Systematic revision of the ormiine genera Aulacephala Macquart and Phasioormia Townsend (Diptera, Tachinidae)

ZOOTAXA

ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)

ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press

Zootaxa 3931 (1): 001–026

www.mapress.com/zootaxa/Article

http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3931.1.1

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6E15EB4A-215E-4F99-B7D2-782BDC981CDE

Systematic revision of the ormiine genera Aulacephala Macquart and

Phasioormia Townsend (Diptera, Tachinidae)

SILVIO S. NIHEI

Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, n.101, São Paulo, SP, 05508-

090, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The tribe Ormiini comprises 64 species in six genera. In the present paper, the ormiine genera Aulacephala Macquart and

Phasioormia Townsend are revised, with two valid species recognized in the former and three valid species recognized in

the latter. All available nominal species in Aulacephala and Phasioormia were examined and are revised herein, so that

previous synonymies could be confirmed. Furthermore, Phasioormia papuana sp. nov. is described from Papua New

Guinea and Indonesia, and Therobia punctigera (Paramonov, 1955) is proposed as a new synonym of Aulacephala hervei

Bequaert, 1922, syn. nov. Keys to species and illustrations of male and female terminalia are provided for both genera.

Key words: new species, new synonymy, Ormiini, systematics, taxonomy

Introduction

The tribe Ormiini includes 64 species and six genera in the world, namely Aulacephala Macquart, 1851 (2 species;

Afrotropical, Oriental and Palaearctic), Homotrixa Villeneuve, 1914 (3 species; Australasian and Oriental),

Mediosetiger Barraclough, 1983 (1 species; Afrotropical), Ormia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (27 species;

Neotropical and Nearctic), Ormiophasia Townsend, 1919 (9 species; Neotropical), Phasioormia Townsend, 1933

(2 species; Oriental), and Therobia Brauer, 1862 (20 species; Afrotropical, Australasian, Oriental and Palaearctic)

(Guimarães 1971, Crosskey 1977, 1980, Cantrell & Crosskey 1989, Herting & Dely-Draskovits 1993, O’Hara &

Wood 2004).

Aulacephala Macquart, 1851 comprises two species: A. maculithorax Macquart, 1851 (type species), which is

widespread in the Afrotropical Region, and A. hervei Bequaert, 1922, distributed in Japan, China and Indonesia.

Other species were described, but subsequently synonymized with A. maculithorax or A. hervei (Crosskey 1976,

1980). Table 1 summarizes all nominal species available in the genus and their current status (valid or not), as well

as the type and non-type specimens studied herein.

Phasioormia Townsend, 1933 includes two species: P. pallida Townsend, 1933 (type species), distributed in

Singapore, Philippines, Sri Lanka and China, and P. bicornis (Malloch, 1932), occurring in India, Malaysia and

China.

In the present paper, the ormiine genera Aulacephala and Phasioormia are revised. A brief generic description

and diagnosis are provided for Aulacephala and Phasioormia, along with identification keys to species.

Descriptions and illustrations of all species recognized in both genera, including the characterization of the male

and female terminalia, are presented. A new species of Phasioormia from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia is

described. For this systematic revision, all nominal species available in Aulacephala and Phasioormia were

examined (Table 1).

Accepted by J. O'Hara: 16 Feb. 2015; published: 11 Mar. 2015 1

TABLE 1. Nominal species of Aulacephala and Phasioormia treated in this revision, with current status and examined

material. (Legends: valid names in bold; repository acronyms: see Material and methods; abbreviations: HT, holotype;

PT, paratype; M, male; F, female.)

Material and methods

The examined material is deposited at the following institutions: Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC);

Biosystematics Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (BLKU); The Natural History Museum, London,

United Kingdom (BMNH); Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan (EUMJ); Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South

Africa (NMSA); and National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA (USNM). Other repositories

cited in the text: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN); and Museum für Naturkunde,

Berlin, Germany (ZMHB).

Males and females of Phasioormia pallida and P. papuana sp. nov. were dissected and illustrated.

Phasioormia bicornis was not dissected, because only the holotype male and one female were available for study.

Males and females of Aulacephala maculithorax were dissected and examined, while only the female of A. hervei

was dissected. To my knowledge, only one male of A. hervei, collected from Yokohama, Japan, and deposited in

the BMNH is represented in collections.

Aulacephala and Phasioormia specimens were photographed using a digital camera Leica DFC240 attached to

a stereomicroscope Leica MZ16. Images were captured with the software Leica LAS v4.1 and then stacked and

scaled using the software Helicon Focus v5.3.14.

Photographs were edited using the software Adobe Photoshop CS5, and line drawings were prepared and

edited in Adobe Illustrator CS5. All plates were prepared in Adobe Illustrator CS5.

For the study of male and female terminalia, the terminalia were detached from the abdomen and put into 10%

solution of KOH at room temperature for about 24 hours, followed by neutralization in acetic acid, and then cleared

and washed with distilled water and a series of ethanol solutions of increasing concentrations. The terminalia were

examined in temporary slides with glycerin, and subsequently stored in plastic microvials with glycerin and

attached to the respective specimen. Measurements from head were taken as follows: the frons width and head

width at the level of lunula taken from frontal view, and at the vertex level from dorsal view; head height is the

vertical axis from the lower head margin (genal level) to the upper head margin (vertical level) in lateral view;

fronto-orbital plate width on upper half is the width taken from frontal view at the level of first ocellus, and its

width at the lowermost level was taken from frontal view at level of lunula; parafacial width taken at its mid height

Genus Nominal species Status Material examined

Type-material examined

Aulacephala maculithorax Macquart, 1851 Available, Valid NMSA BMNH USNM

badia Gerstaecker, 1863 (Aulacocephala)

Available, Invalid (=maculithorax)

USNM HT F (ZMHB) (by photos)

hervei Bequaert, 1922 Available, Valid BMNH EUMJ BLKU USNM

HT F (BMNH)

karnyi Malloch, 1925 (Aulacocephala) Available, Invalid (=hervei)

HT F (USNM)

punctigera Paramonov, 1955 (Ormiominda)

Available, Invalid (=hervei) Syn. nov.

HT F (ANIC)

Phasioormia pallida Townsend, 1933 Available, Valid USNM HT F (BMNH) PTs (BMNH)

bicornis Malloch, 1932 (Ormia) Available, Valid BMNH HT M (BMNH)

papuana sp. nov. Sp. nov. HT M (BMNH) PTs (BMNH)

NIHEI 2 · Zootaxa 3931 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press

from frontolateral view; facial ridge width was taken from frontal view; antennal measurements (pedicel,

postpedicel, arista) were taken from lateral view; antennal axis is the horizontal axis from the posterior margin of

head to the point of antennal insertion in lateral view; oral (epistomal) axis is the horizontal axis from the posterior

margin of head to the anteriormost point of lower facial margin in lateral view; vibrissal axis is the horizontal axis

from the posterior margin of head to the vibrissal insertion in lateral view; and genal height is the vertical measure

from lower head margin to lower eye margin.

The morphological terminology follows Cumming & Wood (2009) and Wood & Zumbado (2010), but for

antennal morphology follows Stuckenberg (1999).

Label data of type specimens are quoted within double quotation marks, and different lines, if present, are

separated by a slash.

Geographical records were gathered based on label data and then georeferenced by searching in Google Maps.

Distributional maps were prepared using software QGIS 2.4.

Results

TRIBE ORMIINI

Aulacephala Macquart

Aulacephala Macquart, 1851: 138 (165). Type species: Aulacephala maculithorax Macquart, by monotypy.Aulacocephala Gerstaecker, 1863: 1033. Unjustified emendation.Aulacocephalopsis Townsend, 1918: 165. Type species: Aulacocephala badia Gerstaecker [=maculithorax Macquart], by

original designation.

Distribution (2 species) (Fig. 39). Afrotropical, Oriental, Palaearctic.

References. Macquart, 1851: 138 (described Aulacephala and the type species A. maculithorax); Gerstaecker,

1863: 1035 (described Aulacocephala badia); Bequaert, 1922: 303 (synonymized badia with maculithorax,

synonymized Aulacocephalopsis with Aulacephala); Bequaert, 1922: 305 (described A. hervei); Malloch, 1925:

147 (described Aulacocephala karnyi); Bequaert, 1929: 164 (synonymized karnyi with hervei); Townsend, 1936:

115 (key to world Aulacephalini); Mesnil, 1973: 1229 (diagnosis and key to species); Crosskey, 1976: 64 (key to

Oriental genera of Ormiini); Crosskey, 1984: 243 (key to Afrotropical genera of Ormiini); Chao & Xue, 1998:

1954 (cat., key to Chinese genera of Ormiini).

Diagnosis. Aulacephala can be distinguished from other ormiine genera by having cell r4+5

closed far before

the wing margin with a very long petiole (about twice as long as r-m) (Figs 11−12); prealar seta absent; ocelli

present (but reduced) and noticeable infuscation on wing (Figs 11−12). Aulacephala closely resembles

Mediosetiger, with which it shares the above listed characters, but differs from the latter by having abdominal

discal setae absent; face oestriform (i.e., forming a long narrow strip from the oral cavity to the antennal apices and

flanked on each side by extremely broad, flattened and densely setulose facial ridges) (Figs 3−4); and the

postsutural intra-alar seta absent (sometimes weakly developed).

Description. Head: Male holoptic (Figs 1, 3), female dichoptic (Fig. 4). Ocelli present. Female frons

conspicuously broad, while male holoptic with extremely narrow frons. Antenna very short, its length much less

than 1/4 of eye-height. Face oestriform, i.e., forming a long narrow strip from oral cavity to antennal apex and

flanked on each side by broad, flattened and densely short setulose facial ridges (Fig. 3). Vibrissa not differentiated,

as well as subvibrissal and subcranial setae (Fig. 3). Oral cavity very reduced and subcircular; palpus very short,

with short black setulae apically; labella and prementum reduced. Multiple irregular rows of black postocular

setulae from outer vertex ventrally to postgena, and then with pale occipital setulae towards center; with no setulae

(either black or pale) at back of vertex and with only pale setulae behind oral cavity. Occiput concave middorsally.

Thorax: Densely covered with short black setulae on dorsum and laterally, except for paired stripes on scutum that

are non-pruinose, bare, one between acrostichal and dorsocentral rows and another between dorsocentral and intra-

alar rows. Usual thoracic bristling not strongly developed. Acrostichal setae 0+1; dorsocentral setae 2+4 (weakly

developed, only the last postsutural setae conspicuous); postpronotal setae 2 (outer one stronger than inner one,

accompanied by long fine setulae); intra-alar setae absent (sometimes with weak adventitious setae); supra-alars

Zootaxa 3931 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 3SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF AULACEPHALA AND PHASIOORMIA

1+1 or 1+2 (prealar seta not differentiated). Notopleural setae 2, with dense short black setulae on notopleuron.

Postalar setae 2, subequal in length, with dense short black setulae on postalar callus. Prosternum bare and notably

developed as bilobed (bilaterally symmetrical) inflated apparatus with hemispherical depression on each side.

Proepisternum bare, 2 strong proepisternal setae; 1 strong proepimeral seta; katepisternal setae 2; katepimeron

(barette) bare. Six strong anepisternal setae on posterior margin, and several long upcurved setulae on

upperanterior corner, anepisternum covered with black fine setulae. Anepimeron with several long fine black

setulae on upper and lower portions, without any developed seta. Scutellum with 2–3 lateral and one apical pairs of

setae. Meron with tuft of long fine setae, but no regular row distinguishable.

