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Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China
1 Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China
Bo Sui
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Self introduction
Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China2
I am a traffic safety research engineer based in Autoliv China since 2012 My research interests are two-wheeler traffic safety analyses in China Publications on PTWs include: Sui, B., Lubbe, N., & Bärgman, J. (2021). Evaluating automated emergency braking performance in simulated car-to-two-wheeler crashes in China: A comparison between C-NCAP tests and in-depth crash data (Accident Analysis and Prevention: in press).Sui, B., Lubbe, N., & Bärgman, J. (2019). A clustering approach to developing car-to-two-wheeler test scenarios for the assessment of Automated Emergency Braking in China using in-depth Chinese crash data. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 132, 105242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.07.018Sui, B., Zhou, S., Zhao, X., & Lubbe, N. (2017). An overview of car-to-two-wheeler accidents in China: Guidance for AEB assessment. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV).Fredriksson, R., & Sui, B. (2015). Fatal Powered Two‐Wheeler (PTW) crashes in Germany: an in‐depth study of the events, injuries and injury sources. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International Research Council On the Biomechanics of Impact Conference (IRCOBI). Sep. 9-11, Lyon, France.
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Contents
Regional facts and figures
Motorcycle use
Motorcycle safety situation in China
Areas of attention, among others:− Licensing and helmet use− Road infrastructure situation and challenges− Safety technology, vehicle aspects and local/regional vehicle requirements
Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China3
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China
Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China4
• Covers an area of over 9 million km², ~20 times of the Sweden
• 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipality directly under the central government, 2 special administrative regions
• Over 1.4 billion of people (18% of the global population) in 2019, 61% living in urban area and 39% in rural area. 17% 0-14 years old, 71% 15~64 years old, and 13% >65 years old.
• Nominal GDP totaling approximately US$ 14.3 trillion as of 2019 and over US$ 10,000 per person (one fifth of the Swedish).
Source: China Statistical Yearbook (2020)
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PTW (> 25 km/h) usage in China
Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China5
300 million ownership90 million ownershipWeinert X.W (2017)
https://finance.sina.cn/stock/relnews/us/2020-08-01/detail-iivhvpwx8599914.d.html?vt=4&cid=76524&node_id=76524https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1674053073779921431&wfr=spider&for=pcWeinert X.W. (2017). The rise of electric two-wheelers in China: Factors for their success and implications for the future.
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Nearly every household has a PTWCar ownership has increased substantially
Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China6
16.9 19.222.7
27.7 29.733 35.3
78
87.3 89.893.2 95.8 94.9 98.1
0
10
20
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2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Priv
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p(p
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hold
) *
Per C
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(US
dolla
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Private car ownership Private PTW ownership per capita disposable income (US dollars)*: private PTW ownership = private combustion PTW ownership + private electric PTW ownershipSource: China Statistical Yearbook (2020)
Copyright Autoliv Inc., All Rights ReservedPowered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China7
Source: Global Health Data Exchange https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/
63%37% 2.86
Copyright Autoliv Inc., All Rights ReservedPowered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China8
Source: Global Health Data Exchange https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/
~40,734
55%7%
37%41%
19%
8%
79%
* Fatal and severely injured
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Helmet usage in China
Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China9
Estimated 20% helmet usage (WHO, 2018)
ShanghaiNanjing
Ningbo
Tianjin
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Inappropriate road use by PTW riders
By law all PTWs > 25 km/h ride on the road (main carriage way) In practice:
“human-powered bicycles,E-bikes, and motorbikes all share the same cyclingspace” Gu et al. (2021)
Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China10
Gu et al. (2021). The two-wheeled renaissance in China—an empirical review of bicycle, E-bike, and motorbike development, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 15:4, 239-258
Road scene from Shanghai on road usage by PTW riders
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Training and licensing
E-level license for motorcycles & F-level for mopeds
Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China11
Online study Two written test Two driving tests Completion
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Safety technology, vehicle aspects and requirements
Consumer rating program: C-NCAP− Head-form and leg-form test (pedestrian
two-wheeler rider)
− Automated Emergency Braking for cars encountering two-wheelers
Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China12
National standard− GB 20073-2018
− GB/T 33438-2016
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Thank you! [email protected]
Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China
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46,876 fatalitiesEstimated by The Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx)
PTW traffic safety in China
15,800 fatalitiesReported by country/area in 2013 (WHO)
3 times
Based on the China In-Depth Accident Study (CIDAS), 63% of PTW users' fatalities were on rural roads, 37% on urban roads.
