Particulate control handbook for coal-fired plants

lEA COAL RESEARCH iill:ceUMU·Mlij#iijlil

Particulate control handbook for coal-fired plants

Particulate control handbook

for coal-fired plants

Hermine N Saud Stuart C Mitchell

IEACR/93 July 1997 lEA Coal Research, London, UK

Copyright © lEA Coal Research 1997

ISBN 92-9029-287-3

This report, produced by lEA Coal Research - The Clean Coal Centre, has been reviewed in draft form by nominated experts in member countries and their comments have been taken into consideration. It has been approved for distribution by the Executive Committee of lEA Coal Research.

Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of information contained in this report, neither lEA Coal Research nor any of its employees nor any supporting country or organisation, nor any contractor of lEA Coal Research makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privatelyowned rights.

lEA COAL RESEARCH

The world's foremost provider of information on efficient coal supply and use, lEA Coal Research enhances innovation and sustainable development of coal as a clean source of energy.This is achieved by gathering, assessing and distributing knowledge on the energy efficient and environmentally sustainable use of coal, and in particular by:

- undertaking in-depth studies on topics of special interest; - assessing the technical, economic and environmental performance; - identifying where further research, development, demonstration and dissemination are needed; - reporting the findings in a balanced and objective way without political or commercial bias and

showing, where appropriate, the opportunities for technology transfer worldwide.

All the above include coal's use with other fuels (such as waste and biomass).

lEA Coal Research is a collaborative project established in 1975 involving member countries of the International Energy Agency (lEA). The project is governed by representatives of member countries and the Commission of the European Communities.

General enquiries about lEA Coal Research - The Clean Coal Centre should be addressed to:

Graham Broadbent lEA Coal Research Gemini House 10-18 Putney Hill London SWI5 6AA United Kingdom

Tel: +44(0)181-7802111 Fax: +44 (0)181-7801746 e-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iea-coal.org.uk

3

Abstract

Emission standards to control particulate matter from coal combustion have been introduced in most countries throughout the world. In utility coal-fired power plants electrostatic precipitators (ESP) are the main technology used to control particulates. Although the popularity of fabric filters is growing, the growth is faster for use on industrial boilers rather than coal-fired power generating facilities except where 'more difficult to precipitate' coals are being burnt. Cyclones are widely used on industrial boilers and to a lesser extent as pre-scrubbers to remove the coarser particles in larger plants. Wet particulate scrubbers are generally used to control particulate matter as well as S02 emissions in a few coal-fired plants with most of these installations located in the USA. Development and testing of high temperature high pressure particulate control systems continues mainly in the USA, Europe and Japan.

There are numerous manufacturers and suppliers of particulate control technologies. Main, large corporations usually supply ESP, fabric filters and cyclones whilst the smaller manufacturers supply only the one technology. This handbook provides details of both types of suppliers. It contains 25 ESP systems, 32 fabric filters, 22 flue gas conditioning systems, 10 inertial separators/cyclone manufacturers and 18 wet particulate scrubber suppliers. Some other equipm~nt data such as filter media/bags, wire cages, insulator supplier details are also included. Addresses, contact names and other relevant information is listed with each technology available.

4

Contents

List of figures 7

List of tables 8

Acronyms and abbreviations 9

1 Introduction / /

2 Organisation of entries 13

3 Emission standards for particulate control 15

4 Particulate control technologies and suppliers /8 4.1 Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) 2/ 4.2 Fabric filters (baghouses) 53 4.3 Flue gas conditioning for ESP and fabric filters 93 4.4 Comparative economics of ESP and fabric filters /19 4.5 Wet particulate scrubbers /2/ 4.6 Mechanical collectors (cyclones) /40 4.7 Hot gas particulate filtration /52 4.8 Other approaches to particulate control /63 4.9 Equipment used with particulate control systems /67

5 Indexes 185

6 References /92

5

Figures

General characterstics of an electrostatic precipitator 21

2 Basic concept of charging and collecting particles in an ESP 22

3 Illustration of the variation in SP collection efficiency with particle size 22

4 Relationship between fly ash resistivity and flue gas temperature 24

5 Cutaway view of a typical IO-compartment baghouse 53

6 Schematic diagram of possible air flows in a baghouse 54

7 The three baghouse cleaning mechanisms 55

8 Sulphur burning flue gas conditioning system 93

9 Typical flow diagram for a venturi scrubbing system 121

10 General characteristics of a conventional cyclone 140

11 Ceramic barrier filter elements types a) candle, b) tube, c) channel-flow 154

12 Combustion Power Company's granular bed filter system 157

13 KHI' s combined sulphur and dust granular bed filter system 158

7

Tables

Current European Commission (EC) particulate emission standards for new coal-fired plants 15

2 Range of current national emission standards for particulates 16

3 Uncontrolled particulate emissions from electric utility boilers 19

4 Ranges of collection efficiencies and captured particle size

7 Cost summary of high efficiency particulate control systems for utility

8 Estimated capital and levelised costs of

with currently available particulate control technologies 19

5 Fabric filter cloth characteristics 57

6 Filter bag fabric selection 57

coal-fired power generating plants 119

performance improvements for existing ESPs 119

9 Characteristics of HTHP particulate control concepts 152

10 Ceramic fitter element types for advanced power generation applications 155

.._._..._.. _._ ..._----------------------

8

Acronyms and abbreviations

AlC ratio acfm ALAPCO CAAA COHPAC CRE DC EC EERC EPRl ESP EU FGD GGH HHV HP HV ID lEA lP IV KHI LCPD LHV LP L LV MMBtu mm mill MWe MWt

air to cloth ratio (fabric filters) actual cubic foot per minute Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials (USA) Clean Air Act Amendments (USA) compact hybrid particulate collector Coal Research Establishment (UK) direct current European Commission Energy and Environmental Research Centre (USA) Electric Power Research Institute (USA) electrostatic precipitator(s) European Union flue gas desulphurisation gas-gas heat exchanger higher heating value high pressure high volume induced draft International Energy Agency intermediate pressure intennediate volume Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan) large combustion plants directive lower heating value low pressure litre low volume million British them1al units minute one thousandth US Dollar megawatt (electric) megawatt (thennal)

NSW PETC ppmv psig PTFE SCA SNRB STAPPA stp UK USA US DOE US EPA

New South Wales (Australia) Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (USA) parts per million by volume pound-force per square inch gauge polytetrafluoroethylene specific collection area (ESP) SOxNOxRoxBox (Babcock & Wilcox, USA) State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators (USA) standard temperature and pressure United Kingdom United States of America Department of Energy (USA) Environmental Protection Agency (USA)

10

1 Introduction

Primary particulate matter, generated by a variety of physical and chemical processes, is emitted to the atmosphere through combustion, industrial processes, fugitive emissions and natural sources. Secondary particulate matter is formed in the atmosphere from condensation of gases and is predominantly found in the fine range. Sulphur dioxide, ammonia and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)

are precursors for sulphuric acid, ammonium bisulphate, ammonium sulphate, nitric acid and ammonium nitrate particles.

Particulate emissions from coal combustion, unless controlled, can be a significant air pollutant in countries relying on coal as a major energy source. During combustion, the mineral matter (inorganic impurities) of the coal is converted to ash. Part of the ash is discharged from the bottom of the furnace as bottom ash. The particles suspended in the flue gas are known as fly ash which constitute the primary particulate matter which enter the particulate control device.

Technologies currently used to control particulate emissions from coal-combustion include:

- electrostatic precipitation (ESP); fabric filtration (baghouses);

- wet scrubbing (mainly venturi); and mechanical/inertial collection (cyclones/multicyclones).

ESP and fabric filters are the most widely used technologies for particulate control in utility coalfired power generating facilities. Wet scrubbing is generally used to control particulate matter as well as S02 emissions in a few coal-fired plants, most of these installations being located in the USA. The prevalent particulate control technology in industrial plants has been the cyclone but fabric filters are becoming more widely used in these facilities as well. Use of a combination of these technologies is common in order to achieve maximum collection efficiencies including fine particles.

A summary of particulate emission standards applicable to coal-fired plants throughout the world is given in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3 a brief review of the main particulate control technologies is presented.

11

Introduction

Infonnation on each technology is presented in a specific data entry in the relevant Section in Chapter 4. This constitutes the main body of this report and fonns a catalogue of particulate control suppliers and the equipment they provide. The data were collected from the suppliers of particulate control devices throughout the world. The authors attempted to collect as much data as possible from the many manufacturers of these devices. In some instances, the suppliers of the technology did not provide the necessary infonnation. Therefore, the data in this handbook are not comprehensive. Details of many available systems and suppliers in the industry are presented and data are included, where possible, on the suppliers of a specific technology without further detail for countries such as China.

The control of primary particulate matter from coal-combustion has been reviewed in detail by Klingspor and Vernon (1988) and Soud (1995). Particulate control for advanced power generation or high-temperature high-pressure flue gas cleaning is discussed in the reviews by Thambimuthu (1993) and Mitchell (1997). Interactions between ESP and fabric filters and other pollution control technologies are not addressed here but are reviewed in an earlier lEA Coal Research report (Hjalmarsson, 1992). Requirements for particulate control devices in fluidised bed combustion (FBC) are also addressed in another report from lEA Coal Research (Takeshita, 1994). Infonnation on the management and application of coal-use residues from such processes and legislation governing their utilisation and disposal are provided by Sloss (1996), Sloss and others (1996) and Clarke (1994, 1992).

12

2 Organisation of entries

The handbook gives supplier and systems details of the four main categories of particulate control systems and one category of novel technologies to control particulate emissions. A further section provides information on other technologies used with specific particulate control systems.

In all, the six categories are:

- electrostatic precipitators (ESP); - fabric filters (baghouses); - wet particulate scrubbers (venturi); - mechanical collectors (cyclones/multicyclones); - novel systems/approaches; - other technologies used with particulate control systems.

Entries are arranged alphabetically by the system supplier within each subsection.

Organisation of entries by system suppliers raises some problems. Particulate control technology is characterised by numerous licensing and joint agreements between companies in different countries. Several separate companies have combined their efforts and some are currently merging to increase their product range and market. Licensing and other agreements, where known, are indicated and where a company has numerous other offices throughout the world these are also given in the main company entry.

In addition to the main data supplied, describing each system, further relevant information is given where available.

Company: The entries are organised by system supplier/company.

Address: Where possible the address is given for the 'home' office in the main country. As a number of companies are international and have offices in several countries, the sub-office addresses are also

13

Organisation of entries

given in the notes of the main company office. This section includes a contact name, position/department, telephone and facsimile numbers.

LicensorlLicensee(s) : Company names and country are given where licensing agreements exist.

System information

System name: If the technology has a specific name (commercial or otherwise), this is given in system name.

Coal ash/moisture/sulphur content: The basis on which the fuel ash/moisture/sulphur percentage content has been detemlined (for example, as delivered, dry) is not stated. The values given are those quoted by system suppliers.

Particulate removal, %: This figure indicates the decrease in concentration of particulate emission (design values quoted by system suppliers).

SOz/NOx removal, %: These figures indicate the decrease (if any) in concentration of SOz and/or NO, emissions resulting from the use of the particulate control technology (design value quoted by system suppliers).

Scale of operation: Scale of operation shows where a process has been in operation in laboratory, pilot, demonstration or commercial scale by May 1997. The processes included in this handbook are applicable to coal-fired plants (utility and/or industrial).

14

3 Particulate emission standards

Standards to control particulate emissions from coal-combustion were first introduced early this century in Japan, the USA and Western Europe. Over the decades they have become progressively more stringent and more widespread. More recently the emphasis has been on the control of fine particulate matter that may cause health problems, especially in the respiratory system. Particles over I0 ~m are trapped effectively in the nasopharyngeal region of the respiratory system. Smaller particles, also known as 'PM1o', 'PM2.5 ' (Particulate Matter (PM) with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter of 10 microns or less and 2.5 microns or less, respectively), penetrate further and most below 0.1 ~m find their way into the lung tissue. Fine particulate matter may also contain enhanced concentrations of trace elements (STAPPA and ALAPCO, 1996).

Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) and fabric filters (baghouses) are the two main technologies currently used at coal-fired power generating facilities to control particulate emissions. Both technologies can achieve very high efficiencies in capturing the coarser and most fine particles (99.5%). Research and development work, mainly in these two control methods, continues to improve the capture of the remaining fine particulate matter, without entailing excessive cost (see

Soud, 1995).

International agreements have been signed to reduce particulate emissions from new coal-fired power plants. The European Commission (EC) set limits for particulate emissions from coal-fired plants in the Large Combustion Plants Directive (LCPD) (see Table I). The LCPD is currently under discussion for revision to introduce even stricter limits.

Table 1 Current European Commission (EC) particulate emission standards for new coalfired plants (lEA Coal Research, 1997a)

Plant size, MWt Emission standards·

50-500 ~500

* emission standards at 6% 02, stp (ODe (273 K), 101.3 kPa) on dry flue gas

Particulate emission standards

Table 2 Range of current national emission standards· for particulates (mg/m3)

(McConville, 1997; lEA Coal Research, 1997a)

Country New plants Existing plants

Current Australiat Austria Belgium:!: Bulgaria Canadat Croatia Czech Republic Denmarkt EC Finlandt France:j: Germanyj: Greece:j: Hong Kong Hungary India Indonesia Ireland:f Italy:!: Japan Kazakhstan Malaysia Netherlands:\: New Zealand Philippines Poland PortugaU Republic of Korea Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain:\: Sweden:j: Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Turkey Ukraine UKt USA Vietnam

90-280 50-280 50 75-250 145 50-105 100--150 55 50-100 30-540 50-100 50-150 50 50 50-100 150-350 135 50-100 50 50-300 50-150 400 20-50 105 165-220 190-3700 50-100 50-100 100 100--250 50 50-100 35 55-160 25-500 140-500 140-235~

25t 37-123 400-600

50-280

115-250

200--215 100--150 55-165

§ 50-100 50-150 50-150

150-350 280

50 50-300 50-150 400

105 335-555 380-4995

50-100 100 100--250 125-150 200--750 35 55-160 25-500 500 140-235~

150-450

37-123

* based on dry flue gas at 6% 02, stp (O°C (273 K), 101.3 kPa) ·r guidelines :j: EC countries § new power plants guidelines are used as long-term target values

can be doubled for lignite burning facilities ~


Increasingly stringent national emission standards have been adopted in Japan, North America and in Western Europe. The growing importance of using coal in an environmentally acceptable way for power generation and in the industrial and residential sectors, in the rest of Asia and Eastern Europe, has led to the introduction of particulate emission standards in some of these countries too. There are standards for particulate emissions from coal-fired plants currently in over 30 countries. The range of limits for various sizes of boilers in some of these countries is listed in Table 2. Detailed information on emission standards for particulate matter from coal combustion is provided by lEA Coal Research (I 997a) and McConville (1997).

4 Particulate control technologies

Technologies used to control particulate emissions from coal combustion are:

- electrostatic precipitators (ESP); - fabric filters (baghouses); - wet particulate scrubbers; - mechanical/inertial collectors (cyclones/multicyclones).

Quantity and characteristics of the fly ash from coal combustion and particle size distribution depend on the coal type, coal mineral matter content, combustion system, and boiler operating conditions. Mineral composition of the coal and the amount of unburnt carbon in the fly ash determine the quantity, resistivity and cohesivity of the fly ash and hence the performance of some particulate control devices. The combustion system mainly determines the particle size distribution in the fly ash and hence the final particulate emissions. Common combustion systems in pulverised coal firing include dry bottom, wall (front, opposed) and comer (tangential) burners and wet bottom cyclone furnaces. In dry bottom boilers 10-20% of the combustion ash is discharged as dry, bottom ash. In wet bottom boilers 50-60% of the combustion ash is discharged at the bottom of the boiler as slag. Table 3 shows the uncontrolled particulate emissions from bituminous coal-fired electric utility boilers and the particle size distribution resulting from each combustion technique (STAPPA and ALAPCO, ]996). Table 4 shows the achievable collection efficiencies (%, average) with the various particulate control devices (lEA Coal Research, I997b). These are the reduction values supplied by the systems manufacturers included in this handbook.

The combustion temperature may also affect the cohesivity of the fly ash. Higher operating temperatures can result in greater particle cohesivity leading to improved fly ash cake removal by reducing re-entrainment in the final stage of the particulate control system. Boiler operating conditions can affect the amount of unburnt carbon in the fly ash. Performance of the particulate control device, mainly the ESP, decreases as the amount of unburnt carbon in the fly ash increases.

Over the decades ESP technology and more recently fabric filtration have been proven reliable and efficient. Cold side (dry) ESP are located after the air preheater and operate in a temperature range of 130-180°C. The cold side ESP with fixed/rigid electrodes makes up a large portion of the current market although moving electrodes are becoming more widely used. However, problems


Increasingly stringent national emission standards have been adopted in Japan, North America and in Western Europe. The growing importance of using coal in an environmentally acceptable way for power generation and in the industrial and residential sectors, in the rest of Asia and Eastern Europe, has led to the introduction of particulate emission standards in some of these countries too. There are standards for particulate emissions from coal-fired plants currently in over 30 countries. The range of limits for various sizes of boilers in some of these countries is listed in Table 2. Detailed information on emission standards for particulate matter from coal combustion is provided by IEA Coal Research (1997a) and McConville (1997).

4 Particulate control technologies

Technologies used to control particulate emissions from coal combustion are:

electrostatic precipitators (ESP); - fabric filters (baghouses); - wet particulate scrubbers; - mechanical/inertial collectors (cyclones/multicyclones).

Quantity and characteristics of the fly ash from coal combustion and particle size distribution depend on the coal type, coal mineral matter content, combustion system, and boiler operating conditions. Mineral composition of the coal and the amount of unburnt carbon in the fly ash determine the quantity, resistivity and cohesivity of the fly ash and hence the performance of some particulate control devices. The combustion system mainly determines the particle size distribution in the fly ash and hence the final particulate emissions. Common combustion systems in pulverised coal firing include dry bottom, wall (front, opposed) and comer (tangential) burners and wet bottom cyclone furnaces. In dry bottom boilers 10-20% of the combustion ash is discharged as dry, bottom ash. In wet bottom boilers 50-60% of the combustion ash is discharged at the bottom of the boiler as slag. Table 3 shows the uncontrolled particulate emissions from bituminous coal-fired electric utility boilers and the particle size distribution resulting from each combustion technique (STAPPA and ALAPCO, 1996). Table 4 shows the achievable collection efficiencies (%, average) with the various particulate control devices (lEA Coal Research, I997b). These are the reduction values supplied by the systems manufacturers included in this handbook.

The combustion temperature may also affect the cohesivity of the fly ash. Higher operating temperatures can result in greater particle cohesivity leading to improved fly ash cake removal by reducing re-entrainment in the final stage of the particulate control system. Boiler operating conditions can affect the amount of unburnt carbon in the fly ash. Performance of the particulate control device, mainly the ESP, decreases as the amount of unburnt carbon in the fly ash increases.

Over the decades ESP technology and more recently fabric filtration have been proven reliable and efficient. Cold side (dry) ESP are located after the air preheater and operate in a temperature range of 130-180°C. The cold side ESP with fixed/rigid electrodes makes up a large portion of the current market although moving electrodes are becoming more widely used. However, problems

Particulate control technologies

Table 3 Uncontrolled primary particulate emissions from electric utility boilers (STAPPA and ALAPCO, 1996)

Emission factor*, Ib/MMBtu (mg/m3)

Boiler type Total PM PM 10 PM 2.5

Pulverised coal (dry bottom) 3.8 (4675) 0.88 (1080) 0.23 (285) Pulverised coal (wet bottom) 2.7 (3320) 1.0 (1230) 0.57 (700) Cyclone 0.77 (945) 0.10 (125) 0.00 (0) Stokert 2.54 (3125) 0.51 (625) 0.18 (220)

* Assuming 10% ash and HHV of 13,000 Btu/lb (-30 MJ/kg). Actual uncontrolled PM emissions from dryand wet-bottom pulverised coal-fired and cyclone boilers burning bituminous coal will be lOA, 7A and 2A Ib/ton (kg/tonne), where A is the coal ash weight per cent, as fired

t Spreader stoker, overfeed and underfeed stoker emissions are somewhat lower

Table 4 Ranges of collection efficiencies" (%) and captured particle size" (~m) with currently available particulate control technologies (lEA Coal Research, 1997b)

Control device Removal efficiency. % Particle size range, pm

ESP >99-99.99 0.1-100 Fabric filter (baghouse) 99-99.9999 0.01-100 Wet particulate scrubber 90-99.9 0.5-100 Mechanical collector (cyclones/m ulticyclone) 75-99 1.0-100

* Systems suppliers data

have been reported with the moving electrode configuration, especially in the USA (Reinhold, 1996). Hot side (dry) ESP, used mainly in the USA and Japan, are located before the air preheater where the operating temperature range is 300-450°C. A 1990 study showed a total of 150 hot side ESP were built in the USA between 1935 and 1990 (Clear Stacks, 1996). In wet ESP a liquid film is maintained on the collection plates using spray nozzles. The process eliminates the need for rapping as the liquid film removes any deposited tly ash particles. Thus problems with reentrainment, fly ash resistivity and capture of fine particles become obsolete. However wet ESP require saturation of the flue gas stream with water, generate wastewater and sludge and operate at low temperatures.

Fabric filters have become more widely used since the I970s, especially at industrial scale. They are generally operated in the temperature range 120-1 80°C. Although some fabric filters are reported to be routinely operated at temperatures in excess of 220°C (Banks, 1997). The choice between ESP and fabric filtration generally depends on coal type, plant size and boiler type and configuration. Both technologies are highly efficient particulate removal devices with design efficiencies in excess of 99.5%. Where the fly ash is of the 'difficult' type to precipitate or capture, removal efficiencies in ESP and fabric filters may be restored by flue gas conditioning.

Particulate control technologies

Conditioning the fly ash in the flue gas is an established technique used to improve the perfonnance of an ESP in coal-fired power plants with high resistivity fly ash, low sulphur coals. The benefits of flue gas conditioning in fabric filters include achieving lower emissions at higher bag air to cloth ratio, reducing pressure drop and improving fly ash cake cohesivity thus leading to better dislodgement in larger agglomerates and less re-entrainment. Elemental sulphur, ammonia (NH3), and S03 are the main conditioning agents currently used.

Wet scrubbers for particulate control are used in a few coal-fired plants with most of these installations located in the USA to capture fly ash in addition to sulphur dioxide (S02). They can have a high power consumption and pressure drop and generally achieve lower particulate removal efficiencies, especially with fine particles, compared to ESP and fabric filters.

In the past, industrial plant operators tended to fit cyclones. More recently fabric filters have increased their market share in industry in the various processing fields. Cyclones are robust technologies that can deal with cyclic operation. Cylone perfonnance suffers as load is reduced and flue gas velocity is lower. Their main function, in removing the coarse fly ash from the flue gas, is to protect the induced draft fans from the coarse fly ash abrasive effect. Their efficiency is moderate when compared to ESP or fabric filtration.

The following summarised description of the technologies is mainly drawn from the detailed lEA . Coal Research reviews on particulate control by Soud (1995) and Klingspor and Vernon (1988)

and high temperature high pressure (HTHP) particulate control by Mitchell (1997).

Electrostatic precipitators (ESP)

Figure 1 General characteristics of an electrostatic precipitator

door

flue gas outlet

roof

.---t--- side

high voltage system support insulator

discharge electrode

collecting surface rapper

\

discharge electrode rapper

~.

~flue gas inlet

collecting surface

transformer rectifier

insulator compartment

Removing particulates from flue gas with an ESP occurs in two distinct operations which take place on a horizontal plane. Firstly, the particles are drawn out of the gas stream and deposited on electrode surfaces. A high-voltage direct-current (DC) rectifier. typically 30-75 kV, is used in order to apply a high DC voltage between the collection plates and the discharge electrodes. The electric field is strong enough to create a corona discharge around the discharge electrodes. Flue gas passes horizontally between the collection plates and is ionised in the corona discharge. A large number of negative ions are formed together with a smaller number of positive ions. Power supplied by the transformer rectifier is usually in the range of 0.2-0.6 W/m 3 of flue gas treated.

Figure I shows the basic design and characteristics of an ESP. ESP capture particles by ionising the flue gas in high-voltage coronas. This charges the particles. Then an applied electric field is used to move the particles onto large, earthed, planar electrodes (flat collecting surfaces). The electrodes are generally spaced 0.2-0.4 m apart. A series of discharge electrodes are spaced along the centre line of the adjacent collection electrodes. Collection plates are large steel sheets, which may have a variety of shapes to help retain the particles and maintain their stiffness. The usual size of the plates is -230-500 mm although module designs can be up to 750 mm in width. Some flat plate designs come in 5m width (Billingsley. 1994).

4.1 Electrostatic precipitators (ESP)

20

+

10

collecting electrode

+

5

flue gas flow

•

2

Particle size, 11m

particle (}------. charging V

fly ash particle

0.5

rectifier

corona generation

discharge electrode

100

<f2. :> 99u c Q)

·u :E

98Q)

c 0

~ ~ 97(5 u

0.2

Figure 3 Illustration of the variation in ESP collection efficiency with particle size (PowerGen, 1996)

Each specific area in the ESP has a transformer rectifier. The voltage and current ratings of the transformer rectifier depend on the size of the area to be energised as well as the location within the ESP. Positive ions are immediately attracted by the discharge electrode. Negative ions, while travelling to the collection plates, collide with and adhere to the suspended particles in the flue gas then continue migrating towards the collection plates (see Figure 2). The particles are then collected and the charge passes to earth. The theoretical particle migration velocity may be determined from first principles involving variables including applied voltage, particle size diameter and gas viscosity (Hein, 1997). Variation in ESP collection efficiencies with particle size is show in Figure 3. Removal efficiency in an ESP decreases as particle size reduces to O.Spm but increases again between 0.5 pm and 0.1 pm (Elison, 1997b; Parker, 1997).

Figure 2 Basic concept of charging and collecting particles in an ESP (Jmgensen, 1991)

Particulate control technologies and suppliers


In the second operation, the collected fly ash is dislodged and moved, vertically, from the collecting plates, at suitable intervals, by rapping. Vertical movement is resisted by viscous and mechanical effects (Hein, 1997). Rapping is carried out by mechanical hammer and anvil arrangement or pneumatic/electromagnetic impulse. Re-entrainment takes place during this second operation. Regular inspection for fly ash build-up, frequent emptying and maintenance of the heater systems for the hoppers minimise problems that may arise at the final stage of this particulate control system (EPRI, 1993a).

The Deutsch-Anderson equation predicts the ESP collection efficiency from the flue gas flow, ESP size and precipitation rate (migration velocity) of the particles. The equation may be presented as follows:

e = 1- exp(-w*NV) theoretical formula for uniform fly ash

e = 1- exp(-(wk*NVy'k) empirical formula for non-uniform fly ash (containing a range of particle sizes, forms and resistivities)

Where

e is the fractional precipitator collection efficiency (dimensionless) A is the total projected collecting area (m2)

V is the flue gas flow rate (m3/s) w is the theoretical migration velocity of the unifoml particles (m/s) wk is the "effective migration velocity' of the non-unifoml particles (m!s), k=O.5 is a

common value for fly ash from coal-firing (Matts, 1997).

