ab l e s fromPowe r Hou s e N o . 2

, l o c a t e d a t t h e wa t e r ’ s e d ge i nt he go rge , to t he w o rk s o n to p o f t he h i gh b ank .

I t i s o ne o f t h e s u c c e s s fu l e l e c t ro c hem i c a l indu s t r i e so f N i agara Fa l l s .

ACKER PRO CES S COMPANY

HE wo rks o f the Acke r Process Company are located in the lower power d i s t r i ct on p ropertyb ou nde d by Th i rd s t r e e t , Wa l nu t s t re e t , NewYo rk Cent ra l Ra i l road t racks

,and by the go rge

o f t he N iaga ra R i ve r be low the fa l l s .The wo rk s cove r a gro u nd a re a o f ab ou t

s qu are fe e t . The to t a l powe r u t i l i z e d aggre gat e sabou t e l e c t r i c a l ho r s e powe r , an d i s d e l i ve r e di n t h e fo rm o f d i re c t cu r re n t , t he gre a t e r po r t io n b ei n g u t i l i z e d i n e l e c t ro ly t i c fu rn ac e s fo r t he decompos i t iou o f sod i um ch lo r i de . Thi s cu rrent o f am

peres and 300 vo l t s i s conducted th rough great bund leso f a luminum conducto rs place d i n t renches unde r ground ,l ead ing from the power house i n th e go rge below thefa l l s to t he company ’

s wo rk s , a d i s t an c e Of appro x imat e ly fe e t . The aggregat e c ro s s - s e c t io n o f t h econducto rs ca rrying th i s cu rrent i s , o f cou rse , very large .

The ent i re cu r ren t i s ut i l i z ed i n a s ingle ser i es o r row o ffu rnaces .The p ro du c t s ma nu fa c t u re d by th e company a re

cau st i c soda , b l each ing powde r, t et rach lo r i de o f t i n

(known to the t rade a s b ich lo r i de o f t i n ) , ox ide o f t in ,“

t i n c rysta l s,and carbon tet rach lo r ide .

The e l e c t ro ly t i c a lka l i p ro ce s s wa s t he fi r s t o f

t h e s ev e ra l p ro c e s s e s to b e i n s t a l l e d an d pu t i n Op e ra t io n , an d i s d u e to M r . Cha r l e s E . Acke r . A des c r i p t io n o f t h e p ro ce s s wa s fi r s t g iv e n a t t h e i n augu ra l me e t in g o f t h e Ame r i c a n El e c t ro ch em i c a l Soc iety, a t Ph i l ade l ph i a , i n 1 902 , an d w as p ub l i s h e d i nt he Tran s ac t io n s o f t h e So c i e ty , Vo l ume I . 1 902 .

An a rt i c l e by C l i n to n Pau l Town s e n d may b e fou n di n t h e ‘El e c t r i c a l Wo r ld and Engi n e e r (New Yo rk ) .


o f Ap r i l 5, 1 902 . An a rt i c l e by Pro fe s so r H ab e r ,be i ng t h e fi r s t p a r t o f a re po r t to t he Ge rman Bu n s e nSo c i e ty fo r Ap p l i e d Chem i s t ry , o n “The I nd u s t r i a lD eve l o pme n t Of E lectro ch em i s tery i n Ame r i c a ,” a p

pea red i n t h e“! e i t s ch r i ft f ii r El ek t ro c hem i e ,” be g i n

n i n g Ap r i l 16,1 903 .

Mr . Acke r w a s award e d t h e E l l io t t C re s so n go ldmeda l by t he Frank l i n I n s t i t u t e , fo r h i s p ro c e s s o f

Ac k er P ro c e s s Com p an y

p roduc ing cau st i c soda and ch lo r i n e by the e l ect ro lys i so f fuse d common sa l t .Var io u s Ame r i c a n and Canad i an p at e n t s cove r i n g

th i s pa rt i cu l ar p rocess have been i s sued . The p rocesshas a l so been patented i n the pr i nc ipa l Eu ropean count r i es

,the numbe r o f such patents aggregat ing about

fo rty .

A new p ro ce s s fo r t h e m an u fac t u re o f tetra ch lor i d e o f t i n wa s i n t ro d u ce d i n t h e w o rk s i n 1 903 , an dt h e company n ow t u r n s ou t a co n s i d e rab l e p ro po rt io n o f th e t e t ra ch l o r i d e o f t i n co n s ume d i n t h e cou nt ry .

'

The company do e s no t d i s t r i b u t e t h i s p ro du c t



a t re t a i l,b u t mak e s s h i pme n t s i n c a r lo ad l o t s o n l y .

Th i s p ro ce s s,a s we l l a s t ha t fo r t he manu fa c t u re O f

t e t ra c h l o r i d e o f c a rb o n , t i n c ry s t a l s , ox i d e Of t i n ,e t c . ,

i s d u e to Mr . Cha r l e s E . Acke r . Nume ro u s pa te n t s h ave b e e n app l i e d fo r i n t h e Un i t e d S t at e s Pa te n t O ffi c e , an d h av e b e e n a l lowe d , a l t hough t h ey

F i gur e 1

h ave n o t bee n i s s u e d . The re h ave a s y e t b e e n nopub l i sh e d d e s c r i p t io n s o f t h e s e me t ho d s .

The companyfs w o rk s a re i l l u s t r a t e d o n p age 63 ,an d an i n ter io r v i ew o f t h e fu rn a c e room show i n ga row o f e l e c t ro lyt i c fu rn ac e s o n p age 64 . Ea c hfu rna c e i s he re re p re s e n t e d w i t h five e l e c t rode s o r


anod e s . S i n c e t h i s p ho tograph wa s t ak e n t h e s eanode s h ave b e e n e n l a rge d , s o t h a t t h e re a re n ow

fo u r. ano de s emp l oye d i n e a ch fu rna ce i n s t e ad o f

fiv e . The c u r re n t O f ampe re s p a s s i n g t h ro ught h e fu rna ce s i n s e r i e s i s

,t h e re fo re

,c a r r i e d by fou r

anode s i n e a ch fu rn ac e . Th e n o rma l cu r re n t c a r r i e dby e a ch ano d e i s app rox imat e ly ampe re s . A

F i gure 2

s i n g l e ano de may b e remov e d a t any t ime from a fu rn ac e

,d u r i ng w h i c h t ime t he cu r re n t i s c a r r i e d by t h e

t h re e rema i n i n g ano de s to t h e ext e n t o f am

pe re s o r mo re fo r e ac h anode .

The c a t ho de i s o f mo l t e n l e ad wh i ch i s c au se dto c i r c u l a t e by a j e t o f s t e am i n t rod u c e d i n t o awe l l co n t a i n i n g t h e mo l ten me ta l a t t h e e nd o f t h efu rn a c e

,s hown i n Fi g . 1 . The ope ra t io n o f t h i s


s t e am i nj e c to r i s sho wn i n d e t a i l i n F i g . 2 . Thej e t O f s t e am i s s u e s from a sma l l o r ifi c e u n d e r p re ss u re

,an d pa s s e s t h ro ugh an i nj e c to r o r co nve rt e r

p i p e made O f c a s t i ro n,wh i c h , i n p ra c t i c e , i s a

s i n g l e c a s t i n g w i t h t h e cov e r D . The r e a re t h u s o n l ytwo p a rt s to t h e fu rnac e , n ame ly , t h e ma i n c a s t i n g E ,

wh i ch i s l i n e d w i t h o rd i n a ry fireb r ic k fo r co n t a i n i n gt h e m o l t e n s a l t

,an d t h e c a s t i ro n cove r D . The

s t e am pa s s i n g t h rou gh t he co nv e r t e r c a r r i e s a l o n g

F igure 3

w i t h i t mo re o r l e s s o f t h e m o l t e n l e a d i n i t s p a t h .

Thi s l e a d s t r i ke s t he c u rve d cove r a n d i s d efl e c t e di n to t h e l on g ch anne l B , t h rough wh i c h i t p a s s e s tot h e o t h e r e nd o f t h e e l e c t r i c fu rn a ce , whe re i t s p re a d sov e r t h e h e a rt h a n d b e come s t he c a t ho d e

,t ak i ng u p

t h e so d i um l i b e ra t e d from t he s a l t’

by t h e cu r re n t o fampe re s . The a l loy o f l e ad an d sod i um fin a l l y

re a c he s t h e i nj e c to r i n t h e cou r s e o f t h e c i r cu l at io n,

an d t h e so d i um d e compo s e s t h e s t e am , t h e reby fo rmi ng anhyd ro u s c au s t i c so da , hyd roge n ga s an d me t a ll i c l e ad . The hyd roge n bu rn s co n t i n uou s l y i n a l a rge


fl am e , t h e l e ad aga i n fl ow s b ack t h rou gh t h e l on gch anne l B and t h e mo l t e n c au s t i c so d a ru n s co n t i nuo u s ly o u t o f t h e fu rn ac e t h rou gh t h e ov e rflow spou t .The mo l t e n c au s t i c so d a i s now co l l e c t e d from al lt h e fu rn ac e s a nd , wh i l e s t i l l mo l t e n , i s co nd u ct e d toa c a u s t i c po t, whe re i t 1 5 a l l owe d to s e t t l e . Th i so pe rat io n go e s o n co n t i n uo u s ly tw e n ty - fo u r hou r sp e r d ay

,an d s eve n d ay s p e r we ek . The r e i s n o i n t e r

m i s s io n .

A gen e ra l i d e a o f t h e s e t t i n g o f t h e fu rn a ce s i sg iv e n i n F i g . 3 , wh i c h a l so i n d i c a t e s t h e me t ho do f t ak i n g o ff t h e ch lo r i n e ga s . Th i s i s t ake n awayby s l i gh t s u c t io n t h ro u gh p a s s age s i n t h e b r i ck p i e r sb e twe e n e a c h p a i r o f fu rn a c e s .


TheNiaga ra Fa lls ~P0fwer C ompa ny

H E u t i l i z a t io n o f t h e powe r o f N i a ga ra Fa l l sh a s fo r ye a r s b e e n t h e d re am o f e ngi n e e r san d o f a l l t ho s e i n t e re s t e d i n i n d u s t r i a l d ev e lOpm en t. I n t h e pa s t m any s c h eme s fo r t h i s

p u rpo s e have b e e n s ugge s t e d by e ng i n e e r s an d inv en to r s

,bu t n ev e r

,u n t i l t h e a dve n t o f t he mo de r n

e ra i n e l e c t r i c a l e ng i ne e r i n g , ha s t h e p ropo s i t io n , o na l a rge s c a l e

,b e e n ab l e t o s t a n d u po n a ba s i s at t ra e

t i v e t o t h e c ap i t a l i s t . The diflflcu lty i n t h e pa s t ha sno t b e e n to app ly t h e wat e r s o f N i a ga ra fo r t h e t u rni n g o f a wat e r whe e l , fo r m any o f t h e s ch eme s t h e nsu gge s t e d wo u l d hav e a c comp l i sh e d t h i s s u c ce s sfu l l y ; bu t wh a t t o do w i t h t he powe r whe n t h u s d eve lo ped a t t h e wa t e r w

_

hee l_

sh a ft w a s t he p rob l embe fo r e t h e e n g i n e e r . Obv io u s l y h e re t h e qu e s t i on o ft ran sm i s s i o n a ro s e a s o f p r ime impo r t an c e .

Amo ng th e n ume ro u s e a r l y p l an s s ugge s t e d w i l lbe found e xt e n s i ve sy s t em s o f pn e umat i c t ub e s o pe ra t e d by t u rb i n e d r i ve n a i r compre s so r s , t h e a i r p i p e sl e ad i n g t he re from to fa c to r i e s l o ca t e d i n t h e v i c i n i tyo f a powe r ho u se , e a c h fac to ry hav i n g i t s o w n a i rmo t o r s t hu s o pe ra t e d . I t may b e o f i n t e re s t to no t et h a t o n e o f t h e s e e a r ly p l a n s co n t emp l a t e d t h et ran sm i s s io n o f powe r to B u ff a l o by t h i s m ean s .

Ano t h e r p l an con s i s t e d i n l i n e s o f co u n t e r s ha fti n g

,b ra cke t e d o n co l umn s , e xt e n d i n g rad i a l l y f rom

a c e n t ra l powe r s t a t io n , t h i s lo ng sh a ft i n g t o b ed r iv e n by wat e r wh e e l s a t t h e powe r s t a t io n t h rougha sy s t em o f ge a r i n g . Fac t o r i e s w e re to b e l o c a t e da l on g t h e se l i n e s o f sh a ft i n g and we re to re c e i v e t he i rpowe r by c l u t ch e s co n ne c t e d t o t h e s e sha ft s .

S t i l l a no t h e r p l a n i nvo lv e d t he con s t ru c t io n o f ane tw o rk o f s u r fa c e c an a l s fe d by a commo n i n t akefrom the upper N iaga ra R iver . Facto r i es were to

7 1


b e e s t ab l i s h e d a lo n g t he se c an a l s a n d t ake wat e rf rom th em fo r t he o pe ra t io n o f i nd iv i d u a l t u rb i n e s ;the dead wate r to be d i scharged i n b ranch tunnel sco nne c t e d to a ma i n t ru n k t u nn e l l e ad i ng to t h el owe r r i ve rTh e s e p l an s n o w lo ok gro t e s qu e , b u t twe n ty y ea r s

ago o r so t h ey we re s e r io u s l y co n s i d e re d by goo de n g i n e e r s . They we re d i s c a rd e d l a rge ly fo r fin a n

c ia l r e a so n s , t h e sy s t em s s how in g low e ffi c i e n cy an dh i gh co s t o f co n s t r u c t io n and ma i n t e n an c e . Thefina l so l u t io n o f t h e p rob l em by e l e c t r i c a l me t ho d si s a lm o s t i d e a l i n i t s s imp l i c i ty a n d e ffi c i e n cy a s ame a n s o f t ra n sm i t t i n g th e '

en ergy o f N i aga ra t o t h eco n sume r s .I n t he e l e c t r i c a l d i s tri b u t io n o f N i aga ra powe r

an e s s e n t i a l a dvan t age h a s re s u l t e d wh i c h w as no tfu l l y re cogn i z e d a t t h e t im e O f i t s fi r s t a do p t io n .

As t he u se s o f t h i s powe r h av e d eve lo pe d i t h a s b e e nfound that not only was pow er wanted fo r i n dust r i a lpurpo ses but p r ima r i ly electr ic pow er . Thi s i s espec ia l ly t ru e i n t h e c a s e o f t h e e l e c t ro ch em i c a l an de l e c t r i c l i gh t i n g app l i c a t io n s . I f p n e umat i c

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dra u l ic o r m e c han i c a l powe r h a d b ee n s u p p l i e d fo ru s e , i t wo u l d h av e b e e n n e c e s s a ry fo r a l l t h e e l e c t roc hem i c a l p l a n t s t o co nve r t t h e powe r i n to e l e c t r i cc u r re n t , b e fo r e t hey co u l d u s e i t , w i t h a l l t h e l o s si n powe r wh i c h w o u l d re su l t f rom th i s co nv e rs io n .

So a l so w i t h t h e e l e c t r i c l i gh t i n g an d e l e c t r i c ra i lway ap p l i c a t io n s , whe r e powe r i s wa n t e d i n t h e fo rmo f e l e c t r i c c u r re n t .Th e ge n e ra l co n s t ru c t io n a nd o rgan i z a t io n o f

a ppa ra t u s ado p t e d by The N i aga ra Fa l l s Powe rCompany fo r u t i l i z i n g t h e hyd rau l i c e ne rgy o f t h eFa l l s i s a s fo l l ows : A sho r t c a n a l h a s b e e n e x ca

v a ted a t a po i n t abo u t o n e m i l e ab ov e t h e Fa l l s o nt h e Ame r i c a n s i d e , i t s d i re c t io n b e i n g app rox ima t e lya t r i gh t a n g l e s to t h e r i ve r . Th i s c ana l l e ad s t h ewat e r i n to two powe r h o u se s l o c a t e d o n o ppo s i t es i de s . From th e c ana l t he w a t e r fl ows i n to pe nstocks and thence to ' th e t u rb in es

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n e a r t h e bo t tom o f t he tw o w h ee lp its exc ava t e dou t o f so l i d ro c k u nd e r t h e tw o re s p e c t i v e powe rho u s e s . Aft e r pa s s i n g t h ro u gh t h e b u cke t s O f t het u rb i n e s an d g iv i n g u p i t s e n e rgy t he re to

,t he wa t e r

i s d i s c h a rge d i n to a t un ne l abo u t tw e n ty - o n e fe e t i nd i ame t e r , whi ch c a r r i e s i t O ff u nd e r t h e c i t y o f Ni

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n ected t h ro ugh a ho l l ow ve r t i c a l s h a f t to an e l e c t r i cge n e r a to r i n s t a l l e d abo v e n e a r t h e g ro u nd l ev e l .Powe r Ho u s e No . 1

,wh i c h w as t h e fi r s t to be

co n s t ru c t e d , co n t a i n s t e n v e r t i c a l s ha ft t u rb i n e s , e achd i r e c t co u p l e d to an a l t e rn a t i n g c u r re n t ge ne ra to r o f

h p . c a pac i ty . Powe r Ho u se No . 2 , wh i c h wa scomp l e t e d e a r l y i n 1 904 ,

co n t a i n s e l ev e n ge ne ra t i n gu n i t s o f t h e same c apa c i t y , mak i ng a to t a l c a pa c i tyfo r t h e tw o p l an t s o f e .h .p .


The i l l u s t ra t io n shows Powe r Hou s e No . 2 i ns e c t ion and i l l u s t ra t e s t h e ge n e ra l a r ran geme n t o fap pa ra t u s a s adop t e d i n bo t h p l a n t s . From the c ana lt h e wa t e r flows t h ro u gh s ubme rge d a rc h e s i n to anen c lo s e d fo reb ay F . The nc e t h ro ugh t h e ra ck s Rt h e wat e r e n t e r s t h e pe n s to c k P and flows downwa rdt h ro ugh i t to t h e whe e l c a s e W . From th e wh ee lc a s e i t i s fo r c e d at a p re s s u re o f abo u t fi fty pou nd spe r s qu a re i n ch i nwa rd ly t h ro ugh th e b u cke t s o f t h et u rb i n e and o u t t h ro ugh t h e d rau gh t t ub e D i n to t h et a i l r a c e T , an d t he n c e t h ro ugh t h e t u n n e l to t h elo we r r iv e r .

Powe r Ho u se No . 1 d i ff e r s from th i s a r rangeme n thyd rau l i c a l l y i n t h a t t h e t u rb i n e s d i s c h arge t h e i rw at e r i n to t h e t a i l r a c e o pe n l y w i t ho u t d raugh tt ub e s .

I n b o t h powe r ho u s e s t h e e l e c t r i c ge n e ra to r s a reo f t h e a l t e rn at i n g c u r re n t ty pe , wou n d fo rvo l t s , 2 - pha ses , 25

- cyc l es,and ope rat e at a speed o f

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r eyo l -vin g fi e l d o r umb re l l a ty p e , wh i l e i nPowe r Ho u s e N o . 2 t h e l a s t fiv e mac h i n e s a re o f t h ei n t e rna l fi e l d con s t ru c t io n . Th i s i n t e rn a l fi e l d a rrangeme n t aff o rd s s ev e ra l advan t age s o f s im p l i c i t ya nd o f a c ce s s i b i l i ty t o t h e v a r io u s p a r t s O f t he mach i n e .

I n g e ne ra l co n s t ru c t io n and me tho d o f o pe ra t io nt h e tw o powe r hou se s a re v e ry s im i l a r , t he s t ru c t u ra lch ange s i n t ro du c e d i n No . 2 be i n g p r i n c i p a l ly a l o n gt h e l i n e o f i mp rovemen t s i n de t a i l

,wh i c h a re t he

re s u l t o f t h e evo l u t io n wh i c h h a s t ak e n p l a c e i neng i n e e r i n g me t ho d s s i n c e t he fi r s t p l a n t w a s ins ta l l ed .

When t h e fi r s t powe r h o u se a t N i aga ra Fa l l s wa sp ro po s e d fo r a c apac i ty o f h .p .

, w i t h an u l t ima t e t u n ne l c apac i ty o f h .p . ,

many peo p l ewo nde re d h ow i t w ou l d b e po s s i b l e to d i s po s e comm erc ia l ly o f s u c h a l a rge amo un t o f e l e c t r i c powe r .Cen t ra l s t a t io n manage r s w ho , a ft e r a s t re n uou s


c a nva s s fo r n ew cu s tome r s , had b e e n a cc u s tomed toi n c re a s i n g t h e o u t p u t o f t he i r p lan t s by t he ad d i t i o nO f a 1 50

- k w . Ed i so n b i - po l a r m ac h i ne , we re s t aggered by t h e m agn i t u d e o f t h e qu an t i t i e s i nvo lve d i nt h i s n ew p ro po s i t io n . Ske p t i c a l o p i n io n s we re exp re s se d b a se d u po n i nd u s t r i a l an d e l e c t r i c a l co nd it io n s t h e n e x i s t i n g , a n d t h e s e o p i n io n s a t t h a t t imewe re

,i n t h e m a i n

,j u s t i fi ab l e .

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taken pl ace in the e lect r i ca l a rt s wh i ch have made poss i b l e t h e p re s e n t re a l i z a t io n O f s u c h a d emand fo rpower . The deve lopments w li ich ’ h a ve creat ed th i s demand have been , fi rs t o f a l l , i n e l ect ro - chem i st ry , thought h e o u t pu t o f t h e N i aga ra p l an t i s no t co n fine d to

e l e c t ro - c h em i c a l app l i c at io n s , a s i s ge ne ra l ly s u ppo s e d . Large b l o ck s o f i t s powe r a re i n u se fo re l e c t r i c ra i l way p ro pu l s io n , e l e c t r i c l i gh t i n g , a n dme ch an i c a l powe r ap p l i c a t io n . O ne o f t h e mo s t



t o fac to r i e s w h i c h a re i n t h e immed i a t e n e i ghbo rhoo d o f t h e po we r ho u se , t he s e Cu s tome r s b e i n gsu pp l i e d by u nde rgro un d c ab l e s d i re c t l y from th e

b u s - ba r s a t t h e ge n e ra to r vo l t age , p ha s e a n d f re

que n ey .

Th e s e cond c l a s s m i gh t b e t e rme d t he i n te rm e

d i a t e - d i s t an c e t ran sm i s s io n .

I n t h i s c a s e , t h e - vo l t , tw o - pha s e cu r re n t ,imme d i a t e ly a ft e r l e av i n g t he powe r ho u s e b u s—b a r s ,i s t ra n s fo rme d to —vo l t , t h re e - ph a se c u r re n t

by me an s o f s t e p - u p t ran s fo rme r s , an d t ra n sm i t t e du nd e rgro u nd to a s t e p - down t ran s fo rme r s t a t io nabo u t tw o mi l e s fro m th e powe r ho u s e . The re i t i sre co nve rt e d i n to - vo l t , tw o - ph a se cu r re n t

,an d

i s d i s t r ib u t e d , a s i n t h e fi r s t sy s t em , fo r va r iou s facto ry u s e s by .mean s o f u nd e rgro un d cab l e s . Th i ssy s t em i s u s ed

'

to s u p p l y fa c to r i e s who s e d i s t an c efrom t he powe r hou s e re n d e r s i t c h ea pe r to buys t e p - u p an d s t e p—down t ra n s fo rme r s a n d t ra n sm i t a ta h i gh vo l t a ge , t h an t o buy t h e co p pe r n e c e s s a ry t os u p p ly t h em w i t h powe r d i re c t ly from th e powe rho u se bu s - b a r s a t vo l t s . Th e obj e c t i n t ra n sfo rm i ng i n to t h re e—ph a s e c u r re n t i n t h i s sy s t em andb ack agai n i n to t wo - ph a s e a t t he s t ep—down s t a t io ni s t o e ff e c t t h e sav i n g i n cop pe r re s u l t i n g from t heu se o f t h e t h re e - ph a s e t ran sm i s s io n , wh i c h amo u n t sto t we n ty - five pe r

I

C e n t . , wh i l e ma i n t a i n i n g t h e s e rvi c e to a l l fa c to r i e s u n i fo rm a t —vo l t , tw o - p ha s ecu r re n t . I n a l l t h e u n d e rgro u nd d i s t r i b u t io n

,co n

d u i t s a re u se d wi t h t h e c ab l e s d rawn t h rough du c t si n t h e u su a l mann e r .I n t he t h i r d c l a s s we hav e l ong - d i s t a n ce t ran s

m i s s io n . H e r e t he - vo l t , two - ph a s e cu r re n t i st ran s fo rme d a t t he po we r ho u se to t h re e—pha s e cu rre n t a t vo l t s an d d i s t r i b u t e d o n ove rhe ad b a reco n du c to r s to po i n t s a t a co n s i d e rab l e d i s t an c e fromN iagara Fa l l s , s u c h a s B u ff a l o , To nawanda , an dLo ckpo r t . The t h re e—ph a s e sy s t em i s a l so u s e d i nt h i s c a s e 0 11 a c co unt o f t h e s av i n g i n co p pe r .The l o ng - d i s t an ce t ran sm i s s io n i s o pe ra t e d ove r

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t h re e s e pa r a t e c i r c u i t s , e a c h hav i n g a l e ngt h to t h eB u ff a l o c i ty l i n e Of abo u t twe n ty - tw o m i l e s . Tw o o f

t h e s e c i r c u i t s a re o f c i r . mi l . s t ran d e d co ppe ri n s t a l l e d o n t h e s ame po l e l i n e . Th e t h i rd c i r c u i t i ss t ru n g up o n a s e pa ra t e po l e l i n e t h rougho u t i t se n t i re l e ngth , an d i s o f a l um i num i n s t e ad o f co p pe r .Th i s a l um i n um l i n e h a s t h e same re s i s t a n ce a s e ac ho f t h e o t h e r tw o , an d i s compo s e d O f t h re e cab l e s o f

“N

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c i r . mi l . e ach , made u p o f t h i r ty—s ev e n s t rand s .

