THE ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN-ENGLISH CODE-MIXINGPATTERNS IN INDONESIAN BLOGS

Dewi Rosita Ningsih

Abstract

Code-mixing is a phenomena which is not strange for humanbeing. It occurs in many places arround the world such asIndonesia. in some occasions, many people use code-mixing inany types of code-mixing including code-mixing which mixes ofvarious linguistic units because of different factorsinfluencing them. The using of code-mixing can be found inevery communication media.

In this research, the writer finds out the patterns inthe mixing of various linguistic units between BahasaIndonesia and English found in some of Indonesian blogsincluding what factors influencing bloggers in using thosecode-mixing.

The writer makes a conclussion that The mixing patternsof various linguistic units can be formed in Indonesian andEnglish grammatical rules. These mixing can be caused by somefactors which found in this paper such as particitant rolesand relationship play, language dominance, particular jargonand also lexical gaps.

In the end, the writer suggest bloggers and readers touse Indonesian-English code-mixing properly without ignoreBahasa Indonesia as their identity.

Keyword: code-mixing, blog

INTRODUCTION

Communication can not be separated with human life. As

social beings, human needs to interact each other both in

the real world and in cyberspace for particular purpose.

Communication can be done orally and even in writing.

People do conversation with the others, deliver speech in

seminar or other events, report some news on the television

news program, announce something on the radio orally, and

so fort. Beside that, there are communication media in

writing. People can write poems, novels, short stories and

articles in magazines, tabloids, or newspapers. Even in

this gobalization era, where the technology is advancing,

many people can share information by writing in the

internet. The internet as a media which support and

interacts each other easily because there are many

interaction tools that can connect them with many different

people around the world such as social networks like

Facebook, Twitter and Yahoo mesenger, and they even can

give or get the information in website and weblog or

generally known as Blog.

As one of the communication media, blog has ability to

record the conversation or interaction between one person

and the others. It means that all communication including

information which happens or shares on the blog will be

saved there. This also differs blog from face to face

communication. Because of it, blog becomes one of the

aplications which is often used by many people nowadays.

The people can write something in their own blogs for many

purposes such as personal business, online business, report

of research, online learning and many information. As

described by McKay cited in Mesthrie, 2011:411) that

weblogs or microblogs have given many internet users the

opportunity to post for public scrutiny their thoughts,

opinions and experiences, augmented with hyperlinks to

other sites that have attracted the blogger’s interest or

curiosity.

In Indonesia, blog is familiar enough. There are many

blogs written in Bahasa Indonesia. Actually Indonesia has

many regional languages. Yet, an oficial language of

Indonesia is Bahasa Indonesia so mostly Indonesian blogs

are written in Bahasa Indonesia. Nevertheless, foreign

language, especially English is used by Indonesian people

in their blogs.

English is one of international languages in this

world. English has been taught in many schools around the

world including in Indonesia. In Indonesia it self, English

as a foreign language began to be introduced in elementary

school in 1992 based on the draft bill of the minister of

education and culture of Indonesia number 0487/4/1992,

chapter VIII. Content of the dictum is that elementary

school may add English lessons in the curriculum as long as

it does not conflict with national education goals.

Grammatically, English has patterns which are not same

to Bahasa Indonesia patterns including the affix for verb,

noun, and adjective and also the word order in phrases. In

the other hand, both English and Bahasa Indonesia has

similarity. English and Bahasa Indonesia have standard /

formal and informal form which used in different situation

as Crystal said (2010:228), we learn to use formal language

for formal occasions (e.g. at school) and casual language

for informal occasions (e.g. for talking to family,

friends, casual acquaintances and strangers). For example,

in Bahasa Indonesia, the verb ‘mencuci’ ( wash ) is the

formal form and ‘nyuci’ is the informal form ‘mencuci’. It

is similar in English, the verb ‘want’ that usually added

by ‘to’ is the formal form and ‘wanna’ is the informal form

from want to or want a. Both English and Bahasa Indonesia

also have slang words that mostly used by gangs. Gang means

a group of people who have the same kind of interests and

background for example gorup of lawyers, group of

footballers, teachers, and so fort (Crystal, 2010:152). So

the writer decides that slang words are particular words

that used by particular group of people to show that

someone is one of the certain gang.

