SOLID AND HAZARDOUSWASTE MANAGEMENT

M. Habibur Rahman Abdullah Al-Muyeed

SOLID AND HAZARDOUSWASTE MANAGEMENT

M. Habibur Rahman Abdullah Al-Muyeed

SOLID AND HAZARDOUSWASTE MANAGEMENT

SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

First Edition: May 2010

Published by:

ITN-BUETCentre for Water Supply and Waste Management,BUET, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.

All rights reserved by

ITN-BUETCentre for Water Supply and Waste Management

This book or any part of it cannot be reproduced in any from of by any means without written permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-984-33-1894-7

Drawing: M. Saiful IslamLayout & Design : Tahmid Ritu, Alauddin AhmedPrint: Mati ar Manush

PrefaceOne of the foremost objectives of the International Training Network Centre of the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (ITN-BUET) has been to reorient the curricula of environmental engineering education in Bangladesh with emphasis on low-cost technologies, community participation, community management, hygiene promotion, safety issues in both solid waste and water supply-sanitation. During the process of curricula development, ITN-BUET, BUET, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (CUET), Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST), Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) acknowledged the need for a textbook on solid and hazardous waste management in the academic arena of the universities to support the reoriented curricula. It was felt that there are very few standard materials available on solid and hazardous waste management (SHWM), particularly focused on SHWM of Bangladesh. It was therefore decided to develop a textbook on SHWM.

The book has been developed for students studying environmental engineering focused on solid and hazardous waste treatment and management and their teachers at technical institutions in Bangladesh. It is also meant for professionals already working in this SHWM sector, who can use the textbook for reference. The development of this textbook was a challenging process. All concerned authorities wanted to make sure that the textbook would be useful for the students studying in this field, teachers, technicians and professionals working in SHWM sector. To facilitate this from the beginning, staff members of the ITN-BUET, teachers of technical institutions, professionals working in SHWM sector and officials from bilateral organizations were asked to review and therefore to provide comments on the contents of the book. Eventually, the final manuscript of this book is updated with their valuable suggestions and guidelines.

This book comprises of 11 chapters where the first chapter covers general description of solid waste management (SWM) and historical background of SWM system. It also describes the stream of practice of SWM system in Bangladesh as well as institutional aspects and legal framework that exist at present in the country. The second chapter includes composition and physical properties of solid waste, the mass balance theory during energy evolve in any

SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

First Edition: May 2010

Published by:

ITN-BUETCentre for Water Supply and Waste Management,BUET, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.

All rights reserved by

ITN-BUETCentre for Water Supply and Waste Management

This book or any part of it cannot be reproduced in any from of by any means without written permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-984-33-1894-7

Drawing: M. Saiful IslamLayout & Design : Tahmid Ritu, Alauddin AhmedPrint: Mati ar Manush

PrefaceOne of the foremost objectives of the International Training Network Centre of the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (ITN-BUET) has been to reorient the curricula of environmental engineering education in Bangladesh with emphasis on low-cost technologies, community participation, community management, hygiene promotion, safety issues in both solid waste and water supply-sanitation. During the process of curricula development, ITN-BUET, BUET, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (CUET), Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST), Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) acknowledged the need for a textbook on solid and hazardous waste management in the academic arena of the universities to support the reoriented curricula. It was felt that there are very few standard materials available on solid and hazardous waste management (SHWM), particularly focused on SHWM of Bangladesh. It was therefore decided to develop a textbook on SHWM.

The book has been developed for students studying environmental engineering focused on solid and hazardous waste treatment and management and their teachers at technical institutions in Bangladesh. It is also meant for professionals already working in this SHWM sector, who can use the textbook for reference. The development of this textbook was a challenging process. All concerned authorities wanted to make sure that the textbook would be useful for the students studying in this field, teachers, technicians and professionals working in SHWM sector. To facilitate this from the beginning, staff members of the ITN-BUET, teachers of technical institutions, professionals working in SHWM sector and officials from bilateral organizations were asked to review and therefore to provide comments on the contents of the book. Eventually, the final manuscript of this book is updated with their valuable suggestions and guidelines.

This book comprises of 11 chapters where the first chapter covers general description of solid waste management (SWM) and historical background of SWM system. It also describes the stream of practice of SWM system in Bangladesh as well as institutional aspects and legal framework that exist at present in the country. The second chapter includes composition and physical properties of solid waste, the mass balance theory during energy evolve in any

viivi

M. Habibur Rahman received his B.Sc. (Civil) Eng. and M.Sc (Civil and Environmental) Eng. at Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), Dhaka and his Ph.D from University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK as a Commonwealth scholar. Immediately after his graduation he joined the faculty of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka, where he served as Lecturer, Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, Professor and Division Chief. Awarded Commonwealth Academic Staff Fellowship and worked as a Visiting Professor during 1999-2000 for 1 year at Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK. He has been serving as a Director of International Training Network Centre of BUET (ITN–BUET) and as a Pro-Vice Chancellor of BUET. He has more than twenty- eight years of teaching, research and professional experiences in Civil and Environmental Engineering. He worked as a Consultant to about 50 major Civil, Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Management projects of national importance including some UNCRD-Japan, World Bank, IDB and WHO projects. The author worked as a Member of the Scientific and Technical Council of International Water Supply Association; Member of the Executive Board of International Water Supply Association ASCEN Region; Board Member of International Water Association; Board Member Asian Academic Network for Environmental Safety & Waste Management; and, also as a Board Member of the Asia Pacific Association of Hydrology & Water Resources. Publish more than 150 papers in National and International Journal and Conference Proceedings. He is the contributory author of Bangladesh Nation Building Code1993. He also authored chapters of more than 10 books.

Abdullah Al-Muyeed received his B.Sc. (Civil) Eng. and M.Sc (Civil and Environmental) Eng. at Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), Dhaka and his Ph.D from the University of Tokyo, Japan, as a prestigious Monbusho scholar. His professional experiences cover graduate and post graduate level teaching and research in renowned universities of Bangladesh and abroad since 2003 immediately after his graduation. The author has more than 30 technical papers in National and International Journal and Conference Proceedings. He also worked as honorary editor and reviewer of distinguished journals of international publishers. He is also a distinguished Specialist on Solid Waste Management of International Training Network Centre of BUET (ITN–BUET).

