407787

DRAFT o

Marshall Islands ChronologyI

1944 to 1990

January 11, 1991

PWIFW

HfM

Prepared by:

Ann C. DeinesDwid I. Goldman

Ruth R HarrisLaura J. Kens

HISTORY ASSOCIATES INCORPORATEDThe Historic Montrose School

5721 Randolph RoadRockviile, Maryland 20852

Prepared for the U.S. Department of EneqgUnder Contract No. DE-AC(M -S7NW0594

DRAFT

MARSHALL ISLANDS CHRONOLOGY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHRONOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDIX A- SECTIONS OF THE COFA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDIX B-ABBREVIATIONS., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDIX C- LISTOF GROUPS INVOLVED WITHMARSHALL ISIANDS DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . .

ENDNOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DRAFT

MARSHALL ISIANDS CHRONOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

IThis draft chronology presents the historid record of even relating to the

Department of Energy/Energy Research and Development Admi istration/Atomic

Energy Commission (DOE/ERDA/AEC) medical, environmental, and biological safety

acttilties in the Marshall Islands from 1946 to 1990. Among the mi ones included

are agreements between the Marshalkse and the United States, articularly those

invotving the DOE and its predecessorrs; relocation and resettlem nt efforts; legal

responsibilities assumed by the AEC, the ERDA and the DOE; admi istration of U.S.

government activities in the islands; medid findings; environmental tudies; radiation

safety criteria applied in the Marshalls and in the U.S.; and U. nuclear testing

activities in the region.

In order to facilitate use of the chronology by those interesl

aspect of developments in the Marshall Islands, we have assigned ~

more topical headings from the following Iisv

ADMINISTRATION

AGREEMENT

CIAIMS

CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIP

CONTRACTOR

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

MEDICAL

POLICY

PLUTONIUM

RADIATION

RELOCATION

WEAPON TESTING

By selecting only those entries under a specific heading on{

directly the story of any area of particular inter- such as the DOE

government policy, or legal responsibility.

In developing this chronology, History &sociates searched

DOE Archives in Germantown, including the AEC Secretariat files, [

and Medicine files, the Joe Deal and Tommy McCraw collections, as

of other collections; 2) records held by Environment Safety, :

including the files turned over by John Rudolph (DP) and by Manz

files from the Nevada Operations Office made available to us by

Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE) records at the Nationa

document collection at the Coordination and Information Cent

Nevada; 5) U.S. Statutes at Lame, and 6) Executive Orders of th

d in a particular

~ch entry one or

follow more

Cal program,

I records in the

‘ision of Biology

tell as a number

d Health (EH),

?ment (AD); 3)

Iarry Brown; 4)

%chives; 5) the

in Las Vegas,

President. The

DRAFT...Ill

Department of Energy History Division researched the DOE Executi Secretariat files.

1

Mr. L Joe Deal and Mr. Roger Ray made available to us document materials from

their personal files.

It was not possible in the time available to do an exh stive search of

I

DOE/ERDA/AEC rmxds, although we believe that major developm nts involving the

agency have been covered. No effort was made, with the constr ints of time andfunds, to examine records from other agencies involved in the Mars II Islands except

as documents from these agencies were found in DOE files. For e chronology to

be complete, we suggest searching at the ve~ ie~ the records of he Departments

of the interior, State, and Defense relating to the history of U.S. i olvement in the

Marshall islands.

Appendices have ~n included to assist the user of t e chronology--a

I

summary of the terms of the Compact of Free Association and of ts implementing

agreement of relevance to the DOE, lists of officials and groups c cerned with the

administration of the Marshall Islands, a list of abbreviations and ronyms used in

the chronology, and a series of maps showing the Marshall Islands nd the individual

atolls affected by nuclear testing. Also included are a map of U.S. Navy ship

positions after Castle Bravo and a map showing relocations of the Marshallese

through May 1954.

Copies of the cited documents have kn provided. Tht Bdocuments areidentified by alphanumeric designations, which are included in bracl ets following the

citation in the endnote, When the relevant information is contain{ d in one part of

a larger document, the cited information has been indicated with z dark line in the

left margin of the document.

DRAFT

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

ILow-lyhg coral atolls and islands scattered over some 18

of the Pacific Ocean, the Marshall Islands have been home f(

people for over 2000 years. In recent times the s“~ation of the

has captured world attention because of the effects of United Stal

testing in the Marshall Islands.

iv

MM square miles

the Marshallese

darshall Islanders

; nuclear weapon

i

Althwgh the Spanish navigator Atvaro Saavedra sighted the arshalls in 1529,

westerners showed interest in the Marshalls only after British naval ptains explored

some of these islands in the eighteenth century. The British nam the islands after

one of those exploring naval captains. AS a result of agreements “th island chiefs

and Great Britain, Germany established a protectorate over the arshalls in 1886.

Japan seized the islands during Worid War I and in 1920 rece ed a League of

Nations mandate to administer them. Japanese troops used the isl ds during World

War II until 1944 when United States troops ousted them and oc ied the Marshall

Islands.

Meanwhile, during the final months of World War II Unite States and Allied

1

scientists successfully developed the atomic bomb, filch the U.S. u ed against Japan.

After the war ended, the United States sought a remote area with a essible ports and

land for installations to test atomic weapons. In 1946 U.S. offI ials selected the

Marshall Islands’ Bikini Atoll and obtained the consent of the Biki chief to relocate

his people elsewhere. The United States subsequently conducted nuclear weapon

tests at Bikini in July 1946. In 1947 the United Nations designated he United States

as administrator of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, w ich included the

MarshalIs.

The trust agreement permit-ted the U.S. to close off the M

security reasons. Subsequently, the United States expanded its we

which the government named the Pacific Proving Grounds. After r

with the Enewetak people and relocating them, the U.S. used Em

weapon testing in 1948, 1951, and 1952. The U.S. nuclear we

force returned to Bikini for the 1954 Castlq series. The first shot a

produced such extensive radioactive faliout that a third MarsF

Rongelapese, was evacuated from its contaminated home island

several years.

lrshall Islands for

~pon testing area,

aching an accord

wetak for nuclear

Ipon testing task

the Castle series

kse group, the

md relocated for

{

After Castle Bravo the Marshall Islanders petitioned the Unit Nations to stop

the nuclear testing in their territory or, if the testing was essenti 1, to exercise all

precautions to safeguard the inhabitants and their possessions. e U.S. continued

to test at Bikini and Enewetak in 1954, 1956, and 1958. By Otto r 31, 1958, the

U.S. had tested 66 nuclear devices in the Marshall Islands since 1 46.

‘1Since Castle Bravo the U.S. has conducted medical, e ironmental, and

radiological safety activities in the Marshall Islands and has car for inhabitants

DRAFT v

Isuffering from conditions, including thyroid cancer, resulting from exposure to the

Castle Bravo fallout. The U.S. government also has continued radi ogical suweys of

the Marshalls and has mounted cleanup act”wities to make co taminated areas

habitable. in the meantime, the Bikini people have been relocated eral times. In

1980 the Enewetak people returned to their atoll, but insuffiaent ood caused 100

of them to leave a year later. W Rongelapese, resettled in Rongel Island in 1957,

moved away from Rongelap in 1985 because of fear of contaminate n from Iiiing on

Rongelap Island.

In the 198OS the U.S. and the Republic of the Marshall 1s1 ds negotiated a

1-

series of agreements connected to the ‘Compact of Free Association signed into law

in the U.S. on January 14, 1986. Portions of the Compact and a cements require

the Department of Energy to fulfill certain obligations to the Mars Ilese.

Since 1947 the AEC, ERDA and the DOE have been respons

safety and health activities related to the Marshall Islands affected 1

In 1990 DOE Secretary James D. Watkins designated the DOE O

the unit responsible for the DOE share of Marshall Islands progran

carrying out these duties, the Office of Health subsequently i

Associates to prepare a chronology on activities connected with

activities in the Marshall islands.

~efor numerous

nuclear testing,

:e of Health as

To assist it in

Iuested History

le nuclear test

DRAFT

MARSHALL ISLANDS CHRONOLOGY

Jan - Feb 44

2 Mar

Jan 46

ADMINISTRATIONLEGAL RESPONSIBIUIY

The Marshall Islands, administered by Japan since the endto the United States military forces during the Paafic war.’

44AGREEMENT

The government of the Trust Territo of the Pacific lslan~Tthe U. S. government the exclus”we right to t e use and occupan{

for an indefinite period of time for “the sum of ten dollars.’ (IWin this chronoi

Ybecause the date probably refers to the fht a~

between a Mars all Islands leader and a U.S. representative, pmfirst paragraph of this document identifies the date of the agreMarch 1944, but this particular document was drawn up later, prcterm “Trust Territory,” was not used in 1944 for the Mamhall Mawere of%cials in 1957, not 1944, Subsequent Ian age and sigm

1?also indicate the agreement was written later. T is agreement \Marshall Islands District Record Book 1, pp. 5, 6, and 7, on Jun

WEAPON TESTINGU.S. officials

Pacific.3

Feb 46AGREEMENTRELOCATION

select Bikini Atoll for the first U.S. nuclear \

The military governor of thechief to relocate his people so that

7 Mar 46RELOCATION

Marshall Islands obtains theBikini can be used for nucle

The U.S. Navy evacuates Bikini Atoll

May 46J

1 and

RELOCATIONMldents of Enewetak are movd to

inhabitants to l?ong~

Meek Island in KwaRongelap and Wotho people are evacuated to Lae Atoll for the dtests.b

25 Jul 46WEAPON TESTING

The United States detonates two nuclear weapons atCrossroads.’

1

Vorld War 1, fall

“.T.) conveys toEnewetak Atoll

44 date is usednent negotiatedy military. Thent as that of 2~ in 1957. Theand the signersf the documentrecorded in the1, 1957.)2

ton tests in the

sent of a Bikinicapon tests.’

Atoll.’

~ Atoll, and theon .of the Bikini

]i in Operation

DRAFT

1 Aug 46ADMINISTRATION

President Harry S. Truman signs the Atomic Energy Act ~Energy Commission (AEC).’

1 Jan 47

2 Apr

18 jUi

ADMINISTRATIONThe Manhattan Engineer DIstri@ responsible for developin

transfers atomic energy work to the AEC.

47LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

The United Nations (UN) Secmity Council designates thadministering authority of the Trust Territory of the Paafic IslandsMarshall Islands Article 5 entitles the United States to establishair bases and to erect fortifications in the territory, Article 6 oblig(to

Promote the economic advancement and self-suficieinhabitants ... regulate the use of natural resources; endevelopment of fisheries, agriculture, and industries;inhabitants against the loss of their lands and resourcprotect the health of the inhabitants ...

Article 13 recognizes the authority of the administrator to CIOWreasons.9

47ADMINISTRATION

President Truman approves the Territory of the Pacificagreement between the United States and the UN Security CoIadministration of the Pacific Trust Terntory to the Navy on an in

Aug 47

20 Nov 47

MEDICALRELOCATION

An official investi sting board recommends removal ofFfrom Rongerik because o insuftlcient fmd and water.”

LEGAL RESPONSIBILllYRELOCATIONWEAPON TESTING

AEC Chairman David E. Lilienthal informs President TrunEnewetak for nuclear testing will require the evacuation of 145 mLilienthal, to meet U.S. obli ations under the Trusteeship Al

Pgovernment will accord norms constitutional rights of citizens totwill treat them as U.S. wards; will keep displacement to the mitheir safety; will resettle the Enewetakese according to agreementsand will provide adequately for their well-bekg in their new Iistates that the AEC and the Secretary of Defense will apprise ththat during weapon testing at Enewetak the U.S. will not subjectperceDtiblv weater dan~er than, sav, the oecmle of the United S

2

ing the Atomic

P atomic bomb,

nited States as,), including theal, military, ande United States

of theage theect the.. [and]

?as for security

nds trusteeshipand delegates

n basis.’”

Bikini Islanders

that the use ofS. According tonent, the U.S.newetakese butJm required for:hed with them;ens. Lilienthalate Departmentinhabitants w

. R12p

DRAFT

25 NOV 47

1 Dec

RELOCATIONWEAPON TESTING

President Tmman signs a directive for the removal of nathSecretary of Defense Robert S. Lovett recommends that the forthccon the selection of a proving ground at Enewetak ought to menti~are not now Iivhg in any historic home but instead on islands tamoved them during World War 11.13

47RELOCATIONWEAPON TESTING

The AEC announces the sehxtion of Enewetak Atoll asgrounds because it has the fewest inhabitants to are for and isgovernment will transfer the Enewetak inhabitants to sites they Ireimburse them for the lands utilized. The AEC explains that ththese proving grounds is necessa

Yto provide a suitable ~

experimentation “indicated results” of aboratory studies. Bikini is~gsting because it lacks suficient land surface for the necessary sci

21 Dec 47RELOCATION

The Navy moves 145 Enewetaknuclear weapons at Enewetak.’s

31 Jan 48RELOCATION

inhabitants to Ujelang p

On a visit to Rongerik Leonard Mason, a University of Haland James Milne find a critical food shortage affecting the Bikini,

14 Mar 48RELOCATION

The Bikini evacuees are moved to a temporary camp on 1base.”

16Apr - 16 May 48WEAPON TESTING

The United States mnducts three nuclear weapon tests aof Operation Sandston~.lS

28 Apr 48ADMINISTRATION

The AEC goes on reu)rd as desiring that Enewetak Atol

f&~~&n~,~roving ground for nuclear weapons after the comP[

18 Jun 48CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIP

The House of Representatives and the Senate establish acommittee of 12 members to recommend legislation to administertrust territory and

3

rom Enewetak.g news releasehat the nativesich U.S. forces

ite for rovingE~ted. T e U.S.

select and will;tablishment of

to verify byJitable for suchfic information.

to U.S. testing

anthropologist,16

Kwajalein Navy

lewetak as part

: retained as an of Operation

fIt con ressionai: Paci IC Islands

DRAFT

To assure to the peoples of such areas justice, peace, ana voice in their &K affairs and

Y“ernmen$ the developr

-nomies and the protection o their civil n ts, all witlto the established customs of such peopies. @

24 Jun 48ADMINISTRATION

Congress appropriates $2.25 million to the U.S. Navy for iisland governments, including the annual appropriations for the TI

29 Jun 48ADMINISTRATIONRELOCATION

Admiral D. C. Ramsey, commander-in-chief of the

(CINCpACFL~, ad his staff visit the Enewetakese at U“elang andc1‘a happy one...well kept, and the people... healthy an industrial

2 NOV 48RELOCATION

After Bikini leaders select Kili Island for a settlement, tlBikini community of 184 people to Kili, which lacks a laganchorage.23

Mar 49CONTRACTORRADIATION

The Holmes and Namer (H&N) Construction CompanScientific Laboratory (L4SL) study the feasibility of replicontaminated top soil with uncontaminated soil at the Pacific Pr~at Enewetak Atoll.24

9 Apr -26 May 51WEAPON TESTING

In Operation Greenhouse the United States detonates foat Enewetak.25

8 ]un 51ADMINISTRATION

The AEC accepts an informal arrangement under which.Interior would administer Enewetak and “would do everything tlSecretary of the Interior] could to maintain conditions !Commission’s program there.nm

1 JUl 51ADMINISTRATION

An executive order transfers the T.T. civil administrationlnterio~27

12 J(.II 51LEGAL RESPONSIBILIN

The AEC states that an information paper is to be pIresponsibilities of agencies associated with the maintenance of theGrounds, including the ownership of land and facilities.2*

4

1In uility,o their

e regard

nistering Pacificretito~ U.T.).”

. Pacific Fleetthe community

Iavy moves theand protected

Id Los Alamos; radiologically~ Ground (PPC)

uclear weapons

kcreta~ of the

rresumably the

acto~ to the

:he Secretary of

ed explainingwetak Proving

DRAFT 5

20 Jut 51ADMINISTRATIONcontractorRADIATION

At Enewetak the AEC isby H&N. l-i&N performs theresidual radioactivity somewhat

31 Aug 51ADMINISTRATION

represented through the Santa F{AEC post-Creenhou~ “roil-up,”by bulldozing surface dirt away 1

Congress appropriates funds to the Department of the IrFY 1952 for expenses of the hi h commissioner and the T.T. at

fT.T. for support of governments functions. In addition, Congrmto make purchases through the General services Administration aof excess Navy Department prope

%xto the Secretary of the Inter!

the T.T. (Public Law (P.L) 82-136).

25 Sep 47-17 Aug 51ADMINISTRATIONCIAIMS

The Navy Department’s Bureau of Yards and Docks is dethe representative of the AEC to obtain title to land at Enewetak.that the AEC should pay the Enevvetak natives $515,360 for thethey were historic owners until their December 1947 removal. Thpayment should be made only after proper establishment of cliownership. As of August 1951 no such claims have yet beenAEC.3’

28 Sep 51ADMINISTRATION

Congress appropriates $1,772,000 to the Navy to squirtdocks facilities in the T.T. (P.L 82-155).32

27 Apr 52RELOCATION

A delegation, including former Sen, Elbert Thomas, high ~T.T., discusses the plight of the Bikinians with AEC Chairman Idelegation seeks a better place for the Bikinians to live becauopportunities and cannot receive supplies during at least four m

12 Sep 52RADIATIONRELOCATION

The AEC concludes tentatively that the natives now Iivinmoved to Bkini because although Bikini “is in ail probability quthe radiological point of view,* the atoll satisfies operationalpossible supplementary site.”

Ott 52RELOCATION

The Navy transports 169 Ujelang people 100 milesEnewetak for a temporary relocation as a precaution before 01tests.35

Yrations Officeuding reduang

I shot areas.=

x (DOI) for therx grants to the~horizes the T.T.wmits transfersor administering

ated in 1947 as? Bureau assertsd area of whichC contends thati based on landged against the

id for yards and

missioner of thejon Dean. The

3?Cili lacks fishinIS of the year.

I Kili cannot beInhabitable fromuirements for a

her away fromtion ~ nuclear

DRAFT

1-16 NOV 52RADIATIONWEAPON TESTING

The United States conducts two nuclear tests at EnewetalJoint Task Force 132 observes no significant radioactb

~to~~ation of the Iw Mike shot the first full-scale thermonuciea. .

20 Dec 52WEAPON TESTING

W. K. Phillips, chief of staff at headquarters of the CINC“the significance” of a danger area for radioactive fallout for snuclear testing “is not of rest importance” but that the danger alsecurity matters. fHe a ds that for Operation @ the joint tasurveillance of all shipping within a 500-mile radius of the Eneconducted specific searches downwind up to 800 miles away.w

5 Jan 53WEAPON TE5TING

CINCPACFLT recommends to the AEC a danger area of Ilongitude and 1(Y15’-1 2°45’ north latitude for conducting nuclear

6 Jan 53LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

The AEC confirms its retention of Bikini Atoll and En[indefinite time for use in testing nuclear weapons. Slmultaneourecognizes that the atolls’ former native inhabitants may have 1;the Departments of Navy and Interior are discussing which agsuch rights, the AEC VW look to whichever agency it is agreed ~against the AEC. Meanwhile, the AEC acknowledges “that thewill administer the trust territory government in these atolls andover the former native populations.”’”

5 Feb 53WEAPON TESTING

T.T. High Commissioner Elbert D, Thomas protests thextension of the nuclear test danger area because the enlargeabout two-t birds of Ailinginae Atoll. Thomas contends that remo’use would harm the Rongelapese who obtain fish and other foodurges limitation of the proposed danger area boundaries to exall other Marshall atolls and islands acept Bikini and Erecommends an eastern danger area boundary of 166°17’.’1

2 Apr 53WEAPON TESTING

,The AEC enlarges the PPG to include Bikini as well as E

I28 Apr 53

WEAPON TESTINGBrig. Gen. K. E. Fields, AEC director of military application,

danger area around the Pacific Proving Grounds of 160”35’-166°1610’15’-12°45’ north latitude.43

6

Operation ~.~dlout from thefice fired by the

IFLT, states thatpurposes from

; convenient for]rce maintainedIk shot site and

35’-166°28’ east; in the Pacific39

ak Atoll for anhe Commissionrights. BecauseFwill adjudicate.. adjust claims”rior Departmentcise surveillance

‘oposed easternt would include~fthat atoll fromi Ailinginae. He~ Ailinginae andetak. Thomas

etak.42

;tablishes a newast longitude by

7 May

26 Jun

2

DRAFT

53ADMINISTRATIONLEGAL RESPONSIBILIN

Cen. K E. Fields, director of military application, informcounsel that the DMA “has always held that there is no needleasing” the land used at Enewetak and Bikini Atolls for weapon t{that with current AEC use of these atolls through agreement with‘We maintain possession to a suffiaent degree” to cxmduct the /hindrance.U

53WEAPON TESTING

Adm. A. W. Radford, commander-in-chief of the Pacific fleeon ~ experience, the aerial suwey could be greatty reduced duratolls in the Marshall Islands that lie within a potentially hazard{test site would require individual suweillance by the aerial techni

Ott 53RADIATIONRELOCATION

Gordon Dunning of the AEC discusses safety precautions fwith the observation that the “main objection to evacuation is th(logistic problems presented in supporting such an operation.” EcJCAE reports that this matter will be discussed with Dr. John C.the AEC division of biology and medicine (DBM) when he return:in mid-November.*

31 Ott 53RELOCATIONWEAPON TESTING

In its preliminary radiological safety plan for the Castle sforce does not expect to evacuate native populations before therationale for not conducting such evacuations is based on Februalbetween cognizant headquarters sections, radiological docum(“apparent unrealism in the assumption of health hazards of a mafor ~“ a policy of financial austerity for FY 1954, and the unavai Iequipment for evacuations. The plan states, “However, considersislands will be one of the major factors influenang the decision ta

Commenting on the proposals, H. G. Hopwood, chiefCINCPACFLT, advkes the CINCPACFLT that the upwind populated alconcern since they are situated in a potentially safe region’ butracking within the danger area will not provide information usefuin the discharge of his responsibilities for the safety of other uniislands of the Pacific . . . In the remote circumstance that econditions develop a necessity for the temporary evacuation of anyin the MarshalIs, units of JTF-7 would be required to accomplishmeasure upon the request of CINCPACFLT.”’7

7

}e AEC generalpurchasin or

Flg. He ap ainsNavy and DOI,testing without

ates that, basedCastle and thatradius from the4s

he Castle series;h cost and therd Heller of the;hert director of]m his vacation

s the joint task& series. The953 discussions~tion from ~Jde conjecturedity of task forcem of populatedhoot.”f staff for theK “present leastthat the “cloudto CINCPACFLTand populated

eme post shot~opulated islandthis emergency

DRAFT

11 Dec 53

1 Mar

1 Mar

ADMINISTRATIONRADIATIONRELOCATIONWEAPON TESTING

The AEC appoints Maj. Gen. P.W. Clarkson as the senior ~for Operation - at the PPC. Amen his responsibilities are I

femergency situations to protect the heath and safety of task foproperty and “the national interest,” Clarkson also is the militaryJTF-7.4

Revking the castle radiologiel safety plan, Clarkson emph,evacuation of nat”we populated islands is not recommended as a 1He will use weather as a major safety measure to detonate sconditions present minimum hazards to inhabited islands and airof the Pacific” tie augments the cloud trackhg for Castle and plaarea from the shot site as first priority, the upwind area in the tkas second priority, the upwind region of populated atolls in the sas third priority, and air and surface routes through Wake and thas least priority.

ClarkSon acknowledges “a remote possibility of adversepopulated atolls.” Because of “operational diffiilties” Clarksodocumentation of fallout from Pacific high-yield shots, espedaltythe Pacific tropo ause, which is 15,000 feet higher than the

rtropopause. He a so cites limitations on weather and radsafe forethat make it impossible to assure “that no radsafe conditions coradverse criticism will ensue.”

Relying on an earlier prediction by Dr. T. L Shipman, Uleader, Clarkson cites Ujelan

\as a remote possibility for falk

commander considers similar azards at other populated islandstempora~ evacuation of the natives is required after a shot, Clalforce security ships for that purpose, and personnel with T.T,interpretation experience will be required to supewise that effort}

54RADIATIONWEAPON TESTING

The United States detonates an experimental thermonucleBravo at Bikini. Because of a surprisingly higher yield than eafallout extends beyond the announced danger area and reaches Iof a U.S. weather station, and inhabited areas, including Ron ela

fin the Marshall Islands. Also, according to the AEC, these ato s ~by radioactive fallout because of an unexpected shift in wind con

-15 May 54RADIATIONWEAPON TESTING

Operation Castle tests are conducted at Bikini.s’Estimates differ on the amount of radiation exposure receiv

Islanders. A military report made shortly after the detonation SU[exposures of “150 r. whole body aroma.”=

fAnother military memoran urn reports that 64 Rongelapeseup to 130 roentgens over 51 hours; 17 additional Rongelapese

representativeions to act inxmcmnel andlmander for

S, “Tempora~hot measure.”; “when windsurface routesthe downwindme camp siteleast quadrantarshall Islands

ditions out toas insufficienthe area above‘ada Test Siteng techniquesve to possible

lealth divisionlazards. They remote.” IfI W-II use taskinistrat”~e and

wice in Castleed radioactive;erik Atoll, siteId Utirik Atollscontaminated

nwIns.

y the Marshalls Rongelapese

‘ have receivedAilinginae, 80

DRAFT 9

\

roentgens in 58 houw 154 Utirik residents, 17 roentgens in 78 h rs; and 401 Ailukinhabitants, not evacuated, less than 20 roentgens total doses for their lifetimes,53

An Armed Forces Institute of Pathology study estimates poi t source doses at“26o r,” for the Rongelapese and “2o r.” for the Utirik group.w

later studies by the AEC/DBM estimate that some Rong Iapese may havereceived a whole-body gamma dose of 175 roentgens; that 20 per nt incurred deeplesions; 70 perant, superficial lt40nq and 10 percent no Iesi ns; and that 55percent lost some hair, which regrew Iater.*

A~rding to later estimates, the thyroid glands of young M rshallese childrenabsorb approximately eleven microcuries of iodine’3’ and from 7 to 1400 rads.%

2 Mar 54R4DIATION

/

After the task force radsafe officer measures 0.200 R/hr at 500 feet in amorning flyover at Rongeri~ the radsafe officer evacuates 28 U.S. eather personnelfrom that atoll. An afternoon flight over the populated Marshalls ra elates 1.350

RR/hr at round level at Rongelap; 0.400 R/hr at Minginae, 0.00 R/ r at Wotho,f0.240 R/ r at Utiri~ and 0.076 R/hr at Ailuk. The flight over the npopulated atolls

calculates ground contamination as 0.600 R/hr at Bikar Island an Taongi Island at0.014 R/hr. Task force officials then decide to evacuate Rongela , Ailinginae, andUtirik Islands. They send the destroyer USS Philip 43 nautical Ies southwest ofEneu island, to evacuate Rongelap and Ailinginae the following mo ing and the USSRenshaw, 13 nautical miles north of Eneu Island, to evaaate U rik on 4 March.Meanwhile radsafe monitors flown to Rongelap measure 1.400 hr in the livingquarters of Rongelap Island.s’

3 Mar 54RADIATIONRELOCATION

The U.S. Navy DDE Philip evacuates 64 inhabitants frceighteen Rongelapese from Allinginae and takes them to Kwajaleil

JTF-7 radsafe monitors measure 0.160 R/hr on the ground

Rongelap and

Utirik Island.”

4 Mar 54MEDIC4LRADIATIONRELOCATION

/

The DDE Renshaw evacuates 154 Utirik inhabitants to Kwa Iein. The JTF-7reports “comparatively low radiological exposure of this roup.” Med I examinations

fat Kwajalein of the Utirik people reveal no sickness but md a loss appetite amongsome small children, a condition physicians attribute to diet chang .W

5 Mar 54AGREEMENTCONTRA~ORMEDIC4LRADIATIONRELOCATION

Gen. Clarkson confers on relocation and medical conditionswith Rear Adm. Clarke, commander, Naval Station, Kwajalein;commander, Task Group 7.4; Dr. Thomas White, health division, LOLaboratory (iASL); Commander L H. Alford, USS Renshaw, membeand local representatives of the T.T.s’

he Marshalleseg. Gen. Estes,Iamos ScientificIf Clarke’s staff;

..

DRAFT I 10

6 Mar

8 Mar

9 Mar

Desding the condition of the evacuated Ron elapese, the TF-7 commanderf

\

reports, ‘Many complained of stomach aches an headaches ccompanied byvomiting on first day with similar sys toms [sic] to lesser d ree on second da .“

E ‘TFive days later Gen. ClarkSon, the tas force commander, cha Ien ithis report ystating that the latter is based on Ron~~p statements and that edical personnelobsewed only one person vomiting.

The people from Rongela and Utirik want to know whe they can returnhome and are told “that it would L in approximately two to four ks” with a finalanswer after sumys determine whether it is necessary to keep the evacuated untilthe end of the Castle operation. The Rongelap and Utirik people al are concernedabout their animals. Because ClarkSon determines that it would be ess emensive to

!replace the animals later than care for them now, the task force co andb exDectsno action to supply food and water to these animals. Some ofmoney underneath their huts, and the mnferees state, “Care willthat any re-entry parties do not disturb the natives’belongings.fi

Captain Haight of the AEC/DMA reports that hysical exa/evacuees show satisfactory health and no symptoms o radiation si

date.tiCen. Clarkson assures Adm. Clarke and the T.T. representati

Task Force would stand any expense from Task Force funds over aNaval or T.T. expenses” for such items as rations and interpretersevacuate by air anyone stricken with radiation sickness to Tripler

54R4DIATION

Bugher advises Alfred J. Breslin at JTF-7 that there is no Iimiof soil samples to collect from the Marshall Islands area exposedfallout. Bugher is particularly interested in ruthenium’w and stronti

54RADIATION

Dr. Herbert Scoville, technical director of the AFSWP, leads asurvey team measurin the gamma dose rates in soil and water fr

%fallout at Rongelap an Utirik islands. The milliroentgens(mr) per ho!average 375 at Rongelap and 40 mr per hour at Utirik.G7

54RADIATION

Because of the 2 March detection of contaminationapproximately 300 miles east of Bkini, Scoville’s survey team meahour waist-high from the soil at Bikar Island on unpopulated Baftermath of Castle Bravo.=

10 Mar 54MEDICALPLUTONIUMRADIATION

The Scoville survey team, measuring waist-high from the soil,outside dose rate of 28o mr per hour at Enewetak Island, Ron erik J

Fper hour at Sifo Island, Ailinginae Atoll--all rates resulting rom I

shot.69Dr. Thomas L Shipman receives Iocai approval to collect a

samples from the natives and air weather personnel exposed to

evacue& leftIken to insure

tations of theIS as of this

“that the Jointabove normalay and would>ital.eS

x the numberCastle Bravo

W and ‘.*

-7 radiologicalCastle Bravo

It waist height

Bikar Atoll,s 160 mr perr Atoll in the

Ids an average11,and 100 mr

Castle Bravo

analyze urineCastle Bravo

DRAFT 11

fallout.

I

He recommends analyses of various substances, indud g plutonium, byLASLm

11 Mar 54MEDICALRADIATION

4

The AFSWP chief, with the mncurrence of the JTF-7 comm der, adds to theweapons effect program of O ration ~ project 4.1, “StuHuman Beings Exposed to Si r

of Response of

$’

“ umt Beta and Gamma Radiation d to Fall-out fromHigh yield Weapons,” a stu of the wrshallese exposed to fall . The commanddesignates Commander E. P. Cronkite of the U.S. Navy as project fficer.”

12 Mar 54 IRADIATION

k part of the fallout collection for cast

I

Ie Bravo, JTF-7 biological surveyparties send water and soil samples from 12 Marshall Islands atoll to the AEC NewYork operations office (NYOO) for analysis.n

15 Mar 54CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPPLUTONIUMRADIATIONWEAPON TESTING

Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE) members Sen. Jo} n O. Pastore (D-Rhode Island) and Rep. Chet Holifield (D-California) visit evacuees a Kwajalein Islandand hold hearings on the radiation exposure from the Castle Bravo operation,Pastore and Holifield report that “some of the residents of the Islands receivedradiation exposures considerably in excess of the tolerances set for I vorkers in atomicenergy plants” but that, to date, scientific and medical testimonythat no permanent injury will occur” as a result of the excess ex

A military report shortly after the detonation w ests tt at the Rongelap9children’s white blood cell counts are lower than those of a ults as a result of Castle

Bravo. In testing urine of the affected Marshall Islanders, an uni~ ntified (possiblyLASL) scientist states, “This plutonium number you cannot depend m.””

Gen. Clarkson decides that the remainder of the Castle de :onations will berestricted to limited weather conditions under which it will be saf ! to fire becauseBravo showed what IVY Mike did noti that high-yield detonat ons can releaseradioactivity with potential health hazards hundreds of miles away f om ground zero.Clarkson vows to “take eve~ pr~ution to avoid danger during the course of futureoperations to other populated areas of the Pacific’ Because of :as tle Brav~ heextends the danger area.’s

Mid-Mar 54ADMINISTRATION IRADIATION

.Upon determination of excess-we radioactive fallout in stle Bravo, thecommander of JTF-7 requests assistance of the Department of Def mse (DOD) andthe AEC and asks for a medical team and a medical study of ex os res. The Armed

EForces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) of the DOD and t e i \EC/DBM shareresponsibility for the organization of the initial medical team, wh th is formed by‘experienced” personnel from the Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) and theNaval Radiological Defense Laboratov (NRDL) and directed by Eu~ ene P. Cronkite,M. D., head, hematology division, NMRI, Bethesda, Maryland.’

16 Mar 54RADIATION

Navalgroup with a

station,“modest

DRAFT

Kwajaiein, reports signs of radiation injuqdecrease in white blood cells.” Durine the

reportedly vomited and others emerienced nausea. “T&seapproximately 125 r. Cumulative.”n ‘

23 Mar 54MEDICALRADIATION

The Rongelap Islanders are the only Marshall Islanders n~sickness symptoms, including hair loss, skin and mucous memlblood count averages about two-thirds of normal.n

26 Mar 54CONTRA(70RRADIATION

The University of Washington Laboratory of RadiatitParticipates in the first exmdition to RonrzelaD Atoll to collect bio

1 Apr

“79measurements of radiation contamination.