In Indonesian blogs, there are many bloggers use

informal form in their articles and also some of them mix

between formal form and informal form. For example Whereas

Bahasa Indonesia is expected to be used properly

considering that Bahasa Indonesia is an official language.

But in another case, the writer finds some articles of

Indonesian blogs which are written in Bahasa Indonesia use

combination pattern between English formal form and Bahasa

Indonesia formal form, Bahasa Indonesia informal form and

English formal form that known as ‘Indonesian-English code-

mixing patterns’. Acording to the rule of Bahasa Indonesia,

those patterns are not correct. In this case, the writer

wants to analyze those patterns and to find what factors

ilnfluence the bloggers in using Indonesian-English code-

mixing patterns in their Indonesian blogs.

That is why the writer wants to observe about “ The

analysis of Indonesian-English code-mixing patterns in

Indonesian blogs “ in order to find Indonesian-English

code-mixing patterns used by bloggers in their Indonesian

blogs and their influencing factors.

DESCRIPTION THEORITICAL

1. Code-Mixing

Persons need a code in sharing information. Code can

transfer someone’s idea to the other ones and vice versa.

Humans sometimes use another code in their speech or

written. Even, they combine two or more codes on it. This

combination is similar with a term ‘code-mixing’. Wardhaugh

(2006:88) defines code as a language or a variety of a

language. He adds a code is a system used for

communication between two or more parties used on any

occasions.

While, the word “mixing” comes from “mix” and it means

‘combine’ (The third edition of Cambridge advanced

learner’s dictionary). It can be seen clearly that mixing

is the process of combination between two or more things.

From the description above, the things in this case are the

codes. So code-mixing is the activity of combining language

varieties.

On the other hand, Bokamba as cited in Ayeomoni

(2006:91) has stated that : Code-mixing is the embedding of various

linguistic units such as affixes (bound morphemes), words (unbound

morphemes), phrases and clauses from a co-operative activity where the

participants, in order to infer what is intended, must reconcile what they hear

with what they understand. It is strengthened by Valli (2000:474)

describes that code-mixing is an intrasentential event, the

embedding or mixing various of linguistic units, that is,

affixes, words, phrases, and clauses from two distinct

grammatical systems or subsystems within the same sentence

and the same speech situation.

Based on the definitions above, the writer concludes that

code-mixing can be defined as the process of attaching

various of linguistic units from two or more languages in a

clause or a sentence and a speech. Code-mixing also can

appear in one of lexical items and it is because of mixing

between bound morpheme and free (unbound) morpheme.

There are some motivations for code-mixing which cited

in Ju (2009:16-23)

- Perception on the Interlocutor’s Language Background

When the interlocutor is weak in certain language, the

speaker or writer uses code-mixing to accomodate the

interlocutor or reader’s language proficiency.

- Language Dominance

Language dominance means the language which often used by

people in communication. Because of this, when the people

speaks or writes in foreign language, they mix those

languages with their language dominance. It can occur for

some words or mixing words which are dominant in human’s

communication.

- Language Attitude

Person’s general attitude toward code-mixing palys an

important role in someone’s code-mixing frequency.

- Psycolingistic motivation: filling lexical gaps

Sometimes people hardly find the words for particular term

in their own language. Then, they mix the term which are

more familiar with their own language.

- Mixing in a highly accessible word or phrase

This is due to the English term being more accessible,

those terms are proper name (e.g. brands’ name), school

term (e.g. library, canteen, homework), computer term (e.g.

click, enter, delete).