About Authorstreatment facility. It also includes the case study of banning polythene and its affects in improving quality of the environment in Bangladesh. Chapter three comprises of reduction of solid waste especially at source, on site processing of waste and transportation of waste. The next chapter describes the collection and transferring of waste. It also describes the design of an economic collection system. Chapter five describes recycling and reuse of waste. It also describes material recovery facilities that exist mostly in developed countries but here it is emphasized on practicing this technology in developing countries as well.

From chapter six to chapter ten, the treatment facilities of solid waste are critically discussed. Chapter six describes the anaerobic treatment of waste where biogas production in economic reactor is discussed with emphasis. Biogas, which can play a vital role in renewable energy sector of Bangladesh, is also discussed in this chapter. Chapter seven discusses aerobic treatment/composting technology which is the most suitable option of treatment of solid waste in Bangladesh. Here, an innovative self turning reactor (STR) is introduced as a new treatment option of composting, especially for Bangladesh. Incineration is mostly practiced in the developed world as a treatment option of solid waste. However, sometimes the emission of carbon and dioxin are ignored, which is adverse to the climate. Chapter eight discusses briefly about the incineration technology practiced in SWMS. It also includes pyrolysis and thermal gasification technologies of treating waste. Ultimate disposal of the waste with adequate safety process are explained in Chapter nine. The following chapter discusses the hazardous waste management and details of treatment facilities needed for this type of waste.

Finally, chapter eleven describes briefly the life cycle analysis of integrated solid waste management.

viivi

M. Habibur Rahman received his B.Sc. (Civil) Eng. and M.Sc (Civil and Environmental) Eng. at Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), Dhaka and his Ph.D from University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK as a Commonwealth scholar. Immediately after his graduation he joined the faculty of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka, where he served as Lecturer, Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, Professor and Division Chief. Awarded Commonwealth Academic Staff Fellowship and worked as a Visiting Professor during 1999-2000 for 1 year at Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK. He has been serving as a Director of International Training Network Centre of BUET (ITN–BUET) and as a Pro-Vice Chancellor of BUET. He has more than twenty- eight years of teaching, research and professional experiences in Civil and Environmental Engineering. He worked as a Consultant to about 50 major Civil, Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Management projects of national importance including some UNCRD-Japan, World Bank, IDB and WHO projects. The author worked as a Member of the Scientific and Technical Council of International Water Supply Association; Member of the Executive Board of International Water Supply Association ASCEN Region; Board Member of International Water Association; Board Member Asian Academic Network for Environmental Safety & Waste Management; and, also as a Board Member of the Asia Pacific Association of Hydrology & Water Resources. Publish more than 150 papers in National and International Journal and Conference Proceedings. He is the contributory author of Bangladesh Nation Building Code1993. He also authored chapters of more than 10 books.

Abdullah Al-Muyeed received his B.Sc. (Civil) Eng. and M.Sc (Civil and Environmental) Eng. at Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), Dhaka and his Ph.D from the University of Tokyo, Japan, as a prestigious Monbusho scholar. His professional experiences cover graduate and post graduate level teaching and research in renowned universities of Bangladesh and abroad since 2003 immediately after his graduation. The author has more than 30 technical papers in National and International Journal and Conference Proceedings. He also worked as honorary editor and reviewer of distinguished journals of international publishers. He is also a distinguished Specialist on Solid Waste Management of International Training Network Centre of BUET (ITN–BUET).

About Authorstreatment facility. It also includes the case study of banning polythene and its affects in improving quality of the environment in Bangladesh. Chapter three comprises of reduction of solid waste especially at source, on site processing of waste and transportation of waste. The next chapter describes the collection and transferring of waste. It also describes the design of an economic collection system. Chapter five describes recycling and reuse of waste. It also describes material recovery facilities that exist mostly in developed countries but here it is emphasized on practicing this technology in developing countries as well.

From chapter six to chapter ten, the treatment facilities of solid waste are critically discussed. Chapter six describes the anaerobic treatment of waste where biogas production in economic reactor is discussed with emphasis. Biogas, which can play a vital role in renewable energy sector of Bangladesh, is also discussed in this chapter. Chapter seven discusses aerobic treatment/composting technology which is the most suitable option of treatment of solid waste in Bangladesh. Here, an innovative self turning reactor (STR) is introduced as a new treatment option of composting, especially for Bangladesh. Incineration is mostly practiced in the developed world as a treatment option of solid waste. However, sometimes the emission of carbon and dioxin are ignored, which is adverse to the climate. Chapter eight discusses briefly about the incineration technology practiced in SWMS. It also includes pyrolysis and thermal gasification technologies of treating waste. Ultimate disposal of the waste with adequate safety process are explained in Chapter nine. The following chapter discusses the hazardous waste management and details of treatment facilities needed for this type of waste.

Finally, chapter eleven describes briefly the life cycle analysis of integrated solid waste management.

Chapter 1 General Introduction to Solid Waste Management Systems1.1 Definition of solid waste1.2 Background of solid waste management1.3 Composition of solid waste1.4 Management of solid wasteQuestions

References

Chapter 2 Source and Characteristics of Solid Waste2.1 Classification of solid waste2.2 Quantity of solid waste2.3 Composition of solid waste2.4 Physical properties of waste2.5 Mechanical properties of waste2.6 Chemical properties of waste2.7 Method of sampling and measurement2.8 Variations in quantity and composition of solid waste2.9 Forecasting future waste quantities

Questions

References

Chapter 3 Source Reduction, On-Site Processing and Storage of Solid

Waste3.1 Introduction3.2 Source reduction3.3 Onsite processing and collection of waste materials3.4 Implementation of source reduction and on-site processing3.5 Calculation of source reduction3.6 On-site storage

Questions

References

Chapter 4 Collection and Transfer of Solid Wastes4.1 Introduction4.2 Classification of collection systems

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102727

313340444750515761626868

717374768385879899

101103

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ixviii

We would like to express our sincere thanks to all those who have inspired us for the development and publication of this textbook. Participation of the representatives from BUET, DUET, CUET, RUET, KUET, SUST, DPHE, LGED, WSP-WB, UNDP, DANIDA, WHO, NGO Forum and other organizations in the workshop to finalize this book is gratefully acknowledged. Their valuable comments and reviews, have enriched the publication.