At t h e p re s e n t m arke t p r i c e o f c oppe r w i r e i t i sc h e a p e r to u s e a l um inum fo r ov e rh e ad l i n e s w he r et h e co ndu c to r s do n o t h ave to b e i n s u l at e d . Theco nd u c t iv i ty o f a l um i num i s le s s t h an co ppe r , andt h e p r i c e p e r po u nd i s gre a t e r , bu t t he vo l ume pe rpo u n d o f a l um i num i s mu c h gre a t e r t h a n t ha t o fco ppe r o n a c cou n t o f t h e l owe r s p e c i fi c grav i ty o f

t he m et a l . W he n , t h e re fo r e , r e s i s t a n ce p e r po u nd


i s t ake n a s t h e b a s i s fo r compa r i so n , a l um i num i sfo und t o b e c he ap e r . Fu r t h e rmo re , o n a c co un t o ft h e i n c re a s e d s e c t io n o f t h e a l um i num co ndu c to r an di t s gre a t e r l i gh t ne s s , i t i s b e t t e r ab l e to r e s i s t s p a ns t ra i n s d u e t o grav i ty t han a co ppe r co ndu c to r o f

t h e s ame re s i s t an c e . I t i s i n t e re s t i n g to no t e t h a tt he a l um in um o f w h i c h t h e s e c ab l e s a re m ade i s t h ep ro d u c t o f t h e p l a n t o f t h e P i t t sb u rg Re du c t io nCompany

,wh i c h i s o pe ra t e d by N i aga ra powe r .

The c apa c i ty o f t h e t h re e B u ffa l o c i rcu its'

i s a p

p rox imat e ly h .p . e ach a t vo l t s .The N i aga ra Fa l l s Powe r Company ’s d i s t r ib u t i n g

sy s t em n ow co v e r s a ve ry l a rge t e r r i to ry ; t ho u s an d so f p eo p l e a re d e p e n d en t u po n i t i n t h e i r d a i l y l i v e s

,

an d comme rc i a l i n t e r e s t s o f gre at imp o r t a n c e a r ei nvo lve d i n i t . The i n d u s t r i a l wo r ld h a s l e a rn e d t ha tt he N i aga ra powe r e n t e rp r i s e i s no l o nge r an e x per i

men t , an d t ha t i t h a s a l re ady b e come an impo r t an tfa c to r i n t h e m anu fa c t u r i n g s t a t u s o f t h i s co n t i n e n t .I t s ext e n t an d t h e gre a t v ar i e ty o f t h e i n du s t r i e swh i c h i t s up p l i e s w i l l b e se e n from th e l i s t w h i c hfo l l ows '

THE N IAGARA FALLS POWER COMPANYLI ST OF USERS

N IAGARA FALLS,N . Y .

M a x im um

N am e Pow e rH .P.

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N i aga ra D eve l o pme n t Company .

O ldb u ry El e c t ro—Chem i c a lE l e c t r i c a l Le ad Re d u c t io n Company .

I n t e rn at i o n a l A c he so n Grap h i t eAcetyvo n e Manu fac t u r i n g Company .

Robe r t s Chem i ca l CompanyFran c i s Hook an d Eye and Fa s t e n e r Co .

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N IAGARA FALLS,ONTAR IO

A . C . Do ug la s s , co n t r ac to rM . P . Dav i s , co n t ra c to rA . C . Jen c k es , co n t ra c to rT he Ca rbo rundum CompanyN i aga ra

,S t . Cat h a r i n e s an d To ro n to Ry .

L igh t i n g Company

TONA VV AND A

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LOC KPORTLo ck po r t L i gh t i n g CompanyI n t e rn at ion a l Ra i l way

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B u ffa l o Ra i lw ay CompanyB u ffa lo Gene ra l E l e c t r i c CompanyThe Ch ar l e s G . Cu rt i s s CompanyM cK in n o n Da s h CompanyPra t t Let c hwo rt hW . W . O l i v e r M anu fa c t u r i n g Company .

Acme S t e e l an d M a l l e ab l e I ro n Wo rk s .

N . Y . Car W he e l \V o r k s .

Nat io na l B a t t e ry CompanyS t and a r d P l as t e r CompanyG re a t No r t h e r n El ev a to r CompanyB uff a l o D ry Do ck CompanyEl e c t r i c G ra i n E l ev a to rBa rca lo an d B o l l Manu fa c t u r i n g Co .

Sc ho e l l ko p f CompanyI ro n El ev a to r a n d Tran s fe r Company .

Gre a t Ea s t e r n El ev a to rS i d n ey Sh e p ard 81 C o

J . I . Pren t i s s C o . .

Edw a rd E l sw o r th C O

Ame r i c a n Agr i c u l t u ra l Ch em ica lJ a cob Do l d Pa ck i n g CompanyEmp i re B r i d ge Company .

Bu ff a l o E l ev a t i n g Company .

J oh n K am Ma l t i n g CompanyAme r i c an B rake Sho e a n d Fo u nd ry C 0 .

B u ff a l o Ce re a l CompanyTay l o r S i gn a l CompanySnow St e am Pump Wo rk sW o o d B rook s Co mpanyU . S . Rubb e r Re c l a im i ng W o rk sAme r i c an Radi a to r CompanyC ump s o n - Pre n t i s s Co ff e e Company .

Duff y B ro t he r s N e l l i sB u ff a l o Fou nd ry CompanyH . O .

J ewe t t M anu fa c t u r i n g Company

M a x i Tran smum m i ss io nPow e r D i s t .H . P . M i l es

27

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Ma x i Tran smum “1 15 5 10“N am e Pow er D i st.

H. P. M i l esB uff a lo Pi t t s Company 1 87

B uff a l o B rake B e am Company 30 2 5

B uff a l o De n t a l Manu fac t u r i ng Company 20

Key s t on e M anu fa c t u r i n g Company 25

R . L . Gin sb u rgh So n s 33 34

Buff a lo W e av i n g and B e l t i n g Company 65

H . W . Dopp C o . I O 25

Fro n t i e r I ro n Wo rk s . 1 5 25

The Cro sby Company 50 3 3

Lackaw ann a S t e e l Company 70

\Ve s t M anu fac t u r i ng Company 40 28

B uff a lo Gaso l i n e Mot o r Wo rk s . 20 25

Pra t t Lamb e r t 1 0

W e gne r M ach i n e Company 40 2

Spe n c e r Ke l l ogg Company 500

Hygi e n e Foo d Company 300

Co l l i n s B ak i n g Company . 50

Geo rge U rb a n M i l l i n g Company 450

N i aga ra M i l l an d E l ev a to r Company . 1 00 26

D . L . W . R . R . Sho p s 1 50

Ryd e r B e l t an d Co rd age 65

U n i t e d S t a t e s H e a d l i gh t 40 26

Geo rge E . La ve ra c k B u i l d i n g 1 00

B u ff a l o S t ru c t u r a l S t e e l Company 30 26

J. N. Adam C o 1 00'

Gen e s e e H o t e l 1 00

Th e figu re s g iv e n a re fo r maximum powe r u se di n e ac h c a s e . S i n c e t h e max imum i n t he v a r i o u sp l a n t s do e s no t o c c u r a t t h e s ame t ime , t h e re s u l t an tm ax im um a t t h e powe r hou se i s somewh a t l e s s t h a nt h e i r s um . At p re s e n t i t amo u n t s t o abou te . h .p .

O n a l a rge sy s t em o f e l e c t r i c powe r d i s t r i b u t i o n ,s u c h a s t h a t o f t h e N i aga ra Fa l l s Powe r Company ,t he powe r - u s e r s h av e n e c e s sa r i l y w i d e l y d i ff e r i n gr e qu i remen t s an d compa ra t iv e l y few u t i l i z e t he e l e ct r i c c u r re n t i n t h e exa c t fo rm i n wh i c h i t l e ave s t h et e rm in a l s o f t h e ge n e ra to r s . ‘A l a rge v a r i e ty o f s e c


o nda ry an d t e r t i a ry sy s t em s are t he re fo re de r i v e d byt ran s fo rm at i o n and co nv e r s i o n . The fo l l ow i ng a resome o f t h e sy s t em s t h u s d e r i ve d fromt h e p r im a rysu p p l y ma i n s a t vo l t s , 2 - ph a se , 25

- cyc1e s :

25 C YC LE

60 C YC LEvo l t s . 2 - ph a sev o l t s . s i n gl e - ph as e ( arc ) .

1 1 0 vo l t s . 2 - ph a s e

1 25 C Y C LEvo l t s . s i ng l e - ph a s evo l t s s i n gl e - ph a s e ( ar c ) .

D I REC T C URRENT

1 00 vo l t s 1 30 vo l t s160 vo l t s 2 50 vo l t s

550 vo l t s vo l t s (a rc )A l l t h e s e sy s t em s a re d e r i v e d by s imp l e tran s fo r

mat io n s by me an s o f t ran s fo rme r s , ro t a ry co nv e r t e r s ,o r moto r - ge ne r a to r s e t s .

Su c h t h e n i s t h e p re s e n t s t a t u s o f t h e powe rsy s t em o f t h e N i aga ra Fa l l s Powe r Company , an d agl an c e a t i t s p a s t deve lopmen

'

t i n d i c a t e s t he l i n e sa l o n g wh i c h i t i s l ike ly to grow i n t h e fu t u re .

Whe n t he Can ad i a n p l an t i s comp l e t e d The N i aga ra Fa l l s Powe r Company a nd t h e Can ad i an N i aga raPowe r Company w i l l h av e ava i l ab l e t h re e l a rgei nd e p e nde n t powe r hou se s fo r t h e o pe ra t i o n o f t h e i rsy s t em and w i l l b e t h e o n l y powe r compan i e s h av‘i n g mo re t h an o n e powe r hou s e fo r

'

t h e p ro t e c t i o na n d a s su ran c e o f co n t i n uou s su pp ly o f powe r . Th i s

3- ph a s e

3- ph a s e

3- ph a se

3- pha s e

3- p ha se2 - ph a ses i n g l e - ph a s es i n gl e - ph a s e


i s a mat t e r o f gre a t impo rt a n ce t o c u s tome rs . I nc a s e o f some u n fo re s e e n a c c i d e n t t o any o ne o f t h ep l an t s , i n t e r co nn e c t i o n s c a n a t o n c e b e e s t ab l i sh e d

I n te r ior o f Pow e r Hou se No . 2

Th e N i agar a Fa l l s Pow er Compan y

s o t h a t t h e mo s t impo r t an t u s e r s o f powe r s u pp l i e d no rm a l ly

'

by t h e d i s ab l e d p l an t c an b e s up p l i e dw i t h powe r f rom t he o t h e r tw o w i t hou t i n t e r r u p


t i o n . Th i s i s e s p e c i a l ly impo rt an t w he re t h e p ub l i cu t i l i t i e s a re i nvo lve d , s u c h a s t he e l e c t r i c r a i l way sa nd e l e c t r i c l i ght i ng compan i e s . As t h e m a n u fa c

t u r i n g a r t s advan c e , t h e e l eme n t o f powe r b e come smo re an d mo re impo rt an t a n d che ap powe r t he refore mo re demanded . El e c t ro - c h em i s t ry i s a n ewa rt , an d o ne wh i c h h a s gre a t po s s ib i l i t i e s a he ad o f

i t . The h i gh t empe ra t u re s ob t a i n ab l e i n e l e c t r i cfu rn a c e s have Op e n e d u p a new fi e l d t o c h em i c a lsy n t he s i s , a n d i t i s l i k e l y t ha t many a s ye t u nd i scove re d p ro ce s s e s , wh i c h w i l l r e qu i r e l a rge amou n t so f e l e c t r i c a l powe r fo r t he i r o p e r a t io n

,w i l l b e

b ro ugh t t o l i gh t . The s u pp ly o f powe r fo r e l e c t roc hem i c a l p u rpo s e s i s e s pe c i a l l y d e s i r ab l e in aw at e r powe r p l an t w h e re l a rge i nve s tme n t i s n eces

s a ry , fo r t h e powe r u se d by t he s e p ro ce s s e s i s p ract i c a l l y co n s t a n t fo r twe n ty - fo u r hou r s o f t h e d ay ,t hu s t e n d i n g to r e d u ce lo ad “pe ak s ” o n t h e t o t a ls t at i o n o u t p u t .The e co nom i c a l d i s t a n c e to wh i c h powe r c a n b e

t ran sm i t t e d ext e n d s eve ry ye ar a s t h e ge n e ra l d emand fo r powe r i n c re a s e s an d me t ho d s o f hand l i n gh i gh vo l t a ge s im p rove , a n d t h e e l e c t r i c e qu i pme n to f s t e am ra i lway sy s t em s , wh i c h i s c e rt a i n t o comei n t ime

,w i l l o p e n u p a fu r t h e r fi e l d fo r t h e long

d i s t a n c e t r an sm i s s i o n o f l a rge amo u n t s o f powe rfrom a ce n t ra l po i n t .A l l t h e s e t e n de n c i e s i n i n d u s t r i a l co nd i t i o n s

,wh i c h

h av e b e e n men t i o n e d , re s u l t i n a n ac ce l e ra t i n g d em and fo r powe r from N iaga ra Fa l l s .

90 h e N a g a r a

1 893— 1 903

Th e Carborundum Compan y

1 1 5

Loca l Tena n ts of the Niaga ra Fa lls

Pow er Co mpa ny

TH E CARBORUNDUM COMPANY

H I S company t ake s i t s e l e c t r i c a l powe r fromThe N i agara Fa l l s Powe r Company . I t loca ted at N i aga ra i n 1 895, hav i n g be e n t h es e co n d cu s t ome r t o mak e a co n t r ac t w i t h t h e

Powe r Company .

1 000 H . P . Tran s form e r w i th I nd u c t ion R e gu latorTh e Ca rborund um Compan y

The Ca rbo r u nd um Company m anu fa c t u re s , u nde rt h e t r ade—mark o f “c a rbo ru nd um ,

” s i l i co n c a rb i d ea n d i t s by—p ro d u c t s .

Carbo ru nd um i s a c hem i c a l comb i n a t i o n o f c a rb o n .an d s i l i co n

,wh i c h e l eme n t s a re ob t a i n e d from

coke an d s and ; t h e s e m at e r i a l s b e i n g fu se d i n a ne l e c t r i c fu rn ac e a t a n e s t imat e d t empe ra t u re o f

abo u t fah r .


The Ca rbo ru n d um Company w as i n co rpo ra t e d i n1 89 1 , an d ca r r i e d o n i t s e a r l i e r op e ra t i o n s a t Mo nongahe l a , Pa . , whe re fu rn a c e s u s i n g 1 20 e . h . p . we reemp l oye d , t h e e l e c t r i c a l e n e rgy be i n g d eve l o p e d bygenerators d r i ven by steam .

Furna c e Re ad y for Burn in gFurnac e Du r i ng Bu rn i n g

Th e Carborund um Compan y

O n l o c a t i n g a t N i aga ra Fa l l s i n 1 895, t h e fi r s ti n s t a l l a t i o n w a s a u n i t o f five fu rn ac e s , t he s e b e i n go pe ra t e d s u c c e s s iv e l y o n e a t a t ime . The c u r re n tu s e d wa s e . h . p . , re c e i v e d o n t h e p rem i s e s o ft h e company a t vo l t s an d t ran s fo rme d downto 1 50 vo l t s , f rom wh i ch po i n t i t co u l d b e re gu l a t e di n o n e—ha l f vo l t s t e p s b e twe e n 1 00 an d 200 vo l t s . Atth e t ime o f t he i n s t a l l at i o n t h e t ra n s fo rm i ng a p

pa ra tu s'

w a s t h e l a rge s t i n t h e wo r ld .



O t h e r u se s to wh i c h ca rbo ru n dum ha s b e e n pu ta re fo r fu rn ac e l i n i ng s a n d fo r va r io u s re fra c to rypu rpo s e s whe re a gre a t h e a t re s i s t an c e i s r e qu i r e d ;an d fo r i n c re a s i n g t h e fl u i d i ty o f mo l t e n me t a l s , o ra d d i n g to t he i r s i l i con co n t e n t .Qu i t e re c e n t ly t h e company ha s p ro d u c e d l a rge

qu an t i t i e s o f p u re me t a l l i c s i l i co n . Th i s me t a l ,wh i c h now se l l s a s a l abo rato ry c u r io s i t y a tp e r o un c e

,c a n b e manu fa c t u re d i n u n l im i t e d q uan t i

t i e s a t a p p rox imat e l y 25 c e n t s , o r o n e s h i l l i n g pe rpou nd .

UN ION CARB IDE COMPANY

HE p l an t o f t h e U n i o n Ca rb i d e Company i so n e o f t h e l a rge s t o n t h e l a nd s o f t he N iaga ra Fa l l s Powe r Company . I t i s loc at e dabou t o n e a nd o ne - h a l f m i l e s e a s t o f t h e

powe r s t a t i o n s , t h e s ite o c cu py i n g abou t e i g h t ac re s .The b u i ld i ng s a r e o f b r i c k an d s t e e l , cov e r i n g as p a c e ove r 200 fe e t w i d e an d mo re t h an 880 fe e t long .

I n t h e manu fac t u re o f c a l c i um ca rb i d e , t h e rawmat e r i a l s u s e d a re b u rn t l im e an d grou n d coke , t h ep ro po rt i o n s o f t h e s e m at e r i a l s b e i n g abou t o n e o fl im e to t wo - t h i rd s o f coke . Th e t empe ra t u re a tw h i c h c a l c i um carb i d e i s fo rme d i s v e ry h i gh comp are d w i t h me t a l l u rg i c a l e l e c t r i c - furn ac e wo rk , an di s fa r h i ghe r t h a n c a n b e ob t a i n e d i n t h e o rd i n arycomb u s t i b l e - he a t e d fu rn ac e . I t i s , howev e r , b e l owt h e t empe ra t u re u se d i n t h e manu fa c t u re o f a rt i fi c i a lgra ph i t e

, s i lo x ico n o r c a rbo ru n dum .

The powe r s u pp ly o f t he U n io n Ca rb i d e Companyi s t ran sm i t t e d to t h e wo rk s ove r cab l e s l a i d i n a nu nd e rgro u nd con d u i t . The company u s e s a l t e r na ti n g c u r re n t a t vo l t s . At p re s e n t a p p rox im at e ly

h .p . i s u s e d . I n t h e wo rk s t h e company h a si n s t a l l e d t e n - h p . tran s fo rme r s , an d tw o 500

- h p .

t ra n s fo rme r s , a s w e l l a s abou t 40 mo to r s ran g i n gfrom on e t o 200 h p .

There a re 72 fu rnaces . more than 50 of wh i ch a re i noperat ion . These fu rnaces a re c i rcu l a r i n form and o f

l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 95


i ron , each h aving a reces sed r im,to the top o f wh ich are

bol t ed segment‘a lxw ings . I n the space thu s fo rmed two

c a rbo n s a re p l ac e d a t t he t o p o f a whe e l . Th e ch a rge

o f l im e an d c arbo n t h e r e fe d to t h em i s fu s e d by

t he a re fo rme d by t h e cu r re n t pa s s i n g from one c ar

bon to t h e o t h e r . The fu rn a c e r evo lve s s low ly o nt runn ions , making an ent i re t u rn once i n forty - e ighthou r s , an d t h e fl u i d c a rb i d e re s u l t i n g from t he a c t i o no f t h e a re, a s abov e de s c r i b e d , i s t h u s t ak e n o u t o ft h e fi e l d an d so l i d ifi e s . Th e i n go t s a re t ak e n fromt he l ower s i d e o f t h e whee l compara t i v e ly co l d

,an d

from 24 to 30 i n c he s t h i c k . I n d i ame t e r t h e fu rn ac e sa re abo u t t e n fe e t

,e ac h fu rn ac e t ak i n g abou t

ampe re s a t 1 1 9 vo l t s , o r abo u t 300 h p , to ope ra t ei t . The ou t p u t o f e ac h fu rn ac e i s abou t o n e to n pe rd ay .

Th e N i agara Fa l l s p l an t o f t h e U n i o n Ca rb i d eCompany i s k now n a s P l an t No . I

, an d w a s e re c t e di n 1 899 . P l an t No . 2 i s lo c at e d a t S au l t S t e . Mar i e ,Mich . The s i t e at the “Soo covers t en acres , and th ebu i l d ings are even l a rge r than those at N iagara Fa l l s , onehav i n g a l e n gt h o f 725 fe e t w i t h a w i d t h o f 75 fe e t ,wh i l e ano t h e r i s 680 fe e t lo ng and 75 fe e t w i d e . Atth e “

500” t h e comp any ha s a co n t r a c t fo r

h p , an d own s i t s ow n e l e c t r i c ge ne ra t i n g p l an t , a swe l l as a l i m e b u rn i n g p l an t . An i n t e re s t i n g po i n ti n co nn e c t i o n w i t h t h e 500

” wo rk s i s t h a t a l l t h ecoke a n d coa l u s e d i s s e cu re d d u r i n g t h e s umme rs e a so n wh e n l ake nav i ga t i o n i s o pe n .

Ca l c i um ca rb i d e an d t h e gre a t i n d u s t ry t h a t h a s“

deve lop e d t h rou gh i t s m anu fac t u re ow e t h e i r e x i s te n c e t o a n ac c i d e n t a l d i s cov e ry m ad e i n 1 892 a t a na luminum works i n Spray

,N . C . At that t ime an eff ort

wa s b e i n g made t o re d u c e l im e by ca rbo n i n o rd e r tomake c a l c i um

,wh i c h i t w a s ho pe d wou l d p rove

an a i d i n t h e re du c t i o n o f a l um i n um . Wh i l e t h e s eexp e r im e n t s w e re i n p rogre s s , i t w a s d i s cov e re dt ha t th e c a rb i d e p rodu c t gav e o ff an i n fl ammab l ega s whe n i t c am e i n co n t a c t w i t h w at e r . An a n a ly

s i s re s u l t e d in i t s re cogn i t io n a s c a l c i um ca rb i d e , an



BUFFALO AND N IAGARA FALLS ELECTRI CL I GHT AND POWER COMPANY

H E B uff a lo and N iaga ra Fa l l s El e c t r i c L i gh tan d Powe r Company ac t s a s a d i s t r ib u t i n gagen t o f N i aga ra powe r i n t h e c i ty o f N i aga raFa l l s , an d s u p p l i e s c u r re n t fo r a l l comme r

c ia l and mun i c i pa l l i gh t i n g . The company’

s s t a t i o ni s lo ca t e d o n Fo u r t e e n t h s t re e t , n e a r B u ffa lo ave nu e ,an d re c e iv e s t h ro u gh und e rg rou nd cab l e s

,2 - ph a se ,

25- cy c l e c u r re n t a t a po t e n t i a l o f vo l t s fromTh e N i aga ra Fa l l s Powe r Company . W e s t i ngho u sei n d u c t i o n mo to r s , d i re c t co nn e c t e d to Ge ne ra l E l e ct r i c ro t a ry fi e l d ge n e ra t o r s

,t ra n s fo rm th i s c u r re n t

to s i ng l e - p ha s e , vo l t s,1 25

- cy c l e s,fo r u s e i n

bo t h a re and i n c an d e s ce n t l i ght i n g o f t h e sou t h e rnan d c e n t r a l po r t i o n s o f t h e c i ty . The mun i c i p a ls t re e t l i gh t i n g i s a c comp l i s h e d by m ean s o f am

pe re , s e r i e s , a l t e rn a t i n g, a r c l amp s o pe ra t e d fromco n s t an t c u r r e n t t ra n s fo rme r s

,an d t h e comme rc i a l

l i gh t i n g from s i ng l e - ph a se,p r ima ry c i r c u i t s w h i c h

a re s t e p p e d down from vo l t s t o 1 08 vo l t s . D ir e c t c u r re n t fo r powe r p u rpo s e s i s d e l i v e re d .a t 500

vo l t s , an d i s ob t a i n e d from a i r—b l a s t t ra n s fo rme r s i nco n ne c t i o n w i t h sy n c h ro no u s co nve r t e r s .Th re e - ph a s e

,25- cy c l e

,a l t e rn a t i n g c u r re n t

.

fo rp we r p u rpo s e s w i l l b e d i s t r ib u t e d from t h i s s t a t i o n

vo l t s .'

company h a s a ro t a ry fi e ld , s i ng l e - ph a s ea l t e rn a to r d i r e c t ly conn ec t e d t o a n I . P . Mo rr ist u rb i n e i n t h e p l an t o f Th e N i aga ra Fa l l s Hyd rau l i cPower and Manu fa c t u r i n g Company . The ou t pu to f th i s -

"

ge n e r a t o r i s d i s t r i b u t e d s i ng l e - p ha s e a tvo l

'

t'

s fo r comme rc i a l l i gh t i ng i n t h e no r t he rn s e c t i o no f t h e c i ty .