- Sociopragmatic motivation

Sometimes people use comde-mixing for sociopragmatic

reasons.

2. Linguistic units

When human beings use language for any purposes, they

arrange the words structurely. Everything connected with

language including its using and structure is known as

linguistic and the study of it is linguistics. It is

supported by Finegan’s opinion of linguistics definition

( 2008:22) that linguistics can be defined as the systematic

inquiry into human language belonging its structures and

uses and the relationship between them also the language

development and aquisition. While unit is a single thing or

a separate part of something larger (Cambridge Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary).

Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that

linguistic units are parts in linguistic which ordered from

smallest to largest unit including its branches such as

morphology, syntax, semantic, and so fort.

Below are several various linguistic units in English

and Bahasa Indonesia, as follows

a. Affixes

Not all the words are independent. Frequently, base words

need to be attached by affixes so that can be used in a

language. Bokamba (Ayeomoni, 2006:91) opines affixes can

be called as bound morphemes. While morpheme is a set of

signs, where morph is an elementary segmental sign

(Mel’cuk, 2006:24).

Harley simplifies morpheme as word-pieces (2006:115) and

Finegan (2008:41-44) adds morpheme as word parts that

carry meaning. According to this view, Finegan classifies

morpheme like in his statement : “Some morpheme can stand

alone as words: true, mother, orange are called free morpheme. Whereas the

other function only as a word part: un-, tele-, -ness, and -er can not stand

alone are called bound morpheme. Affixes are devided into suffixes and

prefixes. Suffixes always follow the stems they attach to, such as ‘plural’ in

girls and –ment in commitment. Prefixes attach to the front of stem, such as

un in untrue, dis in disappear, and re in repaint. There are also suffixes and

prefixes that attach to one similar stem and they are affixes.” The term

‘stem’ refers to the unit that added by an affix. Based

on the explanation above, the writer concludes affixes

are word parts which can not stand alone and attach to

the stem. Affixes which come before stem called as

‘prefixes’ and which come after stem called ‘suffixes’.

Both English and Bahasa Indonesia have affixes, including

prefixes and suffixes. Here are some examples of affixes

both in English and Bahasa Indonesia,

English Bahasa Indonesia

Prefixes Suffixes Prefixes Suffixes

a- -er di- -kan

Dis- -ment Me- -an

En- -ness Ter- -nya

Mis- -ship Se- -i

Non- -ing Ke-

Pre- -y Per-

b. Words

Every word that is spoken, a conversation, an article or

even a story is collection of words. Word is unbound

morphemes are the other name for free morphemes, the

morphemes can stand alone as words. words are categorize

into classes that usually called as word classes.

According to Payne (2011:67), traditionally word classes,

or “parts of speech,” such as nouns, verbs, prepositions,

etc., are considered to be classes in the lexicon. They

have sometimes been called “lexical classes,” or “lexical

categories.”, those are :

1) Noun

The class of nouns includes words that typically refer

to entities that have clear boundaries and are easily

distinguished from their environments, e.g., tree,

king, mausoleum, etc. There are subclasses of English

nouns, such as countable and uncountable nouns, proper

names and common nouns, concrete and abstract nouns,

and collective nouns. For plural nouns in English, the

countable nouns added by ‘s’ whereas in Bahasa

Indonesia, it can be showed by duplicating its noun.

2) Verbs

Verbs are words describe visible events that produce

changes in the world, e.g., die, run, break, cook,

explode, etc. There are subclasses of verbs, such as

(a) states (proud, fair); (b) a process (undergo); (c)

motion (go); (d) position (stand, sit); (e) action

(dance, sing, read); (f) cognition (think,

understand,learn); (g) sensation (smell,fell,taste);

(h) emotion (love, like, fear); (i) utterance verb

(speak, talk, say); (j) manipulation verb (permit,

forbid, allow).