54ADMINISTRATIONMEDIC4L

Graves requests the LASL director toto Los Alamos as soon as possible. LASLShipman is returning in a few days.~

13 Apr 54MEDICALPLUTONIUMRADIATION

Dr. Thomas L Shi~man of LASL

contrive an excuse toDirector Norris E. Bri

reports that the anRongelapese and air weathe; service personnel “exposed to Castle Ian initial total body dose of iodine’3’ of about 50 microcuries acconlived iodine isotopes equivalent to about 5 millicuries of iodimuptake. The estimated total integrated dose to the thyroid is iwhich so “rep” is from iodine’3’. -nuclides; he finds ~lutonium aspermissible amount.

20 Apr 54CIAIMS

ShiPman Rives estimated boc$I& than- onc+half of the n

Prominent Marshall Islanders petition the UN to end the Paif possible, but if tests are necessa ~ to take all possible precauthealth and welfare of the residents.

22 Apr 54ADMINISTRATIONMEDICALRADIATION

According to JTF-7 Commander Cen. Clarkson, althoughStaff (JCS) directive for Castle “is silent on responsibilities” for the H

12

the Rongelap:48 hours tWO

jents received

>wing radiatione lesions, and

Biology (LRB)21 samples for

Shipman backJry replies that

is of urine ofQ faIlout showslied by shorter-at the time ofIt 130 “rep” oflrdens of othernum accepted

test operationsi to protect the

Joint Chiefs ofactive exposure

DRAFT

‘1

13

of the Marshal lese, the “CMM consider restoration to preevaa tion standards isinescapable moral responsibility [ofl both AEC and DOD. ..’ (P ibty “cMM” refersto the commander.) Clarksorr believes that CINCPACFLT sh uld be assignedresponsibility with AEC assistance for continued medical obsewati n of the islandemand accompanying radiological studks.=

27 Apr 54ADMINISTRATIONRELOCATION

Persons not affectd or slightly affected by

‘}

le BravQ ha e been moved toa tent camp on Ebeye Island, Kwajalein Atoll, and the high comm ioner of the T.T.expects the DOD and the AEC to restore clothing and I“hmstock an assure continuedmedical checks as needed to the Marshallese wacmes.M

May 54RADIATIONRELOCATION

The Utirik residents are allowed to return to their island,National Laboratory (BNL) physicians find “only slightly contamin~safe for habitation.@5

2 May 54R4DIATIONRELOCATION

Bugher, the AEC/DBM director, reports that “it appears toRongelap residents to return to their home for a year but thatislanders seems to be satisfactory.%

Aich Brookhavend and considered

e undesirable’ for:he health of the

21 May 54ContractorMEDIC4LPLUTONIUMRADIATION

1

Commenting on the LA5L analysis of data on plutoniu excretion fromurinalysis of the Rongelapese, Gordon Dunnin~ AEC/DBM health ysicist, questionsthe reliability of the IA5L data. Accordin to the LASL data, thr

%of the readings

reported are above the maximum permissi Ie body burden.a’

24 May 54RADIATIONRELOCATION

Gordon Dunning of AEC reports that the highest strontium w value on NaenIsland is 0.5 microcuries per square foot and on Rongelap 1.6 x 1(“2microcuries persquare foot. He adds that ‘only a small fraction’ of the Rongela Dese food supplycomes from island plants; that the calcium content is significantly rester than 1,000pounds per acre and thus will correspondingly reduce the strontiu uptak~ and thatweathering may eliminate a small amount of the strontium ac .Wity. Therefore,Dunning thinks that the amount of Strontiumw in the soils shot Id not prevent areturn of the Rongelapese to their islands.~

DRAFT

28 May 54

3 Jun

‘CIJUMSLEGAL RESPONSIBIU7Y

AEC Chairman Lewis Strauss requests the Secretary of D{settling claims of the Marshall Islanders resulting from the weabecause the Federal Tort Claims Act precludes the AEC fromislanders’ claims.~

54CONTRACTORR4DIATION

Through a contract with the AEC the University of Hawaiithe newly created Enewetak Marine Biological Laboratory on MedreAtoll. The AEC/DBM provides policy direction and sponsorship.sewe as a base of information about the systematic, ecology, amatoll’s flora and fauna.m

21 Jun 54ADMINISTRATIONMEDICALRELOCATION

Maj. Gen. E. McGinley, U.S. Army chief of staff, listsresponsible for the care and disposition of the Rongelap and UtirikThomas A. Hardison as the CJTF-7 representative at Enevvetak for<and disposition of the Marshallese affected by Castle Bravo; CINCresponsibility for restoration of atolls with AEC assistance andinhabitants; the T.T. high commissioner for rwtine welfare aAEC/DBM for monitoring the physical conditions of the Rongelap aThe JTF-7 is paying for such matters as certain medical ~pen~replacement of livestock lost because of contamination, and thetemporary village for the Rongelapese at Majuro Atoll.”

9 Jul 54CUIMSLEGAL RESPONSIBILllY

The DOD general counsel agrees to accept Marshall Islandtdamage, and private property loss cfaims received by the AEC hClaims Act authorizes the United States armed forces to pay :$5000.92

12-13 ]Ui 54ADMINISTRATIONMEDICALRADIATION

Participants in a conference on suweys and studies of thagree to the need for a series of long-term medical and environmeindefinite time of the Marshall Islands and their inhabitants affecweapon testing. Dr. John Bugher assumes that the DBM Iresponsibility for such work but expects the trust territory to hamcare. “Our job is to see that it is done and that the facilities aresays.93

14

we to considerI test act”witiesrering Marshall

rees to manageiland, Enewetak: laboratory wille histoty of the

Ie following asOIIS inhabitantstemporay care

CFLT for overallr the return ofcare; and the

Utirik residents.r the evacuees,instruction of a

personal injwy,use the Forei n

fh claims un er

rtarshall IslandsII surveys for an

by the nuclearbear financial

normal medicalovided,” Bugher

16 Jul

23 jld

DRAFT

54ContractorRADIATION

Both Navy and University of Washington scientists partisuwey of Ron clap Atoll to conduct radiation readings and collect

Yfor radiological measurements.~

54AGREEMENT

The AEC decides to request the Department of the Navy tcin negotiating with the trust territory government for the use of Bik

Sep 54MEDICALRADIATION

Follow-up medical examinations by the NMRI and 1Rongelapese show, in general, health and normalty active indiviamounts of residual radioactivity in aL t one-third of those exp~

14 Sep 54CIAIMSRADIATIONRELOCATION

K. D. Nichols, the AEC general manager, informs the JCAIthe Navy Department are currently taking steps to settle claimsBikini and Enewetak atolls for the use of their lands.97

Accordin to the AEC, the amount of radioactivity in BiFlagoons makes Ish there unsuitable for human consumption.~

The AEC also reports that radiological damage to Bikini anchigh radioactive contamination levels that will require passage of :humans can inhabit these lands. Of the Cast Ie Bravo fallout reRongerik, Utiri~ and Rongelap, only the latter is seriouslyauthorities expect Rongelap land areas to fall below the permiexposure rate in about 12 months. -

25 Ott 54

2 Dec

CONTRA~ORRADIATION

Dr. C. L Dunham, deputy director of the AEC divisi{medicine, agrees with representatives of the NRDb the BureauLauren Donaldson of the University of Washington Applied fishedon proceeding with radiological surveys of Ron clap, l?ongeri~ Ai

fUtirik. The specimens and samples collected or the AEC will bAFL’W

54ADMtNISTRATIONCONTRA~ORLEGAL RESPONSIBILllYMEDICALRADIATION

The DOD agrees to compensate the Rongelap and Utirik 1from the 1 March fallout, but under the Foreign Claims Act su

15

lte in a second]Iogical samples

I

~ epresent the AEC,i i and Enewetak.gS

NRDL of theIIS with minimald.%

~at the DOI andh inhabitants of

i and Enewetak

Iewetak includeswal years beforeIents, Ailinginae,tied, and AECde occupational

of biology andShips, and Dr.

Laboratory (AFL)~nae, Bikar, andwwarded to the

ple for damagesclaims must be

8 and

25-30

DRAFT

presented within one year after the occurrence. k of this date, nosubmitted.

The houses built by H&N, an AEC contractor, on Ejit lslan~are constructed so that the Rongelapese can remove them to their c

The AEC accepts responsibility for continued medical exzRongelap people as a routine precautionary measure.

The AEC also assumes responsibility for periodic radiolqRongelap to determine when the inhabitants may return safely.

The AEC will pay for constructing an island communicationKili and Jaluit and for family housing units on Jaluit so that Bikinianat the Jaluit lagoon.’”’

18 Dec 54CONTRA~ORRADIATION

AFL NRD~ and AEC/DBM scientists collect samples amlevels at Rongelap Atoll.’”z

Jan 55- CONTRA~ORRADIATIONRELOCATION

The NRDL and AFL make the most extensive survey and btrip to date for the AEC at Rongelap Atoll. The work reveals uradioactivity in shellfish and crabs, important in the peoples’ diets

Feb 55ADMINISTRATIONRADIATION

The AEC/DBM establishes criteria and procedures deemed nlthe health and welfare of the general populace from consequenceat the Nevada test site. The criteria are: up to 30 roentgerindicated; 30-50 roentgens, evacuation only if 15 or more roentge50 roentgens and higher, evacuation without regard to the amountprocedures are: make rough estimates of radiation doses before an(and then take dose-rate readings with survey meters, which are helground.’O’

The NRDL collects soil and biological samples in the Manradiological study.’05

Mar 55CONTRACTORMEDICALRADIATION

Most of the Ron clap natives appear “in excellent generalto a medical recheck %y Dr. Eugene P. Cronkite of BN~ Lt.McPherson of Bethesda Naval Medical Hospital, and Dr. Charles Ldirector of the AEC/DBM,’w

A resurvey of flora and fauna of the Marshall Islands breveals “si nificant amounts of radioactive contamination” in the an

fwater, an soil samples one year after their contamination by fBravo. The U.S. NRDL finds the highest concentrations of internal!)in marine specimens taken from the northern Rongelap Iago

16

ims have been

1 Majuro Atoll,inal”homesites.nations of the

II resurveys of

fstem betweenIn Klli may fish

xmrd radiation

?’icai collectinge amounts of

ssary to protectf weapon testsno evacuationare saved; andthe dose. Theter detonationswee feet ahove

II Islands for a

dth”, accordingIdr. Samuel D.unham, deputy

WDL and AFLds, food plants,,ut from Castle!posited acttil

?’Zirconium9 -

6 May

DRAFT

niobium9s and ruthenium’ti-rhodium’~ contribute most of this aclteam reports cesium137 as the major radionuciide in land animals allagoon water contaminated principally by mthenium’rn-rhodium’=niobium95.’07

55AGREEMENT

The AEC finds acceptable a land agreement between the Defand the Interior on the T.T. with the understanding that the i+Enewetak and Bikini Atolls and that the AEC wiil be eiven an ODDOIin advance the form and content of the agreements-covering {hgos

13 May 55CLAIMSLEGAL RESPONSIBILllY

After agreement by the Navy and the Pacific isiands T.T.Foreign Claims Commission compietes settlement of the ciaims of Iresuiting from the March 1954 nuciear tests by paying totals of $inhabitants and $5,162.53 to Rongelap residents in April and May

8 Jun 55

5 Ott

21-23

RADIATIONRELOCATION

According to AEC Chairman Lewis L Strauss, Rongeiap cumfor habitation because of radioactivity in the atoii’s northern isiands ‘exposures recommended by the Nationai Committee on Radiation I

(iater named the National Councii on Radiation Protection and Mthe International Commission on Radiological Protection (lC~contamination of mollusks and crustaceans, part of the nat”wes’ dieihalf of the atoli. According to D. i-i. Nucker, deputy high commisshellfish, especially crabs and ciams, are traditionally part of theNucker considers the island’s shelifish too contaminated to eaRongelapese have been alerted to the dangers of radioactivitycontamination in moiiusks and crustaceans, Nucker expiains

We anticipate something iess than 100 percent cooperatlavoidance of these areas and foods were the

Ieople

home...There simply is no practical way to poiice t e peowere to return home.

Consequentiy, Nucker recommends keeping the Rongeiapese on Ejitanother six months. 1‘0

55RADIATIONRELOCATION

K.E. Fieids, general manager of the AEC, advkes that nRongeiap peopie shouid be deferred until data from another piannradiological survey can be evacuated.’”

Ott 55CONTRACTORRADIATION

The AFL collects soii and biological sampies in the Marsharadiological studies. ”z

y. The NRDLisland soil andId zirconium9S-

ments of Navyy will pay forlity to ap~wmvem atoils.

ims the Navyrshaii Islanders19.27 to Utirik

Iyisu:suugen

tection (NCRP)urements) andnd radioactiven the southernner of the T.T.,lgeiapese diet.

Although then the residuai

in thereturn

if they

and for at least

triation of theRongeiap Atoll

dands area for

7 Nov

1956

55ContractorRADIATION

As part of

DRAFT

a radiological study, the AFL takes biological andthe Marshall Islands,’”

RADIATIONThe NRDL and Walter Reed Army Medical Center study rad

samples of the Rongelapese.l’4A radiobiological analysis indicates contamination dun!ng

fishes of Rongelap and Ailinginae Atolls, probabty from Operation ~during spring and summer 1956.1’S

7-14 Feb 56

9 Mar

6 Apr

RADIATIONThe NRDL collects soil and biological samples on the M

radiobiological Study.”k

56CIAIMS

The Marshallese Congress Hold-over Committee petition!Mission for. cessation of lethal weapons test in their home islands or,

necessary, for taking all precautions prior to explosions to ntheir possessions to a safe distance;

. instruction of inhabitants and their physicians in safety measl

. adequate compensation of wacuees; and

. satisfaction of land claims of Bikini and Enewetak evacuees.”

56ADMINISTRATION

Herzel Plaine of the office of the AEC general counsel des(Islands as a Class C category mandate and indi~tes that the U.S. iT.T. as an integral part of the U.S. in order to apply the laws of cconducting the nuclear tests in the T.T, ”e

24 Apr 56

5 May

MEDICALR4DIATION

Current medical examinations indhte that the Rong[conditions related to radiation effects but that they are restless lxand social tension among themselves and with other groups.”9

-22 ~U! 56WEAPON TESTING

The U.S. conducts nuclear weapon tests at Enewetak and IRedwin~.’~

!rr

18

samples from

Iclides in urine

i year of reef~ conducted

all Islands for

e UN Visiting

wch tests are: humans and

s the Marshall}ds to treat the

nent domain to

ese show nose of inactivity

Ii in Operation

11-21 Iun 56

DRAFT

“CONTRACTORRADIATION

On contract with the AEC to assess radioactive material1956 nuclear testing the AFL collects and measures radiation in pfish samples near Bikini and Enewetak Atolls. This survey finds r,station with the highest readings in plankton and water samplesof Bikini Atoll.’z’

20-22 ]Ul 56RADIATIONWE4PON TESTING

Fallout occurs at Parry Island and Enewetak and on ship rotand Enewetak from the Operation lledw “mz Tew a shot. At 26 hDr. Gaelen Felt reports maximum readings of approximately 12Enewetak.”z

23-24 JUt 56CONTRACTORRADIATION

The AFL collects soil and biological specimens in the Maradiobiologicai study.’23

A Rongelap Island survey shows a range from 0.2 to 0.5 naverage of 0.4 mr per hour.’24

1-20 Sep 56CONTRA(XORRADIATION

An AEC-sponsored survey conducted by AFL in the nortlfrom the Marshall Islands to the Marianas shows a sharp decreasof radioactivity east of ENkini and a gradual, irregular decrease WI

14 h/OV 56LEGAL RESPONSIBILITYRELOCATION

G.L. Russell, deputy chief of navaldirector of military application, Brigadier

operations, declines theGeneral Alfred D. Start

Navy to fund the “CM-G of repatriatkn and restoration for the Rorby the 1954 tests.’m

19 NOV 56AGREEMENT

Through T.T. High Commissioner Delmas H. Nucker thconcludes an agreement with two chiefs representing the Emagreement allows the United States to use Enewetak Atoll in extthe Enewetak people full use rights in Ujelang Atoll until they canand it provides $175,000 to those Enewetakese possessing rights i

22 NOV 56AGREEMENT

Representing the U.S. government, the high commissioneragreement with chiefs and representatives of the Bikini people f{Atoll by the United States. The agreement provides in exchange f

19

stribution fromton, water, andactivity at eachI stations north

between Bikinii after the shotlr at Parry and

Ill Islands for a

er hour with an

uatorial currentthe distribution]f Enewetak.’2S

uest of the AECto commit the

~pese displaced

.S. government:ak Atoll. TheIge for grantingrn to En@etak,lewetak AtolL’27

he T.T. si ns anF’)e use o Bkini

Ise rights of the

DRAFT

Bikini people to several islands, islets, and land parcels in the trdomain and for $325,000 for those with rights in Bikini Atoll.’z’

27 NOV 56RADIATION

The Advkory Committee on Biology and h4erJane (ACB~the Rongelapese be returned to their islands. To avoid an appti,the U.S. population, the mmmittee also recommends approvalroent ens in 10 years for criteria for off-site exposure to fallout ftests. &

1957ADMINISTRATIONContractorRADIATION

Seven Marshall Islanders are brwght to Argonne National Ltests to determine precise body burdens, including total bodArgonne scientists have not yet obtained complete test resinformation given at a JCAE hearing.

Dr. Robert A. Conard of BNL is responsible for annual maMarshallese.’”-’

6 Feb 57ADMINISTRATIONR4DIATIONRELOCATION

The AEC/DBM director recommends the return of the Rchome as soon as rehabilitation is completed and the contininspections and radiation surveys on the island. He bases his r~projected statistics. Extrapolation of data suggests that gamma {“would not greatly exceed (if at all)” 0.5 roentgens for the first yearin later years. The director compares these figures to those recNCRP for adult workers of 0.3 roentgens per week with “apopulation as a whole of a total of 14 million rem per million of pfirst 30 years of life. He also projects that the average concentrzmight be less than 36o Sunshine units and, with the eliminationSunshine units. (A Sunshine unit equals 0.001 of the permissibleNational Academy of Sciences (NAS) allows 100 Sunshine units fc

The AEC division of military application (DA4A) also acceffund the reconstruction and rehabilitation of RonrzelaD at a$280,000.’32

21 Feb 57RELOCATION

The AECas rehabilitation

Prior to 27 Mav 57

Un

approves the return of the Rongelapese to their hlof the island is completed.’33

ADMINiSTRATIONRADIATION

The commander of JTF-7 designates a representative for e:outside the PPC. The representative is responsible for the radiol(

20

territory public

commends thats genetic risk toF a level of 10LJ.SOmntinental

~ratory (ANL) for;amma activity.;, according to

II suweys of the

elapese to theirion of medical~mendations ones on Rongelapd would declinemended by thetriction and forJation” over then of strontiumland crabs, 107dy burden. Thedult workers.) ’3’responsibility toJjected cost of

e island as soon

off-site locationxl safety of the

.

25 Jun

29 Jun

DRAFT

local population in the populated islands near the PPG and m{force.’w

57RADIATION

A radiologiczd survey of the gammaaverage gamma dose rate as 0.26 roentgens

57

levels on Rongelapper year.”s

RELOCATIONThe Rongelapese are returned to their home island.’~

7 APr 58

1 May

6 May

WEAPON TESTINGThe AEC commissioners decide not to conduct two very

of nuclear weapons at Enewetak Proving Ground kause the ,absolutel that the Marshallese would receive no eye damage fror

1from suc detonations.’”

58RADIATION

As part of the Hardtack tests operation in the Paciiradiological safety office is prepared to warn, advise, and help irsafety measures in case of significant fallout in an inhabitedmonitors also have trained Marshallese medical practitioners and Iemergency measures.’w

- 19Aug 58WEAPON TESTING

The U.S. conducts nuclear weapon tests in Operation ~Enewetak, and Johnston Island.’”

31 Ott 58WEAPON TESTING

In a moratorium, the United States, Great Britain, andnuclear weapon testing. ’40

Mar 59CONTRACTORMEDICALRADIATION

A BNL team conducts the regular annual medical surveyand finds no illnesses or diseases directly associated withPreliminary results su

Yest a “slight lag” in growth and devek

children, blood platelet evels somewhat below the unexposed pCnormal range, and increases, though within permissible levels,cesium’37, zinc?s, and strontium’”, attributed to l-wing on “the SIisland of Rongelap.”’4’

21

wrs of the task

land shows the

h altitude firings2 cannot assurehe light resulting

the task forcebitants in takinga. The office’sIth aides in basic

hack I at Bikini,

: USSR suspend

the Rongelapeseadiation effects.lent of exposedIation but withinxxly burdens of:Iy contaminated

2’1

9-24 Mar 60CONTRACTORMEDICAL

Results of

DRAFT

the 1959 and 1960 medid surveys of the Marof BNL reveal no “clinical signs and symptoms or abnormalities clethe 19s4 Castle Brav~ test. The tests reveal, however, “lowStrontiumm, cesium137, and zirmniumti that are attributed to the aislanders’ food supply. The report cautions that the “next fwe ear

rperiod for the development of leukemia in the Marshallese.” 2

1961CONTRACTORMEDICAL

Conard notes that body burdens of cesium137, zirconiumreach “equilibrium with environmental sources” and that “noisotopes have been detected.”’43

Mar 61CONTRACTORMEDIC4L

Conard’s medical survey reveals “no apparent illnesses 01to radiation effects” and a “generally good” state of nutritionrecommend future surveys because of persistent trends, such ,recovery of certain blood elements to levels found in the unexparetardation in some irradiated children, and “pigmented changradiation burns.” During the survey the Rongelapese complain of’to eat” and the continued T.T. ban on eating coconut crabs.certain phenomena to radiation, such as changes to the coconut aillnesses resulting from the eating of fish with “black spots” on tt“inflammation and blistering of the mouth from eating arrowroot fConard’s opinion, results from improper preparation of the flourcontamination.’”

23 0(3 61POLICYWEAPON TESTING

Oticiais from the DOL the Department of State, and thtpossible resumption of nuclear testing i’n the T.T. Becau~ of ad!and the fact that the Micronesians are now well represented IChristmas Islands are preferred over Bikini or Enewetak and it isat Enewetak should only be considered if other feasible test sites

3 NOV 61POLICYWEAPON TESTING

.+ Notingthat under the trusteeship agreement with the UN 1responsible for the well-being of the people of Micronesia,” ActiInterior James K. Carr, advises Glenn T. Seaborg chairman of th[further testing in the T.T. of the Pacific Islands.”’-

22

kse” by Conard{ attributable to”* burdens of~mination of thedl be the critical

and Strontiumw* from these

stabilities relatedBNL examinersthe “incompletepeople,’ growthat the sites of

t getting enough~y also attributepandanus trees,abdomens, and

r.” The latter, inI not radioactive

IOD discuss thee world opinionIlly, Johnston orreed that testinmot be found.’ k

U. S. is “directlySecretary of theEC, “against any

DRAFT 23

15 NOV 61CONTRACTORRADIATION

Basing his judgment on studies of Ja anese atomic bomt

JRongelap natives, Clinton S. Maupin, Reynol s Electrical and Engil(REECO), radiologid safety advkor, states, ‘An exposure limit of 35 R per year is obviously an extremety safe limit.”’”

\g suIvivors andwring Company,per quarter and

27 NOV 61Poucr

I

Seaborg states that the AEC is “exploring other means an locations in thehope that ... it would not be necessary to utilize lsJands in the Tru eeship Territory”should atmospheric testing be resumed.’a

15 Feb 62CONTRACTORRADIATION

I

Results of surveys by the University of Washington hhor ory of RadiationBiolo (LRB) at Bikini and 10 other central Pacific islands betwee 1954 and 1958

Frevea that “radioactivity decreased with distance and direction’ fr m the Enewetaktest site. Thus, islands within a 13Gmile radius of the site exhi ited 10 or moretimes the radioactivity of those surveyed outside this area, and the major portion of “the radioactivity was deposited at or close to the test sites at En etak and BikiniAtolls.” In addition, islands east of the Bravo test site, i.e., Bikar, Lik p and Ron erik,

J“contained relatively high amounts of radioactivity.” These SUnqs ISO show thatzirconium95-niobium95, ruthenium’03 and’m, and -rhodium’03 a d’” were thepredominant radioisotopes in most samples; that isotopes such as t n sten’”’ and’a5,zirconium65, and cesium’37 Ewere relatively high in some samples; an t at Strontiumwwas found usually in vety low amounts. ’49

7 May 62ADMINISTRATION

I

In transferring to the Secretary of the Interior the resp sibility for civiladministration of all sections of the T.T., Executive Order (E.O.) 1 21 defines thisresponsibility to include “all executive, legislative, and judicial autho ity necessa~ forthat administration.” The President, however, retains the authority o close areas inthe territory for security reasons and to determine how Articles 87 d 88 of the UNCharter and Article 13 of the trusteeship agreement apply to those eas closed. Theeffective date is 1 July 1%2.’W

17 Aug 62RADIATION

Chairman Anthony Celebrezze of the Federal Radiation Cthat the FRC’S radiation protection guides, while not “specifically {situations,” can be used to determine when “detailed” evaluatioaction should be taken.” In addition, while the FRC assumes thathealth exists from levels “even at or below the low levels set by tlnot believe a major health hazard exists until the fallout measultimes above” these levels.’5’

lcil (FRC) notesigned for falloutand “protectiveme slight risk toGuides,” it doeslents “are many

DRAFT

NOV 62RADIATION

A proposed FRC statement “concerning radioactiverecommends taking protective action when annual radioiodine intamicromicrocuries, or the average thyroid dose equivalent in infan

1%3WEAPON TESTING

The Kennedy administration establishes Safeguard “C” upcof the JCS and the U.S. Senate to aaompany the U.S. adherencxban treaty prohibiting atmospheric nuclear weapon testing. Safeone of four test ban treaty safeguards, involves maintenance cresume atmospheric nuclear testing prom tly should the test banterms b abrogated by the Soviet Union. k

15 Mar 64

1 May

ContractorMEDICAL

A preliminary statement by Conard and Hicking (BNL) con1964 survey of Rongelap reveals that the people are “generally ino apparent nutritional deficiencies,” and that “no evidence of can{been detected. Some exposed children, however, have exhibitedof growth and development,” and “thyroid nodules were found in IThese nodules are bekg evaluated further.’M

64WEAPON TESTING

Alvin R Leudecke, the AEC general manager, tells At~Marshall Islands that, as a result of the U.S. signing of the limittreaty in August 1%3, ‘it is clear that the United States has no 1conducting any tests of nuclear weapons in the Marshall Islands

31 JUi 64RADIATION

Upon the recommendations of the FRC, President Lyndon Ithe adoption of the Protective Action Guide (PAG), or the “projeto individuals in the Reneral population which warrants protectiv{contaminating event,~ andiodine’3’ is set at “3o rads

22 Aug 64ADMINISTRATIONCIAIMSLEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

the use of thisto the thyroid.

,,~ide by federal ager

P.L 88-485 amromiates S950,000 to “compensate inhabit:Atoll ... for radiation’ 6xp6sures sustained ... as a ‘result of” Castlare to be disbursed by the Secretary of the Interior and considereand discharge of all claims against” the U.S.”’s’

P.L. 88-487 gives the Secretary of the Interior the power tcprogram administered by any “department, cor oration, or otexecutive branch of the Government” to the T.T.’ !?

24

line in fallout”E!XCMdS 365,000E!XCt3dS 5R1W

ecommendationI the limited testlrd ‘C,” which ishe capability toaty or any of its

nin their MarchJr) health withor leukemia” hasslight retardatione exposed girls.”

L Bales of thenuciear test banwnt intention of

)hnson approvesj absorbed dosection following as. The PAG for

; in the Rongelap~. Payments1 “full settlement

lend any federalagency of the

DRAFT

19 Ott64MEDICAL

Of the three girls diagnosed with thyroid tumors in Marchthyroidectomies and have been diagnosed with adenocaranoma.to have a thyroidectomy. Estimated doses to the thyroids areexternal gamma plus 100 to 150 rads from absorbed radicdocumented data, however, the AEC considers these findings “teltwo iris’ prognoses are uncertain, the surgeons feel “they may h:

fneop astic tissue.”’w

25

364 two have hadThe third is soon‘1OO to 175 radsdine.” Pendingative.” While thee removed all the

Mar 65CONTRACTORMEDICAL

{

Conard’s survey reveals that while the “health of both he exposed andunexposed people ... is generally good, and ... nutrition ... satisfa ory,” three morecases of thyroid nodules are discovered: two boys and a 41-year d woman. Thesepeople are behg brought to BNL for ‘further examination and tre tment.” To date,no malignancies that can be “related to radiation” and no ~ f leukemia havesurfaced. In addition, the people’s “blood elements” have return to normal; they“appear well adjusted to life on their home island and exh it no untowardpsychological reactions to their experience.”’a

May 65CONTRACTORRADIATION

1

A study of gamma dose rates at Rongelap Atoll, done by the LRB between1954 and 1%3, reveals that the decline of these rates from 1954- 59 “followed thetheoretical decay of mixed fission products from U=S caiadated b Miller and Loeb,”From 1959-1%3, the reduction was “approximately half the predict levels,” but thisis attributed to the “downward movement of the long-lived gamma- itter Cs ’37 in thesoil.”’b’

~Uly 65ADMINISTRATIONContractorMEDICAL

/

All three thyroid cases found during the March 1%5 suw are successfullyoperated on at the Lahey Clinic in Boston. The tumors in the two ys are found tobe benign. The woman, however, “has carcinoma of the thyroid land with somemetastasis to loal structures.” She is given a “subtotal thyroid m~ followed by30 millicuries of iodine’3’. Of note is that the radioiodine dose n the woman isapproximately 160 rads, or one-tenth that of the youths. All hree people are“returned to their island in satisfactory condition.”’=

The Congress of Micronesia holds its first session.’=

Aug 65 .CONTRACTORMEDICALRADIATION

Conard of BNL finds thyroid nodules in three more ad~adults--bringing the total number of abnormalities to 11 out of tpopulation of 82.’ti

icents and twofallout-exposed

DRAFT 26

A study of “atoll soil types in relation to the dist ution of fallout

1

radionuclides,” made from collections done in 1958, 1959, 1 1, and 1%3, iscompleted by the LRB. It notes that “different plant soil erwironm ts on single isletshave a different vertical distribution pattern ... from the same fal ut.” In addition,“the maximum concentration of fallout radionudides remains at he soil surface ...except in areas where there has been erosion.” Finally, while “Cs 7 and SF are theprinapal radionud~des entenn a cycle within the soil-plant syste “ and ‘loss from

fthis system appears to be sma l,” no definite cmdusions are dra from this data.”S

Sep - Dec 65CONTRACTORMEDICAL

Conard%

ins “routine administration of thyroid hormonRongelap people.’

1966ADMINISTRATIONWEAPON TESTING

The T.T. legislature requests President Lyndon B. Johlcommission to consider the future status of the T.T.’d’

Safeguard “C” focuses on Johnston Atoll under aunderstanding between the Defense Atomic Support Agency (DAS

to the exposed

an to create a

memorandum of) and the AEC.’=

Feb - Mar 66CONTRAffORMEDICAL

I

Conard identifies fwe more people with thyroid nodules, br ging the total to16 of the 69 survivors from the 1954 test. The BNL plans to bri these five newcases to BNL in May for study and treatment. To date only on cancer case hasbeen found, but it is noted that thyroid cancer ofien grows ‘in odular fashion.”Forty children from Utirik who had received 14R whole body osures are alsoexamined, and no nodules are found. In addition, 194 unexposed arshaliese nowliving on these islands are examined, and three people over 47 y rs old are foundto have nodules.’”

May - Jun 66CONTRACTORMEDICAL

I

The fwe Marshallese with nodules, discovered in Conard’s M rch 1966 sunwy,are brought to BNL for evaluation and given subtotal thyroidectomi at New EnglandDeaconess Hospital in Boston. All patients have goiters with nod les and one hasHurtle cells. None exhibit complications, and the group is returned ome on 16 June.They will be treated with thyroid hormones.’n

Sep 66CONT~CTORMEDICAL

Conard visits the five Marshallese operated on in June 1966 i nd finds no newmedical problems. In addition, “the nodules ... of the remaining ]atients seem ...controllable by ... thyroid hormone.”’”