63%37%
Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China14
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9.9 11 13.317.4 19.3 22.3 24.722.3 25.7
3035.5 37.5 41 43.2
101.4
113117.6
122.8 125.2 122.3 125.2
59.867 68.5 70.6 73.9 74.5 78.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
1000
2000
3000
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7000
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
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car a
nd P
TW o
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rshi
p(p
er h
undr
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ouse
hold
)
Per C
aptia
Dis
posa
ble
Inco
me
(US
dolla
r)
Rural Private car ownership Urban Private car ownershipRural Private PTW ownership Urban Private PTW ownershipRural per capita disposable income (US dollars) Urban per capita disposable income (US dollars)
Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China
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PTW safety regulation in China
16
E-bike Moped Motorcycle
Regulation GB17761-2018Effective: 2019.04.15
GB 20073-2018(Effective: 2018.07.01)GB/T 24158-2018(Effective: 2019.04.01)
GB 20073-2018(Effective: 2018.07.01)GB/T 24158-2018(Effective: 2019.04.01)
Requirement Weight <= 55 kg &Max. Speed <= 25 km/h &Motor power <= 400 W &Battery voltage <= 48 V &
Weight > 55 kg (optional) 25km/h < speed <= 50 km/h Engine capacity <= 50 mL or 400 W < Motor power <= 4 kW
Weight >55 kg (optional)Max. Speed > 50 km/hEngine volume > 50 mL or Motor power > 4 kW
Type Non-motor vehicle Motor vehicle
Helmet usage (GB811-2010) Required since 2021 in some districts Required Required
Motorcycle driver license No requirement F E
Insurance No requirement Required Required
Extra load (passenger) A child below 12 years (some districts) None An adult
Road Bicycle lane Road (main carriageway and designated lanes)
Road (main carriageway with speed limit >= 80 km/h and restrictions in some cities)
Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Road Traffic Safety
Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China
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References China Statistics Yearbook (2020). http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2020/indexeh.htm Work Bank: data in China. https://data.worldbank.org/country/china Xinhua Press. (2021). Better roads lead to China's rural vitalizationhttp://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-03/28/c_139842060.htm http://ghdx.healthdata.org/advanced-search WHO road safety status report.
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44122/9789241563840_eng.pdf;jsessionid=EDA0C177CD9C38B57443870773743B97?sequence=1
How to Obtain a Beijing Motorcycle License (Without an International License to Convert). (2016). https://www.thebeijinger.com/blog/2016/08/11/how-obtain-beijing-motorcycle-license-without-international-license-convert
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/162686265 C-NCAP. (2021). C-NCAP management regulation. China Automotive Technology and Research Centre. http://www.c-
ncap.org/cms/picture/284198871117160448.pdf Tianqi G., Inhi K., & Graham C. (2021) The two-wheeled renaissance in China—an empirical review of bicycle, E-bike, and motorbike
development, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 15:4, 239-258, https://doi.org /10.1080/15568318.2020.1737277 Weinert, J. X., Ma, C., Yang, X., & Cherry, C. R. (2007). Electric two-wheelers in china: effect on travel behavior, mode shift, and user safety
perceptions in a medium-sized city. Transportation Research Record, 2038(1), 62–68. https://doi.org/10.3141/2038-08 Weinert, Jonathan X. (2007). The rise of electric two-wheelers in China: Factors for their success and implications for the future.
https://escholarship.org/content/qt9wn5r8tj/qt9wn5r8tj_noSplash_8193b0fb4eedfcc66be760a7546fcfaf.pdf?t=l56y89
17 Powered Two-Wheelers (> 25 km/h) in China