There are forms of English verbs with a representative

set of example verbs such as:

The bare form: walk, go, give, sing

The –s form: walks, goes, gives, sings

The past tense: walked, went, gave, sang

The past participle: walked, gone, given,sung

The present participle: walking, going, giving, singing

In Bahasa Indonesia, many verbs created from affixation

process. Yet, Indonesian verbs do not occur the change

of verbs as in English like present and past

participle. There are also transitive and intransitive

verbs, active and passive verbs. As English, Bahasa

Indonesia has modal verbs that called auxiliary verbs,

refer to such concepts as possibility, ability and

necessity for examples: dapat, bisa, boleh, harus,

perlu, mampu and so fort.

3) Adjectives

An adjective is a word which refers to an attribute

such as size (e.g. besar ‘big’, gemuk ‘fat’), colour

(e.g. green ‘hijau’), condition (e.g. bersih ‘clean’)

or other characteristics or temperament (baik ‘good’,

pandai ‘smart’, senang ‘happy’) or other property

concepts. Indonesian adjectives can be produced from

affixes. Then, adjectives can modify nouns (example:

kalung murahan, means necklace with low quality).

4) Preposition

Both English and Indonesian preposition, there are

three basic locative preposition: di ‘in, on, at’

(indicates that the action occurs in the place

indicated by the following noun and there is a

movement), ke ‘to’ (indicates movement toward), and

dari ‘from’ (indicates movement away). For examples:

Dia tinggal di kota, Dia berjalan ke kota, Dia

berangkat dari kota.

3. Blog

Blog is a shortened form of weblog (Crystal, 2006:15).

Crystal states that blog takes the form of a personalized

web page where the owner can post messages at intervals.

Hill (2006: ) has the same defition of blog with Crystal,

that: Blog is simply a contraction of Weblog. Weblog is a type of website. It

follows, then, that all weblogs are Web sites, but not all web sites are weblogs.

There is a term ‘Blogging’, Brad Hill stated that blogging is a verb; Weblogging is

the utterance of an ill-informed person.

Handley et al (2011:14) says that : a blog can become the

central location through which you can share your thoughts, words, and ideas

with the world. There is no one right type of blog out there, so take the time to

figure out what works best for your company.

Crystal says that : Many blogs are personal diaries, ranging in

length from brief notes to extended essays; many are on topics of general

interest or concern, such as a hobby or political issue. Some blogs are

monologues; some have shared authorship; some are interactive. (Crystal

2006:15). Crystal (2006: 240-244) also has suggested: blogs

have a considerable number of uses. A personal blog covers various kinds of

linguistic activity. It can be a diary/journal or it can be used to catalogue creative

writing. In order to explain the writing style used in personal blogs, Crystal has

given two excerpts from blogs and indicated that their style lies between

standard and non-standard English.

The respondents of this research are bloggers. people

who write blogs are called bloggers (Hill, 2006:15).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Method

According to Blaxter, Hughes and Tight (2006:58), The

term method can be understood to relate principally to the

tools of data collection or analysis: techniques such as

questionnaires and interviews., the writer concludes that

research method is the tools of data collection or analysis in

the research. In this research, The research method which is

chosen by the writer is descriptive qualitative method. Punch

in Blaxter, Hughes and Tight (2006:64) stated that Qualitative

research is empirical research where the data are not in the

form of numbers. Qualitative research, on the other hand, is

concerned with collecting and analysing information in as many

forms, chiefly non-numeric, as possible. It tends to focus on

exploring, in as much detail as possible, smaller numbers of

instances or examples which are seen as being interesting or

illuminating, and aims to achieve ‘depth’ rather than

‘breadth’.

As the statement above, the writer will collect, analise,

and interpret the data by observing what people write on their

articles. Then, the writer will collect the information by

interviewing the respondents.