THE N IAGARA FALLS WATER WORKSCOMPANY

LTHOUGH.

a sma l l u se r o f powe r , The N iaga ra Fa l l s W a t e r Work s Company i s o n e o ft h e mo s t impo r t an t c l i e n t s o f Th e N i aga raFa l l s Powe r Company . The e n t i re so u th e r l y

h a l f o f t h e c i ty i s s u pp l i e d w i t h w at e r fo r dome s t i ca n d manu fa c t u r i n g pu rpo s e s f rom t h e p l a n t lo c a t e dn e a r t h e so u t h e r ly“ e n d o f t he Powe r Company ’ sc a na l . Th i s d ist r i c t i n c l ud e s a l l o f t he l a rge manufa ctu r ing p l an t s lo c a t e d i n t he u p pe r powe r d i s t r i c t .As a re l i ab l e s u p p ly o f w at e r i s e s s e n t i a l to t h e p roc e s s e s o f many o f t he s e p lan t s , i t w i l l b e se e n t ha tt h e impo rt an c e o f t h e w at e r wo rk s i s s e co n d o n lyt o t h a t o f t h e powe r p l an t i t s e l f. Fo re s e e i n g t h en e ce s s i t y o f a w a t e r s u pp ly o t h e r t h a n t ha t o f t h em un i c i p a l p l an t , wh i c h s u pp l i e s t he o t h e r e n d o f

t h e c i ty , The N i aga ra .Fa l l s Powe r Company e a r lyi n t e re s t e d i t s e l f i n t h e p r i v a t e p l an t

,he l d a co n

t ro l l i n g i n t e re s t in i t fo r a n umbe r o f y e ar s,an d su p

p l i e d a l l t h e n e c e s s a ry c ap i t a l fo r ext e n s io n s , bu ta ft e r t h e ma i n s had b ee n ex t e nd e d so a s to a s su rea p ro pe r w at e r s u pp ly fo r m anu fac t u r i n g p u rpo se sa n d fi r e p ro t e c t i o n fo r a l l i t s t e n an t compan i e s , t h ePowe r Comp any s o l d t h e w at e r wo rk s p l an t i n 1 903

t o t h e W e s t e r n New Yo rk Wa t e r Compa ny o f B u ffa lo , an d t h e Powe r Company ha s no longe r anyi n t e re s t i n t h e p l an t e xce p t a s a t e n an t company .

A few ma i n s h a d b ee n l a i d i n t h e so u t he r n hal fo f t h e v i l l age o f N i aga ra Fa l l s a s e a r ly a s 1 877 , bu ti t w a s no t u n t i l 1 892 t h a t t h e m a i n a r t e r i e s we re la i dand connect ed to a n ew pump ing stat ion

,and to a

s t a nd p i p e lo cat e d a t a h i gh e l ev a t i o n . O n e o f the

mo st im po r t a n t m a i n s t he n la i d w as t h a t e x t e nd i ngp a s t t h e p r i n c i p a l fa c to ry s i t e s t o t h e i n du s t r i a lv i l l age t h e n b e i n g b u i l t a t E c ho t a . The marv e lou sgrowt h o f t he c i ty h a s n e c e s s i t a t e d n ume rou s e xt e ns i o n s o f t h e e ar l i e r sy s t em

,u n t i l a t t h e p re s e n t t ime

t h e Wa t e r Wo rk s Company has n e a r ly twe n ty - five



ope ra t e u nd e r a s u c t i o n he a d o f abou t 1 20 fe e t fromth e ma i n co nn e c t e d w i t h th e c l e a r w a t e r b a s i n a tt h e fi l t ra t i o n p l an t . The l o s s i n h e ad d u e to t h elocat ion o f the pumps i n the w h ee lp it i s , t he re fore ,on ly t h a t d u e t o t h e fr i c t i o n a l l o s s e s i n t h e p i p e s a st h e wa t e r flow s t o an d from t he p ump s .To meas u re t h e w at e r p umpe d , a 24

- i n c h Ven t u r ime t e r h a s b e e n i n s t a l l e d . To t h i s i s a t t a ch e d t hefi r s t au t om at i c re co rd i n g d ev i c e ev e r p l a c e d i n comm e rc i a l s e rv i c e . Th i s d ev i c e i n d i ca t e s ev e ry t e nm i nu t e s t he r a t e o f pump i ng . The pump i n g p lan ti s o f u p

—t o - d a t e co n s t ru c t i o n i n a l l r e s p e c t s an dco r re s po nd s w i t h t he i n d u s t r i a l p rogre s s ”

eve rywh e rea pp ar e n t i n t h e p r i n c i p a l powe r c e n t re o f t h e cou n t ry .

THE INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY

SMALL port i on of the wate r d ive rted f rom theuppe r r ive r by the N iaga ra Fa l l s Power Company i s use d to operat e the N iaga ra Fal l s M i l l o fthe Inte rnat iona l Pape r Company

,which i s lo

ca ted on a s i t e rec la imed from the r i ve r west o f PowerHouse No . 1 . Th is Company has bu i l t i t s own w h eelpit.an d the d i scha rge f rom i ts t u rb in es reaches the ma i nt unn el th rough a late ra l t unnel 7 feet i n d iamete r and 600feet long.

The Internat iona l Pape r Company was incorporatedunde r the l aws o f the Stat e o f New York

'

,Janua ry 28 ,

1898 . I t acqu i red at the t ime o f i t s i ncorporat ion a lmosta l l th e important mi l l s wh ich manu factu re news pape r inthe Easte rn States

,and , s ince i t s i ncorporat ion , i t bas

'

acqu i red by pu rchas e s eve ra l add it iona l pape r an d pulpmi l l s , wood lands , water - powe rs and other p ropert i es .

I ts manu fact u r i ng p lant s,wate r - powers and wood lands

a re located i n the States o f New York,Maine

,New

Hampsh i re,Vermont , Massachu sett s , Mich igan , and i n

Canada . I t a l so owns a cont rol l i ng i nte res t i n the foll ow ing compan i es :The Cont in enta l Pape r Bag Company

,Rumford Fa l l s

, Me ,wh ich has a capac ity for mak

i ng upwards o f bags per day ; the St . Mau r ice



Lumbe r Company,which conducts wood operat ions and

operat es saw mi l l s i n Canada,hav ing a capac i ty of 30,

feet o f lumber per yea r,i n add i t ion to hand l ing

pu lp wood wh ich i s imported i nto the Stat es for. the u se

o f some o f t he m i l l s o f the company ; the Amer icanRea l ty Company

,wh ich owns wood lands and conduct s

wood operat ions i n Ma ine ; t he M ich igan Pu lp WoodCompany

,which conduct s wood ope rat ion s in M ich igan

and Cent ra l Canada,amount i ng to fee t per

yea r ; the Amer ican Su lph i t e Pu lp Company, wh ich con

t ro ls the most va luab le patent s connec ted w i th th e process o f , ma k ing su lph i t e pu lp ; an d theWinn ipiseogeeLake Cotton and Woo l en Company , wh ich owns hydrau l ic deve lopments cont rol l i ng headwaters o f the Merrimac River . I t a l so cont rol s othe r compan ies own ingwood lands

,water - powe rs and va l uab l e f ranch i ses .

The author i ze d cap i ta l s tock o f the company i s $25,p re fe rr ed

, o f whi ch i s i s sued , andcommon

,o f wh ich i s i s su ed .

I n cons i der ing the app l i cat ion o f N iaga ra power topaper—mak ing i t i s most i nte re st i ng and i n st ruct ive tonote t hat be fore paper came into

'

ex istence , many othe rmat er i a l s

,among them stone

,meta l s and c l ay

,had been

used to prese rve the reco rds o f th e past . Then camepapyrus , th e connect i ng l i nk between such c rude mater i a ls and what m ight p roper ly be ca l le d “paper . Papyrus was the p i th o f an anc ien t Egypt i an p lant— the bu lrush o f the N i l e— c ut i nto st r ip s o r r ibbons

,la i d s i d e by

s i de crossw i se , and pres sed together ; whereas the mostd i s t i nct ive featu re o f what we know as pape r i s that theor igina l st ructu re o f the mater ia l f rom wh i ch i t i s madei s dest royed by making i t i nto pu lp

,th e fib res then be ing

recon st ructed into sheet form .

I t i s p robabl e that paper,as thu s d i st i ngu i shed

,or ig

inated i n Ch i na about 1 50 A . D . Severa l centu r i es a fte rward s t he Arabs , du ri ng the i r confl i ct s w i th th e Ch i nese ,l e arned the a rt o f paper—mak ing ; from the Arabs in tu rnthat know l edge was ga i ned by the Cru saders

,and thu s

the a rt was int roduced i nto west e rn Eu rope by way o f

Syr ia , Pal est i ne and Byzant i um . On th e other hand,t he



s tate a re t ran s formed into pu l p . The p rocesses a re mech an ica l and chemica l .The mechan ica l p rocess cons i st s es sent i a l ly i n dis in

tegrating woodby grind ing ; the reby the whol e st ructu reof the wood , except the bark . i s reduced to pu lp .

The chem ica l p rocess wh i ch i s u sed i n mak ing newspape r i s known as the “s u lph i t e” process , an d cons i st s o ft reat i ng wood w i th a sol ut ion o f su lphu rou s ac i d i nwate r , heat ed i n a c losed ves se l unde r p ressu re suffi c i entto reta i n the ac i d gas , unt i l th e i nte r—ce l l u la r matte r i sd i ssolved

,l eav ing the fibres i ntact .

Mechan i ca l or ground wood pu lp,a l though i nvented

i n Ge rmany i n 1 844 , was fi rs t made by the presen t p rocess i n th i s count ry i n 1867 , at Stockb r idge , Mass . Thesu lph i te proces s was invent ed i n Ameri ca i n 1 867 , and thefi rs t su lph i t e pu l p made i n the Un i t ed Stat es was madei n 1 884 at Prov i dence . R . I . Pulp p repared in thes e twowavs i s the bas i s o f most o f th e news pape r made i n th i scount ry .

Paper wa s made i n Amer ica fi rst i n 1690 at Ge rmantown , Pa . , by W i l l i am Ri tt enhouse . To - day the Un i t edStates manu fact u re s more n ews paper

,as wel l a s more

pape r i n genera l , t han any othe r count ry in the worl d .

and a l so more per cap i ta,wh ich i s o f much s ign ificance ,

s i nce i t i s s a i d,

“The consumpt ion of paper i s th e measu re of a peopl e ’s cu lt u re .

”

The re are i n operat ion in the Un it ed State spape r and pu lp m i l l s

,and the i r annua l ou tput o f paper i s

about tons,wh ich i s est imat ed to be worth upon

the market not l ess than I t may a i d to aconcept ion o f what th i s means to say t hat the quant i tyo f pape r p roduced annua l ly i n th e Un i t ed State s i s 400,

000 ton s more than the annua l p roduct ion o f cot ton i nthe Un i t ed States and fou r t ime s the annua l con sumpt ion . be ing equa l to th e annua l consumpt ion in the Un i t edStat es o f a l l k in ds o f fibres . inc l ud ing cotton , woo l , j u t e ,flax , etc .Regarded as a whol e , t he mi l l s o f the I nte rnat iona l

Paper Company ba lance each othe r so that any lack i none re spect a t one mi l l i s off set by a co rrespond ing ad


vantage at another . The propert i es o f the company,however

,a re so scatte red that i t i s d i ffi cu l t to get a com

p rehens ive i dea o f them or to app rec i ate the i r extent . I tmay be wel l to descr ibe them as though they were a l lconsol i dat ed into one p roperty ; i n other words, to imag

i ne a compos ite p i ctu re of them a l l and,where pos s ib l e,

to reduce them to the st i l l more concrete form o f s tat i st i c s . As i n other k inds o f manu factu r i ng, i t i s es sent i a lthat paper mi l l s shou l d be located

,n ot on ly w i th re fe r

ence to cheap powe r and labor,but nea r the sou rc e o f

the pr inc ipa l mate ri a l s us ed . An out l i n e sketch o f n ewspaper - making w i l l s erve to connect these fact s .

As wood i s the most impo rt an t componen t o f newspaper

,i t w i l l be i nte rest i ng to cons i de r the resou rces o f

t he company i n re spect to that mate r i a l . I t comes fi rstfrom the lands whi ch th e company owns i n fee, whichl et us regard as one t ract o f forest conta in ing nea rly

ac res . Anothe r sou rce i s lands,t he t imbe r on

wh ich has been sol d to the company under cont ract s extend ing over long terms . These cont racts cove r thewood upon a t ract o f about acres . A th i rd sou rcei s wood lands in Canada

,on wh i ch the company~h a s the

excl us i ve r ight to Operate . These amount to aboutacres . Al l these th ree sources together a re

equ iva len t to a t ract one m i l e w i de and about mi le slong, wh ich wou l d reach f rom Newfound land to NewYork , and thence to San Franc i sco . I n add i t ion the company buys a la rge port ion o f i t s supp ly i n the open market , thus conse rv ing i t s own resou rces . The wood i sconveyed to the mi l l s e i t her by d r iv ing i n the r ive r o r byra i l . I f sh ipped by ra i l , the annua l supp ly wou l d fi l l

f re ight cars , mak ing a t ra i n 480 mi l es long.

Imagi ne a mammoth paper m i l l operated byhorse power, wh ich wou l d be hors e powe r morethan i s developed in the two power hou ses of the N iagaraFal l s Power Company . This amount o f energy rentedat $18 per year for a twelve - hou r day wou l d rep resen t arenta l o f or ten per cent . on Thenadd to th i s p i ctu re another hors e power

,repre

s ent ing the undeveloped wate r - powers o f the company,


hel d i n rese rve,which i f deve loped wou ld represent an

add i t iona l asset o f St retch ing away fromthe m i l l on e i the r s i de wou ld be acres o f farm l andwh ich the company now pos ses se s a long the banks o f var ions r ive rs to give flow age an d othe r r ipa r ian r ight s .The pr inc ipa l m i l l bu i l d i ngs

,bu i l t o f b r i ck , s tone and

i ron,and of the mos t substant i a l const ruct ion

,wou l d

cove r an area equa l to that between Forty - secon d st reetan d Cent ra l Pa rk

,New Y ork City, from Fi fth to S ixth

avenues, i n th e same c i ty, and su rround ing them wou l dbe many stores

,houses and m isce l l aneous bu i l d ings .

Hund reds of dwe l l ings and tenements wou l d be neces

sa ry to compl et e the p ict u re,a l l be longing to the com

pany .

The power to ope rat e th i s wonder fu l mi l l wou ld beder ive d from 702 wate r whee ls , rangi ng from 80 tohorse power

’

each . I n add i t ion to th i s th ere wou l d be ast eam power p lant cons i st ing of a bat tery o f 295 boi l e rs .Thes e bo i l e rs consume tons of coa l per year

,and

p roduce st eam fo r dr iv ing 1 96 s team engi nes , wh ich develop hors e power . These

,however

,requ i re not

more than fi ft een per cent . o f the steam deve loped , thegreate r part be ing use d fo r drying the paper . For everypound o f pape r made two and a ha l f pounds of wate rmust b e ra i sed f rom norma l t empe ratu re to the po i nt o fevaporat ion, and th i s wou ld amount to evaporat ing nea rly

tons o f wate r every'

twenty- fou r hou rs . Steam i s

a l so u sed for cook ing the wood i n the su lph i t e d igesters ,for heat i ng the p l ant s du r ing the w inte r and for va r iou sminor pu rposes .Let u s retu rn to the po i nt where th e wood i s b rought

i nto the mi l l,both for mak ing gro’und wood and su lph i t e .

We s ee the logs sawed i nto conven ient . length s . Thebark i s then removed by mach i nes ca l l e d “ba rkers

,

” whichare rap i d ly revo lv ing d i sks hav ing -many rad i a l kn ives .

I f a rranged i n a s ingl e row , wi th the customary spacebetween them , t hes e

“barkers” wou l d extend feet .Jus t here th e p repa rat ion of the wood d i ff e rs

,accord ing

as i t i s i ntended for the ground wood m i l l o r the s u lph it em i l l . I f for th e former

,t he wood goes directly to th e


1 1 0 T h e N i a g a r a F a l l s

A vi s it to the su lph i t e m i l l w i l l be most i n te rest i ng .

I n the su lphu r storehou se there a re frequent ly storedtons o f s u lphu r or b rimstone . Th i s su lphu r i s

bu rned i n ovens at the rate o f tons a year,and the

fume s a re combined w i th other chem ical s to produce thel iquor i n whi ch the wood i s cooked . The other p r inc ipa li ngred ient o f the l iquor i s l ime . O f l ime abouttons a re used every yea r . The l ime , wate r and su lphu rfumes are m ingl e d and make su lphu rous ac i d , which i s

D igester sTh e I n ternat iona l Pape r Company

s tored i n tank s i n read iness for us e i n th e proces s ofcook i ng the wood . From these tanks the l i quor i sd rawn to the “d igest ers

,

” which are huge st ee l bo i l e r - l i kest ructu res stand ing on end

,and l i ned i n var iou s ways

w i th cement and l ead so as to be imperv ious to ac i d andto w i thstand steam pressu re . There a re fifty—e ight ofthese

,ranging i n he ight from twenty - seven to forty

seven feet,with a tota l cub ica l content s o f ga l

lon s .

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k I I I

Every n ine hou rs on the average , these d igeste rs a refi l l ed w i th ch ip s and su lph i te l iquor and the contents areempt i ed at l ike i nte rva l s

,t he woodhav ing been reduced

to a pu lpy state by the p rocess of cook ing . Thi s s ubstance is sc

’

reened and p ressed i n a manne r s imi la r tothat u sed i n t reat i ng the ground wood . From the p resses

4 1 5 ton s o f su lph i te pu lp a re taken o ff every twenty - fou rhou rs .The next st ep i n the process takes u s i nto the paper

Pape r Ma c h ineTh e I nte rna t iona l Pape r Compan y

mi l l , where the ingred i ent s o f paper a re as sembl ed . I nan immense room there a re 282 beat ing engines of anaverage capac i ty o f ga l lon s . I n thes e a re m ixe dthe ground wood

,su lph i t e pu lp and var ious chemi ca l s .

I t requ i res 100 ton s of concent rat ed color i ng matte r,

barre l s o f ros i n an d tons o f a l um per year tocolor and “s i z e” the product o f the I nte rnat iona l PaperCompany .

Thi s stock , i n a l iqu i d form ,fina l ly reaches 1 1 1 pape r


mach ines,

‘

wh ich range i n l ength from 1 25 to 225 feet , andf rom wh ich

,day and n ight

,i s ree led o ff a tota l o f to

tons o f pape r i n twenty - fou r hours . These papermach ines a re mass ive i n const ruct ion , but o f the finestadj ustment . I f made i nto a st r ip the w idth of the average da i ly newspape r

,th i s da i ly output o f the comb ined

mi l l s o f th i s company wou l d form a r ibbo n long enoughto enc i rc l e the ea rth .

As i t comes from the mach ines,t he paper i s most ly

fin i shed or w rapped i n the form of rol l s , va ry ing i nwe ight f rom 300 to pounds each . Some o f thep roduct i s cu t i nto sheet s and w rapped i nto bundles .

Merely to wrap the pape r requ i res annual ly more thantons of wrappers

,which are made by the company .

I t i s we l l understood that i n supp ly ing the da i ly pape rs a l l ove r the wor ld

,the i r fluctuat i ng demands shou l d

be responded to p rompt ly,and there fore i t i s n ecessa ry to

car ry i n store a t the mi l l s,on an ave rage

,ton s of

paper i n add i t i on to th e stock carr i e d at a l l importan tpoints o f de l ive ry, wh ich i s even a l a rger quant ity . Toget to ma rket i n one t ra i n the tota l ou tput o f pap er du ring one yea r , wh ich amount s to tons

,wou ld re

qu i re ca rs .

I t i s o f th i s vast and thorough ly organ i zed bus ines sthat the b i g paper mi l l o f N iagara Fa l l s i s an importan tfacto r . When the development of the N iagara Fa l l sPowe r Company was commenced , th e r ive r washed thes i t e where the mi l l now stands

,but i n response to t he

demands o f i ndu st ry the r ive r was crowded back to makeroom for th is p lan t. The bu i ld ings a re a l l o f b r ick

,some

two stor i es and some three stor i es h igh . Five acres o fground are covered , and to the west o f the m i l l th ere i s aspac ious wood ya rd .

The wh ee lpit o f th e m i l l i s 28 feet w i de, 56 feet longand 1 65 feet deep . I n i t a re i nsta l l e d s i x wat er - wheel s

,

th ree of whi ch have an i nd iv i dua l capac i ty o f horsepowe r, wh i l e each of the othe r th ree deve lops hors epowe r, mak ing the tota l power o f the mi l l ove rhorse power. The mi l l has s i x pape r mach i nes

,five of

wh ich a re 1 20 i nches w i de,and the s i xth 1 36 i nches w ide .



cana l i t i s p lace d on a log conveyor,which car r i es i t to

the company’s yard,whe re d i st r ibut ion i s made by means

of th ree lat eral conveyors,a l l operated by e l ect r i c power .

The capac i ty of the wood ya rd i s about cords ,which supp ly ca rr i es the m i l l th rough the w inte r month s .

ELECTRI CAL LEAD REDUCTION COMPANYNEW p ro c e s s fo r t he re d u c t i o n o f l e ad bye l e c t r i c i t y , u nde r p at e n t s o f P . G . Sa lom , h a sb e e n co nd u c t e d a t N i agara Fa l l s du r ing

'

th e

p a s t t h re e ye ar s by t h e El e c t r i c a l Lead Red u c t i o n Company .

The ch i e f me r i t s o f t h e i nve n t i o n a re t he re du c e dco s t o f p ro d u c t i o n o f pu re l e ad , fo r a l l t h e u s e s fo rwh i c h i t i s ad ap t e d , an d t h e r ap i d a n d e co nom i c a lco nv e r s i o n o f t he s ame i n t o i t s va r io u s comme rc i a lfo rm s . The p ro c e s s a s now co ndu c t e d i s a s fo l low s :Th e o re , a ft e r h av i n g b ee n c are fu l l y w a sh e d , to

r emove a s fa r a s po s s ib l e t h e d i r t a n d l oo s e gangu e ,i s g ro u n d u p i n to fi n e powde r

,o f 40 o r 50 me sh , an d

i s fed i nto la rge c i rcu l a r cel l s w i th rotat i ng bottoms .As t h e bo t tom s low ly revo lve s , t he o re i s s ubj e c t e dto a cu rrent o f e l ect r i c i ty

,and by the t ime i t has

re a c h e d t h e po i n t o f e n t ry i s t ho rou gh ly re d uc e d to

me t a l l i c s po n gy l e ad an d i s'

removed from th e c e l lth rough an open ing i n the top

,f rom t ime to t ime as i t

ac cumu late s,by a scraper rest i n g o n t h e bot tom o f th e c el l .

E a c h ce l l ha s a c a p ac i ty o f 200 po u nd s o f s po ngea day . The process i s cont i nuous— a un i form quant i tyof ore be ing cha rged per hou r . The operat ion of the Ce l li s enti rely automatic . The ce l l s a re p l aced i n rows o f

sevent ee n or more each , with a mot ion rod or bar between them

,to whi ch i s fast ened from each ce l l a l ever

actuat ing a paw l and ratchet , w ith su i tab le gea r whee l s ,by means o f wh ich the ce l l i s rotated at the speedd e s i re d— t h e o n ly m anu a l l abo r emp loye d a t p re s e n t

,

be i ng i n c h a rgi n g t h e ce l l s w i t h t h e raw o re , an di n tak ing out the spongy l ead obta in ed by the p roce sso f r e du c t i o n . The t im e re qu i re d fo r re d u c t i o n i sabou t o n e an d o n e - ha l f hou r s .

E l e c t r i c a l H a n d b o o k 1 1 5

Th e p ro c e s s o f ch a rg i n g t he o re c a n re ad i ly b ea c comp l i s h e d au tomat i ca l l y

,whe n a s u ffi c i e n t n um

b e r o f c e l l s a r e i n o p e ra t i o n to make i t d e s i r ab l e t odo so . To operate 100 ce l l s

,capab l e of p roduc ing 200

lb s e ac h o f l e a d s po n ge p e r d ay , on ly t h re e me n a rer e qu i re d . As t h e o pe ra t i o n , howeve r , i s co n t i n uou s ,day an d n i gh t

,two sh i ft s p e r d ay a re re qu i re d .

The sponge i s r e ad i ly co nv e r t ib l e i n t o any o f t h el e ad compou nd s

,s u c h a s l i t h a rge , r e d l e ad , wh i t e

l e ad , e t c . , an d i n t h e s pa c e o f a few hou r s . The

company ’ s p ro d u c t u p to t he p re s e n t t im e h a s b ee nl i t h a rge , fo r wh i c h i t h a s fo un d a re ady marke t fo revery pound manu factu re d . The ch i e f va l u e of thesponge i s i n the manu factu re of wh it e l ead and for storage batt e r i es .

The e l e c t r i c a l e qu i pme n t co n s i s t s o f tw o 300- h p .

We s t i ngho u s e Typ e “C” i n d u c t i o n mo to r s, co n

n ected d i re c t to two 250- k w . d i re c t c u r re n t, I I O—vo l t

ge n e ra to r s . The i ndu c t io n mo to r s t ak e cu r re n td i re c t from t he - vo l t , 2 - pha s e c i r c u i t s o f TheN i agara Fa l l s Powe r Company .

1 1 6 T h e N i a g a r a F a l l



cou ld p roduce graph i te f rom a great numbe r of ca rb i des , s uch as the ca rb i des o f a l uminum ,

manganese,

i ron , etc . But i n most ca rb i des the we ight o f the

carb i de - forming e lement i s much greate r than that o fthe ca rbon ; for examp le , ca rb i de of s i l i con conta ins

70 pe r cent . o f ca rb ide - forming mate r i a l, i . e.

,s i l i con

,

the re fore f rom 1 00 pounds o f that ca rb i de there can be

p roduced on ly th i rty pounds o f graph i t e,and sufli cient

heat ene rgy to vapor i z e s eventy pounds o f s i l i con i srequ i red . Howeve r

,as the i nvest igat ion progressed i t

was found that i f a re l at ive ly smal l amount of theca rb i de—forming mater i a l was i nt imate ly mixed w i ththe amorphou s ca rbon , th e lat t er was conve rt ed i ntograph i t e

,t h i s be ing expla i ned by the hypothes i s o f a

c a t a l y t i c or co n t a c t ac t i o n .