The ratio NV is often referred to as the specific collection area (SeA) and has dimensions of area per volume throughput (m2/m3/s).

The effective migration velocity may be determined with a measured efficiency and a known NV. This effective migration velocity includes the effects of both the horizontal and vertical movements of the particles and is lower than the theoretical migration velocity. ESP manufacturers commonly apply the effective migration velocity measured in one application to predict performance in another.

High removal efficiency, low pressure drop and the ability to treat large flue gas flow/volume are the main advantages of ESP. Factors that influence the performance of ESP include:

- electrical conditions within the ESP; - fly ash resistivity; ~ particle size distribution; - flue gas flow distribution; and - rapping (particle re-entrainment).

Voltage has a strong influence on particle migration velocity and hence collection efficiency. The optimum applied voltage is detemlined by a spark rate controller. Spark rate is the frequency of electric breakdowns between the corona wire and the collection electrode. Typical spark rate can

----- ""--- -------------


The electrical resistivity of the fly ash is influenced by:

26023220417714912193

1011

E 0

E .r. 0

23.~

U5 "iii Q)

a:: 1010

Temperature,oC

A, Band C represent eastern US bituminous coals of different composition

Figure 4 Relationship between fly ash resistivity and temperature (Buonicore and others, 1978)

Figure 4 shows a typical relationship between the flue gas temperature and fly ash resistivity. Switching from high- to low-sulphur coal can lower the concentration of S03 in the flue gas and increase the resistivity of the fly ash. Particles with high conductivity (low resistivity: <104 ohmcm, such as carbon) can lose their charge either before being collected or they may be released back into the flue gas stream after impacting the collection electrodes. On the other hand, particles with low conductivity (high resistivity>1011 ohm-cm) cannot give up their charge easily and may require a larger ESP to achieve a high collection efficiency (Farber, 1992).

- flue gas temperature; - water and sulphur trioxide (SO,) content in the flue gas; and - coal and particle composition.

be 10-150 per minute for each corona section. Increasing the spark rate can cause loss of input power and a reduction in collection ability. Optimum flue gas face velocity is 1.2-1.4 m/s (Whitmore, 1994) and migration velocity is (6-10 cm/s) in Deutsch Anderson terms (Krigmont, 1994). The latter could be as high as 55-65 cm/s in 'modified migration velocity terms - Wk' at k=0.5 for 250 mm electrode spacing.


High fly-ash resistivity is readily identified either by sparking at reduced voltage or by the presence of back corona. Back corona ionisation occurs when an abnornlally high field strength in the collected fly ash layer leads to a corona-like discharge in the layer. Thi& produces a large quantity of positive and negative ions. Negative ions move towards the positively charged collection electrodes. The positive ions are drawn into the space between the electrodes to migrate towards the negatively charged, discharge electrodes. During their migration they neutralise the negative ions travelling in the opposite direction. Subsequently, the fly ash particle charge is lost and collection efficiency reduced.

Particle size distribution affects the particle migration velocity. For particles> 111m, the migration velocity is inversely proportional to the particle diameter. becoming independent of particle size for particles <111m. In addition, a high loading of fine particles can cause a substantial change in the electrical conditions in an ESP. Within the ESP, the particulate matter in the flue gas is charged in an ionic space charge cloud. The nature of the space charge changes with the particle size distribution as well as the flue gas loading. Particulate space charge increases with the number of particles per unit volume of flue gas entering the ESP. An increase in fine particles and a relatively high particle migration velocity in the higher flue gas loading can result in an increase in space charge and subsequently cause an electrical current short circuit. Corona current at the inlet field can be suppressed by the increased space charge. A much higher space charge can result in the corona current being suppressed throughout the ESP (Plaks, 1992).

Rapping, used to dislodge the fly ash (dustcake) layer off the collection electrode into hoppers, may also cause re-entrainment. Particles may become detached from the fly ash layer and be re-entrained into the flue gas. Re-entrainment can reduce efficiency significantly.

In effect, ESP efficiency is a strong function of unit size. An increase in efficiency incurs increasing cost. The legislative demands for reduced emissions of fine particles has led to various research projects aiming to improve the efficiency of this technology (see Soud, 1995).

The majority of utility coal-fired power plants throughout the world continue to use ESP to control particulate emissions. Most of those are of the conventional, dry, cold-side (low temperature) type. For example, by mid-1993, this type of ESP was being used in nearly one thousand coal-fired utility units (-300 GWe) in the USA (Andrews and others, 1993).

In order to reduce particulate emissions, upgrading an ESP by building an additional, new unit can be formidably expensive, in cost, energy and space terms. Despite this, some companies have opted to follow their traditional use of ESP. For example, PowerGen (UK), built a 'piggy back' ESP on top of the existing one at their Ratcliffe (4x500 MWe) and Ferrybridge (4x500 MWe) coal-fired plants. Each project cost -£20 million (Kyte, 1994).

Significant and cost effective improvements in ESP performance can be achieved by various methods including:

- manipulating flue gas flowlfly ash distribution; -- precharging particles, using intermittent and/or pulse energisation and alternating polarity

power supply (APPS); - using wide plate spacing and moving electrode techniques; - flue gas conditioning - utilising new flue gas conditioning agents (see Section 4.3); - improving rapping techniques to reduce re-entrainment of the fly ash particles; and


- increasing use of microprocessor controls to monitor, interpret and instruct the ESP high voltage control systems.

Many factors have to be considered in designing new ESP and upgrading or improving an existing precipitator. Some of those factors include boiler type and configuration, coal mineralogy, flue gas data (temperature at ESP inlet, composition, volume) and fly ash particle data (density, loading, resistivity, cohesivity). A number of organisations have created models that can be used by plant operators to determine the specifications and conditions for new ESP or diagnose problems and provide remedies in ESP that are operating defectively. Recent advances in improving ESP performance are discussed in detail by Saud (1995).


Supplier information Company: ABB FHikt Industri AB

Vaxjo, S-35187 Country: Sweden Telephone: +46470365 50 Fax: +4647087000 Contact: Filip Knutsson

System information Process licensor: own technology Process licensee(s): none

Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.3 max 7.0 Coal ash content, %: min 2 max 50 Particulate removal, %: >99.95 Scale ofoperation: commercial

System applicable to: Hot and cold tlue gas stream Dry and wet tlue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants

min max Flue gas tlow at inlet, m3/h: 15,000 4,700,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 2 100 Outlet concentration, mgim3: <5 300 Flue gas temperature, DC: 105 350 Captured particle size, ~m: 0.01 >75 Total collection plate area, m2: 100 >100,000 Specific collection area, SCA: 30 235

Spacing (mm): Height (m): Width (mm): min max mm max min max

Discharge electrode: 150 500 2 6 2.7 130 Collection electrode: 250 400 3 15 400 800

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping, single and multiple


Supplier information Company: Apparatebau Rothemuhle, Brandt + Kritzler GmbH Address: POBox 5140, Wildenburger Strasse 1, Wenden-Rothemiihle, D-57479 Country: Germany Telephone: +49 2762 611 0/351 Fax: +49 2762 611 369 Contact: Manfred Schmoch

System information Process licensor: own technology Process licensee(s): Babcock & Wilcox (USA), Babcock Engineering Contractors (South Africa), De Cardenas (Italy), Genevet & Cie (France), Andrew Yule Co (India), Hosokawa Mikropul Australasia (Australia), Foster Wheeler Energia (Spain), Nikko Tecno (Japan), ZVVZ Milevsko (Czech Republic), Servplan Sao Jose Dos Campos (Brazil), Senat SIA (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania), Dong Hoo Industrial Co (modular and compact ESP only) (Republic of Korea), Kharkovenergo (Ukraine)

Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.2 max 4 Coal ash content, %: min - max 60 Particulate removal, %: >99.99 Scale ofoperation: Commercial

System applicable to: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry and wet flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants

min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 5000 no limit Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 80 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: :S:10 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 480 Total collection plate area, m2: 75 >200,000

Spacing (mm): Height (m): Width (mm): min max min max min max

Discharge electrode: 250 400 1.8 16 2000 55000 Profile: frame type, rigid type Collection electrode: 250 400 1.8 16 500 1000 Profile: RMC or RMD

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping, mechanical, single


Supplier information Company: Austrian Energy & Environment Address: Siemenstrasse 89, Vienna. A-I2I1 Country: Austria Telephone: +43222 25 0 45 Fax: +43 222 25 0 45 130/137 Contact: Mr Schindler

Austrian Energy & Environment includes SGP/Waagner-Biro. Voest Alpine Industrieanlagenbau. EUN Energieversorgung. Voest Alpine MCE, EUN Energieanwendung and Elektro Bau AG are companies of VA Tech (Austria). VA Tech International have representative offices throughout the world.

Waagner Biro's contact is: Mr Ing Michael Mayer Head Department of Filter Technology Waagner Biro Stahl- und Maschinenbau GmbH Wien Tel: +43 1 28844 Extension 439 Fax: +43 1 28844 Extension 333


Particulate removal, %: >99.5 Scale ofoperation: commercial

System applicable to: Cold flue gas stream Dry and wet flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants

System is supplied through subsidiaries.


Supplier information Company: Babcock and Wilcox - Utility and Environmental Power Division Address: 20 South Van Buren Avenue, POBox 351, Barberton, OH, 44203-0351 Country: USA Telephone: +1 3307534511 Fax: +1 3308602045 Contact: D P Tonn / Robert W Telesz

B&W have recently acquired Joy Environmental Technologies (Houston, TX, USA)


Particulate removal, %: >99.5 Scale of operation: commercial

System applicable to: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants

ESP installations supplied consist of multiple designs including weighted wire, rigid electrode, rigid mast and rigid frame.


Supplier information Company: Address: Country: Telephone: Contact:

Fax: Position:

Belco Technologies Corporation 7 Entin Road, Parsippany, NJ, 07054 USA +1201 884 4700 Kevin Gilman

+1 201 8844775 Vice President


Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.3 max 7 Coal ash content, %: min no limit max no limit Particulate removal, %: 99.99 Scale ofoperation: commercial


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 50,000 no limit Inlet dust concentration, g/m3 : <2 100 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 5 <300 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 105 350 Captured particle size, 11m: <1 >75

Spacing (mm): Height (m): min max min max

Discharge electrode: Profile: Rigid Collection electrode: Profile: Plate

250

150

400

500

3

3

17

17

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping, sonic horns


Supplier information Company: Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd Address: Integrated Office Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, IN-II 0003 Country: India Telephone: +91 114636411 (14 lines) Fax: +91 11 4618837/4623094 Contact: UNKhanna Position: Manager - International Operations


Particulate removal, %: up to 99.99 Scale ofoperation: commercial

System applicable to: Cold flue gas stream Dry and wet flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping, multiple

ESPs are supplied for PF/AFBC/CFBC/Recovery/IgnifluidiStoker fired boiler applications in utility power plants, cement and steel plant applications, etc.


Supplier information Company: China National Building Material Industrial Construction Co.

Pingdingshan EP Factory Address: Nanhuan Road, Pingdingshan City, Henan Province, 467001 Country: P RChina Telephone: +863754937548 Fax: +863754937548 Contact: Wu Yuliang Position: Factory Director


Particulate removal. %: >99.99 Scale ofoperation: commercial


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 100,000 1,100,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: <1 1350 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: :-::;50 no limit Flue gas temperature, 0C: 30 350 Captured particle size, 11m: 0.05 >100 Total col1ection plate area, 012: 500 65000

Spacing (mOl): Height (01): Width (mOl): min max 0110 max min max

Discharge electrode: 240 500 2.5 15 2400 5760 Collection electrode: 400 500 4.85 15.45 385 485

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping, mechanical, multiple



ComelfS A Str. Industriel Nr. 4, Bistrita, 4400 Romania +40 63 231 463 Petre Centea

Fax: Position:

+40231 174 Technical Manager


Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.5 max 1.5 Coal ash content, %: min 25 max -Particulate removal, %: 99.8 Scale of operation: commercial


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 30,000 by design Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 20 220 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 50 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 50 350 Captured particle size, 11m: 10 300 Total collection plate area, m2: by design Specific collection area, SCA: 29 105

Spacing (mm): Height (m): Width (mm): mm max min max min max

Discharge electrode: 250 350 6.5 13.5 Profile: ribbon peak, nail Collection electrode: 250 400 6.5 13.5 300 300 Profile: plate CS, CSV, Sigma



Supplier information Company: Deutsche Babcock Anlagen AG Address: 46041 Oberhausen, Duisburger Strasse 375, Oberhausen, D46049 Country: Gennany Telephone: +492088330113 26 Fax: +49 208 833 18 11 Contact: Klaus Hiillen Position: Gas Cleaning Department


Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.2 max 5 Coal ash content, %: min 2 max -Particulate removal, %: >99.9 Scale ofoperation: commercial


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 20,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3 : I Outlet concentration, mg/m3: <10 as required Flue gas temperature, DC: 100 300->300* Captured particle size, 11m: 0.01 Total collection plate area, m2: 400 100,000 Specific collection area, SCA:


Discharge electrode: 150 300 2 5 Collection electrode: 400 4 15.5


* maximum temperature 300°C with mild steel, >300°C with stainless steel


Supplier information Company: ELEX Abgasreinigung Address: Eschenstrasse 6, Schwerzenbach, CH-8603 Country: Switzerland Telephone: +41 1 82578 78 Fax: +41 1 8250254 Contact: G Werner Position: General Manager

U Leibacher Senior Manager

Subsidiary: ELEX GmbH Bachstrasse 8 D-79798 Jestetten Gennany General Managers: G Weimann, G Werner

System information Process licensor: own technology Process licensee(s): Felguera (Spain), Batepro (South Africa), Kirloskar (India)

Coal ash content, %: min - max -Particulate removal, %: >99.99 Scale ofoperation: commercial



Discharge electrode: 4.5 14 Profile: RS Collection electrode: 250 400 4 14 280 2x32000 Profile: ELEX

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping (tumbling hammer), mechanical, single

More than 5000 units installed worldwide.


Supplier information Company: Environmental Elements Corporation Address: POBox 1318,3700 Koppers Street, Baltimore, MD, 21227 Country: USA Telephone: +1 4103687000/6766 Fax: +1 410 368 7252 Contact: S Michael Dunseith Position: Vice President - Business Development - Power





Discharge electrode: Profile: rigid type Collection electrode: 230 400 15 Profile: interlocking

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping



Fax: Position:

FLS miljo als Ramsingsvej 30, Valby, Copenhagen, DK-2500 Denmark +453618 11 00 Ole B0egh

+45 36 30 49 90/17 45 99 Sales Manager- Industrial


Coal sulphur content, %: min 0 max no limit Coal ash content, %: min 0 max no limit Particulate removal, %: >99.99 Scale ofoperation: commercial


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 25,000 5,000,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 200 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 5 Flue gas temperature, °C: 425 Captured particle size, 11m: 0.2 100 Total collection plate area, m2: 1,200,000


Discharge electrode: 250 500 16 42.7 430 Collection electrode: 300 400 4 16 500 500

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping, mechanical, single and multiple


Supplier information Company: Fabryka Elektrofiltrow ELWO Address: 44 Bielska Strasse, Pszczyna, 43-200 Country: Poland Telephone: +48321 103 061 Fax: +48321104939 Contact: Jan R Pajak


Coal sulphur content. %: min 0.4 max 4 Coal ash content, %: min 7 max 50 Particulate removal, %: >99.5 Scale ofoperation: commercial


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 100,000 ntp 1,880,000 ntp Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 8 50 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: <10 as required Flue gas temperature, °C: 110 220 Captured particle size, 11m: 0.1 >100 Total collection plate area, m2: 3000 73,000 Specific collection area, SCA: 30 120

Spacing (mm): Height (m): min max mIn max

Discharge electrode: 275 400 5 15 Profile: frame with barbed tape & rigid discharge electrode (RDE) Collection electrode: 275 400 5 15 Profile: sigma plates

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping (tumbling hammers), mechanical, multiple

The above given parameter ranges are for operating ESP, other designs possible on request.



Fax: Position:

Fisher-Klosterman Inc POBox 11190, Louisville, KY, 40251-0190 USA +1 5027761505 Samuel G Dunkle

+15027749147/4157 Sales & Marketing Manager


Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.1 max 6.0 Coal ash content, %: min 1 max 50 Particulate removal, %: 99.99 Scale ofoperation: commercial



Discharge electrode: 200 400 4 16 Profile: rigid discharge electrode (RDE) Collection electrode: 200 400 4 16 Profile: segment and continuous panels

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping


Supplier information Company: General Electric Environmental Systems Inc Address: 200 North Seventh Street, Lebanon, PA, 17046-5006 Country: USA Telephone: +1 717 2747000 Fax: +1 717 2747103 Contact: Thomas W Lugar Position: Vice President - Particulate Technology


Particulate removal, %: 99.98 Scale ofoperation: commercial

System applicahle to: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping, pneumatic, multiple


Supplier information Company: Hamon Cifa Progetti SpA Address: Viale Rimembranze, 3-20026 Novate Milanese (MI), Milan, 20026 Country: Italy Telephone: +3923525 1 Fax: +39233240194/204 Contact: Giovanni Lucioni Position: Manager - Dust Filtration Department





Discharge electrode: 400 Profile: dry: spring wire, fish bone, wave plate; wet: star wire Collection electrode: 400 15

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping; dry: tumbling hammer, impact vibrator; wet: water

Systems available with up to 7 electrical fields; total installations in power plants exceed II aWe capacity. ESP supplied to coal- and oil-fired plant, waste incinerators, cements kilns, refineries and acid mist recovery.


Supplier information Company: Korea Cottrell Co Ltd Address: 160-1 Donggyo-Dong, Mapo-Ku, Seoul, 121-200 Country: Republic of Korea Telephone: +8223206114 Fax: +82 2 3206 1001200 Contact: Tal Woo Lee Position: Chairman

lQKim Manager

System information Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.4 max 4.0 Coal ash content, %: min 7 max 35 Particulate removal, %: >99.9 Scale ofoperation: commercial


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 50,000 4,300,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 0.3 60 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 15 100 Flue gas temperature, DC: 120 400 Captured particle size, 11m: 0.1 100 Specific collection area, SCA: 40 200

Spacing (mm): Height (m): Width (mm): max max max

Discharge electrode: 400 15 180 Profile: rigid mast Collection electrode: 400 15 4450 Profile: OPZEL


43



Fax: Position:

LABS.A. Tour Credit Lyonnais, Lyon Cedex 03, F-6943I France +33 478 63 70 90 Christian Bessy

+33 478 95 03 92 VP Business Development

British Office address: LAB SA 2, The Green Amersham Bucks HP7 9AF United Kingdom Tel: +44494433702 Fax: +44494433 703

Belco Technologies Corporation (USA) is a subsidiary of LAB SA.


Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.3 max 7.0 Coal ash content, %: min no limit max no limit Particulate removal, %: 99.99 Scale ofoperation: commercial


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 50,000 no limit Inlet dust concentration, g/m 3: <2 100 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 5 <300 Flue gas temperature, DC: 105 350 Captured particle size, f.lm: <I >75


Discharge electrode: Profile: Rigid Collection electrode: Profile: Plate

150

250 400

500 3

3

17

17

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping, sonic hom

44


Supplier information Company: Lentjes Bischoff GmbH Address: Bonsiepen 13, Essen, D-45136 Country: Germany Telephone: +492018112270 Fax: +49201 8112259 Contact: Michael Frank Position: Air Pollution Control Marketing Department

Lentjes Bischoff GmbH, formerly called Gottfried Bischoff GmbH & Co KG, started operating under its new name on 19 June 1996.

On I October 1996, Lurgi AG (Frankfurt) and Lentjes AG (Duesseldorf), two SUb-groups of Metallgesellschaft AG (MG) (Frankfurt), were amalgamated. Under the overall direction of Lurgi AG the folJowing companies have their own operating responsibility: Lurgi Metallurgie GmbH Lurgi Umwelt GmbH, Lurgi Oel-Gas-Chemie GmbH, Zimmer AG and Lentjes AG

The energy related activities of the former Lurgi Energie und Umwelt GmbH have been transferred to Lentjes, with ALL flue gas treatment activities being assigned to Lentjes Bischoff.

System information System name: Horizontal & Vertical Flow - Wet & Dry ESP Systems

Process licensor: own technology Process licensee(s): none

Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.1 max 5.0 Particulate removal, %: >99.99 Scale ofoperation: commercial

System applicable to: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry and wet flue gas stream New plants. retrofittable to existing plants

min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 5,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: >1000 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: <10 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 450 Captured particle size, 11m: 0.01 <100 Total collection plate area, m2: <1,000 >150,000 Specific collection area, SCA: 20 150


Discharge electrode: 250 450 5 16 2,0CK) 6,0CK) Profile: wire, serrated strip, rigid tubular, VARIODYN*, ISODYN* Collection electrode: 250 450 5 16 2,000 6,0CK) Profile: ZT24, CSV etc...


Particle discharge mechanism: dry: rapping, wet: water film, mechanical, multiple

*Trade names. Extensive research and development facilities available for flow studies, high voltage tests as well as technical and chemical analyses. Currently over 10,000 ESPs (design: Lurgi) sold worldwide.

Largest application of Lentjes Bischoff GmbH ESP system is on 800 MWe unit.


Supplier information Company: Address: Country: Telephone: Contact."

Fax: Position:

Lodge Sturtevant Ltd George Street Parade, Binningham, B3 1QQ United Kingdom +44 121 214 1300 Ken Elison

+44 121 200 2555 Marketing Manager



System applicable to: Hot and cold tlue gas stream Dry and wet tlue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants

min max Flue gas tlow at inlet, m'/h: 10,000 no limit Inlet dust concentration, g/m': 5 no limit Outlet concentration, mg/m': 10 as required Flue gas temperature, 0C: 115 170 Captured particle size, 11m: <I >100 Total collection plate area, m2: 400 no limit

Spacing (mm): Height (m): Width (mm): mm max min max min max

nominal Discharge electrode: no limit no limit Profile: twisted wire or separated strip Collection electrode: 250 400 Profile: catch space

3

3

15

15

1000 5000

no limit -

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping, mechanical, single

Lodge Sturtevant is a subsidiary of FLS miljo a/s (Denmark)


Supplier information Company: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd Address: 5-1, Marunouchi 2 chome, Chiyoda-ku, Central POBox 10, Tokyo, 100 Country: Japan Telephone: +81 332123111 Fax: +81 332123847 Contact: Yutaka Maekawa Position: General Manager - Environmental Systems International Operations Department

The construction address for ESP is: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd Kobe Shipyard and Machinery Works 1-1 Wadasaki-cho 1-chome, Hyogo-ku Kobe, Japan 652 Tel: +81 786722720 Fax: +81 786 722 959 Contact: Mr Kiyoshi Tsuchiya


Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.1 max 3.0 Coal ash content, %: min 3.0 max 55 Particulate removal, %: >99.9 Scale ofoperation: commercial


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 54,000 3,300,000* Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 5.0 80* Outlet concentration, mg/m 3: 30 1300* Flue gas temperature, 0C: 90 378 Captured particle size, ~m: <1.0 >100 Total collection plate area, m2: 1700 76,000 Specific collection area, SCA: 40 170


Discharge electrode: 250 400 4.5 15 5 15 Profile: barbed type Collection electrode: 250 400 4.5 15 480 640 Profile: corrugated plate


* Ntp (normal temperature and pressure). Pulse and/or intermittent energisation system is applied.


Supplier information Company: Research Cottrell International Address: POBox 1500, Somerville, NJ, 08876 Country: USA Telephone: +19086854013 Fax: +19086854478 Contact: Prakash H Dhargalkar, Nicholas F Coppola

System information System name: Hi-R I Compact




min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 40,000 2,800,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 0.5 50 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 15 100 Flue gas temperature, DC: 120 450 Captured particle size, !-im: <2 >100 Specific collection area, SCA: 40 210

Spacing (mm): Height (m): min max mm max

Discharge electrode: 225 400 4.5 15 Collection electrode: 450 4500 4.5 15


Extensive research and development facilities are available for flow studies, high-voltage tests as well as technical and chemical analyses. Currently over 10,000 ESPs sold throughout the world.



Fax: Position:

Termokimik Corporation SpA Via Flumendosa 13, Milan, 1-20132 Italy +39225871 Mario Labriola

+39225 64 10 3 Marketing Manager

System information Process licensor: Process licensee(s):

Walther & Co. none

Coal sulphur content, %: Coal ash content, %: Particulate removal, %: Scale ofoperation:

min 0.2 min 6 >99.99 commercial

max 7 max -


Flue gas flow at inlet, m 3/h: Inlet dust concentration, g/m3:

Outlet concentration, mg/m3:

Flue gas temperature, 0C: Captured particle size, /-lm: Total collection plate area, m2:

Specific collection area, SCA:

min 15,000

5

<I 200 30

max

100

450 >100

180

Discharge electrode: Collection electrode:

Spacing (mm): min max 225 325 300 400

Height (m): min max 3.5 15.5 4 16 480 850

Width (mm): min max

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping, mechanical and pneumatic, single and multiple


Supplier information Company: Thermax Limited (Enviro Division) Address: Sai Chambers, 15, Mumbai-Pune Road, Wakadewadi, Pune, 411 003 Country: India Telephone: +91 212311010 Fax: +91 212313237 Contact: J K Kulkarni Position: General Manager

System information Process licensor: GEESI (USA) Process licensee(s): none





Supplier information Company: Walther and Cie AG Address: Postfach 85 05 61, Waltherstrasse 51, Koln (Dellbriick), D-51 069 Country: Germany Telephone: +49 221 6785 315/465/535/366/646/306 Fax: +49221 6785333 Contact: W J Frank, N Wasser

System information Process licensor: own technology Process licensee(s): Termokimik Corporation (Italy), Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ltd (Japan), Halla Engineering & Heavy Industries Ltd (Republic of Korea)

Coal sulphur content, %: min :S:0.2 max -Particulate removal, %: >99.9 Scale ofoperation: commercial


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 3000 >3,000,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: ~200

Outlet concentration, mg/m3: :S:IO Flue gas temperature, 0C: 475 Captured particle size, Jim: :S:0.5 Total collection plate area, m2: 120 200,000 Specific collection area, SCA: 200


Discharge electrode: 150 ~400 2.15 16 Profile: rigid frame, rigid mast type Collection electrode: 150 ~400 2.15 16 320 875 Profile: Sigma 2, 3, 4

Particle discharge mechanism: rapping (tumbling hammers, drop rod), mechanical and pneumatic, single and multiple

Removal efficiency may be enhanced by using skewed flow distribution technology.