B. Research Object

The objects in this research are respondents or bloggers

and the documents in the form of blog articles and the

scripts of interview results. In this research also , the

writer uses purposive sampling technique as sampling

technique. The writer takes words such as noun, noun phrase,

and verb which have Indonesian-English code-mixing patterns

in Indonesian blogs’ articles.

C. Data Resources

The writer gets the data in the form of articles from

Indonesian blogs. In this research, the writer only analizes

eighteen articles from fifteen blogs. Below are blogs that

the writer analyzes such as:

1. http://www.smartf41z.wordpress.com

2. http://www.arikuswanto.blogspot.com

3. http://www.haqiqie.wordpress.com

4. http://www.fabdillah.blogspot.com

5. http://www.bagaskartiko.blogspot.com

6. http://www.baharudintaufiq.blogspot.com

7. http://www.ekabudiarti.wordpress.com

8. http://www.novitachan.tumblr.com

9. http://www.wisyowis.blogspot.com

10. http://www.mhs.blog.ui.ac.id.com

11. http://www.fiegoes.blogspot.com

12. http://www.elsyadai.blogspot.com

13. http://www.nabilanurjanida.tumblr.com

14. http://www.misspipuers.blogspot.com

15. http://www.tatarawr.blogspot.com

Meanwhile, another data which consists of bloggers’

informations and the factors influencing bloggers in using

Indonesian-English code-mixing patterns are taken from the

scripts of interview results. From fifteen bloggers who are

interviewed, there are only ten bloggers that has answered

the questions of interview.

D. Technique of Collecting Data

Based on Blaxter, Hughes and Tight (2006: 165), there are

four main techniques, or methods for producing data, which

are identified : documents, interviews, observations, and

questionnaires. The writer collects the data in the form of

Indonesian-English code-mixing patterns in Indonesian blogs’

articles by document technique. After reading and observing

the articles, the writer notes all words which have

Indonesian-English code-mixing patterns. Then, the writer

uses the interview technique or method. According to the

same book, the interview method involves questioning or

discussing issues with people. Another statement on the book

stated that interviews may take place face-to-face, or at a

distance, example over the telephone or by email. In

Interviewing technique, the writer uses one-to-one interview

via email and facebook message to 15 bloggers for finding

the information of the factors influencing bloggers in the

using of Indonesian-English code-mixing patterns in

Indonesian blogs.

E. Data Analysis Technique

In this research, the writer does several steps in

analyzing the data. The writer finds Indonesian-English

code-mixing patterns in Indonesian blog articles,

categorizing based on the mixing of various Indonesian-

English linguistic units, and describing those patterns

based on the theory which concerned with its problem. Then,

the writer analyzes the factors influencing bloggers using

Indonesian-English code-mixing patterns in their Indonesian

blog articles by one-to-one interviewing via email and

Facebook massege. Finally, the writer discusses about them.

DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

A. Patterns of various linguistic units mixing

The writer collected the patterns of various linguistic

units mixing from the blogs . Here are the patterns :

1. Prefix Me-

Prefix Me- is prefix in Bahasa Indonesia which

experiences allomorphy process. According to Booij

(2005:31), allomorphy is the phenomenon that a

morpheme may have more than one shape, corresponds

with more than one morph. A morph is a particlar

phonological form of a morpheme. Allomorphy is found

in both affixes and root morphemes including morphemes

in Bahasa Indonesia. Prefixes Me- can be Mem-, Men-,

Meng- and Meny-.

- Prefix Me- + English verb

Examples:

Nge + upload, nge + check, nge + run, nge + update, ng

+ instal, nge + run, nge + running, nge + posting, men

+ download,

In Bahasa Indonesia, the prefix ‘nge’ is informal

prefix which has the same function with prefix ‘me’. It

forms ‘verb’. The adding verb ‘ upload’ does not change

word class because in Bahasa Indonesia the prefix ‘

nge’ showing ‘Indonesian verb’. Bahasa Indonesia has

its own word for ‘ upload, check, run and update’ those

are ‘mengunggah, mengecek, berlari, memperbaharui’.