The fi rs t u se for Acheson G raph i te was found i nthe manu fact u re of e l ect rodes for e l ect rolyt i c ande l ect ro - meta l lu rgica l work . These a re made up l ikean ord ina ry carbon

,s uch a s i s u s ed i n a rc l ight s

,but

a ce rta i n amount of ca rb i de - forming substance i s added .

When th e e l ect rode i s heated i n the e l ect r i c fu rnacethe ca rb i de - form ing e lement react s w ith the ca rbon ,fo rming a carb i d e

,and at - a st i l l h igher t emperatu re

i s d r i ven o ff , l eav ing the e l ect rode i n the form o f

per fect ly pu re graph i t e .

Such a rt i c le s,known as Acheson Graph i te E l ec

t rodes,a re p rov ing i nval uab l e i n p ract i ca l ly a l l l in es

o f e l e c t ro ch em i c a l wo rk o n a c cou n t o f t h e i r p u r i ty ,h i gh e l e c t r i c a l c o nd u c t i v i ty , un i fo rm i t y a n d re s i s ta n c e t o ox i d i z i n g and d i s i n t e gra t i n g a c t i o n . Thede n s i ty i s a n d t h e s pe c ifi c e l e c t r i c a l re s i s t an c e800x 1 0 o hm pe r c ub i c c e n t ime t re a s aga i n s t 4 ,

000 x

1 0 fo r t h e o rd i n a ry amo rp ho u s c a rbo n . I n s u c hp ro c e s s e s a s t h e d e compo s i t io n o f so d i um ch lo r i d eso l u t i o n s i n t h e manu fac t u re o f ch lo r i ne a n d c au s t i cso d a

,t hey have a l i fe from fou r t o e i gh t t ime s t h a t

o f e ve n t he b e s t re to r t c a rbon . A fu rt h e r a nd d i st inc t adv an t age no t po s s e s s e d by any o t h e r fo rm o f

c a rbo n mat e r i a l i s t h e e a s e w i t h wh i ch t he g raph i t ea r t i c l e s c a n b e mach i n e d . Rod s an d s l ab s c an b e


a s s emb l e d i n t o e co nom i c a l ano de fo rm s , an d i n e l e ct r i c fu rn ac e wo rk t hre ad e d j o i n t s c a n b e made b e

twee n e l e c t rod e s an d t he s e e l e c t rod e s fe d i n to t h efu rn ac e o n e a ft e r t h e o t h e r a s co n s umed . The

graph i t e a r t i c l e s a re a l so u s e d i n o t he r l i n e s o fe l e c t r i c a l wo rk , s u c h a s fo r mo to r a n d ge n e r a to rb ru s he s

,s l i d i n g - con t a c t s

,p l unge r s fo r d a sh—po t s a nd

c i rc u i t - b re ake r t e rm i n a l s . Fo r t h i s l a t t e r p u rpo s et h ey po s se s s p e c u l i a r no n - a rc i n g p ro pe r t i e s .

I n t h e A che so n p roc e s s o f m ak i ng ca rb i d e o f s i l ico n

,t h e fu rnac e i s hea t e d by p a s s i n g an e l e c t r i c c u r

re n t t h rou gh a co re o f granu l a r coke . Aft e r t h efu rn a ce ha s b e e n o p e r at e d , many o f t h e gra i n s o fcoke a re fo u nd to co n s i s t o f a n exce l l e n t grad e o fgra p h i t e ; and exami n at i o n h a s shown th a t i t s fo rmat io n i s d e p e n d e n t o n t he a sh co n t a i n e d i n t h e o r i g i n a lco ke . Th e grap h i t e , howeve r , i s by no me an s u n ifo rm , a s m i gh t b e exp e c t e d , a s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o ft h e c a rb i de—fo rm i ng as h i s i r re gu l a r . B u t t h e p rod u c t i o n o f t h i s grap h i t e s ugge s t e d t h e i d e a t h a t ah i gh ly s at i s fa c t o ry gra ph i t e m i gh t b e ob t a i n e d i fa c arbo na ceou s mat e r i a l co n t a i n i n g a su i t ab l e

,u n i

fo rm ly d i s t r i b u t e d a s h co u l d b e fo u nd . W i t h t h i sobj e c t i n v i ew , Mr . Ache so n mad e nume ro u s ex

per im en ts o n v a r i o u s c a rbo nac eo u s mat e r i a l s,and

fou n d t ha t h e co u ld p rod u c e t h e mo s t ge ne ra l l yu se fu l graph i t e f rom anth rac i t e coa l . I t was a l so foundthat pet roleum coke yi e l ded a very satis facto ry

‘

graph ite

for certa i n pu rpose s .The fu rnaces u sed for the convers ion of anth rac i t e

coa l i n to graph i te a re i n the fo rm of long,

s

h ar rowt roughs bu i l t o f fi re b r i ck and l i ned w i th some ; .s u i tab l e re fractory mater i a l . At each end of the t roughi s a t e rmina l bu i l t o f l a rge carbon rods , to wh i ch areconnected the cab l es convey ing the cu r rent . The t roughi s fi l l ed w i th anth rac i t e coa l

,i n wh ich i s bedded a

ca rbon rod to make e l ect r i ca l connect ion between thete rminal s . Anth rac i t e coal i s a ve ry poor conductorof e l ect r ic i ty , hence the necess i ty for th i s rod . A current deve lop ing . a .thous an d horse - power i s used i n



graph i t e i s fo u n d i n t h e m an u fa c t u re o f p ro t e c t i v e

coat i ngs for s t ructu ra l i ron and stee l,and l a rge quan

t i t i e s a re now u sed for th i s pu rpose,for wh ich i t s

qua l i t i es o f pu r i ty,un i formity and chem ica l i nertness

make i t espec i a l ly va luab l e . The only impu r i t i e s presen t

a re s i l i con carb i de— one o f the most chemica l ly i n ert

bod i e s k nown— an d t r ac e s o f s i l i c a , i ro n ox i d e a nd

a l um i n a . S i n c e Ache so n graph i t e i s made a t a t em

pera tu re a t w h i c h a l l b u t t h e mo s t s t ab l e c hem i c a lcompound s c e a s e t o e x i s t

,a l l d e compo s ab l e bod i e s

a re de s t roy ed . I n i t s u s e t h e r e i s ab so l u t e co n t ro lov e r a l l t h re e e l eme nt s e n t e r i ng i n to t h e m a nu fa c

t u re o f a h i gh grad e p ro t e c t iv e co at i ng,v i z Th e

o i l o r med i um , t he p i gmen t a n d t h e d r i e r . The d r i e rc a n b e s e l e c t e d to mee t t h e re qu i reme n t s o f e ac hpa r t i c u l a r c a s e , an d t h e d egr e e o f d ry i n g c a n b ere gu l a t e d a t w i l l . Mo s t na t u ra l grap h i t e s

,o r so

c a l l e d graph i t e p i gme n t s , a re e i t h e r by- p rod u c t s o rlow grade o res , i n both cases too impu re for othe rpu rposes . They vary cons i de rab ly i n qua l i ty

,and have

to b e m ixe d w i t h l ampb l ack o r h i gh grad e gra ph i t ei n o rde r that some semblance o f un i fo rmity may bema i n t a i n e d . Ache so n graph i t e i s s t a nd a rd an d h a sfu l ly proved i t s super io r i ty ove r the natu ra l graph i t esfor the p rotect ion o f bu i l d ings

,b ri dges

,ca rs

,vesse l s ,

or i n fact every form o f st ructu ra l i ron and stee l .Ache so n grap h i t e i s a l so u s e d i n l ub r i ca t i n g wo rk

and a s foundry fac ings . I n the e l ect r ica l a rt s i t hasva lu es pecu l i a r to i ts e l f. There i s n o other fo rm ofca rbon

,e i the r amorphous or graph i t ic, wh ich possesses

i n the same degre e h igh e l ect r i ca l conduct iv i ty, pu r ity,un i formi ty an d i ne rt cha racte r i st i cs . These p ropert i esa re a l l abso lute ly necessa ry i n the mate r ia l to be u sed asthe fi l l e r i n d ry batt er i e s . The h igh conduct iv itygives a batt ery o f low inte rna l res i stance and h ighcu rrent capac i ty ; the pu r i ty and ine rt character i s t i c sgive one free f rom dete r io rat ion and loca l chemica lact ion between th e graph it e and the sol ut ion used ase l ect rolyt e ; and the un i formi ty g ive s one whose effi

c iency and re l i ab i l i ty o f act ion can be guaranteed .


Acheson Graph i te i s a l so used for e l ect rotyp ing pu rposesa n d i s ad de d t o t he c a rbo n compo u nd s f rom w h i c hmo to r b ru sh e s a re

_m a n u fa ctu red, no t o n ly in crea s

i n g t he e l e c t r ica l co nd u ct i v i ty o f t he b ru sh , b u t g ivi ng s e l f - l ub r i c a t i n g p ro p e r t i e s a s we l l .Ache so n graph i t e i s a manu fac t u re d p ro d u c t p o s

ses s i ng a l l th e va lue , w ith none of the inherent d i sadvantages

,o f the natu ra l graph i t es . Ove r a l l s tages

of i t s manu factu re the re i s absol ut e cont ro l . By thecho i ce o f d iff erent forms o f raw mater i a l s, a nd by theproper app l i cat ion o f the p r i nc ip l es i nvo lved i n i tsmanu factu re

,d i ff eren t grades can be made to meet the

requ i rements of d i ff e rent l i nes of work . Al l grades a repu re

,un i form and i ne rt

,but i n other characte r i s t i cs

each grade i s made to fu lfi l l most sat i s factor i ly the con

dition s of the work i n wh ich i t i s to be u sed .

ROBERTS CHEM I CAL COMPANY

HE Rob e r t s Chem i c a l Company manu fa c t u re sh igh grade caust i c potash and chemica l ly pu remur iat i c ac i d . The proces s i s pu re ly el ect ro lyt i c ,and con s i st s i n e l ect rolyz ing mur iate o f potash i n

a d iaphragm ce l l . On the cathode s i de of the part it i o n l i qu i d po t a sh an d hyd roge n ga s a re p ro du ce d ,wh i l e t h e ano de s i d e g iv e s o ff ch lo r i n e ga s . A co n

s iderab le qu an t i ty o f t h e po t a s h i s s o l d i n t h e l i qu i dfo rm , bu t mo s t o f i t i s co n ce n t ra t e d an d t he n evapo rat e d i n ke t t l e s to . t h e so l i d fo rm . I n t h i s fo rmi t - i s p u t u p i n i ro n d rum s . Th e l i qu i d po t a s h i ss h ip p e d i n c a rboy s o r i ro n t ank s .

Muri a t i c a c i d i s p ro d u c e d by t he c hem i c a l comb in at i o n o f t he hy d roge n and ch lo r i n e gas e s . Themu r i at i c a c i d fume s t hu s fo rme d a re ab so rbe d byd i s t i l l e d wat e r

,p ro du c i n g mu r i a t i c a c i d o f e x cep

tio n a l pu r i ty . The mu r i a t e o f po t a sh from wh i c ht he s e p rodu c t s a re m anu fa c t u re d i s impo r t e d fromGe rmany , an d i s a l so u se d i n t he manu fa c t u re o f

c h l o ri de o f pot a s h , fe r t i l i z e r s , an d a n umb e r o f o t he rp ro du c t s .


The u s e o f po t a sh i n m an u fa c t u r i n g s oap s i s

s im i l a r t o t h a t o f c au s t i c s od a , b u t s i n c e i t s e l l s

a t from t h re e to fou r t imes t h e p r i c e o f c au s t i c

so d a , i t i s n o t u se d whe n t h e l at t e r c an b e subs t i t u t e d . Cau s t i c so d a make s h ard so ap s ; whe re a s

c a u s t i c p o t a s h make s a so ft s oap . A l l t he h i ghg rad e t o i l e t so a p s co n t a i n a la rge qu a n t i ty o fpo t a sh , an d p r ac t i c a l ly a l l o f t h e so ap s u s e d fo rwa sh i n g s i l k s a n d woo l e n s mu s t b e made o f po t a sh

,

s i n c e so ap s m ad e w i t h c au s t i c so d a d e t e r i o ra t e t he

fib re o f s u ch fab r i c s .

Cau s t i c po t a sh i s v e ry e xt en s i ve l y u s e d by th e

e l e c t ro - p l at i n g t rad e fo r remov i n g gre a s e from th e

wo rk b e fo re i t i s p l a t e d . Th e so ft so ap fo rme d w i t h

t h e g re a s e by po t a s h i s mu ch more re ad i ly d i s so l v e d

t h a n h a rd so ap wou l d b e,w i t h t h e re s u l t t h a t t h e

wo rk i s c l e an e d mu c h mo re qu i ck l y a n d mu ch mo re

t ho ro ugh l y t h a n i f c au s t i c sod a w a s u s e d .

Mur i a t i c a c i d i s l a rge l y u se d by ch em i ca l l abo rat o r i e s a nd by manu fa c t u r i n g ch em i s t s i n t h e p ro

d u c t i o n o f a n umbe r o f o th e r c h em i c a l s .

THE FRAN C I S HOOK AND EYE ANDFASTENER COMPANY

HE Franc i s Hook and Eye a nd Fa s t e n e rCompany

,loc a t e d u po n t he l and s o f The N i

aga ra Fa l l s Powe r Company , manu fac t u re ss n ap fa s te n e r s

'

o f an imp rov e d ty pe fo r u s eo n gl ove s

,pu r se s

,umb re l l a s , o p t i c a l good s , l ad i e s ’

ga rme n t s,an d 0 11 t h e many o t h e r a rt i c l e s to wh i c h

s na p b u t to n s a re ap p l i c ab l e . The se fa s t e ne r s a r e p at

en ted. The mach i n e ry an d p ro c e s s e s u s e d i n t he i rp rod u c t i o n a re o f s u c h a n a t u re a s t o re q u i r e mu ch

s k i l l a n d ca re i n h an d l i n g .

Th e Fran c i s mach i n e s we re co n s t r u c t e d t o a l a rgeex t e n t i n t h e m a ch i n e s ho p o f t h e comp any , whe ren ew mac h i n e s a re co n s t an t ly be i n g b u i l t an d o l d o ne sim p rove d .



A l l t h e m ac h i ne ry i s op e ra t e d by e l e c t r i c powe r ,d e r i v e d from 550

- vo l t d i re c t c u r re n t mo to r s .The Fran c i s p l an t i s o f t h e mo s t ap p rove d fac to ry

co n s t ru c t i o n,h av i n g b e e n b u i l t e s p e c i a l ly fo r t h e

p u rpo s e s o f t h e company a ft e r ye ar s o f expe r i e n c ei n a sma l l e r b u i ld i n g .

NO RTON EMERY WHEEL COMPANYH E N i aga ra Fa l l s Wo rk s o f t h e No rto nEme ry Whe e l Company a re d evo t e d exc lu s ive ly t o t h e m anu fa c t u re o f t h e ab ra s iv e ,“a l u n dum .

” Th i s ab r a s iv e i s manu fa c t u re dby a p at e n t e d , e l e c t r i c a l—fu rn ac e p ro ce s s a n d i ss h i p p e d t o t h e ma i n wo rk s o f t h e company a tWo r c e s t e r , Mas s a ch u se t t s , whe re i t i s p re pa re d fo rgr i n d i n g w he e l s , s to ne s , gra i n s , an d o t h e r ab ra s iv ea r t i c l e s .Th i s e l e c t r i c a l—fu rn a c e p l an t w a s s t a r t e d i n 1 90 1 ,

bei ng located at N i aga ra Fal l s to s ecu re the advantageo f e l ect r i c po

'

we r . The factory has been en l arged seve ra l t ime s an d ad d i t i o n a l fu rn ac e s a nd o t h e r a p

paratus have been i n sta l l ed .

A l u nd um i s a n e l e c t r i c a l ly p ro du c e d c ry s t a ll i n e ox i de o f a l um i n um . I n n a t u re t h e c ry st a l l i n eox i d e o f a l um i num o c cu r s i n i t s p u re r fo rm s a s th er uby an d s a pph i r e

,an d i n i t s mo re common fo rm - a s

co ru nd um . Co ru nd um i s t he ha rd e s t n a t u ra l p ro d u c tk now n exc e p t t h e d i amo nd , bu t i s n o t a s ha rd a sa l u nd um .

The s u pe r io r i ty o f a l u ndum i n h a rd n e s s an dto ugh ne s s i s a c cou n t e d fo r i n t he p ro c e s s o f manufa c t u r e by t h e p e cu l i a r co n d i t i o n s o f i t s crysta l l i z a

t ion i n the el ect r i c fu rnace , and by the cont ro l o f i t sp u r i ty a nd u n i fo rm i ty . Th i s e l e c t r i c a l l y p ro du ce dco ru n d um , wh i l e i t re s emb l e s n a t u ra l co ru nd um i nmany re s p e c t s , i s mu ch s u pe r i o r i n h a rd n e s s an dto u ghne s s .B aux i t e , t h e raw mat e r i a l from wh i c h a l u ndum

i s m ad e , i s a n amo rphou s hyd ra t e o f a l um i num ,a s so

c ia ted w i t h c e r t a i n im pu r i t i e s w h i c h a re remove d i n


t h e p ro c e s s o f manu fa c t u r i n g a l u ndum . B auxi t ewa s o r i g i n a l l y fou nd a t B aux , Franc e , from wh i c h i tde r i ve s i t s n ame

,b u t p u re r fo rm s a re now fo u n d i n

Geo rg i a an d Arkan sa s .

Th i s hyd ra t e i s r e du ce d to a n ox i d e , me l t e d i ne l e c t r i c fu rn ace s o f s p e c i a l d e s i gn

,t h e imp u r i t i e s

r emove d,and l a rge p i gs o f so l i d a l u n dum p ro

du cedof most beaut ifu l co lor i n g and crysta l l i n e struc ture .

The p ro ce s s o f t ra n s fo rm i ng b aux i t e i n to a p u re ,c rys t a l l i n e ab ra s iv e , was i nve n t e d by Ch ar l e s B .

Norton Em e r yWhee l CompanyJ a cob s , o f New Yo rk C i ty , an d i s p ro t e c t e d by Un i t e dS t a t e s a nd fo re i gn pa t e n t s

,wh i c h a re co n t ro l l e d

exc l u s iv e ly by th e No rt o n Eme ry Whe e l Comp any .

S i x l a rge e l ect r i c fu rnaces a re ins ta l l ed,togethe r

w i t h o t he r app a ra t u s fo r c a r ry i n g o u t t h e p ro ce s s .A l a rge c ru sh i n g and gra d i n g m i l l fo r c ru sh i n g

an d grad in g a l und um i s l o ca t e d a t Wo r ce s t e r,

Mas s , whe re i t i s manu fa c t u re d i n t o ab ra s iv e whe e l s ,s t o ne s an d o t h e r a r t i c l e s . A l un dum i s a l s o u se d

‘

to a la rge extent on abras i ve paper,for gr ind ing gla ss

a nd'

fo r po l i s h i n g, i n a l l o f w h i ch l i n e s i t ha s ma rk edadvantages .

1 28 h e N i a g a r a a l l s


1 30‘

T h e'

N i a g a r a F a l l s


ve ry i nge n io u s mach i ne , wh i c h re ce i v e s t h e p a ck age s

co nveye d au toma t i c a l l y from t he p ack i ng t ab l e s o n

t he s e co n d floo r, an d wh i c h c lo se s a n d i n t u rn s e a l se ac h i n d iv i d u a l pa ckage . Afte r t h i s o p e ra t i o n t h e

p ackage s a re p la ce d i n c a s e s co n t a i n i n g twe n ty - five

o r fi fty c a r to n s e ach,an d a re t h e n re ady fo r s h i pme n t .

Th e v i s i t o r i s n ext b rough t to t h e au d i to r i um ,

wh i c h h a s a s e a t i n g c ap a c i ty o f a n d i s u s e d

fo r co n ce r t s , l e c t u re s an d o t he r e n t e r t a i nmen t s .The u s e o f t h i s h a l l 15 g ive n fre e t o a ny co nve n t i o nde s i r i n g to ho l d i t s s e s s i o n s a t N i aga ra . The h a l li s we l l e qu i p p e d and ha s adj o i n i n g t o i l e t rooms an dcomm i t t e e rooms .From th e au d i to r i um o ne p a s s e s t o t h e t h i r d floo r

o f t h e bu i ld i n g , whe re t h e wh ea t i s e x po s e d i n l argeo pe n t ray s u nd e rgo i n g t h e “cu r i n g p ro c e s s

,

”- w hi c h

co n s i s t s me re ly o f d ry i n g t he whe a t t o b r i n g it t ot h e p rope r co n s i s t e n cy fo r s h re dd i n g . Th i s i s t h et h i r d s t e p i n t h e p ro c e s s o f m anu fa c t u re

,t h e w he a t

hav i n g b e e n p rev i o u s ly “cook e d” fo r t h i r ty - five m i nu t e s by s t e am i n g i n revo lv i n g w i re k e t t l e s lo ca t e du po n t h e s ix t h floo r . A ft e r t h e whea t h a s re ach e dt h e p rop e r co n s i s t e n cy , i t i s

“s pou t e d” t o t he s h re dd i n g flo o r d i re c t ly b en e at h .

Adj o i n i n g t h e c u r i n g room i s t h e s pa c e d evo t e dto the manu factu re of “

Tr i scu it,” which i s made and

b ake d by e l e c t r i c i t y . I t s manu fa c t u re i s i d e n t i c a lw i t h t h a t o f S h re d de d Wh e a t B i s cu i t , w i t h t h e e xceptio n o f t h e b ak i n g . The whe a t i s s pu n i n tos h re d s by mech an i ca l p ro c e s s a n d i s c o nveye d by ane nd l e s s b e l t t o ove n s , e a c h co n s i s t i n g o f a s e r i e s o fe l e c t r i c s tove s , e ach l i nk o f wh i ch i s somewh a t s im il a r t o a n o rd i na ry wa ffl e i ro n , an d co n t a i n s 1 27 e l e ctrica l poi nts . The shreds a re depos i t ed automatica l ly upon the se ri e s o f l i nks , which a re met fromabov e by ano t h e r s e r i e s o f l i nk s w h i ch , p re s s i n gupo n t h e p ro du c t , fo rm s and b ake s t h e w afe r k nowna s “Tr i s cu it. Thre e h und re d an d fi fty ho r s e - powe ri s u s e d i n t h e o pe ra t i o n o f e ac h o f t he e l e c t r i c a lov e n s . The tr i scu it a re au tomat i c a l ly de po s ited o n


c a r r i e r s an d t ake n to t h e p a ck i n g t ab l e s , whe re , fo rt h e o n ly t ime

,t h ey are to u c he d by h and

,whe n t h ey

a re p l a c e d i n c a r to n s by n e at ly a t t i re d g i r l s .From t h e tr i s cu it room o n e de s ce nd s to t he s e c

o n d floo r, whe re t h e Sh re dd e d Whe a t B i s cu i t a rep re pare d . The whe a t " s po u t e d ” from t he c u r i n groom i s d i s t r i b u t e d au tomat i c a l l y t o a s e r i e s o f

t h i r ty—s i x p a i r s o f ro l l s , t e ch n i c a l l y known a s “s h red

E l e c tr i c Tr is cu itOvenTh e N atu ra l Food Company

de r s . The sh re dd e r co n s i s t s o f a co r ru ga t e d ro l lfou r i nches w ide

,with twenty corrugat ion s to the

i n c h . Th i s co r ru ga t e d ro l l “a nt ago n i z e s” a smoo th ‘

ro l l , an d t he whe a t be i n g p re s s e d b e twe e n i s s pu ni n to s h re d s an d d epo s i t e d o n an e n d l e s s b e l t d i re c t lyb e n e at h i t . E ac h s h re d d e r i n t u r n d epo s i t s a lay e ro f s h re d s u pon t h i s b e l t , u n t i l t he p ro pe r t h i ck ne s s .

i s re ac h e d . From t he sh re d d i n g mac h i n e t h e sh re d spa s s t o t he c u t t e r , wh i c h au tomat i c a l l y c u t s t he



in g t ab l e s , whe re , fo r t h e fi r s t t ime i n t h e p ro ce s s ,t h ey a re t o u c he d by h and , whe n t h e g i r l s p ack t h emi n ca r to n s ho l d i n g on e do ze n e a c h . From t he p a ck

i n g t ab l e t h e c ar tons a re co nv eye d au tomat i c a l ly tot h e s i xt h floo r

,whe re t h ey e n t e r t he s e a l i n g mach i ne

p rev io u s ly d e s c r ib e d .

The v i s i to r i s n ex t t ake n t o t h e b a semen t floo r ,whe r e a re lo c at e d p a i n t s ho p , mi l l—wr i gh t an d c arpen ter s ho p s a n d e l e c t r i c a l rooms , a s we l l a s b i cy c l era ck s . H e re , a l so , i s lo c a t e d t h e ve n t i l at i n g sy s t em ,

wh i c h ch ange s au tomat i c a l ly ev e ry fi ft e e n m i nu t e s

t h e a i r i n t he manu fa c t u r i n g s e c t i o n . I n t h e offi c e s

t h e a i r i s c h ange d ev e ry s ev e n and o n e - ha l f m i nu t e s ,an d i n t h e l e c t u re h a l l ev e ry five m i n u t e s .E ac h floo r i s p rov i d e d w i t h two l av a to r i e s ,

fi n i s h e d i n ma rb l e a nd mo sa i c , an d e qu i pp e d w i t hshowe r a n d ne e d l e b a t h s s up p l i e d w i t h ho t an d co l dw at e r . Th e em p loye e s a re a l lowed amp l e t ime fo rt h e u s e o f t h e b a t h s a n d ar e fu rn i s he d w i t h so a p andt owe l s by t h e company . I n d iv i d u a l lo cke r s a re a l sop rov i d e d fo r t h e emp loyees .I n t h e wo rk co n d u c t e d by t h e N a t u ra l Foo d

Company t he re h a s b e e n no a t t emp t t o wo rk o u tany so c io logi c a l p rob l em s , o r to c a r ry o n e x per i

men t s o f any k i n d . The t hou gh t w h i ch h a s a c t u a t e dt h e company ha s b e e n me re ly to s u r rou n d t h e emp loyees w i t h i d e a l wo rk i n g co nd i t i o n s .