The authors express their sincere thanks to ITN-BUET for supporting development of the book and finally, publishing the book. Our sincere appreciation goes to Engr. Sk. Abu Jafar Shamsuddin and Engr. Alauddin Ahmed of ITN-BUET for their kind arrangement of publishing this book in different stages.

Finally, an honorable mention goes to our families and friends for their understandings and supports extended to us in completing this book. We remain indebted to all of them.

M. Habibur RahmanAbdullah Al-Muyeed

Acknowledgement

Contents

Chapter 1 General Introduction to Solid Waste Management Systems1.1 Definition of solid waste1.2 Background of solid waste management1.3 Composition of solid waste1.4 Management of solid wasteQuestions

References

Chapter 2 Source and Characteristics of Solid Waste2.1 Classification of solid waste2.2 Quantity of solid waste2.3 Composition of solid waste2.4 Physical properties of waste2.5 Mechanical properties of waste2.6 Chemical properties of waste2.7 Method of sampling and measurement2.8 Variations in quantity and composition of solid waste2.9 Forecasting future waste quantities

Questions

References

Chapter 3 Source Reduction, On-Site Processing and Storage of Solid

Waste3.1 Introduction3.2 Source reduction3.3 Onsite processing and collection of waste materials3.4 Implementation of source reduction and on-site processing3.5 Calculation of source reduction3.6 On-site storage

Questions

References

Chapter 4 Collection and Transfer of Solid Wastes4.1 Introduction4.2 Classification of collection systems

1338

102727

313340444750515761626868

717374768385879899

101103

103

ixviii

We would like to express our sincere thanks to all those who have inspired us for the development and publication of this textbook. Participation of the representatives from BUET, DUET, CUET, RUET, KUET, SUST, DPHE, LGED, WSP-WB, UNDP, DANIDA, WHO, NGO Forum and other organizations in the workshop to finalize this book is gratefully acknowledged. Their valuable comments and reviews, have enriched the publication.

The authors express their sincere thanks to ITN-BUET for supporting development of the book and finally, publishing the book. Our sincere appreciation goes to Engr. Sk. Abu Jafar Shamsuddin and Engr. Alauddin Ahmed of ITN-BUET for their kind arrangement of publishing this book in different stages.

Finally, an honorable mention goes to our families and friends for their understandings and supports extended to us in completing this book. We remain indebted to all of them.

M. Habibur RahmanAbdullah Al-Muyeed

Acknowledgement

Contents

xix

Chapter 7 Composting7.1 Introduction7.2 Composting process7.3 Environmental factors affecting composting7.4 Other factors influencing the composting process7.5 Composting methods7.6 Vermicomposting7.7 Barrel composting7.8 Self-turning composting

Questions

References

Chapter 8 Thermal Treatment8.1 Introduction8.2 Incineration8.3 Processes of thermal treatment8.4 Pyrolysis8.5 Plasma thermal treatment8.6 Thermal gasification8.7 Energy content of MSW

Questions

References

Chapter 9 Land Disposal9.1 Introduction9.2 Landfill classification9.3 Stages of decomposition in a typical landfill9.4 Planning, design and operation of sanitary landfills9.5 Groundwater monitoring and corrective action9.6 Landfill closure and post-closure care9.7 Environmental monitoring9.8 Financial assurance9.9 Landfill completion9.10 After-use of landfill sites9.11 Quantification of leachate

Questions

References

217219222226232233235240245249249

251253253261276280280282286287

289291293301305332333333333333336336344344

4.3 Point of collection4.4 Frequency of waste collection4.5 Street cleansing4.6 Transfer stations4.7 Collection vehicles4.8 Design of a collection system

Questions

References

Chapter 5 Recycling and Reuse5.1 Introduction5.2 Significance5.3 Present practices5.4 Recycling processes5.5 Resource recovery options from organic waste5.6 Material recovery facilities5.7 Full stream processing facilities5.8 Planning for recycling5.9 Recycling performance indicators

Questions

References

Chapter 6 Anaerobic Digestion/ Biogasification6.1 Introduction6.2 The mechanism of anaerobic digestion6.3 Kinetics of anaerobic digestion6.4 Environmental factors affecting anaerobic digestion6.5 Other factors influencing anaerobic digestion6.6 Anaerobic treatment processes and present practices6.7 Biogas fertiliser6.8 Economics6.9 Environmental aspects6.10 Utilisation of biogas6.11 Sizing of biogas plants6.12 Biogas technology in Bangladesh

Questions

References

112115116117121133152152

153155155157161165167167168170174175

177179180186187188194200200201202202211215215

xix

Chapter 7 Composting7.1 Introduction7.2 Composting process7.3 Environmental factors affecting composting7.4 Other factors influencing the composting process7.5 Composting methods7.6 Vermicomposting7.7 Barrel composting7.8 Self-turning composting

Questions

References

Chapter 8 Thermal Treatment8.1 Introduction8.2 Incineration8.3 Processes of thermal treatment8.4 Pyrolysis8.5 Plasma thermal treatment8.6 Thermal gasification8.7 Energy content of MSW

Questions

References

Chapter 9 Land Disposal9.1 Introduction9.2 Landfill classification9.3 Stages of decomposition in a typical landfill9.4 Planning, design and operation of sanitary landfills9.5 Groundwater monitoring and corrective action9.6 Landfill closure and post-closure care9.7 Environmental monitoring9.8 Financial assurance9.9 Landfill completion9.10 After-use of landfill sites9.11 Quantification of leachate