Whereas the suffix –ing in ‘running’ and ‘posting’

indicates active participle which means the activity

doing at that time. So there is no change of word class

in the words ‘ngerunning’ and ‘ngeposting’ as well.

- Prefix me- + English Noun

Examples:

Nge + drugs, nge + mail

In Indonesian-English code-mixing, some English nouns

can be added into Indonesian prefix ‘nge-‘ (me-) and

they change into active verb. Prefix ‘nge’ can change

word classes of the word ‘drugs’ and ‘mail’ from nouns

into verbs.

- Prefix me- + English verb + English adjective

Example: mempause remote

Prefix me- added by english combination between verb

‘pause’ and ‘adjective ‘remote’. When they are mixed,

it indicates the action stopping something in a

certain distance. This order forms verb in Bahasa

Indonesia.

2. Prefix Ter-

Example:

Ter- + publish

As explained by Djenar (2005:93) verbs are prefixed by

ter- are stative verbs which indicating no action. In

this research, the writer found the code-mixing

‘terpublish’ which prefix ter- combined with English

verb ‘publish’. In this mixing, prefix ter- represents

the ability of publishing something and Terpublish

means get something published. So when they are mixed,

it does not change the word class.

3. Prefix Di-

Examples:

Di- + recover, di- + download, di- + save

According to Sneddon (2010:116) Prefix di- forms

passive verb which refers to an action. The base word

‘recover’ is active verb and when it put in prefix

di- , it becomes passive verb. Because of the words

‘recover’ ; ‘download’ and ‘save’ are verbs, so there

is no word class change.

4. Prefix Se-

Example :

Se- + cool

Prefix se- in Bahasa Indonesia has function to form

equative adjective phrase wich means one thing is

similar to another in equality indicated by adjective

or ‘having the same with’. So, when prefix se-

attaches an adjective cool, it means ‘as cool as’.

Prefix ‘se-‘ changes word class of the adjective

‘cool’ into adjective phrase.

5. Suffix -nya

- English noun + suffix –nya

Example: installer + nya, background + nya.

The word ‘instaler’ is a noun which derived from a verb

‘instal’ by adding suffix –er which indicates someone

who installing something. While, background is compound

noun. Both of those words added by suffix –nya which

can be similar with ‘the’. So, ‘Instalernya’ and

‘backgroundnya’ point to certain thing and the suffix

‘-nya’ on those mixings changes word class of the words

‘instaler’ and ‘background’ into noun phrase because

noun in Bahasa Indonesia can be modified by

demonstrative that forms noun phrase.

- English Verb + Indonesian Noun + suffix-nya

Example : yield sistem + nya.

Yield is a verb and it is a term in chemical study.

The pattern of ‘yield sistem’ comes from English

pattern. But the word ‘sistem’ in Indonesian word

which borrowed from English itself. The sufix –nya

indicates pointing yield sistem. The words order form

Indonesian noun phrase although the words choosing are

mixing for English- Bahasa Indonesia.

- English Noun + English Verb + suffix –nya

Example : link download + nya

it seems like the case of yield sistemnya. The

different is only in the word ‘download’ which is

English verb.

- English noun phrase + suffix –nya

Example : memory card + nya.

Noun phrase ‘memory card’ consist of head ‘card’ and

modifier ‘memory”. While, suffix -nya points to the

English noun phrase ’memory card’. The adding of

suffix does not change word class because it is still

noun phrase.

- Indonesian Noun + English Noun + suffix –nya

Example : karet damper + nya

suffix –nya modifies the noun phrase ‘ karet damper’ (

a rubber in a damper). Suffix –nya does not change

word class which in this case is noun phrase.

- Indonesian preposition + English noun phrase + suffix –

nya

Example: di Mozilla Firefox addonnya.