' I n t h e manu fac t u r e o f S h re d de d Whe a t B i s c u i ta n d Tr i scu it no t h i n g i s u s e d b u t t h e w ho l e o f t h ewh ea t

,t h e gra i n b e i ng me re ly c l e ane d , s t e ame d ,

s h re d de d a nd tw i c e bak e d . No th i n g i s a dd ed to an dno t h i n g i s t ak e n away from th e p e r fe c t wh e a t .I n t h e o p e ra t i o n o f t h e fac t o ry a nd fo r i t s l i gh t

i n g ,‘

2 - ph a s e,25

—cy c l e a l t e r n at i n g cu r re n t , s u pp l i e dby The N i aga r a Fa l l s Powe r Company , a t a po t e n t i a lo f vo l t s

,i s

'

u se d . Afte r l e av i n g t h e t e rm i na lbo a rd

,lo cat e d i n t he e a s t T ran s fo rme r Room , t h e

cu r re n t pa s s e s th ro ugh ‘a u tom a tic o i l c i r cu i t b re ak

e r s . The re a re t h re e o f t h e s e c i r c u i t b re ak e r s , t wo

o f wh i ch co n t ro l t h e l i n e s s u p p ly i n g t h e e a s t an d

E l e c t r i c a l H a n db o o k 1 35

we s t T ran s fo rme r Room s , wh i l e t he t h i r d han d l e sthe l in es supply ing the t rans formers located i n theTr i s cu it Depa rtm e n t o n t h e t h i rd floo r o f t he fa cto ry . I n e a c h Tran s fo rme r Room are lo cat e d fou rWe s t i n gho u s e o i l - i n s u l a t e d s e l f - coo l i n g t r an s fo rme r s . Two o f t h e s e t r an s fo rme r s , o f 75 kw . e ach ,fu rn i s h ha l f t h e fa c t o ry w i t h a 1 1 5 - vo l t l i gh t i ng c u rre n t . The two rema i n i n g t r a n s fo rme r s fu rn i s h t he i rh a l f o f t h e fa c to ry w i t h a 440- vo l t c u r re n t fo r o pe r

Tr is cu it Cutter and Panne rTh e N atura l Food Compan y

a t i n g t h e mo to r s . I n t he e a s t T ran s fo rme r Roomi s l o c a t e d a 1 50

- k w . ro t a ry co nv e rt e r, s u pp ly i n g a220—vo l t d i r e c t c u r re n t fo r o pe r a t i n g t h e e l ev a to r s inbo t h t h e Adm in i s t r a t i o n B u i ld i n g and t h e Fa cto ry .

The w e s t Tran s fo rme r Room i s a dup l i c a t e o f t h ee as t Tran s fo rme r Room , w i t h th e exc e p t i o n t h a t i tco nt a i n s a 1 2—k w . moto r ge n e ra to r s e t i n s t e a d o f aro t a ry co nve rt e r . Th i s ge ne ra to r i s u s e d i n ch arg i n gs to rage ba t t e r i e s wh i c h i n t u r n o p e r a t e t h e b e l l s a n dt he t e l e p hone sy s t em . Th e fa c to ry i s op e ra t e d by


87 i n d u c t i o n mo to r s , r ang i n g i n s i z e from one h .p . to

40 h p , an d t h e b u i ld i n g s a re l i gh t e d by i n c an

d e s ce n t l amp s .O n t h e t h i rd floo r o f t he fac t o ry a re loc at e d e i gh t

1 40- k w . t ran s fo rme r s , s u p p l y i n g t h e fou r tr i s cu it

ove n s w i t h c u r re n t fo r b ak i n g . By me an s o f a vo l tage regu l a to r t h e vo l t a ge o n t h e s e co nda r i e s m ay b ev a r i e d from 80 vo l t s to 1 27 vo l t s . Ea c h se t o f t ra n sfo rme r s i s s u p p l i e d by an a u t omat i c o i l c i r cu i t

b r e ake r .

RAMAPO I RON WORKS

H E N iaga ra Fa l l s p l an t o f t h e Ramapo I ro nWo rk s o f H i l l b u rn , Rock l an d Coun ty , N . Y . ,

i s s i t u a t e d a t t h e co rne r o f B uff a lo ave nu ea n d I ro quo i s s t re e t .

I n 1 903 , t he Ramapo I ro n Wo rk s t ook ove r t h ei n t e re s t s a n d b u i ld i n g o f t h e Ma cPh erso n ' Sw itch

and Frog Company,a company engaged i n manu fa c

t u r i n g sw i t c h e s , f ro gs an d o t he r ra i lway s u p p l i e s .

S i n ce t h i s comb i n a t i o n w as fo rmed , t h e RamapoI ro n Wo r k s h a s a d de d t o i t s N i aga ra p l an t s eve ra lnew b u i l d i n gs , i n c l ud i n g a sw i t c h s h0 p 293 fe e t longby . 85 fe e t w i de , an d a c ro s s i ng S h o p 285 fe e t longby 75 fe e t w i d e . The ou tp u t o f t h e o ld Ma cPh e r so n

Sw i t c h an d Fro g Company ha s t h u s b e e n mu l t i p l i e dt h re e fo l d . The bu i ld i n g s a re o f b r i c k a n d wood ,w i t h i ro n sh e at h i n g cov e r i n g t h e wood . The s i d e so f t h e b u i l d i n gs a re m a i n ly o f g l a s s , mak i ng a v e ryl i gh t an d he a l t h fu l p l a n t fo r t h e me n to wo rk i n .

The mach i n e s a re a l l d r i v e n by e l e c t r i c powe rob t a i n e d from The N i aga ra Fa l l s Powe r Company

,

n o s t e am o r o t h e r powe r b e i ng u s e d . The e l e c t r i c a le qu i pme n t co n s i s t s o f s t e p - down t ran s fo rme r s havi n g ra t i o s o f vo l t s to 440 vo l t s an d t o 1 1 0 vo l t s

,

w i t h a n aggre ga t e o u t p u t o f 450 kw . Cu rre n t i ss u p p l i e d t h rough t h e s e t ra n s fo rme r s t o 440—vo l t , 2

ph a se moto r s , s c a t t e re d abou t t h e w o r k s ,'

a nd t oi n c an d e s c e n t l i gh t s o pe ra t i n g o n 1 10—vo l t c i r cu i t s .



N IAGARA RESEARCH LABORATORI ESHE mai n t e n an ce o f un i ve r s i t i e s an d , e s pec ia l ly, o f t e c h n i c a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , i s ge n e ra l l yre cogn i z e d a s a n e ffi c i e n t m ean s o f p rom0ti n g t h e d ev e lopmen t o f s c i e n c e a n d o f en

ab l i n g t h e gre a t e s t i n d u s t r i a l b e n efi t s to b e d e r i v e dfrom t h e re s u l t s o f s c i e n t i fi c p rogre s s .The ra p i d ly i n c re a s i ng impo r t an c e a t t a c he d t o

app l i e d s c i e n c e i n t h e co u r s e s o f i n s t ru c t i o n i n t he

N ia gar a R e sea rc h Labora tor ie ss c i e n t i fi c s c hoo l s h a s n e c e s s i t a t e d a co r re s po nd i n ge n l a rgeme n t o f l abo ra to ry e qu i pme n t s ; so t h a t t od ay

,many o f t h e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s o ff e r exce l len t fac i l i

t i e s fo r a t ho ro ugh e du c a t i o n , an d fo r s c i e n t i fi c re

s e a rc h . A l t hou gh many i ndu s t r i a l p ro c e s s e s hav eo r i g i n a t e d an d h av e b e e n i nve s t i ga t e d i n t h e u n iv e rs ity l abo ra to ry , mo s t o f t h e s e h ave re qu i re d fu rt he rd ev e lo pmen t b e fo re comme rc i a l s u c c e s s wa s a t t a i n e d ,b e c au s e o f t h e l i m i t e d s c a l e u po n wh i ch expe r ime n ta lwo rk i s u su a l ly condu c t e d i n s u c h l abo ra to r i e s . Th e


u nexp e c t e d t e ch n i c a l d i ffi cu l t i e s f re qu e n t ly en co u n t

e re d w he n t h e s e p ro c e s s e s a re o p e ra t e d o n a manu

fa ctu r in g b as i s , an d n o t p rev io u s ly me t w i t h i n t h e

wo rk o n a sma l l s c a l e , hav e i n many c a se s , be e n t he

c a u s e o f u n fo r t u n at e re su l t s .Rea l i z i n g t ha t t h e e s t ab l i s hmen t o f a p l an t

e qu i p p e d w i t h fa c i l i t i e s fo r c hem i c a l , e l e c t ro c h em i c a l ,an d e l e c t ro - me t a l l u rg i c a l i nve s t i gat i o n s an d d eve l opmen t s o n a comme rc i a l s c a l e , wou l d off e r pe cu l i a radv an t age s to i nv e n t o r s a n d manu fa c t u re r s , fu l fi l l a nobv i o u s n e e d

,an d e nab l e t h e expe r ime n t a l a n d co n

su l ting e n gi ne e r s o f t h e company t o d eve l o p t he i ro r i g i n a l i d e a s , t he N i aga ra Re sea rc h Labo ra to r i e swe re o rgan i z e d , an d e re c t e d t h e b u i l d i n g s hown i nt h e a c company i ng i l l u s t ra t i o n , o n t h e l a n d s o f TheN i agara Fa l l s Powe r Company .

S i t u a t e d o n t h e gro u nd floo r o f t h e b u i l d i n g a ret h e mac h i n e shop

,gr i nd i n g room

,t r an s fo rme r an d

dyn amo room,e l e c t r i c f u rn a c e l abo ra t o ry

,an d t h e

i so l ate d sp ac e s ava i l ab l e fo r expe r ime n t e r s w i s hi n g to co ndu c t wo rk o f a p r iv a t e n a t u re . O n t h ese co nd floo r a re t h e ch em i c a l a nd e l e c t ro c hem i ca ll abo ra to r i e s , and o ffi c e s Of t h e company . The to ps t o ry i s u s e d fo r p ho tograp h i c wo rk , fo r i nv e s t i gat i o n s o f t h e ch em i c a l e ff e c t s o f t h e v a r i o u s l i gh t r ay s

,

and fo r s to rage p u rpo se s .

E l e c t r i c a l e n e rgy i s r e c e iv e d from The N i aga raFa l l s Powe r Company , i n t h e fo rm o f a tw o—p ha sea l t ernat ing cur rent

,at vol ts

,constant potent ia l .

By me an s o f v a r i o u s t ra n s fo rm i n g d ev i c e s an d mo to r slo ca t e d i n t h e powe r room

, th i s en ergy i s u t i l i z e d i nt h e o pe ra t i o n o f e l e c t r i c fu rn a c e s a n d e l e c t ro ly t i cc e l l s , t h e mach i n e sho p and gr i nd i n g room , an d i nt he he at i n g and l i gh t i n g o f t h e b u i ld i n g .

The a l t e rn at i ng c u r re n t t ran s fo rme r u s e d i n co nn ectio n w i t h h i gh t empe ra t u re expe r im e n t a l work i so f t h e w a t e r coo l e d , o i l i n s u l a t e d ty pe , an d h a s i t sw i n d i ng s so con s t ru c t e d t h a t t h e fu l l c ap a c i ty o f t h eappa ra t u s , 500 e . h . p . , may b e ob t a i n e d a t v a r i ab l es e co n da ry vo l t age s .

1 40 N i a g a r a a l l s

I nte r ior V iew sN ia gara R e se a rc h La bora tor ie s



a tu s n e ce s s a ry fo r t he s imu l t a n eo u s co ndu c t o f s eve ra l e l e c t ro c hem i c a l i nv e s t i ga t i o n s .O re c rush ing and pu lve r i z i ng mach i nes o f a

s t a nda r d ty p e a re i n s t a l l e d i n t h e gr i n d i n g room,

an d t h e m ach i n e s hop t oo l s a re a l so o f a s t and a rdtyp e . They a re n e ce s s a ry adj u n c t s , howev e r, t o a ne xp e r ime n t a l l abo ra to ry o f t h i s c l as s .I t may b e u nd e r s too d from th e abov e d e s c r i p t i o n

t h a t t h e obj e c t o f t h i s company was no t o n ly toe s t ab l i s h a l abo rat o ry i n wh i c h s c i e n t i fi c re s e a rc hco u l d b e co n du c t e d , bu t to p rov i d e fa c i l i t i e s fo r t hed eve lopmen t an d demon s t ra t io n o f e l e c t ro c hem i c a lp ro ce s s e s o n a s u ffi c i e n t ly l arge s c a l e t o d e t e rm i net h e p ro s pe c t s o f t he i r comme rc i a l s u c ce s s .

Ca nadia n Tena n ts of the Niaga ra

Fa lls Pow er Compa ny

HE fi r s t d emand s fo r N i aga ra powe r i n Can ad a ,a s i d e from t h a t u s e d fo r ra i lway pu rpo s e s ,we re me t by t h e Can ad i a n N i aga ra Powe rCompany by t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n i n t he Powe r

Ho u s e o f t h e I n t e rn a t i o na l Ra i lway Company , i nQ ue e n V i c to r i a N i aga ra Fa l l s Pa rk , o f two 500—h p ,

- vo l t , 3- ph a s e a l t e rn at o r s , d r ive n by t u rb i n e s .

S ub s e qu e n t ly t h i s i n s t a l l at io n was re i n fo rc e d by t h el ay i n g o f a - vo l t , 3 - C o nduc to r c ab l e from t h ePow er

_

Ho u s e o f The N i agara Fa l l s Powe r Companyo n t h e Ame r i ca n s i d e to t h e r a i lway Powe r H ou s e i nCanad a , t h e c a r ry i n g capac i ty o f t h i s l i n e b e i n g ap

p rox imat e ly h p . The d i s t r ib u t i o n to t h e v a r io u s u s e r s o f powe r i s mad e by me an s o f ov e rh e ad

3- pha s e - vo l t t r an sm i s s i o n c i r c u i t s.To mee t t h e i n c re a s e d demand s fo r powe r , and

i n a n t i c i p a t i o n o f t he ab andonme n t o f t h e a l t e rn a to rp l an t i n t h e Ra i lway Company 's Powe r H ou se , an

- vo l t , 3 - co nd u c to r c ab l e wa s i n s t a l le d b e twe e nt h e Ame r i c a n Powe r Hou s e a n d t h e ra i lway p l a n ti n Can ada , an d s t e p - down t r an s fo rme r s h av i n g arat i o o f t o vo l t s w e re p l ac e d a t t h eCan ad i a n e n d o f t h i s c abl e . O n ac co u n t o f t h ere co n s t ru c t i o n o f t h e Ra i lway Powe r H ou s e , t h etw o a l t e rn a t o r s we re remove d i n J u ly , 1 903 , s i n c ewh i c h t ime a l l N i aga ra powe r u se d i n Can ad a fo ro t h e r t ha n ra i lway p u rpo s e s h a s b e e n t r an sm i t t e df rom t he Ame r i c a n s i d e by me an s o f t he - vo l t ,3—co nd u c to r c ab l e . The - vo l t l i n e w i l l b eev e n t u a l l y t ran s fo rme d i n t o a n - vo l t c i r c u i t .The p r i n c i p a l Can ad i an powe r u s e r s a re a s fo l

low s : The N i agara El e c t r i c L i gh t Com pany,u s i ng


abou t 400 h p , mai n ly i n i nd u c t i o n mo to r s d r iv i nga re mac h i n e s an d a l t e rn at o r s ; The To ron to an d S t .Ca t ha r i n e s Ra i l way , u s i n g 400 h p ; Ont a r i o S i l v e rCompany , 1 00 h p ; The Ca rbo ru nd um Company , 300h p ; Mona s t e ry o f Mou n t Ca rme l , 1 00 h p .

S i n c e th e l a rge powe r d eve l o pme n t s have b e e ns t a r t e d o n t h e Can ad i a n s i d e , co n t ra c to r s o n t h et h re e p l an t s h av e b e e n t ak i n g from The N i agaraFa l l s Powe r Company a nd t he Can ad i an N i agaraPowe r Company app rox ima t e ly , mos to f wh i c h i s u t i l i z e d by mean s o f i n d u c t io n mo to r sfo r t he d r i v i n g o f a i r comp re s so r s w h i c h s u p p l y t h ed r i l l s , and o t he r ap p l i a n c e s u s e d i n exc av at i o n .

Powe r i s a l so u s e d fo r l i gh t i n g,fo r t rav e l i n g c r an e s

an d fo r m ach i n e s ho p s . The amou n t s u s e d by e achco n t ra c to r a re a s fo l l ow s :By A . C . Doug l a s s , i n e xcava t i n g t h e t u n ne l s o f

t he Can ad i a n N i aga ra Powe r Company an d o f t h eTo ro n to N i aga ra Powe r deve l o pme n t , 400 h p ;

by t h e Jen c k es Mach i n e Company i n t h e cons t ru c t i o n o f t h e s t e e l p i p e l i n e fo r t h e O n t a r i o Powe rCompany

’

s d eve l o pmen t , 200 h p ; by M . P . Dav i si n excav a t i o n o f w h ee lp it fo r t h e To ro n to N i aga raPowe r Company

, 400 h p .



o f the bu i l d ing- w th ree pane l s at on e end and two atthe other . These sw i t chboards a re equ ipped w ith non

automatic’

c ircu it b reakers,some be ing o f the sw inging

arm a i r b reak form,whi l e others a re o f th e o i l type . The

latt e r a re operat ed el ect r i cal ly by mean s of aux i l i a ry cont rol l i ng sw itches located at a d i stance .

As stated above , al l power u sed in Buff alo i s t ransformed in p ressu re at th i s s tat ion . For th i s pu rposet here a re i n u se n in e —k w . oi l—i n su l at ed

,water

cool ed step—down t rans formers hav ing a t rans forma

W’ i l k e son S tre et 5 t a t i o nBu ff a lo Gener a l E l ec tr i c

CompanyTh e C ata rac t P o w e r a n dCond u it Compan y

t ion rat io o f two to one . These t ran s formers a re conn ected i n de l t a i n banks of th ree each . The i r s econdaryl ead s pass to a doub le se t o f bus - bars forming pa rt o f

an —vol t sw itchboa rd cons i st i ng o f e l even pane l s .Mounted on each o f these pan e ls a re i nd i cat i ng andi ntegrat i ng wattmet e rs ; two oi l type feede r sw it chesby means of whi ch connect ion can be made to e i the rs et o f bu s - bars ; and cont rol l ing sw i tches and s igna ll ight s connected w ith the automat i c o i l type c i rc u i tbreakers

,which a re placed above the sw it chboa rd

st ructu re .

The —vol t cu r ren t i s ca rr i ed under ground


from the Termina l House to th ree s ubstat ions of Th eCata ract Power Condu i t Company and to five substat ions be longing to the I nternat iona l Ra i lway Company . The Termina l House i t s el f a l so se rves as onesubstat ion .

’

At the Terminal House a re in sta l l ed n i n e 250—k w .

a i r - blas t t ran s forme rs , rece iv i ng - vol t cu rren t andtran sform i ng i t to a pre ssure o f vol t s , at wh i c h

Tran s form e r Room ,Wi l k e son S treet Su b stat ionTh e Catar a c t Pow er and Cond u i t Company

p ressu re i t is ca rr i ed overhead to consumers,cons i st i ng

ma in ly o f manu factu rers located i n North Buff a lo .

Seven feeder panel s a re u sed fo r the cont ro l of the—vol t d i st r ibut ing c i rcu i t s . These panel s a re

equ ipped w ith integrat i ng wattmeters,a doub l e s et o f

bus - bars and o i l sw i tche s, and a l so w ith automat i cover load and revers e cu r rent c i rcu i t b reakers . Thet rans formers a re connected i n del ta . The a i r b last i ssuppl i ed by a b lower connect ed direct to an induct ionmotor.


O f the othe r substat ions owned and operated by TheCata ract Power Condu i t Company

,No . 2 1 5 l ocat ed

at Oh io st ree t an d Love al l ey,No . 3 i s located at W i l

keson st re et and NO. 4 at Babcock and Hanna st reet s .Thes e th ree substat ions rece i ve cu r rent f rom the unde r

ground c i rcu i ts at vol t s and t rans form i t to

vol ts . I n genera l,t he secondary d i st r ibut ion i s by means

of ove rhead conductors,but i n a few case s

,by means of

unde rground cab l es .

Substat ions No . 2 and No . 4 a re pu rely step—downstat i on s

,t h e former be i n g equ ipped w i th o i l - i n su l at ed ,

wate r - coo l ed t ran sformersand th e lat t er w i th a i r - blas tt ran sformers . They supp lymanufac tur i n g establ i shmen ts i n th e i r re spec t ived i str i c t s .

S u b s t a t i o n NO, 3 i s

equ ipped wi th a i r - b l a s tt ran sformers . I t s pr i nc ipa l load i s th at o f t h eB uff alo Gene ra l E l e c tr i cCompany , w h o s e p l a n t

I nd uc t ion M otor i s l ocated i n t h e s a m e

Th e C a ta ra ct Pow er a ndC ondu it bu i ld i n g . Curren t i s de

Com pa n y l i v ered to t h e B u f f a l oGene ra l E l ec t r i c Company i n the form of 352—vol t ,3

- pha se , 25- cyc l e cu rrent and i s t rans formed to 550

vol t d i rect cu rrent fo r powe r pu rpose s ; to 60- cycl e,

- vol t , 2 - p l1ase cu rren t fo r commerc i a l i ncandescent

l ight ing ; to 220- vol t d i rect cu rren t for an Ed i son 3—wi resyst em ope rat ed i n connect ion w it h a —amperes torage batte ry ; and to d i rect cu r ren t for s e r i e s a re

st reet l ight i ng c i rcu i t s . For the t rans format ion to 550vol t d i rect cu rrent

,rota ry convert e rs a re u sed . For

the frequency changers and for the Ed i son syst em ,

motor generator set s a re u t i l i z ed , wh i l e for the a rcl ight i ng se rv i ce synch ronous motors connected d i rectto B rush a rc mach i nes a re employed . These a re mach i nes de l i ve r a cu rrent o f ampere s and each i s



Operat es i t s ent i re system by N iagara power. Duringthe w int e r months an aux i l i a ry steam p lant i s op eratedto take ca re o f the peak loads .Niaga ra power supp l i ed th rough The Cata ract PowerCondu i t Company has been appl i e d i n Buff a lo to

va r i ed uses i n estab l i shment s o f many k ind s,among

wh ich may be ment ioned the fol low ing : Gra i n e levators , cerea l mi l l s , foun dr i es , mach ine shops , mal t houses ,tanner i es

,e l ect ro lyt i c and chemi ca l manu factor i es

,sh ip

ya rds , dry docks , pack i ng hou ses, meta l s tamp ing works ,s t ru ctu ra l st ee l works

,manu factor i es o f j ewel ers ’ s up

p l i e s , ca r wheel f actor i es , weav ing and be l t ing factor i es ,rubber re- c la im ing works , st ee l and mal l eabl e i ronfoundr i es

,

“

brewer i es,baker i es

,s i lk - th rowing estab l i sh

ments,flou ring mi l l s , ra i l road shops , box factor i es , de

pa rtment s tores , hot el s , cen t ra l s tat ion and isolat edl ight ing p lant s

,s t reet ra i lway power houses, and manu

factor i es o f st eam and hot wate r rad i ators , b rass andi ron beds

,denta l supp l i e s

,l i n seed Oi l , gasol in e engi nes ,

varn i sh,cordage

,head - l ight s , re fr ige rators , refrigerat

i ng mach ines,automob i l es

, rubber'

goods , cast i ron p ipe

and fert i l i z e rs .

INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY COMPANY

HE syst em of the I nt ernat iona l Ra i lway C ompanvpres ent s many feat u re s wh i ch are o f great i nt eres t to engineers . Operat i ng over 360 mi le s o f

t rack,i t s ca rs t raverse a l l t he pr inc ipa l st reet s of

N iagara Fa l l s an d B uff a lo , an d s e rve a l l t he importantne ighbor ing towns .Cros s i ng the company’s beaut i fu l s tee l a rch br i dge ,

j u st be low the fa l l s o f N iagara , t he tou r i s t i s carr ie de ight m i le s northward to the h i stor i c town of Queenston

, o r th ree m i l es southward to the anc i ent v i l lage ofCh ippewa . Both the se p laces can be v i s i te d conven i en t lyon a s ingl e t r ip w i thout changing cars . The scenery be

tween them i s beaut i fu l and un ique, and possesses much

h i s tor i c i nterest .I n go ing from N iagara Fal l s to B u ff a lo , a d is tance o f

twenty—th ree m i l es,the ca rs pas s a long the N iagara R iver



t hrough the v i l l age o f La Sa l l e an d the c i t i es o f Tonawanda and North Tonawanda . At the lat te r po in t conn ection i s made w i th the l i ne to the c i ty of Lockpo rt

,the

town o f Olcott,and the v i l l age s of C h a rlottv i l le, Burt and

New fane . Lockport i s th i rt een mi l es and O l cot t twentys i x m i l es from the North Tonawanda Junct ion

,wh ich i s

s i tuat ed about midway between N iagara Fal l s and Bu ffa lo . Runn ing eas t from Bu ffa lo a re l ines to th e townso f Lanca st er and Depew ,

e l even mi l es d i stan t .On i t s i nteru rban rout e s the company has prov i ded

e legant , roomy cars w ith comfortab l e st eam—coach seat sand b road w indows . These ca rs a re operated by the

Pa s sen ge r Tra in on th e Bu ff a lo oNia ga ra Fa l l s D iv i s ionTh e I nte rnat iona l R a i lway Compan y

mult ip l e—un i t system o f cont ro l,e i the r s ingly o r i n t ra ins

as the se rv i ce may demand .