DRAFT

7 Dec 66

27

RELOCATION

I

Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall advises AEC Chairm n Seaborg that theDOI is “most anxious to determine whether the Bikini people ca now be returnedto their homeland” and asks the AEC to review the issue at the “e riiest opportunity.”Udall’s primary concern is that the Bikinians’ plight mi t convin all Micronesians

rto vote against permanent affiliation with the U.S. in t eir upco ing plebiscite.’=

1%7CONTRACTOR IMEDICAL

BNL studies conclude, With increasing probabil” ,“ that7

t

h retardation in“some of the Rongelap children’ has resulted from “ ypofunct n of the thyroidgland.”’n

24 Jan 67CONTRACTORRELOCATION

1

Officials from the University of Washington, BN~ the DOI, RC, and the AEC,inciuding the Heaith and Safety Laboratory (HASL) of NYOO, decid to resuwey BikiniAtoii to determine if its peopie can be returned there. Ed Heid is iected to plan theexpedition.’”

htar 67CONTRA~OR

, MEDICAL

I

Conard diagnoses a new case of ncduies in a 17-year-oi boy. Of the 19chiidren under age 10 exposed in 1954, 16 have “developed thyro pathology,” withtwo displaying hypothyroidism. To date, 11 peopie have been o rated on and allare in “good condition with no further ... abnormalities.” Those hiidren who havenot been operated on are receiving hormones.’m

Apr - May 67RADIATIONRELOCATION

The AEC undertakes a suwey of the Bikini Atoli to dete “mine “iweis andcomponents of externai gamma radiation fields.m Cesium’37 is foun ~ to be the “majorcontributor ... to the total exposure rate’ on Bikini and Eneu Islanc S, and beause ofits 30.5 year half-iife its “ieveis on Bikini ... are likely to be th limiting factor inassessing the iong term hazards” to repopulating the isiand.”’n

An agricultural survey of Bikini Atoli finds that ‘%v!iie a s i part of the atoiiwas damaged by the nuciear explosions, the atoil as a whoie support coconutgroves and subsistence crops.” in addition, fish and seabirds muid provide an“extended supply of sustenance.” It is recommended to begin an “early agriculturalrehabilitation pr

?ram” to prepare the islands for resettlement. such a program is

expected to iast our years and cost S165,000.1VAn anthropological study of the Bikinians and their ieaders rweais that most

are dissatisfied with Klii and wish to return to Bikini.’n

10 May 67ADMINIWRATION

P.L 90-16 appropriates $25and 1%9 “for the continuance ofpurposes.”’m

21 Au~ 67

DRAFT

million for 1%7 and $3s milcid government for the T.T

- CONGRESSIONAL RESPONSIBIUIYPresident Johnson submits a proposed joint resolution t(

creation of a commission on the status of the T.T. to develop reestablish self-government in Micronesia.’@

20 Ott 67RELOCATION

Approximately 300 Enewetakr

ple on Ujelan board a T\demand to be moved to Majuro. T ey are angered y the lack

conditions on Ujelang.’6’

28 Feb 68RADIATIONRELOCATION

Officials from the DOI, the National Security Council, the Cthe division of operational safety (DOS) of the AEC, and theresettlement of Bikini Atoll would soon result in externaapproximately double that of the “average U. S. population,” but sresidents of the Colorado Plateau. Burying or plowing the s“presumably” reducing this exposure to “near avera e levels,” WOI

island’s fertility. ~In addition, consumption of Iota produce wcburdens 20 to 50 times that in the U. S. during the 1%3-1964these levels could be reduced to those “deemed acceptable ...limiting local food sources and providing Substitutes.’”

March 68CONTRA~ORMEDIC4L

Conard discovers two more children with thyroid nodubring four more people to BNL Three of these four have not resttherapy and the fourth is a 29-year-old woman with an “uniderneck lateral to the gland.”’a

14 March 68AGREEMENT

Representatives of the Enewetak people and the T.T.amend the 19 November 1956 agreement concerning the “use 01give the high commissioner more discretion in how trust funds i

13 May 68RADIATIONRELOCATION

For the Bikini cleanup Martin B. Biles, director of the AECJthe removal of contaminated scrap metal from Bikini to make tlunavailable to native collectors.’as

28

I each for 1968and for other

ongress for thenmendations to

supply ship andfood and poor

), the DBM and. conclude thatXposu re levelsar to that of thehowever, whilealso reduce theyield cesium’”

lout period, butecent years” by

and decides toded to hormone* tumor in the

1 mmmissionerewetak Atoll” toinvested.’w

)S, recommendsadioactive scrap

.

DRAFT

Jun 68AGREEMENT

The Enewetakese request an increase in their trust fund ;

1 Jun 68

12 Jul

25 jilt

2 Aug

RELOCATIONRepresentatives

date for their return to

68MEDICALRADIATIONRELOCATION

The AEC concludessafety threat in resettlin~

of the EnewetakEnewetak.’e7

people on Ujelang petiti

that radiation would not be a “sireBikini and recommends six measfil

expdure. In addition,” it recommends that body burdensstrontium be checked after one year and as appro riate thereaibe made to ensure an “adequately nutritious diet.”’ f

68RELOCATION

The Secretaty of the Interior advkes President Lyndon f“initial contingent of returnees might be settled within a year”within two. in addition, he urges a public announcement of theBikinians on Bikini.’89

68ADMINISTRATIONRELOCATION

President Johnson requests that the AEC Chairman, the Seand Interior, and the high commissioner of the T.T. cooperate iimplementation of a “comprehensive resettlement program for B

12 Aug 68RELOCATION

President Johnson publicly announces the decision to res~

21 Aug 68ADMINISTRATIONLEGAL RESPONSIBILl~RELOCATION

Acting AEC Chairman James Ramey offers the DOI the coc“in the develoc)ment of a resettlement cdan for the Bikini Deotde” ,Gen. E. B. Gil’ler

23 Aug -6 Sep 68RADIATIONRELOCATION

Durine a

to coordinate the AEC role in this effo~.192’

visit to the Marshall Islands Tommv F. McCra~of the AEC/~OS tells the Bikinians that the f&d f~om the BikiEneu Island is safe to eat but that villages will be built only Iislands.’93

cl

nik

29

Jnt.’M

he UN to set a

mt” health and:0 help reducecesium’37 and

and that efforts

hnson that thethe remainder

ision to resettle

!taries of Defense:he Ianning andIi.m k

the Bikinians.’9’

]tion of the AECdesignates Maj.

health physicisttoll lagoon andlikini and Eneu

29-31

DRAFT

Aue 6BfiMINISTMTIONCONTRACTORRELOCATION

Representatives of the Bikini people, members of the T.”AEC, the DOD, and the 001 estimate a cleanup of fwe y$2,%1,000. Of this amount it is decided to spend $100,000 inrenovate the Bikinians’ accommodations on Kili and $80,000 inrenovations on Ujelang. The deanup will be contracted to H&N Iand airlifting will be carried out by Military Ak Command (MAC)

Sep 68RELOCATION

The Marshall Islands legislature addresses a resolution taon the poor I“wing conditions on Ujelang and requests that a creturn of the Enewetak people to their atoll.’qs

21 Ott 68ADMINISTRATIONLEGAL RESPONSIBILIW

P.L 90-617 increases the funding for civl overnment infmillion to $40 million for 1%9 and $5o million eac for 1970 and

the Secretary of the Interior is Riven the Power to appropriate func“to alleviate” suffering and dam-age resulfing from rnajo; disasters’

1%9

Jan 69

17 Jan

CONIRA~ORRADIATION

Surveys held in conjunction with the Bikini cleanuCf’differences between the 1%7 and 1%9 average values [of ra ior

marine animals. In addition, present radionuclide levels and [expected to change significantly, except for decreases due to physradiation measurements and foliage collections are done by theSewice (USPHS), and the Laborato~ of Radiation Ecology (LRE)sampling and prepares the analyses.’97

RELOCATIONPresident Johnson transmits a $1.7 million budget request

1970 for the cleanup, housing and village center construction, areplanting program on Bikini and Eneu Islands,’W

69ADMINISTRATIONRADIATION

The DOD agrees to join the AEC in the cleanup of Bprovide $300,000, equal to the AEC contribution, to start this efl

11 Feb 69ADMINISTRATION

A ten-point agreement between the AEC and the D,apportions the responsibilities involved in the Bikini cleanup. Vmanage the cleanup, “the AEC contractor will provide plannin

30

twernmen~ theat a cost of

I970 and 1971 to

1 70 and 1971 forP &Ic testdivkion,

nd the DOD.’W

sident Johnsonbe set for the

T. T. from $3571. [n addition,

> to $10 million:re.1%

al no “strikingales] for edible”ibution are notdecay. External. Public HealthIdles the other

Songress for ~nitiation of the

, Atoll and will)99

, of the DODs the DOD willmgineering and

.

DRAFT

techniul staff support and labor for deanup as well as ... other t,by the Project Manager.” In addition, the AEC will determine that ‘and safety requirements are met” at the project’s completion. Altlthe DOD will each contribute $300,000, the AEC’S “funding$300,000 for the entire project and ... shall not be used to pay ~subsequent to” 30 June 1%9.m

18 Feb 69RELOCATION

The DOD begins its deanup of the islands of Bikini andthat completion will require six months~’

Mar 69CONTRACTORMEDICAL

Conard’s suwey reveals that “retrospective estimates of tlthe thyroids from absorbed radioiodines add 600 to 1400 renexternal dose.” Plans are behg made to bring three children and f

20 Mar 69ADMINISTRATION

The AEC Nevada operations office (NV) designates Wproject officer and F. D. Cluff as radiological safety officer foroperation. Bonnet will administer “all functions” of the H&N Pa{support of the cleanup effort. Cluff will be responsible for deterrDOD’s pm-operation plans receive AEC radiological health and sfor advising and assisting the commander of JTF-8 in directing theprogram. in addition, DOD and DOI funds will be available to tlAEC/DMA.n3

1 May

5 May

69ADMINISTRATIONMEDICAL

The AEC names Conard to conduct the routine medicreturning Bikinians.~

69CONTRACTORMEDICAL

Because of the “overwhelming concentration” of thyroidgroup of children exposed during Castle Bravo, Conard mkenvironmental factors as possible ~uses. In addition, he noteschildren are “well within ... the latent period for cancer developrr

19 Aug 69 “AGREEMENT

The T.T. high commissioner and Enewetak people’s represe19 November 1956 Agreement in Principle Regarding the Use oigive the hi h commissioner of the T.T. the power to pay out “saia

fprincipal o the trust estate” to beneficiaries.-

31

s as determined~iol ical health

TIgh t e AEC andIan not exceed* which accrue

~eu and projects

internal dose toto the 175 rad! adult to BNL.m2

,. Bonnet as its? Bikini cleanup: test division inIing whether thely approval and-site radiologicalNV through the

surveys of the

dules within the)ut familial andtat the Rongelap,. nzo5Il.

itives amend thenewetak Atoll tomounts from the

DRAFT

26 Aug -21 Sep 69CONTRACTORMEDICAL

Fwe Marshallese are brou ht to BNL for evaluation and sfMetropolitan General Hospital. T ree of the cases are diagnosed

case of a 34-year-oid woman from Utirik is not attributed to ihowever, because of the “low dose received and the lack of thyrain Utirik children.” Dr. Ezra Riklon, who accompanies the Marshathe Marshall Islands and supewise the hormone treatments of th

13 Ott 69RELOCATION

The AEC certifies that the Bikini cleanup project has I

completed.”m

14 Dec 69LEGM. RESPONSIBILITY

The Bikinians petition the T.T. high commissioner for theito Bikini and $100,000 in further compensation for damages todiscomforts they suffered from reloation.m

Mar 70

28-29

CONTRA~ORMEDICAL

Conard of BNL conducts annual medical examinations of tlfinds no new serious cases of thyroid disease. Seventeen of the 1on Rongelap have thyroid dysfunction as do a significant numbei

Apr 70PLUTONIUMRADIATIONRELOCATION

At a series of meetings with T.T. officials at Saipan, AEC r(of the NV and Martin Biles of the AEC/DOS discuss the need folof Bikini because of concern about plutonium in the soil, the statusconstruction programs, and possible techniques for reducing expeclT.T. officials decide to delay resettlement until 1973 when peosupportin and a ree to wishes of the Bikini people that all house

!tinstead o Eneu ut promise that no houses will be constructedBikini Island.z”

7-8 May 70MEDICAL

The AEC/ACBM recommends the development of mechaniUtirik population as research subjects in order to assure their conin the investigation of the Marshallese exposed to fallout in 195low dose of radiation received by the Utirik people, this payment ras compensation for radiation exposure, The ACBM notes the neamedical care of the Rongelap people. The committee considers tlparamedical person on a continuing basis to detect and managethe radiation exposure and to ensure the validity of the continuimedical findings.2’2

32

IV at Clevelandmalignant. Theation exposure,ibnormaiities ...e, will return toeople.m’

n “satisfactorily

lmediate returnir atoll and the

Aarshallese andhildren exposedadults.z’o

sentatives Cluffditional surveysagricultural andexposure levels.would be self-? built on Bikini

the interior of

s for paying theled cooperationBecause of theitnot be viewedikyfor continuedassignment of ae late effects ofinvestigation of

May -

12 Jul

1970

1971

DRAFT

Jun 70ADMINISTRATIONCONTRA~ORPLUTONIUMRADIATION

A follow-up radiological suwey of the major islands inconducted by representat”wes of the AEC, the University of WaUSPHS. The primary mission is soil and air part”mlate sampling. Ccollection of cistern water and other environmental samples and nmetal and potential locations of sand and coral a

regate used to

housing. Members of the survey team indude t reer

pie fronWashington, three from the Southwestern Radiological Health Lalthe AEC NV and one from the AEC/DOS. ~is is the first collecton Bikini. Levels of plutonium in the air are two orders of magguides.’”

70RADIATION

In a letter to Peter T. Coleman of the T.T., AEC/DOS recorcoral aggregate from a supply stored on Aerokoijul and Aerokoj 1:Bikini Atoll complex be used for house construction on Bikini Ato

AGREEMENTRADIATION

The AEC Dromises $16,000 in “inconvenience monev”Utirik.2°

UrineBikini island.

-1

bioassay sampling is conducted from ~eople cominPooled urine is analyzed for strontium , cesium’37 a

CIAIMSPLUTONIUMRADIATION

Urine bioassay sampling is conducted from people cominBikini Island. Pooled urine is anaiyzed for Strontiumm, cesium137,plutonium2@,2’7

Micronesia Legal Services Corporation (MM(Z) is establishfunded by the Office of Economic 0pportunity.2°

17 Iun 71RADIATIONRELOCATION

In response to an inquiry by T.T. High Commissioner Ere arding the radiation safety of the Peter-Oboe (Aerokoijul-Aerok(

FBi es, AEC/DOS, responds that it is safe to plant coconut trees onand Bikdrin but not on Eneman. AEC/DOS recommends using thLele to Bikdrin as the dividing line between the area that may bwhich should be restricted. There are no restrictions on digging folIsland, but AEC/DOS recommends that water from wells on Bikiranalyzed to insure its potability. AEC/DOS urges that resicgroundwater as a source of drinking water.2’9

,

33

? Bikini Atoll isington, and the~er tasks indudeIitoring of scrapake concrete forhe University of.atory, two from1 of air samplestude below FRC

lends that cleannds in southern14

the people of

and going fromI plutoniumm9.2°

;;:~;fbf::I in the T.T. and

lard E. Johnstoncomp[~ Matiin!rokoj, Aerokoijulauseway joiningdanted and thatdations on BikiniIsland should be]ts not rely on

DRAFT

Jul 71

22 Jut

RADIATIONThe NV and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) represe

with personnel of the Air Force Paafic Cratering Experiment (P}preliminary site selection visit to Enewetak. They identify Runit 1s1{and potentially serious rad-hazard area after finding there the hi t

Jof gamma, plutonium, and scrap metal of all locations sumey .Z

71ADMINISTRATION

Maj. Gen. E. B, GNer, assistant general manager for militaqAEC, directs Robert E. Miller, NV manager, not to use weaponBikini and Enewetak radiologi~l surveys and cleanup acth4ties.=’

FY 1972- FY 1982

25 Jan

ADMINISTRATIONThe Pacific Area Support Office (PASO) reports that duri

activities in the Marshall Islands included ship support; providing [on sensitive missions; administration of the University of Hawaii ccand logistical support for the biomedical and environmental prog

72MEDICAL

In response to ejection from the T.T. of a Japanese medihad invited to the Marshall Islands, Micronesia Representative At:in the Congress of Micronesia charging that the U.S. knowingly eof Rongelap and Utirik to the 1954 fallout so the U.S. coukcapabilities to treat people who mi ht be exposed to radiationalleges that the Marshallese were A osen because the are rem

1’natives and that they have been receiving questionab e medicsmore at collecting medical data than at restoring the health ointroduces a bill callin for the establishment of a special congress

flook into the plight o these people.z’

Mar 1972CONTRACTORMEDICAL

Accusing the BNL medical team of deception and of usil

tigs, the Rongelapese boycott the BNL medical sewices, accordingy Dr. Henry Kohn. Thus, the medical swvey team led by Conarc

out its annual examination of the Marshallese.z4

16 Mar 72RADIATIONRELOCATION

Tommy McCraw, Martin Bil~, Roger Ray, and represfDefense Nuclear Agency (DNA) meet with Ambassador FranPresident’s representative for Micronesia status negotiations, andthe rehabilitation of Enewetak Atoll. Williams states that he WOUIat the 2 April session of the Micronesia status negotiations thabeing returned to its former residents. The ambassador is worried :with the Enewetak people. AEC representatives discuss the differ

34

tives participate) program in aas a significant

: measurements

f

f pph~tion of theogram funds for

this dade itsE representationa~’and general)S.m

team which helabs speaks outseci the nativesIkvelop medicaling a war. He

brown-skinnedeatment, aimedle people. Heal committee to

them as guineaan investigationunable to carry

It”wes from theI Williams, thei staff to discusske to announceIewetak Atoll isut confrontation:es between the

DRAFT

situation at Enewetak and that at Bikini and the need for a radiEnewetak.nS

26 Mar 72LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

Micronesia P.L 4C-33 creates from the Micronesia IegislalCommittee Concerning Ron clap and Utirk The committee i

%investigating the effects of ra iation on the peo Ie of Rongelap anctis charged with securing medical assistance an compensation for I

radiation exposure. Olympio T. Borj~ Marianas senator, is ccommittee members are Representatives Hans Williander of Truk anof Palau,zfi

18 Apr 72AGREEMENT

High Commissioner Edward E. Johnston and U.S. AmbassadWNiams, of the DOI, announce that the U.S. government is prEnewetak Atoll to the T.T. at the end of 1973. The announcementnecessity of survey, cleanup, and rehabilitation procedures such ,Bikini. Parry, Japtan, and Aniyaanii are to receive first prioriqrehabilitation: The DOD, with’ technical supportcleanup. The U.S. plans research and developmentcompleted by the end of 1973.227

Mav 72

of the AEC, ~tests on the at

l@~4

11-17

ContractorRADIATION

A survey is conducted on Bikini Atoll following planting of (and Eneu Islands and the start of house construction on Bikini.air, plant, soil, and animal sampling and external radiatiolRadionuclide levels are found to be decreasing slowly. The teUniversity of Washington, with participation by scientists from theEnvironmental Research Laboratory (WERL), and the AEC.U6

May 72RADIATION

A survey team of AEC, DOD, and EPA personnel visitsdetermine the nature and extent of the necessaty cleanup and a cteam finds a significant radiological hazard existing on six islandsAomon, Biijiri, Runit, and Parry. Results of the survey lead to a cmuch as $40 million and a conclusion that Runit Island and perh:so contaminated that it may not be “economically feasible to m;human use.”2m

May 72PLUTONIUMRADIATION

An AEC team conducts a preliminary radiol ical suwey a7plutonium contamination on Runit Island. This inclu es plutonium-

outcropping on the ocean side of the mid-island area, plutonium fraon the island surface, and contaminated scrap metal throughout t

35

~ical sutvey of

“ea Special Jointres onsible for

!Jtiri Atolls, and= injured fromairman. Other~mothy Olkeriil

‘ Franklin Haydn]ared to release;knovviedges thethose done on

in cleanup andto mnduct theI that should be

conuts on Bikinile suwey covers

measurements.n is led by theP~ the Western

tewetak Atoll to1 estimate. Thebgallus, Engebi,t estimate of ass Enjebi may bee them safe for

I Ioates surfacetaring sand layernents and grains: island.~

DRAFT

17 May 72CONTRACTORRADIATION

T.T. officials, escorting a group of Enewetakese council nlawyers, and Roger Ray, NV assistant manager for operations, atThe AEC suwey team advises Ray on the possibility of high alphaRunit Island, and Ray briefs DNA PACE personnel and workersScrip s Institute of Oceanography (S10) on prelimina~ sunmy fim

1’ rpeep e leave, and the PACE peep e remain to continue preparationscratering ~periments.n’

20 May 72ADMINISTRATIONRADIATIONRELOCATION

At the closeout meeting for the Marshallese visit to Enewetand Enewetakese leaders want an early return of Enewetakese IEnewetakese wish to draw up specifications for rehabilitatedissatisfaction with the continued use of their land. Ray agrappropriate authorities the need for central coordination of all futlto Enewetak and the necessity of keeping the Marshallese and <advised of U.S. actions and intentions. NV manager Robert E. ~establishment at the Washington level of a single manager for all fiactions pertaining to Eniwetok”.=2

Ray returns to Kwajalein and recommends to Air Force authlof Runit Island to prevent dispersion of contamination because thedock and the PACE work area pas= through a highly contamim

24 May 72RADIATION

Runit Island is quarantined and the Air Force orders ,operations there. Only minimum essential personnel are authorisland until NV issues recommendations.m

26 Jll! -2 AUR 72

1 Aug

lLADl~TIONA joint AEC-DOD team visits Enewetak Atoll to survey thos

Island to be used in a PACE cratering experiment to determine ne(for conducting the planned PACE experiment or for relocating thtei ht-member suweillance team consists of two people from A

%0La rato~, three from the DN& two from the AEC, and one fror

72ADMINISTRATION

The AEC assi ns the assistant general manager for nr(AGMlyW) “the overal authority and responsibility within the AE

interagency and intra-agency matters related to the rehabilitationAtoll.” Later in August the AGMMA assigns the NV responsibililoperations associated with the rehabilitation.=

36

mbers and their{e on Enewetak.ontamination onIst arrivhg fromgs. The Scrippsor high explosive

: the T.T. officialsEnewetak, The

n and express:s to convey to3 actions relatingr. administrationIer requests “theJre United States

ities a quarantineoad between thed area.’”

cessation of all~d access to the

portions of Runitjsary precautionswperiment. TheForce Wea ons

the WERL.” !?

itary applicationfor coordinatingof the Eniwetokfor all AEC field

DRAFT

17 Au~ 72

22-23

ADMINISTRATIONRADIATION

AEC and DNA representatives meet to review availabledevelop recommendations to assist in the planning for the dealThey conclude that actions required to return Enewetak to the 1phases planning deanup, and rehabil”tition. They decide thaiaccomplished without interfering with the PACE test series animanager concept will provide the most effective organization for 1

Aug 72RELOCATION

DOI ofllcials meet with U“elang leaders and representatives/headquarters about the return o the people of Enewetak. They d

returning people to Japtan “as soon as practicable” and the mininfor moving people there.=

Sep 1972

7 Sep

2 Ott

4 Ott

AGREEMENTMEDICAL

The medical survey team is reactivated to resume wMarshallese. This reactivation follows an agreement with the SpCommittee of the Micronesia Con ress to send a team of indepen

Jphysician-observers to join the m ical sunmy team and report tothe value of the medical suwey and the health status of the expThe Rongelapese accept the BNL medid services after an internissues “a=reiatively favorable report,” according to

72ADMINISTRATIONRADIATION

As a result of an interatzen~ meetirw on

Kohn.=’

Enewetak theprecleanup radiological survey tke D’OD, the ~adiological and nonraand the DOI the rehabilitation costs. The manager, NV, is as:responsibility for the survey. The DNA will provid~ logistical sup[

72RADIATIONRELOCATION

After the AEC announces that only a limited number of Bil-n be eaten because they are radioactive, the IGti council votes a

fentire community to Bikini but allows those who wish to return. Tmove back to Bikini with approximately 50 Marshallese mnstructiorworkers.z”

72ADMINISTRATIONCONTRA~OR

According to the planning and operations directive for ttradiological sutv~y, the AEC/Dfi is to &mrdinate AEC policy rekand provide overall Washington direction; NV is the primaqimplement the sutvey; the division of biology and environmental Ito assess “the radiological implications of sources of direct radiatia

37

nformation andp of Enevvetak.

fall into threeJeanup can bethat the single: cleanup.=’

tm MISC at T.T.wss the goal ofm requirements

inations of theial Investigatingnt, internationale committee oned Marshallese.onal committee

C will fund the

!)10 ical cleanup;ne operationalt.z’”

Ii coconut crabswt returning thee Bikini familiesnd maintenance

1972 Enewetak~g to the suweyorganization toearth (DBER) isand food chain-

DRAFT 3a

to-man paths.” The AEC/DOS is responsible for similar work r atin to cleanup

1

[operations. The Lawrence Liiermore Laboratory (LLL), LAS~ HAS~ nd t e Universityof Washington are to be involved in the evaluation of data.z’z

5 Ott 72LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

k a result of litigation, People of Enewetak vs. laird (Proj

1

PACE), the judgeplaces an injunction on PACE activities. The AEC is not a defenda and radiologicalstudies are not affected. The Air Force general cmunsel recommend advking the AECof the injunction and urgin,4~ the AEC to use methods in cle nup studies notprohibited in the injunction.

12 Ott 72CONTRACTORRADIATION

The AEC Enewetak radiological survey beghs. The LLL radi

1

emistry divisionleader is technical director to the manager, NV. NV provides radi ogical support toH&N for the DNA engineering survey of Enewetak. Within the fi week act”witiesare suspended because of Typhoon Olga,z”

8 NOV 72RADIATIONSutvey activities resume at Enewetak Atoll,z’s I

14 NOV 72MEDICAL ITwo Marshallese females, 19 and 29 years old, undergo su cessful surgery toremove thyroid nodules at Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospit I.z*

15 NOV 72MEDIC4L

1

A 19-year-old male, Lekoj Anjain, exposed to fallout fro the 1954 Bikiniweapons test, dies from cancer at the National Institutes of H Ith (NIH). NI Hconfirms the diagnosis of leukemia discovered during the 1972 medi I examination.247

16-17 NOV 72ContractorRADIATION

I

Representatives from DOI, D~ AEC, and H & N meet wi h T.T. officials onKwajalein to allow representatives of the Enewetak people to ask q estions about thesutveys behg conducted on Enewetak. The U.S. government rep ntatives assureCongressman Bales and Chips Barry, an attorney, that the AEC r iologicxd surveyshave nothing to do with the PACE program?~

30 NOV 72ADMINISTRATION

The Joint Chiefs of Staff designate the director, Dw as the DOD projectmanager for cleanup of Enewetak.249

DRAFT 39

Late 1972MEDICALRADIATION

1

Accordin~ to urine bioassays from people coming to and oing from BikiniIsland, cesium13 concentration shows an increase by a factor o four over 1970results and Strontiumm levels increase by a factor of two.

The T.T. begins a program of sending monthly shipments o food to Bikini.2WA Rongelap male dies of carcinoma of the stomach. This ay be related to

radiation exposure, according to BNLA physician from BNL is stationed in the Marshall Ma s as a resident

physician. His responsibilities indude monitoring the thyroid tr tment program;visiting Ron clap, Utiri~ and Bikini Atolls eve

J Tthree to four mo hs; and assisting

the T.T. m ical sewices with the care of Ronge ap and Utirik patie at the hospitalsat Ebeye and Majuro.25’

1973ADMINISTRATIONCONTR)UXORRADIATION

A Radiological Assessment Review Group (RARG), organize j by the director,DBE~ reviews the adequacy and sufficiency of the Enewetak radiol ]gical survey datain order to oversee evaluations of the survey. Members are not d rectly involved inthe actual survey. These members are N, F. Barr, DBE~ Chai ‘; T. F. McCraw,AEC/DOS; B. Shleien, PHS; C. L Weaver, EP~ R B. Leachrr an, DOD; P. F.Gustafson, AN~ C. R Richmond, lAS~ and A. H. Seymol r, University ofWashington.2s2

Urine bioassays from people coming and going from B (ini Island showcesium ’37 in urine higher than in 197o by a factor of about ten a Id an increase instrontium by a factor of four. This information is provided as testimony duringHouse Appropriations Committee hearings in spring 1978. It is t iken from a BNLreport 50424, September 1975.253

14 Feb 73RADIATION

Field operations of the Enewetak radiological suivey are c{ lpleted.2u

21 Mar -12 Apr 73ContractorMEDICAL

1

Conard of BNL and his team conduct the annual medical rvey. No newcases of leukemia or blood disorders are discovered. New thyroid bnormalities aredetected, includin three which mi ht be related to the 1954 fall t and three that

r %are probably unre ated. The th roi nodules in ail but one ~ ar scheduled to beJremoved surgically in Clevelan within several Weeks.ns

11 Apr 73LEGAL ‘RESPONSIBILIN

Micronesia P.L 5-52 provides for certain care and benefilRongelap and Utirik Atolls exposed to the 1 March 1954 H-borncare and benefits to certain other people from Rongelap and Utpurposes.” The high commissioner of the T.T. is directed to “agreement Lvith the Atomic Energy Commission whereby expensesprovisions of this act will be defrayed ... by the Atomic Energy

to the eople of1’test fa lout; “for

i~ and for other:ek an executivetcurred under theCommission.” In

..

DRAFT

response, the DOl consults with the AEC/DBER The AECwillingness to fund “research-related sewices” as a partresponsibility.2K

40

spends with aits authorized

16 Apr 73RELOCATION

The people of Enewetak ado t a resolution that the DODr

I

the sole agencyin charge of the cleanup and rehabi itation of their atoll in the beli f that they wouldbe most effective in ensuring an early and safe return of the En etakese to theiratoll. The DOD responds that it is necessary and most effect e to functionallyassign responsibilities for the total rehabilitation process between apartments.2S7

3 May 73ADMINISTRATION

1

Cen. Frank A. Carom of AEC headquarters assigns the o Ice of Mahlon E.Gates, NV, the res risibility for a study to define the probable Ii estyle patterns of

Ythe Enewetak peep e subsequent to their return to Enewetak. This udy will be usedin conjunction with the radiol “~,cal report to analyze dose assess ent and developrecommendations for cleanup.

31 May 73ContractorRELOCATION

/

Representatives of the Enewetak people, Theodore Mitche and Hemos Jackof the Micronesia Legal Services Coqmration and Smith Cid n, magistrate ofUjelang Atoll, meet with representatives of NV, the LL~ and he University ofWashington. They approve NV plans for a visit to Ujelang in Jun to study robable

flifestyle patterns of resettled Enewetakese and express interest in a early ra iologicalcertification and some resettlement of Japtan. NV provides data o @ernal exposurerates but str~ses an inability to judge constraints on a return Japtan pendinganalysis of survey results on food-chain pathways.2s9

Jul 1973ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTOR

An AEC task roup is established by the director, AEC/DO7results and prepare c eanup and rehabilitation recommendations f[

the AEC. Members include T. McCraw (AEC/DOS), W. Nervik (LLIand W. Schroebel (DBER). They work with staffs from NV and LLIsurvey, as well as AEC staff from D~ DBE~ d“wision of wastetransportation (DWMT); division of radiological safety (DRS); repreDOD, the DOI, and the EPA; and advisors from T.T. and BNL2M

20 Aug 73RADIATION

Representatives of the T.T,, MlSC, D~ AEC, and H&Ninform the district administrator on the progress of the surveyresults of a field trip to Ujelang. AEC representatives report that tlwere helpful in providing information on Iivin patterns and di(

Fwhich will be incorporated into the radiological survey repott.2b’

to review surveyconsideration by

, D. Wilson (LLL),involved with themanagement and!ntatives from the

Ieet on Majuro toFforts and on theEnewetak people

uy considerations

DRAFT

18 Ott 73ADMINISTRATION

The director, Office of Management and Budget (OMB) prcthe AEC, the DOD, and the DOl on inclusion of funds in the ~deanup and rehabilitation of Enewetak The W 1975 bud et should

fAdministration commitment to the dean-u and reha ilitation$consistent with current uncertainty rega ing the final detain

rehabilitation plan.” Agency responsibilities identified are the DOongoing facilities and operations and deanup at Eneweta~ the DOIand thg AEC for radiol - ical

7a clarification of termino ogy“radiological monitoring” an

1974-1975CONTRACTORRADIATION

monitoring and suwey. Subsequentlybetween “radiological control,” a DNAAEC responsibility.=

The AEC/DBER sponsors a research program conductedUniversity of Hawaii to study the groundwater on several islets in tin order to characterize the ground water for possible use by retuand to investigate the hydrology and recycling of radionucienvironment. Drilling for wells takes place in mid-l 974, and sam[carried out in 1974 and 1975.X3

1 Jan 74ADMINISTRATION

Host manager responsibility for Enewetak Auxiliary Airfield ithe Department of the Air Force to the DNA.=

9 Jan 74ADMINISTRATION

At the request of MlSC, the signing of documents to tEnewetak Atoll from the DOD to the T.T, is delayed to allow rep!people of Enewetak to review the document.%S

27 Feb 74CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIP

Senate Joint Resolution No. 90, H.D. 1, is adopted by theMicronesia, Second Regular Session “Requesting United States Conof the Bikini Rehabilitation Projects be separate and distinct from anCongress Grant Funds for the T.T. of the Paafic Islands”.=

28 Feb 74AGREEMENTCIAIMS

The Special Joint Committee Concerning Rongeiap and Utirithe Fifth Congress of Micronesia on compensation for the peopleUtirik. According to the repo~ the AEC complied withrecommendation to send an AEC representative on the 1974 meAEC also agreed to another committee recommendation to sMicronesia P.L. 5-52 by allocating $20,000 for the first year. TIwanted the AEC to pay the “inconvenience money” promised in 1indicated that it “is ready to provide $18,212 for the 157 people cexposed ....There will be no release of liability for the AEC or the U

41

Ies guidance to97s budget forhow continuingthe Atoll, butdean-up and

for maintainingr rehabilitation;2MMA calls forpossibility, and

y LLL and theEnewetak Atoll

ng Marshalleses in an atollg programs are

ransferred from

Isfer control ofmtatives of the

ih Congress ofssional fundingal United States

Uolls re orts toPf Ronge ap and

e committee’sal survey. Theply money forcommittee also2, and the AECJtirik who wereGovernment if

DRAFT

the people take this money.” The AEC has also agreed to exppeople of Bikini and Enewetak before they are returned to their

Apr 74ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTORMEDICALPLUTONIUMRADIATION

Roger Ray, assistant manager of NV in charge of the Elsurvey, and Walter Netvik of ~ technical director of the sMarshall Islands to explain the technial information contairpublished Enewetak Radiological Survey (NVO-1 40) to representathe Enewetak people.=

Personnel from the LRE and BNL collect samples on LBikini Atolls as part of the DOS portion of the LRE Pacific Radicdetermine the kinds and amounts of radionuciides distributed ianimals, and soil of the central Pacific and supply them to the i

calculating dose assessment for people IivinThe first in vivo cwnting of cesium

,,p.in the central padIS taken for Bikini i

values are about the same as 1973. Strontiumm levels are d[levels. Plutoniumm9 and plutonium’” levels are higher by a fact

May 74CIAIMSRELOCATION

A group of Bikini people refuse to return to the atoll onthey receive appropriate compensation for the past 25 years.27’

14 May 74RADIATION

John W. McEnery, DNA deputy director of operationsdisagrees with the AEC task group recommendations for cleanupEnewetak. He regards the recommendations as “an unduly restlcriteria that are largely arbitrary and probably ina plicable” and

[the wishes and probable needs of the Eneweta people.” Mradiological and other safety conditions upon their return shouldconditions, not necessarily those of the U.S. population with its [conditions and its greater uncertainties of exposure.ti=

3 Jun 74

19 jun

ADMINISTRATION

James Liverman, the AEC assistant general managerenvironmental research and safety programs, ~roposes toNV, that NV be assi ned responsibility for programmatic

factivities in the Mars all Islands.zn

74PLUTONIUMR4DIATION

M;hlacoordi

The AEC task group issues recommendations for cleanupEnewetak Atoll. The radiation criteria

rides for cleanup actions

and bone marrow-0.25 rem/yr, thyroi -0.7s rem/yq bone-O. 75 re

radiationnds.s’

42

to the

etak radiologicaly, travel to them the recently3 of the T.T. and

; Rongelap andlogy Program toe foods, plants,des involved in,9

ents. Cesium’37to about 1970

}f five.2’”

May 1974 until

administration,rehabilitation of

‘e application oft in accord withery states, “TheIy to those localrent radiological

biomedical andGates, director,

on of the AEC’S

rehabilitation ofJde whole bodyf~ gonads-4 rem

DRAFT

in 30 yrs. The group concludes that guidance for deanup of plutosoil can only be developed on a case-by-case bask. The groplutonium cleanup operations at Enewetak is less than 4corrective action not required; 40 to 400 pCi/ m of soil-correctiw

fon a case-by-case ba4s; greater than 400 @ gm of soil-correctiv

25 Jun 74CIJUMS

The AEC pays the T.T. $18,212 to be dispersed in equal peach exposed inhabitant of Rmgelap or their heirs.zn

Jul 74ADMINISTRATIONRELOCATION

The DOI sup rts the request by people of Enewetak thzrof about 50 people rom Ujelang be allowed to return to Japtan

that the AEC address the safety aspects of the proposed reguidelin~ and restrictions to ensure the safety of the returnees.that the AEC would not recommend the return of people ri

rcertification because of radiological hazards in other parts o twould not object to a return before deanup if the T.T. can assumeasures. He points out that the request is “an extension of ~be the AEC’S role in the original interagency effort, nrecommendations on whether the radiological conditions were SU(could be made and on radiological criteria for cieanu “~, and recomlshould obtain the views of the DOD and the EPA.