Questions

References

217219222226232233235240245249249

251253253261276280280282286287

289291293301305332333333333333336336344344

4.3 Point of collection4.4 Frequency of waste collection4.5 Street cleansing4.6 Transfer stations4.7 Collection vehicles4.8 Design of a collection system

Questions

References

Chapter 5 Recycling and Reuse5.1 Introduction5.2 Significance5.3 Present practices5.4 Recycling processes5.5 Resource recovery options from organic waste5.6 Material recovery facilities5.7 Full stream processing facilities5.8 Planning for recycling5.9 Recycling performance indicators

Questions

References

Chapter 6 Anaerobic Digestion/ Biogasification6.1 Introduction6.2 The mechanism of anaerobic digestion6.3 Kinetics of anaerobic digestion6.4 Environmental factors affecting anaerobic digestion6.5 Other factors influencing anaerobic digestion6.6 Anaerobic treatment processes and present practices6.7 Biogas fertiliser6.8 Economics6.9 Environmental aspects6.10 Utilisation of biogas6.11 Sizing of biogas plants6.12 Biogas technology in Bangladesh

Questions

References

112115116117121133152152

153155155157161165167167168170174175

177179180186187188194200200201202202211215215

xiiixii

Chapter 10 Hazardous Waste Treatment10.1 Definition of hazardous waste10.2 Hazardous waste management10.3 Treatment of hazardous waste10.4 Healthcare waste management

Questions

References

Chapter 11 Integrated Waste Management and Life Cycle Inventory11.1 Introduction11.2 Life cycle inventory11.3 Concept of cradle-to-grave in LCI11.4 Inventory Stage of LCI

Questions

References

349351358364386402402

405407408409411413413

List of TablesTable 1.1 Risks associated with poor management of solid waste

Table 1.2 Municipal solid waste management costs in US$/capita/yr (as percentage of income)

Table 1.3 Selected material composition (%) of solid waste in industrialised and developing countries

Table 1.4 Stages of solid waste management

Table 1.5 Rational steps in integrated waste management

Table 2.1 Categories of solid waste

Table 2.2 Source and types of industrial waste

Table 2.3 Solid waste generation rate and income

Table 2.4 Rates of generation of solid waste in Asian countries (kg/capita/day)

Table 2.5 Per capita municipal solid waste generation in USA (1960 to 1997)

Table 2.6 Rates of generation of municipal solid waste

Table 2.7 Composition of solid waste in different cities of Bangladesh

Table 2.8 Bulk densities of residential waste for various countries

Table 2.9 Typical bulk densities of mixed MSW and its components

Table 2.10 Ultimate analysis of solid waste (per cent by weight in dry basis)

Table 2.11 Proximate analysis and calorific value of solid waste

Table 2.12 Physical constituents of a typical municipal solid waste

Table 2.13 Energy value for each of the constituents of municipal solid waste

Table 2.14 Computation of energy content for municipal solid waste in Example 2.1

Table 2.15 Minimum size and weight of sample

Table 2.16 Composition of household waste in UK

Table 3.1 Main strategic options in waste minimisation and hazard reduction at source

Table 3.2 Statistical Analysis Approach to Measuring Source Reduction

Table 3.3 Typical storage containers for waste used in industrialised countries

Table 3.4 Typical designs used in developing countries

Table 3.5 Capacity margin of storage container

Table 4.1 Typical values for haul constant coefficients m and n

7

8

9

12

16

34

37

41

42

43

43

44

48

49

52

53

54

55

55

58

62

75

86

89

92

98

105

xiiixii

Chapter 10 Hazardous Waste Treatment10.1 Definition of hazardous waste10.2 Hazardous waste management10.3 Treatment of hazardous waste10.4 Healthcare waste management

Questions

References

Chapter 11 Integrated Waste Management and Life Cycle Inventory11.1 Introduction11.2 Life cycle inventory11.3 Concept of cradle-to-grave in LCI11.4 Inventory Stage of LCI

Questions

References

349351358364386402402

405407408409411413413

List of TablesTable 1.1 Risks associated with poor management of solid waste

Table 1.2 Municipal solid waste management costs in US$/capita/yr (as percentage of income)

Table 1.3 Selected material composition (%) of solid waste in industrialised and developing countries

Table 1.4 Stages of solid waste management

Table 1.5 Rational steps in integrated waste management

Table 2.1 Categories of solid waste

Table 2.2 Source and types of industrial waste

Table 2.3 Solid waste generation rate and income

Table 2.4 Rates of generation of solid waste in Asian countries (kg/capita/day)

Table 2.5 Per capita municipal solid waste generation in USA (1960 to 1997)

Table 2.6 Rates of generation of municipal solid waste

Table 2.7 Composition of solid waste in different cities of Bangladesh

Table 2.8 Bulk densities of residential waste for various countries

Table 2.9 Typical bulk densities of mixed MSW and its components

Table 2.10 Ultimate analysis of solid waste (per cent by weight in dry basis)

Table 2.11 Proximate analysis and calorific value of solid waste

Table 2.12 Physical constituents of a typical municipal solid waste

Table 2.13 Energy value for each of the constituents of municipal solid waste

Table 2.14 Computation of energy content for municipal solid waste in Example 2.1

Table 2.15 Minimum size and weight of sample

Table 2.16 Composition of household waste in UK

Table 3.1 Main strategic options in waste minimisation and hazard reduction at source

Table 3.2 Statistical Analysis Approach to Measuring Source Reduction

Table 3.3 Typical storage containers for waste used in industrialised countries

Table 3.4 Typical designs used in developing countries

Table 3.5 Capacity margin of storage container

Table 4.1 Typical values for haul constant coefficients m and n

7

8

9

12

16

34

37

41

42

43

43

44

48

49

52

53

54

55

55

58

62

75

86

89

92

98

105

xvxiv

Table 4.2 Typical data for computing equipment and labour requirements for hauled- and stationary-container collection