Fabric filters (baghouses)

4.2 Fabric filters (baghouses)

In fabric filters, the fly ash is removed from the flue gas stream by passing through some kind of filtration media that is porous. Initially. the fly ash forms a porous cake on the surface of the fabric. Thereafter, this dustcake actually does the filtration. In some cases, the filtration material is coated with appropriate dustcake prior to installation in order to accelerate the cake forming stage. The theory, design and selection of fabric filters (baghouses) is discussed in detail by McKenna and Turner (1989) and Greiner (1993).

The increased use of fabric filters is attributed to ease of installation and, depending on the coal used, economic competitiveness compared to ESP. Figure 5 is a cutaway view of a typical 10compartment fabric filterlbaghouse showing its most important features (Bustard and others, 1988). The two fundamental parameters in sizing and operating baghouses are the air to cloth (NC) ratio (m/s or ft/min) and the pressure drop (mm water gauge, Pascals or in H20). Other important factors which affect the performance of the fabric filter include the flue gas temperature, dew point and moisture content as well as particle size distribution and chemical composition of the fly ash.

The air to cloth ratio is a measure offabric required to filter the flue gas in a given baghouse. Pressure drop is the measure of the energy required to move the flue gas through the baghouse structure and bags. Factors to be considered with the air to cloth ratio include type of filtration fabric, type of coal and firing method, fly ash properties, the duty cycle of the boiler, the inlet fly ash loading, the cleaning method and the interaction of these factors and others with the selected

outlet manitold

deflation or valve reverse gas duct

bypass valve

filter bags

inlet manifold

tubesheet

inlet valve hopper

Figure 5 Cutaway view of a typical 10-compartment baghouse (Bustard and others, 1988)

Figure 6 Schematic diagram of possible air flows in a baghouse


liHllt-t-Hl--++- metal cage

compressed air manifold

I

filter bag

outside in

;1---- hopper

(pulse-jet)

material discharge

I----~~----'-+-tubesheet venturi nozzle

tubesheet

material discharge

I---hopper

inside out

++-+--If--filter bag

(reverse gas, shake/deflate)

dirty

J~~~~~-'=!~~Ithimble flue -gas

reverse or

shaker drive meChan:: atir

gas (optional) V

gas

reverse gas/air (sending a stream of cleaned flue gas in a reverse direction through the filter compartment causing the bags to collapse inwards partially and dislodge the fly ash cake);

- pulse jet (sending pulses of compressed air into and through the filter bags); shake/deflate (mechanical shaking of the bags).

Fabric filters are located downstream of the air preheater and in general operate in the temperature range 120--180°C. They consist of a number of individual compartments. Each compartment contains between 150 and 400 bags/filters. Fly ash is collected on the surface of the fabric. Figure 6 shows the possible flue gas flow in a baghouse. Fabric filtration technology can be divided into three types depending on the bag cleaning mechanism (see Figure 7) including:

Factors influencing pressure drop are boiler type and particle size distribution, filtration media and particle properties (flue gas composition). The latter two are affected by the use of other pollution control technologies such as flue gas desulphurisation (FGD). The pressure drop increases as the particle size decreases for a given flue gas throughput. In calcium-based, sorbent injection FGD technologies, fly ash loading into the baghouse can be significantly greater depending on the coal sulphur content and sorbent stoichiometry (Ca/S ratio) thus increasing the pressure drop. The pressure drop is a critical parameter as it determines the capital cost and energy requirements of the fans.

fabric. The air to cloth ratio is a most important parameter in baghouse design as it decides the size of the device and hence affects the capital cost.


Rerverse-gas

filtering bag collapse re-Inflailon

Shake/deflate

Pulse-jet

1llle"ng cleaning filtering

Figure 7 The three baghouse cleaning mechanisms (Miller, 1994)

Reverse gas systems generally operate at a low air to cloth ratio of 0.008-0.0 II mls (1.5-2.2 ftlmin). Fly ash collection is on the inside of the fabric. Reverse gas systems are off-line bag cleaning methods. The technology is widely used in utility plants in the USA (Sloat and others, 1993). Bags used in large reverse gas systems are usually about 9.8 m (32 ft) or longer (Banks, 1997). A variation in the reverse gas bag cleaning mechanism is the introduction of low frequency sound (sonic horns), simultaneously with the normal flow of the reverse flue gas. This is to add energy to the removal of the fly ash layer (Bustard and others, 1988).

Pulse jet technology was first applied to collect fly ash from coal combustion in the mid 1970s. In general, they operate at air-to-c loth ratio of 0.015-0.02 mls (3-4 ftlmin). Fly ash collection takes place on the outside surface of the fabric. A pulse of air is used to dislodge the fly ash off the fabric. Bag cleaning can be performed on-line by pulsing selected bags while the remaining bags


continue to filter the flue gas. Three cleaning methods have evolved for the pulse jet systems. These are (Belba and others, 1992):

- high pressure/low volume pulse (HP/LV) (27~690 kPa, 40-100 psig, 2.8-6.9 bar) used mainly in the USA;

- intermediate pressure and volume pulse (IP/IV) (103.5-207 kPa, 15-30 psig, 1.0-2.1 bar); and - low pressure/high volume pulse (LP/HV) (51.8-69 kPa, 7.5-10 psig, 0.5-0.7 bar).

The latter two cleaning pulses are mainly used in larger boilers in Australia, Canada and Western Europe. Bags for medium-pressure medium flow pulse-jet systems are frequently as long as 6 m (19.7 ft) although for some special applications, longer bags may be used. Bags for high-pressure pulse-jet in the USA are rarely longer than 4.8 m (16 ft). According to Banks (1997), two of the reasons that pulse-jet fabric filters are more compact compared to conventional systems are:

- the filter ratio used with pulse-jet is about twice that for the conventional systems; and - in designs where the bags are changed from the top (the usual case), walkways are not needed

for access to the bags.

In New South Wales (NSW) Australia and South Africa, the pulse jet technology has displaced ESP and low ratio shake/deflate fabric filters as the particulate control device for utility boilers burning low sulphur, high-ash hard coal (Vandewalle and Johnson, 1993). In Japan and the USA they have been primarily used for smaller industrial boilers. The pulse-jet fabric filter is among the smallest of particulate control devices per unit flue gas flow, hence its use in small-scale combustion and industrial facilities. Longer filter bags are used in pulse jet systems so that fewer bags provide the same air to cloth ratio. The smaller number of bags reduces area and parts requirements such as wire cages, pulse pipes, diaphragm and valves. Their compactness translates as reduced capital cost compared to the other conventional baghouses. There are no moving parts and the product is a dry ash which may be used or disposed of easily. The process can also be applied to facilities in which load swings are commonplace with frequent stops and starts (Quimby and others, 1992). In Canada and Europe pulse jet systems are used in industrial plants and some large-sized utility plants. The technology is becoming more favoured than the other fabric filtration systems. By 1992, 300 pulse jet fabric filters were installed on utility and industrial coalfired boilers throughout the world (Belba and others, 1992).

Shake/deflate systems are off-line bag cleaning methods. Their design in many ways is similar to that of reverse gas baghouses. For bag cleaning, a shaking force is applied, at the top of the bags, at a frequency of several cycles per second causing the bags to sway. In general, shake/deflate units operate at a higher air to cloth ratio compared to reverse gas systems due to the more efficient bag cleaning mechanism. The air to cloth ratio corresponding to a particular pressure drop can be approximately twice as great. The shake/deflate system shown in Figure 7 is suitable for use with synthetic bags of about 20 ems in diameter and smaller. For fibreglass bags of all sizes and -30 em synthetics bags, the bags are generally suspended from spring tensioned vertical hooks that pass through the axis of the shaker tube. The configuration gives a movement that is almost entirely horizontal. The vertical components of the movement produced by the system in Figure 7 can wear out glass bags rapidly. It may not be suitable for use with larger synthetic bags as it would require more robust and costly construction to withstand the load imposed by the large bags which often weigh -37 kgs (l00 Ibs) or more when dirty (Banks, 1997).

The choice of fabric depends on the characteristics of the particles to be collected, the composition


and the temperature of the flue gas and the operating temperature of the baghouse. A primary fly ash layer is usually necessary to achieve high performance in conventional fabrics. Plugging in the fabric caused by small particles or water droplets in the flue gas can cause excessive pressure drop, hence reducing collection efficiency with a possible consequential reduction in plant output. Wear and tear of the fabric, ripping or pin-holes, can also reduce the fabric effectiveness as a filter (Bustard and others, 1988). Filter drag (resistance to flue gas flow) is an indicator of baghouse operating stability and performance. It is the ratio of tubesheet pressure drop to air to cloth ratio. Tubesheet pressure drop is the difference measured across the tubesheet. from which the filters are suspended, in a single compartment. This is the sum of pressure drops through the thimbles, the bag fabric and the fly ash layer. It is dependent on air to cloth ratio, baghouse cleaning frequency, cleaning pressure and boiler load. Filter drag should remain constant while cleaning frequency and boiler load remain constant.

The three main concerns when choosing filtration media are efficiency in capturing partisles, durability for a long bag life and the cost of the fabric. A range of fabric media (both natural and man-made) is used in baghouses in coal-fired utility and industrial plants throughout the world. Table 5 provides some general data of the most commonly used fabrics. Table 6 shows the fabric selection criteria. There is currently a tendency towards using needle felts or polytetratluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes on woven glass, due to their ability to withstand higher temperatures. This improves bag performance.

In industrial and small scale combustion plants fabric filters have been chosen where cyclones cannot achieve the required particulate emission standards. Fabric filtration is widely used in smaller and mainly industrial plants in the USA and Western Europe. Greater use is made of this technology in power plants in other countries, such as Australia and South Africa.

Table 5 Fabric filter cloth characteristics (SCAPA Filtration, 1996)

Fibre Maximum Acid Alkali Dry heat Wet heat Flex and operating resistance resistance resistance resistance abrasion temperature, resistance °C

Cotton 82 poor good fair fair good Polypropylene 94 excellent excellent fair fair very good (Propex) Nylon 120 fair good good good excellent NeotexR

Acrylic 125 excellent fair good good fair (Dratex) Polyester 148 good fair good good very good TerytexR

RytonR 190 excellent excellent very good very good very good Aramid 204 fair good excellent excellent very good NomexR

Glass 260 very good fair excellent excellent poor P-84R

TeflonR 260 260

good excellent

fair excellent

excellent excellent

excellent excellent

very good excellent

TefairR 260 very good excellent excellent excellent excellent

(Data in brackets) = Registered Trade Names

------ ------~--


Table 6 Filter bag fabric selection (SCAPA Filtration, 1996)

Cotton Cotton fabrics have good abrasion resistance and mechanical strength. They are, however, subject to rot, mildew and shrinkage. Maximum operating temperature is 82°C (l80°F).

Polypropylene (Propex) Polypropylene fabrics offer good tensile strength and abrasion resistance. They perform well in organic and mineral acids, solvents and alkalis. Polypropylene is attacked by nitric and chlorosulphonic acids, sodium and potassium hydroxide at high temperatures and concentrations. Maximum operating temperature is 94°C (200°F).

SCAPA - Nylon (NeotexR)

Nylon fabrics have good tensile strength and alkali resistance. However, nylon is degraded by mineral acids and oxidising agents. This reaction is accelerated at high concentrations and temperatures. Maximum operating temperature is 120°C (248°F).

Acrylics (Dratex) The resistance of homopolymer acrylic fibres is excellent in organic solvents, good in oxidising agents and mineral and organic acids and fair in alkalis. They dissolve in sulphuric acid concentrations. Maximum operating temperature is 125"C (25TF).

SCAPA - Polyester (TerytexR)

Polyester fabrics offer good resistance to most acids, oxidising agents and organic solvents. Concentrated sulphuric and nitric acids are the exception. Polyesters are dissolved by alkalis at high concentrations. Maximum operating temperature is 132°C (270°F).

Dupont - Aramid (NomexR)

Nomex fabrics resist attack by mild acids, mild alkalis and most hydrocarbons. Resistance to sulphur oxides above the acid dew point at temperature above 148°C is better than polyester. Flex resistance of Nomex is excellent. Maximum continuous operating temperature is 204°C (400°F).

Phillips Fibers - RytonR

Ryton® fabrics offer exceptional chemical resistance through the pH range. They resist thermal oxidation and are affected by concentrated nitric, sulphuric and chromic acids. Maximum continuous operating temperature is 190°C (375°F).

Glass Glass fabrics offer outstanding performance in high heat applications. In general,by using a proprietary finish they become resistant to acids, except hydrofluoric and hot phosphoric in their most concentrated fom1s. They are attacked by strong alkalis at room temperature and weak alkalis at higher temperatures. Glass is vulnerable to damage caused by abrasion and flex. However, the proprietary finishes can lubricate the fibers and reduce the internal abrasion caused by flexing. Maximum operating temperature is 260°C (500"F).


Lenzing - P-84R

P-84 fabrics resist common organic solvents and avoid high pH levels. They provide good acid resistance. P-84 offers superior collection efficiency due to irregular fibre structure. Maximum continuous operating temperature is 260°C (500°F).

Dupont - TeflonR

Excellent chemical resistance throughout the pH range. High particulate collection efficiency and excellent abrasion resistance. Maximum continuous operating temperature is 260°C (500°F).

Dupont - TefairR

Excellent chemical resistance throughout the pH range. Excellent abrasion resistance and high degree of efficiency. Effected by concentrations of hydrotluoric acid and high concentrations of salts. Maximum continuous operating temperature is 260°C (500°F).

Current research on fabric filtration focuses on better understanding of the three baghouse cleaning mechanisms: reverse gas, pulse jet and shake/detlate systems. Methods of improving performance include:

- manipulating operating conditions; - using electrically enhanced fabric filters: - flue gas conditioning (see Section 4.3); - high temperature resistant filter fabrics; - using sonic horns; - new filter cage design; and - catalytic fabric filtration.

The above improvement methods are discussed further by Soud (1995).

------------------------Particulate control technologies and suppliers


Vaxjo, S-35187 Country: Sweden Telephone: +46 470 365 50 Fax: +4647087000 Contact: Filip Knutsson


Coal sulphur content, %. min 0.2 max 3.0 Coal moisture content, %: min I max 50 Coal ash content, %: min 5 max 50 Particulate removal. %: 98-99.9999 Scale ofoperation: commercial


Fabric filter cleaning mechanism: Reverse gas, Pulse jet, Shake/Deflate

min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: by design Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 0.01 1000 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: by design Flue gas temperature, °c: 50 250 Air to cloth ratio, rnIs: by design Pressure drop: by design

Filter media used: various Filter media supplied by: various

ABB supplies fabric filter systems which are designed to meet customer needs. Therefore some variables are dependent some are independent. ABB claims it is the largest supplier for power generating applications.

----------------------


Supplier information Company: Apparatebau Rothemuhle, Brandt + Kritzler GmbH Address: POBox 5140, Wildenburger Strasse I, Wenden-Rothemuhle, D-57479 Country: Germany Telephone: +492762611 0/351 Fax: +492762611 369 Contact: Manfred Schmoch

System information Process licensor: von Roll AG (Zurich, Switzerland) Process licensee(s): none

Coal sulphur content, %: min 0 max 4 Coal moisture content, %: min max 60 Coal ash content, %: min - max 60 Particulate removal, %: >99.99 502 removal: >70 (injection ofCa(OH)) Scale ofoperation: commercial


Fabric filter cleaning mechanism: Pulse jet

min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 5000 1,000,000* Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 120 Outlet concentration, mglm3: <2 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 330 Pressure drop: 10 25

Filter media used: PE, PAN, PPS, PTFE, ceramics Filter media supplied by: European companies Average bag lifetime: 16000 hrs Bag disposal method: waste incineration, landfill

* Per line. Rothemuhle bag filters are operated with low pulse pressure.


Supplier information Company: Babcock and Wilcox - Utility and Environmental Power Division Address: 20 South Van Buren Avenue, POBox 351, Barberton, OH, 44203-0351 Country: USA Telephone: +13307534511 Fax: +13308602045 Contact: D P Tonn / Robert W Te1esz

B&W have recently acquired Joy Environmental Technologies (Houston, TX, USA)


Particulate removal, %: >99 Scale ofoperation: commercial


Fabricfilter cleaning mechanism: Reverse gas, Pulse jet


Supplier information Company: Biothermica International Inc Address: 3333 Cavendish Boulevard, Suite 440, Montreal, QUE, H4B 2M5 Country: Canada Telephone: +1 5144883881 Fax: +1 514 488 3125 Contact: Martin Dufour Position: Engineer

System information System name: CLINOX (R) (Stainless Fabric Filter, Patented)


Coal sulphur content, %: min 2 max 4 Coal ash content, %: min 20 max 35 Particulate removal, %: >99.8 Scale ofoperation: demonstration


Fabric filter cleaning mechanism: Reverse gas

min max Flue gas flow at inlet: 5000 acfm 8000 acfm Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 0.5 2 Flue gas temperature, °C: 150 400 Captured particle size, 11m: 0.2 2 Air to cloth ratio, m/s: 3 8 Pressure drop: 4" wg 6" wg

Filter media used: stainless steel Filter media supplied by: confidential Filter media operating temperature limited, 0C: 550 Average bag lifetime: 6 years

Flue gas is introduced into a compartment where a deflector is used for first phase of filtration. Large particles are intercepted and directed to an ash evacuation hopper. The air then flows through the stainless steel mesh filter bags.

Demonstration unit of 5000 acfm installed and completely automated. Will be installed on a coalfired plant in Northeast China (demonstration) in cooperation with the Northeast China Electrical Power Authority.


Supplier information Company: Branch Environmental Corporation Address: POBox 5265, 3461 Route 22 East, Somerville, NJ, 08876 Country: USA Telephone: +19085261114 Fax: +19085262881 Contact: Bill Gilbert


Particulate removerl, %: 99.8-99.9 (typical) Scale ofoperation: commercial


Fabricfilter cleaning mechanism: Pulse jet

min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 85,000 Flue gas temperature, DC: 260 Captured particle size, J.lm: Any Air to cloth ratio, m/s: 1-1.5 Pressure drop: 8 Pa

Filter media used: Most units: fibreglass. Others in high temperature Ryton or special fabrics

Filter media operating temperature limited, DC: 290 Average bag lifetime: 5 Years

Off-line bag cleaning


Supplier information Company: Brandt Filtration Group Address: 5300 Oakbrook Parkway, Suite 320, Norcross, GA, 30093 Country: USA Telephone: +1 7706387700 Fax: +1 7706387755 Contact: Jon P Jones Position: Vice President - Sales & Marketing


Coal sulphur content, %: min no limit max no limit Coal moisture content. %: min no limit max no limit Coal ash content, %: min no limit max no limit Particulate removal, %: >99.99 Scale ofoperation: commercial

System applicable to: Hot flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants


Filter media used: Ryton (polyphenylene sulphide) and fibreglass Filter media supplied by: various manufacturers to Brandt specifications Filter media operating temperature limited, DC: 180-287 Average bag lifetime: 3-7 years

There are currently 22 such systems operating on fluidised bed boilers. Each system is custom engineered for optimum design efficiency and performance at low cost.

Brandt Filtration Group designs and supplies the whole fabric filter system


Supplier information Company: Bundy Environmental Technologies Inc Address: 6950-D Americana Parkway, Reynoldsburg, OH, 43068 Country: USA Telephone: +1 614861 2500 Fax: +1 614861 2290 Contact: R P Bundy


Particulate removal, %: >99 S02 removal: 85-90 Scale ofoperation: commercial


Fabricjilter cleaning mechanism: Pulse jet

min max Flue gas temperature, 0C: 260*

Filter media used: woven glass, glass felt, Gore-Tex, P-84, Ryton, etc Filter media operating temperature limited, DC: 260* Average bag hfetime: 3 years

* Can also supply gas cooling equipment for higher temperature gas streams.


Supplier information Company: China National Building Material Industrial Construction Co

Pingdingshan EP Factory Address: Nanhuan Road, Pingdingshan City, Henan Province, 467001 Country: P R China Telephone: +863754937548 Fax: +863754937548 Contact: Wu Yuliang Position: Factory Director



System applicable to: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry and wet tlue gas stream New plants, retrofittab1e to existing plants

Fabric filter cleaning mechanism: Reverse gas, Pulse jet, Shake/deflate

min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 3000 720,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: ] 1300 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 10 ]00 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 30 260 Captured particle size, Jlm: 0.05 >]00 Air to cloth ratio, m/s: 0.8 3 Pressure drop: 800Pa 3000 Pa

Filter media used: various

67



ComelfS A Str. Industriel Nr. 4, Bistrita, 4400 Romania +40 63 231 463 Petre Centea

Fax: Position:

+4063231 174 Technical Manager


Coal sulphur content, %: mIn 0 max 3.0 Coal moisture content, %: min 0 max 50 Coal ash content, %: min 0 max 100 Particulate removal, %: >99.95 Scale ofoperation: commercial


Fabric filter cleaning mechanism: Reverse gas, Pulse jet

min max Flue gas flow at inlet. m3/h: by design Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: (200) 100 Outlet concentration, mg/m3 : 10 Flue gas temperature, DC: 260 Captured particle size, 11m: 0.2 Air to cloth ratio, m/s: 0.01 by design* Pressure drop: 20mm H20 by designt

Filter media used: polyester needlefelt, PTFE, etc... Filter media supplied by: various Filter media operating temperature limited, DC: 280

* (0.04) t (120 mm H20)

68


Supplier information Company: DeE Limited Address: Humberstone Lane, Thurmaston, Leicester, LE4 8HP Country: United Kingdom Telephone: +44 116 269 6161 Fax: +44 116 269 3028 Contact: Steve Day Position: UK Sales Manager

MJRow Commercial Manager

The DCE group of companies includes:

DCE Ltd (Leicester, UK) DCE DEUTSCHLAND GmbH (Dusseldorf, Germany) DCE SA (Paris, France) DCE BENELUX BV (Wornlerveer, Netherlands) DCE IBERICA SA (Barcelona, Italy) DCE SCANDINAVIA NS (Copenhagen, Denmark) DCE Inc (Jefferson Town, KY, USA) DCE VOKES (Pty) Ltd (Springs Tvl, ZA) DCE VOKES Ply Ltd (Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, Australia) DCE FILTERS Ltd (Auckland, New Zealand) HUYCK DCE KK (Yokohama, Japan) ACCO (Calcutta, India (licensee))

System information System name: Dalamatic

Process licensor: Herding (Germany) Process licensee(s): ACCO (Calcutta, India)



Fabricfilter cleaning mechanism: Reverse gas


Supplier information Company: Deutsche Babcock Anlagen AG Address: 46041 Oberhausen, Duisburger Strasse 375, Oberhausen, D46049 Country: Germany Telephone: +49 208 833 0/13 26 Fax: +49208833 18 11 Contact: Klaus Riillen Position: Gas Cleaning Department


Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.2 max 3 Coal moisture content, %: min 1 max 55 Coal ash content, %: min 2 max 50 Particulate removal, %: >99.99 Scale ofoperation: commercial



min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 30,000 by design Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 250 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: <5 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 80 260 Air to cloth ratio, m/s: by design Pressure drop: 10 20

Filter media used: various Filter media supplied by: various Filter media operating temperature limited, DC: 260 Average bag lifetime: 3-4 years


Supplier information Company: Dustech Engineering Limited Address: 21 West Street, Epsom, Surrey, KT18 7RL Country: United Kingdom Telephone: +1 44 372 727 638 Fax: +144372741476 Contact: J Chippington Position: Director


Coal moisture content, %: min - max no limit Particulate removal, %: min * S02 removal: Scale ofoperation: commercial



min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 1,500 500,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 1,000 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 50 Flue gas temperature, DC: 240

Industrial applications.

* Offering fabric filters to comply with specific requirements, sorbcnt injection and reaction chambers can be included.

- .._._--.-----

71


Supplier information Company: Environmental Elements Corporation Address: POBox 1318,3700 Koppers Street, Baltimore, MD, 21227 Country: USA Telephone: +1 4103687000/6766 Fax: +1 4103687252 Contact: S Michael Dunseith Position: Vice President - Business Development - Power


Particulate removal, %: >99 Scale ofoperation: commercial



Average bag lifetime: >4 years



Fax: Position:

FLS miljo a1s Ramsingsvej 30, Valby, Copenhagen, DK-2500 Denmark +45 36 18 II 00 Steen Knuppert Hansen

+45 36 30 49 90 Vice President

System information System name: Pulse Jet Fabric Filter, Type B Process licensor: own technology Process licensee(s): none

Coal sulphur content, %: min 0 max 100 Coal moisture content, %: min 0 max 50 Coal ash content, %: mm 0 max 100 Particulate removal. %: >99.99 Scale ofoperation: commercial



mIn max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 25,000 1,000,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 400 Outlet concentration, mg/m3 : 1-2 10-20 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 260 Captured particle size, J.1m: 0.2 100 Air to cloth ratio, m/s: 0.02-0.025 Pressure drop: 1,500 Pa

Filter media used: Gore-Tex, P84, Ryton, Nomex Filter media supplied by: various Filter media operating temperature limited, 0C: 260 Average bag lifetime: 2 years


Supplier information Company: Farr Europe (Farr Filtration Ltd) Address: 272 Kings Road, Tyseley, Binningham, Bll 2AB Country: United Kingdom Telephone: +44121 7078211 Fax: +44 121 706 9986 Contact: Mark Brant Position: Commercial Manager




Fabric filter cleaning mechanism: Reverse gas

Industrial applications



Fax: Position:

Fisher-Klosterman Inc POBox 11190, Louisville, KY, 40251-0190 USA +1 5027761505 A V (Tony) Andriola

+1 502 774 9147/4157 Vice President


Particulate removal, %: >99.9 S02 removal: up to 80% Scale ofoperation: commercial



min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 10,000 1,000,000

Filter media used: polyester, Gore-Tex, fibreglass, Nomex, etc ... Filter media supplied by: various


Supplier information Company: General Electric Environmental Systems Inc Address: 200 North Seventh Street, Lebanon, PA, 17046-5006 Country: USA Telephone: +1 717 2747000 Fax: +1 7172747103 Contact: Thomas W Lugar Position: Vice President - Particulate Technology





Filter media used: various


Supplier information Company: Griffin Environmental Company Inc Address: 7066 Interstate Island Road, Syracuse, NY, 13209 Country: USA Telephone: +1 315451 5300 Fax: +13154512338 Contact: Raymond N Melnick Position: Program Manager

System information System name: Jet-Aire Pulse Jet, Reverse Gas & ShakelDeflate Collectors


Particulate removal. %: 99.9 Scale ofoperation: commercial


Fabric .filter cleaning mechanism: Reverse gas, Pulse jet, Shake/deflate

Filter media used: glass-based (fibreglass) Filter media operating temperature limited. °C: 287 Average bag l!letime: 1-3 years


Supplier information Company: Hamon Cifa Progetti SpA Address: Viale Rimembranze, 3-20026 Novate Milanese (MI), Milan,.20026 Country: Italy Telephone: +3923525 I Fax: +39233240 1941204 Contact: Giovanni Lucioni Position: Manager - Dust Filtration Department

System information Process licensor: Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control (USA) Process licensee(s): none


System applicable fo: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 1,500,000

Filter media used: polyester, polypropylene, Ryton, Gore-Tex, glass fibre, Teflon Filter media supplied by: various

Technology used with fluid bed boilers, waste incinerators, electrical arc furnaces and glass furnaces.