12 Aug 74PLUTONIUMRADIATION

The AEC approves SECY 75-81, which contains recomrcriteria for Enewetak Atoll. Meeting these criteria necessitates 1confined to the southern islands; that growing of food, except coto the southern islands, and that the quarantine of Runit be contincontamination is removed. The DNA responds that the proporestrictive and that radiation standards for the general public arethe small population of Enewetak.2°

Sep 74AGREEMENTRELOCATION

Stanley S. Carpenter, director of territorial affairs of the 0so people are to be permitted to return to live on Japtan at the e:subject to four safety restrictions no visits are permitted on the nlRunit to Biken; any scrap collection and stockpiling must be appladministrator’s representative; visits to Enewetak must be coorddistrict administrator’s representative and the Enewetak base siteto other southern islands can be made only with approval of arthe district administrator’s representative. Representatives of th~the AEC request that the Enewetak Council express in writing t!and will observe these restrictions, which they do by adopting a

43

m-contaminated;

r

idance forJCi gm of soil-tion determinedfiion required.z”

~ents of $116 to

n advance partynd and requests,T and establisherman respondsto deanup andatoll but that it:ertain restrictivewe consider to

dy to preparehat a safe return\ds that the DOI

ded radiologicalvillage sites be

uts, be confinedI until plutoniumcriteria are tootappropriate for

announces thatst possible time,ern islands from~ b the district

L:ed tween thenage~ and visitsnstmctions fromr., the DOI, andthey understandrdinance.z’e

2 Sep

DRAFT

74ADMINISTRATIONRADIATIONRELOCATION

Representatives of the DNA the DOl, and the AEC meet ‘Council, their advisors, members of the Congress of Micronesia alat Enewetak on the recommended radiological criteria. The DhlEnvironmental Impact Statement containing the AEC recommendati[option. The recommended alternative calls for removing thcontaminated soil and radioactive, hazardous, or obstmct”we debrkin one or two craters on Runit.2n

27 Sep 74ADMINISTRATION

Commenting upon the proposed NV role as programmaticDeal, assistant director for health protection, AEC/DOS, respond:the Pacific need better inhouse and interagency coordination. Sdirection for research is maintained at Headquarters, the logical plathis coordination is here.”z~

11 Ott 74ADMINISTRATION

President Gerald Ford creates the Energy Research ,Administration (ERDA) by signing the Energy Reorganization Act,

Nov - Dec 74

8 NOV

ContractorRADIATION

LRE and BNL staff collect samples from Utiri~ l?ongeri~ R(and Bikini for the AEC/DOS portion of the Pacific Radioecologica

74ADMINISTRATIONRADIATIONRELOCATION

The AEC/DOS seeks a closer relationship with the DOI onMartin B. Biles, AEC/DOS, is cxmcerned that recommemrehabilitations are not Ming followed strictly, including the useBikini for house construction. Mles recommends that any addconstructed on Eneu, or at least that any further constmction onuntil radiological consequences are evaluated. A for Eneweta~funding difficulties Biles suggests that the DOl rwwaluate the advreturn 10 Japtan.2W

Dec 74RELOCATION

A field trip bywith the Enewetak

—-

AEC personnel to Ujelang to discuss the Empeople results in the latter’s accepta

recommendation that Enjebi island should not be resettled alongsouth because it needs further study. According to the master pland Medren Islands will be the major residential islands. Followifstaff reworks the master plan. 2=

44

th the Enewetakstaff of the TiT.

1submits a Draftas the preferred

I most seriously; nd entombing it

mrdinator, L Joefie activkies inm programmaticto proceed with

d Development.93-438.

~elap, Ailinginae,‘rogram. 281

Cini resettlement.j~tions on Bikini

aggwgate frommal housing beikini be deferredcause of currentbility of an early

etak master plane of the AECith islands in the), Enewetak Atollthe trip the AEC

5’6

4 Dec

7 Dec

..

DRAFT

74RADIATION

Carpenter of the DOl denies the rumor that coral otherAerokoijul and Aerokoj Islands in southern Bikini Atoll is heirconstruction. The DOl position is that the AEC must be Complet[Bikini project; he urges that the AEC undertake a comprelassessment of Bikini, such as that done on EnewetaK as soon asDO1/T.T. rehabilitation program can prosed with the necessary

74RELOCATION

The Enewetak Council adopts a resolution requesting thadirector of the DOl office of territorial affairs, grant the people oownership of Ujelang Atoll.zu

13-15 Jan 75

17 Jan

19 Jan

20 Jan

ADMINISTRATIONContractorRELOCATION

At an H&N Bikini-Enewetak mnference a Bikini adviscqto coordinate activities of Bikini rehabilitation with members frolT.T. (Coleman), the Marshall Islands (de Bruin), the AEC (BileMcCraw for radiological concerns), and H&N (Cilmore). The Elradiological evaluation/assessment from the drafi Bikini Master PIfor an aerial survey of Bikini Atoll and a backup plan for a gr(necessary support for the aerial survey ~nnot be obtained.2ti

75ADMINISTRATION

Gates, manager, NV, recommends “that NV be assigned Icoordination of all the Commission’s (ERDA’s) act”wities in the hthat this assignment be made known to Headquarters staff as vfield ol%ces and contractor” and that arrangements be made tothe “opportunity to review and comment upon all proposals tstudies and related activities in the Marshalls”.287

75ADMINISTRATION

The ERDA is activated.

75ADMINISTRATION

The role of NV in the Marshall Islands program is decidecoffice ‘of James L Liverman, ERDA acting deputy assistanenvironment and safety. NV will provide overall maria ementcoordination, and scheduling of Pacific program-relat J activitiamong” participants; review, evaluate, and comment on plans, pcand publications relatin

#to activities in the Pacific and recoin

changes and levels of e ort to headquarters. Headquarters will nprogram decisions.2u

45

~ that from thesed in buildingivolved with theive radiological;ible so that theological data.2u

It tanley Carpenter,f newetak title and

p is establishede DOI (Brown),ay for logistics,is to prepare a

IS well as a plansumy in case

msibility for thehall Islands andM to concernedJre that NV hasInduct research,

~ meeting in the~ministrator for)gistics support,serve as liaisonmatters, reportsd programmaticfinal policy and

DRAFT

6 Feb 75ADMINISTRATION

With the completion of the 1974 Enewetakbeghning of the dean-up phase, Gen. Ernest Graves,abdication, recommends

radiologicthe ERDA

,,I b&ieve it now appropriate and timely to relieve DMA of iresponsibilities. The Asistant Administrator for Environmentconcurs in this view and will assume the lead within the IEnewetak matters.m

19 Feb 75ADMINISTRATION

L Joe Deal, assistant director for health protection, ERCconcur with Graves’s proposal for a transfer of programmatic{Enewetak by saying

As long as DOD is active in the deanup program, we bshould continue its role. Until the deanup is completeknow what problems may arise that would need the assislDOD weapons test laboratories and contractors.=

7 Mar 75ADMINISTRATION

With input from the ERDA the DOI requests that the [support for an additional radiological suIvey of Bikini Atoll.m’

Apr 75

9 Apr

CONTRACTORPLUTONIUMRADIATION

LRE and BNL staff collect samples from Kwajalein, Bikini, athe DOS portion of the Pacific Radiological Pr ram.sz

YUrine bioassays from Bikini show [eves of plutoniumhigher than 1971 by a factor of ten. According to later informatilsuspect because the samples may have been contaminated. (Se

75CONTRA~ORMEDICAL

Nelson Anjain, magistrate of Rongelap village, signs a Iestates that the people of Rongelap do not want to see him agailthem as research subjects rather than as people. The letRongelapese want a doctor to live on the island permanently ambe under American control. Subsequently, Anjain admits that aof Micronesia” wrote the letter. -

May 75 -RADIATION

The EPA accepts the DNA’s “Environmental Impact Stat[Rehabilitation, Resettlement of Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands [

46

urvey and thectoi of military

wwetakd Safe

7’4foral

>0S, does notsponsibility for

fe DMA{e don’te of the

I fund logistical

Votho Atolls for

~d plutoniumz’ohese results areDec 76).m

to Conard thatcause he treatsadds that thelonger want to

nber of “friends

nt on Cleanup,ii 1975).” ‘S

DRAFT

29 May 75

Jun 75

13 Jun

25 Jun

ADMINISTRATIONThe DOD rejects the DOI’S request for Iogktical support

survey of Bikini Atoll because the DOl does not have the fundsupport costs.=

ADMINISTRATIONCONTRA(XORRADIATION

The 1975 Bikini Atoll Radiological Survey is conducted by tlcontractor ground monito~ kause no funding is available frcmaerial survey, The purpose is to conduct a survey of external am

fon Bikini and Eneu Islands to supplement BNL data. The in omto evaluate potential radiation doses that might be received by retprovide information to advise the DOI on location of Phase II hona soil, plant, and water sampling program. The NV field survey hfor management of survey operations. The ttxhnical director (LLIand responsibility for the technical plan and advkes and supportsleader. The survey team includes representatives of the AEC/DOSmanager for operations (AMO), NW LL~ the EPA; BNL; andWashington. Analysis of samples is done at The McClellan LaboSurvey results indicate that external exposure rates on Bikinivariable.n’

75LEGAL RE5PONSIBILHY

P.L 94-34 authorizes an ex gratia payment of $3 millioBikini Atoll “in reco nition of the hardship suffered by the peo

%displacement from t eir atoll since 1946.” This payment is to Efunds”

75ADMINISTRATION

At an interagency meeting ERDA officials detail a plan to fthe atolls affected by nuclear testing at a one-time project costERDA, responsible for the technical aspects of the survey, is ccapproximately one-half of this amount. AS a result the DOI renevDOD for funding

Aug 75RADIATION

The ERDAconclusion is thatthus would- keeD

Iogistid support for the SUnfey.=

issues preliminary reports on the June 1975 S(houses already constmcted on Bikini Island couradiation doses within guidelines but that an

construction sh&ld be on Eneu island. Th~ suwey confirms thatinterior “of Bikini Island is too high for siting future houses. Resfood plants are recycling radionucJides from the soil. Subsequcautioned not to eat locally grown foods.=

47

the radiological) reimburse the

RDA and ERDAle DOD for anradiation levels

m will be usedng Bikinians, toand to conduct

~r is responsibleas full authorityNV field survey

tice of assistante University of)ry and the LLLand are highly

) the peo Ie ofJ)f Bikini ue to

Ilaced in a trust

L~o duct a suwey ofof $3 million. The) itted to absorb

s request to the

y. The tentativeK occupied and,dditional houseIioactivity in thealso show that

Iy residents are

..

DRAFT 48

23 Aug 75RELOCATION

The DOI announces postponement of the planned return

I

150 Bikinians totheir atoll in September for six months pending analysk and evalu ion of the resultsof the June Suwey.W’

Sep 1975MEDICAL

The BNL issues a 2(Pyear review of the medcal findin

4

in the MarshallIslanders exposed to fallout in 1954. The BNL concludes tha because thyroidabnormalities continue, surveillance of thydd effects of f lout should bemaintained.w2

10 Sep 75ADMINISTRATIONCONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPRADIATION

James L L~erman, ERDA assistant administrator for enviror ment and safety,on 10 September and W. E. Shedd, DNA deputy director fo operations andadministration, on 28 August si n the Agreement between the

RDefense Nuclear

Agency and the Energy Researc and Development Administrate m regarding theInteragency Support for Cleanup of Enewetak Atoll. The fulfillment of the agreementis contingent upon congressional funding of the cleanup. k ccording to theagreement’s terms, the ERDA will provide directly or throu h contrac o

$rs technical and

scientific advice to the DNA on radiologid act”wities. e agreem mt statesIt is not possible to reduce the radioactive contamination 13 pre-testIwels. It is possible...to rehabilitate the atoll in a marine I that willassure the safety of the returning people by employing certa i I minimaland acceptable restrictions on land use and Iody grown f wds, andby maintaining a continuing surveillance of the residualradioactivity ....The guidelines for radiological cleanup recoin n ended byAEC/ERDA are based on Federal standards ....The determin a ion as towhen the DOD cleanup activities have been successfully (o mpletedwill be a joint DNA/ERDA decision.

According to the agreement, ERDA also will pursue such program r latic act”wities asestablishing baseline data for radiologid protection of the Enewetbiomedical and environmental monitoring on Enewetak Atoll, and aand experimentation.W3

17 Sep 75ADMINISTRATION

/

The DOD cites the decision to postpone resettlement f Bikini as anindication that a new radiological survey of Bikini similar to t t performed atEnewetak is necessary. The DOD thus indicates a willingness to nsider fundinglogistical support for the survey. Prior to making any commitm nts, the deputysecretary of defense calls for a comprehensive review of plans a pr~ams thatdeal with the residual problems of nuclear weapons testing in the acific.

Ott 75LEGAL RESPONSIBILITYRADIATION

The people of Bikini file suit in U.S. District Court for the [ ~istrict of Hawaiiwith the People of Bikini et al vs. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., et al. and request that the

D-RAFT 49

9 Ott

1976

1court order a radiological aerial survey of Bikini. They subsequently mend the originalmotion and ask the court to enjoin the defendants from proceedi g further with theBikini Resettlement Program until the government complies with t e requirements ofthe National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The plaintiffs want he government tobe@n an environmental impact study and the court to prohibit th government fromreprogramming

ffunds earmarked for the Bikini Resettlement Program. The

Marshallese a so ask the court to require the government to su it to the court aplan for completing a radiological study of the Bikini People.n

75ADMINISTRATIONRADIATION

After Martin B. Biles, di~or of ERDA/DOS, andY

er Racan fulfill the tasks and responsibilities of ERDA under t e DIcleanup agreement Biles designates the NV as the office in chargtERDA portion of that agreement.=

CONTRA~ORRADIATIONPLUTONIUMWEAPON TESTING

The BNL initiates an external radiation sutvey program forAiluK Wotje, and Utirik Atolls to gather information on ambient rweapon testing in order to make external dose calculations forsuweyed areas.%’

Urine bioassays from Bikini show ‘9 and plutor~iw+?rom urine anthan 1971 by a factor of two. Cesiuml 7

values by a factor of about 30. Strontiumw levels are higher by aThis information is provided as testimony during House ApproFhearin s in spring 1978. It is reportedly from an 11 May 1977

%Conar to Liverman.w

23 Jan -20 Feb 76CONTfLACIORMEDICALRADIATIONRELOCATION

On 23 Januaty Roger Ray, ERDA/NV assistant maria er f1!safety, recommends to James L Liverrnan, ERDA director of t e di

and environmental research (DBER), approval of a BNL medicalBikini Island residents According to Ray, NV is prepared to supfto assist with an accompanying information rogram. ilay bases 1

1’on requests from Oscar de Bmm, Marsha I Islands district adrBikini representative and the awareness of the islanders’ apprehetradiation effects because of their residence on Blkkti Island.Liverman approves the BNL visit to Bikini during the regular m(Marshall Islands, providing that the Bikinians invite the team, thtthe T.T. government approve, “and that adequate explanationBikini people to the effect that the sick call is not necessitate<exposure that they may have received.”-

ree that the NV3?DA Enewetakcarrying out the

gelap, Rongerik,tion levels fromde living in the

‘a levels higher~her than 1970m of about five.ons Committeenorandum from

nvironment andm of biomedicalIm “sick call” tothis activity andecommendationstrator, and the1 about possible)n 20 Februaryd suwey of theeir attorney andprovided to theIy any radiation

DRAFT

Apr 76CONTRA~ORRADIATION

The BNL conducts a sunwy of external radiation levels onAtoll.3’0

Sep 76CONTRACTORRADIATION

The University of Washin on and BNL measure external?collect environmental samples o f~e atolls. 3“

16 Sep 76AGREEMENTLEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

The United States and the T.T. sign agreements grantingrights to Enewetak to the T.T. but allowing the U.S. to retain residcleanup of the atoll. Under these ri hts ERDA will conduct a varimonitoring operations as f

su~eillance of Enewetak !~ti ‘f ‘~ ‘rig-term responsibili~ for 10{The T.T. government and representatives of the Enewet

agreement that states that the $20 million appropriated for cleanuin P,L. 94-367, the DOD Military Construction Appropriation!constitute the total commitment of the Government of the UPcleanup of Enewetak Atoll.a’3

17 SeD 76

8 Dec

CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPFred M. Zeder, DOI, director of territorial affairs, requ

expedite action on funding for rehabilitation and resettlement of ElDO1/T.T. rehabilitation project will be able to share some of the Ioperations from DOD cleanup operations.q”

76CONTRA~ORPLUTONIUMRADIATION

The Transuranium Technical Group (lTG) reviews di

plutonium levels of Bikini residents as 10 times greater than pluturine of residents in the continental U.S. The TTG questions thebecause samples were not collected in a way that avoids possiblurine by plutonium soil in the air or on the body and cfothing of tlthe sample. The pooling of urine samples also prevents identifdiscrepancies. The TIG recommends an effort to obtain urepresentative Bikini residents in a controlled environment butactivities mi ht cause psychological and Sociologic stresses to tl

fmore critics concern than the potential hazard from radiation.”Pacific Northwest Laboratories (PNL), is chair of the llG.3’S

50

m Island, Bikini

ation levels and

and occupancyri hts to permit?o research and

erm radiological

reople sign anEnewetak Atoll

et, 1977, “shallI States for the

; that Congress/etak so that the

Jtic and support

showing urineJm levels in theidity of the dataontamination of)erson providingion of sampling

samples from{ises that these3ikini people “of.J. Bair, Battelle,

DRAFT 51

Jan 77CONTRACTORRADIATION

According to the LRE analysis of a radiological suwey { f seven MarshallIslands atolls for the AEC/DOS from 1974 to 1975, Strontiumm and cesium’37 aredominant in the terrestrial environment; and americium”, dutoniumn9; andplutoniumz~ are also in the soil from Bikini and kmgelap.31G

4-5 Feb 77AGREEMENTMEDICAL

Representatives of the ERDA and the T.T. meet on Kwajalein regarding medicalcare of the Rongelap and Utirik people. While the general medical a re of the peopleof the Marshall Islands is the responsibility of the T.T., ERDA and “,T. agree to worktogether to extend medical care and treatment to all people Iii I g on the islands.The ERDA agrees to invite T,T. medical personnel to join ERDA medical visits, toassist in arranging for U.S. doctors to participate in the medical t ?am visits, and toextend the duration of the medical team visits to assist the T,T. in providing generalmedical care.3’7

24 Feb 77ADMINISTRATION

James L Liverman, ERDA assistant administrator for envir cl ment and safety(AES), recommends that his office establish a headquarters positio n to coordinate andmanage health and safety research and surveillance activities in t I e Pacific3’8

15 Mar 77RELOCATION

Fifty-six Enewetakese return to Japtan?’9

Apr 77RADRATION

In vivo counting for Bikini island residents indicates a ten-f 01 i increase in bodyburdens of cesium’” from a 1974 sunmy and results in an annu al whole body doseof about 0.4 rem/ r.

[The standard is 0.5 rem/ r.

attributed to use o foods grown on Bikini Island. ~ ‘he elevat d dose rates are

21 Apr 77ADMINISTRATION

Hal Hollister, ERDA acting director of the dwision of saf e’ ~, standards, andcompliance (SSC), does not concur with Liverman’s proposal to esa blish a scientificmanager in the Pacific for all AES Paafic activities. He suggests nOch ange in currentmanagement of AES activities at the field level and recommends aon coordination and program development at headquarters.=’

26 Apr 77ADMINISTRATION

In clari$in the SSC position against Liierman’s proposal,?assistant director or health protection of the SSC, cites serious di

with NV. Deal states that his division has been trying to sort out 11headquarters versus the field and to perform the headquarters’ fur ction.

DRAFT

4 May 77ADMINISTRATION

P.L 95-26 indudes $2.6 million in funds for the DOl to afor necessary support for radiological suweying of the northern A

16 May 77ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTORMEDICALRADIATION

According to medical examination, 42 of 65 exposed RotIivin have thyroid abnormalities.

fBioassays show an increase

bur ens of the Bikini people. The ERDA the DOl, and the BNLBNL conduct whole body counting on the returning Enewresponsibilities for radiation assessment in the ERDA are dwideddivision of operational and environmental safety (DOES) and theobtains radiological data from the BNL for terrestrial evaluation; iof Washington for marine sampling and from the LLL for doseDBER collects data of scientific interest from a research standpoi

26 May 77AGREEMENTWEAPON TESTING

The ERDA and the DOD execute a memorandum ofplanning and support for Safeguard “~ and conduct of nuclear weNorth American continental limits. The ERDA/DMA and the didesi~nated to im~lement Safemard “C.” Iohnston Atoll is selectread~ness-to-test ~acility in the”Pacifi~32s -

27-29 Jun 77

28 Jun

4 Aug

15-17

RADIATIONMarshall Islands workshop participants

cleanup plans. 32s

77ADMINISTRATIONRADIATION

ask for reevalua

The DOD designates the Navy as the executive agent for tlexecution of the DOD responsibilities for logistical support of th{sutvey of the northern MarshallsU’

77ADMINISTRATION

President Jimmy Carter creates the Department of Ene~P.L 95-91.

hug 77-CONTRA~ORRADIATION

Representatives from PN~ Oak Ridge National Laboratory ((the Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research (LFNthat the criteria for cleanup of plutonium-contaminated islands, i

52

r the DOD cost;halls. =

ap peo Ie nowrcesium 3’ body

ree to have theCese. Presentwen the ERDAER The DOES1 the Universitysessment. The324

derstanding onIns tests outside~or of DNA areas the principal

M of Enewetak

ordination andn-ial radiological

~OE) by signing

4L), HAS~ L4SL,), and LLL agreeIding Enewetak,

2 Aug 78AGREEMENT

LNerman,Memorandum of i

DRAFT

the DOE acting assistant secretary for envirAgreement between the Navy, the DOE, and tl

support for the aerbl radiological survey of the northern Marsha

16 Aug 78AGREEMENTRELOCATION

After concerns are raised during meetings with the residenIslands, officials of the DOE, representing the U.S. government,statement of understanding on movin

fBikinians. The 00

satisfactory permanent relocation and wil ask the DOE to assureof Bikini Island residents are met. The U.S. government will unclethe permanent rehabilitation of Kili and, following completion of ttwork with Kiii residents to choose other relo@ion sites. If futurecan be safely inhabited, Bikini residents will be allowed to mov~to Bikini will be allowed. Necessary housing community facilities,built at Kili. A relocation allowance of $100.72 per person willresidents.~e

18 Aug 78LEGAL RESPONSIBILITYRELOCATION

P.L. 95-348 appropriates $15 million for the Bikini pecqBikini Atoll as a result of nuclear tests, of which $12 million isrelocation and resettlement of the Bikini people, and $3 milliipursuant to the trust agreement in P.L 94-34. The Secretary csubmit a pro ress report to Congress on efforts to find a perr

ithese people y 1 July 1979.~’

28 Aug 78RELOCATION

Relocation

Sep 78RADIATION

of Bikini residents to K]ii Island be@s.3W

The technical phase of the Thirteen Atoll Suwey begins.33

27 Ott 78LEGAL RESPONSIBILUYRADIATION

The People of Bikini, et al., vs. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., et ais dismissed. Following negotiations with the Department of Jtdrop the suit on condition that a more comprehensive radiologicalconducted and that this survey be extended to ten other atolls an{The Bikini people will select a qualified scientist to work under coIto provide independent analysis of survey data,3=

56

flent, si ns the101 on ogisticsands.~’

FBikini and Kilithe T.T. sign aill arrange formedical needs

? a program for!rial suwey, willjies show Eneu:re. Brief visitsI a dock will begiven to Bikini

!vacuated fromhorized for the3 held in truste Interior must:nt location for

October 1975,s, the plaintiffsvey of Bikini iso other islands.t with the DOE

DRAFT

1979ADMINISTRATIONMEDICALRADIATION

According to a General Accounting Offke (GAO) reportEnewetak Atoll, the DOE has the responsibility for future periodcof En~etak Atoll and periodic medical and environmental monitand the environment after rehabditation. mere is no offkiai tthe U.S. and the people of Enewetak regarding these malrecommends establishing an agreement to monitor and inspect ersoil and debris followin the termination of the T.T. agreement. Tt

8DOI to initiate indepen ent assessment of the Enewetak cleanup pagreeable to the DOE,3=

Jan 79

30 Jan

RADIATIONMeasured body burdens of cesium’37 in former Bikini Mac

reduction factor from 1978 to 1979 of 2.3 for males, 3.8 for f[children.3W

79ADMINISTRATIONRADIATION

The DOE requests the DOD support for a radiological sumnorthern Marshall Islands to determine residual fission products incalculate dose assessments, plan the DOE’s rehabilitation progplanting and determine the feasibility and/or timing of Enjebi rese

Feb 79RADIATION

DOE Enewetak Radiological Support Project (ERSP) estalProduct Data Base (FPDB) to collect essential information 1assessments for 18 islands of Enewetak AtolL3~

1 Mar 79ADMINISTRATION

In a referendum the people ofapprove a constitution.357

27-28 Mar 79RADIATION

To avoid repeating the BikiniAdvisory Group recommends that all

the Republic of the Marsh

experience, the Notiherndose dxdations used to

regarding habitation of the Marshall Islands be independently verifieorganizations.3W

Mar-Apr 79ContractorRADIATION

The DOE conducts soil survey ofEnewetak Atoll. LLL analyzes results.3S9

Enjebi Island and other ni

57

n the cleanup ofdiol ical sumys

?ing o the peoplereement between

.) The (240Ibed radioactiveAO advises the@ a suggestion

sidents show aIes, and 12 for

t of soil on thehe soil, to helpm for coconutement.3SS

shes a Fissionprovide dose

I Islands (RMI)

Iarshall Islandsnake decisionsby two or more

Ihern islands of

DRAFT 58

1 May 79ADMINISTRATION

The RMl inaugurates a parliamentary constitutional gover

15 May 79RADIATIONRELOCATION

in r~ponse to a request by the DOI for a definitive sta(on the possibility of returning Bikinians to Eneu Island, Ruthassistant secretary for environment states that a return to Eneuplace for 20 to 25 years when a@@g the radiation criteria operson used for the Enewetakese.

17 May 79ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTORRADIATION

Roger Ray and Harry Brown meet with President Amata kof the cabinet of the government of the Marshall Islands. Theyinterest in gaining cooperation from the Tobolar copra plant to rprocess in a laboratory at LLL (Tobolar is a Marshallese word thcoconut.”) They also confer about the safety of Eneu as a residerlevels on Bikar and Bokar, thyroid abnormalities on Likiep, and thIslands survey.~z

21 May 79RADIATIONRELOCATION

The DOI informs the T.T. that Eneu Island must be placedof residence for the Bikini people for at least another twenty tThe DOI stresses that the U.S. government must use the samecriteria for the people of Bikini as that used for Enevvetak.*3

4 Jun 79RADIATION

The Marshall Islands Nijitela (legislature) adopts a resoluthe U.S. government and the UN conduct a radioiogid suwey ofareas in the Marshall Islands, north of 8° north latitude, includinto determine radioactivity in the area and to erry out reeditidentify physical disorders which may be attributable to nuclear Iand Enewetak Atolls.w

Aug 79RADIATION

The DOE, the DOI, and the EPA and their legal counecessity of determining a U.S. position with respect to the ;exposure guidance in the Marshall Islands, particularly at Enewet:the extent to which the U.S. has the authority and responsibguidance. The EPA believes that federal guides to radiation proMarshall Islands people who want to return to Eneweta~ but thaprograms, the DOI can allow the possibility of occasional indivicof 0.s rern/yr if it has a carefully considered reason for doing SI

nt.w

nt by the DOEIsen, the DOEnd cannot takeO mrem/yr per

a and memberscuss the DOE’sate the Tobolarcans “sproutingisland, radiationItihern Marshall

imits as a place~enty-five years.iation exposure

requestin that%waters an land

of Namu Atoll,xaminations to)sions on Bikini

; agree on thecability of U.S.nd to determineto enforce thiscm apply to thecarrying out its

doses in excess

DRAFT

12 Sep 79RELOCATION

In an open letter to members of the counal of Ujelang andpmple of those atolls prior to the Enewetak radiation dose ~President Kabua advises them that the government “cannot blessany decision-making for your return to Enewetak” unless it is certailof lingering radiation danger. He expresses his concern about whetassessment meetings can achieve informed consent by the peepEnewetak and advises them not to rush with a decision if they f~ready to make one.-

16 Sep 79RADIATION

Completion ceremony for the mncrete dome covering ra~held on Runit Island.=’

18 Sep 79

18-20

ADMINISTRATIONRADIATION

The Ujelang/Enewetak council adopts resolutions requestin[of the Enewetak planning council be permitted to be present c1 October 1979 to 31 January 1980 to have a greater role in theEnewetak Atoll rehabilitation project. The council also asks thatbreadfruit trees on Japtan be on the ocean side of each wato inhomesites and not interspersed with coconut palms.=

SeD 79Rh31ATIONRELOCATION

At a dose assessment conference at Ujelang Atoll DOE reprthe radiolo id status of Enewetak Atoll with the people of Enev

kof Eneweta in consultation with Drs. A. Bertrand Brill, Michael A.Kiste, and William E. Ogle, and legal counsel, decide the pr~resettlement and use of the islands of the atoll. The DOE staff preits book “Enewetak Today. ” FollowinR the meeting with DOE, the CImeets with Theodore R’ Mitchell, M-UC,stating that the people of Enjebi “shallimploring the U.S. government to concurEnjebi to return to their homeland.ws

28 SeD 79‘ RADIATION

In response to a verbal request

and h~ advisors, and aand must” return to Ii

with this decision and a

from Ruth Van Cleve,territorial affairs, DOI, Bruce W, Wa~holA DOE office of environ!radiological consequences to the people of Enewetak if they resideMedren, and Japtan, and if coconut trees are planted on the nortlthe Enewetak Atoll. Given these assumptions and limitations, theestimates are below U.S. exposure guidance and AEC recommenc

59

ewetak and thement meetings,)r partiapate inbout all aspectsFthe initial doseof Ujeiang andhey are not yet

active debris is

tat six membersEnewetak fromal phase of theture planting oftse proximity to

1ntatives discuss

f ak. The peopleender, Robert A.