Wing (Figs 11–12): Tegula (epaulet) densely short setulose; costal spine not differentiated; cell r4+5

closed far

before wing margin with very long petiole (over twice as long as r-m). Rs node setulose dorsally and ventrally;

distance of M bend to wing margin subequal to length of r-m. Noticeable infuscation on some wing veins.

Legs: Fore femur with dorsal, posterodorsal and posteroventral rows of setae, posterodorsal row irregular. Mid

femur without developed setae, except for some basoventral setae and 2 weak preapical posteroventral setae; no

median anterior seta. Mid tibia with one anterodorsal seta at apical third, and one ventral seta at apical third. Hind

tibia with one anteroventral seta at apical third.

Abdomen: Globose in both dorsal and lateral views, conspicuously broader than thorax (Fig. 1), densely

covered with fine black setulae, those setulae longer on tergite 5. Syntergite 1+2 with medial excavation extending

to posterior margin. Abdominal setae not differentiated (median marginals, lateral marginals, and discals all

absent). Sternite 1 widely setulose.

Male terminalia (Figs 6–7) (based on A. maculithorax): Cerci strongly fused (no suture recognizable) with the

posterior apex acuminate in both dorsal and lateral views; surstylus strongly arcuate inwardly (Fig. 6); bacilliform

sclerite (processus longus) broad, articulated (not fused) with surstylus and hypandrium; phallus (aedeagus) (Fig.

7) with basiphallus connected to phallapodeme at 180° angle, then distiphallus ventrally directed; phallic guide

elongate and slightly curved anteriorly, between the pregonites, at 180° angle with phallapodeme (Fig. 7);

postgonite slender and acuminate; pregonites free (not fused with each other and not fused to hypandrium) and

long, reaching lower posterior margin of hypandrium in lateral view; ejaculatory apodeme narrow and curved;

hypandrium deeply concave, half-bowl shaped, and longer than phallapodeme.

Female terminalia (Fig. 8) (based on A. maculithorax): Tergite 6 separated into hemitergites, with row of

spiniform straight setae on inner margin, the right hemitergite without spiracle and the left hemitergite with one

spiracle and a second spiracle segregated in the membrane (probably originated from tergite 7 sec Herting 1957);

tergite 8 separated into narrow hemitergites (not connected to each other, and not connected or fused to sternite 10);

sternite 10 (postgenital plate or hypoproct) covered with fine setulae and without any spiniform or strong setae/

setulae; cerci partially fused to each other basomedially, widely covered with fine long setulae, and basolaterally

with dense rather stronger setulae.

Key to species of Aulacephala

The key below was prepared based upon characters previously reported by Bequaert (1922), Uéda (1960), Mesnil

(1973), as well as my present observations.

1. Crossvein dm-cu strongly bisinuate (Fig. 12); final section of M vein (distal to bend) strongly arcuate inwards (Fig. 12); base

of wing, r-m, dm-cu and final section of M dark brownish coloured and conspicuously infuscated around (Fig. 12) (widespread

in continental Afrotropics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. maculithorax Macquart

- Crossvein dm-cu weakly bisinuate (Fig. 11); final section of M vein (distal to bend) is straight or only slightly arcuate inwards

(Fig. 11); base of wing, r-m, dm-cu and final section of M light brownish to brownish coloured (at most r-m dark brownish),

and r-m with conspicuous infuscation around, while dm-cu, final section of M, and wing base with some weak infuscation

(Fig. 11) (Japan, China, Indonesia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A. hervei Bequaert

Aulacephala maculithorax Macquart

(Figs 1–8, 12, 39)

maculithorax Macquart, 1851: 139 (166), pl. XV, fig. 6. Lectotype female (MNHN) desig. by Crosskey, 1971: 264 (not examined). Type locality: Madagascar.


Aulacocephala badia Gerstaecker, 1863: 1035. Holotype female (ZMHB) (examined by photos). Type locality: South Africa (as “Caffraria”).

Aulacocephala badia; Brauer, 1863: 170, fig. 9 (female); Malloch, 1925: 147, fig 1 (comments, wing illustration); Bau, 1928: 298 (comments).

Aulacephala badia; Ricardo, 1901: 109 (list).Aulacocephalopsis badia; Townsend, 1918: 165 (comments on male); Townsend, 1936: 115 (list, key to world Aulacephalini).Aulacocephala maculithorax; Brauer, 1863: 191, pl. III, fig. 5 (female); Verbeke, 1963: pl. II, fig. 17 (male phallus).Aulacephala maculithorax; Bigot, 1859: 533 (comments on female, Madagascar); Bequaert, 1922: 303, fig 1a (synonymy of

badia, synonymy of Aulacocephalopsis, wing illustration); Séguy, 1926: 6, figs 8 and 9 (head and wing); Bequaert, 1929: 163 (comments, ?Madagascar); Townsend, 1936: 115 (list, key to world Aulacephalini); Townsend, 1938: 256 (incorrect information about the type being in Lille Museum or lost); Crosskey, 1971: 264 (lectotype designation, type data); Mesnil, 1973: 1229 (key to species); Crosskey, 1980: 836 (catalogue).

Distribution (Fig. 39). Botswana, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Liberia, ?Madagascar

(see comments below), Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.

Redescription. Male. Body length: 9.5–11.8 mm (mean=10.9), wing length: 9.0–11.2 mm (mean=10.4) (n=7).

Coloration: Head brown with whitish pruinosity on face, parafacial, fronto-orbital plate, facial ridge and gena;

ocellar triangle brown (Fig. 3). Scape and pedicel yellowish, postpedicel light reddish brown but base and apex

yellowish, arista yellow (Fig. 3). Palpus and proboscis yellowish. Thorax brown with whitish pruinosity, scutum

with non-pruinose, bare paired stripes, one between acrostichal and dorsocentral rows and another between

dorsocentral and intra-alar rows (Fig. 1). Wing hyaline (Figs 1, 12), wing veins yellow but basal parts of veins, r-m,

dm-cu and final section of M (distal to bend) brown to dark brownish; with conspicuous infuscation around basal

part of veins, r-m, dm-cu and final section of M; tegula (epaulet) brown to dark brown; calypters light brownish on

disc and borders; halter yellow, knob brownish. Legs yellowish, with whitish pruinosity on coxae, femora and

tibiae; tarsomeres yellow (Fig. 2). Claws light brown with black apex; pulvilli yellow. Abdomen brown, with

posterior margins of tergites 1+2, 3 and 4 darkened, some specimens also with posterior margin of tergites 1+2, 3

and 4 noticeably marked with narrow yellow transverse line (like A. hervei); tergites 3, 4 and 5 with dense whitish

pruinosity on anterior 2/3 (Fig. 1).

Head: Eye bare, at most with very short and sparse setulae; inner anterior ommatidia enlarged. Frontal vitta

extremely narrow so that fronto-orbital plates touch each other on upper half, although broadening ventrally (Fig.

3). Fronto-orbital plate covered with short and fine setulae from midlevel downwards to level of antennal insertion;

no developed setae on frontal vitta and fronto-orbital plate (Fig. 3). Ratio of frons width/head width at level of

lunula 0.10–0.14; ratio of frons width/head width at vertex level 0.02–0.035 (Fig. 3). Ocellar triangle constricted

and swollen (visible in profile), with few setulae; with three developed ocelli, shining-coloured, and easier to

recognize than in female. Fronto-orbital plate as narrow as arista width on upper half, and about 2x arista width at

lowermost level (Fig. 3). Parafacial bare and as wide as upper portion of fronto-orbital plate (Fig. 3). Antennal axis/

head height ratio 0.49–0.59 (Fig. 2). Facial ridge narrower than in females (compare Figs 3 and 4). Antenna short;

postpedicel about 1.5x pedicel length in lateral view; arista elongate and slender, about 3.5x postpedicel length

(Fig. 3). Genal dilation less developed (more discrete, more flattened) than in female, and densely covered with

short black setulae. Genal height/head height ratio 0.07–0.11 (Fig. 2).

Thorax: Postsutural intra-alar setae not differentiated, although some specimens might have one developed

seta posteriorly. Supra-alar setae 1+1, postsutural one in median position. Mesothoracic spiracle partially exposed

dorsally and ventrally, with light brownish branched hairs on anterior and posterior edges, but with longer hairs on

lower 2/3; metathoracic spiracle not exposed, completely covered by short anterior lappet and opercular posterior

lappet with brown branched hairs. Scutellum with three lateral and one apical pairs of setae, anteriormost lateral

and apical pairs stronger, and with dense fine black setulae covering dorsal, lateral and lateroventral areas (the

latter with long setulae).

Wing (Figs 2, 12): R1 with some tiny setulae on the very apex, and not sinuous on basal third; final section of M

vein (distal to bend) strongly convex inwards; dm-cu strongly bisinuate; anterior end of dm-cu closer to r-m than to

wing margin, but in some specimens about same distance from r-m and wing margin; and r-m placed about halfway

between dm-cu and bm-cu.

Legs: Fore tibia with no anterodorsal seta, and 2 developed posterodorsal setae at middle. All claws slightly

shorter than last tarsomere, and pulvilli slightly shorter than claws. Mid tibia with 1–2 posterodorsal setae on apical

half. Hind femur with dorsal row of setae, with longer setae at base; anteroventral row of setae, with longer setae at


apex; and some basal posteroventral setae developed. Hind tibia with 2–3 anterodorsal setae on median third, and

2–3 posterodorsal setae on median third.

FIGURES 1–5. Aulacephala maculithorax. 1. Male dorsal habitus. 2. Male lateral habitus. 3. Male head, frontal view. 4.

Female head, frontal view. 5. Female prosternum, frontal view. (Scale bars 1 mm.)


Terminalia (Figs 6–7): Cerci strongly fused (no suture recognizable) with posterior apexes free and strongly

divergent (Fig. 6); apex acuminate in both dorsal and lateral views (Figs 6–7); cerci slightly longer than wide

(about 1.4x). Surstylus strongly arcuate inwardly (Fig. 6); with broad and rounded apex in both dorsal and lateral

views (Figs 6–7), and with basomedial lobes bearing fine setulae hidden behind the cerci (Fig. 6). Bacilliform

sclerite (processus longus) broad, articulated (not fused) with surstylus and hypandrium. Phallus (aedeagus) (Fig.

7) with basiphallus connected to phallapodeme at 180° angle, then distiphallus ventrally directed. Phallic guide

elongate and slightly curved anteriorly, between the pregonites, at 180° angle with phallapodeme. Postgonite

slender and acuminate. Pregonites free (not fused with each other and not fused to hypandrium) and long, reaching

lower posterior margin of hypandrium in lateral view. Ejaculatory apodeme narrow and curved. Hypandrium

deeply concave, half-bowl shaped, and longer than phallapodeme.

FIGURES 6–8. Aulacephala maculithorax. 6. Male terminalia, dorsal view. 7. Male terminalia, lateral view. 8. Female terminalia, posterior view. (Legends: bac scl, bacilliform sclerite; basph, basiphallus; cer, cerci; distph, distiphallus; ej apod, ejaculatory apodeme; epand, epandrium; hypd, hypandrium; phapod, phallapodeme; ph gd, phallic guide; posgt, postgonite; pregt, pregonite; spr, spiracle; s8, sternite 8; s10, sternite 10; sur, surstylus; t6, tergite 6; t8, tergite 8.)

Female. Body length: 9.8–13.7 mm (mean=11.9), wing length: 9.5–12.1 mm (mean=11.1) (n=7).