The mot ive power u sed on the system i s ent i re ly e lectrica l and i s de r i ved from the hyd rau l i c power o f N iagaraFal l s

,and from an aux i l i a ry steam plant i n Buffa lo .

Storage batt e r i es a re use d to ca rry peak loads . Duringa po rt ion o f the year the operat ion i s ent i re ly by powertaken from the Fa l l s .The power used loca l ly i n the N iaga ra Fa l l s d i st r i ct

i s taken part ly f rom the Ra i lway Company ’s hyd rau l i cp l ant nea r Tab l e Rock , on the Canad i an bank o f t her ive r

,and part ly from i t s rota ry conve rte r p l ant i n

Powe r House No . 1 of the N iagara Fal l s Power Com



Thi s stat ion rece i ves 3 - phas e volt , 25- cyc le cu r

ren t from the N i aga ra Fal l s Power Company ’s t ransmiss ion l i ne . The stat ion equ ipment cons i st s of th re e

400- k w . Gene ra l E l ect r i c 3 - phase rota ry converte rs . The

a . c . cu rren t for each rota ry i s st epped down fromvol t s to 375 vol ts by a bank o f th ree 1 50

- k w . a i rb last t rans fo rmers . The rota r i es a re sta rt ed by means ofdoub l e - th row sw itches connected on one s i de to hal f vol tage taps and on the other s i de to fu l l vol tage te rmina l s

E le c tr i c Locomot i veTh e I nte rnat iona l Ra i lwa y Compan y

on t he s econda r i es o f the t ran s formers . Thi s method ofsta rt ing obv i ates the loss o f t ime and the unce rta int i es o fsynch ron i z i ng .

Thi s stat ion conta in s a 288—cel l h p . (one hou rrat e ) storage bat te ry w i th motor generator booste rfor cont ro l . There a re a l so h igh ten s ion and d i rect cu rrent l ightn ing ar rest ers

,react i ve coi l s

,b lower s et s for

cool i ng t ran s formers and vent i lat ing bat te ry room,a i r

compressor for c l ean ing mach inery and compl ete moderna . e . and d . c . sw i tchboards .


A featu re o f the stat ion i s the absolut e sa fety i n thea rrangement of - vol t bus bars and othe r h igh p ressu re dev ices . The bus bars a re i nsta l l ed ‘i n sepa rateb r i ck and. concrete compartments , where i t wou l d be unl i kely for a person acc i denta l ly to come i n contact w iththem

,and where short - c i rcu i ts wou l d be qu i t e imposs ib l e .

The cur rent on the i ncoming and outgoing —vol tl i ne s and al so on the p r ima r i e s o f the t rans formers, i scont rol l ed by means of automat i c oi l - sw it ches . Thesw it ches a re o f the remote cont rol type , so that at t hesw i tchboard panel s

,where the operator i s engaged , t he re

Fru i t and Prod u ce Tra in on Loc k port D i v i s ionTh e I nte rnat iona l R a i lway Compan y

i s noth ing but low pressu re cu rrent to be hand le d . Thecu rrent for operat ing the oi l—sw it ch motors i s taken froma 1 25

- vol t storage batt e ry .

The h igh pressu re cu rrent for the Lockport and O l cot tsub stat ions pass es th rough‘sw i tches i n th i s s tat ion

,and

the power used by a l l th ree stat ion s i s measu red at th i spoint by graph i c record ing wattmeters .The Lockport and O l cot t substat ions a re fed by the

ra i lway company ’s - vol t t ransmi ss ion l i ne .

The Lockport stat ion conta i ns the same number,type

and capac i ty of mach ines and batt er i e s as the Tonawandastat ion , with some mod ificat ions of a rrangement .


The O lcot t substat ion conta ins two 400—k w . rotar i es ,with the nece s sa ry aux i l i a r i es , and a 90- k w .

—vo l ts ingl e - phase a l t e rnator for l i ght ing t he Park and hot e lp rope rty . The a l t ernato r i s be l t ed to the shaft o f one o f

the rotar i es .A featu re o f the Tonawanda - Lockport - O l cott system

i s the fre ight se rv i ce . Two 40- ton e lect r i c locomot ivesa re constan t ly employed i n the t rans fe rr ing o f f re ight forthe st eam roads an d i n hau l ing between towns . A largepa rt o f t he t raffi c i s i n f ru i t f rom the l uxu ri an t orchardson the shores o f Lake Onta r io .

The steam - pl ant o f the Ra i lway Company i s s i t uatedat N iaga ra and School s t reets

,i n the Ci ty o f Bu ff a lo, on

C OPYfi l GHT , 1 9 0 1 . BY 0 . I2. D UNLA P

Up pe r Stee l Arch Br id ge a t N i gh tTh e I nte rn a t iona l R a i lwa y Com pan y

the l i n e o f t he Buff a lo and N iaga ra Fa l l s road . I t conta ins two modern Corl i s s engin es o f t he A l l i s—Chalmersmake

,dr iv i ng - k w .

- vol t,25

—cyc le a l te rnatorso f Genera l E l ect r i c Company revolv ing fie l d typ e . Therea re a lso th ree 800- k w . d . c . ra i lway generators

,d i rect

connect ed to up r ight Lake E r i e engi nes,and a 286 - C e l l

h p (one hou r rat ing ) s torage batt e ry .

Part o f t he powe r house i s occup i ed by a rota ry converte r p lant

,cons i st i ng o f fou r 400 - k w . 25

—cyc le rota r i es .Th is stat ion i s fu l ly equ ipped w i th modern sw it ch ing

dev ices , embrac ing vol t bus ba rs i nd iv i dua l ly i sol at ed i n b r i ck and concrete compa rtments , automat i cmotor—d r iven oi l - sw i tches w i th remote cont rol

,and latest

type o f a l t e rnat i ng and d i rect cu r rent sw i tchboards .



oi l—sw it ches . A l l o i l - sw i tches can be separat ed com

p letely from the bu s ba rs for repa i rs by means o f kn i feb lade type “d i sconnect ing sw i tches .”The new Entz syst em o f regu l at ion i s he re u sed w i th

the s torage bat t e r i e s . The fluctuat ions o f stat ion loadare reduced by th i s be low ten per cent .

Thi s stat ion i s a r ranged to rece i ve th ree more o f the- k w . rotar i e s and on e more s torage batt e ry . As the

batte r i es,when fu l ly cha rged

,are good for kw .

each,an d the rota r i es a re capab l e o f fi fty pe r cent . ove r

load,the stat ion has an u l t imate capac i ty o f kw .

fo r an hou r,wh ich i s the usua l du rat ion of the h ighest

peaks .

The other substat ions, as we l l as the steam plant , haveamp l e a rrangement for accommodat ion of a dd it i ona l mach inery to take ca re of i ncreas ed t raffi c .

The power hou ses and sub stat i ons o f the Inte rnat iona lRa i lway Company a re open to v i s i t ing enginee rs whomay be int e rest ed i n mak ing an insp ect ion of them .

TONAWAND'

A POWER COMPANY

HE Tonawand a Powe r Company b e a r s t o t h ec i t i e s o f Ton awand a an d No r t h To nawan dat h e s ame re l at i o n t h a t t he Cat a ra c t Powe ran d Cond u i t Company doe s t o t he C i ty o f

B u ff a lo , n ame ly , t h a t o f lo c a l d i s t r i b u to r o f powe rge ne ra t e d a nd t ra n sm i t t e d by The N i aga ra Fa l l sPowe r Company .

Abou t h . p . i s d e l i v e re d t o t h e To nawandaPowe r Company , wh i c h i s u s e d fo r s t re e t a re l i gh ti n g, comme rc i a l a n d re s i d e n c e i n c a nd e s ce n t l i gh t i n g,an d fo r v a r i e d i n d u s t r i a l e n t e rp r i s e s , among w h i chmay b e men t i o n e d pape r m i l l s

,nu t and bo l t wo rk s ,

flo u r ing m i l l s , mach i n e sho p s , an d t h e m anu fa c tu reo f ab ra s i v e s .

The s t a t i o n i s loc at e d i n No rt h To nawanda o n

Rob i n so n s t re e t a t i t s j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e r i gh t o f wayfo r Th e N i aga ra Fa l l s Powe r Company

’ s - vo l tt ran sm i s s io n l i n e s ,


The t ra n s fo rme r i n s t a l l at i o n co n s i s t s o f two b ank so f s t e p - down t ran s fo rme r s , aggr e ga t i n g kw . i nc ap a c i ty

,from wh i c h s e co nd ary vo l t age s o f 360 vo l t s ,

o r o f vo l t s m ay b e ob t a i n e d . The s e t ra n s fo rm

e r s a re co nne c t e d i n de l t a . The l i gh t i ng app ara tu sco n s i s t s o f i n du c t i o n mo to r s d r iv i n g 6o - cy c l e ,vo l t

, 2—ph as e a l t e rn ato r s , a nd o f t h re e co n s t an t c u r

re n t t ran s fo rme r s fo r t h e O pe ra t i o n o f t h e s e r i e s a resy s t em u se d fo r s t re e t l i gh t i ng . Fo r ge ne ra l powe rd i s t r ib u t i o n

,- vo l t c u r re n t d i re c t f rom t he t ran s

fo rme rs i s u s e d . A l l o f t he lo ca l d i s t r i b u t i o n i s bymean s o f ove rh e ad c i r c u i t s .Adj o i n i n g t h e p l an t o f t h e To nawanda Powe r

Company i s t h e s e c t i o n—ho u s e o f Th e N i aga r a Fa l l sPowe r Company , t h rou gh wh i c h a re c a r r i e d t h et h re e t r i - ph a s e t ra n sm i s s i o n l i n e s . I n t h i s s e c t i o nho u s e a re i n s t a l l e d s e c t i o n a l i z i n g sw i t c h e s a r range di n s u ch a way i n comb i n a t i o n w i t h b u s - b ar s t ha te i t h e r O f t h e t h re e t ran smi s s i o n l i n e s m ay b e cu t a tt h i s po i n t , a n d so t h at any de s i re d comb i n a t io n o f

l i n e s o r s e c t i o n s o f l i n e s i n p a ra l l e l may b e e ff e c t ed .

Arrangeme n t s a re a l so p rov i d e d fo r t ran s fe r r i n g t h elo ad o f ‘t h e Ton awand a Powe r Company and o f t h eLo ckpo r t t ran sm i s s io n l i n e to any o f t h e t h re e m a i nt ran sm i s s i o n l i n e s .

THE LOCKPORT GAS AND ELECTRI C L I GHTCOMPANY

HE Lo ckpo r t Ga s an d El e c t r i c L i gh t Company d i s t r i b u t e s i n t h e C i ty o f Lo ckpo r t

,

powe r de l i ve re d by The N i agara Fa l l s Powe rCompany . The powe r i s d e l iv e re d a t t h e

Powe r Company ’ s s e c t io n - hou s e i n No r t h To nawan da an d i s t ra n sm i t t e d t o Lo ckpo r t by avo l t b ran c h t ra n sm i s s i o n l i n e b e longi n g to t he I n t e rn at i o nal Ra i lway Company u nde r a s p e c i a l a r rangeme n t w i t h t h a t comp any .

Twe nty—two t ho u s and - vo l t, 3

—p ha s e c u r re n t i s re

ce ived i n t h e t r an s fo rm i ng s t a t i o n i n Lo ck‘po rt

,from


wh i c h po i n t i t i s t r a n sm i t t e d a t - vo l t s,2 - p ha s e

,

t o t h e l a rge r u s e r s o f powe r fo r manu fa c t u r i n g pu rpo s e s , an d to t h e l i gh t i n g company

’

s d i s t r i b u t i ng s t at i o n . At t h e l at t e r po i n t , by me an s o f s t e p - dovi nt ra n s fo rme rs an d co nv e r t e r s , i t i s fu r t h e r t r an sfo rme d i n t o d i re c t c u r re n t fo r p ub l i c an d dome st i c l i gh t i n g, an d fo r o t he r p u rpo s e s fo r wh i ch d i re c tc u r re n t m ay b e re qu i re d . The amo un t o f N i aga rapowe r u s e d i s app rox imat e ly 500 h . p .

, t h e a dd i t i o na lr e qu i reme n t s b e i n g me t by a lo c a l w a t e r powe rdeve l o pmen t t ak i n g w at e r from t h e E r i e Can a l .


Ca nadia n Niaga ra Pow er Compa ny

HE Canad i a n N i aga ra Powe r Compa ny w a s

i nco rpo ra t e d by a n Ac t o f t h e Leg i s l a t u re

o f t h e Prov i n c e o f O n t a r i o i n t h e y e a r 1 892 ,

wh i c h a c t co nfi rm s a c e rt a i n agre eme n t ,d a t e d Apr i l 7 , 1 892 ,

w i t h t h e Commi s s io ne r s fo r t h e

Q uee n V i c to r i a N i aga ra Fa l l s Pa rk,p rov i d i n g t hat

t h e Powe r Company sha l l h ave t h e r i gh t , fo r o n e

hu nd re d y e a r s, to co n st ru c t an d o pe ra t e wo rk s w i t h

i n t h e Pa rk , by mean s O f c a na l s , w h ee lp its a n d t u n ~

ne l s fo r t h e deve l o pmen t o f e l e c t r i c a l a n d pne umat i c

powe r fo r t ra n sm i s s i o n , d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d sa l e w i t h

o u t t he Pa rk . Th i s company i s a n a l l i e d compa ny

o f Th e N i agara Fa l l s Powe r Company , wh i ch h as

b u i l t t he tw o powe r ho u se s o n t h e Ame r i c a n s i d e

h e re t o fo re d e s c r i b e d,an d i t n o w ha s u nd e r co n s t rue

t i o n a d eve l o pmen t o f e . h . p . O fwh i c h i t i s e xpe c t e d w i l l b e re ady fo r t ra n sm i s s i o n

an d d e l i v e ry o n De cembe r 1,1 904 , an d e . h .p .

add i t io n a l w i t h i n a few mont h s t he re a ft e r, w h i l e t h e

wat e r co nn e c t i o n s , w h ee lp it an d t u n ne l , have b e e n

co n s t r u c t e d a l re ady fo r t h e fu l l e . h .p . Th i s

company had t he fi r s t C ho i c e O f l o ca t i o n fo r powe rd ev e lopmen t w o rk s w i t h i n t he Pa rk and w i l l b e t h efi r s t powe r company to p ro d u c e powe r o n t he Canad i a n s i d e o f t h e Fa l l s .

I n ge n e ra l , t h e hyd rau l i c d eve l o pmen t o f t h e Canad i a n powe r ho u se w i l l b e s im i l a r t o t h at o f t h e Ame r ic a n p l a n t s o f Th e N i aga ra Fa l l s Powe r Company .

The powe r ho u se i s s i t u a t e d i n t h e Qu e e n Vi c to r i aN iaga ra Fa l l s Pa rk , abou t h a l f a m i l e above t h eHo rs e sho e Fa l l s . The wat e r i s t ak e n i n from th er i ve r t h rough a sho r t can a l an d fo rebay

,d i s ch a rge d

t hro ugh pen s t o ck s i n t o t u rb i n e s n ea r t he bo t tom o f a

163


w h ee lp it, an d ca r r i e d aw ay to t h e lowe r r iv e r t h rou gha t u n n e l abo u t fe e t i n l e n gt h .

The mo s t d i s t in c t i v e fe a t u re o f t h i s p lan t i s t h es i ze o f the gene rat ing un i ts

,each of wh ich i s to have

a c apa c i ty o f - t h e l a rge s t mach i ne s wh i c hh av e t hu s fa r b e e n co n s t r u c t e d . Th e p l an t

,when

comp l e t e d , w i l l i n c l u d e e l eve n o f t h e s e gene ra to r s .

A un i t O f t h i s s i z e w a s ado p t e d fo r r e a so n s o f eco n omy in hyd rau l i c d eve l o pm e n t a nd i n e l e c t r i c a l e qu i pme n t . The se h .p . u n i t s o c c upy b u t l i t t l e mo r es p a ce t han t ho s e o f h p . Thu s re s u l t s a gre a tre du c t i o n i n l en gt h o f w h ee lp it an d powe r hou se fo r

Pow er Hou seTh e Canad ia n N ia ga ra Pow er Compan y

a g iv e n ho r s e - powe r o u t pu t . Fu r t he rmo re , t h e ge ne ra to rs Co s t co n s i d e rab ly l e s s p e r ho r s e—powe r t h ant ho s e o f h p . c ap a c i ty .

Th e ge ne r a to r s w i l l h ave v e r t i c a l s ha ft s , an d a rewo u nd fo r t h re e—p h a s e cu r re n t . vo l t s , 25 cy c l e sat 250 revo l ut ion s per m i nute . Th i s h i gh gen erat edvo l t age w as se l e cte d fo r e co nomy i n loc a l d i s t r i b u t i o no f powe r . The co s t o f d i s t r i bu t i n g un de rgrou nd a t

vo l t s,

" t h re e - p ha s e , i s abo u t o n e - fifth t h a t re

qui red - fo r a - vo l t, tw o —p ha s e sy s t em . Fo r long

( l i s ta n ce t ran sm i s s i o n s t e p - u p t r an s fo rme r s h ave b e e ni n sta l l ed i n a t ran s former house out s i de o f the Pa rk andw i l l be u se d to ra i s e t h e vo l t a ge to o r



vo l t s , de pe n d i n g upon t h e d i s t an ce o f t ra n sm i s s i o n . Th re e - ph a se wa s d e c i d e d u pon ra t h e r t ha ntwo - ph a s e fo r t h e re a so n th a t o n e l e s s co nd u c t o r i sre qu i r e d , wh i c h s im p l i fi e s c ab l e conn e c t i o n s , an db e c au s e t h e t h re e - pha s e sy s t em re qu i re s twe n ty—fivepe r c e n t . l e s s co ppe r fo r t r an sm i s s i o n t ha n on e o f

tw o —ph a s e fo r t h e s ame vo l t age . Powe r from t h i sp l an t w i l l b e d i s t r i but e d by me an s o f NO . 000 B . S .

t r i p l e conduc tor,l ead - covered cabl e s l a id i n duc t s

u n de rgroun d .

I t i s t he i n t e n t i o n to h ave c ab l e co n ne c t i o n s so

t h a t t he powe r hou s e o f t h e Canad i an N i aga raPowe r Company can o pe ra t e

,i f d e s i re d , i n p a ra l l e l

w i t h e i t he r o r bo t h O f t h e powe r ho u se s o f Th e Niaga ra Fa l l s Powe r Company o n t h e Ame r i c an s i d e .

The ou t p u t o f t h e C an ad i a n N i aga ra Powe r Companyw i l l b e u s e d p r ima r i l y fo r Canad i an i ndu s t r i e s an d fo rpub l i c u t i l i t i e s i n t h e Prov i n c e O f O n t a r i o w i t h i n t h eran ge o f lo ng - d i s t an c e t r an sm i s s i o n f rom t h e powe rho u s e . Whe n u s e d u po n t h e Ame r i c an s i d e , t h e ge nerated cu rrent w i l l be ca r r i ed across the N iagaraR iv e r by way o f t h e Up pe r S t e e l Arch B r i d ge , a to t a ld i s t an c e o f abou t t h re e a n d o n e - ha l f m i l e s . Thi s

- vo l t , 3 ~ ph a s e c u r re n t w i l l b e c h an ge d o n t h eAme r i c a n s i d e by s t e p - down t r an s fo rme r s to

vo l t s , 2—p h a s e fo r p a ra l l e l i ng , o r w i l l b e de l iv e r e dd i re c t to t e nan t s o f t he Ame r i c an Company . A pa rto f t h e o u t pu t may be se n t to Bu ffa lo by a t ran sm i ss i o n l i n e t o b e b u i l t a long t h e Can ad i a n s i d e o f t h eN i aga ra r i v e r from t h e Park to Fo r t E r i e , a com

p lete r i gh t o f way fo r wh i c h h a s b e e n ob t a i n e d .


The E lectr ica l D ev elop m ent C om

pa ny of On ta r io, L im ited,a ndThe

Toron to £639 Nia ga ra Pow er C om

pa ny

HE worl d - wide fame o f N iaga ra Fa l l s has formany yea rs att racted the enginee rs o f a l l nat i ons ,and they have been at work devi s i ng means forut i l i z ing the grea t power i n thes e Fa l l s . SO d i f

ficu lt and var i ed a re the many prob lems connecte d w iththe i n sta l l at ion o f th e p lant s necessa ry for the ut i l i z ingo f th i s power that i t has taken the combin ed efforts o f thebest enginee rs o f the worl d to dev i se appa ratus and p lantwh ich have made pos s ib l e the development o f thousandso f horse—power w i th i n compa rat ive ly sma l l l im i t s , andthe t ransm is s ion Of t h i s power to c i t i es many mi les d i stant .As the deve lopment o f powe r for use w ith in a few

mi l es o f N iaga ra Fa l l s a dvanced,t he p rogress made was

anx iou s ly watched by the c i t i z en s of Toronto w ith thehope that some day the power ava i lab l e on the Canadians i de o f Niaga ra Fa l l s m ight be ut i l i z ed to fu rn i sh l ightand po e r to the Queen Ci ty. Among the anx iouswatchers

,perhaps t he keenes t and the ones to rea l i ze

most t he advantages to be der i ved from N iaga ra powe rt ran smit t ed to Toronto, was a syndi cate composed o fMess rs . Freder i c N i chol l s

,H . M . Pel latt and Wm .

Mackenz i e . From it s connect ion w ith Canada’

s greatestdeve lopments and ch i e f manu factu r i ng compan i es th i ssynd icat e wa s probably bet t e r fit ted than any other comb inat ion of bus iness men i n Canada to unde rtake theorgan i zat ion and management o f t he compan ies n eces

sa ry for th e deve lopment o f a la rge powe r at N iaga raFa l l s and the t ran sm i s s ion o f th is power to Toronto andother point s i n Onta r io whe re i t i s to be ut i l i z ed .



Fal l s Pa rk Commiss ioners and the synd icat e grant i ngi t r ight s to take wat e r from the N i aga ra R ive r at Tempes t Point for the pu rpose o f gene rat i ng e l ect r i c i ty to theext ent o f e l ect r i ca l horse - power . On the 18t ho f Februa ry fol low ing . the E l ect r i ca l DevelopmentCompany o f Onta r io , Lim i ted , was incorporated byl ett e rs paten t un der th e author i ty o f the Legi s lat u reof Onta r io . Thi s company has a cap i ta l s tock of

At a meet i ng o f i t s sha rehol ders , hel d onMarch z l st, 1 903 ,

the agreement above ment ioned wh ich

had been made w i th t he Pa rk Commi ss ioners,was ac

qu i red by the company . Although the Canad i an N iaga raPower Company and the Onta r io Power Company hada l ready obta ined s i tes by agreement w i th the Pa rk Commi ss ion ers fo r t he locat ion of the i r power pl ant s , theeng inee r s engaged by the synd i cat e to s el ect a s i te chos eon e w h i ch appea rs to be second to ne i the r o f those o f

th e compan i e s j u st ment ioned . I t s locat ion on ther ive r bank i s s uch t hat the flow of i ce

,whi ch i s con

s iderab le i n th e r i ve r i n the ea rly spr i ng , wi l l noti nte r fe re w i th th e operat ion of the pl ant

,as at th i s poin t

the i ce fol lows channe l s some d i stance from the powerhouse s i t e

,an d on ly occas iona l smal l gathe r ings of i ce

w i l l pa ss nea r the power hou se . On account o f th econst ruct ion of th e ta i l race tunn el d i rect ly below theN iaga ra River i n a st ra ight l i n e between the whee lp i t at the power hou se and the foot o f the HorseshoeFal l s

,a short e r ta i l race than that o f th e Canad i an

N iagara Powe r Company w i l l be obta in ed , and a l so i tw i l l be much shorter than the supply p ipes of the On

t a r io Power Company .

Wh i l e th e ’

agreemen t wit h the Park Commi ss ionerswas be ing cons i d e red

,a second company— th e Toronto

and N iaga ra Power Company— was organ i zed by th esynd icate .above ment ioned . The chart e r o f th i s company gave th e r ight to t ransmi t powe r an d acqu i rea r ight o f way fo r the t ran smiss ion l in e . Inc i d enta l ly the r ight o f expropr i at i on o f land s wa s ohfa in ed . Th i s company has a l rea dy pu rchased a r ighto f way seventy—e ight and fifty- e ight hundredth

‘

s m i l e s


i n l ength between N iagara Fa l l s a nd Toronto . e ightyfeet w i de at i t s na r rowest po int . The l in e i s p ract i ca l lyst ra ight between the l imi t s o f the Ci ty of Toronto and

Bu rl ington Beach nea r Hami l ton,and al so between

Bu rl ing ton Beach and N iagara Fa l l s . I t s w i dth andgrade are such that a doubl e t rack ra i lway can a l so beope rated upon i t a ft er the construct ion of the t ran smi ss ion l ine s

,shou l d fut u re development s wa rrant i t .