Supplier information Company: Hotaka Engineering Co Ltd Address: 2-15-4, Kayabacho Nihonbashi, Chuoku, Tokyo, 103 Country: Japan Telephone: +81 3 3664 9530 Fax: +81 3 3664 9526 Contact: K Saito Position: President


Particulate removal, %: Scale ofoperation:

System applicable to:

own technology none

>99.5 commercial

Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants


Industrial applications


Supplier information Company: Korea Cottrell Co Ltd Address: 160-1 Donggyo-Dong, Mapo-Ku, Seoul, 121-200 Country: Telephone: Contact:

Republic o+822320Tal Woo LlQKim

Fax: Position:

f Korea 6114 ee

+8223206 100/200 Chairman Manager

System information Process licensee(s): none

Coal sulphur content. %: Coal moisture content. %: Coal ash content. %: Particulate removal. %: Scale ofoperation:

max 1.0 max 10 max 17

min 0.3 min 5.0 min 5 >99.9 commercial

System applicable to: Cold flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants


min max Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 0.1 20 Flue gas temperature, DC: 270 Captured particle size, I-lm: 0.1 100 Air to cloth ratio, m/s: 0.02 0.03 Pressure drop: 1200 Pa 2000Pa

Filter media used: glass-based fibre (fibreglass) Filter media supplied by: various (world-wide) Filter media operating temperature limited. 0C: 280 Average bag lifetime: 2-3 y


Supplier information Company: Lentjes Bischoff GmbH Address: Bonsiepen 13, Essen, D-45136 Country: Germany Telephone: +492018112270 Fax: +49 201 81 12 259 Contact: Michael Frank Position: Air Pollution Control Marketing Department

Lentjes Bischoff GmbH, formerly called Gottfried Bischoff GmbH & Co KG, started operating under its new name on 19 June 1996.

On 1 October 1996, Lurgi AG (Frankfurt) and Lentjes AG (Duesseldorf), two sub-groups of Metallgesellschaft AG (MG) (Frankfurt), were amalgamated. Under the overal direction of Lurgi AG the following companies have their own operating responsiblity: Lurgi Metallurgie GmbH Lurgi Umwelt GmbH Lurgi Oel-Gas-Chemie GmbH Zimmer AG Lentjes AG

The energy related activities of the former Lurgi Energie und Umwelt GmbH have been transferred to Lentjes, with ALL flue gas treatment activities being assigned to Lentjes Bischoff.

System information System name: Low Pressure Pulse Filters


Coal sulphur content, %: min no limit* max Coal moisture content, %: min no limit max no limit Coal ash content, %: min no limit max no limit Particulate removal, %: >99.99 Scale ofoperation: commercial



min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: no limit <4,600,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: no limit >1000 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: <1 30 Flue gas temperature, 0C: >dew point <260 Captured particle size, 11m: 0.01 no limit Air to cloth ratio, m/s: no limit «1.033 Pressure drop: 12 18


Filter media used: polyester, PPS, P84, PTFE, PAN, glass fibre, Nomex Filter media supplied by: Gutsche, Filtra, Gore, Heimbach, P&S, Albany, Filtex, BWF,

Testori Filter media operating temperature limited, 0C: <260 Average bag lifetime: 3-6 years Bag disposal method: landfill, incineration, recycling

* Providing acid dew point below operating temperature.

Low pressure cleaning system (approx 1 bar) is more applicable to large gas volumes >300,000 m3/h. Below this, the high pressure pulse jet (approx 6 bar) is more economic. In some cases, Reverse gas filters have greater benefits.

Largest application of Lentjes Bischoff fabric filter technology is on 660 MWe unit. Currently >200 fabric filters have been supplied throughout the world.


Supplier information Company: Lodge Sturtevant Ltd Address: George Street Parade, Binningham, B3 1QQ Country: United Kingdom Telephone: +44 121 214 l300 Fax: +44 121 2002555 Contact: Ken Elison Position: Marketing Manager


Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.25 max 4.0 Coal moisture content, %: min 2 max 30 Coal ash content, %: min 5 max 70 Particulate removal, %: >99.9 Scale ofoperation: commercial

System applicable to: Hot flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 5 50 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 5 80 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 10 (usual) as required Flue gas temperature, °c: 100 200 Captured particle size, !!m: <1 >100 Air to cloth ratio, m/s: <1.0 1.5 Pressure drop: 12 20

Filter media used: Ryton, Teflon, P84 Filter media supplied by: P&S, BWF Filter media operating temperature limited, 0C: 230

Lodge Sturtevant is a subsidiary of FLS miljo als (Denmark)

83


Supplier information Company: MES Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co Ltd Address: 6-4, Tsukiji 5 chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104 Country: Japan Telephone: +81 3 3544 3526 Fax: +81 3 3544 3028 Contact: o Hamamoto Position: Manager

System information System name: Mitsui Bag Reactor

Process licensor: Mitsui Miike Engineering (Japan) Process licensee(s): none

Coal sulphur content, %: min no limit max no limit Coal moisture content, %: mm no limit max no limit Coal ash content, %: min no limit max no limit Particulate removal, %: >99 S02 removal: >90 (injection of Ca(OHh) Scale ofoperation: commercial


Fabric filter cleaning mechanism: Shake/deflate

mm max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: no limit no limit Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: no limit Flue gas temperature, 0C: 230 Captured particle size, !-lm: 0.1 Air to cloth ratio, m/s: 0.01 0.\ Pressure drop: Ix106Pa 3~4x107 Pa

Filter media used: Fibreglass Average bag lifetime: 5 years Bag disposal method: recycle

Blower consumes main power which depends on the pressure drop of the Bag Reactor.


Supplier information Company: Pall Advanced Separation Systems Address: 3669 Route 281, POBox 2030, Cortland, NY, 13045 Country: USA Telephone: +1 6077536041 Fax: + I 607753 8525 Contact: Nelson Sobel Position: VP Technical Sales

Company also operates as:

John Sawyer Manager (Hot Gas Filtration Systems) Pall Trinity Micro Corporation 3643 State Road 281 Cortland, NY 13045 USA Tel: +1 6077536041 Fax: +1 6077538525

Pall Corporation 2200 Northern Boulevard East Hills, NY 11548 USA Tel: + I 516 484 5400 Fax: +1 5164845228

Pall Europe Ltd Europa House Havant Street - Portsmouth Hampshire POI 3PD United Kingdom Tel: +44 1705 303303 Fax: +44 1705 302506

Mr Hiro Ozawa Manager (Hot Gas Filtration Systems) Nihon Pall Ltd Gotanda Nomura Shoken Building 1-5-1 Nishi Gotanda Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141 Japan Tel: +81 3 3495 8380 Fax: +81 3 3495 8369/3437 2156

System information System name: Pall GSS Systems



System applicable to: Hot and cold t1ue gas stream Dry and wet t1ue gas stream New plants. retrofittable to existing plants


min max Flue gas temperature, 0C: 230 900

Filter media used: PSS, Rigimesh, Supramesh, PMM, PMF Filter media supplied by: Pall Advanced Separation Systems (USA) Filter media operating temperature limited, 0C: 900

Industrial application

----------_._._----._-----------------------


Supplier information Company: Research Cottrell International Address: POBox 1500, Somerville, NJ, 08876 Country: USA Telephone: +19086854013 Fax: +1 908 685 4478 Contact: Prakash H Dhargalkar, Nicholas F Coppola


Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.3 max 4.5 Coal moisture content, %: min 3 max 12 Coal ash content, %: min 4 max 45 Particulate removal, %: >99.5 S02 removal: 20-70 Scale ofoperation: commercial



min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 40,000 2,800,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 0.4 100 Outlet concentration, mglm3: 10 30 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 125 240 Captured particle size, 11m: <2 >100 Air to cloth ratio, m/s: 0.1 0.8

Filter media used: fibreg1ass, Nomex, Ryton, P-84 and other Filfer media operating temperature limited, DC: 150-250 Average bag l({etime: 2-5 years Bag disposal method: various


Supplier information Company: Staclean Diffuser Company Address: 2205 Executive Drive, Salisbury, NC, 28147 Country: USA Telephone: +1 704 636 8697 Fax: +1 704 636 2792 Contact: Manager Position: Sales & Marketing

System information System name: Staclean Baghouse





min max Captured particle size, 11m: >0.5 >100

Higher efficiency possible - limited by fabric.


Supplier information Company: Steelcraft Corporation Address: 2700 Jackson Avenue, POBox 12748, Memphis, TN, 38182-0748 Country: USA Telephone: +1 901 452 5200 Fax: +1901 4523714 Contact: Dale R Price Position: FILTREX Products

System information System name:

Process licensor: Process licensee(s):

Particulate removal, %: Scale ofoperation:


FILTREX Pulse Jet Filter, FILTREX Reverse Jet Filter

own technology none

>99.5 commercial

Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream Hot flue gas stream


Captured particle size, J.1m: min <1

max >100

Industrial appl ications


Supplier information Company: Termokimik Corporation SpA Address: Via Flumendosa 13, Milan, 1-20132 Country: Italy Telephone: +39225 87 1 Fax: +3922564103 Contact: Mario Labriola Position: Marketing Manager

System information System name: Pulse-clean, Depurex-PLC


Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.2 max 7 Coal ash content, %: min 6 max -Particulate removal, %: >99 Scale ofoperation: commercial


Fabricjilter cleaning mechanism: Reverse gas, Pulse jet

min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 1,500,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 20 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 30 Flue gas temperature, 0C: >dew point 250 Captured particle size, 11m: <1 >100 Air to cloth ratio, m/s: 0.025 Pressure drop: 1200 Pa 2500 Pa

Filter media used: various Filter media supplied by: Testori, BWF, Gore and others Filter media operating temperature limited. 0C: 260 Average bag lifetime: 2-5 years

89


Supplier information Company: Thermax Limited (Enviro Division) Address: Sai Chambers, 15, Mumbai-Pune Road, Wakadewadi, Pune, 411 003 Country: India Telephone: +91 212311010 Fax: +91 212313237 Contact: J K Kulkarni Position: General Manager





Filter media used: woven glass bags, needle felt Filter media supplied by: various Filter media operating temperature limited, DC: 280


Supplier information Company: Walther and Cie AG Address: Postfach 85 05 61, Waltherstrasse 51, Koln (Dellbriick), D-51069 Country: Germany Telephone: +49221 6785315/465/535/366/646/306 Fax: +49 221 6785 333 Contact: G Ruoff, R Romey

System information System name: CIRCUSORB


Coal sulphur content, %: min - max :S;2 Coal moisture content, %: min no limit max 65 Coal ash content, %: min - max 245 Particulate removal, %: >99 S02 removal: 270 (eg injection of Ca(OHh) Scale ofoperation: commercial

System applicable to: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry fl ue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 3,000 >1,000,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 30 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: :S;10 :S;20 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 280 :S;150 Captured particle size, ~m: :S;0.5 Air to cloth ratio, m/s: 0.015 0.02 Pressure drop: 8 mbar <25 mbar

Filter media used: PAN, PPS, PI Filter media supplied by: various, worldwide Filter media operating temperature limited, °C: PAN :s; 125, PPS & PI :s; 190 Average bag lifetime: 20,000 hrs Bag disposal method: application dependent

System uses - if necessary - mechanical precollectors and conditioning towers


Supplier information Company: Walther and Cie AG Address: Postfach 85 05 61, Waltherstrasse 51, Koln (DellbIiick), D-51069 Country: Gennany Telephone: +49221 6785315/465/535/366/646/306 Fax: +49221 6785333 Contact: G Ruoff, R Romey


Coal sulphur content, %: min - max <::;4 Coal moisture content, %: min 0 max 65 Coal ash content, %: min - max ~45

Particulate removal, %: >99 Scale of operation: commercial



min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 3,000 3,000,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: <::;1 ~200

Outlet concentration, mg/m3: <::;10 <::;20 Flue gas temperature, 0C: ~70 <::;350 Captured particle size, 11m: <::;0.5 Air to cloth ratio, m/s: 0.015 0.025 Pressure drop: 8 mbar <::;25 mbar

Filter media used: PE, PAN, PPS, PI, PTFE, Glass, ceramics Filter media supplied by: various, worldwide Filter media operating temperature limited, °C: PAN <::;125, PPS & PI <::; 190 Average bag lifetime: 20,000 hrs Bag disposal method: application dependent

Medium pressure cleaning system (2.5 - 5.0 bar)

S03 10 probes

Ilue gas

over temp low temp alarm set alarm set to 590'C to 370'C

S03 + H,O = H,SO,

converter SO,+'I,O,=S03

controlled 10425'C

over temp alarm set to 540'C

saturated steam 11 ....._ al 2 5-3 0 kg/cm 2

low temp alarm set to 125'C

over temp I low temp alarm set alarm set 10540'C 10 415'C

air heaters

metering pump

main air blower

Figure 8 Sulphur burning flue gas conditioning system (Krigmont and Cae, 1992)

precipitator

Flue gas conditioning for ESP and fabric filters

The mechanism by which flue gas conditioning with SO} produces a reduction in fly ash resistivity is by increasing the acid dew point to a level closer to the ESP flue gas temperature. Acid dew point in most flue gases is much higher than the water dew point because of the presence of S02. An increase in the acid dew point enhances the condensation of sulphuric acid (H2S04) onto the surface of the fly ash particles. The reaction between the condensing sulphuric acid and the fly ash particles reduces the resistivity of the fly ash by changing the particle surface electrical conduction characteristics (Butz and Durham, 1993).

Conditioning the fly ash in the flue gas is an established technique applied to improve ESP and/or fabric filter performance. Around the end of 1992 there were 407 coal-fired units with a total capacity of over 112 GW in fourteen countries using S03 as conditioning agent in their particulate control devices. In ESP, the adjustment in fly ash resistivity, achieved by conditioning the flue gas with S03 as a vapour, has improved performance when switching to low sulphur coal. In the USA, following the November 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) an estimated 45 GW of generating capacity was expected to use flue gas conditioning, with coal-switching, to meet the S02 and particulate emission targets set by the legislation. Most S03 flue gas conditioning systems currently used, are based on catalytic conversion of S02. This can be supplied in liquid form or obtained by burning elemental sulphur. The latter is the preferred method due to its lower operating costs. Catalytic conversion is chosen mainly because it minimises the risks involved in handling the hazardous materials used in the system. It is also flexible and easy to control compared to other methods of securing the S03. Figure 8 shows how the sulphur is delivered, burned, converted and finally introduced into the flue gas stream before the particulate control device, in this case an ESP (Krigmont and Coe, 1992). Other methods for generating S03 include evaporation of liquid S03, evaporation of sulphuric acid (H2S04) and stripping of oleum.

4.3 Flue gas conditioning for ESP and fabric filters


Automatic detennination of optimum S03 injection rate was developed to contain the difficulties encountered by operators unfamiliar with system operation. Also, to reduce the necessity of identifying, continuously, which coal is fed to the burners. Controls are now available with solidstate apparatus that store digitally the operating characteristics of the device as a function of the injection-rate setting. Microprocessor controls detennine the characteristics of the coal in use and proceed to the optimum setting point. Regular tests are carried out to ascertain that the setting point remains optimum. Otherwise a new optimum is detennined and the new characteristics stored for future use. This creates an operating history that can be retrieved and used to control system perfonnance. The plant operator is freed from monitoring the fuel closely and adjusting the set points. The chosen S03 injection rate depends on fly ash resistivity and flue gas temperature. The process is perceived as a cost efficient strategy to comply with strict environmental regulations.

Dual NH3/S03 conditioning, in independently controlled quantities, is a technology capable of:

- enhancing the utilisation of SO,; - improving the perfonnance of moderately sized ESP; - efficiently capturing fly ash with high unburnt carbon content.

Krigmont and Coe (1991) found that the majority of plants using dual flue gas conditioning systems operated at an S03 injection rate in the order of 13 mg/m3 (10 ppm), delivered to the flue gas stream. This applies generally to coals with ash content <10-15% by weight. More S03 is required with increased coal ash quantities. This can lead to increased capital and operating costs of flue gas conditioning systems for low-grade coals. Experience shows that when using NH3and S03 as conditioning agents, fly ash resistivity is reduced (due to the S03) while particle cohesivity and ESP operating voltages are improved (due to the NH3). The complementary action of the conditioning agents results in an overall perfonnance improvement.

In passive S03 conditioning, 1-3% of flue gas is withdrawn from a point in the back-pass of the boiler where the flue gas temperature is in the range 400-540°C. The withdrawn flue gas is passed through a catalyst where exothennic oxidation occurs to convert the S02 to S03 and then returned to the duct ahead of the ESP. Catalysts with tubular and honeycomb configuration have been tested. The technology can be used for high resistivity fly ash, that may be treated adequately with S03 derived from the S02 present in a reasonable fraction of the total flue gas. If the flue gas contains 1500 mg/m3(500 ppm) S02 and 1% of the S03 (6 mg/m3, 5 ppm) treats the fly ash adequately, this could be a viable means of improving ESP perfonnance, economically and technically. The upper limit for a desirable range is 5% of the S02 to be converted to S03. Humphrey and Dahlberg (1996) reported that Epricon, a passive conditioning system, is capable of producing more than adequate S03 for fly ash conditioning and reducing resistivity to the optimum range for ESP collection for coal sulphur content 0.54-0.7% and ash content ~12%.

Water spray (evaporative) cooling is a technique that can be used to restore ESP perfonnance after switching to lower sulphur coals to meet new S02 emissions standards. The technology is claimed to be capable of reducing fly ash resistivity to a point at which the ESP operates more effectively. Water conditioning reduces the flue gas temperature and results in increased flue gas density, a decrease in its volume and in the flue gas viscosity. The effect of increased flue gas density is an increase in operating voltage, yielding an increase in collection efficiency as both particle charging and collection are proportional to the operating voltage. A decrease in volume means a larger SCA to collect the fly ash particles. The decrease in viscosity reduces the drag forces opposing the


electrostatic forces in the ESP. All these changes can improve ESP performance at lower cost compared to other conditioning agents and without creating corrosion problems.

Butz and Durham (1993) consider that in order for the spray (water) cooling to be effective, the water droplets injected into the flue gas stream must be very small in order to evaporate quickly and completely. However, the injection rate of the water into the flue gas stream is substantial due to the large volume of flue gas to be treated. This contlict represents an economic penalty to spray cooling due to the need to use high cost compressed air in the nozzles to achieve the required size range of 50 microns diameter for each water droplet. In order to rectify the problem, a new twofluid nozzle with a unique linear geometry was developed and after a l2-day test period particle deposition on the nozzle was found minimal and there was no sign of water impacting the sides of the duct and causing deposits to form.

The benefits of flue gas conditioning in fabric filters include:

- improving the ability of the baghouse to achieve lower emissions at higher air to cloth ratio; - a more porous fly ash layer formation leading to reduced pressure drop; - the fly ash layers remains on the surface of the fabric preventing seepage and packing into the

fabric structure; - a more cohesive fly ash layer leading to better dislodgement in larger agglomerates and less

re-entrainment.

Automatic determination of optimum S03 injection rate was also developed for fabric filtration systems.

Many factors affect the performance of a fabric filter system with flue gas conditioning including:

- coal type; - conditioning agent and concentration; - pressure drop: - air to cloth ratio; - fabric type.

Conditioning can increase the binding forces of particles in the fly ash layer. This improves porebridging and particle cohesion in the fly ash resulting in reduced fine particle re-entrainment when cleaning the bag.

The greater porosity of the fly ash layer formed on the fabric as a result of conditioning indicates that the fabric filter could be operated at a reduced pressure drop while keeping the same cleaning cycle. On the other hand, reducing the bag cleaning frequency would result in a pressure drop similar to the norm. Alternatively, operation can be at a higher air to cloth ratio without affecting the pressure drop or bag cleaning frequency. The result of the increased air to cloth ratio could be a reduction in the overall size of the baghouse and hence capital costs.

The increased cohesion of particles in the fly ash layer results in larger agglomerations of dislodged fly ash falling into the hoppers. This increases efficiency by reducing particle re-entrainment. The fly ash cake also remains on the surface of the fabric. This prevents the fly ash packing into the fabric structure and minimises fabric blinding (EPR!, 1993b).


Dual conditioning with S03 and NH3 was found to improve the performance of fabric filters markedly. Tests demonstrated that, for a number of different coals, fabrics and cleaning mechanisms, fine particulate emissions as well as pressure drop are significantly reduced by dual conditioning. Krigmont and Coe (1992) report that filter drag with conditioning was less than half that without conditioning.



Vaxj6, S-35187 Country: Sweden Telephone: +46 470 365 50 Fax: +46 470 870 00 Contact: Filip Knutsson


Scale ofoperation: commercial

System applicable to: Cold flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants ESP and fabric filters

Conditioning agent:

Method used to obtain agent: Sulphur burning; S02 conversion

Agent injection rate, ppm: min 0 max 25

Injection control mechanism: microprocessors controlling ESP data

Increased removal efficiency, %: up to 10 times reduction in emissions


Supplier information Company: ABB Flakt Industri AB

Vaxjo, S-35187 Country: Sweden Telephone: +46 470 365 50 Fax: +46 470 87000 Contact: Filip Knutsson




Conditioning agent: ammonia

Method used to obtain agent: NH3 evaporation

Agent injection rate. ppm: min 0 max 25





Vaxjo, S-35187 Country: Sweden Telephone: +46 470 365 50 Fax: +46470 87000 Contact: Filip Knutsson




Conditioning agent: water

Method used to obtain agent: H20 evaporation

Agent injection temperature: -40°C




Supplier information Company: ADA-ES Environmental Solutions Address: 304 Inverness Way South, Suite 365, Englewood, CO, 80112 Country: USA Telephone: +1 303 792 5615 Fax: +1 303 792 5633 Contact: Michael Durham Position: Executive Manager

Dian Frank Marketing Communications Specialist


Process licensor: Process licensee(s):

Scale ofoperation:


Conditioning agent:

ADA-ES Flue Gas Conditioning System

own technology none

commercial

Hot flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants ESP and fabric filters

proprietary

Increased removal efficiency, %: reduce opacity by a factor of 10

Effects: 2-5 order of magnitude reduction in resistivity. Increased power 2-10 times. Reduced opacity.

100


Supplier information Company: Apparatebau Rothemuhle, Brandt + Kritzler GmbH Address: P a Box 5140, Wildenburger Strasse 1, Wenden-Rothemiihle, D-57479 Country: Germany Telephone: +4927626110/351 Fax: +492762611 369 Contact: Manfred Schmoch

System information Process licensor: von Roll AG (Zurich, Switzerland) Process licensee(s): none


System applicable to: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants ESP and fabric filters

Conditioning agent: ESP: NH3, S03 fabric filters: Si02

Effects: Organic or acidic components are also removed by injection of Ca(OHh, CaO, MgO or Activated Carbon

101


Supplier information Company: CHEMITHON Address: 5430 West Marginal Way SW, Seattle, WA, 98106-1598 Country: USA Telephone: +12069379954 Fax: +12069323786 Contact: William G Hankins Position: Technical Manager - Environmental Equipment Division

System information System name: Ammonia System




Conditioning agent: anhydrous or aqueous ammonia

Increased removal efficiency, %: 2-5 times order of magnitude emissions reduction

Effects: reduction in rapping losses, improvement in ash absorption of H2S04, reduction of acid dewpoint and corrosion. In fabric filters ammonia can reduce corrosion, pressure drop and emissions.

System installed to treat flue gas for fabric filters at large lignite-fired US boiler.

102


Supplier information Company: CHEMITHON Address: 5430 West Marginal Way SW, Seattle, WA, 98106-1598 Country: USA Telephone: +12069379954 Fax: +12069323786 Contact: William G Hankins Position: Technical Manager - Environmental Equipment Division

System information System name: Dual Conditioning System




Conditioning agent: dual SOyNH3

Injection control mechanism: ppm/ESP power/opacity

Increased removal efficiency, %: 2-5 times order of magnitude emission reduction

Effects: reduction in fly ash resistivity and improvements in cohesivity; reduced rapping losses; improvements in sulphur trioxide absorption.

Designs have high efficiency, low power consumption and small size.


Supplier information Company: CHEMITHON Address: 5430 West Marginal Way SW, Seattle, WA, 98106-1598 Country: USA Telephone: +12069379954 Fax: +1 2069323786 Contact: William G Hankins Position: Technical Manager - Environmental Equipment Division

System information System name: Liquid Sulphur Dioxide



System applicable to: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants ESP

Conditioning agent: sulphur dioxide

Injection control mechanism: ppm/ESP power/opacity

Increased removal efficiency, %: losses reduced by up to a factor of 10

Typically liquid sulphur dioxide systems are for small application test systems.


Supplier information Company: CHEMITHON Address: 5430 West Marginal Way SW, Seattle, WA, 98106-1598 Country: USA Telephone: +1 2069379954 Fax: +1 2069323786 Contact: William G Hankins Position: Technical Manager - Environmental Equipment Division

System information System name: Sulphur System



System applicable to: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants ESP

Conditioning agent: molten or granular sulphur


Injection control mechanism: ppmJESP/opacity

Increased removal efficiency, %: losses reduced by up to a factor of 10

Effects: reduction of fly ash resistivity

Such gas conditioning systems have been supplied since 1970.

