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ABSTRACT :
With oil supplies decreasingand prices increasing, theenergy sources are beingdebated world-wide. Now a dayswith the growing population andenergy demand we should take arenewable option of energysource and also we should keepin mind that energy should notcause pollution and othernatural hazards. In this casethe solar energy is the bestoption for us. India is ahighly populated country so weshould take the advantage ofsuch an energy which requires avery less space to produceenergy efficiently. In thiscase solar tree could be thebest one for us. This paperintroduces a new solartechnology that emulates howtrees convert sunlight intoenergy. With the treestructured arrangement weintroduce a new idea to designa solar tree using nanowiresolar cell. Nanoparticlesexhibit a number of specialproperties relative to bulkmaterial. A single Nanowireconcentrates the sunlight upto15 times of the normal sunlightintensity. Surprising results
have the potential fordeveloping a new kind of highlyefficient solar cell. Nanowirespossess some distinctivephysical light absorptionproperties. Because of theseproperties, the limit of howmuch energy from the sun’s rayswe can use is higher thanpreviously thought. For manyyears it has been a high markfor solar cells efficiencyamong researchers, but nowthere is possibility that itmay be raised higher. Hence itis a revolutionary urbanlighting concept that not justtrees but other objects canalso be decorated. Thesetechnologies eventually lead tothe point of view and also moreefficient. So this will be avery good option and should beimplemented can be applied instreet lightening system,industrial power supply etc. Itis much better than thetraditional solar PV system inarea development of highefficiency solar cells .
Key words : Energy demand solar, pvcells, Solar tree, Nanowire solar cell,street light designI .INTRODUCTION:
SOLAR TREEAn artistic design to arrange Solar
ABDUL KHADAR.SHAIK 1 and J.S.R.ANAMAYYA 2
1,2 Department of Eletrical Engineering, Tirumala Engineering College, Narasaraopet-522610
Solar tree is arevolutionary urban lightingconcept that represents aperfect symbiosis betweenpioneering design andcutting-edge eco-compatibletechnology. Solar tree opensup new prospects for urbanlighting in that itsatisfies today’s mostpressing environmental,social, Cultural andaesthetic demands. Theability to continueinnovative design withadvanced technology, alongwith an acute sensitivity toenvironmental concerns makesan Arsenide the idealvehicle for the developmentof this project. It isoptimistically estimatedthat 50% of the world powerrequirements in the middleof 21st century will onlycome from solar energy
Solar tree draws inspirationfrom the organic forms ofnature, reinterpreting themorphology of the tree andintroducing the sensualityof the natural world into
the urban context. Thisproject clearly predictsthat “it celebrates design,nature and art andrepresents the DNA of ourtime”. A sinuously eleganttree with ecologicallyintelligent ‘fruits’-thatis LED bubbles that light upat night powered by sunlightaccumulated during the dayby solar panels .theaesthetic refinement of thedesign is thus integratedwith an extremely hightechnological content.
II. SOLAR POWERThe sun gives out 3.7*1026watts of energy into space,out of which earthintercepts only 5*10-10thpart of the solar energyoutput. The energyintercepted by earth isequivalent to 1.7*1017watts. The energy emitted bythe sun within three minutesis equivalent to the worldenergy consumption during ayear. Most of the solarradiation reaches earth aselectromagnetic waves ofabout 0.25 to 3μ wavelength.Solar energy is uniquesource of energy which canbe exploited in manydifferent ways as one suchway isi) By direct conversion toelectricity by photovoltaic.A) Photovoltaic conversion:
In Photovoltaic conversion,solar radiation falls onsemiconductor devices calledsolar cells which convertsunlight directly intoelectricity. When lightfalls on the junctionbetween two types ofsemiconductor called p-typeand N-type-type has anexcess of electrons and P-type has a shortage ofelectrons. When a brightlight shines on a cell,energy from thelight(photons)enableselectrons to break free fromthe junction between them.This is called photoelectriceffect. The flow ofelectrons constitutes anelectric current stored inbatteries.