Differs from male by the following: Coloration: Ocellar triangle yellow to light brownish; frontal vitta reddish

brown on upper half (Fig. 4); fronto-orbital plate darker on upper portion and some yellowish to reddish brown at

antennal level (Fig. 4); facial ridge with some yellowish areas (Fig. 4); gena yellow to light brownish; tegula

(epaulet) brown to dark brownish. Head. Dichoptic (Fig. 4); inner anterior ommatidia not enlarged. Frons

extremely broad, and narrowing very slightly at vertex (Fig. 4). Ratio of frons width/head width at level of lunula

0.48–0.50 (Fig. 4); ratio of frons width/head width at vertex level 0.45 (Fig. 4). Frontal setae very weakly

developed and medioclinate (Fig. 4). Fronto-orbital plate covered with short and fine setulae from vertex ventrally

and continuing until upper half of parafacials, setulae on inner upper half rather longer (Fig. 4); no developed setae


on frons. Frontal vitta narrow, about 1.5x pedicel width at midlevel, broadening dorsally when approaching ocellar

triangle, about or slightly over 2.0x pedicel width, and ventrally broadening slightly at level of lunula hardly 2.0x

pedicel width (Fig. 4). Ocellar triangle developed and flattened (not constricted and swollen as in males) (Fig. 4),

with few setulae, bearing three ocelli that are not as developed as in males, ocelli pale in colour and not

conspicuously convex (although not flattened). Fronto-orbital plate notably broad and narrowing inconspicuously

towards vertex, about 3.0–4.0x width of frontal vitta at midlevel (Fig. 4). Parafacial densely setulose on upper half

(continued from fronto-orbital plate), narrowing notably from level of antennal insertion towards gena, upper width

2.0–2.5x lower width (Fig. 4). Facial ridge about 4/5 width of fronto-orbital plate. Antennal axis/head height ratio

0.49–0.56. Genal height/head height ratio 0.19–0.23. Legs: Fore tibia with 1–2 developed anterodorsal setae. Claws

shorter than in males. Terminalia (Fig. 8): Tergite 6 separated into hemitergites, with continuous row of spiniform

straight setae on inner margin from median third until half of apical third and two outer setae at middle, the right

hemitergite without spiracle and the left hemitergite with one spiracle and a second spiracle segregated in the

membrane (probably originated from tergite 7 sec Herting 1957). Tergite 8 separated into narrow hemitergites (not

connected to each other, and not connected or fused to sternite 10). Sternite 10 (postgenital plate or hypoproct)

covered with fine setulae, without any spiniform or strong setae/setulae. Cerci partially fused to each other

basomedially, widely covered with fine long setulae, and basolaterally with dense rather stronger setulae. Three

oblong spermathecae, two equal-sized and one smaller.

Type material examined. Holotype female of Aulacocephala badia Gerstaecker (ZMHB), labeled “Afr. austr.

Drége” (dark-green label); “773”; “Type” (red label); “badia / Gerst.” (dark-green label); “Aulacephala /

maculithorax Mcq. / det. Zumpt 57”. Specimen examined by photos kindly sent by James O’Hara (Canadian

National Collection, Ottawa). Specimen in good condition, only left foreleg missing.

Examined material. BOTSWANA: Xugana Is., B. Lamoral Woodland, 19°04′S: 23°03′E, Malaise trap, 1

male, 18–25.xi.1980, 1 male, 22–26.xi.1979 (NMSA); CAMEROON, Rég. de Dchang, Plateaux Volcaniques,

1400m, 1 male, Gromier leg. (USNM); DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: N. Lac Kivu, Rwankwi, 1

female, v.1948, J.V. Leroy leg. (BMNH); Kasai River, 1 female, xii.1927, Lt. J. Ghesquière leg. (BMNH);

KENYA, Nairobi, 1 male, iii.1926, van Someren leg. (BMNH); LIBERIA, 1 female, 16.v.1945, M.S. Briscoe leg.

(USNM); MALAWI (“Nyassaland”): Fort Johnston [Mangochi], 1 female, 1911, P. Rendall leg. (BMNH); near

Kaporo, N. Nyassa, 1 male, 13.viii.1909, J.B. Davey leg. (BMNH); Maiwale, 1 female, 22.x.1928, W.A. Lamborn

leg. (BMNH); “Nyassaland”, 1 female, 1912, E.d. Rhoades leg. (BMNH); Cholo, 2700ft, 1 male, v.1920, R.C.

Wood leg. (BMNH); MOZAMBIQUE (“PORTUG. E. AFR”), east of Mt. Mlanje [Mt. Mulanje], 1 male,

3–7.x.1913, S.A. Neave leg. (BMNH); NIGERIA, Baro, 1 female, x.1910, Dr. Ingram leg. (BMNH); SOUTH

AFRICA: Transvaal, Potchefstroom (“Potchestm”), 1 female, no date, T. Ayres leg. (BMNH); Pretoria, 1 female,

07.iii.1917, G.A.H. Bedford leg. (BMNH); Pretoria, 1 male, no additional data (USNM); Natal, Weenen, 1 male,

x–xi.1927, H.P. Thomasset leg. (BMNH); Natal, Lindeque Spruit, 14km SE Bergville, 1 female, 19.ii.1978, D. &

M. Davis & B. Akerbergs leg. (USNM); ?country/location, “Caught in Harris”, O’Paort (?leg), 1 female,

04.iii.1960 (BMNH); Pietermaritzburg, 1 male, 18.x.1961, B. & P. Stuckenberg leg. (NMSA); Tongaland,

Ingwavuma District, Ndumu Reserve, 2 females, 1–10.xii.1963, B. & P. Stuckenberg leg. (NMSA); Merrivale,

Stuckenberg House, 30°05′E, 29°30′S, 1051m, 1 male, 3.xi.2001 (NMSA); Cape Good Hope Nature Reserve, 1

female, 7–10.iii.1968, P. Spangler leg. (USNM); Cape Province, Wilderness, 1 female, 12–13.iii.1968, P. Spangler

leg. (USNM); Cape Province, Stormsrivier, 2.5km S, 3 females, 11–12.iii.1978, D. & M. Davis & B. Akerbergs

leg. (USNM); Cape Province, Thomas Baines Nature Reserve, 13km SW Grahamstown, Palmiet R., 2 females,

6.iii.1978, D. & M. Davis & B. Akerbergs leg. (USNM); Cape Province, Brackenhill Falls, 9km E Knysna, 5

females, 15–16.iii.1978, D. & M. Davis & B. Akerbergs leg. (USNM); Cape Province, Diepwalle Plantation, 39km

NE Knysna, 1 female, 13.iii.1978, D. & M. Davis & B. Akerbergs leg. (USNM); Mpumalanga Province, Barberton

District, Farm Alfa 448JU, 1 female, 22–26.xi.1972, A. Strydom leg. (NMSA); Algeria Forestry, Clanwilliam

District, 1 female, 4–10.iii.1969, Potgieter & Strydom leg. (NMSA); Harkerville, Forest Reserve, 1 female,

1–5.iii.1972, L. & G. Vari leg. (NMSA); Groenkloof, 1 male, 19.xi.1921, A. Roberts leg. (NMSA); TANZANIA,

Tabora, Igombe river, 1 female, x.1948, van Someren leg. (BMNH); UGANDA: Kampala, 1 female, i.1963,

A.W.R. McRae leg. (at light) (BMNH); Kawanda, 1 male, 16.iv.1965, 4 females, 29.ix.1972, D.J. Greathead leg.

(BMNH); Kalinzu Forest, 1 male, 1935, T.H.E. Jackson leg. (BMNH); and ZAMBIA: Lochinvar Nat. Park, 1 male,

10.v.1979, 1 female, 13.v.1978, G.W. Howard leg. (BMNH); Roma, Lusaka, 1 male, 29.xi.1979, G.W. Howard leg.

(BMNH). [One male from Zambia/Roma-Lukasa and one female from Zambia/Lochinvar were dissected and

examined.]


Synonymy of Aulacocephala badia Gerstaecker: During the course of my revision, I had not seen the female

holotype of Aulacocephala badia Gerstaecker, 1863 deposited at Berlin (ZMHB), but only specimens studied and

determined by Bezzi (1911), Townsend (1918) and Sabrosky, which were examined during a visit to the USNM

collection. Recently, James O’Hara (Canadian National Collection, Ottawa) very kindly provided me some

photographs of the holotype taken during his visit to the Berlin museum in summer 2014. With those photographs

at hand, I could then confirm the synonymy of A. badia Gerstaecker with A. maculithorax Macquart.

Madagascar as the type locality. Bequaert (1919: 163) doubted that the type specimens studied by Macquart

to describe A. maculithorax were really collected from Madagascar: “no specimen of Aulacephala has been taken

in that island since”. And he goes further in suggesting that probably Macquart’s specimens were from South

Africa. And then, since Bequart’s comment in 1919, no material from Madagascar has been reported.

Aulacephala hervei Bequaert

(Figs 9–11, 39)

hervei Bequaert, 1922: 305, fig 1b (female description, wing illustration). Holotype female (BMNH). Type locality: Japan, Honshu, Yokohama District.

Aulacocephala karnyi Malloch, 1925: 147, fig 2 (male description, wing illustration). Holotype female (USNM). Type locality: Indonesia, Sumatra, Way Lima.

Aulacephala hervei; Bequaert, 1929: 164 (synonymy of karnyi with hervei); Uéda, 1960: 14, figs 1–6 (redescription, comments, 1st instar larva description and illustrations, Japan); Mesnil, 1973: 1229 (key to species); Crosskey, 1976: 63, 185, 280 (comments, cat.); Herting & Dely-Draskovits, 1993: 354 (cat.); Chao & Xue, 1998: 1954 (cat., China); O’Hara et al. 2009: 160 (cat., China); Shima, 2014: 875 (cat., Japan).

Aulacephala karnyi; Mesnil, 1973: 1229 (synonymy with hervei); Crosskey, 1976: 63, 185, 280 (comments, cat., mentions type as lost – “not located”).

Ormiominda punctigera Paramonov, 1955: 128. Holotype female (ANIC). Type locality: Papua New Guinea, Wewak. Syn.

nov.

Therobia punctigera; Crosskey, 1966: 103 (new combination, synonymy of Ormiominda Paramonov with Therobia); Cantrell & Crosskey, 1989: 749 (cat.).

Distribution (Fig. 39). China, Indonesia (Sumatra), Japan, and Philippines.

Redescription. Female. Body length (holotype): 10.9 mm, wing length (holotype): 10.3 mm. Body length (non-

types): 8.8–11.3 mm (mean=10.2), wing length (non-types): 8.3–10.4 mm (mean=9.3) (n=8).

Coloration: Head brown with whitish pruinosity on face, parafacial and fronto-orbital plate; ocellar triangle

yellowish; parafacial yellowish at level of antennal insertion; facial ridge mostly brown but yellowish dorsally;

gena yellowish. Scape and pedicel yellow. Palpus and proboscis yellowish. Thorax brown dorsally with whitish

pruinosity, but yellowish between dorsocentral and intra-alar rows, and laterally brownish and partially yellowish

with whitish pruinosity. Wing hyaline, wing veins yellow but basal parts of veins, final section of M (distal to

bend), and r-m and dm-cu crossveins light brownish to brownish (at most r-m dark brown); r-m conspicuously

infuscated around and some basal parts of veins, final section of M (distal to bend) and dm-cu only weakly

infuscasted; tegula (epaulet) light brown; calypters light brownish on disc and borders; halter yellow, knob slightly

brownish. Legs yellowish, pruinosity not apparent as they are covered with fungi hyphae (see male description

below); fore tarsomeres yellow (other tarsomeres missing). Fore claws yellow with black apex; pulvilli yellow

(other claws and pulvilli missing). Abdomen brown, with posterior margins of tergites 1+2, 3 and 4 darkened and

noticeably marked with narrow yellow transverse line; all tergites with whitish pruinosity but tergites 3 and 4 with

notable denser pruinosity on anterior 2/3.