Table 4.3 Comparison of various methods of solid waste collection

Table a.1 Cost comparison for alternative containers for sweepers

Table a.2 General description of alternative containers for sweepers

Table 4.4 Characteristics of typical human- and animal-powered collection vehicles

Table 4.5 Types of motorised vehicles

Table 4.6 Relevant data for both waste collection systems ª

Table 4.7 Present value of economic costs (in constant base year prices) for sample solid waste collection systems

Table 4.8 Financial costing (annual) for sample solid waste collection systems (all values in UNC)

Table 5.1 Recycling of municipal solid waste in selected countries (as percentage of total waste)

Table 5.2 Worldwide ranking of treatment technologies of the organic fraction of MSW

Table 5.3 Resource efficiency indicator and timetable

Table 6.1 Effect of pH on yield of biogas

Table 6.2 Inhibitory concentrations of some common inhibitors

Table 6.3 The allowable concentration of various inorganic compounds for biogas fermentation

Table 6.4 Nitrogen and C/N ratios of selected waste products

Table 6.5 Nutrient contents of biogas fertiliser and compost

Table 6.6 BOD reduction in the digestion process

Table 6.7 yields of biogas of substances

Table 6.8 Relevant dimensions for fixed dome biogas plants

Table 6.9 Biogas plants constructed by different organisations in Bangladesh

Table 7.1 Destruction of some common pathogens and parasites at elevated temperatures

Table 7.2 Summary of composting technologies used

Table 7.3 Open pit, covered pile and open windrow composting

Table 7.4 Description of the reactor composting system

Table 7.5 Commercial applications of vermicomposting

Table 7.6 Large-scale of vermicomposting in India

Table 7.7 Case study of a barrel composting plant in Gazipur, Bangladesh

Table 8.1 Incineration of municipal solid waste in selected countries

Table 8.2 Common waste storage, feed preparation and feeding practices in municipal solid waste, hazardous waste and medical waste incineration facilities

Table 8.3 Development status different thermal treatments

Table 8.4 Important fuel properties of RDF

Table 8.5 Emissions of dioxins and furans

Table 8.6 Emission limits of incineration exhaust gases (in mg/Nm3, except reported otherwise) in selected countries

Table 8.7 Typical pollution control methods and level of pollution reduction for waste incineration

Table 8.8 Concentration (?g/g) of heavy metals in incinerated bottom and fly ash

Table 8.9 Thermal combustion processes at or near commercial scale

Table 8.10 Description of selected thermal combustion processes

Table 8.11 Examples of ‘as received’ HHVs of various components of MSW, as well as of fossil fuels

Table 8.12 Estimated high heating value of MSW for various countries

Table 8.13 High and low heating values of combustible components of MSW

Table 9.1 Land disposal of MSW in selected countries

Table 9.2 Proportions of different waste landfilled in England and Wales

Table 9.3 Location restriction of landfill

Table 9.4 Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)

Table 9.5 Attenuation processes

Table 9.6 Uses of geosynthetics

Table 9.7 Material properties for soil liner

Table 9.8 Typical liner materials

Table 9.9 Composition of acetogenic and methanogenic leachates

Table 9.10 Treatment processes for leachate

Table 9.11 Summary of probable treatment requirements for different categories of leachate

Table 9.12 Typical landfill gas composition

Table 9.13 Example of completion criteria for landfill leachate (mg/l)

Table 9.14 Quantity of leachate from contributing sources

Table 9.15 Values of porosity and hydraulic conductivity

Table 10.1 Hazardous waste listed in the F-list

107

113

119

119

124

125

149

150

151

160

168

172

187

189

190

193

202

202

206

212

214

220

227

236

238

239

240

240

256

260

262

265

271

272

275

276

278

279

282

284

286

293

293

308

309

310

317

317

317

323

325

326

329

335

337

342

354

xvxiv

Table 4.2 Typical data for computing equipment and labour requirements for hauled- and stationary-container collection

Table 4.3 Comparison of various methods of solid waste collection

Table a.1 Cost comparison for alternative containers for sweepers

Table a.2 General description of alternative containers for sweepers

Table 4.4 Characteristics of typical human- and animal-powered collection vehicles

Table 4.5 Types of motorised vehicles

Table 4.6 Relevant data for both waste collection systems ª

Table 4.7 Present value of economic costs (in constant base year prices) for sample solid waste collection systems

Table 4.8 Financial costing (annual) for sample solid waste collection systems (all values in UNC)

Table 5.1 Recycling of municipal solid waste in selected countries (as percentage of total waste)

Table 5.2 Worldwide ranking of treatment technologies of the organic fraction of MSW

Table 5.3 Resource efficiency indicator and timetable

Table 6.1 Effect of pH on yield of biogas

Table 6.2 Inhibitory concentrations of some common inhibitors

Table 6.3 The allowable concentration of various inorganic compounds for biogas fermentation

Table 6.4 Nitrogen and C/N ratios of selected waste products

Table 6.5 Nutrient contents of biogas fertiliser and compost

Table 6.6 BOD reduction in the digestion process

Table 6.7 yields of biogas of substances

Table 6.8 Relevant dimensions for fixed dome biogas plants

Table 6.9 Biogas plants constructed by different organisations in Bangladesh

Table 7.1 Destruction of some common pathogens and parasites at elevated temperatures

Table 7.2 Summary of composting technologies used

Table 7.3 Open pit, covered pile and open windrow composting

Table 7.4 Description of the reactor composting system

Table 7.5 Commercial applications of vermicomposting

Table 7.6 Large-scale of vermicomposting in India

Table 7.7 Case study of a barrel composting plant in Gazipur, Bangladesh

Table 8.1 Incineration of municipal solid waste in selected countries

Table 8.2 Common waste storage, feed preparation and feeding practices in municipal solid waste, hazardous waste and medical waste incineration facilities

Table 8.3 Development status different thermal treatments

Table 8.4 Important fuel properties of RDF

Table 8.5 Emissions of dioxins and furans

Table 8.6 Emission limits of incineration exhaust gases (in mg/Nm3, except reported otherwise) in selected countries