~f rred course forlts and explainslcil of Enewetakpts a resolutionon Enjebi and

;t the people of

ector, office ofnt, assesses theIy on Enewetak,Istern islands ofjiation exposureons.3n

DRAFT

12 Ott 79RADIATIONRELOCATION

Michael A Bender and A Bertrand Brill of National Cytog“Assessment of Radiation Health Effects of the Resettlement of [report prepared for MISC. They conclude that their risk assubstantial agreement with those the DOE presented to the Enewdose assessment conference. Bender and Brill conclude that the av~probabty will be relatively small for the people of Enewetak followilthe atoll, including Enjebi,37’

22 Ott 79RADIATIONRELOCATION

In response to a request by the people of Enwetak for th[a ricultural redevelopment and reestablishment of a community on

fC eve, DOI director of the office of territorial affairs, asks the DCamount of time it would take for exposure levels on Enjebi tcexposure limits.372

30 Ott 79RADIATIONRELOCATION

In response to the DOE and the DOI questions regar[proposal to resettle Enjebi requires a supplemental environmentalTheodore Mitchell, MlSC, responds that resettlement of Enjebi was :in the 1975 environmental impact statement.3=

15 Nov 79

3 Dec

CONTRACTORR4DIATION

Roger Ray reports that NV/ER5P is evaluating a systematicmeasurement of americium in Enewetak. This error, in the range ofderives from improper use of a soil composition that is not repactual. If these errors were introduced into the LLL preliminary dosethe data are lower than actual radioactivity levels. (The calibrationin IMP calculations of transuranics data in the LLL preliminary dosefirst questioned by Ed Bramlitt of the DNA field command.) Asrevised dose assessments are put on hold until the error is clarifi(of necessary revisions is assessed.374

79RADIATIONRELOCATION

In a “draft response to Van Cleve’s request for time estimat~levels an Enjebi, Wachhoiz provides time estimates ranging frf m 6C95 years that take into account assumptions about lifes~ Ie precommendations.37s

60

etics, Inc issuewetak Atoll,” aisments are ink people at theige yearly dosesresettlement of

)01 to considernjebi, tih Vanto estimate theneet applicable

lg whether thepact statement,ficientiy studied

or in the in situO to 25 percent,xmtative of thessessment, thenmcedures usedssessment were

resul~ the LLLand the ~ent

]r safe exposure5 years and 90-erns and DOE

DRAFT

Jan 80CONTRACTORMEDICALRADIATION

The BNL issues Review of Medical Findines in a MaqTwentv-Six Years After Accidental R to Rad ioact-we F?emphasizes that many uncertainties were involved in calmlatingdoses r~ived by the Marshallese prior to their evacuation. Efurther deveior)ment of thvroid abnormalities. BNL recommenlexaminations.’”

Mar 80RADIATION

The DNAof the cleanup and

12 Mar 80AGREEMENTMEDICAL

P.L 96-205,

#

announces that the Enewetak ckammrehabilitation phase is $218 millio’n

is compk, 3?7.

the Burton bill, takes effect. This law gives ISecretary of Interior to provide medical care and treatmen~for tlEnewetak, Rongelap, and Utirik Atoils who have been exposed tcnuclear weapon testing program and to support environmemonitoring for any injury, illness, or condition that may resulweapon testing program. The Secretary of Interior must SUIcomprehensive four-atoll health program by 1 Janua~ 198’implementation of the plan are to be assumed by the DOE.37S

4 Apr 80RELOCATION

]ohannes Peter, Binton Abraham, and John Abraham, helleaders of Enewetak Atoll, write President Jimmy Carter becausestatements made to Carter by RMI President Kabua. Kabua reCarter to look into the resettlement of Enewetak. Peter, Abralbelieve that additional study is unnecessary because independerand Briel (1979) favors Enewetak resettlement.They allege that President Kabua is motivated by funding andspeaking for the majority of the Enewetak people.’n

May 80

Sep -

RELOCATIONThe Enewetak people return to Enewetak Atoll.=

Ott 80ADMINISTRATIONMEDICALRADIATION

The DOE issues The Meanine of Radiation at Bikini Atollto explain the results of the 1978 suwey. The report states thiwould be within U.S. radiation standards if they returned to Emprovisions that they import so Percent of their food and spend 1(of their time on Bikini island.~

61

k PODU Iation& The report: early radiationuse of possibleregular medical

. The total cost

Ionsibility to themople of Bikini,jiation from theI research and~m the nucleart a plan for a

All costs and

tary and electedsy disagree withtedly had askedI, and Abrahamdvice by Bender

‘iti~ and is not

the Marshallesele Bikini peoplesland under thethan 10 percent

DRAFT

The DOE presents and explains “The Meaning of Radiatiolthe Bikini people living on Krli.W

loct80ADMINISTRATION

Be@nning in W 1981 the LU dose assessment proje@ thcountin act”wities, and the Un”wersity of Washington projects areDOE & ice of Health and Environmental Research (OHER).-

30 Ott 80

3 Dec

CONTRACTORRADIATION

The LLNL issues Reass~Residents Resettling Enewetak Atoll. This repoti refines the d[various living patterns proposed for the resettlement of Enewetak

80ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTORMEDICAL

A Loma Linda University re ort from a contract with theatoll health plan concludes that the L solution would be to impravailable throu bout the Marshall Islands. Neither the DOI nor tl

$government o lcialiy endorses the plan.~’

24 Dec 1980AGREEMENT

P.L %-597 states that all ri hts, title, and interests of thetpersonal property or property of t e vernment of the T.T. of

rlocated in the T.T. of the Pacific IsIan s shall be transferred withby 1 October 1982 to the T.T.-

1981 & 1982

198”

CIAIMSFourteen petitions on behalf of approximately 5,000

inhabitants are filed in the U.S. Court of Claims for property claim:nuclear weapons testing program. The petitions are consolidateJuda vs. U. S., involving inhabitants of the Bikini Atoll; Peter v:inhabitants of Enewetak Atoll; and Nitol vs. U.S., including inhabislands that were not used as test sites. Juda vs. U.S. allegesmillion. Peter vs. U.S. seeks damages of $500 million. Nitol vs. Uof $400 million in each of the 12 cases, which total $4.8o billior

CIJUMSLEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

The Marshall Islands Testing Litigation Project is initiatedU.S. law firms announces the filing of personal in-w-y claim:government on behalf of more than 600 Marshallese. L

62

~ Bikini Atoll” to

INL whole bodyreferred to the

@ Doses forpredictions for

O1l.w

101 on the four-o e the health careI Marshall Islands

,. government in: Paafic Islands: reimbursement

tar-shall Islandsdting from thento three cases:J.S., concerningIts of atolls andImages of $450claims damages

4 consortium ofgainst the U.S.

DRAFT 63

27 Feb 81ADMINISTRATION

4

Robert L Motgan, DOE acting assistant secretary for fense pr rams,proposes a reorganization of Defense Programs (DP) to Treply wit thereorganization of DOE by Secretary James B. Edwards. Morgan r remends, amongnumerous weapons responsibliit”~, that the deputy assistant tary for militaryapplication exerase direction over the office of safety, environme t and emergencyactions. M. Whitley of DP prepares these proposals for Morgan.

Mar 81POLICYRELOCATION

4

Approximately 100 Enewetak people return to Ujelang from newetak becauseof lack of coconuts and other fresh fruits.=

Enewetak leaders petition the U.N. Trusteeship Council to continue thetrusteeship arrangement with the U.S. after the agreement has terminated withthe rest of Micronesia.39’

7 Apr 81ADMINISTRATION

t

Following a DOE departmental reorganization transferring e biological andenvironmental research (BER) program from the former office of the assistantsecretary for the environment to the office of energy research (ER), . Douglas Pewitt,acting director of E~ proposes placin nonresearch Marshall IsIan

#projects related

to medical surveillance in the new o Ice of the assistant secretary or environmentalprotection, safety, and eme~ency preparedness (ASEP).392

27 May 81ADMINISTRATION

“DOE’s Ml activities are at a crossroads,” writes Tommy Met Iraw, DOE healthphysicist, in response to Dr. Bruce Wachholz’s question of who st ould manage theDOE Marshall Islands program and whether NV should admini iter it. McCrawmentions that disagreements have occurred between the NV and h ?adquarters staffsover who should manage the Marshall Islands program and >W it should beoperated. The NV representatives, says McCraw, have given the Marshallese theimpression that the NV has “almost endless resources” compared tc the T.T. officials.McCraw also states that the AEC and the ERDA maria ement “wer : never willing to

fformally give NV more responsibility in the Marshalls t an respons bility for logisticssupport.” According to McCraw, the DOE and its predtxessrm have received no cleardirections from Con ress to provide radiological follow-up in the Ma shahs; moreover,

%M<raw finds that t e DOE “currently has no approved policy and TO plan for theseactivities.” MCraw concludes that giving NV staff the responsib Iity for the DOEMarshall Islands program will give the impression in Washington an I Majuro that theDOE wishes to provide leadership on Marshall Islands matters tha will require newresponsibilities and enlarged funding “with no end in sight,”3g3

26 Ott -20 NOV 81ADMINISTRATION

Citing a “very large program growth,” Herman E. Rosesecretary for DP, on 26 October recommends and on 20 NovemtEdwards approves a reorganization of DP to consolidate program rand to delegate program management responsibilities to three

DOE assistantDOE Secretary

nagement areaseputy assistant

1982

29 Jan

DRAFT

secretaries. Roser anticipates “continuing management requiremermission area.”w

ADMINISTRATIONCIAIMSCONTRAflORMEDICAL

Antoiolq Cathelina, et al. VS. BN~ et al. is filed in U.S. Di:District, California, cha~in that contractors, actin as agents of th

fcaused hysical injury an death and breachedr

k?’

uaary du toand we I-behg of the plaintiffs, who are Marshallese. De endPacific Northwest laborato~, Battelle Memorial lnst”~te, 1Laboratories. The plaintiffs seek damages for past and futureproperty damage, contamination of environmen~ suffering and $damages.’”

The manager of NV pro oses to mnsolidate all of thprograms in the DOE DP office.’ 1!

BNL issues Medical Status of Marshallese Acddentlv EXD(

Fallout Radiation: Ianuaw 1980 throu~h December 1982. lW rethere is no statistically significant difference between the sunradioactively exposed and unexposed groups.~’

82RADIATIONContractor

LLNL issues “An Updated Radiological Dose AssessmentIslands at Bikini Atoll,” which addresses potential dose assessmerat Bikini AtolL3W

Feb 82

2 Mar

ADMINISTRATIONThe NV staff recommends that it be given additional autl

the N EPA because current procedures for environmental asses:statements slow down field action. The NV rqmst would diminthe office of environmental protection, safety, and energy prlheadquarters on environmental assessments and impact stateme

82ADMINISTRATION

Kristine Morris drafts a memorandum for DOE AssistalHerman E. Roser’s signature that recommends transferring thprograms from EP to DP, She circulates the draft to Roger Rayfor comment. Cornwell w ests that Morris include more aboul

Tgovernment acquisition of t e Marshalls for nuclear testing an~about the Bufion Bill and Safeguard “C.-

23 Mar 82ADMINISTRATION

Herman E, Roser urges the Secretary of the DOE to triIslands programs from EP to DP. Roser supports his request by I1977-1980 the DOE Enewetak Radiological Support Project “pexpertise” for the DNA $100 million cleanup in the Marshall Islanl

64

m a major DOE

t COU* Central.S. government,}tect the healthi indude LLNI+_ and Sandiadical expenses,Ilion in punitive

!arshall Islands

It 01954 Bravoconcludes thatcurves of the

1Bikini and Eneu

it fter resettlement

y to implementnts and impactthe authority ofedness (EP) at199

ecretary of DPtarshall IslandsI Tom Cornwell! history of U.S.!parate sections

er the MarshallIlin that during

Jd the criticalRoser adds that

DRAFT 65

i

the DOE/NV organized and conducted the rad-mlogical suwey of 88 islands in thenorthern Marshalls as part of the DOE project. Recognizing t EP has beenresponsible since 1977 for the Marshall Islands p

Tms, Roser ex Iains tha$ ~cept

for the professional medid responsibility, the t nical resou currently in theMarshall Islands are primarily weapons-related and are part of e Safeguard “C”

program to maintain the capability to resume atmospheric testin . “In fa~” addsRoser, “much of the field effort in the wrshali Islands is a ~erase of theexpeditionary ~pability which is an important aspect of Defense rams’ Safeguard‘C.” Because most of the DOE logistic and support base “i common to theSafeguard ‘C’ readiness program,” DP should assume direction d mntrol of theDOE Marshall Island activkies, Roser concludes.~’

25 Mar 82ADMINISTRATION

{

Kris Morris reports that Herman E. Roser has signed the p posal to transferthe Marshall Islands program to DP. The only issue is one of ere to l~te theprogram in Dl? in program support (PS) or safety, environment and emergencyactions (SEEA). Morris recommends that the program be placed in She does notforesee the need for additional staff because the bulk of the work i done in NV andthe Pacific Area support office (PASO).’”*

Apr 82ADMINISTRATION

Dr. Charles W. Edington, associate director of the DOE OHof Saf uard “C” to the Marshall Islands pr ram “ludicrous,” Edin

T Tn drafts an issue

paper iscussing the proposed transfer oft e Marshall Islands ppaper, which was never sent, concludes DP does not have thestaff to manage the pro ram and an association of the health ca

%monitoring programs to t e weapons program will destroy any pOHER sees no point in continuing research at the Mid-Pacific Mperceives this attempt as another effort to transfer managemeNV. Edin on recommends that if EP is unwilling to retain t

ftransferee to ER/EHER instead of OP. He also acknowledF!opinion between the DOE and NV on DOE’s roie in the Mars

DOE maintains that it is an advisor to the DOl and the DOD, NV has led theMarshallese to believe that the DOE has a greater responsibility t an is the case.m3

14 Apr 82ADMINISTRATION

J. W. Thiessen, acting deputy associate director of P, opposes therecommendation of Roser to transfer the Marshall Islands program to DP. Thiessenbelieves that Roser’s recommendation results from pressures from NV to take overthe policy direction of a program in which NV has had onl) logistic su port

Jresponsibility. According to Thiessen, DP also wants the rogram ~ontrol in or er toIretain the Mid-Pacific Research Laboratory on Enjebi IsIan . Thi esS n fears that if the

program is transferred to DP, then headquarters would not tw con ;ulted adequately.Moreover, Thiessen thinks that the DOE should close the Mi( -Pacific ResearchLaboratory because it has been inactive for several year, He recor Imends that if EPwishes to drop the rogram, then the Marshall Islands project sho Jld be transferredback to his office. J

DRAFT 66

13 May 82‘ADMINISTRATION

I

Herman E. ilose~ A.W. Trivelpiece, assistant secretary for N and Vaughn,assistant secretary for EP, discuss the transfer of the Marshall Island pr rams. ER’s

Tposition is that although ER does not want to manage the programs, it wi I contributeexpertise and funding. Vaughn sees EP as an oversight office but oes not have aprepared position. Roser declares that EP has managed the pr ram poorly and that

7if DP receives the programs it will establish immediately a hea qua ers task force todetermine future policy,’”

30 May 82AGREEMENT

The United States and the Marshall Islands sign the

+

mpact of FreeAssociation (COFA).W

Sep 82RELOCATIONRADIATION

NV issues Enewetak Radioloeid SUDDOtt Proiect, Fina ReDort, whichdocuments the technical and logistical ~ccomplishments of the ERSP directed by NV.According to this paper, the ERSP gave DNA technica( advice on :he cleanup andreported the final radiological condition of each of the atoll’s forty- hree islets.a’

30 Sep 82CONTRACTORRADIATION

Lawrence Livermore National IAoratory (LLNL) issues The h orthern MarshallIslands Radiological Sutvev Terrestrial Food Chain and Total Doses (1982 f?t?pOfi),

which is the o~icial documentation of the radiation sutvey of the r orthern MarshallIslands in 1978.W

1 Ott 82AGREEMENT

I

The U.S. and the Federated States of Micronesia conclude a ompact of FreeAssociation and establish a relationship of Free Association tween the twogovern ments.’m

+

The U.S. and the RMl sign an a rement concluded pursua t to section 234%of COFA that transfers the titles of Ian s owned but no longer n ed by the U.S.

government to the governments of the Marshall Islands.’”

19 Ott 82AGREEMENT

{

P.L 97-357 amends P,L %597 of 24 December 1980 b replacing the 1October 1982 deadline with “by a date not later than nine days followingtermination of the trusteeship agreement governing the administrate n of the T.T. ofthe Pacific Islands.”’”

28 Ott 82-5 NOV 82ADMINISTRATION

I

On 28 October Herman E. Roser concurs with the transfer o Marshall Islandsprograms and the Nevada Dose Reassessment effort from EP o DP with theexpectations that the M 1983 and 1984 monies for these prog ms also will betransferred to DP. On 5 November WNiam A. Vaughan, assis nt secreta~ for

DRAFT 67

environmental protection, safety,

i

and emergency prepared ess, signs therecommendation for transfer of these two EP programs to D and another EPprogram, radiological sumys and certification, to the assistant etary for nuclearenergy. Among the arguments cited against the Marshall Islands p ogram transfer inan unsigned attachment to Vaughan’s 29 October memorandum o DOE SecretaryEdwards are DP has limited headquarters medical, health, or e ronmental expertstaff to direct the rogram, and “historically, EP has retained m nagement of the

!program because o its perceived expertise.” In that same docum nt proponents ofthat transfer contend that the Marshall Islands program is primari operational andrelated to past weapon testins a major DP act”-, that NV ma ges the logisticalsupport in the Pacific for DF$ and that EP handling represents a nflict with the EPoversight role.4’2

NOV 82MEDICALRADIATION

The DOE issues Mele!en Radiation I!o Ailfi ko Itufi Ilo Ma d, ko Rar Etali Ilo1978 (The Meanirw of Radiation for Those Atolls in the Northern P;% of the MarshallIslands That Were Suweved in 197t3) to the Marshallese to explain the results of the1978 measurements for Rongelap, Utiri~ Taka, l?ongeri~ Ailingir ae, Likiep, Ailuk,Jemo, Mejit, Wotho, and Ujelang Atolls. According to Tommy i AcCraw, the 400mRem/yr exposure rate “on page 39” appears to be an erroneous va ue not supportedby whole-body monitoring. McSraw says that “the value should x less than 100mRem/year,” provided the food restriction remains effect”we.4’3

8-9 Dec 82ContractorMEDIC4LRADIATION

DOE representatives and contractors from the PNL and LLNL meet withMarshall Islanders at Majuro to explain the 1978 radiological s Jwey. No T. T.representative attends. Roger Ray serves as the DOE spokesr an, and TommyMcCraw attends as an observer. The Marshallese ask why only ce tain islands wereincluded in the survey; which areas are safe with respect to hea th; and how theradiation affects people’s health. According to McCraw, the Marsha ese/English bookwas “well received,” and &y was effective in responding to the pur )ose and findingsof the survey. Nevertheless, McCraw is upset because “some oft le Marshallese atthe meeting appeared surprised, confused, and skeptical of Roger’ i statements thatfood from Enjebi Island and from the northern islands at Rongela ) could be eatenwith certain qualifications, and that the people should make up the r own jud ments

3based upon cancer risk estimates and upon the need for food” McC ‘aw regar s Ray’sadvice as incompatible with the DOE policy of adhering to federal and internationalradiation protection standards and giving DOE-coordinated radiol t Igical advice andassistance to the DOI and the T,T. high commissioner. According o McCraw, Ray’sstatements on the consumption of Enjebi and northern island : food were notcoordinated within the DOE. McCraw considers this episode a continuation of adifference of opinion between DOE head uarters safety staff anc NV that started

1when NV became involved in the Eneweta cleanup.’”

1983

Jan 83

11 Jan

26 Jan

..

DRAFT

CONGRESSIOW RELATIONSHIPRELOCATION

Congress creates the Bikini Atoll Rehabilitation Corwinvestigate and report to Congress on the feasibility and cost of iAtoll. The BARC is funded by the DOL415

The Marshall islands Legislature passes a resolution supprequest to the U.S. Congress by the llongeiapese.’”

ADMINISTRATIONCONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPMEDICAL

Committee Print No. 3 prepared by the staff of th{Representatives Subcommittee on Public lands and National Parkthe committee reiterate to the administration the congressional inlthat the U.S. provide health care for the Marshallese adversely alnuclear tests in the Pacific’”

At the suggestion of the DOE assistant general counsel fothe decmtv assistant secretarv for defense mwrams creates ansuppo~ working group to c~rdinate Iitigatio’n ~pportwill include support on cases filed by Marshall Islandsfrom the atmospheric nuclear testing in the Pacific”*

83ADMINISTRATION

act~lties.inhabitanfi

Assistant Secreta~ for DP Herman E. Roser concurs in theEP Marshall Islands and Dose Assessment Programs to DP withthat the FY 1984 funding levels of $4.15 million and S1.4 minibeause the FY 1984 DP budget contains no money for these prf

83ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTORMEDICALRADIATION

Replying to Tommy McCraw’s critique of the 8-9 Decmeeting with Marshallese at Majuro, Roger Ray denies that replDOE and contractors made or advocated any change in DOE Politstatements incompatible with ast policy. Ray explains

/As to the alleged con usion on the part of wr Marshallwould say that if there were not some confusion it wwld swe were not communicating effect”weiy. I have never yetpublic meeting on radiation matters where the complesubject did not evoke some degree of confusion and con{

Ray quotes from the meeting transcript to highlight the irrMarshallese representatives. A member of the parliament tells F@ask thin s that we want to know and feel comfortable, we wal

frelations ip of sharing information with each other.” At the end al?htl chief secretary, representing the Ml president, expresgratitude... for the teams coming ....for this kind of setting we are atto face... discuss these matters, raise questions and et answers or

Yraised so the answers can be forthcoming eventua Iy.-m

68

:ee (BARC) to]bilitating Bikini

ng a relocation

J.S. House ofcommends thatt in P.L 96-205ted by the U.S.

meral litigation,‘ormal litigationis roup’s work

f}r c aims arising

referring of the! understandingalso o to DP

lms. ‘IF

ber 1982 DOEmtatives of thex that he made

hosts Iyst thatended a‘ of the1.sions of twonat we can nowo build on this~e meetings the

“our extremeto sit down faceleast have them

DRAFT 69

14 Feb 83ADMINISTRATION

According to Maj. Gen. WNiam W. Hoover, DOE di

1

or of militaryapplication, Roser has placed program management of the Marsha Islands programin the OMA d“wision of program support. Hoover then designates t e NV as the leadoffice to manage this program on a daily basis. The FY 1984 Marshall Islandsfunding will be included under the weapons program. NV will be r ponsible for theH 1985 Marshall Islands budget that will cover UN~ BN~ H&N nd University ofHawaii activkies. Headquarters staff involved in the Marshall M nds program areRalph Ross and Kristine hhorris.421

29 Mar -4 Apr 83ADMINISTRATION

K. Dean Helms, DOE director of organization and man~recommends on 29 March and William S. Heffelfin er,

!c

administration, approves on 4 April the transfer of $4.15 mi lion atime equivalent position from EP to DP for the Marshall Islands pr(to Helms, no incumbent of an occupied position qualifies for a dir(the Marshall islands program. Helms attributes the Marshall Islandsto ‘a result of EP concerns that these program managemercompromised their ability to any out their basic oversight role.’”=

ment systems,E director of0.25 of a full-

am. Accordingtransfer under

mgram transferresponsibilities

9 Jun 83

Islands Plannimake recomnto ensure ou

ADMINISTRATIONAt the request of the DOE/DP the Marshall

is established at NV. Its purpose is to “review andtechnical content of our Marshall Islands rmzrams,

Group (MIPG)dations on thegal obligationsm ing political

\i t e Marshallwere met, and to undertake long-term pl~nn~nE r”

7nizing the

relationship between our government and that of t e Republic {islands.”423

25 Jun 83AGREEMENT

Because of revisions and the conclusion of a subsequent afand the Marshall islands sign for a second time the COFA and a I

agreements.424One of these agreements, for the im Cementation of section

rsets forth provisions for the settlement of a I claims, for the mntinuby the U.S. of direct medical surveillance and treatment programsmonitorin~ and for the assumption of responsibility for enforcemlon the use of affected areas by the RMI with assistance by the U.

7 Sep 83AGREEMENT

The electorate of the Marshall Islands votes to approve the

21 Ott 83MEDICAL

To date the DOI has not provided the DOE with a developlfour-atoll health program and environmental research program.’z’

ement the U.S.f its subsidiary

7 of the COFA,administration

nd radiologicalt of limitations2s

OFA.’X

!nt plan for the

DRAFT

21 Ott -3 NOV 83MEDICALCONTRA~OR

The BNL mnducts a pediatrics mission to Ebeye and Nmeetings are held in both Ebeye and Ma”uro to describe the I

c1questions. The mission examines 190 chit ren in Ebeye and 140AtoiL’2’

23 NOV 83CONGRESSIOM4L RELATIONSHIPRADIATIONRELOCATION

The BARC interim report estimates that it will cost ahtake two to four years of on-site effort to resettle the islands of Bmain approaches to decxmtamination are those permittin resettl

fcontamination is minimal with the proviso that no Iota foodseaten for a specified period and the removal of contaminated sradiological contamination is high.’m

1984

31 Jan

ADMINISTRATIONThe DOE terminates its resident scientific program at EI

operational and funding constraints. The DOE continues to m;station at Enewetak to support scientific trips and limited operal

84MEDICALPLUTONIUMRADIATION

While expecting the ml to take over most ofresponsibilities of the NV Marshall Island Programs, the NV recoIslands program plan for R’ 1985-1989 that remgnizes that theresponsible for the lifetime medical care for the 178 remaining irexposed to radioactive fallout from Castle Bravo. The NV also athe dose projections for Enewetak and Bikini to support future reand a data bank program, a U.S. government reposito~environmental and dose assessment information. NV recommeyear to study plutonium uptake of Rongeiap residents and of peoduring the 1970s.43’

10 Feb 84ADMINISTRATION

Since last September the MPRL has not had a resident sAlthou h the laboratory has been inactive, the DOE has kep{

?operab e. The USGS, with the cooperation of the DOE, is plannEnewetak in summer 1984 that will require the use of the labor

Mar 84RELOCATION

A complete brushing operation is initiated on Enewetak,foliage will be chopped down and left to decompose to add huassist in maintaining moisture and providing natural nutrients.433

70

0. .Communityon and answer~ren from Bikini

100 million andand Eneu. Thent if radioactiveept fish will be~pecially where

~tak because ofin a small field430.

functions andends a Marshall. government isduals who wereates continuing~ment decisionsr all pertinenttwo missions aesiding in Bikini

ist at Enewetak.maintained andm expedition toI’.432

I non-cultivatedto the soil and

DRAFT

30 Mar 84

1 May

3 May

AGREEMENTThe President transmits the COFA to Congress.4U

84CIAIMSRADIATIONRELOCATION

The people of Bikini file a class action suit against the exeaU.S. government. The plaintiffs seek ddaratory and equitable rellcleanup of Bikini Atoll, the restoration of the atoll to its former corresettlement of the Bikini people to their atoll.’3S

84ADMINISTRATION

DP’s role in the Marshall Islands Program indudex pnsurveillance and care to persons accidentally exposed to radiatiorBravo test, radiological studies of the environment and monitorin{living on the atolls, and the logistical support of these two actndeveloping the four-atoll health plan for submission to Congress.involved in the development or implementation of the health pla

15 May 84ADMINISTRATIONCONTRA~OR

PASO issues the Operations Plan, Mission Number 7, F1984 trip to Utirik,conducted by BN L437

25 May 84ADMINISTRATIONCONTRA~ORMEDICAL

Rong~lap and Enewetak as patt of the

T.T. High Commissioner Janet J. MKoy represses gratilWilliam W. Hoover, DOE deputy assistant secretary for militaassistance provided the T.T. administration by Roger Ray and [three years, especially during “numerous critical phases of theAssociation approval prcmss” before Congress.4=

Exceeding its mandate, the BNL conducts 434 complete mfof the Marshallese during its visit to the Marshall Islands underactually applies only to the 174 islanders affected by the 1954 Q

31 May 84POLICY

Marshall Islands Sen. Jeton Anjain informs W.]. Stanleyconstituents “will not attend the Radiological Safety Program nexBrown, DOE/PASO will accompany the Medical team to Ron&Ebeye.R (See 20 Jul 84 for the response to this letter.) Accor[Marshallese “feel that Mr. Harry Brown always treats them likeevery time he gives them little food he calls them as if they are

71

‘e branch of thethe radiologicalon, and speedy

ion of medicalJring the Castle‘ the populations The DOI is~ DP funding isb

984, for a Junewsay program

e to Maj. Gen.application, forE over the past)mpact of Free

al mminations, 95-134, which

JW2 fallout.’”

PASO that hisme if Mr. Harryp, Majuro, and: to Anjain, theey are animals,ckens...-

15 Jun

DRAFT

84MEDICAL

The DOl formulates a four-atoll health care plan planmterritorial and international affairs (OTIA) and based on site visitwith OTl~ DOE, DOD, and the USPHS.’”

5 Jld 84

20 Jul

1 Aug

RELOCATIONThe DOl asks the DOE for advke on the resettlement oi

DOI would like to determine if Eneu Island can be resettled beiends.u=

84POLICY

In response to sent Anjain’s 31 May 1984 letter, RogPresident Kabua that “the allegations regarding the actions of Mcontradictory to my own observations, are in conflict with numelreports, includin comments of officials of your govemmen~ andspecifics.” Ray L Iieves that “it would be regrettable if deservirqDOE assistance under United States public law were denied suchof actions by those who, for whatever reason, seek to embarrassEnergy or its duly authorized program officials.” Ray statescontinue to deliver the swvices authorized by the U.S. Con ress al

fadvice, recommendations, and requests from the Marshal Island

84MEDICAL

The DOE transfers $4 million to the D(3I to fund the faplan.’”

28 Aug 84ADMINISTRATIONCONTRA~ORRADIATION

Scientists at a meeting to review the dosimetric data from tdetermine that it would be unlikely for an Eneu resident, consuland imported foods, to exceed an exposure of soo mrem per ye;in the meeting include representat”~es from BN~ ORN~ LaLaboratory (lANL), NV, LLN~ and PNL’”

The PASO issues the Operations Plan, Mission Number 8,to Bikini and Enewetak by the LLNL in September 1984 as parinvolving the sampling measurement and cycling characteristicsthe soil, water, air, and biota.’”

21 Sep 84RELOCATIONMEDICAL

In a revision of a letter originally drafted by Roger Ray, DCClark asks DOE Secretary Hodel if Bikinians can return to Eneltrusteeship ends.

In a draft of comments, the DOE offIce of policy, plans, anrecommends no resettlement because the Bikinians have alreadythe Bikini resettlement doses have been repeatedly underestimated

72

w the office ofrid consultation

Ieu Island. Thethe trusteeship

Ray writ- I/Mliarry Brown arei complimentaryunsupported bympie entitled to,istance buse! Department oft the DOE willtill welcome thewernment.”3

~toll health care

Marshall Islandsg a mix of localThe participants,Iamos National

1984, for a trip‘ their pr rams

O%radionucli es in

ecretary Williamland before the

nalysis (PE) staffen overexposed;etary restrictions

..

DRAFT

did not work on Bikini Island; and until the P@’ problerrecommendation or interpretation of radiological conditions shoul

24 Sep 84ADMINISTRATIONWEAPON TESTING

The DOE and the DOD enter into a memorandum of un(planning and support for Safeguard “C”. Johnston Atoll will bresumption of atmospheric testing if it is needed. Nuclear reprograms will b conducted to maintain personnel knowiedge~testing and other types of experiments will also be mnductfffacilities at Johnston Atoll and the Hawaiian Islands to erwavailability of the facilities.~

28 Sep 84

9 Ott

ADMINISTRATIONCONTILMXORMEDICAL

The PASO issues the O erations Plan Number 1, W 19tL1984 trip to Utiri~ Rongelap, E ye, and Majuro as a part of th{

The program includes surveillance by BNL of Rongelap and Utirik 1fallout in 1954, monitoring of a control group of unexposed pemfor an expanded health care program.”’