What is the future ofalternative energy?Solar tree sounds like theperfect solution for ourfuture energy needs. The sunis constantly sending energyto the earth and all we needto do is to catch it andthen use it. Unlike currentenergy sources , we are notgoing to run out of sunlightanytime soon ,it wouldn’t contribute to globalwarming, and it is availableeverywhere.A solar tree isnothing but an artificialtree with photo-voltaiccells arranged in Fibonacci
series manner in place ofleaves. The amount of energyproduced by This tree ismore than that of normalflat array of solar cells.WHY WE CALLED IT AS SOLARTREE As we know trees arepresent in nature and theycan produce their own foodmaterial by the processcalled PHOTOSYNTHESIS. It isthe process by which thegreen plant collects energyfrom sun and the waterpresent in soil at the daytime and can produces theirown food material. By thisprocess they are indirectlyproviding food to the humansociety because we aredepending on the greenplants for our food directlyor indirectly. Here we areconsidering the example forunderstanding about thesolar tree. This is a treein which the stems connectedacts as the branches of thetree and the solar panelsare like the leaves. Greenleaves are producing foodmaterials for human beingslikewise this leaves areproducing energy for thesociety. So it is veryappropriate to called it asa tree.
III. SOLAR CELL-NANOWIREBASED SOLAR CELL
Nanowires are made ofsemiconductor materialIndium phosphide- Commonlyused as substrate forepitaxial In GaAs. Superiorelectron velocity, used inhigh-power and high-frequency applications. Itworks like antennas thatabsorb sunlight and generatepower. Nanowire crystal hascylindrical structure withdiameter of about 10,000part of a human hair.Development not only ofsolar cells but also offuture of quantum computersand other electronicproducts. Due to some uniquephysical light properties ofnanowires the limit of howmuch energy we can utilizethe sun’s rays is higherthan previous believed. Thenanowires are predicted tohave great potential in thedevelopment not only forsolar cells but also forquantum computers. It turnsout that nanowires naturallyconcentrate the sun’s raysinto a very small area inthe crystal by upto a factor15.Because the diameter ofnanowire crystal is smallerthan the wavelength of lightcoming from the sun it cancause resonances in theintensity of light in andaround nanowires. Thus theresonances can give aconcentrated sunlight where
the energy is convertedwhich can be used to give ahigher conversion efficiencyof the sun’s energy.II.RESEARCH EXPERIMENTATION:
Fig : Top view of tree withsolar panelsInnovation and technology inthe utilization and controlof light; extreme attentionto eco-compatible materialsand to environmental needsin general; a deeply rootedvocation for fine design.These are the values thatdistinguish Artemide and theprinciples that underliethis new concept of publiclighting. Solar tree is thesuccessful marriage of mostadvanced technology and theaesthetic requirements ofthe urban environments bythe way of renewableenergy.Artemide hasdedicated its formidableskill and commitment torealizing these objectives,driven by a passion forresearch and sustainabilityand by an innate love ofexcellent design.III.TECHNICAL INFORMATION:
Fig :diagrammatic view
The structure consistsin curved steel polesof different diameters,with an overall heightof 5.5 meters.
Each of the 10 “grassstalks” (ø 40 mm) has a1W LED at its endprotected by a lens inPMMA(polymethylmethacrylate).
The 10 heads, which arecapped by photovoltaiccells, are supported bypoles 76 mm indiameter; 20 white LEDsof 1 W each aresituated at the bottompart of 4 of thesepoles on an aluminumdiffuser; a PMMA lensholds them in place.
The base is made ofreinforced concrete.
LedPower of each head -22WLuminous flux of each head- 1250 lmColour temperature -6000 KSolar Panels Tension -12VPeak power of each panel -38WFunctioning: Solar Tree is designed tofunction both autonomouslyand in synchronization withthe public grid. Electricgrid), it uses the energygenerated by the solarpanels during the day torecharge the batteries. Atdusk, which is recognized byautomatically monitoring thesolar panel output, the LEDsources are activated andremain lit until dawn (or aslong as the batteries remaincharged). Solar Tree iscapable of functioning for
three consecutive days ofcloudy or overcast weather.When wired for coordinatedfunctioning with the publiclighting grid, it uses theenergy generated by thesolar panels to recharge thebatteries andactivate/deactivate the LEDsources in synchrony withthe grid, to which eventualsurpluses of stored currentcan be relinquished.Programs:Depending on specific needs,there are 3 operatingprograms that can beselected by infrared remotecontrol: Prog0 (standard)
ensures an averageillumination of 8 luxby an internalregulator thatmaintains the LEDsources at 25% ofmaximum power, fromdusk to dawn (orexhaustion of current).