Table 8.7 Typical pollution control methods and level of pollution reduction for waste incineration

Table 8.8 Concentration (?g/g) of heavy metals in incinerated bottom and fly ash

Table 8.9 Thermal combustion processes at or near commercial scale

Table 8.10 Description of selected thermal combustion processes

Table 8.11 Examples of ‘as received’ HHVs of various components of MSW, as well as of fossil fuels

Table 8.12 Estimated high heating value of MSW for various countries

Table 8.13 High and low heating values of combustible components of MSW

Table 9.1 Land disposal of MSW in selected countries

Table 9.2 Proportions of different waste landfilled in England and Wales

Table 9.3 Location restriction of landfill

Table 9.4 Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)

Table 9.5 Attenuation processes

Table 9.6 Uses of geosynthetics

Table 9.7 Material properties for soil liner

Table 9.8 Typical liner materials

Table 9.9 Composition of acetogenic and methanogenic leachates

Table 9.10 Treatment processes for leachate

Table 9.11 Summary of probable treatment requirements for different categories of leachate

Table 9.12 Typical landfill gas composition

Table 9.13 Example of completion criteria for landfill leachate (mg/l)

Table 9.14 Quantity of leachate from contributing sources

Table 9.15 Values of porosity and hydraulic conductivity

Table 10.1 Hazardous waste listed in the F-list

107

113

119

119

124

125

149

150

151

160

168

172

187

189

190

193

202

202

206

212

214

220

227

236

238

239

240

240

256

260

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271

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275

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Table 10.2 Hazardous waste listed in the K-list

Table 10.3 Hazardous waste listed in the P-list and U-list

Table 10.4 Quantities of hazardous wastes generated in industrialised regions

Table 10.5 Hazardous industrial waste generated (typical source) in the province of Ontario, 1981

Table 10.6 Hazardous waste generation by major industry groups in the USA

Table 10.7 Summary of list of treatment technologies of hazardous waste streams

Table 10.8 Typical oxidants and reductants used in hazardous waste treatment

Table 10.9 Relative advantages and disadvantages of different incineration processes in the treatment of hazardous waste

Table 10.10 Categories of hazardous healthcare waste

Table 10.11 Relative advantages and disadvantages of treatment methods of HCW

Table 10.12 Healthcare services in selected countries

Table 10.13 Healthcare facilities in selected countries

Table 10.14 Healthcare establishments in Bangladesh

Table 10.15 HCEs in Dhaka City

Table 10.16 Quantity of hazardous HCW in Dhaka City

Table 10.17 Quantity of hazardous HCW in Khulna City

Table 10.18 Quantities of HCW in selected city/country

Table 10.19 Quality of effluent from effluent treatment plant

Table 11.1 Goal definition in a LCI of integrated waste management

Figure 1.1 Functional elements of waste management system

Figure 1.2 Proposed recycling and resource recovery system in urban centres

Figure1.3 Organisational structure of urban local bodies in Bangladesh

Figure 1.4 Structure of LCA

Figure 2.1 Per capita generation of municipal solid waste in selected industrialised countries

Figure 2.2 Sample waste composition data sheet

Figure 2.3 Economic growth and solid waste generation rate of Hong Kong

Figure 2.4(a) Solid waste generation rate of Hong Kong

Figure 2.4(b) Economic growth rate of Hong Kong

Figure 2.5 Drainage clogging by mounds of plastic and polythene

Figure 2.6 Land-filling by piling up polythene bags

Figure 3.1 Materials collection bank

Figure 3.2 Actual versus predicted waste generation

Figure 4.1(a) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle

Figure 4.1(b) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle: fore-and-aft tipping vehicle

Figure 4.1(c) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle: Fore-and-aft semi-compaction vehicle

Figure 4.1(d) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle: side-loading-hopper semi-compaction vehicles

Figure 4.1(e) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle: Side-loading hydraulic-compactor vehicle

Figure 4.1(f) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle

Figure 4.1(g) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle

Figure 4.1(h) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle: Rear-loading hydraulic compactor

Figure 4.2 Solid waste collection vehicle–crew optimisation curve

Figure 4.3 Waste collection system in Dhaka city

Figure 4.4 Primary collection of waste in Dhaka City

Figure 5.1 Recycling pattern for urban solid waste in Bangladesh

Figure 5.2 Leicestershire Materials Recovery Facility (MRF

Figure 5.3 Effect of contamination on market value

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Table 10.2 Hazardous waste listed in the K-list

Table 10.3 Hazardous waste listed in the P-list and U-list

Table 10.4 Quantities of hazardous wastes generated in industrialised regions

Table 10.5 Hazardous industrial waste generated (typical source) in the province of Ontario, 1981

Table 10.6 Hazardous waste generation by major industry groups in the USA

Table 10.7 Summary of list of treatment technologies of hazardous waste streams

Table 10.8 Typical oxidants and reductants used in hazardous waste treatment

Table 10.9 Relative advantages and disadvantages of different incineration processes in the treatment of hazardous waste

Table 10.10 Categories of hazardous healthcare waste

Table 10.11 Relative advantages and disadvantages of treatment methods of HCW

Table 10.12 Healthcare services in selected countries

Table 10.13 Healthcare facilities in selected countries

Table 10.14 Healthcare establishments in Bangladesh

Table 10.15 HCEs in Dhaka City

Table 10.16 Quantity of hazardous HCW in Dhaka City

Table 10.17 Quantity of hazardous HCW in Khulna City

Table 10.18 Quantities of HCW in selected city/country

Table 10.19 Quality of effluent from effluent treatment plant

Table 11.1 Goal definition in a LCI of integrated waste management

Figure 1.1 Functional elements of waste management system

Figure 1.2 Proposed recycling and resource recovery system in urban centres

Figure1.3 Organisational structure of urban local bodies in Bangladesh

Figure 1.4 Structure of LCA

Figure 2.1 Per capita generation of municipal solid waste in selected industrialised countries