105


Supplier information Company: FGC Inc Address: 24600 Center Ridge Road, Suite 205, Westlake, OH, 44145 Country: USA Telephone: +] 2168993888 Fax: +] 2]68993890 Contact: Eric Eichler Position: Project Engineer

System information System name: NH3Flue Gas Conditioning System




modular 'containerised' system

Conditioning agent: NH3

Method used to obtain agent: vaporisation of anhydrous or aqueous ammonia


Injection control mechanism: user defined/variable: ie boiler load, fuel flow, DCS feedback

E1fects: modification of fly ash resistivity, increased particle cohesivity, neutralisation of excess S03

Microprocessor control system

106


Supplier information Company: FGC Inc Address: 24600 Center Ridge Road, Suite 205, Westlake, OR, 44145 Country: USA Telephone: +1 2168993888 Fax: +1 2168993890 Contact: Eric Eichler Position: Project Engineer

System information System name: S03 Flue Gas Conditioning System



System applicable to: Rot and cold flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants ESP and fabric filters

modular 'containerised' system

Conditioning agent: S03

Method used to obtain agent: catalysation of sulphur trioxide from burned molten sulphur


Injection control mechanism: user defined/variable: ie boiler load. fuel flow, DCS feedback

Effects: modification of fly ash resistivity

Microprocessor control system

----- ._---. -----------

107


Supplier information Company: Hamon Cifa Progetti SpA Address: Viale Rimembranze, 3-20026 Novate Milanese (MI), Milan, 20026 Country: Italy Telephone: +3923525 1 Fax: +392332401941204 Contact: Giovanni Lucioni Position: Manager - Dust Filtration Department

System information Process licensor: WahJco (USA) Process licensee(s): none


System applicable to: Hot flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants ESP

fields of application: coal-fired boilers

Conditioning agent: SO]

Method used to obtain agent: burned molten sulphur

Injection control mechanism: automatic control in response to boiler output



Republic of Korea +8223206114 Tal Woo Lee lQKim

Fax: Position:

+82232061001200 Chairn1an Manager


collaboration with Wahlco Inc (USA) none


System applicable to: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry and wet flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants ESP

Conditioning agent:

Method used to obtain agent: sulphur burning + catalytic oxidation

Agent injection rate, ppm: max 25

Injection control mechanism: sulphur feed control

109


Supplier information Company: Sonic Environmental Systems Address: 141 New Road, Parsippany, NJ, 07054 Country: USA Telephone: +1 201 882 9288 Fax: +1 201 8821486 Contact: Ron Berube Position: VP Sales & Marketing

System information System name: SONICOOL



System applicable to: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry and wet flue gas stream New plants. retrofittabJe to existing plants ESP and fabric filters

Atomising systems: usually water only for reducing gas temperature and adding moisture to reduce fly ash resistivity

Conditioning agent: water (usually)

------------------------------------ ---


Supplier information Company: Wahlco Inc Address: 3600 W Segerstrom Avenue, Sanata Ana, CA, 92704 Country: USA Telephone: +1 7149797300 Fax: +1 7149790603 Contact: Barry J Southam Position: Senior Vice President - Flue Gas Conditioning Technologies

System information System name: Wahleo Ammonia Conditioning System



System applicable to: Hot flue gas stream Dry and wet flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants ESP and fabric filters

many units in operation, worldwide

Conditioning agent: Anhydrous or Aqueous ammonia

Method used to obtain agent: commercially available chemicals

Agent injection rate, ppm: min I max 100

Injection control mechanism: boiler load & other plant parameters

Increased removal efficiency, %: varies (can cut losses by a factor of 10 or more)

Effects: Reduces acid plume associated with scrubbers, improves ESP performance where low NO, burners are fitted which can produce high unburnt carbon in fly ash, reduces rapping losses associated with ESPs and neutralises SO, in oil-fired boilers

111


Supplier information Company: Wahlco Inc Address: 3600 W Segerstrom Avenue, Sanata Ana, CA, 92704 Country: USA Telephone: +17149797300 Fax: +17149790603 Contact: Barry] Southam Position: Senior Vice President - Flue Gas Conditioning Technologies

System information System name: Wah1co Dual Flue Gas Conditioning System




many units in operation, worldwide.

Conditioning agent:

Method used to obtain agent: liquid or solid sulphur, sulphur oxidised and converted to S03, via catalyst / anhydrous or aqueous ammonia vaporised

Agent injection rate, ppm: min 1/1 max 100/40

Injection control mechanism: dual automatic injection rate control (DAIRC)


Effects: conditions by forming a conductive layer on the fly ash particle, reduces rapping losses in ESPs and increases/improves performance

112


Supplier information Company: Wahleo Inc Address: 3600 W Segerstrom Avenue, Sanata Ana, CA, 92704 Country: USA Telephone: +1 7149797300 Fax: +1 7149790603 Contact: Barry J Southam Position: Senior Vice President - Flue Gas Conditioning Technologies

System information System name: Wahleo Dual Flue Gas Conditioning System




many units in operation, worldwide.

Conditioning agent:

Method used to obtain agent: liquid S03, vaporised and catalysed to S03 / anhydrous or aqueous ammonia vaporised

Agent injection rate, ppm: min 1/1 max 100/40

Injection control mechanism: proprietary dual automatic injection rate control (DAIRC)


E,1fects: conditions by forming a conductive layer on the fly ash particle, reduces rapping losses in ESPs and increases/improves performance

113


Supplier information Company: Wahlco Inc Address: 3600 W Segerstrom Avenue, Sanata Ana, CA, 92704 Country: USA Telephone: +1 7149797300 Fax: +1 7149790603 Contact: Barry J Southam Position: Senior Vice President - Flue Gas Conditioning Technologies

System information System name: Wahlco S03 Flue Gas Conditioning Systems

Process licensor: own technology Process licensee(s): Pentol GmbH (Germany), Hamon Cifa Progetti (Italy)



more than 400 units in operation, worldwide.

Conditioning agent: S03 (gas)

Method used to obtain agent: 1. Molten or solid sulphur, oxidised and converted to S03 via a catalyst. 2. Vaporised liquid sulphur dioxide converted to sulphur trioxide


Injection control mechanism: coal flow, automatic injection rate from several plant parameters


Effects: modifies fly ash resistivity to provide optimum performance


Supplier information Company: Wahlco Inc Address: 3600 W Segerstrom Avenue, Sanata Ana, CA, 92704 Country: USA Telephone: +17149797300 Fax: +17149790603 Contact: Barry J Southam Position: Senior Vice President - Flue Gas Conditioning Technologies

System information System name: Wahlco Sulphuric Acid System




Conditioning agent: sulphuric acid

Method used to obtain agent: commercial acid readily available


Injection control mechanism: automatic injection rate from several plant parameters

Increased removal efficiency, %: can cut losses by a factor of 10 or more

Effects: modifies fly ash resistivity to provide optimum ESP performance


Supplier information Company: Walther and Cie AG Address: Postfach 85 05 61, Waltherstrasse 51, K61n (Del1brilck), D-51069 Country: Germany Telephone: +49221 6785315/465/535/366/646/306 Fax: +492216785333 Contact: W Weiler

System information System name: Ammonia Injection System



System applicable to: Cold flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants ESP

Conditioning agent:

Method used to obtain agent: evaporation of liquid ammonia

Agent injection rate. ppm: min 0 max 50

Injection control mechanism: load data, S03 content

Effects: formation of ammonium sulphate (solid) which is collected in the precipitator, reduction of acid dew point and enhanced ESP efficiency


Supplier information Company: Walther and Cie AG Address: Postfach 85 0561, Waltherstrasse 51, Koln (Dellbriick), D-51069 Country: Gennany Telephone: +49221 6785315/465/535/366/646/306 Fax: +49221 6785333 Contact: W Weiler

System information System name: Sulphur Trioxide System



System applicable to: Cold flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants ESP

Conditioning agent: sulphur trioxide (S03)

Method used to obtain agent: sulphur burning; S02 conversion


Injection control mechanism: load signal, ESP data, opacity

Increased removal efficiency, %: up to 80%

Effects: improves the efficiencies of ESP


Supplier information Company: Wilhelm Environmental Technologies Address: POBox 516, 3914 Prospect Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46206 Country: USA Telephone: +1317 3595411 Fax: +1 317 359 8346 Contact: Robert Wright Position: Operations Manager

System information System name: Sulphur Trioxide System



System applicable to: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry and wet flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants ESP and fabric filters

Particulate removal efficiency improved by 50-75%, NO. by 40-80% and small effect on S02

Conditioning agent: sulphur trioxide (S03)

Method used to obtain agent: bum sulphur to S02


Injection control mechanism: load signal, particulate collector response

Increased removal efficiency, %: 50-80

Effects: higher efficiencies of precipitators and fabric filters. Injected gas streams appear as particulates in ESP or fabric filter.

Conditioning costs are relatively low. The system is effective in reducing emissions of marginal ESP or fabric filters. Carbon carryover (LOI) should be as low as possible.

Comparative economics of ESP and fabric filters

4.4 Comparative economics of ESP and fabric filters

In 1992, EPRI published the results of an investigation regarding the economics of installing ESP and fabric filters in the form of pulse-jet and reverse gas systems on new coal-fired plants. The comparisons were made on a base case particulate control technology designed for a 250 MWe coal-fired unit and the NSPS emission limits of 0.03 Ib/MMBtu (about 35 mg/m3) (December 1990 US dollars). The cost models and economic premises used to develop these comparisons are discussed in detail by Gaikwad and Sloat (1992). The authors found the ESP the most cost effective technology when firing medium- and high-sulphur coals with low fly ash resistivity. Reverse gas fabric filters are cost effective when firing low-sulphur coals with high resistivity fly ash. Pulse jet fabric filters have lower capital and levelised costs compared to the reverse gas fabric filters and ESP when firing medium- and low-sulphur coals. Table 7 shows the estimated capital and operating costs as well as technology cost effectiveness results found in a similar base case investigation (STAPPA and ALAPCO, 1996).

Table 7 Cost summary of high efficiency particulate control systems for utility coal-fired power generating plants' (STAPPA and ALAPCO, 1996)

ESP Reverse gas fabric filter

Pulse jet fabric filter

Capital cost, $/kW Operating cost, mills/kWh Cost-effectiveness, $/ton(tonne)

64 3.35 135 (149)

77 4.02 162 (179)

49 3.44 J38 (152)

* Figures assume installation of the designated controls on a 250 MWe boiler with uncontrolled emissions of 5 Ib/MMBtu (-6150 mg/m3), outlet emissions of 0.03 Ib/MMBtu (-35 mg/m3) or less, and a 65%

capacity factor

Table 8 Estimated capital and levelised costs of performance improvements for existing ESPs* (STAPPA and ALAPCO, 1996)

Upgrade Capital cost, Levelised cost, $/kWh mills/kWh

A Increase collecting electrode height and spacingi' 18 B A and adding another fieldt 31 C A and increasing field lengtht 35 D C and adding another fieldt 43 E Add S03 flue gas conditioning system~: 6.7 F Install pulse-jet filter system in existing ESP casingj: 39 G COHPAC (pulse-jet system added downstream ofESP)~: 36 H Replace ESP with a pulse-jet fabric filter system 52

0.52 0.91 1.0 1.2 0.38 1.88 1.63 2.22

* Note that actual costs depend strongly on site-specific factors, including (but not limited to) the size and efficiency of the existing ESP and the loading and characteristics of the lly ash

i' Costs are based on 225 MWe boiler with a 187 ft2/ I000 actual cfm (-17.37 m2/0.47 m3/s, -37 s/m) ESP :1: Costs are based on 250 MWe boiler with a 277 ft21l000 actual cfm (-25.7 m2/O.47 m3/s, -55 s/m) ESP


Given that the majority of utility coal-fired power generating facilities, throughout the world, use ESP to control particulate emissions, upgrade costs may be considered more relevant than the costs of instaIling new control devices. In Table 8 a breakdown of estimated costs and cost effectiveness of performance improvements for existing ESP are presented. Old and often smaIl ESP units have high gas velocities, short treatment times and smaIl SCAs. Upgrading in these cases typicalIy leaves the casing intact. The process usualIy starts with a rebuild of the precipitator internals (electrodes and rappers), use of wider plate spacing and installing a new power supply. Increasing SCA and flue gas treatment time by increasing collecting surface height, adding fields and increasing field length usually follows if the initial modifications are not found adequate.

The above costing is general. Individual cost analysis is necessary for every plant in order to realise the precise economics involved of different particulate control devices.

exhaust stack

flue gas outlet

'nduced draft fan

makeup water and/or

chemical additives

red rculatlon pump

-0: 5'g:u'2:OJ,

.g ~ 0,

blowdown i": liqUid .---.

h----L.-...";;;,..;;,,.,...,.J

Figure 9 Typical flow diagram for a venturi scrubbing system (Andersen 2000 Inc. 1993)

121

Wet particulate scrubbers

Another method of scrubbing some particulate matter is using a semi-dry scrubber or a spray dry absorber. Here, the fine droplets of sorbent solution, dispersed by nozzles, contact the hot flue gas, evaporating the water in the droplets. Although a large amount of fly ash is collected at the bottom of the vessel, as a dry powder, the remainder is entrained in the flue gas and needs to pass through a secondary, control device such as a fabric filter or ESP. For further data on interactions in emission controls see Hjalmarsson (\ 992).

In the venturi scrubber, water is injected into the flue gas stream at the venturi throat to form droplets. Fly ash particles impact with the droplets forming a wet by-product which then generally requires disposal. Wet scrubbing for particulate removal depends on particle size distribution. The system efficiency is reduced as the particle size decreases. The process can also have a high energy consumption due to the use of sorbent slurry pumps and fans. The forceful contact resulting from the droplet dispersal (spray tower), contraction of the gas stream (venturi) or counter current flow (collision), removes some of the particles as well as S02 from the flue gas. Many of the wet particulate scrubbers are designed to control both S02 and particulates by utilising the alkaline fly ash as sorbent. Lime is frequently used to boost S02 removal efficiencies.

Wet scrubbing for the removal of particulates and S02 has been to a certain extent an effective means of controlling both pollutants. A basic design of a wet venturi scrubber, the most common wet particulate scrubber is shown in Figure 9. The flue gas comes into contact with a liquid sorbent in a scrubber capturing fly ash particles and some S02 depending on the sorbent and other factors. Details of S02 control systems are given by Soud and Takeshita (1994) and Takeshita and Soud (\ 993).

4.5 Wet particulate scrubbers


Supplier information Company: Air-Cure Environmental GmbH (Ceilcote Luftreinhaltung) Address: Brunnenweg I, D-64584, Biebesheim Country: Gennany Telephone: +49 6258 991 0 Fax: +49 6258 60 79/60 22 Contact: R Bisdorf Position: Sales Manager

System information Licensor: Licensee(s):

Particulate removal, %: S02 removal. %: NOx removal, % Scale ofoperation, %:

Type ofscrubber:


Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: Outlet concentration, mg/m3:

Flue gas temperature, 0C:

own technology none

>99.9 90-95 30-60 commercial

Packed bed and Ionising wet scrubber (lWS)

Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry and wet flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants

min max 1000 100,000 3 10

1200

122


Supplier information Company: Andersen 2000 Inc Address: 306 Dividend Drive, 30269, Peachtree City, GA Country: USA Telephone: +I 770 486 2000 Fax: +1 770 487 5066 Contact: Jack D Brady Position: Chairman

System information System name: Fixed and Variable Flow Venturi Scrubbers

Licensor: own technology Licensee(s): Paramount Pollution Control (India)

Coal sulphur content, %: min 0 max 9 Coal ash content, %: min 0.1 max 25 Particulate removal, %: up to 99.8 S02 removal, %: up to 99 Scale ofoperation, %: commercial

Type ofscrubber: Venturi


min max 170*Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 680,000

Inlet dust concentration, g/m3 : o no limit Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 5 50 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 110 1000 Removed particle size, J.1m: 0.2 no limit

*Variable Flow Scrubbers minimum gas flow is 510 m3/h

123



Fax: Position:

Belco Technologies Corporation 7 Entin Road, 07054, Parsippany, NJ USA +1 201 8844700 Kevin Gilman

+1 201 884 4775 Vice President

System information Licensor: LAB S.A. Licensee(s): none

Coal sulphur content, %: min no limit max no limit Coal ash content. %: min no limit max no limit Particulate removal. %: 99 S02 removal, %: 90-99 Scale ofoperation, %: commercial

The technology offers a range of sorbents for SOz removal and sulphur recovery, each with low pressure drop

Type ofscrubber: EDV


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 30,000 no limit Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: no limit no limit Outlet concentration, mg/m3: <5 300 Flue gas temperature, DC: no limit no limit Removed particle size, ~m: <I >75

EDV provides particulate emission control (PM,o, PMz.s), SOz and S03


Supplier information Company: Branch Environmental Corporation Address: POBox 5265, 3461 Route 22 East, 08876, Somerville, NJ Country: USA Telephone: +19085261114 Fax: +19085262881 Contact: Bill Gilbert

System information Licensor: Own technology Licensee(s): none

Particulate removal. %: >90 S02 removal. %: 80% Scale ofoperation. %: commercial

Type ofscrubber: Venturi and Packed bed: Impingement Tray

System applicable to: Hot and cold flue gas stream Hot flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants

min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 150,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 20 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 400 Removed particle size, J.lm: 5

Power consumption varies considerably.

125


Supplier information Company: Compliance Systems International Address: 6353 EI Camino Real, Suite J, 92009, Carlsbad, CA Country: USA Telephone: +1760431 1602 Fax: +1 760431 7936 Contact: Ken Schifftner Position: Sales & Marketing Manager

System information System name: Narrow Gap Venturi Scrubber (NGV) (patented)

Licensor: own technology (wholly owned by CEca Filters, Inc (USA» Licensee(s): none

Particulate removal, %: >99 S02 removal, %: 80-90 Scale ofoperation, %: commercial

Industrial applications primarily



min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 850 169,200 Flue gas temperature, 0C: o 1000 Removed particle size, 11m: 0.1

Unit has adjustable throat, side access design to allow maintenance without disturbing ductwork. Current applications include radioactive particle collection, medical & hazardous waste incinerator particulate control & aerosol collection.

126


Supplier information Company: Croll-Reynolds Company Inc Address: POBox 668,751 Central Avenue, 07091-0668, Westfield, NJ Country: USA Telephone: +1 9082324200 Fax: +19082322146 Contact: Robert J Chironna Position: Sales & Marketing

System information System name: HE Venturi

Licensor: own technology Ucensee(s): none

Particulate removal, %: >95 S02 removal, %: 80-90 Scale ofoperation, %: commercial



min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 1700 100,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 23 Outlet concentration, mg/m 3: 50 150 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 1000 Removed particle size, 11m: 0.5

Croll-Reynolds has not had a large amount of experience for this application. Some numbers above reflect general equipment parameters rather than specifically for coal-fired plants.

127



Fax: Position:

D R Technology Inc 73 South Street, 07728, Freehold, NJ USA +1 908 780 4664 Richard A Schwartz

+1 908780 1545 President

System information System name: Boiler Flue Gas Scrubber System

Licensor: own technology Licensee(s): none

Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.5 max 3 Particulate removal, %: >99 S02 removal, %: 95 NOx removal, % 40 Scale ofoperation, %: pilot plant is available. System is ready for full commercialisation

system can use alkalis such as lime, soda ash, caustic soda, ammonia and dolomite

Type ofscrubber: Venturi followed by tray tower


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 5,000 120,000* Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 0.05 15.0 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 30 50 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 100 1200 Removed particle size, Jlm: 0.5 >100

* Per module.

The system incorporates an automatically adjustable plug style venturi scrubber followed by one of a number of contactors for sulphur dioxide absorption. When insoluble alkalis such as lime, limestone or dolomite are used spray absorption is used. Soluble alkalis such as caustic soda, soda ash or ammonia can employ tray contactors to lower liquid circulation rate.


Supplier information Company: Dustech Engineering Limited Address: 21 West Street, Epsom, KT18 7RL, Surrey Country: United Kingdom Telephone: +1 44 372 727 638 Fax: +1 44372 741476 Contact: J Chippington Position: Director

System information Licensor: own technology Licensee(s): none

Coal sulphur content: min - max no limit Coal ash content: min max no limit Scale ofoperation, %: commercial

Industrial applications. Offers scrubber types and pressure drops to comply with specific requirements


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 1,500 175,000 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 50 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 180

---------------~---~-~---------------------

129


Supplier information Company: Fujikasui Engineering-eo-Ltd Address: 1-4-3, IIigashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, 141, Tokyo Country: Japan Telephone: +81334451712 Fax: +81334456400 Contact: Y Morita Position: General Manager - General Affairs Division

System information System name: MORETANA Scrubber


Coal sulphur content, %: min no limit max no limit Coal ash content, %: min no limit max no limit Particulate removal, %: 90 S02 removal, %: 99.5 NOr removal, % 99 Scale ofoperation, %: commercial

Type ofscrubber: Perforated Plate Type


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 10,000 2,000,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/.m3: 0.02 1 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 10 100 Flue gas temperature, °c: no limit 600 Removed particle size, 11m: 1.5 5

The technology can utilise a number of sorbents for the removal of S02 and NOx including: Mg(OHh, MgO, seawater, caustic soda and lime/limestone.


Supplier information Company: Kimre Inc Address: POBox 571240, 33257-1240, Penine, FL Country: USA Telephone: +1 305 233 4249 Fax: +1 305 233 8687 Contact: William M Schott Position: Sales & Marketing Manager

System information System name: KON-TANETM Scrubber and Tower Packing

Licensor: own technology Licensee(s): Duall, Delachaux, Anomatic, Hoescht, KT Kunststofftechnik

Scale of operation, %: commercial

Kimre Inc also supplies the B-GONTM Mist Eliminators which are also used to reduce particulate emissions.

Type ofscrubber: Other


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: *no limit Removed particle size, 11m: 4 100

* flow rate in vertical orientation has no maximum.

----------------------Particulate control technologies and suppliers


Fax: Position:

Kimre Inc P a Box 571240, 33257-1240, Perrine, FL USA +1 305 233 4249 William M Schott

+1 305 233 8687 Sales & Marketing Manager

System information System name: SXPM Cross Flow Scrubbing System

Licensor: own technology Licensee(s): Duall, Delachaux, Anomatic, Hoescht, KT Kunststofftechnik

Particulate removal, %: 99 S02 removal, %: >99 Scale ofoperation, %: commercial

Kimre also supplies the AEROSEP@ Multi Stage Aerosol Separation System for submicron aerosol removal only providing particulate removal to >95%. The AEROSEP process is offered on a specific project-by-project basis.

Type ofscrubber: Other: see system notes


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 100,000 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 87 Removed particle size, '1m: 1.0 200

SXpM is a sister technology to the AEROSEP@. Advantages of the system include on-line maintenance, low pressure drop and low capital cost. The SXPM technology uses a combination of the Kimre B-GONTM Mist Eliminators and KON-TANETMScrubber and Tower Packing in proprietary mechanical designs.


Supplier information Company: Korea Cottrell Co Ltd Address: 160-1 Donggyo-Dong, Mapo-Ku, 121-200, Seoul Country: Republic of Korea Telephone: +8223206114 Fax: +82 2 3206 1001200 Contact: Tal Woo Lee Position: Chairman

JQKim Manager


Particulate removal, %: >90 Scale ofoperation, %: commercial

Type ofscrubber: Packed bed


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 600,000 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 50 100 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 160 Removed particle size, !-im: 1.0 100



Fax: Position:

LABS.A. Tour Credit Lyonnais, F-69431, Lyon Cedex 03 France +33 478 63 7090 Christian Bessy

+33 478 95 03 92 VP Business Development

System information Licensor: own technology Licensee(s): Belco Technologies Corporation (USA)

Coal sulphur content. %: min no limit max no limit Coal ash content, %: min no limit max no limit Particulate removal, %: 99 S02 removal, %: 90-99 Scale ofoperation, %: commercial

The technology offers a range of sorbents for S02 removal and sulphur recovery, each with low pressure drop

Type ofscrubber: EDV


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 30,000 no limit Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: no limit no limit Outlet concentration, mg/m3: <5 300 Flue gas temperature, 0C: no limit no limit Removed particle size, /lm: <1 >75

EDV provides particulate emission control (PM 10, PM2.S), S02 and S03.


Supplier information Company: MES Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co Ltd Address: 6-4, Tsukiji 5 chome, Chuo-ku, 104, Tokyo Country: Japan Telephone: +81 3 3544 3526 Fax: +81 3 3544 3028 Contact: o Hamamoto Position: Manager

System information System name: MES Vertical Sieve Tray Scrubber


Coal sulphur content, %: min no limit max no limit Coal ash content, %: mIn no limit max no limit Particulate removal, %: >90 S02 removal, %: >90 NOt removal, % >80 Scale ofoperation, %: commercial

Absorbents used are an alkali solution for SOl removal and a solution of oxidising agent for NOx

removal. Liquid to gas volume ratio: approximately 0.1-0.3 11m3•

Type ofscrubber: Sieve Tray


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: no limit no limit Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: no limit no limit Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 100 100 Flue gas temperature, °C: no limit no limit Removed particle size, f.lm: 1~10

Blower consumes main power which depends on the pressure drop of the vertical sieve tray.

135


Supplier information Company: Research Cottrell International Address: POBox 1500, 08876, Somerville, NJ Country: USA Telephone: +I 908685 4013 Fax: +1 908 685 4478 Contact: Prakash H Dhargalkar, Nicholas F Coppola

System information System name: Flooded Disc Scrubber


Coal sulphur content, %: min 0.3 max 4.5 Coal ash content, %: min 4 max 45 Particulate removal. %: 98 S02 removal, %: 75 Scale ofoperation, %: commercial

Type ofscrubber: Flooded Disc


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 40,000 400,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 0.5 50 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 100 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 120 250 Removed particle size, Jim: 5-10 >100

136


Supplier information Company: Thermax Limited (Enviro Division) Address: Sai Chambers, 15, Mumbai-Pune Road, Wakadewadi, 411 om, Pune Country: India Telephone: +91212311010 Fax: +91212313237 Contact: J K Kulkarni Position: General Manager


Licensor: Licensee(s):

Scale ofoperation, %:

Type of scrubber:


Fixed and Variable Flow Venturi Scrubber

own technology none

commercial

Venturi

Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry and wet flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants

137


Supplier information Company: Turbotak Technologies Inc Address: Suite A-14, 550 Parkside Drive, N2L 5V4, Waterloo, Ontario Country: Canada Telephone: +15198855513 Fax: +15198856992 Contact: Egbert van Everdingen Position: VP Sales & Marketing

System information System name: Turbotak Scrubber


Coal sulphur content, %: min no limit max no limit Coal ash content, %: min no limit max no limit Particulate removal, %: >95 S02 removal, %: >99 Scale ofoperation, %: commercial

Type ofscrubber: Air atomizing wet scrubber


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: no limit no limit Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: no limit no limit Flue gas temperature, 0C: no limit no limit Removed particle size, ~m: <0.1 no limit

SOz can be removed and recovered using Turbotak's proprietary regenerable FGD technology.



Turner EnviroLogic Inc 3439 S W II th Street, 33442, Deerfield Beach, FL USA + I 954 422 9787 Fa};: + I 954 422 9723 Gene Hoffman Position: Sales & Marketing


Scale ofoperation. %:

Type ofscrubber:


own technology none

commercial

Venturi, Packed bed and Orifice



4.6 Mechanical collectors (cyclones)

Mechanical collectors are robust, economic and simple particulate control devices but are less efficient at capturing the finer particles. A cyclone, the most widely used mechanical collector, is a cylindrical vessel, usually with a conical bottom. The flue gas enters the vessel tangentially and sets up a rotary motion whirling in a circular or conical path (see Figure 10). The particles are 'thrown' against the walls by the centrifugal force of the flue gas motion where they impinge and eventually they settle into hoppers.