W i t h a v i ew to p rov i d ing manu factu r ing s i t es fo ri n dust r i es wh ich may des i re to locat e nea r N iaga raFa l l s i n orde r to use the power of the E l ect r ica l Development Company, some 530 ac res of l and have been

p u rchased front ing on the Ch ippewa River, s i tuate dabout two mi l es from N iagara Fal l s

,an d only th ree

and one - ha l f mi l es f rom the po int where the Ch ippewaR i ve r has ent rance to the \V el land Cana l as showno n t he map on page 1 7 1 . These l ands have a r i ve r f rontage o f one and one - hal f m i l es . I t 1 s expected that i ndus

Con stru c t ing Co ff e r D am at th e Ca s c ad eTh e E le ctr i c a l De ve lopm ent Compan y o f Onta r io . L im ited

t r i a l p lant s o f var iou s sorts,and e spec ia l ly e lectroch em

i ca l p l ant s,wi l l be e stab l i shed on th i s s i t e .

On the second o f Apr i l,1 903 . work was begun at

N iaga ra Fal l s and has been ene rget i ca l ly pushed evers ince both as to the development at N iaga ra and as tothe t ransm i ss ion pl ant . The genera l p lan o f deve lopmen t at the h vdra u l ic p lant o f t he Elect r ica l Deve lopment Company may be descr ibed as below and i s fu rthe rshown by the pl an and i l l u st rat ions . The sw i ft moving wate rs as th ey pa ssed Tempest Point prev iou s to



Commi ss ioners have approved o f t he p lan s submi tt ed,

wh ich show a bu i l d i ng whose styl e o f a rch it ectu re onthe outs i de i s o f the I ta l i an Rena i ssance . The fronte l evat i on w i l l show a cent re bay conta in ing the mai nent rance and two end bays . B etween the cent re and endbays w i l l be a colonnade w i th a loggia . Along theloggia w i l l be l a rge w indows

,th rough whi ch i t w i l l be

pos s ib l e for the publ i c at l a rge to v i ew the generatorroom . Su i tab l e entab latu re

,ba l ust rad ing

,etc . ,

wi l l beemployed to obta i n ha rmony i n the des ign . The other

M a in Coff er DamTh e E l ec tr i c a l D eve lopment Compan y o f Ontar io , L im ited

s i des o f t he bu i l d ing w i l l be compa rat ive ly p la i n . I npl an t he bu i l d i ng w i l l be composed o f th ree portion s ;t he ent rance w ith o fli ces

,boa rd and v i s i tors

’

roomsl ead ing o ff f rom i t ; t he ma i n generator room ; andthe sc reen and gate room . Around the generator roomthe re w i l l be a t i l ed b r i ck dado about ten feet h igh .

Above th i s to the roof l ight yel low br ick w i l l b e used .

i n the front cent re above the ma in ent rance and p ro

j ecting i n to the gene rator room there w i l l be a ga ll e ry conta i n ing the sw itchboa rd and the i nd i cat i ng and


record ing inst rument s for a l l o f the e l ect r i ca l appa ratus .

Thi s ga l l e ry w i l l be reached by the e l evator . The

gene rato r room wi l l conta in e l even generators , of

k i lowatts capac i ty each,a l l i n l i ne i n the

cent re of the room . They w i l l be o f the vert ica lins i de revolv ing fie l d type

,with twelve pol es , 250 revo

lu t ions pe r m inut e,an d del ive r ing a th ree - phase a l te r

nat i ng cu rrent o f twenty—five cyc l e s at twelve thousandvolt s . The weight o f each gen erator w i l l be about

pounds and that o f the revol v ing pa rt aboutpounds . The s i de o f the power house toward

the r ive r w i l l be ca rr i ed on a wal l i n wh i ch . be low thewat e r l evel . wi l l be a rched open i ngs . Through theseopen ings the w ate r w i l l pass to the screens , gates andpenstocks

,but the out s i de face o f the wa l l w i l l d i ve rt

i ce and other float i ng substances to th e sp i l lway at theend o f the gathe ri ng dam as al ready desc r ibed . Therew i l l a l so be a sp i l lway at th e down - s t ream end of thesc reen room over w h i ch the debr i s gathered by thesc reens w i l l be d i scha rged into the r i ve r . The gatesw i l l be operat ed by e l ect r i c motors . Below the generating room w i l l be the w h ee lp it, about 4 1 6 fe et long ,22 feet w ide

,and 1 58 feet deep . The p i t w i l l b e

l in ed w i th mason ry and w i l l have s evera l floors orsto ri es . At va rious points w i l l be store and pumprooms . etc . The penstocks l ead ing from the gate andsc reen rooms to the wheel s

,which w i l l - be at the bot

tom o f th e p i t . wi l l be st ee l t ube s t en feet s i x i nchesi n d iamet e r . The wheel s w i l l d i scharge the wat e rth rough d ra ft tubes i nto the s i de d ischarge t unnel sto be descr ibed below . They w i l l have two runne rsr ight and l e ft— and w i l l be connected to the generato rson the mai n generat ing floor by means o f hol low st ee lsha ft ing about 1 1 5 feet i n l ength w ith sol i d coupl i ngs .The mov ing parts o f the gene rators and whee l s w i l lbe ca rr i ed under normal cond i t ions upon the o i l t h rustbea r ings . An adj ustab l e float ing p i ston w i l l ca rry eachwheel‘ sha ft

,i f for any rea son the oi l th rus t bea r ing

does not work . The pressu re upon the p i ston w i l l beappl i ed automat i ca l ly . Each un i t w i l l be p rov i ded wi th


i ts own independent oi l pump for the Oi l supply . Su i tabl e a i r compressors w i l l be prov i ded for c l ean ing thegenerators and othe r uses abou t the p lant .Bes i de s the above desc r ibed equ ipment the power

st at ion w i l l conta i n two 1 25- vol t exc i te rs o f 300—k i lo

Whee l P it , June 7th , 1 904

Th e E l ec tr i c a l Deve lopmen t Compan y o f Onta r io , L im itedwatts capac i ty d r iven by wate r wheel s , and three exc i te rs d r i ven by induct ion motors ; the neces sa ry cab l es ,bus - bars and sw i tche s for p rope rly cont rol l ing the generato rs and d i st r ibut i ng the e le ct r i c cu rrent ; the governo rs fo r the wate r wheel s ; a mach ine shop fo rg enera l



At th i s poi nt the res i dent eng inee r undertook he ro i cmeasu res and ca l l ed fo r vol unt eers to c rawl a long thel edge on the face o f the c l i ff beh ind the Fa l l s to theopen ing whi ch had been made . Two voluntee rs madethe fi rst t r ip , and fina l ly w ith great d iffi cu l ty , l a rgequant i t i e s o f dynami t e we re p laced agai nst the wal lat the end o f the tunnel

,and i t was blown away sufh

c ien tly to a l low the water to run out of the tunne l . I nt he mai n t unnel

,wh ich i s n ow nearly compl et ed

,the re

i s no i nfi l t rat ion w hat ever .

M a in Ta i l R ac e Tunne l Above S pr ing L ineTh e E le c tr i c a l Dev e lopm en t Compan y o f Onta r io . L im ited

The Toronto an d N iagara Powe r Company w i l l re

ceive at i t s s t ep—up te rmina l stat ion th rough unde rground conductors the e l ect r ic power generat ed by theE l ect r i ca l Deve lopment Company . The te rm ina l stat ion w i l l be located on the top o f the N i agara embankment about fi fteen hund red feet f rom the generat i ng s tat ion

,nea r the tra ck s o f the Mich igan Cent ra l Ra i lway ,

and suffi c i ent ly fa r f rom the r ive r to be f ree f romthe dange rou s depos i t o f i ce formed by the spray fromthe Fa l l s . Th i s t e rmina l s tat ion w i l l be about 200 feet


l ong and 65 fe et w i de . The cu rren t w i l l be de l ive redfrom the generat i ng stat ion at approx imate lyvol t s . Th e

'

tran s fo rmers a re so des igned that cu r rentmay be d i st r ibuted from them at forty, fi fty or s i xtythousand vol ts . Lead ing from the t ermina l stat ion wi l lbe loca l c i rcu i t s at vol t s and other c i rcu i t s ath ighe r vol tages depend ing upon the l ength o f thet ran smi ss ion l i n e and the quant i ty o f power to be t ransm itted.

For the t ransmi ss ion l in e a r ight of w ay has been

O ffi c e s.Th e E l ec tr i c a l Deve lopmen t Compan y o f Onta r io, L im i ted

e ithe r pu rchased or a rranged for,from the te rmina l st a

t ion at N iaga ra Fa l l s to'

t he te rm ina l s tat ion on thenorthe rn boundary o f the c i ty o f Toronto . I t has anaverage w idt h of over e ighty feet . At the c ross ing ofthe Wel l and Canal . towe rs , ca rrv ing the conductors ,wi l l be e rected o f s uch a height as to a l low passage Ofsh ips be low th e conductors . At Burl ington Beach , thecana l connect i ng Lake Onta r io w ith Bu rl ington Bay w i l lbe c rossed , an d h igh towe rs w i l l a l so be u sed at th i spo int . Genera l ly speak ing

,and w ith th e except ion o f

the ri se to the N iagara pl ateau nea r Grimsby . and the


rav i ne s i n the townsh ip of Pe lham,the r ight of w ay

passes th rough p ract i ca l ly a l eve l count ry,and w i l l p re

s en t few d i fficu lt i es for con st ruct ion .

The t ran smi ss ion l i n es to Toronto wi l l cons i st o ffou r th ree—phase c i rcu i t s to be ope rated at vol t s .

These fou r c i rcu i t s w i l l be ca rr i ed on two l i nes o f st ee ltowe rs , each l i ne ca r rying two c i rcu i t s . The towers w i l lbe const ructed of gal van i z ed st ee l angle s bol t ed togethe r.They w i l l b e 46 feet h igh , hav ing a base 1 4 feet by 1 2

feet . Lengthw i se o f the l in e the towe rs w i l l have aun i fo rm w idth o f 1 4 feet , top and bottom ,

whi l e c ros sw i s e o f the l i n e th e base w i l l b e 1 2 feet

,t he two s i des

com ing together at '

th e'

top of the towe r . Cross b rac inga fte r the gene ra l des ign of w ind—mi l l towe rs w i l l beu sed . At the top w i l l be a cross a rm i n t he form o f ast ee l p ipe on wh ich w i l l be pl aced fou r stee l p in s ca rrying i ns u lators . The fi fth an d s i xth p ins w i l l b e support ed o n ve rt i ca l st ee l p ipes wh ich w i l l b e support edat the po in t where the s i des o f the tower come togethe r .The towe rs a re so des igned that they w i l l w i thstandwi th sa fety a s i de st ra i n o f pounds app l i ed at the i rtops . They w i l l be e rect ed at i nte rva l s o f abou t 400feet o n the st ra ight l i n e . At cu rves a l ess spac ing w i l lbe u se d so that the st ra i n upon the tower w i l l be w i th i nsa fe l im i ts . At poi nt s w here rav in es a re c ros sed orabnorma l cond i t ions ex i st

,spec ia l towers w i l l be p ro

v ided.

Porce la i n,brown , gl az ed in su l ators , hav ing th ree or

fou r pa rt s accord ing to the manu factu re r,w i l l be u sed .

Thei r approx imate d imens ion s w i l l be,di amet er

“

oftop o f umbrel la , 1 4 i nches ; he ight ove r a l l , 1 4 i nches .Th e pa rts mak ing up th e in su lator w i l l be cementedtogeth e r , and the i n su l ator i ts el f w i l l be cemented to t hest ee l p i n .

The conducto rs w i l l b e ca rr i ed upon the insu lators

wh ich w i l l b e so placed upon the tower that the conducto rs wi l l be locat ed - at t he point s of i nte rsect ion ofth e s i d es o f an equ i l ate ra l t r i angle hav ing a hor i zonta lba se o f s i x feet . The conductor w i l l be composed o fs i x st rands of ha rd d rawn coppe r w i re form ing a cabl e ,



the Toronto end o f the r ight of way j u st outs i de ofthe northe rn bounda ry o f the c i ty o f Toronto . Th i sstat ion w i l l be s imi la r i n des ign to the step - up te rm ina lstat ion . From th i s stat ion w i l l be la i d conductors ihs tal l ed in underground condu i ts connect i ng w i th the substat ion s o f t he Toronto E l ec t r i c Light Company, and theToronto Ra i lway Company .





fa c e , a n d a se r i e s o f i c e s c re e n s swe p t c l e a r by c ro s sc u rre n t s .F o reb ay a nd pe n s to ck s co n ne c t e d by a l i n e o f th el a rge s t s t e e l w a t e r p ip e i n t he wo r l d .

No t

-

l e s s t ha n 1 75 fe e t o f e ff e c t iv e h e ad on t u rb i n e wa t e r w he e l s .Ho r i zo n t a l t u rb i n e s an d e l e c t r i c ge n e r a to r s d ire ct.

cou p l e d a t t he bo t tom o f t h e c a non .

The d i s ch a rge o f t a i l wa t e r from t h e d ra ft t ub e sd i r e c t ly i n t o t h e r iv e r .A l l ma i n sw i t c h i ng an d co n t ro l l i n g app a ra t u s lo

ca ted i n a d i s t an t t ran s fo rme r s t a t i o n i n s t e ad o f a tt h e powe r ho u se .

I so l a t io n o f e a ch u n i t o f e l e c t r i c a l app ara t u s co ns i s t i n g o f a gen e ra to r, i t s t r an s fo rme r s an d a l l i n t e rmed i a t e co nne c t i o n s .

CAPAC ITY OF THE WORKS

P l an s now u nd e r way p rov i d e fo r t h e d iv e r s i ono f no t l e s s t h a n c ub i c fe e t o f wa t e r p e r s e co n d from t h e N i aga ra R ive r a t t he Du ffe r i n I s l an d s ,t h e t ran sm i s s i o n o f t h i s wa t e r to t h e powe r hou s et h rou gh s t e e l p i pe s , an d fo r t h e dev e l o pmen t t h e refrom o f k i lowat t s o r e l e c t r i c a l ho r s epowe r by e i gh t e e n ge ne ra t i n g u n i t s .

The immed i a t e deve l o pmen t , now we l l adv an c edt owa rd comp l e t i o n

,i n c lu de s th e e n t i r e i n t ak e wo rk s ,

o ne o f t h e t h re e s t e e l p i p e s from t he i n t ak e t o t hec l i ff above t h e powe r ho u se , pe n s to ck s from t h i s .

p i p e to s i x pa i r s o f ma i n t u rb i n e wa t e r - whe e l s , an d s i x—h p . gen e rato r s w i t h ex c i t e r s , t r an s fo rme r s an d

ac c e s so r i e s . O ne - t h i rd o f t h e comp l e t e powe r hou s e ,an d o n e - t h i rd o f t he t r an s fo rme r s t at i o n , w i l l b ebu i l t a t o n c e t o co n t a i n t he w at e r - whe e l s , an d th e

e l e c t ri c a l appa ra t u s j u s t n amed .

THE I NTAKEDuff e r i n I s l a nd s

,a t t h e h e a d o f wh i c h t h e i n t ake

wo rk s a re l o c a t e d , mark a d e e p i n de n t u re i n t h eCan ad i an sho r e o f t h e r iv e r j u s t whe re i t s ru sh .

1 88‘l c N i a g a r a F a l l s

t oward t h e c a t a rac t b e gi n s to qu i cke n . Toward t h i s

i nd e n t u re t h e w at e r s s t ro n gly s e t a n d a ft e r p a s s i n g

t h e i n t ake a n d i c e c u r t a i n t h ey a re c augh t b e twe e n

co nv e rg i n g w a l l s t ha t e xt e n d dow n to t he s c re e n

hou se an d fo rm t he s i d e s o f t h e o u t e r fo reb ay . O npa s s i n g t h ro ugh t he s c re e n s f rom t he o u t e r to t h e

i n n e r fo reb ay,t h e wa t e r ch an ge s i t s d i re c t i o n Of flo w

by a l mo s t a r i gh t ang l e , an d comp l e t e s a rev e r s e

qu ad ran t b e twe e n t h e s c re e n ho u s e an d t h e gat eho u s e .

Mo re t h a n do ub l e t he vo l ume o f wat e r t h a t c a nb e d rawn from t h e fo reb ay by t he s t e e l p i p e s i s i n t e rcep ted by t h e u p - s t re am fac e o f t h e i n t ake , a nd mu c hi s t he re d efl e c t e d t o fo rm a c ro s s c u r re n t an d c a r ryaway i c e . Th i s d efl e c t i o n i s b rou gh t abo u t by th ei n t ak e co n s t r u c t i o n , wh i c h co n s i s t s o f co n c re t e p i e r sa n d c u r t a i n wa l l , t h e l a t t e r r e i n fo r ce d w i t h s t e e l .The se p i e r s an d t h e so l i d c u r t a i n t h a t co nne c t s t hem ,

r i s e t o e l ev a t i o n 560, o r 5 fe e t above t h e wat e r l ev e l .The c u r t a i n d ro p s 1 2 fe e t b e twe en t h e p i e r s to w i t h i n6 fe e t o f t h e r i v e r b e d , an d 7 fe e t b e l ow t he no rma ll e ve l o f t he r iv e r . I n t h i s w ay a s t ro n g c u rre n ta c ro s s t h e fa c e o f t h e cu r t a i n wa l l i s s e t u p and w i l lc a r ry fl o at i n g i c e w i t h i t .L i ke t he wa l l s O f t h e o u t e r fo reb ay , tho se o f t h e

i n ne r o n e co n s t an t l y conv e rge . The i n t ak e an d i c ed iv e rt i n g c u r t a i n m ake an ang l e o f abo u t 45 de gre e sw i t h t h e c e n t re l i n e o f t h e fo reb ay a nd i s 6 18 fe e tl o ng . O n a l i n e a t r i gh t an gl e s t o t h i s c e n t r e l i n ea n d at t h e ti p

—s tre am e nd o f i t s r i v e r w a l l t h e w i d t ho f t h e fo reb ay i s 420 fe e t . Whe re t h e t u r n t o t h es c re e n hou s e b e gi n s

,t h e s i d e wa l l s o f t h e fo reb ay

a re 295 fe e t a pa r t , and t h i s hou s e co n ne c t s t he tw o

wa l l s w i t h i t s l e n gt h o f 320 fe e t . Th e ga t e hou sec lo s e s t h e dow n—s t re am e nd s o f t h e fo reb ay wa l l san d i s 1 20 fe e t i n l e n gt h .

At t he i n t ake and i c e s c re e n t h e no rma l d e p t h o f

wat e r i s 1 3 fe e t a n d i t s v e loc i t y abou t 3 fe e t p e r s e co nd. Ac ro s s t h e l i n e o f grea t e s t fo reb ay w i d t h a t

420 fe e t t h e c u r re n t i s fe e t p e r s e co nd a nd t h i s



ve l o c i ty i s ma i n t a i n e d down to t h e l i n e O f 295 fe e tw i d t h whe re t h e d e p t h o f wat e r i s 1 2 fe e t . B e twe en

t h i s l a s t n ame d l i n e an d t h e s c re e n ho u se t h e d e p t ho f wat e r i n c re a s e s to 20 fe e t an d i t s v e l o c i ty d ro p s

t o 2 fe e t p e r s e co nd . Aft e r p a s s i n g t h e s c re e n ho u s e

t he floo r O f t h e fo reb ay co n t i n ue s to d ro p u n t i l a

d e p t h o f 30 fe e t i s r e a c he d a t t h e gat e hou se , whe re

t h e v e l o c i ty i s fe e t p e r s e co nd .

I n t h e o u t e r fo reb ay,bou nde d by t he r i v e r wa l l ,

t he i s l a nd s , t he i n t ak e a nd t he s c re e n ho u se , t he a re ai s 8 a c re s .

Th e i n ne r fo reb ay e xt e n d s b e twe e n s i d e wa l l sf rom t he s c re e n ho u s e t o t h e ga t e ‘hou s e an d h a s a na re a o f 2 a c re s . A l l o f t h i s fo reb ay a re a o f 1 0 ac re sl i e s i n th e no rm a l be d O f t h e r ive r j u s t o u t s i d e o f t h eDu ffe r i n I s l a nd s , an d l e ave s t h e i r fo rme r a re a u n

di m i n i s h e d , wh i l e s ev e ra l e n t i re l y n ew i s l a nd s o f co ns ide rab le a re a hav e b e e n a dd e d . B e s i d e s th e l i n eo f i n t ak e p i e r s a n d i c e c u rt a i n , 6 1 8 fe e t i n l e n gth ,wh i c h ex t e n d s d i a go na l ly o u t from t he b ank .abovet h e i s l an d s , t h e l a rge r o r o u t e r fo reb ay i s s e pa ra t e df rom t h e r i v e r by a co nfin i n g wa l l some 780 fe e t l o ng ,wh i c h d e s c r ib e s a c u rve from t h e ou t e r e n d o f t h ei n t ak e down t o t h e s c re e n hou s e .

O n t h e r i v e r s i d e t h e s c re e n ho u s e an d t h e gat eh o u s e a re co n ne c t e d by an a rt i fi c i a l i s l a nd an d a re

t a i n i n g wa l l . The co nfi n i n g wa l l a l o n g t he r i ve r s i d eo f t h e e n t i re fo reb ay s e t s a l i t t l e i n s i d e o f t he h i ghe s t l i n e o f c a s ca de s an d i s s u nk o ne tO l fiv e fe e t b e l owt h e o u t s i d e b e d ro ck o f t h e r i ve r . I n o rde r to Oh

t a i n t h e re qu i re d de p t h o f wat e r i n t h e fo reb ay al a rge amoun t o f l i me s to n e b o t t om wh i ch fo rm s t h er i ve r b e d a t t ha t po i n t h ad to be exc avat e d . Th isr emova l o f ro ck from th e b e d o f t h e r i ve r l e ft an a t u ra l l ime s t o n e wa l l a l o ng t h e b ank an d i s l a n ds i d e o f t h e sma l l e r o r i n n e r fo reb ay , an d t h i s n a t u ra lwa l l wa s su p p l emen t e d w i t h c on c re t e .

I n t ak e p i e r s t h a t su p po r t t he i c e c u r t a i n , a s w e l la s t h e r i ve r wa l l o f t h e e n t i re fo reb ay , t h e fou nd st i o n s o f t h e gat e ho u se , an d t h e h e ad b lo ck w e re a l s o


l a i d w i t h con c re t e . The re t a i n i n g w a l l s we re l a i di n s e c t i o n s w i t h dove - t a i l j o i n t s , an d t h e i r co re s we re

made u p i n l a rge pa r t o f i r re gu l a r b lo ck s o f l im es t o ne s p ac e d w i t h a t l e a s t s eve ra l i n ch e s o f co n c re t e

b e twe e n . F o r a l l t h i s wo rk t h e re gu l a r co n c re t e

m ixt u re w a s o ne p a r t o f Po rt l a nd ceme n t , t h re e p a r t s

o f san d and five pa rt s o f c ru s he d s to ne f rom t he r ive r

be d .

At t h e i n t ak e an d a l on g down t h e fo reb ay t o t he

ga t e ho u se t h e l ow w a t e r e l ev a t i o n w a s t ake n a s

553 fe e t above t i d e w at e r . The t o p o f t h e re t a i n i ngwa l l o n t h e r iv e r s i d e o f t h e fo reb ay from t he i n t akep i e r s t o w i t h i n 1 00 fe e t o f th e s c re e n ho u s e h a s ane l evat i o n o f 553 fe e t , o r j u s t t h e low w a t e r l ev e l o ft h e r iv e r . At a po i n t 100 fe e t u p

- s t re am from t hes c re e n ho u se t h e to p o f t h e w a l l o n t he r i ve r s i d eo f t h e fo reb ay d ro p s to a n e l ev at i o n o f 55 1 fe e t an dru n s a t t h i s h e i gh t fo r a l e n gt h o f 50 fe e t , t he n d ro p st o a 549 foo t l ev e l a n d ma i n t a i n s t h a t h e i gh t downto t h e s c re e n ho u s e .Wh e n wat e r a t t h e i n t ake i s a t e xt reme l ow l ev e l ,t h e re i s t h u s a d i s c ha rge o f a pp rox imat e l y so x 4 o r200 s qua re fe e t c ro s s s e c t i o n ove r t h e 50 foo t s p i l lw ay n ext to t h e s c re e n ho u se , an d a d i s c ha rge o f

so x 2 o r 1 00 square fee t c ross sec t ion over th e

550- foo t s p i l l way n ext ti p

- s t r e am . The se s p i l lway sconsequen t ly w i l l c reate a st rong surface cu rre n t r igh ta c ro s s t h e f ro n t o f t h e s c re e n s

,an d t h i s t e nd s to

swee p a l l i c e t h a t may have pa s s e d t h e i c e c u r t a i nat t h e i n t ake o u t i n t o t h e r i v e r . W i t h h i gh wat e rt he e nt i re r i v e r wa l l o f t h e fo reb ay a s fa r down a st he s c re e n ho u s e a c t s a s a sp i l l way . Th i s i n t e r fe r e si n no w i s e w i t h t h e re gu l a r a c t i o n o f t he d e e p e rwe i r s e c t i o n , i n re a l i ty s u pp l eme n t i ng i t t h ro ughou tt h e e n t i r e l e n gt h o f t h e wa l l .The s c re e n ho u s e fo unda t i o n s a nd s c re e n s r i s e to

an e l ev at i o n o f 560 fe e t , o r 7 fe e t h i gh e r t ha n lo wwat e r , an d 25 fe e t abov e t h e fl oo r o f t he fo reb ay a tt h i s po i n t . Bot h wa l l s o f t h e i n ne r fo reb ay s t an da t t h i s e l eva t i o n o f 560 fe e t , from t he s c re e n ho u s e



an d two o f 30 i n c he s d i ame t e r , a t t h e to p o f t h ec l i ff . At t h e ga t e hou s e t he c e n t re e l ev a t i o n o f

e a c h 1 8 - foo t p i p e w i l l b e 534 fe e t , o r 1 9 fe e t b e low t helow wat e r l eve l i n t h e fo reb ay , an d t h e c e n t r e e l ev at i o n o f t h e Same p i pe s a t t ha t po i n t o n t he c l i ffwhe re t h e fi r s t p e n s t o c k i s co nn e c t e d w i l l b e 506 fe e t ,show i ng a 28 - foo t d ro p i n t h e p i p e s . Ea ch o f t h e s e1 8 - foo t p i p e s w i t h i t s e i gh t p e n s to ck s co nv ey s wat e rfo r t h e d eve l o pme n t o f e l e c t r i c a l ho r se powe rb e s i d e s t h a t de l iv e re d by t he e xc i t e r s . Fo r t h i spowe r d ev e l o pmen t e a c h p i pe wi l l de l i v e r abou t

S and B l a st ing th e P i peTh e Onta r io Pow er Compan y

c ub i c fe e t o f wa t e r p e r s e co n d whe n i t s con n e c tedge n e ra to r s a re fu l ly lo ad e d , and t h e v e lo c i t y o f t h ew at e r i n t he p i p e w i l l t he n b e n ea r ly 1 5 fe e t pe rs e co n d .