Head: Eye bare. Frons extremely broad, narrowing very slightly at vertex. Ratio of frons width/head width at

level of lunula 0.55 (non-types: 0.54–0.58); ratio of frons width/head width at vertex level 0.45 (non-types:

0.44–0.49). Frontal setae very weakly developed and medioclinate. Fronto-orbital plate densely covered with short

setulae from vertex ventrally until middle of parafacial; no developed setae on fronto-orbital plate. Fronto-orbital

plate notably broad and narrowing inconspicuously towards vertex, about 3.5–4.0x frontal vitta width at midlevel.

Frontal vitta notably narrow, subequal in width to pedicel at uppermost level (approaching ocellar triangle) and

broadening quite slightly at level of lunula with hardly 1.5x pedicel width. Three reduced ocelli, hardly

recognizable (reduced in size, pale in colour and flattened); with a few sparse setulae on ocellar triangle. Parafacial


densely setulose on upper half (continued from fronto-orbital plate), narrowing notably from level of antennal

insertion towards gena, upper width about 3x lower width. Antenna presumably short, with antennal depression on

face very small; postpedicel missing (see male description below). Antennal axis/head height ratio 0.61 (non-types:

0.44–0.58). Genal dilation densely covered with short setulae. Genal height/head height ratio 0.25 (non-types:

0.23–0.26).

Thorax: Dorsal and lateral chaetotaxy very damaged (some missing, others covered with fungi), but the

following features are recognizable (see the complete male description below): thorax with dense coverage of short

black setulae on dorsum and laterally; presutural seta 1, aligned with supra-alar row; postsutural supra-alar setae 2

(some specimens with 1, but always in median position), prealar seta not differentiated (although some specimens

with one rather developed setula found at same position), anterior seta slightly stronger than posterior. Scutellum

with 2 lateral and 1 apical pairs of setae (all recognized by insertions), with dense fine black setulae dorsally,

laterally and lateroventrally (the latter with long setulae).

Wing: R1 not sinuous on basal third; final section of M vein (distal to bend) straight or only slightly convex

inwards; dm-cu weakly bisinuate; anterior end of dm-cu closer to wing margin than to r-m; and r-m placed about

halfway between dm-cu and bm-cu.

Legs: Fore claws short, about 2/3 length of last tarsomere; and pulvilli slightly shorter than claws. All other

legs covered with fungi, please see male description below for other leg features.

Terminalia: female holotype not dissected.

FIGURES 9–12. Aulacephala hervei. 9. Male dorsal habitus. 10. Male lateral habitus. 11. Female wing. Aulacephala

maculithorax. 12. Male wing. (Male specimen from Japan, Yokohama; female from Japan, Matsuyama.) (Scale bars 1 mm.)

Male. Body length: 8.9 mm, wing length: 8.0 mm (n=1).

Coloration: Head brown with whitish pruinosity on face, parafacial, fronto-orbital plate, facial ridge and gena;

ocellar triangle brown. Scape and pedicel yellow, postpedicel reddish yellow, arista yellow. Palpus and proboscis

yellowish. Thorax brown with whitish pruinosity, scutum with non-pruinose, bare paired stripes, one between

acrostichal and dorsocentral rows (restricted to prescutum) and another between dorsocentral and intra-alar rows.

Wing hyaline, wing veins yellow but basal parts of veins, r-m and final section of M (distal to bend) brownish; r-m

conspicuously infuscated around while some basal parts of veins, final section of M (distal to bend) and dm-cu

only weakly infuscasted; tegula (epaulet) yellow; calypters light brownish on disc and borders; halter yellow, knob

brownish. Legs yellowish, with whitish pruinosity on coxae, femora and tibiae; tarsomeres yellow. Claws yellow


with black apex; pulvilli yellow. Abdomen brown, with posterior margins of tergites 1+2, 3 and 4 darkened and

noticeably marked with narrow yellow transverse line; tergites with whitish pruinosity that is notably denser on

anterior 2/3 of tergite 4.

Head: Eye bare, at most very short and sparse setulae; inner anterior ommatidia enlarged. Fronto-orbital plate

covered with short and fine setulae from midlevel downwards to level of antennal insertion; no developed setae on

frons. Frontal vitta extremely narrow so that fronto-orbital plates almost touch each other on upper half, although

broadening ventrally. Ratio of frons width/head width at vertex level 0.05; ratio of frons width/head width at level

of lunula 0.20. Ocellar triangle constricted and swollen (visible in profile, although not as swollen as in A.

maculithorax), and with few setulae, with three reduced ocelli, shinning-coloured, not flattened and easier to

recognize than in female. Fronto-orbital plate as narrow as arista width at upper half, and about 2x arista width at

lowermost level. Parafacial bare and as wide as upper level of fronto-orbital plate. Antennal axis/head height ratio

0.86. Facial ridge less broad than in females. Antenna short; postpedicel as long as pedicel; arista elongate and

slender, about 4x postpedicel length. Genal dilation less developed (more flattened) than in female, and densely

covered with short black setulae. Gena heigh/head height ratio 0.08.

Thorax: Supra-alar setae 1+1, postsutural one in median position. Mesothoracic spiracle partially exposed

dorsally and ventrally, with light brownish branched hairs on anterior and posterior edges, but with longer hairs on

lower half; metathoracic spiracle not exposed, completely covered with short anterior lappet and opercular

posterior lappet with brown branched hairs. Scutellum with three lateral and one apical pairs of setae, anteriormost

lateral and apical pairs stronger, and with dense fine black setulae dorsally, laterally and lateroventrally (the latter

with long setulae).

Wing: Similar to female except for apex of R1 with some few setulae dorsally.

Legs: Fore tibia with 1 weak submedian anterodorsal seta, and posterodorsal irregular row with longer setae at

middle. All claws slightly shorter than last tarsomere; and pulvilli slightly shorter than claws. Mid tibia with

posterodorsal irregular row with some longer setae on median third. Hind femur with anteroventral row of setae

with the longest setae at apex; posteroventral row of setae with the longest setae at base. Hind tibia with 2

anterodorsal setae on median third, and 2 posterodorsal setae on median third.

Abdomen: Similar to female, clearly broader than thorax, but not as conspicuously as in females.

Terminalia: Not dissected.

Type material examined. Holotype female of Aulacephala hervei (BMNH), “HOLO- / TYPE” (white round

label with red border), “Yokohama District. / Japan / H. Prior. / 1901-13.”, “Aulacephala / hervei J. Beq. / type / J.

Bequaert. det.”. Specimen in bad condition, the right wing, foreleg and midleg missing, the left wing with the tip

damaged, antennae missing, ventral side completely covered by fungal hyphae.

Holotype female of Aulacocephala karny (USNM) labeled “Wai [Way] Lima, Z Sum. / Lampongs [Lampung]

/ Karny / XI.XII 1921. No.451”, “Type No / USNM” [red label], Aulacocephala / karny / Type / Det. / J.R.

Malloch” [Malloch’s handwriting].

Holotype female of Ormiominda punctigera (ANIC) labeled “WEWAK / N. Guinea / FHTaylor”,

“Ormiominda / punctigera / sp. nov. [female symbol] Typus / Paramonov det.” [Paramonov’s handwriting];

“ANIC” [light green label with black border].

Additional material examined. CHINA: S. [South] of Suifu, 1 female, D.C. Graham leg. (USNM); Suifu, Sz.

[Sichuan], 1 female, 1.vi.30, D.C. Graham leg. (USNM); JAPAN: Yokohama, 1 male, v.1906, Brunetti leg.

(BMNH); Shikoku, Matsuyama: 1 female, 25.ix.1951, T.I, M.M. & T.E. leg.; 1 female, 2.viii.1948, M. Miyatake

leg.; 1 female, 28.vi.1949, Miyatake leg. (EUMJ); Matsuyama, Tarumi: 1 female, 4.x.1953, M. Miyatake leg.; 1

female, 28.ix.1955, light trap; 1 female, 10.ix.1955, light trap (EUMJ); Shinmura, Amami-Ooshima: 1 female,

17.vii.1954, S.H., S.U. & T.E. leg.; 1 female, 21.vii.1954, 2 females, 19.vii.1954, S. Hiramatsu leg. (EUMJ);

Kyushu, Fukuoka, Mt. Tachibana, 1 female, 14.viii.1978, T. Goto leg. (BLKU); Okinawa, Hentona, 1 female,

10.ix.1945, light trap, G.E. Bohart leg. (USNM); PHILIPPINES, Luzon, Mt. Makiling, 1 female, Baker leg.

(USNM).

Remarks. Besides the holotype female (BMNH) from Yokohama described by Bequaert, a reasonably large

and representative series of specimens from Japan were gathered and available for examination: one male from the

type locality, Yokohama, but collected by Brunetti; one female from Fukuoka (kindly sent by Hiroshi Shima); and

10 additional females from Matsuyama and Shinmura studied by Uéda (1960), who had examined 11 specimens,

all them females captured at light. To my knowledge, the only male available in collections is the Yokohama male


collected by Brunetti and deposited at BMNH. Furthermore, the holotype female of Aulacocephala karnyi Malloch

was examined in the USNM and the synonymy between hervei and karnyi is confirmed. I also examined the

holotype female (ANIC) of Ormiominda punctigera Paramonov, and concluded that it is conspecific with A.

hervei. This new synonymy is proposed herein.

Phasioormia Townsend

Phasioormia Townsend, 1933: 447. Type species: Phasioormia pallida Townsend, 1933, by original designation.Distribution (3 species) (Fig. 39). Oriental and Australasian.References. Townsend, 1936: 101 (key to world Ormiini); Crosskey, 1976: 64 (key to Oriental genera of Ormiini); Dear &

Crosskey, 1982: 119 (key to Philippine genera of Ormiini); Chao & Xue, 1998: 1954 (cat., key to Chinese genera of Ormiini).

Diagnosis. Phasioormia differs from other ormiine genera by having the ocelli absent (present in Aulacephala,

Homotrixa, Mediosetiger, Ormiophasia and most Ormia; absent also in Therobia and some Neotropical and

Nearctic Ormia); facial region not oestriform (not like Aulacephala and Therobia that have the face forming a long

narrow strip from the oral cavity to the antennal apices and flanked on each side by broad, flattened and densely

setulose facial ridges) (Figs 17–18, 23, 29–30); wing with cell r4+5

open, R4+5

ending at wing margin (cell r4+5

closed

in Aulacephala and Mediosetiger) (Figs 14, 25–26); in profile view, head hemispherical (Figs 19–20, 24, 28,

31–32) rather than the trapezoidal head found in Homotrixa (e.g., epistomal axis longer than antennal axis), which

has the lower facial margin conspicuously warped forward (unlike all the other Ormiini).

Description. Head: Male holoptic (Fig. 17), female dichoptic (Fig. 18). Upper ommatidia enlarged in male,

and not in female. Eye bare. Ocelli absent. Female with two pairs of proclinate fronto-orbital setae on upper half,

and one reclinate pair before ocellar triangle. Antenna short. Face broad and normally developed (not oestriform

like in Aulacephala and Therobia); facial ridge rather broadened, but not strongly flattened, about 2x pedicel width

at vibrissal level. Vibrissa developed, inserted well above lower facial margin (Fig. 17, 23); subvibrissal and

subcranial setae differentiated, fine long setulae on facial ridge also continuing and accompanying subvibrissal and

subcranial setae (Figs 23–24, 29, 31). Oral cavity and mouthparts developed, but palpus very short, filiform and

clavate at apex, not spatulate, with short black setulae apically. Postocular row of black setulae from behind outer

vertex ventrally until genal dilation, starting in single row but multiplied and mixed with occipital black setulae on

lower half, and then with black and pale occipital setulae towards the center, with pale setulae behind oral cavity.