A cyclone designed with small length-to-diameter ratio with a low pressure drop is generally of low efficiency. Cyclones with large length-to-diameter ratio with a high pressure drop are reported as relatively high-efficiency particulate control systems. Particle size and density are the factors which generally affect the performance of cyclones. Larger particles with greater density are thrown more forcefully against the cyclone walls by the centrifugal force. As particle size and density decrease, the fly ash removal efficiency decreases. Many construction materials can be used for example metals or ceramics, depending on the cyclone conditions of service. Industrial coal-fired boilers are an area where cyclones remain the preferred technology because they are

flue gas ouflet

flue gas inlef

collected fly ash

Figure 10 General characteristics of a conventional cyclone

Mechanical collectors (cyclones)

relatively independent of coal mineralogy and boiler load changes. The tendency has been to use ceramic or refractory-lined, multiple bank cyclones in industrial coal-fired boilers (Farber, 1992).

The theory that pressure drop is related to the cyclone size, indicates that particle capture (efficiency) would improve if an arrangement of small diameter cyclones were used instead of a single large unit. However, each cyclone would need to receive an equal fraction of the flue gas. Achieving an even flue gas distribution can be difficult and problematic. Thus the theoretical improved performance is not achieved. Tests to date show that a single, well-designed cyclone will perform better than a multicell cyclone arrangement until significant improvements can be achieved with flue gas distribution into the multicells (CRE, 1992).

Scrubbers and mechanical collectors generally cannot achieve the high particulate removal efficiencies required by the increasingly stringent regulations. Consequently they are not used as principal particulate-collection devices in modern electricity generating units (Bustard and others, 1988). However, they can be used together with ESPs as pre-collectors to improve overall performance.

141



Pingdingshan EP Factory Address: Nanhuan Road, Pingdingshan City, Henan Province, 467001 Country: P R China Telephone: +86375 493 7548 Fax: +86 375 493 7548 Contact: Wu Yuliang Position: Factory Director


Particulate removal, %: 75-99 Scale ofoperation: commercial


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 1060 500,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 30 200 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 150 3000 Flue gas temperature, DC: * 300 Removed particle size, Jlm: 5 100

* normal conditions



Turner EnviroLogic Inc 3439 S W II th Street, 33442, Deerfield Beach, FL USA + I 954 422 9787 Fax: + I 954 422 9723 Gene Hoffman Position: Sales & Marketing


Scale ofoperation. %:

Type of scrubber:


own technology none

commercial

Venturi, Packed bed and Orifice



4.6 Mechanical collectors (cyclones)

Mechanical collectors are robust, economic and simple particulate control devices but are less efficient at capturing the finer particles. A cyclone, the most widely used mechanical collector, is a cylindrical vessel, usually with a conical bottom. The flue gas enters the vessel tangentially and sets up a rotary motion whirling in a circular or conical path (see Figure 10). The particles are 'thrown' against the walls by the centrifugal force of the flue gas motion where they impinge and eventually they settle into hoppers.

A cyclone designed with smalllength-to-diameter ratio with a low pressure drop is generally of low efficiency. Cyclones with large length-to-diameter ratio with a high pressure drop are reported as relatively high-efficiency particulate control systems. Particle size and density are the factors which generally affect the performance of cyclones. Larger particles with greater density are thrown more forcefully against the cyclone walls by the centrifugal force. As particle size and density decrease, the fly ash removal efficiency decreases. Many construction materials can be used for example metals or ceramics, depending on the cyclone conditions of service. Industrial coal-fired boilers are an area where cyclones remain the preferred technology because they are

flue gas outlet

flue gas inlet

collected fly ash

Figure 10 General characteristics of a conventional cyclone


relatively independent of coal mineralogy and boiler load changes. The tendency has been to use ceramic or refractory-lined, multiple bank cyclones in industrial coal-fired boilers (Farber, 1992).

The theory that pressure drop is related to the cyclone size, indicates that particle capture (efficiency) would improve if an arrangement of small diameter cyclones were used instead of a single large unit. However, each cyclone would need to receive an equal fraction of the flue gas. Achieving an even flue gas distribution can be difficult and problematic. Thus the theoretical improved performance is not achieved. Tests to date show that a single, well-designed cyclone will perform better than a multicell cyclone arrangement until significant improvements can be achieved with flue gas distribution into the multicells (CRE, 1992).

Scrubbers and mechanical collectors generally cannot achieve the high particulate removal efficiencies required by the increasingly stringent regulations. Consequently they are not used as principal particulate-collection devices in modern electricity generating units (Bustard and others, 1988). However, they can be used together with ESPs as pre-collectors to improve overall performance.

-~-~---------------~

141


Supplier information Company: Apparatebau Rothemuhle, Brandt + Kritzler GmbH Address: POBox 5140, Wildenburger Strasse 1, Wenden-Rothemiihle, D-57479 Country: Germany Telephone: +4927626110/351 Fax: +492762611 369 Contact: Manfred Schmoch


Coal sulphur content: mm - max no limit Coal ash content: min - max no limit Particulate removal, %: * Scale ofoperation: commercial


* Removal efficiency corresponds to particle size distribution.

Apparatebau Rothemuhle supplies mono and multi cyclones.

min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 4000 1,500,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 1200 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: -50 150 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 480

Construction material: steel, alloys, brick-lined


Supplier information Company: Babcock and Wilcox - Utility and Environmental Power Division Address: 20 South Van Buren Avenue, POBox 351, Barberton, OH, 44203-0351 Country: USA Telephone: +1 3307534511 Fax: +1 3308602045 Contact: D P Tonn I Robert W Telesz

System information Licensor: own technology* Licensee(s): none



* B&W have recently acquired the assets of Joy Environmental Technologies (Houston, TX, USA)



Pingdingshan EP Factory Address: Nanhuan Road, Pingdingshan City, Henan Province, 467001 Country: P R China Telephone: +863754937548 Fax: +86375 493 7548 Contact: Wu Yuliang Position: Factory Director


Particulate removal, %: 75-99 Scale ofoperation: commercial

System applicable to: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry and wet flue gas stream New plants, retrofittab1e to existing plants

min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 1060 500,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 30 200 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 150 3000 Flue gas temperature, 0C: * 300 Removed particle size, 11m: 5 100

* normal conditions



Fax: Position:

Dustech Engineering Limited 21 West Street, Epsom, Surrey, KT18 7RL United Kingdom + 1 44 372 727 638 J Chippington

+1 44 372 741 476 Director


Coal sulphur content: min - max no limit Coal ash content: min - max no limit Particulate removal, %: * Scale ofoperation: commercial


Industrial applications.

* Units selected to correspond with efficiency requirements and given particle size distribution, from a range of mono and multi cyclone collectors.

min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 1,500 750,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 1,000 Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 50 150 Flue gas temperature, 0C: 480


Supplier information Company: Fisher-Klosterman Inc Address: POBox 11190, Louisville, KY, 40251-0190 Country: Telephone: Contact:

USA +1 5027761505 Samuel G Dunkle

Fax: Position:

+1 5027749147/4157 Sales & Marketing Manager

System information Scale ofoperation: commercial


--------------------


Supplier information Company: Address: Country: Telephone: Contact: Position:

General Electric Environmental Systems Inc 200 North Seventh Street, Lebanon, PA, 17046-5006 USA +17172747000 Fax: +17172747103 Thomas W Lugar Vice President - Particulate Technology


Licensor: Licensee(s):

Scale ofoperation:


Constnlction material:

Industrial Cyclones

own technology none

commercial


carbon steel, low allow steel, stainless steel



Republic of Korea +8223206114 Tal Woo Lee lQKim

Fax: Position:

+822 3206 1001200 Chairman Manager


Research Cottrell (Unone

SA)

Coal ash content: Particulate removal, %: Scale ofoperation:

min 10 90 commercial

max 35

System applicable to: Hot and cold flue gaDry flue gas stream

s stream

New plants, retrofittable to existing plants

min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 360,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m 3: 10 60 Flue gas temperature, 0c: 120 160 Removed particle size, f.lm: 1.0 100

Construction material: cast steel


Supplier information Company: Thermax Limited (Enviro Division) Address: Sai Chambers, 15, Mumbai-Pune Road, Wakadewadi, Pune, 411003 Country: India Telephone: +91 212311010 Fax: +91 212313237 Contact: J K Kulkarni Position: General Manager

System information Scale ofoperation: commercial



Supplier information Company: Turner EnviroLogic Inc Address: 3439 S W 11 th Street, Deerfield Beach, FL, 33442 Country: USA Telephone: +1 954 422 9787 Fax: +1 954 422 9723 Contact: Gene Hoffman Position: Sales & Marketing


Scale ofoperation:


own technology none

commercial


150


Supplier information Company: Walther and Cie AG Address: Postfach 85 05 61, Waltherstrasse 51, Kaln (Dellbriick), D-51069 Country: Germany Telephone: +49221 6785315/465/535/366/646/306 Fax: +49221 6785 333 Contact: W J Frank, W Steier

System information System name: Mechanical Collector


Coal sulphur content: min - max no limit Coal ash content: min - max no limit Particulate removal. %: 80-95* Scale ofoperation: commercial


min max Flue gas flow at inlet, m3/h: 3,000 1,000,000 Inlet dust concentration, g/m3: 2:1 no limit Outlet concentration, mg/m3: 50* 200* Flue gas temperature, °C: ~475

Removed particle size, /-lm: * *

The collectors can be designed as single, double or multi cyclone type depending on application.

* Depends on particle size distribution

-----------~--_.---


4.7 Hot gas particulate filtration

During the last decade significant advances have been made in the development of coal-based gasification and combustion systems that integrate a modem, high-efficiency gas turbine with a conventional steam turbine in a combined cycle arrangement. A key component of combined cycle power system designs such as pressurised fluidised bed combustion (PFBC) and integrated gasification combined cycle (lGCC) is a high temperature, high pressure (HTHP) particulate control device that protects downstream heat exchanger surfaces and gas turbine components from deposition and erosion, while cleaning the process gas to meet emission requirements.

A range of technologies has been proposed for HTHP particulate control but few have been developed sufficiently to enable full commercial exploitation. Table 9 lists the key characteristics of each of the technologies. The key performance requirements of an HTHP particulate control technology include a high filtration efficiency combined with a low pressure and temperature drop across the system, as well as thermal, chemical and mechanical strength in both oxidising and reducing environments. Each of the particle removal devices are founded on viable mechanisms for the initial capture of particles and for the subsequent rejection of those captured. Conventional technologies such as electrostatic precipitators (ESP) and baghouses (fabric filters) offer limited application in a HTHP environment due to their perfonnance deterioration at high temperatures. Granular bed and metallic filters are currently being evaluated at the demonstration scale while ceramic barrier filters are the most advanced technology with several commercial systems operating in the temperature range 260-400°C. A brief summary of the development status of each

Table 9 Characteristics of HTHP particulate control concepts (Lippert and Newby, 1995)

Device Capture Rejection Pressure Flow Particle Status mechanism mechanism drop capacity removal

Cyclones inertial gravity flow high moderate moderate commercial Concentration of fly ash

ESP particle charging. mechanical very low moderate moderate pilot scale migration to plates plate rapping

(intermittent)

Fabric filters cake formation back pulse with low moderate high demo scale clean gas planned (intermittent)

Granular impact/diffusion gravity flow moderate low high demo scale bed filters of granules; planned

granule cleaning (intermittent)

Metallic cake formation back pulse with moderate high high demo scale filters clean gas planned

(intermittent)

Rigid cake formation back pulse moderate high very high commercial barrier filters with clean gas

(intermittent)

Hot gas particulate filtration

of the HTHP particulate control concepts is given. The interested reader is recommended to consult the detailed review by Mitchell (1997).

Conventional technologies

HTHP ESP is analogous to conventional ESP (see Section 4.1) but suffers from high-energy loss as well as problems with low-resistivity dust-charging and dust removal. The fundamental difficulty with high temperature operation arises from the difference between the voltage at corona onset and the 'sparkover' voltage which decreases with increasing temperature. Sparkover is the voltage at which the electrical field breaks down due to a direct electrical discharge between the corona wire and the collecting electrode. Increasing the system pressure mitigates this problem by increasing the threshold value of the sparkover voltage. This leads to the concept of 'critical pressure' that represents the minimum pressure necessary for operating a corona at a given temperature.

Research on HTHP ESP has focused on the removal of dusts primarily from oxidising gas streams, as there are potentially fewer material and component fabrication issues than encountered with reducing gas environments. PFBC dusts have the optimum resistive properties for ESP operation (I 09-10 12 ohm-cm); however, operational experience with HTHP ESP has ranged from poor to moderate. Thambimuthu (1993) reported that there was sufficient confidence to construct a commercial-scale ESP unit for operation in the 0.5-1.5 MPa and 400-700°C range. Operational doubts at higher temperatures stem from the limited data available on the characteristics of the electric field and uncertainties in the performance of insulator and other materials.

Fabric filters have received limited attention for HTHP duty due to their propensity to loss of material strength, ripping and/or 'pinholing' (see Section 4.2). Pulse jet-type ceramic fibre filters have been the main focus of the research activity; the main developmental issues being concerned with the identification of suitable fibre materials that can withstand extended periods of operation at high temperatures (Gennrich, 1996).

Cyclones feature prominently in current combined cycle power system designs where they are capable of operating at pressures between 0.1 and 10 MPa and temperatures of over 1000°C. Conventional cyclones can separate particles down to 5-10 pm in size, at high inlet velocities, with a small pressure loss and low maintenance costs (Gottschalk and Bohnet, 1995). Separation efficiency increases with particle size, density and gas velocity, but decreases with an increasing gas viscosity and cyclone diameter. The efficiency of a cyclone is therefore unlikely to be improved under HTHP conditions. To remove particles down to a few microns a battery of cyclones in series or parallel (multicyclones) is often used in preference to a single high-efficiency unit. Two or three smaller diameter cyclones can increase the cumulative collection efficiency but with the drawback of increasing the pressure drop across the system. However, in recent years, little progress has been made towards the removal of finer particulates «I pm). Research has focused on modelling cyclone performance at high temperatures and pressures (Morweiser and Bohnet, 1996), and on the possibility of increasing collection efficiency by particle agglomeration techniques (Galica and Rawlins, 1992; Quimby and Kumar, 1992, Otto and others, 1996).

Ceramic barrier filters

Ceramic barrier filters are currently being evaluated on a commercial-scale. Experience to date has demonstrated that the technology is capable of achieving high collection efficiencies (typically

--------

------------------

------


greater than 99.9%) in both oxidising and reducing gas environments. There are three basic types of ceramic filter element, as shown in Figure 11, each with a different geometry and gas flow path. Table 10 lists details of filter element designs commercially available or under development.

The most common filter element type is the 'candle' which is fabricated from either non-oxide (SiC) or oxide-based (alumina/mullite) ceramics in the form of long hollow cylinders. Most of the commercial candle filter elements are fabricated from the same basic ceramics but differ in the granule size, binder type, and manufacturing process. These variables have a marked impact on the strength, permeability and ultimate performance of the formed filter element.

Candle elements are typically constructed with two distinct layers: a coarse granular body structure and a fine surface layer (which promotes surface filtration rather than depth filtration). The thin surface layer (-50 m thick) is usually in the form of a fibrous aluminosilicate mat or layer of fine silicon carbide grains, together with an oxide phase to act as a binder. During filter operation, the candle system is operated cyclically. Dust-laden gas enters a pressurised filtration vessel and flows from the outside inwards, depositing dust on the outer surface of the filter medium in the form of a 'cake' (see Figure lla). After a prescribed time, or when the resistance to flow reaches a prescribed level, the filter medium is cleaned. The usual cleaning action is a reverse pulse of gas applied to the clean side of the filter while it is on-line. The detached cake then falls into a hopper at the base of the unit and the cycle is restarted.

clean dirty gas gas

t ~

I

clean channel clean I

I

--- face I~ I

I

-----I

I

I --I

dirty \ --- clean gas --

1

I

I

I --~- ) I

I

I

---gas

I

I

1 --- I

I

I dirty -- I gas I

I

I --- L_

I

I

dirty channel

face

dirty gas

(a)

Figure 11 Ceramic barrier filter element types a) candle, b) tube c) channel-flow (Lippert and Newby, 1995)


Table 10 Ceramic filter element types for advanced power generation applications (after ETSU, 1996)

Filter element type Supplier Designation Matrix material Comments

Candle* (dense granular)

Coors Pall

Schumacher Dia-Schumalith F-40 Dia-Schumalith F-30 Dia-Schumalith Ff-20 Dia-Schumalith Tl 0-20

P-1OOA-l Vitropore 442T

SiC SiC SiC SiC

Alumimtlmullite SiC

tested extensively mounted in tie-rod support increased creep resistance~

increased temperature and creep resistance, improved filtration behaviour tested by Westinghouse tested extensively

Candle (fibrous)

Dupont

BWF

IF&P FibrosicTM

Pyrotex KE 85

PRD-66

aluminosilicate fibre

aluminosilicate fibre filament wound alumina

limited testing

limited testing

limited testing

Candle (composite) Babcock & Wilcox

Westinghouse/Techniweave DuPont

3M Type 203

IF&PIAmercom

filament wound Nextel™ mullitelNextel™ Nicolon/SiC

Nextel™ISiC

CVI Sic/SiC

under development

under development vapour infiltration, under development vapour infi Itration, under development under development

Tubet Asahi Glass Co ~-cordierite

~-cordierjte

tested extensively under development

Channel flow~c§ Westinghousel Coors GTE Blasch Ceramics

CeraMem® ICerafilter LP

Cross-flow

Cross-flow Cross-flow

Parallel-flow

aluminalmullite

cordierite/Si3N4 injection moulded aluminalmullite ~-cordierite

limited testing

under development under development

under development

* Typical dimensions (m): 1.5 in length; 0.06 o.d.; 0.045 i.d. Typical surface area (ml ): 0.25-0.27 t Typical dimensions (m): 2.85 in length; O. 17 o.d.; O. 14 i.d. Typical surface area (ml ): 1.13 :j: Cross flow typical dimensions (m): 0.3 x 0.3 x O. I. Typical surface area (ml ): 0.75-0.84 § Parallel flow typical dimensions (m): O. I5 x O. 15 x 0.3. Typical surface area (ml ): 3.4 . ~I Creep is a phenomenon where ceramic candles show irreversible extension at high temperatures,

typically above 700°C.

Commercial tube element designs, fabricated from ~-cordierite, have a substantially larger internal diameter and are generally shorter in length (see Table 10). Filter operation involves hinging several filter lengths together and mounting onto tubesheets that fix at the top and bottom of the filter vessel. In contrast to the candle filter design, the fonned filter cake is removed periodically by a reverse pulse to the surrounding chamber rather than to the element itself (see Figure 11 b). This is thought to improve the durability of the filter by maintaining the element under compression.

155


Channel-flow filters are monolithic ceramic blocks with channels through which dirty gas enters and clean gas exits (see Figure llc). Developed initially as automotive catalyst supports and diesel particulate removal filters, the monoliths offer a high surface area to volume ratio that can be up to 4-5 times greater than candle filter designs (Bishop and Raskin, 1996). However, the effectiveness of the surface area in operation is the important factor and this may be considerably reduced due to blocking or blinding of some of the internal surfaces. The two principal designs are the CeraFilter L.P. parallel-flow filter design fabricated from ~-cordierite and coated with a patented microfiltration membrane and the Westinghouse/Blasch Ceramics one-piece, injection-moulded crossflow filter design fabricated from aluminalmullite.

Since the late 1980s, ceramic barrier filter systems have been evaluated through several key subpilot, pilot and demonstration-scale projects in the United States, Europe and Japan. Details of test facilities and filter test programmes can be found in Mitchell (1997). Issues addressed have included the optimisation of filter unit design and operation and the development of new filter element systems that can withstand attack from gas phase alkalis and/or steam; oxidation; phase transitions; thermal shock during pulse cleaning or system transients; and mechanical shock/degradation.

Currently, the application of ceramic barrier filter technology is limited to relatively low operating temperatures encountered in gasification combined cycles (250-400°C). At higher temperatures (800-900°C), typical of combustion-based cycles, there is less certainty over long-term filter durability and reliability, particularly with troublesome dusts. For coal-based combined cycle, power generation systems, the near-term requirement is for a particulate control system that will operate continuously for a period of three years (over 25,000 hours) at temperatures up to 900°C. It is hoped that the data obtained from several large-scale demonstration and commercial units will make progress towards this goal.

Granular beds

Granular bed filter systems show considerable promise for combined cycle application with collection efficiencies up to 99.5% at low filtration velocities. In a granular bed filter, particulates are removed from the gas stream by passing dust-laden gas through a stationary or moving layer of coarse granular solids. The granular solids are typically spherical particles (1-3 mm in size) of chemically inert ceramic material (alumina or mullite). Granular bed filters primarily use inertial impaction and agglomeration mechanisms to collect fly ash particles between and on large granules contained in a moving bed. Commercial granular bed filters have been developed by Combustion Power Company (Wilson and others, 1996); Westinghouse (Newby and others, 1994) and Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Kamei and others, 1996). Developments in this field have also been reported in India (Rangan and others, 1995), The Netherlands (Zevenhoven and others, 1993), and the USA (Mei and others, 1995). The Combustion Power Company granular bed design is illustrated in Figure 12.

In addition to dust control, granular bed designs have the potential for removing other gaseous contaminants such as sulphur, alkalis, halogens, heavy metals and ammonia by using chemically or catalytically reactive filter media (Turk and others, 1996). Ishikawa and others (1996) have recently reported the testing of a combined sulphur and dust cross-flow granular bed filter, which is illustrated in Figure 13.

156

157


--gas outlet

1---- gas inlet

filter material I-t--+-+---- distribution piping

ash/media outlet

access

filter material return

t

Figure 12 Combustion Power Company's granular bed filter system (Wilson and others, 1996)

The principal advantages of metal-based filters are considered to be their high resistance to thermal and mechanical shock and their ease of fabrication. However, filters based on stainless steel were widely rejected for application in combined cycle power systems due to the likelihood of severe corrosive attack, particularly in an oxidising environment. It is possible to use such materials at intermediate temperatures (350-600°C) for reducing gas environments provided the sulphur and chlorine concentrations are kept low (Nieminen and others, 1996; Hajek and Peukert, 1996). High temperature, seamless. sintered metal cylinders (candle design) manufactured from corrosion-resistant alloys such as iron aluminide fibres (for example: Fe3Al with 5% chromium) are currently being developed that offer a high corrosion resistance, uniformity of pore structure combined with high void volume. resistance to thermal shock and ease of fabrication (Hurley and others, 1996; Judkins and others. 1996).

Metallic filters

so, absorber

dust

blower

dust discharge vessel

lifter

sorbent discharge

vessel

regenerator

+

sorbent feed ~

vessel

N2~ dUSf filter

moving bed

+ +reactor

clean SO, gas

t coal gas

separator

158

Figure 13 KHl's combined sulphur and dust granular bed filter system (Kamei and others, 1996)



HTHP particulate control - filter system and element suppliers

Filter systems

Germany

Joachim Krein, Sales/Process Engineering Hot gas filter LLB Lurgi Lentjes Babcock Energietechnik GmbH Lurgiallee 5 D-60295 Frankfurt am Main Tel +495808 31 08 Fax +4958083999

Karsten Schulz, Manager of Research and Development Schumacher Umwelt- und Trenntechnik GmbH Postfach 1562 D-74555 Crailsheim Zur Fliigelau 70 D-74564 Crailsheim Tel +497951 3020 Fax +497951 26598

Japan

Noriyuki Oda, Director ACTF Technology Ceramics Division Asahi Glass Co. Ltd 2-7-4, Irefune, cho-ku, Tokyo 104 Tel +81332061118 Fax +81 332061439

Kenji Kamei, Manager Technology Development Headquarters Kawasaki Heavy Industries World Trade Center, Building 4-1 Hamamatu-Cho 2-Chrome Minatoku Tokyo 105 Tel +81 33 435 2080 Fax +81 334324629

159


Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd Machinery Headquarters Environmental Systems Department 5-1, Marunouchi 2-chome Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 1()() Tel +81332123111 Fax +81 332129847

Spain

Inaki Abellanal, Project Manager of HTHP filtration Research & Development Centre Babcock and Wilcox Espanola, S.A. Fabrica de Galindo 48510 Valle de Trapaga Vizcaya Tel +3444966011 Fax +344495 1967

UK

Peter A Scowen, European Marketing Manager Pall Process Filtration Group Europa House Havant Street Portsmouth POI 3PD Tel + 4401705302352 Fax + 4401705 302509

USA

Neil R. Raskin, General Manager CeraFilter Systems P.O. Box 85480 San Diego, CA 92186-5480, 8925 Rehco Road San Diego CA 92121-3269 Tel +1 6194583000 Fax +16194583190

Keith Wilson, Project Manager Combustion Power Company 2101 Webster Street Suite 1700 Oakland CA 946] 2 Tel +1 5102868820 Fax +1 510 286 8824

160


Paul M. Eggerstedt, Executive Vice President Director of Research Industrial Filter & Pump Manufacturing Co Inc 5900 Ogden Avenue Cicero, IL 60804 Tel +I 708 656 7800 Fax +1 708 656 7806

Thomas Lippert, Manager Westinghouse Electric Corporation Science and Technology Center 1310 Beulah Road Pittsburgh, PA 15235-5098 Tel +14122562440 Fax +1 4122562121

Filter element suppliers

USA

Edward M. Fischer, Technical Service Specialist 3M Company 3M Center

Building 207-1 S-23 St. Paul, MN 55144-1000 Tel +16124264210 Fax +16127330221

Richard A Wagner, Principal Engineer Babcock & Wilcox PO Box 11165 Lynchburg, VA 24506-1165 Tel +1 804 522 5697 Fax +1 804 522 6980

Keith Wilson, Project Manager Combustion Power Company 2101 Webster Street Suite 1700 Oakland CA 94612 Tel +1 5102868820 Fax +I 510 2868824

161


Jeffrey A. Chambers, Project Leader Dupont Lanxide Composites, Inc. l300 Marrows Road PO Box 6077 Newark, DE 19714-6077 Tel +1 302 456 6235 Fax +1 302 456 6480

Him Ozawa, Manager, Hot Gas Filtration Systems Nihon Pall Limited 1-5-1 Nishigotanda Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141 Japan Tel: +81 3 3495 8380 Fax: +81 334372156

Peter A Scowen, European Marketing Manager Pall Process Filtration Group Europa House Havant Street Portsmouth POI 3PD Tel + 4401705 302352 Fax + 4401705 302509

John Sawyer, Manager, Hot Gas Filtration Systems Pall Trinity Micro Corporation 3643 State Road 281 Cortland, NY 13045 USA Tel: +16077536041 Fax: + I 607 753 8525

J-F Le Costaouec, Senior Engineer Techniweave Inc. 109 Chestnut Hill Road Rochester, NH 03868 Tel +l 603 335 2115 Fax +1 603 335 3200

Mrs Elizabeth Zievers, President Universal Porosics Inc 1240 Carriage Lane La Grange, IL 60525 USA Tel: + I 708 3545757 Fax: + I 708 352 3223

Other approaches to particulate control

4.8 Other approaches to particulate control

Although ESP and fabric filters are able to achieve very high efficiencies, there is continuing interest in finding new methods of controlling particulate matter from coal-combustion. Other approaches to particle collection aim mainly to reduce cost while achieving better efficiency than currently used technology. Some of these approaches were discussed in detail by Soud (1995) and include:

- COHPAC (compact hybrid particulate collector); - the nested fiber filter process; - the KNA-Filter (PFr-Filter); - the core separator; - the Dynamic Particle Exclusion Filter; - the confined vortex scrubber.