Preposition ‘di’ shows the position of Mozilla Firefox

addon. The word ‘addon’ itself should be ‘add-on’

which indicates noun. ‘Mozilla Firefox addonnya’ can

be concluded as noun phrase in Bahasa Indonesia, but

when it modifies preposition di, the word class

changed into preposition phrase.

- English verb + suffix –nya

Example : loading + nya.

As explained above that suffix –ing can form gerrund, a

noun which comes from verb. When it added by suffix –

nya, it becomes noun phrase. So, the word class

changes.

6. Suffix –an

Example: hotspot + -an

Suffix –an in ‘hotspotan’ indicates the activity which

related to hotspot ( using internet wifi). In

Cambridge dictionary, ‘hotspot’ itself is a noun which

means a place where internet is accessible. So, the

adding suffix –an in that word changes word class

from nun to verb active participle because suffix –an

indicates the activity.

7. Suffix –ness

Example : galauness

The word galau is a slang adjective that has the same

meaning with ‘comfused’. Whereas, according to Lieber

(2005: 386) suffix –ness can change word class from

adjective into noun. So, the adjective of ‘galau’

changes into noun when it added by sufix -ness.

8. Suffix –ing

Example: galauing

As explained above that ‘galau’ is slang adjective and

suffix –ing can form active participle that shows the

activity which occuring at that time. So, in this case

the adjective of ‘galau’ changes into verb active

participle because it is added by suffix –ing.

9. Preposition ‘di’

As described by Sneddon et al, preposition ‘di’ is

locative preposition which indicates position or

direction. When it is followed by noun or noun phrase,

it forms prepositional phrase, for examples below:

- Preposition di + English noun (di + harddisk)

- Preposition di + English noun phrase (di + pricelist

dealer Bajaj).

So there is the change of word class from noun or noun

phrase into prepositional phrase.

10. Possessor ‘ku’

The singular person ‘aku’ experiences the bound forming

into prefix ‘ku-‘ and suffix ‘–ku’ and it occurs as

possesive or possessor. When it as suffix modifies a

noun or a noun phrase, the wrod class changes into

noun phrase.

- English noun + possessor ku-

Example: handphone + ku, post + ku.

- English noun phrase + possessor ‘gw’

Example: passing grade gw.

(‘gw’ is short form from ‘aku’).

11. Noun phrase in Bahasa Indonesia

A noun phrase always contains a noun as its head that

in Bahasa Indonesia its modifier comes after noun.

Here are finding of code-mixing which form noun phrase

from some modifiers:

- Indonesian noun + English noun (diskon spareparts)

- Indonesian noun + English adjective (bangku

presticious)

- English noun + Indonesian adjective (software ajaib,

software ampuh)

- Indonesian noun + English verb (proses download, proses

searching, hasil searching)

- English noun + Indonesian noun (traveller dunia)

- English noun + Indonesian ordinal number (post pertama)

- Indonesian noun + English noun phrase (pengguna Mozilla

Firefox browser).

-

12. Demonstrative in Bahasa Indonesia

Bahasa Indonesia also has demonstrative such as ini

‘this’, itu ‘that’, tersebut ‘that’ which sometimes

shortened into ‘tsb’ and so fort. Demonstrative can

modifies noun to form noun phrase. The demonstratives

below that found in the research, form noun phrase,

they are:

- Tsb or tersebut : file tsb, keyword tersebut (English

noun + Indonesian demonstrative)

- Ini : software ini (English noun + Indonesian

demonstrative).

13. Irregular mixing patterns

Examples: menkopi pastekan, menkonvert, protector grup

olympiade kimianya

in Indonesian-english code-mixing, there are some

irregular patterns. It means that the pattern is not

suitable with both English and Indonesian rule.

In mixing ‘Mengkopi pastekan’, the word kopi in

Indonesian word. Similarly, the word konvert in

‘menkonvert’ should be replaced by ‘convert’.