Prog1 (event1) providesthe LED sources with100% of maximum power(33 lux) from dusk todawn (or exhaustion ofstored current);reverts automaticallyto Prog0 at dawn.
Prog2 (event2) providesthe LED sources with100% of maximum power
(33 lux) from dusk todawn (or exhaustion ofstored current), withthe option of turningit on or off with theinfrared remote;reverts automaticallyto Prog0 at dawn.
4 heads (80 LED) at 25%power: average illuminationEm = 8 lux4 heads (80 LED) at 100%power: average illuminationEm = 33 lux
IV.ADVANCED SOLAR TREE:
“Fibonacci sequence” to makesolar energy break through
THEORY:Some photography,measurements, andinvestigating the work ofother naturalists confirmedthat plants produce newgrowth following a FIBANACCISEQUENCE.This pattern, where theprevious numbers are addedtogether to make the next
number in sequence (1+1=2,2+1=3,3+2=5,5+3=8 etc.,) andits corresponding goldenratio have been observed allover the nature world. Inthe same way “tree” usingthe sequence ofleaves. Found on an oak treeby placing photovoltaiccells instead of leaves. Theamount of energy collectedby this tree is more thanthat of normal flat-panelmodel.
COMPARISION:Interesting results:
TYPE OF SOLAR CELL ARRANGEMENT1.flat panel model2.solar tree with cells arranged(in Fibonacci series manner)
ELECTRICITY
100% (say)20% more than flat panelmode (i.e., nearly 120% moreelectricity.)
The above modelcollected 2 ½ morehours of sunlight duringthe day. But the mostinteresting results werein December when the sunwas at it’s lowest pointin the sky. The tree design
made 50% moreelectricity and the
collection time ofsunlight was up to50%longer.
The solar tree produces2.31 watts ina parallel-seriescircuit, which becomes8.28 kilowatt-hours.This totals 72532.8kilowatt-hours, peryear.
In a series circuit,the solar tree systemproduces 2.68 watts,which becomes 9.648kilowatt-hours,or 84516.48 kilowatthours per year.
But the single solarpanel system producesprecisely 1 watt, whichbecomes 3.6 kilowatt-hours, and 31536kilowatt-hours peryear.
Solar tree in a seriescircuit produces 268%more power than thesingle solar panelsystem and 11% morepower than the eight-panel system set up inthe same manner.
The solar tree in aparallel-seriescircuit is 142%more effective than theeight-panel systemwired in series aswell, and 263% moreeffective against a
single solar panelsystem.
362664 kWhr/year persquare meter ofelectricity can beproduced, using onlythe scale model in aparallel-seriescircuit,
V.APPLICATIONS:i. World’s best lookingsolar gadget charger
Fig : solartree applicationPRINCIPLE: photosynthesissolar tree concept.Bonsai tree with 54 miniphotovoltaic panels asleaves to soak up juice fromthe sun and charge yourgadgets. Adapters get tuckedaway beneath a nice littletray, and your gadgets layon top, basking in theshade.Benefits: Solar tree gracefully
plays both the role ofdecorative item anduseful gadget.
Paying homage tophotosynthesis, thePhotosynthesis treeproves to be adelightful plant thatrequires no wateringand sustains.
ii. Solar trees in streets
The day to day runningand maintenance costsare slashed.
There is a positiveenvironmental impact asopposed to a negativeone.
The lack of wiring tobe installed minimizesthe disruption causedto, for example, roadusers duringinstallation.
Power outages have noimpact whatsoever onstreet lighting in thearea.
Solar street lights canbe easily erected inalmost all locations.
CONCLUSION:
Solar tree sounds like theperfect solution for ourfuture energy needs. Solartree is a revolutionaryurban lighting concept thatrepresents a perfect
symbiosis between pioneeringdesign and cutting-edge eco-compatible technology .Thetree design made 50% moreelectricity and thecollection time of sunlightwas up to 50% longer. ithelps the environment, savesmoney, cheap to use and youcan have them on yourhomes .It’s free and lastfor lifetime and environment friendly.
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