~~----------------- ---------~----

163


Supplier information Company: General Electric Environmental Systems Inc Address: 200 North Seventh Street, Lebanon, PA, 17046-5006 Country: USA Telephone: +1 717 2747000 Fax: +1 7172747103 Contact: Thomas W Lugar Position: Vice President - Particulate Technology

System information

System name: GE Mitsui-BF Process

Licensor: Mitsui-Bergbau Forschung (Japan/Germany) Licensee(s): none

Scale: commercial

The process functions as a particulate control device when inlet concentrations are kept within 0.207 grains/SCF, particulate emissions then will not exceed 0.012 grains/SCF.

164

Other approaches to particulate control

Supplier information Company: Micro Composite Materials Corporation Address: 4608-0 Industry Lane, Durham, NC, 27713-5414 Country: USA Telephone: +1 (919) 5441717 Fax: +1 (919) 3613535 Contact: Dr Steve R Wright Position: Vice President (Research and Development)

System information

System name: Boundary Layer Momentum Transfer (BLMT) filter


Particulate removal, %: >99.9 Scale: demonstration

This is a new type of inertial dynamic gas/particle separator or 'exclusion filter'. Generic BLMT attributes include: dynamic/self-cleaning (no media); non-fouling/non-binding; high particulate loading and submicron particulate exclusion.

Other attributes of the system are: no back pulse cleaning; constant pressure drop and separation efficiency; relatively low capital cost; compact; amenable to process retrofit; lower operating-, maintenance- and service-cost.


Supplier information Company: PARFTECH Limited - Particulate Filtration Technology Address: Unit 2, Shaw Park Business Village, Shaw Road, Wolverhampton,

West Midlands, WV10 9LE Country: United Kingdom Telephone: +441902246002309 Fax: +441902310515 Contact: Cedric Jones

System information

System name: PFT-Filter system


Particulate removal, %: >99 Scale: demonstration

Equipment used with particulate control systems

4.9 Equipment used with particulate control systems

Supplier information Company: Albany International Corporation Address: POBox 1907, Albany, NY, 12201 Country: USA Telephone: +15184452200 Fax: 15184452265 Contact: Manager Position: Sales & Marketing

Product information Product supplied: filter media/bags (polyester, acrylic, polyphenylsulphide (PPS),

Nomex, P-84, Teflon & Tefaire, Fibreglass, Primacell)

Product application on: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry and wet flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants

Scale/availability: commercial

167


Supplier information Company: BHA Group Inc Address: 8800 East 63rd Street, Kansas City, MO, 64133-4883 CounTry: USA Telephone: +1 8163568400 Fax: +1816353 1873 ConTact.· Mike Sedler PosiTion: General Sales Manager

Product information ProducT supplied: ESP & fabric filters replacement parts/service including:

acoustic horns, filter media/bags and cartridges, wire cages, discharge electrodes, collection plates, rappers and components, bag tensioning devices, broken bag detectors

ProducT applicaTion on: Hot flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants

Sea le/availabiliTy: commercial



BHA International GmbH Filtrastrasse 5-7, Ahlen, 59227 Germany +492528300 Peter Lund

Fax: Position:

+49 2528 30 100 International Sales

Product information Product supplied: ESP & fabric filters replacement parts/service including:

acoustic horns, filter media/bags and cartridges, wire cages, discharge electrodes, collection plates, rappers and components, bag tensioning devices, broken bag detectors

Product application on: Hot flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants


169


Supplier information Company: Chattanooga Sewing and Sales Co Address: Filtration Division, 2901 Long Street, POBox 2400, Chattanooga, TN, 37409 Country: Telephone: Contact:

USA +161575Manager

Fax: Position:

67067 +1 6152663242 Sales & Marketing

Product information Product supplied: filter media/bags


Scaleiavailability: commercial

170


Supplier information Company: Coors Wear Products Address: 230 Mayview Road, POBox 611, Lawrence, PA, 15055 Country: USA Telephone: +1 4127459522 Fax: +14127464294 Contact: Manager Position: Sales & Marketing



Scale!availability: commercial

~~--,,-~~------~ ----------------------



Fax: Position:

DYNEX EUROPE Alexandra Street, Hyde, Cheshire, SKl4 IDY United Kingdom +441613679278 Bill Evans

+44 161 367 9280 Managing Director

Product information Product supplied: expansion joints




Supplier information Company: Destex Inc Address: 1080 Broadway, Albany, NY, 12204 Country: USA Telephone: + I 518 463 1261 Fax: +1 5184632094 Contact: Tom Despart Jr. Position: Sales & Marketing

Product information Product supplied: filter media/bags: polyester, acrylic, PPS membrane coated fabrics,

Aramid/Nomex, P84, Teflon, woven and felted fibreglass



The company has provided filtration media for more than 25 years.

-~--~------------------


Supplier information Company: E I DuPont de Nemours & Company Inc Address: POBox 80705, Laurel Run Building, Chestnut Run Plaza, Wilmington,

DE, 19880 0705 Country: USA Contact: Manager Position: Sales & Marketing

Product information Product supplied: filter media/bags composed of 100% NOMEX aramid fibre

Product application on: Hot and cold tlue gas stream Dry tlue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants


174


Supplier information Company: Address: Country: Telephone: Contact: Position:

Fisher-Klosterman Inc POBox 11190, Louisville, KY, 40251-0190 USA +1502 7761505 Fax: +15027749147/4157 ESP and other: Samuel G Dunkle, P.E. / FF: A V (Tony) Andriola Sales & Marketing Manager / Vice President

Product information Product supplied:

evaluations

Product application on:

Scalelavailability:

discharge electrodes, collecting plates. rappers, expansion joints, insulators, electrical components, technical services, performance

Hot and cold tlue gas stream Dry and wet tlue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants

commercial

The company specialises in the rebuilding and retrofitting of ESPs.


Supplier information Company: Forry Inc Address: 690-A Alpha Drive, Cleveland, OH, 44143 Country: USA Telephone: +1 216461 7707 Fax: +1 216461 7628 Contact: Elliott Drysdale Position: President

Product information Product supplied: ESP controls



Automatic voltage controls. Rapper & Vibrator, tumbling hammer controls. Vacuum/Pressure fly ash controls. Soot blowing controls. Man Machine Interface (MM1). Distributed Control Systems (DCS) interface. ESP & Boiler Management System.


Supplier information Company: Interfilta Ltd Address: Radnor House, 1272 London Road, Norbury, London, SWI6 4DQ Country: Telephone: Contact:

United Kingdom +441816794343 Stuart Birkett

Fax: Position:

+441816790938 Sales & Marketing


Product application on: Cold flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants


177


Supplier information Company: Neundorfer Company Inc Address: 4590 Hamann Parkway, Willoughby, OH, 44094 Country: USA Telephone: +1 2169428990 Fax: +1 2169426824 Contact: Steven Ostanek Position: Sales & Marketing Manager

Product information Product supplied: ESP controls



------------ -~------------------------

178


Supplier information Company: Pall Advanced Separation Systems Address: 3669 Route 281, P a Box 2030, Cortland, NY, 13045 Country: USA Telephone: +1 6077536041 Fax: + I 607 753 8525 Contact: Nelson Sobel Position: VP Technical Sales

Product information Product supplied: filter media and elements




Supplier information Company: Royal Wire Products Inc Address: 13450 York Delta, N. Royalton, OH, 44133 Country: Telephone: Contact.·

USA +121623Manager

Fax: Position:

78787 +1 2162379330 Sales & Marketing

Product information Product supplied: wire cages




Supplier information Company: SCAPA Filtration Address: 4563 Jordan Road, POBox 238, Skaneateles Falls, NY, 13153-0238 Country: Telephone: Contact:

USA +1 3156853466 Manager

Fax: Position:

+13156855574 Sales & Marketing


Product application on: Hot and cold flue gas Dry flue gas stream

stream

New plants, retrofittable to existing plants


Company also known as P&S Filtration.

181


Supplier information Company: Standard Filter Corporation Address: Carlsbad Research Center, 5928 Balfour Court, Carlsbad, CA, 92008 Country: USA Telephone: +16199298559 Fax: +1 6199291901 Contact: Bobbie Charrnoli Position: Sales & Marketing

Product information Product supplied: filter media/bags (standard and specialty), wire cages


Seale/availability: commercial

182


Supplier information Company: Stothert Engineering Ltd Address: POBox 10355, 14th Floor, 609 Granville Street, Vancouver, BC, V7Y IG5 Country: Canada Telephone: +1604681 8165 Fax: +1 604 687 3589 Contact: Arthur G Hein Position: Director, Energy Services

Product information Product supplied: flue gas distribution technology (Skewed Gas Flow Technology)

Product application on: Hot and cold flue gas stream Dry flue gas stream New plants, retrofittable to existing plants


Technology involves modifying flue gas flow distribution with 70% improvement possible, demonstrated and proven at ESKOM (South Africa) and commercially applied in North America. Technology only applicable to dry horizontal flow ESPs.


Supplier information Company: TurboSonic Inc, a division of Turbotak Technologies Inc Address: Suite A-14, 550 Parkside Drive, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 5V4 Country: Canada Telephone: +15198855513 Fax: +15198856992 Contact: Ron Berube Position: VP Sales & Marketing

Product information Product supplied: air atomizing nozzles for conditioning systems



TurboSonic Gas Conditioning/Turbotak nozzles are capable of spraying high solids slurries, with no concerns for pluggage and can be applied to any type of conditioning system.

---------- ----------

5 Indexes

Companies alphabetically

ABB Fliikt Industri AB 27, 60, 97, 98, 99 ADA-ES Environmental Solutions 100 Air-Cure Environmental GmbH (Ceilcote Luftreinhaltung) 122 Albany International Corporation 167 Andersen 2000 Inc 123 Apparatebau Rothemuhle, Brandt + Kritzler GmbH 28,61,101,142 Austrian Energy & Environment 29

Babcock and Wilcox - Utility and Environmental Power Division 30,62,143 Belco Technologies Corporation 31, 124 BHA Group Inc 168 BHA International GmbH 169 Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd 32 Biothermica International Inc 63 Branch Environmental Corporation 64. 125 Brandt Filtration Group 65 Bundy Environmental Technologies Inc 66

Chattanooga Sewing and Sales Co 170 CHEMITHON 102,103,104,105 China National Building Material Industrial Construction Co - Pingdingshan EPFactory 33,67, 144 Comelf SA 34,68 Compliance Systems International 126 Coors Wear Products 171 Croll-Reynolds Company Inc 127

D R Technology Inc 128 DCE Limited 69 Destex Inc 173

185

Indexes

Deutsche Babcock Anlagen AG 35,70 DuPont de Nemours & Company Inc 174 Dustech Engineering Limited 71, 129, 145 DYNEX EUROPE 172

ELEX Abgasreinigung 36 Environmental Elements Corporation 37, 72

Fabryka Elektrofiltrow ELWO 39 Farr Europe (Farr Filtration Ltd) 74 FGC Inc 106,107 Fisher-Klosterman Inc 40,75,146,175 FLS miljo a/s 38,73 Forry Inc 176 Fujikasui Engineering-Co-Ltd 130

General Electric Environmental Systems Inc 41,76,147,164 Griffin Environmental Company Inc 77

Hamon Cifa Progetti SpA 42,78,108 Hotaka Engineering Co Ltd 79

Interfilta Ltd 177

Kimre Inc 131,132 Korea Cottrell Co Ltd 43,80,109,133,148

LAB S.A. 44,134 Lentjes Bischoff GmbH 45, 81 Lodge Sturtevant Ltd 47,83

MES Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co Ltd 84, 135 Micro Composite Materials Corporation 165 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd 48

Neundorfer Company Inc 178

Pall Advanced Separation Systems 85,179 PARFTECH Limited - Particulate Filtration Technology 166

Research Cottrell International 49, 86, 136 Royal Wire Products Inc 180

SCAPA Filtration 181 Sonic Environmental Systems 110 Staclean Diffuser Company 87 Standard Filter Corporation 182 Steelcraft Corporation 88 Stothert Engineering Ltd 183

186

Indexes

Termokimik Corporation SpA 50, 89 Thermax Limited (Enviro Division) 51,90,137,149 TurboSonic Inc, a division of Turbotak Technologies Inc 184 Turbotak Technologies Inc 138 Turner EnviroLogic Inc 139, 150

Wahleo Inc lll, ll2, ll3, ll4, ll5 Walther and Cie AG 52,91,92,116,117,151 Wilhelm Environmental Technologies 118

Companies by country alphabetically

Austria

Austrian Energy & Environment 29

Canada

Biothermica International Inc 63 Stothert Engineering Ltd 183 TurboSonic Inc, a division of Turbotak Technologies Inc 184 Turbotak Technologies Inc 138

China, People's Republic of

China National Building Material Industrial Construction CoPingdingshan EP Factory 33,67,144

Denmark

FLS miljo a/s 38, 73

France

LAB S.A. 44,134

Germany

Air-Cure Environmental GmbH (Ceilcote Luftreinhaltung) 122 Apparatebau Rothemuhle, Brandt + Kritzler GmbH 28, 6 I, 101, 142 BHA International GmbH 169 Deutsche Babcock Anlagen AG 35,70 Lentjes Bischoff GmbH 45,81 Walther and Cie AG 52,91,92, 116, 117,151

India

Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd 32 Thermax Limited (Enviro Division) 51,90, 137, 149

------- --- -----------------

Indexes

Italy

Hamon Cifa Progetti SpA 42,78,108 Tennokimik Corporation SpA 50,89

Japan

Fujikasui Engineering-Co-Ltd 130 Hotaka Engineering Co Ltd 79 MES Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co Ltd 84, 135 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd 48

Poland

Fabryka Elektrofiltrow ELWO 39

Romania

Comelf SA 34,68

South Korea

Korea Cottrell Co Ltd 43,80,109,133,148

Sweden

ABB FHikt Industri AB 27,60,97,98,99

Switzerland

ELEX Abgasreinigung 36

United Kingdom

DCE Limited 69 Dustech Engineering Limited 71,129,145 DYNEX EUROPE 172 FaIT Europe (FaIT Filtration Ltd) 74 Interfilta Ltd 177 Lodge Sturtevant Ltd 47, 83 PARFTECH Limited - Particulate Filtration Technology 166

USA

ADA-ES Environmental Solutions 100 AI bany International Corporation 167 Andersen 2000 Inc 123 Babcock and Wilcox - Utility and Environmental Power Division 30,62,143 Belco Technologies Corporation 31,124

188

Indexes

BHA Group Inc 168 Branch Environmental Corporation 64,125 Brandt Filtration Group 65 Bundy Environmental Technologies Inc 66 Chattanooga Sewing and Sales Co 170 CHEMITHON 102,103,104,105 Compliance Systems International 126 Coors Wear Products 171 Croll-Reynolds Company Inc 127 DR Technology Inc 128 Destex Inc 173 DuPont de Nemours & Company Inc 174 Environmental Elements Corporation 37, 72 FGC Inc 106, 107 Fisher-Klosterman Inc 40,75,146,175 Forry Inc 176 General Electric Environmental Systems Inc 41,76,147,164 Griffin Environmental Company Inc 77 Kimre Inc 131, 132 Micro Composite Materials Corporation 165 Neundorfer Company Inc 178 Pall Advanced Separation Systems 85,179 Research Cottrell International 49, 86, 136 Royal Wire Products Inc 180 SCAPA Filtration 181 Sonic Environmental Systems 110 Staclean Diffuser Company 87 Standard Filter Corporation 182 Steelcraft Corporation 88 Turner EnviroLogic Inc 139,150 WahlcoInc 111,112,113,114,115 Wilhelm Environmental Technologies 118

Additional list of contacts in P R China

Anshan Electrostatic Technique Research and Design Institute 138 Rear Daxi Street, Anshan, Liaoning Province, 114011 Contact: Bai Xiyao Position: Director Tel +86 412814106

Beipiao Machine Factory 2 Zhenxing Street, Beipiao, Liaoning Province, 122100 Contact: Li Yucai Position: Director Tel +86 4285 226 29

China Electrostatic Precipitation Committee 10, Pudong Road, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210031 Contact: Professor Wang Liqian Position: Director Tel +86 25321 1922/881 0433 Fax +86 25 321 7957/8852464

Indexes

China Industrial Association of Environmental Protection Committee of Baghouse Dust Removal 37 Jialing VLG-l, Jiangbei District, ChongQing 630020 Contact: Mr Xiao Rong Xu Position: Senior Engineer

Dalian Scientific and Technology University Dalian Electrostatic and Special Power Source Research Inst. Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116024 Contact: Wang Rogyi, Wu Yan Position: Directors Tel +86 411 4708576/8571 Fax +86 411 4671009

Hongqi Dust Removal Equipment Manufacturer, Wuxi Jiangzhou Road, Bizhuang, Wuxi City, 214 133 Contact: Xu Jinqing Position: Factory Director Tel +86 510 770 2488

Huaxia Environment Protection Industry Ltd 139, Fengtai Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071 Contact: Jiang Pengming Position: General Manager Tel +861063833216/24849 Fax +861063833258

Hubei Dust Removal Equipment Manufacturer 23, Dongfeng Road, Qianjiang City, Hubei Province, 433100 Contact: Ding Zhenbing Position: Factory Director Tel +86 7262 242 762 Fax +86 7626 242 901

Jinhua Jiahuan Group Company - Jianhua Electronic Instrument Works 82 Jiang Jun Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321000 Contact: Jin Xinlie Position: Director Tel +86 579 338 650

Langzhou Electrical Equipment Factory Contact: Chang Zhiliang Position: Director Tel +86931 2795 I

Lanzhou Electric Power Equipment Manufacturer 31 Guanghua Street, Chilihe, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050 Contact: Geng Xian Shan Position: Director Tel +86931 233 6931 Fax +86 233 6931

Quenshan Chengbai Electrostatic Precipitator Factory Gong-Nang-Bing Bridge, Quenbei Highway, Quenshan, Jiangsu Province, 215316 Contact: Xiang Shui Zhong Position: Director Tel +86520551 169

Shanghai Dust Removal Equipment Manufacturer 281, Xihuan Road, Shenzhuang, Shanghai, 201 00 Contact: Lu Rui Position: Factory Director Tel +862164883051-2 Fax +86 2164880563

------------

Indexes

Shanghai Metallurgical Mining Machine Manufacturing Factory 210 Wenshui Road, Shanghai, 200072 Contact: Xu Jielin Position: Director Tel +86 21 6665 0499

Tsinghua University - Electrical Engineering Department - Gas Discharge Section Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084 Contact: Zhao Jinliang Position: Director

Wujiang Dust Removal Equipment Manufacturer (Group) Bache Town, Wujiang City, Jiangsu Province, 215222 Contact: Sung Shidi Position: Factory Director Tel +86 512 336 5180/5585 Fax +86 512 336 5176

Xuanhua Metallurgical Environment Equipment Manufacturing Factory 4 Dongsheng Road, Xuanhua, Hebai Province, 075100 Contact: Wang Ancheng Position: Director Tel +863133067141

Zhejiang Feida Group Company (formerly: Zhejiang Electrostatic Precipitator General Plant) 88 Wangyun Road, Zhuji, Zhejiang Province, 311800 Contact: Shu Yinggan Position: Director Tel +86 575 70 I 2511 Fax +86 575 701 4695

Zhuji Environmental Protection Research Institute 10-402 Beizhuang, Zhuji, 31 1800 Contact: Jin Lieshui Position: Director Tel +86 575 702 2991

Zhuji Industrial Environmental Protective Equipment General Plant Hangzhou-Jinhua Highway, Zhuji, Zhejiang Province, 311825 Contact: Bian Jiangong Position: Director Tel +86 575 722 973 Fax +86 575 752 108

6 References

AAF SnyderGeneral (1996) Louisville, KY, USA, SnyderGeneral Corporation, personal communication (Sep 1996) Agerskov S (1997) Copenhagen, Denmark, FLS milj0 als, personal communication (25 Feb 1997) Ahluwalia S S (1996) Mumbai, India, EnviroCare International, personal communication (24 Sep 1996) Albany International (1996) Albany, NY, USA, Albany International, personal communication (Sep 1996) Andrews R L, Altin C A, Salib R (1993) ESPs in the 21 st century: extinction or evolution. In: Proceedings of the tenth particulate control symposium and fifth international conference on electrostatic precipitation, Washington, DC, USA, 5-8 Apr 1993. EPRI-TR-103048-V2. Palo Alto, CA, USA, Electric Power Research Institute, pp P4.1-P4.8 (Oct 1993) Andersen 2000 Inc (1993) Venturi scrubbers for fine particulate emission control. Bulletin No TR78 900075 Revison C, Peachtree City, GA, USA, Andersen 2000 Inc, 18 pp (luI 1993) Apparatebau Rothemuhle, Brandt + Kritzler GmbH (1996) Wenden-Rothemuhle, Germany, Apparatebau Rothemuhle, Brandt + Kritzler GmbH, personal communication (19 Dec 1996) Armstrong J (1997) Cleveland, OH, USA, Forry, Inc., personal communication (I May 1997) Banks R R (1997) Pittsburgh, PA, USA, personal communication (15 May 1997) Belba V H, Grubb T, Chang R (1992) A worldwide survey of pulse-jet baghouse performance on coal-fired boilers. In: Proceedings ofthe ninth particulate control symposium: volume 2: baghouses and advanced particulate control technologies, Williamsburg, VA, USA, 15-18 Oct 1991. EPRI-TR100471-Volume 2, Palo Alto, CA, USA, Electric Power Research Institute, pp 1.1-1.17 (Apr 1992) Billingsley J (1994) Ratcliffe-on-Soar, Nottingham, UK, PowerGen, personal communication (24 Nov 1994) Birkett S (1997) Norbury, London, United Kingdom, Interfilta Ltd, personal communication (lan 1997) BisdorfR (1996) Biebesheim, Gernlany, Cei1cote Luftreinhaltung Air-Cure Environmental GmbH, personal communication (12 Dec 1996) Bishop B, Raskin N (1996) High temperature gas cleaning using a honeycomb barrier filter on a coal-fired circulating f1uidised bed combustor. In: High temperature gas cleaning, third international symposium on gas cleaning at high temperatures, Karlsruhe, Germany, 18-20 Sep 1996. Schmidt E, Gang, P, Pilz T, Dittler A (eds) Karlsruhe, Germany, Universitat Karlsruhe, Institut fUr Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, pp 94-105 (1996)

References

Blake J E (1996) Seacroft, Leeds, United Kingdom, Airmaster Engineering Ltd, personal communication (19 Jun 1996) Brady J D (1996) Peachtree City, GA, USA, Andersen 2000 Inc, personal communication (15 Aug 1996) Brant M (1997) Tyseley, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Farr Europe (Farr Filtration Ltd),personal communication (20 Feb 1997) Bundy R P (1996) Reynoldsburg, OH, USA, Bundy Environmental Technology Inc, personal communication (18 Dec 1996) Buonicore A J, Reynolds J P, Theodore L (1978) Control technology for fine particle emissions. Report ANL/ECT-5, Argonne, IL, USA, Argonne National Laboratory, pp 202 (Oct 1978) Bustard C J, Cushing K M, Pontius D H, Smith W B, Carr R C (1988) Fabric filters for the electric utility industry: volume 1: general concepts. EPRI-CS-5161-4 volumes, Palo Alto, CA, USA, Electric Power Research Institute, vp (1988) Butz J R, Durham M D (1993) Evaporative cooling to restore compliance in ESPs operating under a low-sulfur coal switch scenario. Report no. 93-RP-38.02, Englewood, CO, USA, ADA Technologies, 10 pp (1993) Carbo-Tech Environmental Group Inc. (1996) Vineland, Ontario, Canada, Carbo-Tech Environmental Group Inc., personal communication (Sep 1996) CBMCC Pingdingshan EP Factory (1997) Pingdingshan City, Henan, PR China, China National Building Material Industrial Construction Co - Pingdingshan EP Factory, personal communication (20 Feb 1997 Centea P (1996) Bistrita, Romania, Comelf S.A., personal communication (19 Aug 1996» Centea P (1997) Bistrita, Romania, Comelf S.A., personal communication (21 May 1997) Chaney J, West II J H, Wright R A (1996) Granular sulfur feedstock - initial report on new S03 plant feedstock. Paper presented at the 57th American power conference, 18-20 Apr 1995, vp (1995) Charmoli B (1996) Carlsbad, CA, USA, Standard Filter Corporation, personal communication (17 Dec 1996) Chippington J (1997) Epsom, Surrey, United Kingdom, Dustech Engineering Limited, personal communication (21 Apr 1997) Chironna R J (1996) Westfield, NJ, USA, Croll-Reynolds Company Inc, personal communication (20 Dec 1996) Clarke L B (1994) Legislationfor the management ofcoal-use residues. IEACRJ68, London, United Kingdom, IEA Coal Research, 75 pp (Mar 1994) Clarke L B (1992) Applications for coal-use residues. IEACRJ50, London, United Kingdom, lEA Coal Research, 406 pp (Nov 1992) Clear Stacks (1996) Hotside ESP: Western disease. Clear Stacks: pp 2 (Nov 1996) Cook J (1997) Golden, CO, USA, Coors Ceramics Company, personal communication (7 Jan 1997) Coors Ceramics Company (1996) Korschenbroich, Germany, Coors Ceramics Company: Precipitator Products Group, personal communication (Sep 1996) Coppola N F (1997) Somerville, NJ, USA, Research Cottrell International, personal communication (26 Jan 1997) CRE (1992) Improvement of cyclone grit arrestor performance by partial gas transportation of collected hopper solids through sidestream baghouse. EUR 14269 EN, Luxembourg, Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General Information Technologies and Industries, and Telecommunications,77 pp (1992) Crown Andersen Inc (1996) Product guide. Peachtree City, GA, USA, Crown Andersen Inc, vp (1996) Despart T Jr. (1997) Albany, NY, USA, Destex Inc, personal communication (20 May 1997)