Figure 2.2 Sample waste composition data sheet

Figure 2.3 Economic growth and solid waste generation rate of Hong Kong

Figure 2.4(a) Solid waste generation rate of Hong Kong

Figure 2.4(b) Economic growth rate of Hong Kong

Figure 2.5 Drainage clogging by mounds of plastic and polythene

Figure 2.6 Land-filling by piling up polythene bags

Figure 3.1 Materials collection bank

Figure 3.2 Actual versus predicted waste generation

Figure 4.1(a) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle

Figure 4.1(b) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle: fore-and-aft tipping vehicle

Figure 4.1(c) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle: Fore-and-aft semi-compaction vehicle

Figure 4.1(d) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle: side-loading-hopper semi-compaction vehicles

Figure 4.1(e) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle: Side-loading hydraulic-compactor vehicle

Figure 4.1(f) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle

Figure 4.1(g) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle

Figure 4.1(h) Different types of solid waste collection and transportation vehicle: Rear-loading hydraulic compactor

Figure 4.2 Solid waste collection vehicle–crew optimisation curve

Figure 4.3 Waste collection system in Dhaka city

Figure 4.4 Primary collection of waste in Dhaka City

Figure 5.1 Recycling pattern for urban solid waste in Bangladesh

Figure 5.2 Leicestershire Materials Recovery Facility (MRF

Figure 5.3 Effect of contamination on market value

List of Figures355

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Figure 6.1 Typical unit operations and steps in the anaerobic digestion of solid waste

Figure 6.2 Different stages of anaerobic digestion (courtesy: US Dept of Energy)

Figure 6.3 Batch digester

Figure 6.4 Fixed Dome (Chinese model) digester

Figure 6.5 Floating Cover (Indian digester)

Figure 6.6 Bag digester

Figure 6.7 Plug-flow digester

Figure 6.8 Anaerobic baffle reactor

Figure 6.9 Slurry level with storage full of gas

Figure 7.1(a) Simplest windrow composting system (process for turning windrow manually or with front-end loader)

Figure 7.1(b) Windrow composting system (force-aerated system)

Figure 7.2 Change in temperature and organic materials during composting

Figure 7.3 Temperature profile for different composting systems

Figure 7.4 Typical unit operations and steps in the composting of solid waste

Figure 7.5 Tumblers used in composting

Figure 7.6 Indian Indore method of composting

Figure 7.7 Chinese cover pile composting system

Figure 7.8 Vermicomposting bin

Figure 7.9 Barrel composting plant

Figure 7.10 A small-scale barrel composting plant at Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Bangladesh

Figure 7.11 Typical parameter variations in barrel composting

Figure 7.12 Schematic concept of STR composting and turning cycle, with possibility of expansion

Figure 7.13 Shuffling material in the BioMY-BOX

Figure 8.1 Typical waste incineration facility schematic

Figure 8.2 Grate system in incinerator for combustion of waste

Figure 8.3 System flow diagram of RDF combustion system

Figure 8.4 RDF incineration system. Top: system components, bottom: combustion process

Figure 8.5 Modular incineration system

Figure 8.6 Fluidised incineration system. Top: system components, bottom: system flow of combustion process

Figure 8.7 Rotary kiln incineration system

Figure 8.8 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Figure 8.9 Tetrachlorodibenzofuran

Figure 8.10 Schematic pyrolysis process

Figure 8.11 Siemens thermal recycling process (schematic)

Figure 8.12 Noel conversion process (schematic)

Figure 8.13 Thermoselect process (schematic)

Figure 8.14 Gasification process (schematic)

Figure 9.1 Typical cross-section of a sanitary landfill

Figure 9.2 Major stages of waste degradation in landfills

Figure 9.3 Details of the stages of waste degradation in landfills

Figure 9.4 (a) Landfill gas composition and (b) leachate composition in relation to the degradation of biodegradable solid wastes

Figure 9.5 Schematic diagram of a typical single liner system

Figure 9.6 Schematic diagram of a typical composite liner system

Figure 9.7 Schematic diagram of a typical double liner system

Figure 9.8 Schematic diagram of a typical multiple liner system

Figure 9.9 Illustrative diagram of water balance in a leachate management system

Figure 9.10 Illustrative diagram of active gas migration control system

Figure 9.11 Illustrative diagram of passive gas migration control system

Figure 9.12 Runoff from grass-covered slopes

Figure 9.13 Approximate field capacity of soils (%vol water/vol soil)

Figure 9.14 Schematic figure of Matuail semi-aerobic landfill

Figure 9.15 Matuail sanitary landfill project (Courtesy : Dhaka City Corporation website)

Figure 10.1 Decision tree to define solid waste and hazardous waste

Figure 10.2 Hierarchy of priorities in HWM

Figure 10.3 Batch sedimentation tank

Figure 10.4 Vacuum filter used in hazardous waste treatment

Figure 10.5 Air stripping using GAC filter

Figure 10.6 Automated continuous-flow acid waste neutralising system

Figure 10.7 Rapid mix and flocculating tanks for coagulation and flocculation

Figure 10.8 Hazardous waste landfill: cross-section

Figure 10.9 Private health expenditure

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Figure 6.1 Typical unit operations and steps in the anaerobic digestion of solid waste

Figure 6.2 Different stages of anaerobic digestion (courtesy: US Dept of Energy)

Figure 6.3 Batch digester

Figure 6.4 Fixed Dome (Chinese model) digester

Figure 6.5 Floating Cover (Indian digester)

Figure 6.6 Bag digester

Figure 6.7 Plug-flow digester

Figure 6.8 Anaerobic baffle reactor

Figure 6.9 Slurry level with storage full of gas

Figure 7.1(a) Simplest windrow composting system (process for turning windrow manually or with front-end loader)

Figure 7.1(b) Windrow composting system (force-aerated system)