B. Factors influencing Indonesian-english code-mixing

patterns in the case of various linguistic units

mixing.

From the result of the interview that answered by

ten bloggers, the writer classifies them into:

1. Language Attitude

As code-switching and code-mixing reflect the

psycholinguistic effect of the interaction between

languages on bilingual speakers’ behaviour, they

complement the sociolinguistic effect of societal

language policy on speakers’ linguistic behaviour

(Garrett in Rosenhouse and Knower, 2008:9). While

attitute its self according to Sarnoff’s

definition (cited in Llamas et al, 2007:116) is ‘a

disposition to react favourably or unfavourably

to a class of objects’. It is like in this

research that respondents’ attitude toward code-

mixing plays an important role in their code-

mixing frequency. The respondents can choose the

mixing words as they like to express their

creativity in using words (code-mixing). From the

interview result, it can be known that some

respondents used Indonesian-English code-mixing in

order to be creative and seemed more modern

because the most language used in the internet is

English. It is supported by Crystal’s statement

(cited in Rajend, 2011:410), that is “According to

Crystal, an immediate consequence for English (as

a dominant language of the Internet) has been the

emergence of a new range of language varieties as

users adapt creatively to the constraints and

affordances of a channel of communication which

relies on keyboard and screen-based technologies.”

2. Language dominance

As cited in Ju (2009:16-23), language dominance

can be one of motivations influencing code-mixing.

It is the language which often used by people in

communication. This is supported by Danet and

Herring (2007:365) that called language dominance

as majority language refers to the language of the

encounter in which the dominant conversation.

In this research, language dominance is

Indonesian-English code-mixing which dominant used

by bloggers such as the words mendownload,

mengupload, nginstal and so fort. Because of these

words are dominant, often used in any

communication, some bloggers said that these words

appeared for the first time in their mind when

they would type their blog articles in particular

topics. It can be said that they use the code-

mixing because the mixing words are more familiar

with those mixing words rather than the original

word in their official language.

3. Mixing in a highly accessible word or phrase

As cited in Ju (2009:16-23), the accessible word

or phrase is English term being more accessible.

The terms can be created from jobs. That is why

every job has different term from the others. It

is supported by Crystal’s statement, “ Every job

has its special words (or jargon) and grammar, and

its own way of talking and writing.” (2010:147)

In this research, the respondents mix some

particular jargons (e.g. computer jargon, internet

jargon, chemical jargon and otomotif jargon) with

some various Indonesian linguistic units because

those jargon are easier to be accessible by the

bloggers and also in order to be easily understood

by the readers.

4. Filling a lexical gaps

When the respondent hardly finds out the proper

words for certain expression or word in their own

language, they used foreign words which is in this

case are English. For example, a respondent named

Yoga, he used term ‘yield field’ in his blog

article about Chemistry because in Bahasa

Indonesia he could not find the word that suitable

with the word he meaned.

CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclussion

After analyzing the data of code-mixing patterns in

various linguistic units between Bahasa Indonesia and

English in Indonesian blogs, the writes concludes that

1. The mixing patterns of various linguistic units can be

formed in Indonesian and English grammatical rules. The

mixing can and can not change word classes. It depends

on the functions of those mixing. The most common

Indonesian-English code-mixing patterns used by the

bloggers are combination between Indonesian prefix and

English verb.

2. The bloggers mix some various linguistic units between

Bahasa Indonesia and English caused by some factors

such as

a. Language attitude

b. Language dominance

c. Mixing in a highly accessible word or phrase

d. Filling a lexical gaps

B. Suggestion

The writer suggests the bloggers and even the readers to

use Indonesian-English code-mixing properly appropriate

place,time and condition without ignore Bahasa Indonesia

as their identity. For the next researchers, the writer

hopes they can conduct research about code-mixing,

especially which happen in Indonesia, to increase the

study of sociolinguistics because Indonesia is

multilingual country.

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