References

Dhargalkar P H (1996) Sommerville, NJ, USA, Research Cottrell International, personal communication (18 Dec 1996) Diener E (1997) Schwerzenbach, Switzerland, ELEX Abgasreinigung, personal communication (18 Feb 1997) Dufour M (1996) Montreal, QUE, Canada, BIOTHERMICA International Inc, personal communication (12 Sep 1996) Dunkle S G (1997) Luisville, KY, USA, Fisher-Klosterman, Inc., personal communication (16 May 1997) Dunseith S M (1997) Baltimore, MD, USA, Environmental Elements Corporation, personal communication (6 Feb 1997) DuPont Canada (1996) Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, DuPont Canada, personal communication (Sep 1996) Durham M D (1997) Englewood, CO, USA, ADA-ES Environmental Solutions, personal communication (21 Jan 1997) Edwards B (1997) Peachtree City, GA, USA, Andersen 2000 Inc, personal communication (6 May 1997) Eggerstedt P (1997) Cicero, IL, USA, Industrial Filter & Pump Manufacturing Company, personal communication (15 Apr 1997) Ekey L E (1997) Westlake, OH, USA, FGC Inc, personal communication (18 Apr 1997) Elison K (1996) Birmingham, United Kingdom, Lodge Sturtevant Limited, personal communication (23 Sep 1996) Elison K (1997a) Birmingham, United Kingdom, Lodge Sturtevant Limited, personal communication (11 Apr 1997) Elison K (1997b) Birmingham, United Kingdom, Lodge Sturtevant Limited, personal communication (15 May 1997) EPRI (1993a) Proceedings of the tenth particulate control symposium and fifth international conference on electrostatic precipitation, Washington, DC, USA, 5-8 Apr 1993. EPRI-TR-103048. Palo Alto, CA, USA, Electric Power Research Institute, 2 volumes, vp (Oct 1993) EPRI (1993b) Pulse-jet haghouse performance improvement withj1ue gas conditioning. Technical brief RP3083-09, Palo Alto, CA, USA, Electric Power Research Institute, 2 pp (May 1993) ETSU (1996) Hot gas particulate clean-up. TSR 001, Harwell, UK, Energy Technology Support Unit, 12 pp (1996) Evans B (1997) Hyde, Cheshire, United Kingdom, DYNEX EUROPE, Townson Engineering Limited, personal communication (16 Feb 1997) Fabryka Elektrofiltrow(l996) Bielska, Poland, Fabryka Elektrofiltrow, personal communication (Sep 1996) Farber P S (1992) Selecting systems to control emissions. Environmental Protection; 3 (10); 10-32 (Dec 1992) Fox G (1997) Santa Ana, CA, USA, Wah1co Inc, personal communication (14 Jan 1997) Frank W J (1997) Kbln (Dellbriick), Germany, Walther & Cie AG, personal communication (16 May 1997) Frank M (1997a) Essen, Gernlany, Lentjes Bischoff GmbH, personal communication (16 May 1997) Frank M (l997b) Essen, Gernlany, Lentjes Bischoff GmbH, personal communication (28 Feb 1997) Fuller-Kovako Corporation (1996) Bethlehem, PA, USA, Fuller-Kovako Corporation, personal communication (Sep 1996)

References

Gaikwad R P, Sloat D G (1992) Economic evaluation ofparticulate control technologies: volume 1: new units. EPRI-TR-I00748-volume 1, research project 3083-04, Palo Alto, CA, USA, Electric Power Research Institute (Sargent & Lundy), vp (Sep 1992) Galica M A, Rawlins D C (1992) Sub-pilot testing ofan acoustically enhanced cyclone for PFBC. DOE/MCl2501 0-93/C0145, DE93004975, Springfield, VA, USA, National Technical Infornlation Service, 12 pp (1992) Gennrich T J (1996) Evaluation of ceramic fiber filterbags in commercial hot gas environments. In: High temperature gas cleaning, third international symposium on gas cleaning at high temperatures, Karlsruhe, Germany, 18-20 Sep 1996. Schmidt E, Gang, P, Pilz T, Dittler A (eds) Karlsruhe, Germany, Universitat Karlsruhe, Institut fUr Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, pp 106119 (1996) Gibson D (1996) Cleveland, Transvaal, South Africa, Technology Research & Investigations, personal communication (18 Jul 1996) Gilbert B (1997) Somerville, NJ, USA, Branch Environmental Corporation, personal communication (8 Jan 1997) Greiner G P (1993) Fabric filter - baghouses II: operation, maintenance and troubleshooting (a users manual). Roanoke, VA, USA, ETS Inc, vp (1993) Gottschalk 0, Bohnet M (1995) Two stage aerocyclone circuit for the separation of fine particles. In: Proceedings of the third European symposium on the separation of particles from gases, PARTEe '95, Niirnberg, Germany, 21-23 Mar 1995. Niirnberg, Germany, NiirnbergMesse GmbH, pp 23-37 (1995) Hajek S, Peukert W (1996) Comparison of ceramic and metal filter elements for high temperature filtration. In: High temperature gas cleaning, third international symposium on gas cleaning at high temperatures, Karlsruhe, Germany, 18-20 Sep 1996. Schmidt E, Gang, P, Pilz T, Dittler A (eds) Karlsruhe, Germany, Universitat Karlsruhe, Institut fUr Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, pp 219-232 (1996) Hamamoto 0 (1997a) Tokyo, Japan, MES Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co Ltd, personal communication (15 May 1997) Hamamoto 0 (1997b) Tokyo, Japan, MES Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co Ltd, personal communication (10 Jan 1997) Hankins W G (1996) Seattle, WA, USA, CHEMITHON, personal communication (luI 1996) Hankins W G (1997) Seattle, WA, USA, CHEMITHON. personal communication (1 May 1997) Harris C (1997) Ratcliffe-on-Soar, Nottingham, United Kingdom, Power Technology Centre, PowerGen, personal communication (24 Apr 1997) Hein A G (1996a) Vancouver, BC, Canada, Stothert Engineering Ltd, personal communication (12 Sep 1996) Hein A G (1996b) Vancouver, BC, Canada, Stothert Engineering Ltd, personal communication (20 Dec 1996) Hein A G (1997) Vancouver, BC, Canada, Stothert Engineering Ltd, personal communication (25 Apr 1997) Hjalmarsson A-K (1992) Interactions in emissions control for coal-fired plants. IEACRl47, London, UK, lEA Coal Research, 81 pp (Mar 1992) Hoffman G (1996) Deerfield Beach, R~, USA, Turner EnviroLogic Inc, personal communication (23 Dec 1996) Hosokawa Micron (1996) Brampton, Ontario, Canada, Hosokawa Micron, personal communication (Sep 1996) Htillen K (1997) Oberhausen, Gemlany, Deutsche Babcock Anlagen GmbH, personal communication (2 May 1997)

195

References

Humphrey and Dahlberg (1996) Generate S03 in-situ to condition flue gas. Power; 140 (3); 52-54 (Mar 1996) Hurley J, Brosious S, Johnson M (1996) Iron aluminide hot gas filters. Paper presented at: Advanced coal-fired power systems '96 review meeting, Morgantown, WV, USA, 16-18 Ju11996. 15 pp (1996) lEA Coal Research (1997a) Air pollutant emission standards for coal-fired plants database. London, UK, lEA Coal Research (1997) lEA Coal Research (1997b) Particulate control systems for coal-fired plants databases. London, UK, lEA Coal Research (1997) Imi-Tech Fibres GmbH (1996) Linz, Austria, Imi-Tech Fibres GmbH, personal communication (17 Dec 1996) Interfilta (1995) Air filtration technology: lnterfilta: afresh approach. London, United Kingdom, vp (Jan 1995) Ishikawa K, Kamei K, Shoji T, Shindo K, Kawamata N (1996) Development of a simultaneous sulfur and dust removal process for IGCC power generation system. In: High temperature gas cleaning, third international symposium on gas cleaning at high temperatures, Karlsruhe, Germany, 18-20 Sep 1996. Schmidt E, Gang, P, Pilz T, Dittler A (cds) Karlsruhe, Germany, Universitiit Karlsruhe, Institut fUr Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, pp 316-327 (1996) Jones C (1997) Shaw Park Business Village, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom, personal communication (10 Jan 1997) Jones C (1994) Dud ley, West Midi ands, United Kingdom, personal communication (24 Jun 1994) Jones G (1997) LAB SA (L'epuration de I'air et des gaz), Amersham, Bucks, United Kingdom, personal communication (16 May 1997) Jones G (1996) LAB SA (L'epuration de I'air et des gaz), Amersham, Bucks, United Kingdom, personal communication (17 Dec 1996) Jones J P (1997) Norcross, GA, USA, Brandt Filtration Group, personal communication (10 Jan 1997) J0rgensen A (1991) Electrostatic precipitators with minimised power consumption for dedusting major industrial plants and coal-fired boilers. Paper presented at the Greek-Danish environmental symposium, Athens, Greece, 22-23 Oct 1991. Judkins R R, Tortorelli P F, Wright I G (1996) Metal filter materials in combustion environments. Paper presented at: Advanced coal-fired power systems '96 review meeting, Morgantown, WV, USA, 16-18 Jul 1996. 6 pp (1996) Kajiyama S (1997) Tokyo, Japan, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd, personal communication (12 May 1997) Kamei K, Kawamata N, Ishikawa K, Shindo K, Syoji T, Maeda Y, Izumi N, Funahashi K, Yanai M (1996) Recent development of a simultaneous sulfur and dust removal process for IGCC power generation system. In: Proceedings. 13th annual international Pittsburgh coal conference, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 3-7 Sep 1996. Chiang S-H (ed) Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Pittsburgh Coal Conference, vol 2, pp 1284-1288 (1996) . Khanna U N (1997) New Delhi, India, Bharat Heavy Industries Limited, personal communication (20 Feb 1997) Kim J Q (1996) Seoul, Korea, Korea Cottrell Co Ltd, personal communication (26 Aug 1996)] Kim L (1997) Seoul, Korea, Korea Cottrell Co Ltd, personal communication (18 Apr 1997) Klingspor J S, Vernon J L (1988) Particulate control for coal combustion. IEACRl05, London, UK, lEA Coal Research, 70 pp (Feb 1988) Knutsson F (1997) Viixjo, Sweden, ABB Fliikt Industri AB, personal communication (21 Mar 1997)

196

References

Kondo K (1996) Tokyo, Japan, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd, personal communication (11 Oct 1996) Krigmont H V (1994) Huntington Beach, CA, USA, Allied Environmental Technologies Co, personal communication (22 Nov 1994) Krigmont H V, Coe E L (1992) Flue-gas conditioning: key advances in recent years. Power; 136 (8); 30-36 (Aug 1992) Krigmont H V, Coe E L (1991) Experience in conditioning electrostatic precipitators. In: Proceedings ofthefourth international conference on electrostatic precipitation, Beijing, China, 1417 Sep 1990. Beijing, China, International Academic Publishers, pp 597-609 (1991) Kyte W (1994) Solihull, United Kingdom, PowerGen, Technology and Research Department, personal communication (15 Aug 1994) Labriola M (1997) Milano, Italy, TernlOkimik Corporation, personal communication (12 May 1997) Lee T W (1996) Seoul, Korea, Korea Cottrell Co Ltd. personal communication (16 Aug 1996) Lippert T E, Newby R A (1995) High temperature particulate control. In: Pressurizedjluidized bed combustion. Alvarez Cuenca M, Antony E J (eds) Glasgow, UK. Blackie Academic and Professional, pp 211-256 (1995) Liqian W (1996) Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P R China, China Electrostatic Precipitation Comittee, personal communication (Nov 1996) Lucioni G (1997a) Milan, Italy, Hamon Cifa Progetti, personal communication (14 May 1997) Lucioni G (1997b) Milan, Italy, Hamon Cifa Progetti, personal communication (7 Mar 1997) Lugar T W (1997) Lebanon, PA, USA, General Electric Environmental Systems Inc, personal communication (15 Jan 1997) Lund P (1996) Ahlen, Germany, BHA International GmbH, personal communication (27 Nov 1996) Matts S (1997) Vaxjo, Sweden, personal communication (6 May 1997) McConville A {1997) Emission standards handbook. IEACR/96, London, UK, lEA Coal Research, (Aug 1997) McKenna J D, Turner J H (1989, 1993) Fabricfilter- baghouses I: theory, design and selection (a reference text). Roanoke, VA, USA, ETS Inc, vp (1989, 1993) Mei J S, Vue P C, Halow J S (1995) Granular filtration in fluidised bed. In: Proceedings, J3th international conference on jluidized bed combustion, Orlando, FL, USA, 7-10 May 1995. New York, NY, USA, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, vol I, pp 423-429 (1995) Meierer M (1987) Operating experience with AEROSOL separators downstream of an ammonia-based scrubbing system. Paper presented on Kimre AEROSEP TM Multiple Stage Aerosol Separator System Groskraftwerk (GKW) (large power plantJ. Mannheim, Germany (Jun 1996) Melnick R N (1996) Syracuse, NY, USA, Griffin Environmental Company Inc, personal communication (20 Aug 1996) Miller A (1996) Kansas City, MO, USA, BHA Group Inc, personal communication (17 Dec 1996) Miller R M (1994) Lebanon, PA, USA, General Electric Environmental Systems Inc, personal communication (21 Jun 1994) Miller R M (1997) Lebanon, PA, USA, General Electric Environmental Systems Inc, personal communication (10 Feb 1997) Mitchell S C (1997) Hot gas particulate filtration .. IEACR/95, London, UK, lEA Coal Research, (July 1997) Morgan J (1997) Kansas City, MO, USA, BHA Group Inc,personal communication (17 Apr 1997) Morita Y (1997) Tokyo, Japan, Fujikasui Engineering Co Ltd, personal communication (17 Jan 1997)

References

Morweiser M, Bohnet M (1996) Influence of temperature and pressure on separation efficiency and pressure drop of aerocyclones. In: High temperature gas cleaning, third international symposium on gas cleaning at high temperatures, Karlsruhe, Gennany, 18-20 Sep 1996. Schmidt E, Gang, P, Pilz T, Dittler A (eds) Karlsruhe, Gennany, Universitat Karlsruhe, Institut fUr Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, pp 26-39 (1996) Narula R G (1997) Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Bechtel Power Corporation - Fossil Technology Group, personal communication (6 Jan 197) Newby R A Yang W-C, Smeltzer E E, Lippert T E, McDaniel H M (1994) Westinghouse standleg moving granular bed filter development program. In: Proceedings of the coal-fired power systems 94: advances in IGCC and PFBC review meeting, Morgantown, WV, USA, 21-23 Jun 1994. McDaniel H M, Staubly R K, Venkataraman V K (eds) DOE/METC-9411008-Vol.1, DE94012252, Springfield, VA, USA, National Technical Infonnation Service, pp 186-194 (lun 1994) Nieminen M, Kangasmaa K, Kurkela E, Stahlberg P (1996) Durability of metal filters in low sulphur gasification gas conditions. In: High temperature gas cleaning, third international symposium on gas cleaning at high temperatures, Karlsruhe, Gennany, 18-20 Sep 1996. Schmidt E, Gang, P, Pilz T, Dittler A (eds) Karlsruhe, Gennany, Universitat Karlsruhe, Institut fUr Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, pp 120-13] (1996) Oda N (1997) Tokyo, Japan, Asahi Glass Co Ltd, personal communication (19 May 1997) Otto E, Gutsch A, Fissan H (1996) Gas cleaning due to enhanced bipolar coagulation. In: High temperature gas cleaning, third international symposium on gas cleaning at high temperatures, Kar]sruhe, Gennany, ]8-20 Sep ]996. Schmidt E, Gang, P, Pilz T, Dittler A (eds) Karlsruhe, Gennany, Universitat Karlsruhe, Institut fUr Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, pp 4860 (] 996) P&S Filtration (Scapa Filtration) (1996) Kirkland, Quebec, Canada, P&S Filtration (Scapa Filtration), personal communication (Sep 1996) Pajak J R (1997) Bielska, Poland, Fabryka Elektrofiltr6w, personal communication (28 Apr 1997) Parker K R (1997) Applied electrostatic precipitation. London, UK, Blackie Academic and Professional, pp 520 (997) Pichler M (1997) Vienna, Austria, Austrian Energy & Environment SGP/Waagner-Biro GmbH, personal communication (13 Mar 1997) Plaks N (1992) The effects on electrostatic precipitation of changes in grain loading, size distribution, resistivity, and temperature. In: Proceedings of the ninth particulate control symposium: volume 1: electrostatic precipitators, Williamsburg, VA, USA, 15-18 Oct] 99]. EPRITR-I00471-Volume ], Palo Alto, CA, USA, Electric Power Research Institute, pp 15.]-15.]2 (Apr] 992) Porter B (1996) Bexley, Kent. United Kingdom, Porter Environmental Supplies Ltd, personal communication (28 Oct ]996) PowerGen (1996) PowerGen: environmental performance report 1995. Coventry, United Kingdom, PowerGen, pp 44 (Apr] 996) Price D R (1996) Steelcraft Corporation, Memphis, TN, USA, personal communication (12 Dec ]996) Quimby J M, Helfritch D J, Brown T (1992) Perfonnance and economic evaluation of a precharged pulse-jet fabric filter for small coal-fired combustor particle control. In: Proceedings of the ninth particulate control symposium: volume 2: baghouses and advanced particulate control technologies, Williamsburg, VA, USA, 15-]8 Oct ]991. EPRI-TR-100471-Volume ], Palo Alto, CA, USA, Electric Power Research Institute, pp ]4.1-14.19 (Apr] 992) Quimby J M, Kumar K S (1992) Integrated low emission cleanup system for direct coal-fueled turbines (electrostatic agglomeration). DOE/MC/24258-3236, DE9301 0088, Springfield, VA. USA, National Technical Infonnation Service, 499 pp (1992)

References

Rangan R S, Prakash S G, Chakravarti S, Rao S R (1995) BHEL's circulating bed granular filter (CBGF) concept and test results. In: Proceedings, 13th international conference on fluidized bed combustion, Orlando, FL, USA, 7-10 May 1995. New York, NY, USA, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, vol 2, pp 1191-1199 (1995) Read D, Wright R (1996) Successful solo ammonia conditioning - a case history. Paper presented at the 58th annual American power conference, 9-11 Apr 1996, USA, 6 pp (1996) Reinhold S (1996) Northbrook, lL, USA, Reinhold Environmental, personal communication (21 Nov 1996) Reinhold S (1997) Northbrook, IL, USA, Reinhold Environmental, personal communication (7 Mar 1997) Rongxu X (1996) Nanjing, People's Republic of China, China Environment Protection Industrial Association, Fabric Filter Committee, personal communication (30 Oct 1996) Rowe M J (1996) Thumaston, Leicester, United Kingdom, DCE Limited, personal communication (21 Jun 1996) Saito K (1996) Tokyo, Japan, Hotaka Engineering Co Ltd, personal communication (25 Sep 1996) Scapa Filtration (1996) Scapa Filtration ISO 9001. Skaneateles Falls, NY, USA, Scapa Filtration, vp (1996) Schifftner K (1996) Carlsbad, CA, USA, Compliance Systems International, personal communication (l0 Sep 1996) Schifftner K (1997) Carlsbad, CA. USA, Compliance Systems International, personal communication (2 May 1997) Schilling (1997) Bochum, Germany, Thyssen Still Otto Anlagentechnik GmbH, personal communication (7 Feb 1997) Schindler (1997) Vienna, Austria, Austrian Energy & Environment SGP/Waagner-Biro GmbH, personal communication (18 Feb 1997) Schott W M (1996) Perrine, FL, USA, Kimre Inc., personal communication (19 Aug 1996) Schott W M (1997) Perrine, FL, USA, Kimre Inc., personal communication (7 May 1997) Schwartz R A (1996) Freehold, NJ, USA, D R Technology Inc, personal communication (12 Dec 1996) Seville J P K (1996) Hot gas particulate clean-up: current technological and commercial status. COAL-ROn, Harwell, UK, Energy Technology Support Unit, 63 pp (1996) Shimizu N (1996) Tokyo, Japan. Hitachi Ltd, personal communication (12 Sep 1996) Sloat D G, Dhall S N, Sopocy D M, Chang R L, Pace S E (1993) State-Of-the-Art Power Plant (SOAPP): particulate control modules. In: Proceedings of the tenth particulate control symposium and fifth international conference on electrostatic precipitation, Washington, DC, USA, 5-8 Apr 1993. EPRI-TR-I03048-V l. Palo Alto, CA, USA, Electric Power Research Institute, pp 20.1-20.17 (Oct 1993) Sloss L L (1996) Residues from advanced coal-use technologies. IEAPERl30, London, United Kingdom, lEA Coal Research, 40 pp (Nov 1996) Sloss L L, Smith I M, Adams D M B (1996) Pulverised coal ash - requirements for utilisation. IEACR/88, London, United Kingdom, lEA Coal Research, 88 pp (Jun 1996) Sobel N (1997) Cortland, NY, USA, Pall Advanced Separations Systems, personal communication (26 Feb 1997) Sonic Environmental Systems (1997) Parsippany, NJ, USA, Sonic Environmental Systems, personal communication (28 Feb 1997) Soud H N (1995) Developments in paniculate control for coal combustion. IEACRl78, London, UK, lEA Coal Research, 57 pp (Apr 1995) Soud H N, Takeshita M (1994) FGD handbook (2nd edition). IEACR/65, London, UK, lEA Coal Research, 438 pp (Jan 1994)

-----------

References

Southam B J (1997) Santa Ana, CA, USA, Wahlco Inc, personal communication (14 May 1997) Staclean Diffuser Company (1997) Salisbury, NC, USA, Staclean Diffuser Company, personal communication (Jan 1997) STAPPA, ALAPCO (1996) Controlling particulate matter under the Clean Air Act: A menu of options. Washington, DC, USA, State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators (STAPPA) and Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials (ALAPCO), 257 pp (Ju11996) Takeshita Y (1996) Tokyo, Japan, Babcock Hitachi, personal communication (23 Jul 1996) Takeshita M (1994) Environmental performance ofcoal-fired FBe. IEACRJ75, London, UK, lEA Coal Research, 90 pp (Nov 1994) Takeshita M, Soud H N (1993) FGD performance and experience on coal-fired plants. IEACRJ58, London, UK, lEA Coal Research, 138 pp (Jul 1993) Technical University of Budapest, ICESP (1996) VI 6th international conference on electrostatic precipitation: volume of abstracts. Papers presented at the Technical University of Budapest and International Society ofElectrostatic Precipitation conference, Budapest, Hungary, 18-21 Jun 1996 (Jun 1996) TEX TECH Industries (1996) Portland, ME, USA, TEX TECH Industries Inc, personal communication (Sep 1996) Thambimuthu K V (1993) Gas cleaning for advanced coal-based power generation. IEACRJ53, London, UK, lEA Coal Research, 163 pp (Mar 1993) Tome J (1997) Vizcaya, Spain, Babcock & Wilcox Espanola, personal communication (8 May 1997) Tonn D P (1997) Babcock & Wilcox: Utility & Environmental Power Division, Barberton, OH, USA, personal communication (3 Jan 1997) Tracy G W (1997) Santa Ana, CA, USA, Wahlco Inc, personal communication (19 Feb 1997) Turk B S, Gupta R P, Haas J C, Wilson K B, Schulz R A (1996) Controlling contaminants with a moving granular-bed filter. In: High temperature gas cleaning, third international symposium on gas cleaning at high temperatures, Karlsruhe, Germany, 18-20 Sep 1996. Schmidt E, Gang, P, Pilz T, DittIer A (eds) Karlsruhe, Germany, Universitat Karlsruhe, Institut flir Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, pp 302-315 (1996) van Everdingen E (1997) Ontario, Canada, Turbotak Air Pollution Control Systems, personal communication (1 May 1997) Vandewalle A Th M, Johnson H F (1993) Pulse jet fabric filters for 3x670 MW coal fired boilers. In: Proceedings of the tenth particulate control symposium and fifth international conference on electrostatic precipitation, Washington, DC, USA, 5-8 Apr 1993. EPRI-TR-I03048-Vl. Palo Alto, CA, USA, Electric Power Research Institute, pp 8.1-8.17 (Oct 1993) W L Gore & Associates Inc (1996) Livingston, Scotland, W L Gore & Associates Inc, personal communication (Sep 1996) W L Gore & Associates Inc (1996) Elkton, MD, USA W L Gore & Associates Inc, personal communication (Sep 1996) Weltz E, Frank M (1997) Essen, Germany, Lentjes Bischoff GmbH, personal ~ommunication (26 Feb 1997) Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control (1996) Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control, personal communication (Sep 1996) Whitmore R (1994) Pentol, Billingham, United Kingdom, personal communication (I Jun 1994) Wilson K B, Haas J C, Gupta R P, Turk B S (1996) Moving granular bed filter development program. Paper presented at: Advanced coal-fired power systems '96 review meeting, Morgantown, WV, USA, 16-18 Ju11996. 13 pp (1996)

References

Wright S R, Bond J H, Crouch H S, Knight D A, Shaughnessy E J (1996) Self cleaning, high efficiency dynamic particle exclusion filter. Paper presented at the User & fabric filtration meeting. 9-11 Sep 1996, Toronto, Canada. Wright R A (1997) Indianapolis, IN, USA, Wilhelm Environmental Technologies Inc, personal communication (20 Jan 1997) Wright R A (1996) Indianapolis, IN, USA, Wilhelm Environmental Technologies Inc, personal communication (17 Sep 1996) Wright R A (1996) New, low cost sulfur based S03 conditioning designs for utility service. Paper presented at the 5th annual American power conference, 9-11 Apr 1996, 18 pp (1996) Zevenhoven CAP, Andries J, Hein K R G, Scarlett B (1993) High temperature gas cleaning for PFBC using a moving granular bed filter. In: Gas cleaning at high temperatures, second international symposium, Guildford, UK, 27-29 Sep 1993. Clift R, Seville J P K (eds). Glasgow, UK, Blackie Academic and Professional, pp 400-418 (1993)

Related publications

Emission standards handbook Alessandra McConville, IEACR/96, ISBN 92-9029-290-3, August 1997, £450*/£150t/£75:j: A CD-ROM containing the emission standards database and additional information, for example regional emission standards and standards for pollutants other than particulates, S02 and NOx, is available together with the report for £600*/£200t/£100:j:

Hot gas partieulate filtration Stuart Mitchell, IEACR/95, ISBN 92-9029-289-X, July 1997, £300*/£100t/£50:j:

CoalPower 2 on CD-ROM Information on over 1600 coal-fired power stations and over 4500 individual units in 60 countries £7500*/£750t/£375:j:

Prices for * non-member countries / t member countries / j: eductional establishments in member countries

Other lEA Coal Research publications

Reviews, assessments and analyses of:

supply, transport and markets coal science coal utilisation coal and the environment

Coal Highlights

Details of IEA Coal Research publications are available from: lEA Coal Research - The Clean Coal Centre Gemini House 10-18 Putney Hill London SW15 6AA United Kingdom

Tel: +44 (0)181 7890111 Fax: +44 (0)181 780 1746 e-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iea-coa1.org.uk

ISSI\I 92-9029-287-3

Printed in England

£600 (non-member countries)

£200 (member countries)

£100 (educational establishments within member countries)

Documents

Particulate control handbook for coal-fired plants