84CONTRA~ORRADIATION

LLNL completes the pyrolytic coconut processing unit and clruns with Bikini and control coconuts. These preliminary txperilthe oil produced is relatively free of cesium’37 while the residuamost of the element.’w

170ct84ADMINISTRATIONContractor

The PASO issues the Operations Plan, Mission NumberNovember 1984 trip to Bikini Atoll as part of the LLNL’s program t~investigations to measure and analyze radionuclides in the envin

15 NOV 84ADMINISTRATIONCONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPCONTRACTORRADIATIONRELOCATION

The BARC submits ReDOrt No. 1, Resettlement of Bikini FEstimated Cost of Meetirw the Federal Radiation Protection StanThe BARC states that the hazard of resettlement stems almost entin the soil. The BARC concludes that Eneu may be resettled,population size, some food may have to imported. Bikini may befood is grown or ground water consumed for 80 years. The Bikinithis alternative because Bikini Island would not be decontaminate

73

is resolved noe made.”’

standin for the‘etain $ for therch and testing: about nucleart Safeguard “C”

the continued

for the Octoberwdical program.sons exposed to

f and provisions

Iucts preliminarynts indicate thatharcod mntains

FY 1985, for aInduct terrestriallent.4S’

1: Feasibility and* to Congress.y from cesium137t, depending on;ettled only if noIi Council rejects152

DRAFT 74

30 NOV 84ADMINISTRATIONRADIATION

To date, DP and the PE technical pm le cannot agree onR

k

ich DOE level ofradiation is an acceptable risk in regard to t e resettlement of En .4=

10 Dec 84RADIATIONRELOCATION

I

Prepared by PE for DOE Secretary Donald Hodel, a draft r ponse to the DOIinquiry on the resettlement of Eneu Mand states that the E is moving toimplement the new ICRP and NCRP recommendations. Accor ing to the ICRP,exposures that continue year after year for a lifetime should not teed an averageof 100 mrem a year for the highest ind”widual in any age group. DOE can giveno assurance that the resettlement of Eneu Island would be within ese Iimitations.’M

13 Dec 84ADMINISTRATION

The office of Micronesia status negotiations (OMSN) m

t

on the status ofthe COFA with representatives from the Department of Justice ( J), DOD, DOE,DOI, and the Department of State. Because of riding litigation

Fd legislation, one

of the main issues discussed is the feeling of t e DOJ and OMS that any agencyresponding to anyone on matters of COFA should clear the resp nse through DOJattorneys and OMSN officials.45s

14 Dec 84RADIATION

Roger Ray, deputy director for DOE Pacific Operationscommissioner of the T.T. of the results of the LLNL yrolytic coco

Eexperiments. An additional $30,000 may be availa Ie for furthersuggests that the additional funding be made available through thmemorandum of understanding with PASO.’*

nforms the highJt processing unitesearch, and RayMarshall Islands’

1985AGREEMENTMEDICALRELOCATION

1

In mid-1985 the DOE and the DOl issue a memorandum o understanding topool their efforts and work jointly on the scientific programs at B ini Ato[L’S’

NV determines that radiol ical follow-up of the exposedT

gels ese will notrbe continued after their relo@ion ut that BNL medical examination s wil Continue.’W

3 Jan 85RADIATION

Ray disa rees with McCraw on Eneu resettlement. McCra!f?unexplained di erence in the LLNL doses estimated for Ron ela[

&islands should be resolved before the DOE gives any more a icethat because current data from Eneu are beh used to assess rad

3consideration of resettlement should not be elayed.’sg

:ontends that an3ikini, and EneuDOI. Ray states~ical safety, the

16 Jan

DRAFT

-8 Feb 85ADMINISTRATION

F&p. Sidney Yates, chairman of the House SubcommitteeRelated Agencies, asks DOE Secretary Hodel on 16 January to zcar~ out the full scope of its activkies as directed b Congress

LDOJ, and OMSN attorneys take the position that invo ement bythe activities of the BARC might be used later against the govemlfiled by the Bikinians is Iitigated.w

In res onse to Yates, DOE Secretary Hodel agrees on ,rimportance o a cooperative effort between the DOE and the BAl

moving to a new agency, he will bring th~ matter to the attentiolsecretary.ti’

Feb 85RADIATIONADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTOR

The PASO Mission Number 3, W 1985, is mnducted onof the LLNL’s terrestrial investigations to measure and analyze r~environment to help formulate dose assessments,=

12 Feb 85ADMINISTRATION

Ray notifies Dr. W. L Robison of LLN~ “DOE party chief,”accepted the recommendation of the chairman of the Micronesiaand has suspended its direct involvement with BARC until the [been resolved.a3

Mar 85

1 Mar

ADMINISTRATIONCONTRA~ORMEDICALRADIATION

The BNL issues Thvroid Absorbed Dose for Peale at RoSifo on March 1, 1954. This repofl concludes that the overallestimate was in agreement with results published on the JapNagasaki and Hiroshima. BNL scientists also “postulate that tlintake of fallout was by direct ingestion of food prepared and mn:

85ADMINISTRATIVECONTRACTORMEDICAL

The PASO issues the Operations Plan, Mission NumberMarch 1985 trip to Ebeye, Majuro, Utiri~ and Rongelap as psurveillance by BNL of persons exposed to fallout in 1954. Themonitoring of a control group of unexposed persons and provisiolhealth care program.~’

75

m Interior and

l!ithe BARC to

The DOE, DOI,E personnel in

nt if the lawsuit

Februaty to thet. Because he is

f the new DOE

ini Atoll as partmuciides in the

at the DOE hasera ency Group

fni itigation has

!Iam Utirik, android cancer risk=e exposed atmajor route foried outdoors.”’ti

IW 1985, for aof the medicalan includes the‘or an expanded

DRAFT

13 Mar 85AGREEMENTRELOCATION

The Bikinians’ suit against the U.S. is settled with 1Memorandum of Agr~ment which, along with the COFA and t}177 Agreemen~ provides the means to accomplish the rehabilitati~of Bikini Atoll. The U.S. pledges to facilitate rehabil”~tion andprovide funds pursuant to the Compact Salon 177 Agreement toThe US. also agrees to assist the BARC to conduct a series of su

27 Apr 85

1 May

ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTORRADIATION

The PASO issues the Operations Plan, Mission Number 5to Bikini Atoll in April-May 1985 as part of the LLNL’s terrestrmeasure and analyze radionuclides in the environment. This eflmission with the BARC to use the scientific work done by the Lthe BARC’S task of investigating how radioactive mntamination Grespecting the biological and environmental integrity of the atoll.DOI are working out a satisfactory arrangement for the LLNL/lY

85CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIP

Representing the cwncil and people of Enewetak before tlInterior of the House Committee on Appropriations, David R Afirm of Wllmer, Cutler and Pickering cites increasing concern thaiterritorial status to COFA will occur without ensuring the continu;programs on Enewetak and without compensating the claims of tlAccording to Anderson, the most important Enewetakese cons“adequately provide for the rehabilitation and resettlement of En

10 May 85AGREEMENTMEDICAL

The current strategy of the BNL medical rogram reqlEincludes an annual cancer-related examination for t e exposed 1

20 May 85RADIATIONRELOCATION

In response to a DOI inquiry on the habitability of Eruadvises that resettlement with reasonable care to decrease ~substituting imported food for a major portion of the Iod coccwould not expose individuals beyond the range established by 1[year for life-long exposure.’m

21 May 85CONTRAmORMEDICALRADIATION

An outline of the Marshall Islands program lists BNL respradiation safety, and dose reassessment the LLNL responsib

76

signing of the~ompact Sectionand resettlement~ttiement and tosist resettlement.rs and studies. -

f 1985, for a tripinvestigations tois an integrated

. to complementw reduced whilehe DOE and thet arrangement.-’

subcommittee onmon of the lawe transition fromn of governmentiwwetak people.is that the U.S.

l.-

d in PL 85-134shalkse.uq

Island, the DOEosures, such ast product intake,‘ of 100 mrem a

sible for medical,for radioecology

DRAFT

studies, radiation dose assessment and a radiological data Iresponsible for general support.’”

22 May 85

20 Jur

22 Jul

1

RADIATIONRELOCATION

Because of a fear of lingerin? contamination, 327 RongdiRongelap to Mejato Island, Kwajalem Atoli. Ray states that raRongelap pose no health problems. McCraw protests that the DCthe erroneous high exposure predict”mn for the RongeiapesMarshallese/English Imoklet. ‘n

85RADIATIONRELOCATION

Michael Wy ant, a Department of State status liaison offbkand U.S. military o Icials visit the Ron ela ese on Mejato Island.

?1express their displeasure with Mejato Is an . Although the ltongela~that their new residence is permanent, the U.S. government visitolthat this may not be a permanent move.’n

85RADIATIONRELOCATIONADMINISTRATION

Analyzing the May 1985 Rongelap Atoll evacuation, M(beginnin of the situation to the 8-9 December 1982 meeting at M

fresults o the 1978 swvey. At this meeting the Rongelap people vtheir own decisions regarding the consumption of food. Next BNLwhole body exposures in 1982 and 1983 revealed an increase partiiincreased consumption of food from more contaminated islarMcCraw believes that “this appears to have been a profoundly distfor some Marshallese and an action that undermines confidence irUnited States Government,,..The Rongelap people followed thegiven, made the judgment not to accept the risk and left their :transfer of the Marshall Islands program to DP, McCraw believes 1in the program appears to have primarity the altruistic interests oiwanted to change radiological rules used in the MarshalIs, rules 1hardships through the lOSSof contaminated land. EP’s ignoble intelthe program to DP was apparently to get rid of a hot potato, ando with Safeguard C.ti”

Aug 85RADIATION

Reflecting a change in the DOE radiation protection poli ,Tsigns a memorandum that states, “It is DOE policy to follow t t

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCextent practicable ....” Previously radiation standards were derirequirements recommended by the Federal Radiation Council (FRC)the President.47S

77

nk; and H&N

a move fromition levels ondid not correctin the 1982

n Saipan; DOE;Ie Rongelapesew publicly statefind indications

raw traces theJro Atoll on there told to makeeasurements oft caused by the; at Rongelap.bing experience10E and in thevice they wereMa As for theIt “DP’s interestne person whoN were causingt in transferringhad nothing to

TjlliamVau ban

fpidance o the‘) to the fullestd from federalnd approved by

2 Aug

5 Aug

DRAFT

85ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTOR

The PASO issues the Operations Plan, Mksion Number 7expedition to Enewetak on 7-21 August 1985 by the Marine SaenUniversity of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB) to study Crusta(University of Hawaii’s Institute of Marine Biology (HIMB), funded

85ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTOR

The PASO issues the Operations Plan, Mission Number tAugust 1985 trip to Eneweta~ Kili, and Majuro as part of BNIprogram.’”

Ott - NOV 85ContractorMEDICAL

During the BNL medical team visit to RMl the team makMejato to examine the Rongeiapese who moved there in May 19determine that more children than usual were not maintaining thtgrowth charts. After comparing the growth curves with similachildren, the team suggests possibility of childhood malnutrition.”

10 Dec 85LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

The RMl requests that upon the enactment of U.S. Iegislathe COFA that the DOE continue the radiological health programof Rongelap and Utirik and USDA continue agriculture and foodpeople of Bikini and Enewetak.’m

13 Dec 85ADMINISTRATIONAGREEMENTLEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

Congress passes P.L 99-239, which includes approval of 1According to Harry Brown of the NV, the major provisiom

DOE in the COFA are● The payment under subsection 17Z● The provision of special medical care to the qmsed peopl~

Utirik;● Unreimbursed technical and other assistance for the first fn

effective date for the agricultural maintenance and foodEnewetakese and Bikinians and waterborne transportation of a[to Enewetak;

● The RMI use of section 177 funds to contract with qualified sDOE data on the habitability of Rongelap;

● A report within a year, upon the request of the RMI, Icircumstances for resettlement of Enjebi; and

● The U.S. commitment to restore Bikini Atoll and funding auth{

78

‘ 1985, for annstitute of theIS through thethe DOE.’76

‘ 1985, for anmine bioassay

ts first visit toThe scientists

osition on thelark of Utirik

to implementcertain eople

r~rams or the

ZOFA.~interest to the

Rongelap

‘ears aftertrams for

and

thethe

iltural products

Itists to review

the time and

ltion.’~’

1.

DRAFT

23 Dec 85ADMINISTRATIONAGREEMENT

The DOE recognizes goals included in the passage of the Cof claims against the U.S. by the RMI ovemment for damage ar

Pfrom nuclear testing and designation o the U.S. president as thefor deciding whkh dinet-level secretary should be responsiblehealth care of the Marshallese.”

14 Jan

15 Jan

86AGREEMENTLEGAL RESPONSIBILllY

President Ronald W. Reagan signs P.L 99-239. (DOE respin P.L 99-239 are addressed throughout the chronology.) Issuesare implemented through the Salon 177 agreement. The act coras the restoration of the habitability of Rongelap Island and the r~data collected on radiation on Rongelap, Enjebi Island resettlemecleanup. The act declares that it is the policy of the U.S. to fulto restore Bikini Atoll to habitability and authorizes appropriznecessary to implement the settlement agreement in The Peoplethe United States of America.m

86ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTORMEDICAL

The current Marshall Islands programs include medical pby the BN~ environmental sampling and the DOE assessments bymonitoring by BN~ and logistical support provided by the PASO

21-25 Jan 86ADMINISTRATIONAGREEMENT

Harry Brown travels to Majuro, Eneweta~ and KwajaleDirector Joseph H. Dryden with the area. At Majuro Brown aapproval of the COFA, and at Enewetak the DOE role at EICOFA.’85

6 Feb 86ADMINISTRATIONCONTRA~ORRADIATION

The PASO issues the Operation Plan, Mission NumberFebruary-March 1986 LLNL/BARC trip to Bikini Atoll and a LLNL tlRongelap atolls for terrestrial investigations to measure and analyzthe formulation of dose assessments to individuals. The LLNL zagreed to collaborate on scientific field work on Bikini under the [

79

L the espousalIjuries resultingual responsiblethe radiologid

lhilities wtlinedaddressed that

w such mattersw of the DOE’sand Bikini AtollK responsibilityI of the fundsBikini, et al. vs.

ams conductedLLN~ bioassay

)ugh H&N.’M

o orient PA50Dryden discuss~tak under the

FY 1986, for a) Enewetak anddionudides andthe BARC -havesponsorship.’w

DRAFT

Mar - Apr 86hMINISTRATIONCONTRACTORMEDICAL

The BNL medid team conducts medical examinations fcMarshall Islands.w’

22 May 86ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTORLEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

The MIPC issues Recommendations on Post Co mDact (Prowams by U.S. DeL)artment of Enenzv Relative to Post NucMarshall lslandS that includes recommendations on certain DOEtermination of the trusteeship. The MIPC remmmends that thprovide the special health care programs to those ~posed tccomplete environmental assessments and dose predictions for themeet COFA commitments. After thr~ years techniml assistancethe IWll on a reimbursable basis. BNL proposes to analyzeplutonium by using the new fission track etch technique. AcrordLLNL researchers have questioned the reliability of this method.’

late May 86ADMINIswTiONCONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPMEDICALRADIATIONRELOCATION

Representatives of BARC, LLN~ PASO, H&N, and NV visitcongressional staff to DOE/BARC work at BMni. Ata 281requested by the Bikinians the congressional and DOl staffs exDOE to finish experiments that will lead to decisions on the cle

Jul 86

18 Jld

ADMINISTRATIONBecause of the impending termination of the T.T, governm

a field visit to the field station in Enewetak to review operalactivities, and to discuss matters

86AGREEMENTcoNTitAcloRs

To protect the Enevvetakmonitorin~ . the Cactus Crater

and plans with the Enewetak C

people, DOE/NV and DNA signStorage Structure, which conti

contamin~ted soil and debris on Runi{ Island, Enewetak Atoll. ‘provide the services of its contractors to monitor the storage facilityreimburse the DOE/NV for routine and special monitoring.’g’

80

i3 adults in the

ree As sociationTestine in the

grams after theDE continue tostle Bravo andI three years tobe available to

le samples foro Harry Brown,

Ii Atoll to orient1986 ‘meeting

s the desire for).a

the DOE makes

t initiate rollupcil.’w

) agreement fors radiologicallys DOE/NV willnd the DNA will

DRAFT

21 July 86ADMINISTRATIONAGREEMENTRADIATIONRELOCATION

The U.S. and the RMl si n an agreement on the resettlem(iUnder the agreement, the Mars all islands government requests

the radiation and other conditions on Enjebi and report back to tlgovernment within a year. The U.S. repoti will address the quathe U.S. can arrange for the Enjebi people to resettle safely at Elbe resettled, the report will explain how the radioactive contamina{that from consumption of locally grown food, can be reduced orwhole body federal radiation protection standards for the general 1the agreemen$ if Enjebi can be resettled within 25 years of the en239, the Enjebi Communi~ Trust Fund can be used for commurEnjebi cannot be resettled within that time, the agreement calls fbe used for resettlement elsewhere of the Enjebi people. The RMlmonitorin& and the DOE agrees that by 20 July 1987 a report v

The US. and the RMl si n an agreement to assure thattremain available for use by t e people of BWni until Bikh

inhabitable.493The US. and the RMl sign an agreement regarding the imp

economic assistance, programs, and services provided in COFA.4

Aug 86CONTRA~ORRELOCATION

H&N and members of the Bikini Planning Council conducto Bikini Atoll to inspect Eneu Island and existing facilities and todesign concepts for the base facilities and the most cost- effici(them.4’5

28 AUE - 13 Sep 86

5 Sep

CONTRACTORMEDICAL

The BNL medical team on a mission to Kwajalein, Uterik,Majuro conducts follow-up examinations of the Marshalkse.’%

86ADMINISTRATIONCONTRKTOR

In the DOE briefings and discussions with the RMl tbIslands medical, environmental, bioassay, and logistics suploutiined.497

30 Sep 86CONTILA~ORMEDICAL

Edward T. Lessard of BNL presents “Review of MarslStudies,” which summarizes the various studies that have tdetermine the level of radiological exposures to the Marshallese.

81

]f Eniebi island.U.S. ‘to monitorAarshall Islandsof if and wheni. If Enjebi canthere, includingItrolled to meetdation. Undernent of P.L 99-development. Ifle trust fund touests the Enjebi)e made.’gzIs on Ejit Island; restored and

entation of U.S.

fact-finding visitdop preliminaryway to develop

Iato, Ebeye, and

urrent Marshallprograms are

Islands Falloutconducted to

W 87,

DRAFT

88, 89AGREEMENTCONTRACTORLEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

The Marshall Island dose assesment and environmental 1the requirements stated in COFA. The three relevant requiremcthe Rongela

J’dose assessments and restoration for rehabilital

required; a ose assessment of Enjebi Island; and recommendatland rehabilitation of EWini Atoll. The LLNL conducts most of t}

10 Ott 86AGREEMENT

The agreement for implementation of the COFA is signedRMlm

150ct86CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPLEGAL RESPONSIBILllY

The DOI and the DOE are directed to develop a planfunding for the continuing activities of the UNL and the BARCW 1987. A report on this plan must be submitted to theCommittees on Appropriations by 1 February 1987.W’

21 0(3 86AGREEMENT

The COFA becomes effective.W2

10-15 Nov 86ADMINISTRATIONCONIRAflOR

The purposewith the Enewetak

of this DOE and H&N trip to Enewetak anlcommunity the uncertainties of the DOI

pro ram beyond W 1987; to su’ggest that the DOl and Enewetakito t e DOE/H&N for food and a ricultur~ and to evaluate LLF

Bikini in radiological assessment. $

14 Nov 86CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPLEGAL RESPONSIBILllYMEDICAL

in P.L 99-658 Congress approves and provides for U.S.COFA. Congress directs the DOE and the DOl to submit a repSenate Committees on Appropriations each fiscal year that will dspent during the

!revious fiscal year for the special medial

support pro rams or Rongelap and Utirik and for the agriculturetfor Eneweta ,and Bikini. The reports should also specify anticip,

these programs. Congress states that these programs repcontinuing moral commitments of the United States which will bthe extent of the need of the populations of such atolls for suc

82

ams respond towe a review ofof Rongelap, ifon resettlementtasks.’-

he U.S. and the

roviding federallikini Atoll afterIse and Senate

ini is to discussAarshall Islands: for alternatives\RC progress at

pretation of theI the House andhow funds weree and logisticalI food programsneeds regardingtt “special andreally funded tosistance.”w

DRAFT

1987AGREEMENT

The first compensation payments are made to the people oUtiri~ and Rongelap as outlined in Sedon 177 subskliary agreen

Jan 87ContractorRELOCATION

H&N issues an engineering study associated with the firesettlement of the Bikini people. Rehabilitation and resettlementcompleted b the mid-1990s.

tThe resettlement program begs

determined t at the Eneu island on Bikini Atoll is safe for human

20 Feb 87CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPCONTRM70RLEGAL RESPONSIBILITYMEDICAL

The DOE/DP reports to the House Committee on Approptiby P.L 99-658, detailing how funds were spent in 1986 on the mRongelap and Utirik. The medical department of BNL has resprogram. The DOE provides or arranges for Iogktkal support,include a representative from the DOE. Two ship-supported medcarried out in M 1986.W7

2-9 Mar 87MEDIC4LRADIATION

Harry Brown travels to Honolulu and Majuro to discuss wilfour-atoll health plan and the independent review of DOERongelap,W

30 Mar 87MEDICAL

The NV health, physics, and experimental division (HPE) retLLNL dosimetry predictions be used in the resettlement decisiorIslands and that the BNL fission track etch technique be develop~measure plutonium levels in urine. These decisions are based onand comments of Marshall Islands Himetry Review Group (MIDRfrom LLNL and BNL.m

6 Apr 87RADIATION

The RMi seeks assistance from the National Academy ofidentifyin an individual or organization to review the data collectc

fthe resu ting conclusions concerning radiation levels and otRongeiap.5’0

22 Apr 87RADIATIONRELOCATION

John Sieg of the National Research Council of the NalSciences (N RC/NAS) asks Tommy M&raw of DOE about the Ron

83

likini, Eneweta~It of COFA.WS

phase of finalexpected to be

after the BARCagitation. -

ens, as requiredical program forrisibility for thend all missionsII missions were

RMI officials theassessment of

nmends that theof the Marshalland validated to~ommendationsand consultants

iences (NA5) inby the DOE andr conditions at

~al Academy oflap situation and

DRAFT

the amount of available information because the RongelapeseNRC/NAS to advise them on whether they can safely return to

27 Apr -23 May 87MEDICALCONTRACTOR

hR

The BNL conducts its annual medical mission to Kwajalein/EUterik. During this trip town meetings are held prior to the exami?the work and answer questions.S12

30 Apr 87RADIATION

In comments on the DOE draft order, DOE 5480.~ ‘Radithe Public and the Environment,” Tommy M&raw questions thlwould create DOE radiation protection standards “consrecommendations of the NCRP and the ICRP and the guidance an{by EPA.R M&raw believes that “the Department needs Federal Rqbeen approved at the highest levels, not recommendations lifted frareports. ” He recommends that the introductory statement for DCshould be “DOE implements the Federal radiation protection polirecommended by the EPA and approved by the President for thepublic and environment. DOE operations will be considered to be iradiation protection requirements when basic Federal regulations :

15 May 87ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTORMEDICAL

The DOE proposes to provideprogram for the Marshallese exposed

20 Mav 87

10 Jun

MEDICALRADIATION

and fund in H 19B8 and bto fallout in the 1954 test f

Tommy McCraw urges that the DOE should correct its (develop a Marshallese/English report that resents the corr~Rongelap exposures, f“one that places this in ormation in properradiation standards with emphasis on the continuing need for restriisland foods,” as well as providing information on medical issues.

87ADMINISTRATIONCONTRA~ORMEDICALPLUTONIUMRADIATION

An external review of the LLNL’s Marshall Islands dosimetryMarshall Islands Dosimetry Group (MIDC), finds that the dosimand that the BNL technique for plutonium bioassayHPE established MIDG to assess this program.S’s

is worthy of (

84

requested theclap Atoll.s”

~e,Majuro, andwis to describe

n Protection ofw policy thatnt with theandards issuedtions that haveCRP and NCRPadiation policymd regulations~tection of the~mpliance withmet.”s13

nd the medicalIe Bravo.S”

I mistakes andnformation onrspective usingIns on notihern

Inducted by theis appropriate

tinued support.

DRAFT

1 Jul 87ADMINISTRATIONCONTRA~ORRADIATION

The PASO issues Operations Plan 87-5, Mission NumbeAugust 1987 LLNL/BARC trip to Enewetak and Bikini Atolls as pinvestigations.517

10Jut

24 JUi

87ADMINISTRATIONAGREEMENl

DOI Order Number 3119 delegates the authority of tInterior for the T.T. to the assistant secretarv, territorial and interwill

Tarantee that all obligations and res~nsibilities under the

fulfil ed.s’”

87ADMINISTRATIONAGREEMENT

The DOE agrees to provide assistance to the D(3I anlEnewetak food-related programs and the BARC work at 8ikini.s’

r%JE 87

1 Aug

7 Aug

CONTRA~ORRADIATION

The RMl contracts1982 DOE report on theof the data on which the

87RADIATIONCONTFLMXOR

with Dr. Henry Kohn, chairman of therisks of resettling Rongelap and to asreport was based.5m

H&N reports that the Runit concrete dome’s structural int{and there are no radiation leaks.sz’

87MEDICAL

The Journal of the American Medical - iation (JAlvMNeoplasia in Marshall Islanders Exposed to Nuclear fallout” by “Gerald van Belle, and James P. LoCerfO from the Univemity ofresults from examinations of 7,266 Marshallese from 14 atollsatolls, the authors studied the risk of thyroid neoplasia in Marsh,to radioiodines from Castle Bravq. Their study reveals that “~nodules was not limited only to the two northern atolls but extenorthern atolls; this suggests a linear dose-response relationship

25 AUE 87

85

FY 1987, for anf their terrestrial

lecretary of the~nal affairs, whotrusteeship are

“ RADIATIONRELOCATION

The RMl announces the selection of Dr, Henry 1. Kohreassessment of the 1982 report.sz

t

d he BARC for the9

C, to review thes the adequacy

r is not impaired

JIishes, “Thyroidms E. Hamilton,hington. UsingIuding southernlanders exposedccess of thyroidthroughout the

to conduct the

DRAFT

27 Aug 87ADMINISTRATIONAGREEMENTCO-CTORMEDICAL

The PASO issues Operations Plan, Mission Number 87-6October 1987 trip to Ebeye, Majuro, Utiri~ and Mejato as part of rby BNL on people exposed during Cast Ie Bravo. This will be tlRongelapese on Mejato Island, Kwajalein Atoll.=’

To enable the DOE to withdraw as soon as possible fromannual food supply, agricultural, and other rehabiliition program!train local personnel and set up a system in which the Marslprograms. the DOI will request $2,149,900 worth of workagreement made by the DOE. The funds will provide agricufertilization, special studies, a Bikini dock design, and a plan for

Sep 87MEDICALCC)NTRA~OR

BNL conducts a follow-up medical trip to conduct ~i

exposed people of Rongelap and Utirik.=

21 Sep 87ADMINISTRATION

Representatives of the RMl, the U.S. gcwernmen$ and 1government muncil discuss the fwe-year mntinuation of the Enewlfood program and establish a working group to develop recommenCongress regarding this program in FY 1989 and beyond.=’

1 Ott

5 Ott

87AGREEMENTMEDICALRADIATION

The DOI reaches an understanding with the RMltakeover of the Enewetak programs will be by the endagricultural, and other programs will be turned over to thethe end of W 1988.na

87

that tof FYEnew~

ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTOR

The PASO issues Operations Plan 88-1, which outlineslandholding line survey to identify, ma~ and record all wato linefrom 19-26 October 1987.W

12 Ott 87ADMINISTRATIONCONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPCONTRACTORRADIATION

The PASO issues Operations Plan 88-2, Mission NumbNovember-December 1987 trip to Bikini, Rongelap, and Majul

86

‘ a Septemtkr-cai surveillancefth visit to the

DOE Enewetake DOE aims tow operate theJgh ‘a support,1 clearing andJ.=s

ations for the

Enewetak localagriculture andms for the U.S.

arget for a full]9. The food,government by

tiato, or familyBikini by H&N

,lW88, foray the LLNL to

conduct terrestrialenvironment. The

14 Ott 87

.

DR AFT I 87

investigations and toBARC will collaborate

measure and analyze r;on the sdentific field w

ADMINISTRATIONAGREEMENTCONTRA(XORMEDICALRADIATION

The DOE’s positions on Bikini sdentific programs are as fcprogram will continue for the next several years and will induradiological safety program conducted by BNL is important to vexposure to returning Bikinians; and a UNL environmental pprogram is necessa~ to monitor exposures in relationship to the

A memorandum of understanding between the DOE anHealth Plan, authorized in the COF~ insures that health car~provided to the Marshallese exposed to nuclear testing in a unifieundupiicated manner. The Section 177 Health Plan is the healtthe Marshallese authorized under P,L %205 of 12 March 1960.understanding can be implemented withwt the review and cono%cretaty, Ministry of Health Services.=2

14 Ott 87ADMINISTRATIONRADIATIONMEDICAL

The MIPC reaches a consensus that the whole body/urinmust be conducted for several years to determine dose predictionthe Enjebi people.=3

10 NOV 87CIAIMS

The U.S. Claims Court dismisses three claims cases, JudaU. S., and Nitol vs. U.S. The Court holds that the COFA withdrewU.S. to be sued for claims of the Marshall islanders arising fromprogram.’~

16 NOV 87CONTRA~ORMEDICALRADIATION

The DOE advocates a whole body counting/urine analysisreturning to work and live on Bikini Atoll. BNL and the LLNL drafithe continuation of the medical and environmental programs on

1 Dec 87ADMINISTRATION

The DOE is not budgeting for Bikini work beyond W 198a resettlement plan and appropriations shwld include the progroverall efforts=

nuciides in theat Bikini.w

m the medicalnonitorin~ the~predktions ofam “follow-on”dictions.s’le Sedon 177~d services arewrdinated, andIre program for) portion of thence of the RMI

lalysis programr Bikinians and

U.S., Peter vs.consent of thenuclear testing

:ram for people*year plans forni S3S.

1 the basis thatas part of the

DRAFT

1988RADIATIONCONTRA~OR

Anant R Moorthy, Carl J. Schopfer, and Sujit Bane~e“Plutonium from Atmospheric Weapons Testing Fi~ion TrackSamples.” This article concerns a more accwrate technique for min urine and describes the analyses of Marshallese urine samples 1that began at BNL in 1983. When analyzed with the 1983 methRejection Alpha Liquid Scintillation Counting the samples appeanrates of plutonium than when analyzed with the more accurateanalysis. Accordin to 8N~ earlier high plutonium resultsMarshallese result J also from contamination dufing collectionmethod BNL expects to satisfy islanders’ plutonium concerns.=’

7 Jan 88

12 Jan

26 Jan

ADMINISTRATIONCONTRMXORRADIATIONRELOCATION

The LLNL recommends potassium treatment of the soilcesium ’37 in the northern Marshall Islands.w

The DOE/NV and the DOI sign an amendment nmemorandum of agreement for the establishment of a base campamendment rwises the scope of work for the Bikini Atoll Reseallow DOE to hire an independent scientific mnsultant to revprovides the DOI with strengthened oversight and accountability

YDMINISTRATlONMEDICAL

The office of emergency response and program analysis isof a NV reorganization, Harry Brown, Marshall Islands prcdesignated deputy project manager of that office. This move neof NV’s management responsibility of the DOE’s Marshall Island:retains his position as Marshall Islands program manager overseeilLLNL efforts. He is also desi nated the principal contact point for

%the headquarters program o Ice, other federal agencies, and th~The PASO is to participate more actively in policy makin .*

fRepresentatives of the DOE and the 177 Health Pan signagreement that describes the various medid responsibilities ofincluding the individuals eligible for each program; the coordreferrals; and the exchange of medial information.=’

88RELOCATION

Sens. James A. McClure and Bennett Johnston write to PReagan to express concern over the Bikini Atoll cleanup and resetlthe U.S. commitment, McClure and Johnston urge that the Preopportunity and work closely with the Bikinians on developing a plunder the 1985 settlement, to meet our government’s commitmerongoing or potential Litigation.”xz

88

f BNL publish,dysk of LJrineIring plutoniumIIutonium levels%oton ElectronI contain higher)6 fission track1 urinalyses ofWith the new

the uptake of

mr one to aiklni Atoll. Thisnent Project tothe work and

the funds.S39

]blished as partn manager, is;itates a review]grams. Brownhe BNL and thecy matters withAl government.

Memorandum ofh organization,ion of medical

jent Ronald W.ment. To fulfilljent “seize thisI, as anticipated; and to resolve

DRAFT

16 Feb 88

Mar -

ADMINISTRATIONBecause of the obligations of the U.S. under the COF~ (

regarding the state of the Marshall Islands programs, accordingprogram manager of the DOE offii of emergency responserecommends that NV should antinue as program planner andPASO should have an increased role.-

Apr 88ADMhJlmTIoNCONTRACTORRADIATION

The PASO issues Operations Plan 88-4, Mission NumbMarch-April 1988 trip to Enewetak and Bikini by the LLNL toinvestigations and to measure and analyze radionuclides. The Won the scientific field work at Bkini.W

11 Mar88RADIATIONMEDICALCONTRACTOR

The BNL’s approach to determining the body count of PuBikini people is to collect and analyze urine samples. BNL sckplutonium levels after accounting for exposure patterns. Edwardsuggests that “the focus of the program shwld be to attempt tcof annual intake for each age group based on excretion of Wing.”urine sampling begin immediate of former residents of Bikini al

Jthey return to their former islan S.WS

89

! is uncertaintyBrown, deputyanalysk. tie

mew and that

Le4, W88, foranduct terrestrialwill collaborate

I Rongelap andts interpret themsard of BNL~elop estimatessard u~es thatongelap before

Apr 88CONTRACTORRELOCATION

H&N issuesRongelap Atoll,%

15 Apr 88ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTORRADIATION

Accordirw to

a preliminary plan for the rehabilitation a

HarV Brown, DOE/NV, the DOE does not Ieffort for the rLNL in the Marshall Islands beyond FY I@recommends a scaled-down field and analysk effort at Bikini annext few years and is willing to provide technical assistancereimbursable basis.w’

20 Apr 88CONTRACTORPLUTONIUMRADIATION 1RELOCATION

In his Rongelap reassessment study, Kohn concludes that Robe resettled if certain conditions are met. The study also states thatof plutonium excretion in the urine of Rongelapese shows a gr

esettlement of

to fund a fieldIhe DOE alsoImvetak for thethe ml on a

ap Island maymeasurementvariation and

DRAFT

should be studied further and that radiation doses of infants anof potential Concern.w

28 Apr 88CONTRA~ORMEDICALRADIATION

According to the BNL’s director of the Marshall Islands rproviding operating funds, the DOE has permitted an extensprogram to cover many aspects of health care unrelated to radiatoffer medical services to a great number of unexposed perwms.