S te e l p l a t e s IA i n c h t h i c k a n d j o i n e d w i t h do ub l erow s o f o n e i n ch r i v e t s a re u s e d to fo rm t he 1 8 - foo tp i p e s

,an d t h e s e p l a t e s a re re i n fo rc e d by 8 - i n ch s t e e l

b u lb t e e s,o r de c k b e am s , be n t t o t h e rad i u s o f e a c h

p i p e a n d r iv e t e d to i t s u p pe r h a l f a t i n t e rv a l s o f fo u rfe e t t h rou gho u t i t s e n t i re l e ngt h . From head ga t e sto penstocks t he p ipe s w i l l l i e i n t renches excavated


fo r t h e p u rpo s e t h rou gh t h e Pa rk , an d w i t h t h e s e

tren ch e s'

fil led w i t h e a r t h t h e s u ppo r t t h u s g iv en t ot h e l owe r ‘ ha l ve s o f t he p i p e s m ake s u nne c e s sa ry t heu s e o f c i r c u l a r be am s to r e i n fo rc e t ho se pa r t s . Be

fo re e a c h p i p e i s cove re d i t s o u t s i d e s u r fac e i sc l e an e d by s a n d b l a s t an d pa i n t e d to p reve n t r u s t ,an d co ndu c t i n g t e rm i na l s a re a l so a t t a ch e d t o i ta t i n t e rva l s o f fo u r fe e t . The s e t e rm i n a l s a re co nn ected to a co nd u c t o r fo r ca r ry i n g o fi‘s t ray e l e c t r i cc u r re n t w h i c h m i gh t o t h e rw i s e c au s e damage bye l e c t ro ly s i s . The e a rt h cove r i n g va r i e s i n de p t h sw i t h t h e su r fa c e o f th e pa rk . O ne o f t h e t h re e p i p e si s i n c l u d e d i n t he s e c t i o n o f t h e wo rk now nea r in gcomp l e t i o n .

Ea c h I 8 - foo t p i p e t u rn s u p i n t o an o pe n re l i e fan d s p i l l way a t i t s e n d o n t h e c l i ff whe re t h e p e ns t o ck s a re co nne c t e d . The se s p i l l s s e rve t o re d u c efl u c t u a t i o n s o f he a d an d

“

p re s s u re a t bo t h i n c re a s eand d e c re a s e o f l o ad s .Th e s p i l l way s b e i n g o pe n and p rov i d e d w i t h ove r

fiow p i p e s s e n d any exce s s o f'

w a te r t o t h e r i v e rwhen th e load i s sudden ly reduced , and thus p reventany d an ge rou s r i s e o f p re s s u re .

THE PENSTOCKS

E i gh t pe n s to ck s w i l l co n ne c t w i t h e a c h 1 8 - foo t p i p ea t t h e t o p o f t h e c l i ff, an d d rop t hro ugh s h a ft s an dt u nne l s i n t he ro ck t o t he powe r hou s e i n t h e c ano nb e l ow . The se p en s t o ck s a re d iv i d e d i n to fo u r p a i r s

,

e a ch o f wh i c h ha s i t s own s ha ft an d t u nne l . S ix o ft h e p e n s t o ck s , fo rm i ng t h re e pa i r s , h ave a d i ame t e ro f 9 fe e t e ac h an d c a r ry wa t e r t o t h e wh ee l s o f s i xma i n ge ne ra t o r s . The two sma l l e r p e n s t o ck s a ree a c h 30 i n ch e s i n d i ame t e r , pa s s t h ro ugh t h e s amet u nne l , an d de l iv e r wat e r fo r t h e w he e l s o f two exc i t e r s . A chambe r b e n e a t h t he po i n t wh e re e ac hp a i r o f p e n s t o ck s j o i n s t h e m a in . .p ipe - p ro v ides r o o n r .

fo r t h e i r v a l v e s a n d fo r t h e e l e c t r i c mo to r s by w h i c ht h e v a lve s a re o pe ra t e d .

Ea c h g—foo t pe n s to ck fo r t h e t u rb i n e o f a ge n


erating u n i t r i s e s t o t h e wh ee l c e n t r e a t e l ev a t i o n373 aft e r p a s s i n g t h rou gh a t u n ne l o f ”somewha tl owe r l ev e l , so t ha t t h e d ro p b e twe e n t h e c e n t re o ft he 1 8 - foo t p i p e an d t he c e n t re s o f t h e m a i n whe e l si s 1 33 fe e t . The exc i t e r p e n s t o ck s re a c h t h e i r whe e lc e n t re s a t e l ev a t i o n o r abou t 1 25 fe e t b e low t h ec e n t r e o f t h e ma i n p i p e o n t h e c l i ff abov e .

THE TURB I NES

A tw i n t u rb i n e w he e l moun t e d o n a ho r i zo n ta ls h a ft i n t h e powe r hou s e w i l l b e d i r e c t co nne c t e d to

I nter ior o f P i p eTh e Ontar io Pow er Company

e ac h 7 ,soo—k w . ge n e ra to r . E a c h o f t h e s e w he e l s h a s ad i ame t e r o f fe e t a t t h e t i p s o f t he ru n ne r s , an dope rat e s a t rev . pe r m i n . The p a i r o f whee l so n e ac h sh a ft i s mou n t e d w i t h t h e ce n t re s o f t h e i rc a s e s 1 8 fe e t , 2 i n ch e s apa r t , an d b e twe e n t h e c a se st he re i s a d r a ft t ub e an d a l so a b e a r i n g fo r t h e s ha f t .

B e fo re d e l i v e r i n g i t s w at e r to t he t u rb i n e t h e 9 - foo t

pe n s t o ck d iv i d e s i n t o two b ran che s , o n e fo r e ac hwhee l . E ac h ma i n p e n s to ck i s a l so p rov i d e d w i t htwo re l i e f v a lv e s t h a t d i s c h a rge i n to t h e t a i l r ac ewh e n o pe n .



rev . per m in . The armatu re s i n these generatorsa re s t a t i o n a ry an d t h e magne t s ro t a t e o n ho r i zo n t a ls h a ft s . The be d p l a t e o f e a ch ge ne ra to r me a s u re s26 fe e t

, 7 i n ch e s , a t r i gh t an gl e s t o t h e sh a ft , an dt h e l e ngt h from t h e ce n t r e o f cou p l i n g to t h e e n do f s h a ft i s 20 fe e t , 2 i n c he s . Fo r e a c h ge n e ra to r a n di t s p a i r o f d i re c t co nn e c t e d t u rb i n e s t he floo r s p ac ew i l l b e about 20 by 49

.

feet . The revolv ing part o feac h generator w e i gh s tons , and th e tota l we i gh to f t he mach i n e i s to n s . The revo lv i ng m agne th a s a d i ame t e r o f 1 5 fe e t , i n c he s , an d c ar r i e s 1 0

po l e s . I n t h e ext e rn a l a rmat u re t h e d iv i d i n g l i n e o fi t s h a lve s i s t h e ho r i zo n t a l d i ame t e r . The e xt e rn a ld i ame t e r o f t h e a rmat u re c a s i n g mea su r e s abo u t 2 1fe e t

,6 i n c he s . The s ha ft d i ame t e r i s 2 1 i n ch e s .

Two exc i t i n g dy namo s,o f 500 h p . c ap a c i ty e ach ,

w i l l b e p rov i d e d fo r t h e s i x ma i n ge ne ra t o r s t h a t a red r iv e n by t h e w at e r from o ne o f t h e 1 8 - foo t p i p e s .D i re c t c u r re n t a t 250 vo l t s w i l l b e d e l i v e re d byt h e s e dy n amo s

,an d u s e d fo r t h e o pe ra t i o n o f lamp s ,

mo to r s , o i l sw i t c h e s , an d fo r ch a rg i n g s to r age b atter ies , a s we l l a s fo r ex c i t i n g t h e ge n e r a to r magne t s .O ne o f t h e 500 - h p . dynamo s w i l l h av e s u ffi c i e n tc apa ci ty to ex c i t e t h e m agne t s o f s i x ma i n ge n e rat o r s

,w i t h t h e s e con d dyn amo o f l i k e c ap ac i ty h e ld

i n re s e rv e . Tw o o f t he s e exc i t i n g dy n amo s d i re c tco nn e c t e d t o t h e i r r e s p e c t iv e wh ee l s a re b e i n g ins t a l l e d w i t h t h e fi r s t t h re e o f t h e m a i n ge ne ra to r s .

SW ITCHES AND SW I TCH I N G

Ge nerato r s a t t h e powe r ho u s e i n t h e c ano n a ret o b e co nne c t e d a n d co n t ro l l e d by app a ra t u s i n th et r an s fo rm i ng an d d i s t r i b u t i n g s t a t i o n some 550 fe e td i s t a n t an d 255 above o n t h e c l i ff .

Th i s d i s t an t co n t ro l r emove s from t h e powe rho u se t h e po s s ib l e d ange r s i n c i d e n t t o t h e o pe ra t i o no f h i gh vo l t a ge sw i t c he s fo r ge ne ra to r s a s we l l a st r an s fo rme r s , an d a l so con c e n t ra t e s t he m anagemen to f bo t h i n a s i ng l e o pe ra t i n g room .

At t h e powe r hou s e w i l l be loc at e d 250- vo l t


sw i t c h e s t ha t con n e c t t he exc i t e r s w i t h ge n e ra to rmagne t s , moto r , co n t ro l a n d l i gh t i n g c i r c u i t s , a n dw i t h a s to rage b at t e ry t h at i s l o c at e d i n o r ne ar t hed i s t r i b u t i ng s t at i o n .

The powe r ho u se w i l l co n t a i n a l so t im e l im i t andove r l oa d re l ay s fo r t h e ma i n ge ne r a to r s t o p ro t e c tt h em from ove r l oa d by op e n i ng any ge ne ra to rsw i t c h w hen t he l o ad fo r wh i c h t h e re l ay i s s e t i se x ce e d e d . E i t h e r o r bo t h o f t h e exc i t e r s may beu se d a t any t ime t o s u pp ly c u r re n t fo r t h e p u rpo se sn amed , i n c l u d i n g t h e ex c i t a t io n o f magne t s a t a ny

S ite o f Pow e r Hou seTh e Onta r io Power Compan y

o f t h e s i x gen e ra t o r s t h at a re d r i ve n by wat e r f romt he s ame 1 8 - foo t p i pe .

Among t h e impo rt an t co n t ro l c i r c u i t s t ha t m ay beo pe ra t e d f rom t h e powe r ho u se w i l l b e t ho se o f t hemo to r s i n t h e v a lv e c hambe r s u nd e r t h e 1 8 - foo t p i pewh i c h adm i t o r s hu t o ff wat e r from t he 9 - foo t pe ns t o ck s o f t he ma i n whe e l s . Ea ch o f t h e s e v a l v emo to r s i s o f t he i n d u c t i o n typ e and i s ra t e d a t 30—h .p .

As i d e from t h e n e ce s s a ry o pe r at i o n o f t h esw i t c he s a l r e ady n amed a t t he powe r hou s e

,t he

speed , vol tage and connec t ion s of th e mai n generator s


wi l l b e co n t ro l l e d a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i n g s t a t i o n . To t h i send th e d i s tr i but i n g stat ion w i l l con ta i n a compl e t e

grou p o f i n d i c a t i n g i n s t rumen t s fo r e ac h ge ne ra t i n g

u n i t a n d i s co nne c t e d by t e l e phon e w i t h t h e powe r

ho u s e . I n t h e sw i t c h room a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i n g s t a

t i o n t h e o i l sw i t c h e s fo r t h e - vo l t ge ne ra t o rc i r c u i t s w i l l b e mo u n t e d i n c o n c re t e c e l l s an d gro upe ds e p a ra t e ly fo r ea c h u n i t . The s e sw i t c he s a re t o b ea l l o f t h e v e r t i c a l p l un ge r typ e a nd o pe ra t e d by e l e ctrom agn ets .

Thre e - po l e o i l sw i t c he s l i k e t ho s e u se d i n t h ege ne r at o r c i r c u i t s w i l l co n ne c t t h e p r im ary co i l s o ft ran sformer groups to th e - vol t bu s bar s

,and “

o t he r t h re e—po l e sw i t c h e s o f s p e c i a l de s i gn w i l l j o i nt h e s e co nd ary co i l s o f t ran s fo rme r s to t he h i ght e n s io n bu s b a r s . Ea c h c i r c u i t w i l l p a s s t h roughtw o o f t he s e s p e c i a l sw i t c he s b e fo re i t re ach e s t he s eb u s b a r s . As t he s e sw i t c h e s mu s t b re ak a max im umc u r re n t o f h p . a t t ran sm i s s i o n vo l t a ge

,t h ey

w i l l ne c e s s a r i l y i nvo lve some nove l co n s t ru c t i o n,an d

e ac h i s e xpe c t e d to co nt a i n 500 ga l l o n s o f o i l .A comp l e t e s e t o f co n t ro l d ev i c e s fo r t h e c i r cu i t s

o f e ac h —h p . u n i t w i l l b e lo ca t e d o n a s i ng l e ,i s o l a t e d p e d e s t a l , to p rev e n t t h e po s s ib l e commu n ica

t io n o f t ro ub l e f rom t he co nne c t i o n s o f o n e u n i t tot ho s e o f ano t he r , an d t h i s pe de s t a l w i l l c a r ry a d i ag ram o n i t s fa c e re p re s e n t i n g t h e a r rangeme n t o f a l lt h e co n n e c t io n s co n c e rn e d .

J u s t b a ck o f e a c h co n t ro l p e d e s t a l t h e re w i l l b e a ni n s t rume n t s t an d t h a t w i l l c a r ry a fu l l s e t o f indicati n g i n s t rumen t s . Ea c h t ran sm i s s i o n c i r c u i t w i l l a l sob e p rov i d e d w i t h co n t ro l p e d e s t a l s an d i n s t rume n ts t an d l i k e t ho se j u s t n amed .

TRANSFORMERS

B e s i d e s m a i n a n d co n t ro l sw i t c h e s an d co nne ct i o n s t he d i s t r i b u t i ng s t a t i o n w i l l co n t a i n an i so l ate dgro u p o f t h re e s i ng l e - ph a se t ran s fo rme r s fo r e ac hma i n ge n e r at o r . The ra t i n g fo r e ac h o f t he s e t ran sfo rme r s i s k w . , o r h p , a c apac i ty gre a t e r


PART V

ARA TO CHI CAGO



to t h e no r t h i s t h e go rge . I n t h e immed i a t e fo re

gro u n d i s t he co n s t r uc t i o n wo rk o f t h e t h re e Cana

d i an Powe r Compan i e s,wh i c h a re p u sh i n g rap i d ly

t owa rd comp l e t i o n t h e d eve lo pmen t o f ho r s e

powe r . The Ca rme l i t e Mona s t e ry o n t h e b l u ff j u s t

b eyon d Fa l l s V i ew i s i n t e re s t i n g o n a c co un t o f t he

e l e c t r i c h e a t i n g p l an t i n s t a l l e d by a s c i e n t i fi c B ro t he r,

o ne o f t h e fi r s t o f t h e k i n d i n t h e cou n t ry,an d wh i ch

do e s a l l t h e wo rk o f t he k i t c he n and l a und ry fo r t h ee n t i re e s t ab l i s hmen t .At We l l and a gl impse may be had of t h e We l l and

Can a l , a sma l l b u t mo s t im po r t a n t w at e rway , giv i n ga c c e s s by way o f t h e S t . Lawre n c e R ive r to t he mo s te xt e n s i ve m i d - co n t i n e n t a l wat e r sy s t em i n t he wo r l d .

S t . Thomas i s m i dway b e twe e n N i aga ra a n dDe t ro i t , an d i s o n e o f t h e mo s t im po rt a n t c i t i e s o fc e n t r a l O n t a r io . London

,w i t h a po p u l a t i o n o f

i s b u t fi ft e e n m i l e s n o rt h,a n d Po r t S t an l ey o n

Lake E r i e i s c l o s e by . Th e so u t he rn po rt io n o f

O n t a r i o i s a r i c h agr i c u l t u r a l c ou n t ry no t e d fo r i t sfi ne c rop s o f gra i n an d fru i t

,an d fo r i t s b loode d

s to ck , wh i c h i s n o t exc e l l e d by t h e mo s t favo re dre g i o n o f t h e S t a t e s . At W i n d so r t h e De t ro i t R ive ri s c ro s s e d , t he e n t i re t ra i n b e i n g t ake n u po n o ne o ft h e powe r fu l s t e e l fe r ry bo a t s o f t h e M i ch i gan Ce nt ra l . The De t ro i t R i v e r i s a b u sy w at e rway

,an d

from i t s b e au ty a s we l l a s from i t s t o pograp h i c a ls i tuat ion has bee n ca l l ed th e Bosphorus o f Amer i ca .

S t an d i n g u po n t h e b r i d ge o f t h e t ra n s fe r s t e ame r byn i ght , an d gaz i n g a t t h e mov i ng l i gh t s o n t h e r iv e ra n d t h e co n s t e l l a t i o n s u po n t he t a l l m a s t s t h a t i l l um i n e t h e c i t y

, o r by day w at c h i n g t h e t h ro n g i n gcommerce

,t h e l o ve r o f t h e p i c t u re s qu e w i l l re gre t

t h e d ay w he n t he n e ce s s i t i e s o f comme rc e d em an da mo re s p e e dy p a s s age o f t h e r iv e r by b r id ge o rt u n n e l i n s t e a d o f t h e mo re a t t ra c t i v e , t ho ugh b r i e f,s a i l ac ro s s t h e s t r a i t s .

De t ro i t h a s a b e t t e r c l a s s o f w o r k ingm en’

s home s ,w ith a la rge r pe rcentage owned by the occupantst h a n t he m aj o r i ty o f Ame r i c a n c i t i e s . Po i n t s o f


e s p e c i a l i n t e re s t a re “ t he w at e r wo rk s , lo ca t e d i n ab e au t i fu l p ark ; t he fi ne M u s e um o f Ar t ; B e l l e I s l ePa rk

,a magn ifi ce n t i s l an d p l ea s u re gro u nd ; Lak e

S t . C l a i r ; Mou nt C l emen s , w i t h i t s s a l i n e s p r i n gsan d b at h s ; an d t h e w at e r i n g p l a c e s o f Gro s s e I s l eand S t . Cla i r Flat s where D etro i t e rs tak e th e i r sum

me r re c re a t i o n . Near ly 700 m i l e s o f e l e c t r i c ro ad srad i a t e from De t ro i t .

Yp s i l an t i i s twe n ty - n i n e m i l e s f rom De t ro i t a n d

i s no t e d fo r i ts s a l i n e we l l s a n d b at h s , an d a l so fo r

t h e ga rd e n s an d gre e n hou s e s wh i c h su p p ly t h e M i ch

i gan Ce n t ra l S t at i o n grou nd s a n d d i n i n g c a r s w i t hp l an t s an d flowe r s . I t i s l i gh t e d by e l e c t r i c i ty an dh a s a fi ne wa t e r sy s t em .

Ann A rbo r,t h i r ty - s eve n m i l e s , i s o n e o f t he

h an d some s t c i t i e s i n t he s t a t e . The Un iv e r s i ty o fM i c h i ga n

,ra nk i n g fo u r t h i n po i n t o f a t t e n dan c e

among t h e gre a t i n s t i t u t i o n s o f l e arn i n g i n Ame r i c a ,i s l o c a t e d h e re . No t o n ly are s t u de n t s p re s e n t fromevery s tate and t err i tory i n t h e u n ion , and everyp rov i n c e o f Canad a , b u t Ja pan , Ch in a , Egyp t , Sou t hA fr i c a

,Eng l an d , Ge rmany , Ru s s i a , Mexi co , Tu rkey ,

H awa i i,Po r t o R i co an d Ph i l i p p i n e I s l an d s a re re p

re s e n t e d . The Engi ne e r i n g l abo ra to ry , s ev e r a l t ime se n l a rge d

,now o c cu p i e s fe e t o f floo r s p ac e a nd

i s ve ry comp l e t e .

J a ck so n , fi ne ly lo ca t e d o n Grand R iv e r , o n e o ft h e mo s t impo r t a n t c i t i e s o f Sou t h e r n M i ch i gan , an da co n s i d e rab l e ra i lway c e nt re , i s s eve n ty - five mi l e sfrom De t ro i t . The c i ty i s l i gh t e d by e l e c t r i c i t y , an di s s u p p l i e d w i t h bo t h i l l um i n at i n g an d fu e l ga s .Art e s i an wat e r i s s u p p l i e d by t h e H o l l y Sy s t em .

Grand Rap i d s,n i n e t y - fo u r m i l e s f rom J ack so n , i s

the met ropol i s o f weste rn M ich igan , and i s not ed fa rand w i de fo r i t s fu rn i t u re and other manu facto

r i e s . The c i ty has a fine wat e r power and i s we l lp rov i d e d w i t h e l e c t r i c l i gh t an d t ran s po rt a t i o n fac i li t i e s . Marsh a l l , B at t l e C re e k , Ka l ama zoo a nd N i l e sa re fin e t own s o n t he m a i n l i n e .

B a t t l e C re e k i s a t h r iv i n g t own w i t h a n i n t e re s t


i n g h i s t o ry . I t s n am e i s o ft e n me t w i t h i n fa r awayp l a ce s o n t h re sh i n g mach i n e s an d fu rn i t u re an d e s p ecia l ly u po n b re ak fa s t foo d s , o f w h i c h a hu nd re dk i n d s a re m anu fa c t u re d he re . The B a t t l e C re ekS an i t a r i um ac commodat e s 800 to p at i e n t s

,a n d

ma i n t a i n s b ran che s i n th e v a r io u s c ap i t a l s o f Eu ro p ea s we l l a s i n I n d i a

,Au s t ra l i a an d J ap an . I t s e lectr i

ca l equ ipment,not on ly as regard s l i gh t and power

,

b u t i n t h e v ar i o u s a ppa ra t u s fo r F i n se n an d X - rayt re a tme n t , e l e c t r i c l i gh t a n d cu r re n t b at h s , i s i n t e re s t i n g and comp l e t e . B at t l e C re ek h a s a w at e rpowe r , be i n g s i t u a t e d a t t h e j u n c t i o n o f B at t l e Cre ekan d t h e Ka lamazoo r iv e r . At B u ch an an , a qu i e tl i t t l e . t ow n e i gh ty—s i x m i l e s from Ch i c ago o n t h e S t .

’

Jo e r iv e r , i s a n ew e l e c t r i c i n s t a l l a t i o n wh i c h wa sre ce n t ly de s c r ib e d by an au t ho r i ty a s l i k e ly t o b eo n e o f t h e mo s t p e rm ane n t an d fin an c i a l ly su c ce s s fu lwate r powe r e l e c t r i c p l an t s i n t h e cou n t ry .

M i c h i gan C i ty , t h e so ut h e rnmo s t po r t o n Lak eM i c h i gan an d no t e d fo r i t s c u r i o u s s an d d une s , h a sco n s i d e rab l e m anu fa c t u r i n g and i s we l l l i gh t e d bye l e c t r i c i t y .

B e tw ee n New B u ffa lo an d Ch i c ago (Ken s i n gto n )t h e M i ch i gan Ce n t ra l Ra i l ro a d h a s h ad i n o pe ra t i o nfo r some t ime a t e l -egra ph ing sy s t em , by wh i ch as i n g l e w i re i s emp l oye d s imu l t a n eo u s ly fo r t e l eg rap hi n g an d t e l ep hon i n g .

Ch i c ago i s r e a ch e d a ft e r a p l e a s a n t r i d e a long t h es ho r e o f Lake M i c h i ga n , who s e w at e r s s p a rk l e i n t h es u n

,w i t h v i ew s o f J a ck so n Park , t h e F i e l d Co lum

b i an M u se um an d t h e Ch i c ago U n iv e r s i ty p as s i n g i nqu i ck s u cc e s s io n a s t h e t ra i n pa s s e s by , an d a lmo s tb e fo re o n e r e a l i z e s t h a t h e i s i n t h e h e a r t o f t h eg re a t

,b u s t l i n g c i ty o f Ch i c ago , t he t r a i n ro l l s i n to

t h e Ce n t ra l s t at i o n o n t h e Lake Fro n t .

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