Figure 7.2 Change in temperature and organic materials during composting

Figure 7.3 Temperature profile for different composting systems

Figure 7.4 Typical unit operations and steps in the composting of solid waste

Figure 7.5 Tumblers used in composting

Figure 7.6 Indian Indore method of composting

Figure 7.7 Chinese cover pile composting system

Figure 7.8 Vermicomposting bin

Figure 7.9 Barrel composting plant

Figure 7.10 A small-scale barrel composting plant at Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Bangladesh

Figure 7.11 Typical parameter variations in barrel composting

Figure 7.12 Schematic concept of STR composting and turning cycle, with possibility of expansion

Figure 7.13 Shuffling material in the BioMY-BOX

Figure 8.1 Typical waste incineration facility schematic

Figure 8.2 Grate system in incinerator for combustion of waste

Figure 8.3 System flow diagram of RDF combustion system

Figure 8.4 RDF incineration system. Top: system components, bottom: combustion process

Figure 8.5 Modular incineration system

Figure 8.6 Fluidised incineration system. Top: system components, bottom: system flow of combustion process

Figure 8.7 Rotary kiln incineration system

Figure 8.8 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Figure 8.9 Tetrachlorodibenzofuran

Figure 8.10 Schematic pyrolysis process

Figure 8.11 Siemens thermal recycling process (schematic)

Figure 8.12 Noel conversion process (schematic)

Figure 8.13 Thermoselect process (schematic)

Figure 8.14 Gasification process (schematic)

Figure 9.1 Typical cross-section of a sanitary landfill

Figure 9.2 Major stages of waste degradation in landfills

Figure 9.3 Details of the stages of waste degradation in landfills

Figure 9.4 (a) Landfill gas composition and (b) leachate composition in relation to the degradation of biodegradable solid wastes

Figure 9.5 Schematic diagram of a typical single liner system

Figure 9.6 Schematic diagram of a typical composite liner system

Figure 9.7 Schematic diagram of a typical double liner system

Figure 9.8 Schematic diagram of a typical multiple liner system

Figure 9.9 Illustrative diagram of water balance in a leachate management system

Figure 9.10 Illustrative diagram of active gas migration control system

Figure 9.11 Illustrative diagram of passive gas migration control system

Figure 9.12 Runoff from grass-covered slopes

Figure 9.13 Approximate field capacity of soils (%vol water/vol soil)

Figure 9.14 Schematic figure of Matuail semi-aerobic landfill

Figure 9.15 Matuail sanitary landfill project (Courtesy : Dhaka City Corporation website)

Figure 10.1 Decision tree to define solid waste and hazardous waste

Figure 10.2 Hierarchy of priorities in HWM

Figure 10.3 Batch sedimentation tank

Figure 10.4 Vacuum filter used in hazardous waste treatment

Figure 10.5 Air stripping using GAC filter

Figure 10.6 Automated continuous-flow acid waste neutralising system

Figure 10.7 Rapid mix and flocculating tanks for coagulation and flocculation

Figure 10.8 Hazardous waste landfill: cross-section

Figure 10.9 Private health expenditure

180

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196

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199

209

223

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234

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366

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314

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ASME American Society of Mechanical EngineersBTU British thermal unitCDM Clean Development MechanismCCN Community Composting NetworkDUET Dhaka University of Engineering and TechnologyESP electrostatic precipitatorEPD Environmental Protection Department (Hong Kong)ECA Environment Conservation ActFDI foreign direct investmentGOB Government of BangladeshGNP gross national productHCE healthcare establishmentHHV higher heat valueIWSA Integrated Wastes Services Association IWM Institute of Waste Management (UK)IARC International Agency for Research on CancerISO International Organization for StandardizationLCA life cycle assessmentLCI life cycle inventoryLHV lower heat valueMRF material recovery facilityMSW municipal solid wastePCE personal consumption expenditurePCB chlorinated biphenylc-RDF coarse refuse-derived fueld-RDF dense refuse-derived fuelRDF refuse-derived fuelSTR self-turning reactorSIC Standard Industrial ClassificationUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNC unit of national currencyUSEPA United States Environmental Protection AgencyVOC volatile organic compoundWB World Bank

List of AbbreviationsFigure 10.10 Scavengers recycling healthcare waste

Figure 10.11 Liquid wastes are often discarded directly to open water bodies

Figure 10.12 Hazardous waste management site in Dhaka

Figure 10.13 Chlorination tank and treatment plant for effluent from chlorination tank

Figure 11.1 System boundary for integrated solid waste management

Figure 11.2 Stages of life cycle for solid waste management system (Adapted from White et al., 1996)

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ASME American Society of Mechanical EngineersBTU British thermal unitCDM Clean Development MechanismCCN Community Composting NetworkDUET Dhaka University of Engineering and TechnologyESP electrostatic precipitatorEPD Environmental Protection Department (Hong Kong)ECA Environment Conservation ActFDI foreign direct investmentGOB Government of BangladeshGNP gross national productHCE healthcare establishmentHHV higher heat valueIWSA Integrated Wastes Services Association IWM Institute of Waste Management (UK)IARC International Agency for Research on CancerISO International Organization for StandardizationLCA life cycle assessmentLCI life cycle inventoryLHV lower heat valueMRF material recovery facilityMSW municipal solid wastePCE personal consumption expenditurePCB chlorinated biphenylc-RDF coarse refuse-derived fueld-RDF dense refuse-derived fuelRDF refuse-derived fuelSTR self-turning reactorSIC Standard Industrial ClassificationUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNC unit of national currencyUSEPA United States Environmental Protection AgencyVOC volatile organic compoundWB World Bank

List of AbbreviationsFigure 10.10 Scavengers recycling healthcare waste

Figure 10.11 Liquid wastes are often discarded directly to open water bodies

Figure 10.12 Hazardous waste management site in Dhaka

Figure 10.13 Chlorination tank and treatment plant for effluent from chlorination tank

Figure 11.1 System boundary for integrated solid waste management

Figure 11.2 Stages of life cycle for solid waste management system (Adapted from White et al., 1996)

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ChapterChapter

GENERAL INTRODUCTION TOSOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

1