29 Apr 88MEDICALCONTRA~OR

During the BNL spring missions to the Marshall islandsphysician accompanies the medical team as part of a joint effort,officer is present,sm

1 Iul 88

22 Jul

ADMINISITUTIONCONTRMXORRADIATION

The PASO issues Operations Plan 86-5, Mission NumbeAugust 1988 trip to Bikini and Ron clap by the LLNL to

kinvestigations and to measure and ana ze radionuclides in theBARC will collaborate on the scientific field work at Bikini.ss’

88RELOCATION

The BARC concludes that on the basis of current ferkIsland may be resettled and can serve as the base of operationsof Bikini island.5S2

1-26 Sep 88CONTRMXORMEDICAL

BNL conducts a sampling bioassay mission to Rongelap

14 Sep 88CONTRK70RPLUTONIUMRADIATION

Bernd Franke, a consultant of Kohn’s for the Rongelap R(writes RMt Senator Hiroshi Yamamura to make him awareplutonium levels in urine of the Rongelapese. Franke believesconcentrations on Utirik should be reinvestigated.Ss

23 Sep 88AGREEMENTMEDICAL

The DOE oftlcialsof $2 million. Combined

propose that for IW 1990 the RMl proDOE and RMl funding would pay for ~

90

]1[ children are

d program, byIf the medicalcposure and to

‘7 Health Planto DOE liaison

f 1988, for ankt terrestrialronment, The

uidelines Eneue rehabilitation

Jtirik.553

5sment Project,~e problem ofthe plutonium

natchin~ fundsbody c6unting

DRAFT

and bioassay medical studies; environmental assessmentseffectiveness of the preventive technologies used at Bikini Atoll; Ithe DOE operations and a program of radiological educat”mn.SsS

W 1989CONTRA~ORMEDIC4LRADIATION

91

the long-ran efIstical support or

The Marshall Islands program indudes medical surveillant 1 ~rovided by theBN~ environmental studies conducted by the LLN~ and whole bocbioassay procedures pertaining to the Rongelap and Utirik peopk

Ott88

7 Ott

CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPRADIATION

A House concurrent resolution is introduced in thtRepresentatives stating that it is the sense of the House that funfor the phase 2 comprehensive radiation and health study at ROI

88AGREEMENTMEDIC4L

The RMl states that it is not in a position to match theprograms in W 1990. Out of concern for the well-king of thEnewetak, and Rongelap, the RMl hopes that the U.S. govesufficient funding.sm

21 Ott 88CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPRELOCATION

Reps. Miller and Udall and Del. de LURO submit HCResolution 395 that expresses the senseRon clap Atoll, The resolution concludes

ffun s available to the RMl to contract forof Rongelap.S59

26 Ott 88

of Cong~- regardingthat the DOE and thea comprehensive stud’

RADIATIONIn resDonse to a RMl reouest to m’ovide recommendat

2 Nov

decrease the ‘uptake of cesium 137’in food ‘crops, the DOE suggpounds per acre of potassium chloride. This process is used 01Dol.w

88RADIATION

In a draft proposal the DOE outlines a radiologicxd educatMarshallese.=’

cumts and otherI the BNLSS

LS. House ofm appro riatedap Atoll. 5?7

js for the DOEeople of Bikini,ent will obtain

Congressional: habitability of)1 should makethe habitability

as to how toapplying 1200

~eu through the

program for the

DRAFT

1 Dec 88ADMINISTRATIONCONTRA(XORMEDICALRAIXATION

The DOE has conducted two shipsupported mediil miThe FY 1989 program is similar in scope to the past year.w

8 Dec 88CIAIMS

The U.S. Court of Appeals sustains the U.S. Claims Courtvs. U.S. and Nitol vs. U.S. in ruling on the People of RongelapIslands vs. U.S. The claimants in ]uda VS. U.S. also appeal but rsuit following the enactment of special legislation which appropBikini people.w

23 Jan 89MEDICALContractor

The BNL issues Medical Status of Marshallese AccidentlBravo Fallout Radiation: Ianuaw 1985 throurzh Dece mber 1987significant difference in the survival rates among the exp~Utirikese and unexposed Rongelapese,w

Feb 89RADIATION

92

ions in W 19880

ismissals of Peterid other Marshall

r

e to dismiss thees funds for the

ExDosed to 1954vhich reports notongelapese and

The LLNL’s study, Estimates of l?adiolcwicai Dose from Intzdon of C-137 andSr-90 to Infants, Children, and Adults in the Marshall Islands cc -1eludes that theestimat~ integral dose equ”walent for adults is a conservative estima :e for infants andchildren.~s

17 Feb-9Mar89ADMINISTIWTIONRADIATIONRELOCATION

Harty U. Brown of NV recommends on 17 Februaty thatRongelap representatives state that the DOE should take no official F [2 because, according to the law, the reassessment of the habitab IIsland is IUW’s responsibility. Further, he asserts, “We maintain Rhabitable...”=

At the 8 and 9 March meeting of officials of Rongelap, the RIto foster better relations and discuss the resettlement of Rong (positions are that Ron clap is radiol icaliy safe and that the dose

fcorrect as stated at t e meetin .%

7T e RMl Sen. An”ain expresseanother opinion regarding the ha itability of Rongelap. $,

Mar 89ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTORMEDIC4LRADIATION

The FY 1990 program includes medical surveillance of the in dto nuclear testing various environmental studies, and whole body c01

meeting with;ition on phase~ of Rongelapgelap Island is

‘, and the DOEIp, the DOE’swessments arehis desire for

tiduals exposedlting and other

1 Mar

DRAFT

bioassay procedures pertaining to the Rongelap and Utirik people1991 program continues the mediil program and the wholebioassay procedures only to a level of IAc capability but incienvironmental field work unless the RMI requests and funds sud

89PLUTONIUMRADIATIONRELOCATION

In an amended version of his RonPelaD Reassess ment Pnconcludes that Rongelap Island is safe for habitation

%adults if I

local and imported foods. He also recommends that t e plutoniuurine should be studied kause of great variations in thef?ongelapese.=’

8-9 Mar 89ADMINISTRATION

A DOE/Rongelap meeting is held to foster better relationsrelative to the resettlement of Rongelap.Sn

14 Mar - 14Apr 89MEDICALCONTRACTOR

During the BNL medical mission to the Marshall Islands tlinformational meetings for the Marshallese prior to their medical

23 Mar 89ADMINISTRATIONCONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPRADIATION

Osar de Bruin, the RMl Chief Secretary, writes to Rep. Sto request technical assistance from the DOE to wtline opti{conducting a nationwide survey of radiological conditions. EG&Gfeasibility study,’”

Apr - May 1989R4DIATIONRELOCATION

In April the DOE publishes Talleb In let Melele KoInformation Summarv, Kemelelen Eniebi Island Dose Assess mentUkot Ilo Kaiin Erwlish An lnterDretation in the Marshallese LangTranslation) of UCRL 53805 Eniebi Island Dose Assessment. Tinstructional and briefing aid for the people of Enjebi regarding IEnjebi Island.sn This work is a report in layman’s language cWilliam Robison and associates of tential radiation doses to peq

rRoger Ray, retired from the DOE, as written the text in layman’sassistance of Aiice Buclq an American fluent in Marshallese, an[The document explains that

The Enjebi peo Ie can eat food from the food-beariryPhowever, it wou d be good for about half of the food the)

other islands.,. and from boats or airplanes that bring fcpeople want to eat only food from Enjebi...the amwnt ofreceive will be more, unless they wait 30 years to resettle

93

~e projected FY~y counts andi no additional]rk.=

t ReDO~ Kohndiet consists ofxcretion in theasurements of

I discuss issues

JOE also holdsminations.s”

Jel B. Thomsenand costs for

:r conducts this

Eniebi. EnieblKaiin Maiol lm

e ~wrt“ h Enrzlishsumma~ is anresettlement ofLNL studies byiving on Enjebi.Iguage with the{o Marshallese.

ees on En”ebi;/t to come rom

If the EnjebiIiation they will

7 Apr

DRAFT

89ADMINISTRATIONCONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPMEDICALRADIATION

DP submits a report to Congress, as required by P.L 10DOE’s health and environmental programs for 1989-1991.continue at their current level until 1991. In W 1991 the mfunction at its current level until it can be integrated into the Macare pr ram; the environmental studies will be concluded and

‘Ywork wil be conducted; and the radiological safety program wilat a level of basic capability.~n

12 Apr 89AGREEMENTRADIATION

P&D Technologies issues to the Rongelap Atoll Icrecommended phase 2 work plan for a comprehensive and in{study of the Rongelap Atoll as set forth in P.L 99-239 and theaddresses unresolved health, radiation, and habitability issues rai:people, such as uncertainty about their health; lack of informslevels throughout the atoll; the issue of plutonium in their Mpolicies about food; uncertainty about the habitability of Ror

1 May

2 May

confusion about the map in the i 982 DOE radiation repb~ the [in its reports and studi~; confusion about radiation d6se guideliiabout the future economy of Rongeiap. It sets forth a work ppreparation of personal medid record files; a baseline health ssurvey; a bioassay samplin

Fmonitorin

Yand diet survey d(

economic and environments study, socio ogical/cukural supportdecontamination and resettlement strategies. The plan calls for :the DOE data with the DOE assistance and involvement budir~ion of the study completely independent of the DOE.57G

89PLUTONIUMRADIATION

According to David L Wheeler, senior health physicist althe standards developed during the Enewetak deanup for transulcriteria, the removal of soil with contamination in excess of 400p(during the Enewetak cleanup because no authoritative criteria exi:states Wheeler, there is no reason for the Rongelapese not to rbecause the Rongelap Island contamination Ieveis do not exceEN

89RADIATION

After testimony that raises questions about the habitabilityInterior Appropriations Subcommittee Chairman Morris Udall, Suland International Affairs Chairman Ronald de Lugo, and Rep. GENHouse Con. Res. 90 calling for a comprehensive survey of radiation Rongelap. The subcofimittee plans toother material pertaining to the Rongelap

examine closelysituation.5n

the DOE

94

1, that outlines

1-e programs will

I I-I program W-IIall Islands health

I o additional fieldI continued only

government andent radiation‘A. The reportIy the Rongelapabout radiationconflicting U.S.p for children;use of averagesand uncertaintyocusin on the

!!; a ra iologicalassessment; anI recommendeds to and use ofth control and

the DOE uses; cleanup. Thiswas developedConsequently,

I to their island\ guidelines.5°

ongelap, HouseIittee on insular44iller introducend other effects989 report and

DRAFT

4 May 89CONTRACTORMEDICALPLUTONIUM

Wheeler visits BNL to discuss the urine analysk for II[Marshall Island samples. Recently BNL has sent samples to t e

for a comparison study between Iaboratoriessm

1 Jun 89RADIATION

According to DOE Secretary James Watkins, at his requeston this date a standing Committee on Radiation Epidemiologicto provide independent scientific advk.e to the DOE. The commiton the status of its epidemiology pr ram, the creation of

7epidemiological data reposito , the deve opment of protocols?’repository, and the granting o independent research proposals.x

5 Jun 89

10 Jul

10 Jul

2 Aug

CONTRACTORMEDICALPLUTONIUMRADIATION

All of the Rongelap and Utirik urine sam~les,May 1989 show plutonium at background levels, ‘

89CONTRACTORMEDIC4LPLUTONIUM

except on

In the report, The Radiological Dose From Pu at RongelalRobison, Casper Sun, and Charles B. Meinhold state that the edose equivalent from plutonium at Rongelap Island is vety senvironmental and urine analyses. BNL and LLNL agre on theRongelap Island.W’

-12 Aug 89CONTRA~ORMEDICALPLUTONIUM

The BNL conducts whole body counting and urine smMedrinf Rongelap, and Utirik people. The eight team membenbody counting records to reconfirm the radiol icai safety of the h

Turine samples to monitor the Marshallese upta e of plutonium. Pduring this mission to ensure the minimum amount of contamimbecause of the probability of contamination of the 1981-19handling.’=

89ADMINISTRATION

In testimony before the Senate Committee on CovermSecreta~ James D. Watkins announces the establishment ofcommittee to conduct an independent evaluation of DOE epideWatkins expects the committee also to provide guidance or

95

lium content of:wersity of Utah

M establishesearth Programswill advise DOEcomprehensive

the use ,of this

aken by BNL in

and,” William Lated committed~r for both thetonium dose on

I of EnewetaK7I ect 976 wholehake and 209utions are takenI of the samplessamples during

tal Affairs DOE;pecial advkoryogical activities.structuring and

DRAFT

enhancin%

the DOE epidemiobgical program, which he funderfun ed, and underutilized.” He has appointed Kristine Ceblthe Oregon Health Division, as the committee’s chair.w

7 Aug 89RADIATION

The RMl forms a panel to consider if another radiological :DOE’s 1978 effort is necessary.=

30 Aug 89CONTRACTORMEDICALRADIATIONRELOCATION

William L Robison of UNL and Sun and Meinhold ofstatements made by Bernd Franke in “Is Rongela Atoll Safe?”

RRongelap is safe for resettlement. To substantiate t eir statementobtained in 1985 -1987.*

All estimated doses for Rongelap Island based on data obti1986, and 1987 and compared with the U.S. and worlti~de bawithin a safe range.w’

1 Sep 89CONTRACTORRADIATION

The Rongelap community is invited to send representatDOE/LLNL work to be conducted 18-27 November 1989.W

20 Sep - 10 Ott 89MEDICALCONTFUWTOR

William D. Jackson, PASO program liaison specialist, learns dmedical mission that DOE and the Nuclear Claims Tribunal of theare planning to discuss a Marshall Islands radiological sutvey stribunal.w

170ct89CUUMSLEGAL RESPONSIBILITYMEDICAL

A decision by the DOI associate scdiator for general law coprovisions of COFA preempt Section 104 of P.L 95-134. Therefore,accept any more medical claims from the residents of the RM1.~

18 Ott 89CONTRACTORMEDICALPLUTONIUMRADIATION

William L Robison of LLNL submits a paper to Harry U. Brhe does not believe that the “Tru Clean” soil decontamination plantshould be used to decontaminate Rongelap soil of plutonium con(

%

fs “understaffed,!, administrator of

my based on the

NL d= ree withfIlwy be ieve that

they present data

hin 1978, 1985,round doses are

observe the

ng the fall BNLW governmentnsored by the

~udes that the}e DOl will not

vn stating whyJohnston Atollntrations. His

DRAFT

major concern is that this would require the removal of all of the cpandanus, and lime trees and all other vegetation from the islanc

23 Ott 89CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPPLUTONIUMRADIATIONRELOC4TION

Chairman Ron de Lugo of the House SubcommitteeInternational Affairs invites DOE Secretary Watkins to testifi atoversight hearing on the health of the Rongelap people. De bpages of matters for the DOE to address at the hearing indudilRongelap Reassessment Project report and the phase 2 workRon clap Habitable,” a description of Ron clap Atoll deanup efforl

\ Ton t e DOE testing of Rongelapese for p utonium or other transu

16 NOV 89ADMINISTRATIONCIJUMSCONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPLEGAL RESPONSIBILITYRELOCATION

Representing DOE Secretary Watkins, John L Meinhardt, DCassistant secretary for defense programs, testifies at the HouseInsular and International Affairs oversight hearing on Rongelap. h“We, as a country, accept full responsibility for compensation toMarshall Islands resulting from the Bravo event, as well as oth{1946 and 1958.” Emphasizing Watkins’s commitment to environrsafety matters, Meinhardt states that the DOE Secretary “intendsraised by the Rongelap people an additional review,” complete th{months, and report the results “by next summer.” With respectechnical data supporting the current DOE position, Meinhardt affithese data.” De Lugo asks Meinhardt “to take a message back tothat this subcommittee is very appreciative of the new approach.’Harry Brown of DOE, Drs. William Adams and Charles MeinhollWilliam Robison of LLNL prepare draft statements for this healleadership cancels their testimony and replaces it with MeinhardtLugo and Sen. Anjain refer to Meinhardt’s review statement as aAnjain says Watkins “promised,..over the objections of thmanagers..,”5g3

Testifying before the same House subcommittee, Sen. Anindependent ‘stu”dy of Rongelap promised in P.L 99-239’ “be prornp’

According to a letter by John C. luck DOE, of 2 Mayexpresses the Secretary’s desire to have an outside review of Cregarding the habitability of Rongelap. Bernd Franke, Henry Kohn, altestify regarding the Rongelap reassessment project. Robert K.technologies, testifies about the phase 2 work plan for an indepoutstanding radiation and health issues on Rongelap.WS

97

nut, breadfruit,

I insular and16 Novembersubmits threenalyses of theI for “Makingnd informationC%592

rincipal deputy)committee onhardt declares,citizens of theMing between:al, health, andgive the issues~iew within six

the Rongelap, We stand by‘etary Watkins,n Rudolph andBNl+ and Dr.but the DOELater both de

h Ioolq” which>OE program

urees that thein~tiated.”5g4990, RudolphE’s past workRosalie Bertell~ne, of P&Ddent study of

DRAFT

21 NOV 89

7 Dec

8 Dec

AGREEMENTIW31ATIONRELOCATION

Del. Ron de Lugo of the House Subcommittee on InsulaInsular Affairs, commends secreta~ of Energy Watkins for makin Itake a “fresh look” at the issue of the radiation contamination at tand the people of Rongelap Atoll.

De Lugo requests the DOE to address in the promised acextent of information disclosed to the Rongelapese and Corqradiation, safety, and health issues and whether radiological survwere conducted on the ato(LS%

89ADMINISTRATIONPLUTONIUMRADIATION

The RMl requests assistance from the DNA in completing tlIsland at Enewetak Atoll.s97

Acting RMI President Kunio Lemari asks for Admiral Huassistance in arranging for the DNA to complete cleanup of Runit Ithat the plutonium mining plant being used at Johnston Atoll tcfrom soil be used at Runit once cleanup is completed on Johnstonis passed on to the American embassy in Majuro.5w

89ADMINISTRATIONAGREEMENT

The DOE/PASO and DOI sign an informal agreementarrangements and program management under which the DCreimbursable basis, support certain DOI programs in the Marsha

28 Dec 89RADIATIONRELOC.4TION

RMl Sen. Jeton Anjain testifies before the DOE %cretiEvaluation of Epidemiolo ic Research Activities (SPEERA).Rongelapese concerns an f submits recommendations based onHe recommends that the Rongelap people have access to the F@related records; that the phase 2 comprehensive and independentmandated under the COFA be initiated; and that the DOE shoulddetermine the feasibility of transferring medical funds to a hospiIslands, tie alleges that because the DOE weapons played acontamination, DP cannot be objective in the management of tlprogram.~

98

i Internationalommitment toarshall Islands

nal review theon Rongelap

md a deanup

?anup of Runit

ton Hardisty’s1. He requests‘act plutonium. This request

ining financialfill, on a costmds.s~

Panel for therelays currentinterim report.

L

medical andof Rongelap

Iuct a study toI the Marshallin radiologicalarshall Islands

DRAFT

3 Jan 90CONTRACTORMEDICALPLUTONIUMRADIATION

99

Because of the results of a study of samples collected ‘ Jmmer 1989 toassess the plutonium background in the RMl areas, the BNL con(samples collected from 1981 to 1984 were contaminated during

The BNL submits the first 40 plutonium results from the tfrom people who had previously high plutonium results in the wdata confirm the speculation that the urine samples collected fromcontaminated during field collections. TIM new fission track Iimproved the quality assurance of the process. The new data stmeasured have no greater than 100 attocuries of Iutonium in th~receive greater than 1 mrem/yr from plutonium. L

8 Jan 90CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPMEDICALRADIATION

In draft comments on S. 1802, the “Department of EnelAct of 1989,” the DOE officials advise that “Title V, MonitaRadiological Conditions in the Northern Marshall Islands,” is Lthese actions already are being undertaken.-

9 Jan 90

13 Jan

ADMINISTRATIONRADIATION

In response to Acting RMl President Kunio LeMari’s reqlRunit Island, Chief of Mission Samuel Thomsen of the Ameri~that the DOE and the DOI coordinate with the DNA to deterrnircompleting decontamination of Runit. Citing the favorable corerDOE for its decision to reexamine the safety of Rongelap, Thenattention paid to Runit would have similar political and humani~

90MEDICALPLUTONIUMRADIATION

The DOE informs a Marshall Islands government residtresults of the plutonium analysis reinforce the belief that plutolhazard at Rongelap.ws

19-21 Jan 90ADMIN15TR4TIONCONGRESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPContractor

A five-person LANL team and William Jackson, the PPspecialist, travel to Maloelap Atoll to make arrangements with thIANL to conduct a scientific experiment in August and/or Septeaccompanies a House Appropriations Committee staffer to Entbrief the residents of the DOE’s activities at both places. Whilerelays the DOE’s desire to terminate its role at Enewetak by 30

s that the urinej collections.a’! samples taken:r of 1989, The)1 to 1984 were

procedure hasthat the peopleine and will not

Iuclear Facilitiesof Health and

:essary because

‘or a cleanup ofnbassy requestsP best means ofreceived by thecomments that

1 benefits.w

cientist that theis not a health

program liaisonN leadership for1990. Jackson

Ik and Bikini tolewetak Jacksontember 1990.-

22 Jan

24 Jan

DRAFT

90ADMINISTRATtONRADIATIONRELOCATION

The DP replies to the testimony by Sen. Anjain at the 2[meeting that medical/radiation records are already available 1although general

r[icy is that they do not release unevalu;

comprehensive an independent study of Rongelap Island wouldindependent study of the DOE’S data by Kohn concluded that thsupport the habitability of the island; and that the organ izatioruhas no influence on its technical content or scientific resuks.a’

90ADMINISTRATIONPLUTONIUMRADIATION

The Marshall Islands Nitijela (legislature) passes a resolutioSecretary Watkins for his support of a second look at Rongelap isto implement a phase 2 study of Rongelap Island. -

In a draft response to the American Embassy in Majuro IRunit Island, DNA states that any attempt to start cleaning Rpremature, DNA is still testin mining methods as a means for

ffrom the soil, and the scope o cleanup required on Runit is morthan that being done on Johnston Atoll. If technology questiJohnston Atoll, a Runit cleanup is two to four years away.beghning long-range planning and coordination for Runit cleanlthe planning meeting to identify a lead agency and assign critic

2 Feb 90ContractorRADIATION

In response to the desire of the Marshallese to performmeasurements throughout the Marshall Islands, W. John Tipton,manager for aerial measurements operations of EC&G, recommerr.mrchase three or four hand-held sutvev meters for each atoll alpeople on each atoll be trained in the’ operation of the instrume

1

furnish limited use of EG&G’s ermanium in situ system resourcfEG&G takes the measurements i quantitative data on other atolls i

with results of the 1978 Suwey.b’o

16 Feb 90ADMINISTRATIONContractorMEDICAL

The PASO issues the Operations Plan, Mission Number 90-Jmedical surveillance tri to be conducted by BNL at Ebeye, Majuro, Lin March-April 1990.6’ P

18 Mar -13 Apr 90CONTRA~ORMEDICAL

During the spring medical mission to Ebeye, Majuro, Utiri~BNL team conducts 339 full medical examinations of the Marshalk

100

}~mber SPEERA

the ivtarshallese,j data; that theauthorized if the

)OE data did notssignment to DP

ommending DOEs and urging him

~rding cleanup oft now would be:aning plutoniumiffkmlt and costlyi are resolved at

F

recommendsnd starting with

ks.m

‘ own radiation,tant operationsat the islandersat two or three. He offers to

? provided thatweded to tie in

W 1990, for airik and Mejato

Ind Mejatto thee. The doctors

26-27

DRAFT

examine nearly fifty referrals from the MWShall Islands health cproblem cases at the Majuro hospital. The pediatrician treats 16sick calls.b’z

Mar 90CONTRA~ORPLUTONIUMRADIATION

Established by the BNL department of nuclear energy toscientific assessment of BNL’s lvtarshall Islands radiation sindependent scientific review committee meets at BNL The contwo radioanalytical methods and the dosimetric models used kradiation dosages. The committee amcludcs that the analyticcollected in 1988-1989 are valid. The group also advkes that urinprior to 1988 should be discarded because of flaws in the previouand protocols for urine collection which did not protect against ccommittee finds that whole-body counting procedures wereguidelines of technical excellence and conformed to recognirecommends further quality assurance procedures and guidanceestimates.b’3

27 Mar 90ADMINISTRATION

DOE Secretary Watkins directs the consolidation of rrepidemiology, and other health matters into the new offIce ofincludes the Marshall Island Program.b”

18 Apr 90ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTORRADIATION

The PASO issues Operations Plan, Mission Number 90-LLNL terrestrial investigations to be conducted at Bikini.b’S

Harry Brown notifies W. H, Adams and C,B. Meinhold at Iat LLN L; Joe Dryden at PASO, NV, and Roger Ray of potenlmanagement of the Marshall Islands program. The Brown notificaby Ron clap leaders that DP cannot be objective in the condua

fMarsha 1 Islands and recommendations by SPEERA that DOE’s IMarshall Islands program be reassigned to the DOE deputy ashealth. Brown states that the latter offke may assume program IBNL and LLNL and that NV may have no p

?ram managemen

only provide logistical support. He asks the a dressees to assislto minimize disruption of works’b

30 Apr 90ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTOR

Dr. Charles B. Meinhold of the BNL department of nuclearsciences division, responds to David Weiman’s questions concernimanagement, and scientific approval processes at BNL WeimanRongelapese. Meinhold remarks that in terms of determining p!study, “DOE determines the overall need. Brookhaven determir

101

iystem and seeliidren at island

ain an externalI program, antee reviews theNL to estimateIata from urinemples collectedIalytkal methodIminatio-n. Thehin acceptablestandards. It

ntake and dose

al surveillance,Ith. This order

~r the standard

: W,L Robinsonchanges in thefollows chargesits work in theagement of themt secretary ofrol dhct!y withwtion and may~ram transition

:rgy, radiologicalhe organization,lobbyist for theies for program:he best way to

DRAFT

proceed.” He describes the program approval and review processprogram!”

Mav 90

May

L May

4 May

RADIAnoNBernd Franke of the Institute for Energy and Environn

Takoma Pa~ Maryland institute, issues “Why the fbn lap ReasserNot fulfill Its Mksion, Rongelap Versus En”~tak and ikink Equal

Rongelap Atoll local government. The report alleges failures of thdiscusses the varying criteria for the assessments of Bikini, Eneweta

90RADtATIONWEAPON TESTING

David Weiman meets with Joseph Karpinski, DOE prinapsecretary for congressional and intergovernmental affairs; Galassistant to the under secretary and (lwy Knight deputy assiHouse liaison, prior to Senator Anjain’s testimony before the HoSubcommittee on Interior and Related Agencies (Yates Committee),DOE Secretary Watkins’s office with AssMant Secretary Roser’memorandum and a 14 April 1982 memorandum from J. W.Trivelpiece regarding the transfer of Mamhall Islands programs frraises three sensitive new matters of cnncern. a DOE radiationRongelap; questionable applicability of traditional DOE dose stand;people of Rongelap; and Safeguard T and the subordination 01programs. Weiman states that “Senator Anjain and Rongelapreasonable and easily attained solution to the overall matter” alWeiman are “willing to work to work with the Secretary to resoh

90RADIATION

DOE Under Secretary John C. Tuck requests that theindependent review of all data available regarding the radiohabitability of Rongelap. This review should consider the viewsRongelap, DOE, and those who conducted the initial review pursHe requests that members of the review panel be selected in a nimpartiality so that the conclusions will be acceptable to the peo

90ADMINISTRATIONMEDICALRADIATIONWEAPON TESTING

se~ John Glenn (D-Ohio), chairman of the SenatGovernmental Affairs, r uests DOE Secretary Watkins to supfx

1‘Phase II” assessment oft e radiological contamination of Rongelahumanitarian assistance so that the Rongelap pmple may resethave access to food and medical care.=’

Sen. Anjain issues a statement to the Subcommittee on IAgencies on behalf of the Rongelap Atoll local government and thHe states that the Rongelap reassessment project created new quresolving them and demonstrated that there is ‘a significant Iconcerning the environmental and radiological conditions on Rong

102

‘or the bioassay

al Research, alent Project Didatment?” to the:ohn report andmd Rongeiap.6’@

Ieputy assistantPalmer, specialIt secretary forAppropriations

~eiman provides,3 March 1982=n to A W.EP to OP. He

ble standard at, to the exposed:alth and safetyieve there is a:hat Anjain andw619

; undertake anml status and

the people ofIt to the COFA.ler that assuresof RongeIapSN

Committee onan independenttoll and providewhere they will

~or and Relatedongelap people.Ions rather than

of knowted e“7) and the hea th

DRAFT 103

and medical condition of the Rongelapese. According to Anjain,

T

ions of the COFAdesigned to deal with the Rongelap situation are not worldn and Dr. Kohn’sRongelap reassessment project mmrnrnendations contradict provi ons of the COFA.Aniain charges that the U.S. uses a radiation double standard in the ac)olication of

!radiation ~-ideiines; that DOE and AEC have subordinated almedimi and environmental programs to defense readiness statusof weapons testing (Safeguard “C”); that the DOE is creating unrrmedical records; and that the DOE’s definition of habiiabiliunreliable.AU

7 May 90CONTRA~OR

Harry Brown of NV reissues his invitation to David Weimaleadership to visit BNL and LLNL to see first-hand how the scientHe states that the people of Bikini and Enewetak found this helpmaking process.Gm”

11 May 90CONTRA~ORWEAPON TESTING

The Rongelap Atoll local government directs H&N to answelor ever were un-der contract to tke DOE for any aspect of Safegui

18 May 90RADIATION

Responding to Under Secretary Tuck’s request for a reviewstatus and habitab~lity of Rongelap, F~ank Press, ~airman ofNRC will consider organizing such a study and will developa formal proposal for performance of the study.US

20 May 90POLICY

the NIand SI

The Rongelap Atoll local government council passes a reschand its contractors, with the exception of the BNL Marshall Islandsare denied access until the DOE provides the council with a 1accountin

fof the relationship to and management of the [

“Safeguar C,” which requires the U.S. to maintain the ability to renuclear testing.G2d

8 Jun 90ADMINISITMTION

DOE Secretary Watkins notifies House Subcommittee Chailhe is transferring the management of DOE’S Rongelap activities foffice of health under the assistant secretary for environment safi

]. H. Dryden, director of PASO, notifies Stella Guerra, DC) Ifor territorial and international affairs, that the DOE is planning tfphase out the operations of the field office at Enewetak. This prqan interagency agreement between the DOE and the DOI.G28

2 Jul 90ADMINISTRATION

Stella Guerra of DOI notifies Harry Brown that she believesappropriate funding to continue the program at Enewetak.sn

abhall Islands[he resumptionsary barriers tod“ktorted and

d the Rongelapprocess works.their decision-

hether they are“(-.a624

the radiologicalwrites that thenit to the DOE

n that the DOE*iCal program,and complete

E/DP pr ramTne atmosp eric

In de Lugo thatlDP to anewand health.d27istant secretaryIitiate action ton is funded on

it Congress will

3 Aug

6 Aug

DRAFT

90ADMINISTRATION

The current DOE mtxlical and environmental programs rekIslands are shifted to EH by an amendment to the DOD autlamendment focuses on management consolidation and is meantof Marshall Islands program act”wities in the overall reorganizesafety matters at DOE. Activities formerly conducted through Dthrough EH.GW

90ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACTORMEDICAL

The PASO issues Operation Plan, Mission Number 90-5, Eup mission for medical examinations on Mejato, Utiri~ Majuro ;

27 Aug 90CONTRACTORMEDICALPLUTONIUM

The University of Utah analyzes 29 samples of Marshalby BNL and finds two samples which show definite evidence of

6-28 Sep 90ADMINISTRATIONAGREEMENTMEDICAL

During the BNL fall medical mission, William .D. Jackrepresentative on the trip, reaches agreement with the adminiHeath Plan on a renewal of the existing Memorandum of Understhat BNL and 177 Health Plan professionals established ~communication during the trip and agreed upon techniqutcoordination and sharing information,=

10 Sep 90

5 Ott

ADMINISTRATIONJoseph H. Dryden of PASO notifies Brown that, due to la

closing down the field station at Enewetak until PASO receives I

90AGREEMENTRELOCATION

The DOI and the Kili/Bikini/Ejit loal overnment signYagreement regarding the rehabilitation and r~tt ement of Bikini A

land use payments and other budgetary matters.G3S

25 Ott 90ADMINISTRATION

104

to the Marshallation bill. Thewure continuity

of health andII be conducted

; annual follow-Ebeye!a’

urine furnished:oniumz’.a

the DOE fieldion of the 177ing. He reportsxtive lines oflnd means for

fIf fundin he is991 fun ing.GW

memorandum ofincluding public

Stella Guerra of DOI reacts to statements by House and Sen e appropriations

~~ 1

subcommittees that Congress expects the DOI and the DOE and ts mntractor tocontinue to work together to establish a plan to turn over the En etak food andagricultural maintenance pro ram to the loal government at the arliest possible

itime. She recommends that t e 001 and the DOE and its contracto meet at PASO’s

DRAFT

Honolulu office to coordinate the development of plans to any ameantime, she suggests operating the program under the tagreement under the level of funding in the continuing resolution

26 Ott 90

6 Nov

tMDIATIONHarry Brown writes to Oscar de Bruin of the RMl, to pf

recommendations as to how the RMl might treat the soil of islaluptake of cesium 137into faod crops The DOE suggests initial apounds per acre of potassium chloride. Isiands that might betreatment are Eneu; Bikini; the six planted northern islands at Ereplanted and resettled; Rongelap; and Arbor.=’

90ADMINISTRATIONAGREEMENT

The DOI approves the extension of the a~ment dealinizof the Enewetak “f& anddetermine if it should revisethrough 31 December,bm

agricultural mainte~ance program ?the agreement. The DOl authorize

105

s work. In theng DOE/DOl

~ consolidatedo mitigate theation of 1200Idered for this~ta~ Enjebi, if

the operationthe DOl -nding for DOE

DRAFT

APPENDIX A

Sections of Section 177of the Compact of Free Association

and its implementing Agreementof Interest to the DOE*

PUBLIC LAW 99-239 Joint Resolution to approve the “Compactand for other purposes. January 14, 1986

COMPACT OF FREE ASSOCIAllON

SECTION 177

0

A. The U.S. government accepts responsibility for comcitizens of the Marshall Islands or the Federated States of M)cdamage to the property and person of the citizens of the MarsFederated States of Micronesia resulting from the nuclear testing1946- August 18, 1958.

B. In a separate agreement the governments of the Nthe U.S. will set forth provisions for settlement of all claims;administration by the U.S. government of direct radiation related rand treatment programs and radiological monitoring activities aagr~ upon programs and activities; and for the assumption bythe Marshall Islands of responsibility for enforcement of limitatcooperation with the U.S. government, on the utilization of ~mutually agreed upon assistance by the U.S. government.

c. The U.S. government shall provide the governmeIslands a grant of $1 so million to be paid and distributed accordagreement.

Aweement Between the Government of the United States amthe Government of the Marshall Islands for the Imdementatiof the ComDact of Free Association

Sections of Particular Interest to the DOE

ARTICLE II - DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL PROCEEDS

Section 1 - Health, Food, Agricultural Maintenance and Radiologi

a. $30 million is distributed to the RMI in amounts of $2 rThe RMl is to use these funds to receive technical assistance, on afrom agencies of the U.S. government. The U.S. shall provide 1including contractor sewices to assist the IWI to include health-sewices reiated to the consequences of nuclear testing in its hea

●The full texts of these documents are in Document nos. D105

106

Association,”

tion owing toia for loss orslands or theram, June 30,

III Islands andhe continuedd suweillancew additionally,overnment ofdeveloped ind areas with

the Marshallt the separate

‘ Section 177

]rveillance

I for 15 years.bursable basiscat assistanceprograms and~re system.