No occipital setulae behind vertex.

Thorax: Coloration reddish-brown but slightly lighter on postpronotal lobe, notopleuron and lateral parts, with

whitish pruinosity but scutum with non-pruinose, bare paired stripes, one between acrostichal and dorsocentral

rows (restricted to prescutum) and another between dorsocentral and intra-alar rows. Acrostichal setae 0+2 or 1+2;

dorsocentral setae 2+3 or 3+3; postpronotal setae 2, outer one stronger than inner one, accompanied by long fine

setulae; intra-alar setae 1+1, presutural one lateral to postpronotal lobe; intrapostalar seta not differentiated; supra-

alar setae 1+2, prealar seta strongly developed, about 4/5 length of posterior one, and as long as postsutural intra-

alar seta. Postalar setae 2, posterior one stronger, with dense short black setulae on postalar callus. Nine strong

anepisternal setae on posterior margin, and several long upcurved setulae on upperanterior corner, anepisternum

covered with black fine setulae. Katepisternal setae 2, subequal, with black fine setulae above and below.

Proepisternum bare; one long proepisternal seta; 2 long proepimeral setae; katepisternal setae 2; katepimeron

(barette) with few setulae anteriorly. Anepimeron with several long fine black setulae on upper and lower portions,

upper portion with longer setulae but without any developed setae. Meron with posterior row of long setae

accompanied by several shorter, finer setae anteriorly. Scutellum with one basal, one lateral, one apical and one

discal pairs of setae, discal pair weaker; scutellum with dense fine black setulae dorsally, laterally and

lateroventrally.

Wing (Figs 13, 14, 25, 26): Tegula (epaulet) yellowish-brown, densely short setulose; calypters light brownish

on disc and borders; halter yellow. Wing hyaline, veins yellowish-brown, with no strong infuscation, but membrane

somewhat tinged with light brown. Costa spine not differentiated; R1 not sinuous on basal third. M vein ending at

wing margin, distance between apexes of M and R4+5

shorter than r-m; bend of M curved at right angle, then

continuing very convex inwards until wing margin; distance of M bend to wing margin subequal to length of r-m;


dm-cu bisinuate; anterior end of dm-cu closer to wing margin than to r-m; and r-m placed about mid distance

between dm-cu and bm-cu.

Legs: Coloration yellowish-brown, with whitish pruinosity on coxae, femora and tibiae (Fig. 15); tarsomeres

yellowish-brown. Fore femur with dorsal, posterodorsal and posteroventral rows of setae, the posterodorsal row

irregular. Claws about 2/3 length of last tarsomere, pulvilli slightly shorter than claws. Mid femur without

developed setae, except for one preapical posterodorsal seta; no median anterior seta. Mid tibia with 1 ventral seta

at apical third.

Abdomen: Globose in both dorsal and lateral views, broader than thorax. Tergites 1+2, 3 and 4 without

developed setae (median marginal, lateral marginal or discal setae), although their posterior margins with rather

elongate fine setulae. Syntergite 1+2 with medial excavation extending to posterior margin. Tergite 5 entirely

covered with elongate fine setulae, but with no differentiated setae. Sternite 1 widely setulose.

Male terminalia (Figs 33, 34, 36, 37): Cerci strongly fused (no suture recognizable) (Figs 33, 36) with the

posterior apex acuminate and curved in lateral view (Figs 34, 37); surstylus slightly arcuate inwardly (Figs 33, 36);

bacilliform sclerite (processus longus) broad, articulated with surstylus and hypandrium; phallus (aedeagus) (Figs

34, 37) with basiphallus connected with phallapodeme at 180° angle, then distiphallus ventrally directed; phallic

guide elongate and straight, between the pregonites, at 180° angle with phallapodeme (Figs 34, 37); postgonite

slender and acuminate; pregonites free (not fused with each other and not fused to hypandrium) and elongate,

reaching lower posterior margin of hypandrium in lateral view; ejaculatory apodeme narrow and curved;

hypandrium deeply concave, half-bowl shaped, and as long as phallapodeme.

Female terminalia (Figs 35, 38): Tergite 6 separated into hemitergites, with row of spiniform setae on inner

margin, and with single spiracle on each side basally; tergite 8 formed as a single narrow arc (fused

medioventrally) not fused or partially fused with sternite 10; sternite 8 with pair of lateral rounded protuberances

bearing strong setae; sternite 10 (postgenital plate or hypoproct) covered with fine setulae and bearing 2 spiniform

lateral setae and a medial row of 3–4 spiniform setae decreasing inwards; cerci partially fused with each other

basomedially, widely covered with fine long setulae, and laterobasally with dense rather stronger setulae.

Systematic affinities

According to some authors (Mesnil 1973, Crosskey 1976), Phasioormia and Homotrixa would be undoubtedly

similar to each other. In Homotrixa ocelli are present, but those authors questioned whether this character is a valid

generic character or not in Ormiini (ocelli are also absent in Therobia and some Neotropical and Nearctic Ormia).

At that time, Homotrixa was a monotypic genus with only the Taiwanese type species known and its holotype was

lost. Only recently, Barraclough & Allen (1996) described two Southwestern Australian species in Homotrixa.

Despite the long distance in range between the Australian species and the type species, at this moment they are our

only source of morphological knowledge for Homotrixa. Unfortunately, contacts with Chinese curators and

researchers have provided no clues to finding additional material of Homotrixa either from Taiwan or from

continental Chinese localities. David Barraclough (in Barraclough & Allen, 1996: 138) examined Phasioormia

pallida (BMNH) and, based on external morphology, considered Phasioormia distinct from the Australian

Homotrixa. A detailed, illustrated study of the male and female terminalia of Phasioormia and Homotrixa has not

been published before now. Here, the analysis of male and female terminalia supports the validity of Phasioormia

and Homotrixa as two valid genera. Their male terminalia share several similarities, but some differences are

readily observed: in Phasioormia the postgonite has an acuminate apex (round apex in Homotrixa), and the anterior

end of the hypandrium is as long as the phallapodeme (shorter than the phallapodeme in Homotrixa) (Figs 34, 37).

Comparison of the female terminalia shows even more substantial differences: in Phasioormia (Figs 35, 38) there

is one single spiracle on each hemitergite of tergite 6 (while in Homotrixa there are two spiracles on each plate;

Barraclough & Allen, 1996: 142, fig. 11, and present dissections); sternite 8 has two conspicuous lateral

protuberances (sternite 8 flat in Homotrixa); and tergite 6 with a single row of sparse spiniform setae on its inner

margin (with dense spiniform setae in Homotrixa).


Key to species of Phasioormia

1. One presutural acrostichal seta moderately developed. Female: frontal margins, in anterior view, parallel-sided from midlevel

dorsally to vertex (Figs 18, 30); anteroventral margin of head (bearing vibrissal, subvibrissal and subcranial setae/setulae), in

profile, subparallel to anteroventral margin of eye (apparently diverging only slightly) (Figs 20, 32); gena short (Figs 20, 32);

ocellar triangle hardly recognizable as narrow, slightly protuberant strip, with some weak setulae (Figs 18, 30). Male: ocellar

triangle extremely constricted between eyes, and not visible, bare (Figs 17, 29); ratio of frons width/head width at level of

lunula 0.18 (Figs 17, 29). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

- No presutural acrostichal seta (although developed in the single female available). Female: frontal margins, in anterior view,

converging from the midlevel dorsally to vertex (Fig. 23); anteroventral margin of head, in profile, not subparallel to

anteroventral margin of eye, closer to eye margin at vibrissal level (anteriorly) and then diverging ventrally toward gena (pos-

teriorly), becoming conspicuously distant (Fig. 24); gena high (Fig. 24); ocellar triangle easily recognizable, broad and protu-

berant, with dense weak setulae (Figs 23–24). Male: ocellar triangle extremely constricted between eyes, but still recognizable,

with a few minute setulae; ratio of frons width/head width at level of lunula 0.26 (India, Malaysia, and China) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P. bicornis (Malloch)

2. Abdomen reddish-yellow on tergites 1+2, 3 and 4, but with the last two with dark brown posterior margins, concolorous to

tergite 5 that is entirely dark brown (Figs 13–14); notopleuron densely covered with fine black setulae. Female: frontal setae

numerous and irregularly spaced, not forming single linear row (Fig. 18); fronto-orbital plate broader, about 2.5x pedicel width

at lowermost level (Fig. 18); fronto-orbital plate with dense setulae on its entire length (Figs 18, 20) (Singapore, Philippines,

Sri Lanka, and China) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P. pallida Townsend

- Abdomen entirely yellowish-brown to brown (Figs 25–26); notopleuron bare or with some sparse black setulae. Female: fron-

tal setae more or less forming a linear row and not strongly developed (Fig. 23); fronto-orbital plate narrower, about 2.0x pedi-

cel width at lowermost level (Fig. 23); fronto-orbital plate with sparse setulae on its entire length (Figs 23–24) (Indonesia and

Papua New Guinea). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. papuana sp. nov.

Phasioormia pallida Townsend

(Figs 13–20, 33–35, 39)

pallida Townsend, 1933: 448. Holotype female (BMNH). Type locality: Singapore.Phasioormia pallida; Crosskey, 1976: 185 (cat.); Dear & Crosskey, 1982: 119 (key, list, Philippines); Preston, 1993

(misidentification, =Ormia ochracea sec Evenhuis, 2003: 34); Nishida, 1997, 2002 (misidentification, = Ormia ochraceasec Evenhuis, 2003: 34); Chao & Xue, 1998: 1955 (cat., China); O’Hara et al. 2009: 161 (cat., China).

Distribution (Fig. 39). China, Philippines, Singapore, and Sri Lanka.

Redescription. Male. Body length: 9.5–10.2 mm (n=2) (paratype 10.2 mm), wing length: 7.2–10.3 mm (n=3)

(paratype 10.3 mm).

Coloration (Figs 13, 15, 17, 19): Head brown with whitish pruinosity on face, parafacial, fronto-orbital plate,

facial ridge and gena; lower margin of face and facial ridge yellowish-brown (Figs 17, 19). Scape and pedicel light

brownish, postpedicel dark brown, arista brown (Figs 17, 19). Palpus and proboscis light brownish (Figs 17, 19).

Thorax reddish-brown (Figs 13, 15) but tending to reddish-yellow on postpronotal lobe and notopleuron and also

on some lateral parts. Claws light brown with black apex; pulvilli yellow. Abdomen reddish-yellow on tergites 1+2,

3 and 4, with the last two with dark brown posterior margins (concolorous to tergite 5), with whitish pruinosity

apparent on all tergites (Figs 13, 15).

Head: Frons extremely narrow, on upper half as eyes approach each other only fronto-orbital plates visible as

quite narrow strips, but frons broadening ventrally (Figs 13, 17). Setae and/or setulae on frontal vitta and fronto-

orbital plate not apparent due to fungi covering paratype’s head dorsally, but on additional non-type specimens with

about 9 pairs of frontal setae on lower 2/3, shortening dorsally. Ocellar triangle extremely constricted and not

recognizable (Fig. 17). Fronto-orbital plate as narrow as pedicel width at lowermost level, without setulae (Fig. 17).

Ratio of frons width/head width 0.02 at vertex level; ratio of frons width/head width at level of lunula 0.18 (Fig.

17). Parafacial bare and as wide as fronto-orbital plate (Fig 17). Facial ridge rather broadened, about 2x pedicel

width at vibrissal level, and with dense fine long setulae on lower portion (Fig. 17). Antenna short; postpedicel

about 1.3x pedicel length; arista elongate and slender, about 3.5x postpedicel length (Figs 17, 19). Antenna inserted

below mid height of head in frontal view, and also below mid height of eye (Fig. 19). Antennal axis/head height

ratio 0.68 (Fig. 19). Antennal axis/vibrissal axis ratio 1.13; antennal axis/oral (epistomal) axis ratio 1.13; vibrissal

axis/oral axis ratio 1.00 (Fig. 19). Genal dilation not apparent, but gena densely covered with short black setulae.

Genal height/head height ratio 0.12 (Fig. 19). Occiput strongly concave middorsally.


Thorax: Acrostichal setae 1+2, presutural pair anteriorly placed and not close to suture (a third anteriormost

postsutural seta weakly developed or undeveloped), prescutellar pair stronger. Dorsocentral setae 2+3. Notopleural

setae 2, subequal and close to each other, with dense short black setulae. Mesothoracic spiracle conspicuously

exposed, with light brownish branched hairs on whole anterior and posterior edges, anterior hairs becoming longer

towards upper second quarter, spiracle is exposed dorsally and ventrally with just the middle somewhat covered;

metathoracic spiracle not exposed, completely covered by anterior lappet of short light brown branched hairs and

opercular posterior lappet of brown branched hairs.

Wing (Fig. 13): Rs node setulose dorsally and ventrally, with setulae extending at most on basal sixth of R4+5

(these

setulae not always recognizable).

Legs: Legs of male paratype covered with fungi, for leg features see below under female description.

Terminalia (Figs 33–34): Cerci with posterior apex subtruncate in dorsal view (Fig. 33), and acuminate and

curved in lateral view (Fig. 34). Surstylus slightly arcuate inwards (Fig. 33), elongate and tapering at apex in dorsal

view (Fig. 33), with subparallel margins in lateral view (Fig. 34), and with basomedial lobes bearing fine setulae

hidden behind the cerci (Fig. 33). Pregonite narrow and long.

Female. Body length: 9.4–9.6 mm (n=4) (holotype 9.6 mm), wing length: 9.6–10.0 mm (n=4) (holotype 9.6

mm).

FIGURES 13–16. Phasioormia pallida. 10. Male dorsal habitus. 11. Female dorsal habitus. 12. Male lateral habitus. 13.

Female lateral habitus. (Male and female from Sri Lanka.) (Scale bars 1 mm.)


FIGURES 17–20. Phasioormia pallida. 17. Male head, frontal view. 18. Female head, frontal view. 19. Male head, lateral view. 20. Female head, lateral view. (Male and female specimens from Sri Lanka.) (Scale bars 1 mm.)

Differs from male by the following: Coloration (Figs 14, 16, 18, 20). Head pruinosity grayish on upper portion

and tending to pale light yellow on lower portion (Figs 16, 18, 20). Gena and frontal vitta reddish-brown (Figs 18,

20). Scape and pedicel yellow, postpedicel dark-brown but yellow at base, arista yellow (Figs 18, 20). Head. Frons

broad, subparallel-sided from level of antennal insertion to vertex (Fig. 18), swollen on lower half (Fig. 20). About

16 pairs of frontal setae irregularly sized and spaced, not forming linear row and not strongly developed, with two

pairs below level of antennal insertion (Figs 18, 20). Frontal vitta narrowing towards vertex, about twice pedicel

width at lowermost level and subequal to pedicel width at uppermost level (Fig. 18). Two pairs of proclinate fronto-


orbital setae on upper half, and one reclinate pair before ocellar triangle (Figs 18, 20). Ocellar triangle hardly

recognizable as narrow slightly protuberant strip, with some weak setulae, and bearing no ocelli (Fig. 18). Fronto-

orbital plate broad, about 2.5x pedicel width at lowermost level (Fig. 18). Fronto-orbital plate with weak setulae on

its entire length (Figs 18, 20). Ratio of frons width/head width at vertex level 0.31; ratio of frons width/head width

at level of lunula 0.37 (Fig. 18). Parafacial bare and narrower than fronto-orbital plate, about 2.0x pedicel width

above and narrowing towards gena (Fig. 18). Facial ridge rather broadened, over 2x pedicel width at vibrissal level,

and with dense fine long setulae on lower portion (Figs 18, 20). Antennal axis/head height ratio 0.61 (Fig. 20).

Antennal axis/vibrissal axis ratio 1.08; antennal axis/oral (epistomal) axis ratio 1.13; vibrissal axis/oral axis ratio

1.05 (Fig. 20). In profile, anteroventral margin of head (bearing vibrissal, subvibrissal and subcranial setae/setulae)

subparallel to anteroventral margin of eye (Fig. 20). Antenna inserted clearly above mid height of head in frontal

view, and about mid height of eye (Fig. 20). Genal height/head height ratio 0.28. Genal dilation not apparent; gena

covered with short black setulae. Legs: Fore tibia with 2–4 differentiated anterodorsal setae; 2–4 differentiated

posterodorsal setae; one submedian posteroventral seta. Mid tibia with 2 anterodorsal setae on apical half, and 2

posterodorsal setae on apical half. Hind femur with dorsal row of setae, with longer setae at base; and anteroventral

and posteroventral rows of weak setae. Hind tibia with 2 anterodorsal setae on median third, 3 posterodorsal setae

on median third, and 1 anteroventral seta at apical third.

Terminalia (Fig. 35): Tergite 6 separated into hemitergites, with row of spiniform straight setae on median third

of inner margin and two isolated spiniform setae on apical third, and with single spiracle on each hemitergite.

Tergite 8 formed as a single narrow arc (fused medioventrally), and basally connected and partially fused with

sternite 10. Sternite 10 (postgenital plate or hypoproct) covered with fine setulae, bearing two spiniform lateral

setae and medial row of 4 spiniform setae decreasing inwards.

Type material examined. Holotype female (BMNH), “Holo- / type” (white round label with red border),

“Syngapore. / H. N. Ridley. / 1904-160”, “Phasioormia / pallida TT ♀ / Holotype”; specimen in good condition.

Paratype female (BMNH), “Para- / type” (white round label with yellow border), “Syngapore. / H. N. Ridley. /

1904-160”, “Phasioormia / pallida / Det. DA Barraclough, 1995”, “Phasioormia pallida 26.n”; specimen in

reasonably good condition, but the head detached from body and glued on a pinned paper triangle, and the right

foreleg and all left legs missing. Paratype male (BMNH), “Para- / type” (white round label with yellow border),

“Syngapore. / H. N. Ridley. / 98-114”; specimen in good condition, but left postpedicel and forelegs missing and

the ventral side with some fungi. Paratype female (BMNH), “Para- / type” (white round label with yellow border),

“Syngapore. / H. N. Ridley. / 1903-231”; specimen in good condition.

Additional material examined. SRI LANKA, Kan. Dist., Kandy, Udawattakele, 1 male, 1–3.x.1973, black

light, K.V. Krombein, P.B. Karunaratne & P. Fernando leg. (USNM); same locality, 2 females, 6–8.vi.1978, black

light, K.V. Krombein, P.B. Karunaratne, T. Wijesinhe, V. Kulasekare & L. Jayawickrema leg. (USNM); same

locality, 2 females, 26–30.vii.1978, black light, K.V. Krombein, P.B., T. Wijesinhe, V. Kulasekare & L.

Jayawickrema leg. (USNM); Kan. Dist., Peradeniya, upper Hantane Hill, 2300ft, 3 females, 12–16.i.1970, Davis &

Rowe leg. (USNM); Mon. Dist., Angunakolapelessa, 1 male, 17–19.vi.1978, Malaise trap, K.V. Krombein, P.B., T.

Wijesinhe, V. Kulasekare & L. Jayawickrema leg. (USNM). [One male from Udawattakele and one female from

Peradeniya were dissected and examined.]

Remarks. With previous records from the Philippines and Singapore, this species was newly recorded in the

Chinese provinces of Hainan and Jiangxi (O’Hara et al. 2009). I have not seen Chinese material to confirm its

identity, but so far those are the northernmost records for P. pallida. Here the species is also recorded in Sri Lanka.

Phasioormia bicornis (Malloch)

(Figs 21–24, 39)

bicornis Malloch, 1932: 313 (Ormia). Holotype male (BMNH). Type locality: Malaysia, Selangor, Bukit Kitu [Bukit Kutu].Phasioormia bicornis; Townsend, 1938: 237 (states that it should be assigned to a new genus); Crosskey, 1976: 64, 185

(combination with Phasioormia, cat.); O’Hara et al. 2009: 161 (cat., China).

Distribution (Fig. 39). China, India (Assam), and Malaysia.

Redescription. Male. Body length: 8.0 mm (n=1, holotype), wing length: not measured (both wings damaged

at tip).


Coloration: Head dark-brown with silver pruinosity on face, parafacial, fronto-orbital plate, facial ridge, and

gena; frontal vitta black. Scape and pedicel yellow, postpedicel blackish, arista brown but light-brown on basal

fourth. Palpus yellowish, proboscis light brownish. Thorax reddish-brown but tending to yellowish-brown on

postpronotal lobe, notopleuron and lateral parts. Claws light brown with black apex; pulvilli yellow. Abdomen with

tergites 1+2 and basal half of 3 light-brown, apical half of tergite 3 and tergite 4 brown, and with whitish pruinosity

on tergites 4 and 5.

Head: Frons extremely narrow, on upper 1/3 eyes close to each other and only fronto-orbital plates visible as

narrow strips, but frons broadening ventrally. About 12 pairs of frontal setae on lower 2/3, shortening dorsally.

Ocellar triangle extremely constricted, but still recognizable, with a few minute setulae, no ocelli. Fronto-orbital

plate subequal to pedicel width at lowermost level in frontal view, without setulae. Ratio of frons width/head width

at vertex level 0.04; ratio of frons width/head width at level of lunula 0.26. Parafacial bare and as wide as fronto-

orbital plate. Antenna short; postpedicel about 1.3x pedicel length; arista elongate and slender, about 3.5x length of

postpedicel. Antenna inserted at mid height of head in frontal view, and slightly below mid height of eye. Antennal

axis/head height ratio 0.51. Antennal axis/vibrissal axis ratio 1.17; antennal axis/oral (epistomal) axis ratio 1.12;

vibrissal axis/oral axis ratio 0.96. Genal dilation developed and densely covered with short black setulae. Genal

height/head height ratio 0.15. Occiput strongly concave middorsally.

Thorax: Acrostichal setae 0+2, prescutellar pair stronger. Dorsocentral setae 3+3 (anteriormost presutural seta

weak). Notopleural setae 2, subequal and close to each other, with few short black setulae. Mesothoracic spiracle

conspicuously exposed, with light brownish branched hairs on whole anterior and posterior edges, anterior hairs

becoming longer towards upper second quarter, spiracle exposed dorsally and ventrally with just the middle

somewhat covered; metathoracic spiracle completely exposed, with very short light brown branched hairs on

anterior lappet, and without any hairs or lappet on posterior edge (this was observed on the male holotype and in

the female available, and until more material is examined, I am not certain whether this is common to the species or

is an artifact of these two specimens).

Wing: Rs node setulose dorsally and ventrally.

Legs: Fore tibia with one differentiated anterodorsal setae at apical third; 2 erect differentiated posterodorsal

setae on apical half. Mid femur with 1 basoventral seta. Mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal seta at apical third, and 2

posterodorsal setae on apical half. Hind femur with dorsal and anteroventral rows of setae, and posteroventral row

with weak setae. Hind tibia with 2–3 anterodorsal setae on apical half, 2–3 posterodorsal setae on apical half, and 2

anteroventral seta on apical half.

Terminalia: Not dissected, only the male holotype available.

Female. Body length: 8.6 mm (n=1), wing length: 8.0 mm (n=1).

Differs from male by the following: Coloration (Figs 21–24). Head pruinosity grayish on upper portion and

tending to pale light-yellow on lower portion (Figs 23–24). Gena and frontal vitta reddish-brown (Figs 23–24).

Scape and pedicel yellow, postpedicel entirely orangish, arista yellow (Figs 23–24). Head. Upper ommatidia not

enlarged. Frons broad, margins converging from level of antennal insertion towards vertex (Fig. 23), slightly

swollen on lower half (Fig. 24). About 16 pairs of frontal setae irregularly sized (Fig. 23), but forming linear row

and not strongly developed (the present and observable ones, and based on the insertions of broken setae), with two

pairs below level of antennal insertion (Fig. 24). Frontal vitta narrowing towards vertex, about twice pedicel width

at lowermost level and subequal to pedicel width at uppermost level (Fig 23). Two pairs of proclinate fronto-orbital

setae on upper half, and one reclinate pair before ocellar triangle. Ocellar triangle recognizable, broad and notably

protuberant, with dense weak setulae, and bearing no ocelli (Figs 23–24). Fronto-orbital plate broad, about 2.5x

pedicel width at lowermost level (Fig. 23). Fronto-orbital plate with weak setulae on its entire length. Ratio of frons

width/head width at vertex level 0.30; ratio of frons width/head width at level of lunula 0.37 (Fig. 23). Parafacial

bare and narrower than fronto-orbital plate, about 2.0x pedicel width above and narrowing towards gena (Fig. 23).

Facial ridge over 2x pedicel width at vibrissal level, with dense fine long setulae on lower portion (Fig. 23).

Antennal axis/head height ratio 0.53. Antennal axis/vibrissal axis ratio 1.12; antennal axis/oral (epistomal) axis

ratio 1.12; vibrissal axis/oral axis ratio 1.05 (Fig. 24). In profile, anteroventral margin of head (bearing vibrissal,

subvibrissal and subcranial setae/setulae) not subparallel to anteroventral margin of eye, closer to eye margin at

vibrissal level (anteriorly) and diverging ventrally toward gena (posteriorly), becoming conspicuously distant (Fig.

24). Antenna inserted clearly above mid height of head in frontal view, and slightly above mid height of eye (Fig.

24). Genal height/head height ratio 0.26 (Fig. 24). Genal dilation not apparent; gena covered with short black

setulae.


Terminalia: Not dissected, only one female available.

Type material examined. Holotype male (BMNH), “Holo- / type” (white round label with red border),

“MALAY PENIN; / Selangor. / Bukit Kitu / at height 3500 ft. / 12-3-1931. / H. M. Pendlebury.”, on the underside

of latter label “EX:COLL: / F. M. S. / MUSEUMS.”, white label with underside “Pres. by / Fed. Malay States Mus.

/ Brit. Mus. 1934-363.”, “Ormia / bicornis / type / det. JRMALLOCH”. Specimen in good condition, except the

wing tips are damaged.

Additional material examined. INDIA, Assam, Gauhati [Guwahati], 1 female, 21.x.1920, B.M. 1924–100,

R. Senior-White leg. (BMNH).

Remarks. This species is extremely poorly represented in collections. If P. pallida is ‘well known’ from a few

dozen specimens, P. bicornis was previously known only from the male holotype. I have associated the female

from India (Assam) with the type from Malaysia, despite the geographical distance between them, and despite

some slight differences noticed between them (see above). I did not find any additional specimens in collections

that were visited or contacted, therefore, this is the only known female at present. Nevertheless, Chao & Zhou

(2003) extended the distribution of P. bicornis northwards to the Chinese coastal province of Fujian (see also

O’Hara et al. 2009). I have not seen this material.

FIGURES 21–24. Phasioormia bicornis, female. 21. Dorsal habitus. 22. Lateral habitus. 23. Head, frontal view. 24. Head, lateral view. (Female specimen from India.) (Scale bars 1 mm.)


Phasioormia papuana sp. nov.

(Figs 25–32, 36–38, 39)

Type locality. Indonesia, Papua, Humboldt Bay District, Bewani Mts.

Distribution (Fig. 39). Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.

Diagnosis. P. papuana sp. nov. can be distinguished from P. bicornis by having the female ocellar triangle

hardly recognizable as a narrow strip and with weak, sparse setulae (ocellar triangle broad and protuberant, with

weak, dense setulae in P. bicornis), male ocellar triangle extremely constricted between eyes, not visible and bare

(extremely constricted between eyes, but still visible, with a few minute setulae in P. bicornis). The

abovementioned characters are shared with P. pallida, from which P. papuana sp. nov. can be differentiated by the

abdomen entirely yellowish-brown to brown (while P. pallida has abdomen reddish-yellow on tergites 1+2, 3 and

4, and tergite 5 dark brown), notopleuron bare or at most with sparse setulae (densely setulose in P. pallida), female

fronto-orbital plate narrower (2x the pedicel width at the lowermost level) than in P. pallida (2.5x the pedicel width

at the lowermost level), and female fronto-orbital plate with sparse setulae (dense setulose in P. pallida). There are

also distinguishing features in the male and female terminalia (Figs 33–38).

Description. Male. Body length: 8.1–9.2 mm (n=2) (holotype 9.2 mm), wing length: 8.4–9.1mm (n=2)

(holotype 9.1 mm).

FIGURES 25–28. Phasioormia papuana sp. nov. 25. Male dorsal habitus. 26. Female dorsal habitus. 27. Male lateral habitus. 28. Female lateral habitus. (Scale bars 1 mm.)


FIGURES 29–32. Phasioormia papuana sp. nov. 29. Male head, frontal view. 30. Female head, frontal view. 31. Male head, lateral view. 32. Female head, lateral view. (Scale bars 1 mm.)

Coloration (Figs 25–32): Head brown with whitish pruinosity on face, parafacial, fronto-orbital plate, facial

ridge and gena; lower margin of face and facial ridge yellowish to reddish-brown (Figs 29, 30). Scape and pedicel

yellowish, postpedicel dark brown but base yellowish, arista light brown (Figs 29, 30). Palpus and proboscis

yellowish (Figs 29, 30). Thorax reddish-brown but tending to reddish-yellow on postpronotal lobe, notopleuron

and lateral areas (Figs 25, 27). Claws brown with black apex; pulvilli yellow. Abdomen entirely reddish-yellow,

with whitish pruinosity apparent only on tergites (Figs 25, 27).

Head: Frons extremely narrow, on upper half eyes close to each other and only fronto-orbital plates visible as

quite narrow strips, but frons broadening ventrally (Fig. 29). About 13 pairs of frontal setae on lower 2/3,

shortening dorsally. Ocellar triangle extremely constricted and not recognizable, no ocelli (Fig. 29). Fronto-orbital

plate as narrow as pedicel width at lowermost level, without setulae (Fig. 29). Ratio of frons width/head width 0.02

at vertex level; ratio of frons width/head width at level of lunula 0.16 (Fig. 29). Parafacial bare and as wide as

fronto-orbital plate (Fig. 29). Facial ridge with about 2x pedicel width at vibrissal level, and with dense fine long

setulae on lower portion (Fig. 29). Antenna short (Figs 29, 31); postpedicel about 1.2x pedicel length; arista

elongate and slender, about 3.5x postpedicel length. Antenna inserted below mid height of head in frontal view, and


below mid height of eye (Fig. 31). Antennal axis/head height ratio 0.63 (Fig. 31). Antennal axis/vibrissal axis ratio

1.28; antennal axis/oral (epistomal) axis ratio 1.36; vibrissal axis/oral axis ratio 1.14 (Fig. 31). Genal dilation not

apparent, but gena densely covered with short black setulae. Genal height/head height ratio 0.14. Occiput strongly

concave middorsally.

Thorax: Acrostichal setae 1+2, presutural pair anteriorly placed and not close to suture, prescutellar pair

stronger. Dorsocentral setae 2+3. Notopleural setae 2, subequal and close to each other, notopleuron bare or with

some sparse black setulae. Mesothoracic spiracle conspicuously exposed, with light brownish branched hairs on

whole anterior and posterior edges, anterior hairs becoming longer towards upper second quarter, spiracle exposed

dorsally and ventrally with just the middle somewhat covered; metathoracic spiracle not exposed, completely

covered by anterior lappet of short light brown branched hairs and opercular posterior lappet of brown branched

hairs.

Wing (Fig. 25): Rs node setulose dorsally and ventrally, with setulae extending at most on basal sixth of R4+5

.

Legs: One male paratype with the forelegs only, and a second male paratype lacking all legs; based on the

remnant legs, the male can be characterized as: fore tibia with 1 anterodorsal seta at apical third, 2 erect

posterodorsal setae on apical half; claws about 2/3 length of last tarsomere; and pulvilli slightly shorter than claws.

For other details, refer to the female, as other species of Phasioormia have not been observed to have sexually

dimorphic features in the legs.

Terminalia (Figs 36–37): Cerci with posterior apexes conspicuously separated and divergent (Fig. 36); apex

thumb-shaped in dorsal view (Fig. 36), and acuminate and curved in lateral view (Fig. 37). Cerci conspicuously

longer than wide (about twice). Surstylus slightly arcuate inwardly (Fig. 36), elongate, with broad and rounded

apex in both dorsal and lateral views (Figs 36 and 37), and with basomedial lobes bearing a few fine setulae hidden

behind the cerci (Fig. 36). Pregonite broad and long.

Female. Body length: 9.4–9.6 mm (n=4), wing length: 9.6–10.0 mm (n=4).

Differs from male by the following: Head (Figs 30, 32). Dichoptic. Upper ommatidia not enlarged. Frons

broad, subparallel sided from level of antennal insertion to vertex (Fig. 30), swollen on lower half (Fig. 32). About

16 pairs of frontal setae forming a linear row and not strongly developed (Fig. 30), with two pairs below level of

antennal insertion. Frontal vitta narrowing towards vertex, about twice pedicel width at lowermost level and

subequal to pedicel width at uppermost level (Fig. 30). Two pairs of proclinate fronto-orbital setae on upper half,

and one reclinate pair before ocellar triangle (Figs 30, 32). Ocellar triangle hardly recognizable as narrow slightly

protuberant strip, with some weak setulae, and bearing no ocelli (Fig. 30). Fronto-orbital plate broad, about 2.0x

pedicel width at lowermost level (Fig. 30). Fronto-orbital plate with weak setulae on its entire length (but not dense

as in P. pallida and P. bicornis). Ratio of frons width/head width at vertex level 0.25; ratio of frons width/head

width at level of lunula 0.34 (Fig. 30). Parafacial bare and narrower than fronto-orbital plate, about 2.0x pedicel

width above and narrowing towards gena (Fig. 30). Face broad and developed (not oestriform like in Aulacephala

and Therobia) (Fig. 30). Facial ridge rather broadened although not flattened (not oestriform like in Aulacephala

and Therobia), more than 2x pedicel width at vibrissal level, and with dense fine long setulae on lower portion (Fig.

30). Antennal axis/head height ratio 0.57 (Fig. 32). Antennal axis/vibrissal axis ratio 1.16; antennal axis/oral

(epistomal) axis ratio 1.28; vibrissal axis/oral axis ratio 1.10 (Fig. 32). In profile, anteroventral margin of head

(bearing vibrissal, subvibrissal and subcranial setae/setulae) subparallel to anteroventral margin of eye (Fig. 32).

Antenna inserted clearly above mid height of head in frontal view, and about mid height of eye (Fig. 32). Genal

height/head height ratio 0.25. Genal dilation not apparent; gena covered with short black setulae. Legs: Fore tibia

with 2–4 differentiated anterodorsal setae; 2 differentiated posterodorsal setae; one submedian posteroventral seta.

Mid tibia with 1–2 anterodorsal setae on apical half, and 1–2 posterodorsal setae on apical half. Hind femur with

dorsal row of setae, with longer setae at base, and anteroventral and posteroventral rows of weak setae. Hind tibia

with 2 anterodorsal setae on median third, 2–3 posterodorsal setae on median third, and 1–2 anteroventral seta on

apical third.

Terminalia (Fig. 38): Tergite 6 separated into hemitergites, with continuous row of spiniform straight setae on

inner margin from median third until half of apical third, and with single spiracle on each side. Tergite 8 formed as

a single narrow arc (fused medioventrally), but not fused with sternite 10. Sternite 10 (postgenital plate or

hypoproct) covered with fine setulae, bearing 2 spiniform lateral setae and medial row of 3 spiniform setae

decreasing inwards.


FIGURES 33–38. Phasioormia pallida. 33. Male terminalia, dorsal view. 34. Male terminalia, lateral view. 35. Female terminalia, posterior view. Phasioormia papuana sp. nov. 36. Male terminalia, dorsal view. 37. Male terminalia, lateral view. 38. Female terminalia, posterior view. (Legends: cer, cerci; spr, spiracle; s8, sternite 8; s10, sternite 10; t6, tergite 6; t8, tergite 8.)


FIGURE 39. Geographical distribution of the genera Aulacephala (black circles: A. maculithorax; black squares: A. hervei) and Phasioormia (blue circles: P. bicornis; blue squares: P. pallida; blue stars: P. papuana sp. nov.). [Empty symbols denote inexact locality records, where the country or province capitals were arbitrarily used to plot the occurrence.]

Type material examined. Holotype male, DUTCH NEW GUINEA [INDONESIAN PAPUA], Humboldt Bay

Dist. [Yos Sudarso Bay], Bewani Mts., ix.1937, W. Stüber leg. (BMNH). Paratypes: same data as holotype, 5

females (BMNH); DUTCH NEW GUINEA [INDONESIAN PAPUA]: Cyclops Mts., Sabron, Camp 2, 1 female,

vii.1936 (2000ft), L.E. Cheesman leg. (BMNH); Fak-Fak, 1 female, A.E. Pratt leg. (C.J. Wainwright coll.), B.M.

1948-488 (BMNH); PAPUA [INDONESIAN PAPUA], Kokoda, 1200ft, 1 female, viii.1933, L.E. Cheesman leg.

(BMNH); [PAPUA] NEW GUINEA: Madang Dist., Damanti, Pinisterre Mts. (3550ft), 1 female, 2–11.x.1964,

M.E. Bacchus leg. (BMNH); NE Wau, 1200m, 1 male, 9.iii.1962 (light trap), J. & M. Sedlacek leg. (BMNH). [The

male from NE Wau and the female from Fak-Fak were dissected and examined.]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Yoshitomi Hiroyuki (EUMJ), Hiroshi Shima (BLKU), Nigel Wyatt (BMNH), Mikhail Mostovski

(NMSA), Norman Woodley (USNM) and David Yeates (ANIC), for the loan of material. I am indebted to Erica

McAllister and Nigel Wyatt (BMNH) and to Norman Woodley and Torsten Dikow (USNM) for the facilities and

kind assistance during my visits. Thanks to Chun-tian Zhang (Shenyang Normal University) for kindly providing

useful information about Chinese Ormiini. Thanks to Rodrigo Dios for the digital drawings of male and female

terminalia of Aulacephala and Phasioormia; to Rodrigo Dios, Priscylla Moll, Filipe Gudin and Pedro Dias for

suggestions on an earlier version of this manuscript; and to Norman Woodley (USNM) and an anonymous reviewer

for valuable criticisms and suggestions that improved the submitted manuscript. Thanks to James O’Hara

(Canadian National Collection, Ottawa) for kindly providing photographs of the holotype of Aulacephala badia.

Financial support from FAPESP (proc. n. 2007/50836–7, and 2013/05131–6) and CNPq (proc. n. 562199/2010–1).

References

Barraclough, D.A. & Allen, G.R. (1996) Two new species of Homotrixa Villeneuve (Diptera: Tachinidae: Ormiini) from Southwestern Australia, with data on biology and ecology. Australian Journal of Entomology, 35, 135–145.


http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1996.tb01377.xBau, A. (1928) Ueber Aulacocephala und Rogenhofera (Diptera, olim Oestridae). Konowia, 7, 298–302.Bequaert, J. (1922) Sur le genre Aulacephala Macquart avec la description d’une espèce nouvelle de l’Extrème-Orient. Revue

Zoologique Africaine, 10, 301–308.Bequaert, J. (1929) A note on the genus Aulacephala Macquart (Diptera). Konowia, 8, 163–164.Bezzi, M. (1911) Miodarii superiori raccolti dal signor C. W. Howard nell’Africa austral orientale. Bollettino del Laboratorio di

Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Regia Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura in Portici, 6, 45–104.Bigot, J.M.F. (1859) Diptères de Madagascar. 3e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Série 3, 7, 533–558.Brauer, F. (1863) Monographie der Oestriden. C. Ueberreuter, Wien, 292 pp.Cantrell, B.K. & Crosskey, R.W. (1989) Family Tachinidae. In: Evenhuis, N. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian

and Oceanian Regions. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, pp. 733–784.Chao, C.-m. & Xue, W.-Q. (1998) Tachinidae. In: Xue, W.-Q. & Chao, C.-M. (Eds.), Flies of China. Vol. 2. Liaoning Science

and Technology Press, Shenyang, pp. 1661–2206 + pls. 1–30. [in Chinese]Chao, C.-M. & Zhou, S.-X. (2003) Tachinidae. In: Huang, B.-K. (Ed.), Fauna of insects in Fujian Province of China. Vol. 8.

Fujian Science and Technology Press, Fuzhou, pp. 443–498. [in Chinese]Crosskey, R.W. (1966) New generic and specific synonymy in Australian Tachinidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Royal

Entomological Society of London (B), 35, 101–110.Crosskey, R.W. (1971) The type-material of Australasian, Oriental and Ethiopian Tachinidae (Diptera) described by Macquart

and Bigot. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, 25, 251–305.Crosskey, R.W. (1976) A taxonomic conspectus of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of the Oriental Region. Bulletin of the British

Museum (Natural History), Entomology Supplement, 26, 1–357.Crosskey, R.W. (1977) Family Tachinidae. In: Delfinado, M.D. & Hardy, D.E. (Eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental

Region. Vol. III. Suborder Cyclorrhapha (excluding Aschiza). University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp. 586–697.Crosskey, R.W. (1980) Family Tachinidae. In: Crosskey, R.W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region.

British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 822–888.Crosskey, R.W. (1984) Annotated keys to the genera of Tachinidae (Diptera) found in tropical and southern Africa. Annals of

Natal Museum, 26, 189–337.Cumming, J.M. & Wood, D.M. (2009) Adult morphology and terminology. In: Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J.M.,

Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E. & Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera. Vol. 1. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 9–50.

Dear, J.P. & Crosskey, R.W. (1982) A taxonomic review of the Tachinidae (Insecta, Diptera) of the Philippines. Steenstrupia, 8, 105–155.

Evenhuis, N.L. (2003) The status of the cricket parasites Ormia ochracea and Phasioormia pallida in the Hawaiian Islands (Diptera: Tachinidae). Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 74, 34–35.

Gerstaecker, A. (1863) Eine neue Oestriden-Art, Aulacocephala badia. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 13, 1033–1035.

Guimarães, J.H. (1971) 104. Family Tachinidae. In: A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, pp. 1–333.

Herting, B. (1957) Das weibliche Postabdomen der calyptraten Fliegen (Diptera) und sein Merkmalswert für die Systematik der gruppe. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere, 45, 429–461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389872

Herting, B. & Dely-Draskovits, Á. (1993) Family Tachinidae. In: Soós, Á. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 13. Anthomyiidae-Tachinidae. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, pp. 118–458.

Macquart, J. (1851) Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Suite du 4e supplement publié dans les memoires de 1849. Mémoires de la Société Royale des Sciences, de l’Agriculture et des Arts de Lille, 1850, 134–294. [Also published as “Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus”, Supplément IV [part], pp. 161–336. Paris, 1851.]

Malloch, J.R. (1925) A new species of the genus Aulacocephala (Dipt.) from Sumatra. Treubia, 6, 146–147.Malloch, J.R. (1932) Exotic Muscaridae (Diptera). – XXXVII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 10,

297–330.Mesnil, L.P. (1973) 64g. Larvaevorinae (Tachininae). Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region, 10 (Lieferung 299), 1169–1232.Nishida, G.M. (1997) Hawaiian terrestrial arthropod checklist. 3rd edition. Bishop Museum Technical Reports, 12, 1–263.Nishida, G.M. (2002) Hawaiian terrestrial arthropod checklist. 4th edition. Bishop Museum Technical Reports, 22, 1–313.O’Hara, J.E. & Wood, D.M. (2004) Catalogue of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of America north of Mexico. Memoirs on

Entomology, International, 18, 1–410.O’Hara, J.E., Shima, H. & Zhang, C.-t. (2009) Annotated catalogue of the Tachinidae (Insecta: Diptera) of China. Zootaxa,

2190, 1–236.Paramonov, S.J. (1955) Notes on Australian Diptera. XVI. Ormiominda, gen. nov. – First representative of the tribe Ormiini

(Tachinidae) in Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 8, 125–130.Preston, D.J. (1993) Notes and exhibitions: Phasioormia pallida Townsend. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological

Society, 31 [1992], 16.Ricardo, G. (1901) Notes on Diptera from South Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 8, 89–110.


Séguy, M.E. (1926) Sur une forme nouvelle se rapportant aux “Oestridae dubiosae”. Diptera, Tome III (Fasc. 1), pp. 1–10. [Paris]

Shima, H. (2014) Family Tachinidae. In: Editorial Committee of the Insects of Japan (Eds.), Catalogue of the Insects of Japan. Vol. II. Part 2. Entomological Society of Japan, Tokyo, pp. 832–882.

Stuckenberg, B.R. (1999) Antennal evolution in the Brachycera (Diptera), with a reassessment of terminology relating to the flagellum. Studia dipterologica, 6, 33–48.

Townsend, C.H.T. (1918) New muscoid genera, species and synonymy (Diptera). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 6, 157–182.Townsend, C.H.T. (1933) New genera and species of Old World oestromuscoid flies. Journal of the New York Entomological

Society, 40 [1932], 439–479.Townsend, C.H.T. (1936) Manual of myiology, in twelve parts. Part III. Townsend & Filhos, Itaquaquecetuba, 250 pp.Townsend, C.H.T. (1938) Manual of myiology, in twelve parts. Part VII. Townsend & Filhos, Itaquaquecetuba, 246 pp.Uéda, S. (1960) Description of a new species of the genus Plesiooestrus Villeneuve, with notes on Aulacephala hervei

Bequaert (Diptera: Larvaevoridae). Insecta Matsumurana, 23, 14–20.Verbeke, J. (1963) The structure of the male genitalia in Tachinidae (Diptera) and their taxonomic value. Stuttgarter Beiträge

zur Naturkunde, 114, 1–8.Wood, D.M. & Zumbado, M.A. (2010) Tachinidae. In: Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J.M., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E.

& Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera. Vol. 2. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 1343–1417.


Documents

Systematic revision of the ormiine genera Aulacephala Macquart and Phasioormia Townsend (Diptera, Tachinidae)