)113.

I

DRAFT

“i

107

Technical assistance shall inciude, at RMl rque@ a whcde y counter, to belocated in a facility supplied by the RMi, and the training of its o rater. Technicalassistance may include professional personnel sewices and dosi try and bioassayservices.

d. At RMl request, the U.S. is to provide technical assista

T

programs andservices, on a reimbursable ba4~ to continue the planting a’nd agriculturalmaintenance program on Enewetak and to continue the food prog ams of the Bikinipeople and the Enewetak people for as long as is required.

e. $3 million to the RMI to conduct rnedid surveillant

4

and radiologicalmonitoring activities, are to be dkhursed in average amounts o $1 million for athree-year period commencing when the agreement goes into eff . The results ofthe medical surveillance and radiologid monitoring are to be fil with the ClaimsTribunal.

Section 2- The People of BikiniI

$75 Million to the Bikini Distribution Authority in payment of claims arising

I

out of the nuclear testin program for loss or damage to property nd person of thepeople of Bikini, are to L disbursed in quarterly amounts of $1. million for thefifteen-year period commencing one quarter year after the agreeme goes into effect.

Section 3- People of EnewetakI

$48.75 million to the Enewetak Distribution Authority in p yment of claims

I

arising out of the nuclear testing program for loss or damage to p perty or personof the people of Eneweta~ are to be disbursed in quarterly amoun of $812,500 forthe period commencing one calendar quarter after the agreement into effect.

Section 4- People of RongelapI

$37.5 million to the Rongelap Distribution Authority in p ment of claims

1

arising out of the nuclear testing program for loss or damage to pro erty and personof the people of Rongelap, are to be disbursed in quarterly amoun of $625,000 forthe fifteen-year period commencing one calendar quarter after the agreement goesinto effect,

Section s - People of UtirikI

$22.5 million to the Utrik [sic] Distribution Authority in pa ment for claims

1

arising out of the nuclear testing program for loss or damage to pro erty and personof the people of Utiri~ are to be disbursd in quarterly amounts of 375,000 for thefifteen-year period commencing one calendar quarter after the agr ment goes intoeffect.

Section 8- Bikini, Eneweta~ Rongelap and Utirik TrustsI

The people of Bikini, Eneweta~ Rongelap and Utirik shall est Iish trusts withall or a pofiion of the annual proceeds from this Agreement in

I

rder to provideadditional long-term means to addr~s consequences of the nuclear esting program.

DRAFT

ARTICLE VI - RESEll_LEMENT OF BIKINI ATOLL AND CONVEYAIIN RESPECT TO BIKINI

Section 1 - Resettlement

The U.S. reaffirms its commitment to provide fimcls forBikini Atoll by the people of Bikini at a time wh-kh cannot now

ARTICLE Vll - UTILIZATION OF IANDS

The U.S. is relieved of responsibility for, and the RMl shallfor, controlling the utilization of areas in the Marshall Islands affetesting program.

ARTICLE VIII - NORTHERN MARSHALL lS~NDS RADIOLOCICAI

The U.S. has concluded that the northern Marshall Islandsand related environmental studies represent the best effort accuradescribe conditions on the Marshall Islands. This survey and relstudies have been made available to the RMl and can be used t(chain and environment and to estimate radiation-related heahresiding in the northern Marshall Islands.

ARTICLE IX - CHANGED CIRCUMSTANCES

10B

:E OF PROPERIY

2 resettlement ofdetermined.

ave responsibilityd by the nuclear

1biological surveyto evaluate and

environmentalaluate the foodnsequences of

IIf loss or dama e to property and person resultin from tJ %eco

nuclear testinprogram are discover subsequent to this a reement’s

FRmin effective, whit

make its provisions manifestly inadequate, an such could not reaidentified before its becoming effective, the RMI may submit to Cfor the U.S. to provide for such injuries. Congress is not committedappropriate the funds.

ARTICLE X - ESPOUSAL

Section 1 - Full Settlement of Claims

This Agreement constitutes the till settlement of all claims, pfuture, of the government, citizens, and nationals of the Marshall Isthe nuclear testing program against the U.S., its agents, employlcitizens, and nationals.

Section 2- Termination of Legal Proceedings

The RMI shall terminate any I al pr-ings in the courts7Islands against the U.S., its agents, emp oyees, contractors and “citizei

involving claims arising out of the nuclear testing program.

bfy have beenress a requestauthorize and

t present andlds relating to5, contractors,

f the Marshalland nationals”

DRAFT 109

ARTICLE Xl - INDEMNITY

Subject to Article lx the Rhil shall indemnify and hold ha r nless the U.S., itsagents, employees, contractors, “citizens and nationals,’ from all ~iaims set forth inArticle ~ and all future actions on behalf of the RMl in any court arisin out of thenuclear testing program. fThe indemnification shall not exceed $ 1 iO mi ion.

., A

ACBM

AEC

AES

AFL

AFSWP

AGMMA

AMo

ANL

BARC

BNL

CINCPACFLT

COFA

D

OAF

DASA

DBER

DBM

DMA

DNA

DOD

DOE

DOES

DOI

DOS

DP t

DRAFT

APPENDIX B - ABBREVIATIONS

(AEC) Advisory Committee for Biology and h

Atomic Energy Commission

(DOE) Assktant Administrator for Environme

University of Washington Applied Fisheries I

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

-Istant General Manager for Milita~ Appli~

Assistant Manager for Operations

Argonne National Laboratory

Bikini Atoll Rehabilitation Committee

Brookhaven National laboratory

Commander-in-chief of the US. Pacific Fleet

Compact of Free Association

Democrat

Department of the Air Force

Defense Atomic Support Agency

(AEC) Division of Biology and Environmental

(AEC) Division of Biology and Medicine

(AEC) Division of Military Application

Defense Nuclear Agency

Department of Defense

Department of Energy

(DOE) Division of Operational and Environm~

Department of the Interior

(AEC) Division of Operational Safety

(DOE) Defense Programs

110

ld Safety

story

arch

Safety

DRAFT 111

DRS

DWMT

E.O.

EG&G

EH

EPA

ERDA

ERSP

FPDB

FRC

FY

GAO

GPO

H. Con. Res.

H. J. Res.

H&N

HASL

HPE

ICRP

ISA

JCAE

JTF-7

IANL

lAsL

LFMER

LLL

LLNL

(AEC) Division of

(AEC) Division of

Executive Order

Radiological Safety

Waste Management and Tran

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Crier, Inc

(DOE) Office of Health Physi~

Environmental Protection Agency

Energy Research and Development Administratil

(DOE) Enewetak Radiological Support Project

Fission Product Data Base

Federal Radiation Council

Fiscal Year

General Accounting Office

Government Printing Office

House Concurrent Resolution

House Joint Resolution

Holmes and Namer Construction Company

(AEC) Health and Safety Laboratory

(DOE) Heahh Physics and Environmental Divis

International Commission on Radiological Prote

(AEC) International Security Affairs

Joint Committee on Atomic Energy

Joint Task Force Seven

Los Alamos National Laboratoy

Los A!amos Scientific Laboratory

Lovelace Foundation for Medical

Lawrence Livermore Laboratory

Education ant

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

tation

n

search

LRB

LRE

MT

MAc

MH&S

MIDG

MIDRG

MIPC

MMC

MPRL

mr

mrem

NARA

NAS

NEPA

NIH

NTIS

NMRI

NRDL

NRC

NSC

NV

NYOO

OGM

OMB

ORNL

P.L.

DRAFT

bborato~ of Radiation Biology

Laboratory of Radiation Ecology

(DOE) Litigation Support Team

Military Alr Command

(AEC) Medicine, Health and Safety

Marshall Islands

Marshall Islands

Marshall Islands

Dosimetry Group

Dosimetry Revkv

Planning Group

Group

and Records Administration

Micronesia Legal Sewices Corporation

Mid-Pacific Research Laboratory

miilimentgens

millirem

National Archives

National Academy of Sciences

National Environmental Policy Act

National Institutes of Health

National Technical Information Service

Naval Medical Research Institute

Naval Radiological Defense Laborato~

National Research Council

National Security Council

(AEC) Nevada Operations OffIce

(AEC) New York Operations Office

(AEC) Office of the General Manager

OffIce of Management and Budget

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Public Law

112

IPACE

PAG

PASO

PE

PNL

PPG

R

~r

RARG

REECO

RMI

SAls

S. Con. Res.

SECY

SFOO

SIo

SPEERA

Ssc

T.T.

llG

Uofw

USGS “

USPHS’

WERL

DRAFT

Pacific Cratering Experiment

Protective Action Guide

(DOE) Pacific Area Suppott Office

(DOE) Oft3ce of Policy, Plan& and Analysk

Pacific Northwest laboratories

Pacific Proving Ground

Republican

This abbreviation is mpied as it appears in thdocuments and may be rem, rad, or roentgen

Radiological Assessment Revkw Group

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company

Republic of the Marshall Islands

School of Advanced International Studies

Senate Concurrent Resolution

(AEC) Secretariat Staff Paper

(AEC) Santa Fe Operations Office

Scripps Institute of Oceanography

Secretarial Panel for the Evaluation of EpidemlActivities

Safety, Standards, and Compliance

Trust Territory

Transuranium Technical Group

University of Washington

U.S. Geological Survey

United States Public Health Service

Western Environmental Research Laboratory

113

ginal

ic Research

60VERNNENTS

ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS

CONCERNED WITH DEVELOPMENTS lN THE NARSHALL ISLAf

1985-1986

Pri~afe Sector Organizations Involved or Intereste(Health and Community Development in !Wcrone$

The Pae(FoG The4Ar: :-v2135 ReCIefeianPno-le (DIrecIo~

School I12! We5ThCJSZn

Phme (Presser

liw

114

s

in

Foutilon!,,a-l:ene~’ 0’ S:le~ce 8-K

nis IswEtksseLmG Ave-<s N Vi

DC 20325?, 367.752SU$ Psv.:.s Lu:e Che:-, ar

I

Marimed FoundationFull.Timf Emplo}ees

E,tcU!,VeDIr~c!o? Da..: : ~tQ;-(: JC h!U Ad~in,str~~,.eA88men!Meal,ca’ D,rec!o- ll:.-; L8SZIC q,~g 1s )/ c Bookkeew!Dew!, D,rector

Owmaa Vod-IG&c; !,?32c, l.f D U F H Nutrltton Progrcm Consulton E].:aw- Mese!s R D h! P w

Opera:, ons !Jan*gle, Te E !(IE - Studen! Inlem Ma. ybm P ZmEfie:tit,. t Secre:a., JOE.- Pa- 52-

,.11s

IUnited States House and Senale Committees and St f

TheSollowq1$BIts: 01 he} NoJsr Snc *RS:Q ~mvrllftees gffo *,W *OfOOJh WJ O@ w!lh Mlc,ones(a pfog!sms ●f’tObuo~ls

I

MOUW $ubcommm?e on PublicLendsSutam’nmee Chm’.ma~ John F SeIoemgSla- Ms f%l, tc% A Kwse

Pfo!ess,ona’ Sta~ MemOe,%OW, 812 MOOS? Ann.aI 81

Wash,ngm- D C 20515Pnone (202) 2267730

Serwr

1“mmmea on Energy ●nd NaSuret

Reeowc sllnStesf te SenalcWas*..m~ DC 2051CchsItms NOno?aDleJSWS A Mcc[uftStefl Jemes P Swne.

no Counadn Stayman, S184 Mwrsoar

f wffsowahon commmea)P na (202} 224-25&

Senste TmSttee m AppropdettomSubcom Ittea on Intersor●a Retatea&nesa

W-ashmgt~n. D.C 20510Subcom

1ea Chwmm James A McCIwt

TrusITerritoryHealthS]stem DirectorsSteff M Jeffrey Celt+ Phows ~2021 2X726:

Repdblic Of \ht M*mhall IKlandaD. ~=:. tie~~e?a

GuamMr De??,

Se:. e:a., :’ Hea’m Se-v,ces OepanmeRe:-: : o’ me Ma”sha’ tsianasPO 6:, 16

Po S@

U.6, J.C V,a-shai’ Is’ams 96963

Kosrae Slate, FSMD. AntId. S!grafi

STale DI,M> r’ Healv ser.,:e~Kosrae FS.L’ 96944

Pohnpe! S!a!e, FSMD, A.nm,s &IWC

S!afe D,recto, o! +iea’rt. Sew,cesPohn~ S!a!e. FSV 96941

~epubllcofSefeUD, MasaoKumangaOartc!O,BU~ea.ofI+eallfiSe~cesMacDoaalc Memone Hcqx!a’Koror Be!a. 96940

Commonwealth oftffeNortharn~arlanalslan~~D, JoseV,llagomezD,~ecto4 o{ Putd,c Hea::r anc En. .onmewal

Se-w:esD! Towes HOSp !?

Sa Pa” CNt#I 9E55:

hlicronesia Go}emment baders

Agana G

1AmericanCM .hAa LD,recso, ofL&l TrODI

Pago Paoc

(TM Reglcfiemvrx mHeaIth SaIthe! noseseonnel StIC*8es ●reWe fnsle,?Publ,c HeiSan Franc

GmmomMend

HonoramaGovewo.Selpa? cPnone 01L1 GO, ~

GsaemHowl. e:?Gowew.Agana G,Pnone 01Lt Go* E

Amer!carHo~o.a2i$Gove. nr.Paga PagPtlolc o’L! Go. E

)Origuez. Omecto.S+eanh●ncSo:.alSewcts

}96910

noa

ons●tth SewcesAed,cal C%fler

mewen Serrsoa 96799

K offce of the U S Pubhc Heelw) Franclxo has fus! !ssueo ●

YSDlrecso~ for ●il the terfnowesmep teahttes ewwees ●e pe*-ba updalec ●vwy 6 monftwadable by wrllmg to D! Shertdaglo~a!HearIt,Aontl,slwo..U SSeW,ce50Umtee Nahons Plaza). CA S4102 }

R), Of theNO~hefnMaliana

wc P. Tensmo

he Nomhem Mrana {standsI M9507C-643?c A Teao.,:

..

I

DRAFT 116

ENDNOTESI

1. 1Headquarters, Joint Task Force Seven J-3 Division, “Orient ion Guide: Part 1,61 A-1 433, Box 317, Orientation Guide 1 Jun 57, #101, Recor Grcmp (RG) 374,Washington National Record Center (WNRC). [A26]

2. Use and Occu~ancv Aweement for Land in the Tru st Terr torv of the PacificIslands under the Administrat”we ResDo nsibiliht of the DeDa rtmel It of the Interior,Document 214214, Coordination and Information Center, Las Vtq as, Nevada (CIC),[F4]

3. Micronesia Support Committe, ‘Marshall Islands A Chronc ~ 1944-1981,”p. 5. [A271

4. “Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p. 5. [A271I

5. “Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p. 7. [A271

I6. “Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p. 7. [A271

I7. Announced U.S. Nuclear Tests, DOE/NV 209, (Rev. 10), Ap~l 1990, p. 1. Thetime used is U.S. continental time.

8. Public Law (P.L) 78-585.

9. U. S., Statutes at Lame, Vol. 61: 3301-3305. [Al]

10. AEC 334/1 O, 17 Aug 51, Atomic Energy Commission Secrets ISecretariat), Box 1261, Military Research and Application 7 (bExperiments and Tests, R(3 326, Department of Energy Archive .Archives) [A7J; public Law 80-204, U.S. Statutes at Lame, Vo 1!Executive Order 9875, Code of Federal Rew Iations Title 3- The PreCompilation: 658. [A23]

11, “Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p. 7. [A27J

12. Draft memorandum for the President, 20 Nov 47, by David IFiles, Box 3866, SandstoneBasic Corresp. & Ref., RG 326, DOE Arcunderlining appears in the original document.)

13. Draft No. 1 memorandum for the record of a conference ioffice by J. McCormack, 25 Nov 47, DMA Files, Box 3866, Planning326, DOE Archives. [Fl O]

14. USAEC Press Release No. 70, 1 Dec 47, Secretariat, [Sandstone, RC 326, DOE Archives. [F71

15. “Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p, 9. [A271

16, Leonard Mason, “Relocation of the Bikini Marshallese aMigration,n Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1954, pp. 330-37. [1

17. “Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p. 9. [A271

Files (hereaftereafter MR&A7)[hereafter DOE51: 397 [A22];jent 1943-1948

Lilienthal, DMAws. [Fll] (The

the President’sk Policy (1), RG

X 4942, 471.6

itudy in Croup9]

DRAFT 117

18.

1

Announced U.S. Nuclear Tests, DOE/NV 209, (Rev. 10), Ap 1990, p. 1. Thetime used is U.S. continental time.

19. AEC 9/8, 28 A r 48, Secretarial Box 4944, AEC 682 En” tok “Atoll (12-1-R

T

47), RG 326, DOE Arc ives [A25]; AEC 9/9, 4 May 48, Secretarial Box 4944, AEC682 Eniwetok Atoll (12-1-47), RG 326, DOE Archives. [A24]

20. U.S., Statutes at l-awe, Vol. 62: 1434-1435. [A2]I

21. U.S., Statutes at Lame, Vo[. 62: 584-585. [A3]I

22. AEC 9/13, 16 Jul 49, enclosing Ramsey to Capt. James S.

t

ssdi, 1 JUI 48,Secretariat, Box 4944, AEC 682 Eniwetok Atoll (12-1-47), RG 326, D E Archives. [F12]

23. “Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p. 11. [A2~; Robeti C. Kl e, The BikiniansA Studv in Forced Miwation (Menlo Par~ Ck Cummings Publishi

f

co., 1974), pp.92-102. [Fl]

24.

1

AEC 9/14, 29 Mar 49, %cretaria~ Box 4944, AEC 682 Eni etok Atoll (12-1-47), RG 326, DOE Archives. [A4]

25. Announced U.S. Nuclear Tests, DOE/NV 209, (Rev. 10), A ii 1990, p. 2.t

26. AEC 334/1 O. [A71I

27. AEC 334/10 [A71; Executive Order 10265, 29 Jun 51, %de of FederalReswlations Title 3-- The President 1949-19S3 Compilation, pp. 76 .767. [A28]

28. 578th AEC Meeting Minutes, 12 Jul 51, Secretariat, Box 1261, MR&A 7Greenhouse, RG 326, DOE Archives. [F32]

I29. AEC 334/1 O. [A71

I30. U. S., Statutes at Lar~e, Vol. 65: 248-265. [AS]

31. AEC 334/1 O. [A7] I32. U.S., Statutes at LameJ Vol. 65: 350. [A6]

I33. Gordon Dean to Boyer, 17 Apr 52, Former Commissioner De Cokction, Box

T0002, Unclassified Reader File-April 1952, RG 326, DOE Archives, F6]

34. Gordon Dean, chairman, AEC, to James P. Davis, director, O Ice of Territories,

i

12 Sep 52, Department of the Interior (DOl), Secretariat, Box 492 MR&A7 Castle,Vol. 1, RG 326, DOE Archives. [A8]

35. “Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p. 11. [A271I

36. Announced U.S. Nuclear Tests, p. 3.I

37. Gordon Dean to Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, 7 Nov 52, S retariat, Box P,MR8ul-7 IVY Vol. 2, RG 326, DOE Archives. [F21]

‘1

DRAFT

38. Phillips to chief of naval operations, 20 Dec 52, endosurtG. Huston, acting director of military application, to K D. Nichol3 Footnote File Job 1330, Box 2, FN Dots Chap. 648-65, RG 3[x71

39, Enclosure 9 ~ Col. Vincent G. Huston to Nichols, 30 Mal

40. AEC 597/8, 12 Jan 53, enclosing Heruy D. Smyth to JamesSecretarial Box 4928, MR&A7 Castle, Vol. 1, RG 326, DOE Archi

41. Elbert D. Thomas to James P. Davis, director of the D(3I t5 Feb 53, enclosure 11 ~ Col. Vincent G. Huston to K D. Nichol

42. AEC Press Release No. 478, 2 Apr 53, Press Releases, RG ~[A53]

43. K E. Fields to the chief of naval operations, 28 Apr 53, elVincent G. Huston to K. D. Nichols, 30 Mar 54. [X7’I

44. Brig. Gen, K. E. Fields to William Mitchell, general counsel,N. Parks, 7 May 53, Plants, Lands, Buildings, and Laboratori~Eniwetok, Bikini - FY-53), RG 326, Albuquerque Operations Offic(

45. AEC 597/19, July 14, 1953, Secretariat, Box 4928, MR&A7326, DOE Archives. [X2]

46, Memorandum by Edward Heller, 22 Ott 53, Records of tlon Atomic Energy (JCAE), General Subject Files, Box 80, Weapons TGround (Castle) 1954, R(3 128, National Archives and Records Adn[X3]

47. Commander-in-chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, to commander, Join(JTF7), 31 Ott 53, Records Center C-2 D-41, CASTLE Radiological $Alamos National Laboratory (lANL), [F2]

48. AEC 597/32, 15 Dec 53, Secretariat, Box 4928, MR&A7326, DOE Archives. [A1O]

49. Ciarkson to commander in chief, U.S. Pacific FleeL 11 DcHazards in the Marshall Islands Area during CASTLE,” RecordsCastle Radiological Safety, RG 326, LANL [F3]; “Safety MeasuresPhase of CASTLE,” Records Center, C-2 D-41, Castle RadiologicIANL. [F13]

50. ‘AEC” 597/43, 18 Mar 54, Secretarial Box 4929, MIUM7

118

~ COL VincentO Mar 54, Vol.DOE Archives.

. [x71

)avis, 6 Jan 53,[A9]

e of territories,O Mar 54. [X71

DOE Archives.

sure 13 ~ COL

ntion: FranklinLB & L) (NTS,LOO). [F9]

stle Vol. 2, RG

tint CommitteePacific Proving

tration (NARA).

sk Force Seveny, RG 326, LOS

tie, Vol. 2, RG

3, “RadiologicalIter, C-2 D-41,n Operational

fa ety, RG 326,

tie, Vol. 3, RG

~

326, DOE Archives [Al 1]; “Answer to State De artment ‘List of Pos ble uestions’”attached to K. D. Nichols to W. Sterling Cole, 14 Sep 54, Joint Corn ittee on AtomicEnergy General Correspondence UCAE Correspondence) Box 712

(Eniwetok) 19541955,” RC 128, NARA. [A18]

51. Announced U.S. Nuclear Tests, p. 4.

-.

DRAFT

52. AEC DivMon of Biology & Mediane, “Conference on LongStudies of Marshall Islands,” pp. 14, 54, Dwision of Biology and M{3365, Folder 18, RG 326, DOE Archives. [A30]

53. ‘Medical ~pect.s of Fall-out from Bravo,” undated, unsigmto memo on Bravo Shot Operation Castle, 12 Apr 54, Roger Ray

54. U.S. Cong., House, 85th Cong., 1stsess, Special Subcomnof the jCAE, “Hearings on Radioactive Fallout and Its Effects on28, 29 May and 3 Jun 57, p. 912. [A48]

55. U.S. Cong., House, 85th Cong., 1st sess., ‘Radioactive Fallon Man,” p. 177. [A48]

56. Wataru W. Sutow and Robert A Conard, “The Effects of F,Marshallese Children,” BNL 13584, p.2, Doc 19247, CIC. [15]

57. Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA), Castle Series 1954, United:Nuclear Weapons Tests Nuclear Test Personnel Review, 1 Apr 82,pp. 223, 226229. [F18]

58. AEC 597/43, 18 Mar 54, Secretariat, Box 4929, MR&A7326, DOE Archives [Al 1]; “Answers to State Department ‘List of P<[A18]

59. Defense Nuclear Agency, C astle Series 1954, p. 228. [Fl 8

60. AEC 597/43 [Al 1]; “Answers to State OeDa rtment ‘List of PC[Al 8]

61. AEC 597/43. [Al 1]

62. CTC Seven to USAEC via Los Alamos, 5 Mar 54, Records CerBravo Fallout, RG 326, lANL [F8]; Clarkson to Fields and Bugher, 10Center B-9 D-1 58, 635 Castle 12-31-53-3-15-54, RG 326, LANL I

63. AEC 597/43. [Al 1]

64. AEC 597/43. [Al 1]

65. AEC 597/43. [Al 1]

66. J. C. Bugher to Alfred J. Breslin, 6 Mar 54, Tommy McCraw IMcCraw), Box 1, Rongelap-Utiri~ twxs 1954 re Fallout following BravArchives. [A58]

67. Memorandum by Dr. Herbert Scoville, 12 Mar 54, Records195, Castle Fallout Observations, RG 326, LANL [A571

68. Memorandum by Scoville, 12 Mar 54. [A571

69. Memorandum by Scoville, 12 Mar 54. [A571

119

erm Sunfeys andicine (OBM), Box

repo~ attachedollection. [A29]

ttee on Radiationclan,” Part 1, 27,

X and Its Effects

out Radiation on

1’tes Atmospheric6035Fo NTIS,

wIe Questions.’”

r JDO C2D44,ar 54, Records6]

~ers (hereafterRG 326, DOE

:enter, F-43 B-

DRAFT

70. Thomas L Shipman to John C. Bugher, 10 Mar 54, Record9 D-158, 635 Castle Januafy 1, 1954 to March 15, 1954, RG 32

Cmdr. James E. Reeves to Frank D. Peel, 11 Mar 54, Reo~~ Castle October 1953, RG 326, LANL (F15]

72. CJTF-7, Enewetalq to chairman, AEC, et al, 12 Mar 54, McTwxs, RG 326, DOE Archives. [A62]

73. FEF-51, “Congressmen Report on Radiation ExposurCorrespondence, Box 712, “Weapons Tests (Eniwetok) 1954195[A12]

74. AEC DBM, “Conference on Long Term Surveys and SIslands,” pp. 14, 54. [A30]

Gen. Clarkson to Fields, 15 Mar 54, Records Center JDO~G 326, UNL [F5]

76. U.S. Cong., House, 85th Cong., 1st sess., “Radioactive Faon Man,” pp. 935, 942. [A48]

77. Naval Station, Kwajalein, to AEC, Washington, 15 March 1Subject Files, Box 80, Weapons Tests Pacific Proving Ground (Cast128, NARA. [X4]

78. Memorandum by Ed Heller, 23 Mar 54, JG4E General Cc712, “Weapons Tests (Eniwetok) 19541955,” RG 128, NARA. [A”

79. Applied Fisheries Laboratory, University of Washington, “Aof RonRelap Atoll, Marshall Islands, durirw 1954-1955,” UWFL-42,Box 9,-U of W Laboratory of Radiation ~iology Seatt’le, Washingto ‘42, RG 326, DOE Archives. [A371

80. A. C. Graves to N. E. Bradbury, 1 Apr 54, Science 3131, R9 D-158, 635 C4STLE 3/16/54 - 4/15/54, RG 326, IANL [F16]; N.C. Graves, 1 Apr 54, AEC GR82, Records Center B-9 D-158, 635 C4/1 5/54, RG 326, IANL [Fl ~

81. Thomas L Shipman, Health Division, lAS~ to Zen, CTG 7.1, I54, McCraw, Box 7, Bravo Twxs, RG 326, DOE Archives. [A63]

82. 982nd AEC meeting 7 May 54 minutes, Secretariat, Box 492SVol. 3 [Al 4]; 984th AEC meeting 12 May 54 minutes, Secretariat, BoxHealth and Safety (MH&S) 3 Radiation, Vol. 1, RG 326, DOE ArchNichol$ General Manager, AEC, to Rep. W. Sterling Cole, Chairman,[A18]

83. CJTF-7, Enewetak, to chairman, AEC, 22 Apr 54, McCraw, BoRG 326, DOE Archives. [A61 ]

84. AEC1 25/8, 18 May 54, Secretariat, Box 1264, MR&A 7-1 Provii11, RG 326, DOE Archives. [A52]

120

Center CRMO B-lANL [F14]

js Center C-2 D-

aw, Box 7, Bravo

‘ JCAE General‘ RG 128, NARA.

dies of Marshall

-2, Bravo Fallout,

1

t and Its Effects

4, JC4E, General1954, p. 51, RG

pondence, Box

biological Studytract, McCraw,98105, UWFL-

:ords Center B-Bradbury to A.

;TLE 3/16/54 -

wveta~ 13 Apr

MR&A7 Castle,1928, Medicine,es [Al 5]; K. D.IE, 14 Sep 54.

7, Bravo Twxs,

g Grounds, Vol.

85.

86.

87.Utiri~

88.Utirik,

89.

.

DRAFT

“Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p. 12. [A271

984th AEC meeting 12 May 54 minutes. [A15]

Cordon Dunning to John C. Bugher, 21 May 54, McCrawtwxs, 1954 re Fallout following Bravo, RC 326, DOE Archi

Gordon Dunnin to John C. Bugher, 24 May 54, McCra~f’twxs 1954 re Fa lout following Bravo, R(3 326, DOE Archi~

AEC 620/11, 8 Jun 54, enclosing Lewis L Strauss to Ch,Ma 54, Secretariat, Box 1253, “Legal”6 Claims and Litigation

iArc ives. [Al 6]

90. Philip Helfrich and Roger nay, “Research at Enewetak )Perspective” ~ Dennis M. Devaney et al, cd., The Natural HistoryDOE/EV/00703-Tl -Vo[. 1, p. 6. [G78]

91. Maj. Gen. E. McGinley to the director, DBM, 21 Jun 5JRongelap-Utirik, twxs 1954 re Fallout following Bravo, RG 326, C

92. AEC 620/12, 4 Aug 54, enclosing Wilber M. Bmcker to AC54, Secretariat, Box 1253, “Legal 6 Claims and Litigations,” RG S[Al 71

93. AEC DBM, “Conference on Long Term Suweys and SIslands,” pp. 143, 144, 147, 242. [A30]

94. “A Radiological Study of Rongelap Atoll, Marshall Islands,p. 3. [A371

95. 101 7th AEC lvteetin& 23 Jul 54, minute, Secretariat, Bo]Proving Grounds, Vol. 11,RG 326, DOE Archives. [A20]

96. V. Bond et al, Medical Examination of Roneeiar) PeoDl[Exposure to Fallout, ADril 1955, W-937, M&raw, Box 9, RG 3[A31]

97. “Answers to State Dec)artment ‘List of Possible Quest ions

98. “Answers to State Department ‘List of Possible Ou@ions,

“Radiological Problems in the Marshall Islands,” attachedfi~ Sterling .Cole, 14 Sep 54. [Al 8]

100. Chairman, AEC, to Herbert B. Loper, chairman, Military LiaNov 54, Secretariat, Box 4928, MH&5 3 Radiation, Vol. 1. [A19]

101. AEC 125/15, 8 Dec 54, enclosing Chairman Lewis L StriDunes, 2 Dec 54, Secretariat, Box 1264, MR&A 7-1 Proving GrourDOE Archives. [A21 ]

102. “A Radiological Study of Rongelap Atoll,” pp. 4-5. [A371

121

IX 1, Rongelap-[A59]

x 1, Rongelap-[A60]

E. Wilson, 28RG 326, DOE

A Historical%ewetak Atoll,

Itiraw, Box 1,Archives. [F25]

d Strauss, 9 JulDOE Archives.

s of Marshall

ng 1954-1955,”

64, MR8u+ 7-1

[ Months afterDOE Archives.

kl8]

L18].

. D. Nichols to

Committee, 19

to John FosterVoi. 11,RG 326,

DRAFT 122

103. ‘A Radiological Study of Rongelap Atoll,” p. 5 [A3n; AEC 5/23, 17 Jun 55,

I

Secretariat, Box 1264, MR&4 7-1 Proving Grounds Vol. 11, RG 3 6, DOE Archives.[A34]

104.

i

US. Cong,, House, 85th Cong., 1st sess., “The Nature of dioactive Falloutand Its Effects on Man,” p. 212, 213, 248, 251. [A48]. The state nt

7Gordon M.

Dunning does not say who is responsible for the health and sa ty o the generalpopulation for consequences of Castle tests conducted at the Paa Proving Ground.

105. “Radioactive Contamination of Cettain Areas in the Pacific

T

an from NuclearTests,” August 1957, McCraw, Box 9, RG 326, DOE Archives. [AS ]

106. AEC 125/23, 17 Jun 55. [A34]I

107.

I

“Residual Contamination of Plants, Animals, SoO, and Wat r of the MarshallIslands One Year following Operation castle Fall-ou~” USNRDL-4 , p. iii, McCraw,Box 9, Radiological Suwey, RG 326, DOE Archives. [A36]

108. AEC 125/21, 16 May 55, Secretariat, Box 1264, MRM 7-1 Proving Grounds,

1

Vol. 11,RG 326, DOE Archives [A33]; AEC 125/18, 15 Apr 55, Sec tariat, Box 1264,MR&A 7-1 Proving Grounds, VOL 11, RG 326, DOE Archives. [A32

109.

I

AEC 125/24, 27 Jun 55, Secretariat, Box 1264, MR&A 7-1 Proving GroundsVol. 11,RG 326, DOE Archives. [A35]

110. AEC 125/23. [A34]I

111.

1AEC 125/26, 17 Ott 55, enclosing K. E. Fields to Delmas . Nucker, deputy

high commissioner, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, 5 Ott 5 , Secretariat, Box1264, MR&A 7-1 Proving Grounds VOL 111,RG 326, DOE Archives [A38]

112. “Radioactive Contamination of Certain Areas in the Pacific O an from NuclearTests,” p. v, [A51 ]

t113. ‘Radioactive Contamination of Certain Areas in the Pacific O an from NuclearTests,” p. v. [A51]

t114.

T

U.S. Cong., House, 85th Cong., 1st sess., “Radioactive Fall t and Its Effectson Man,” testimony of Cronkite, p. 949, [A48]

115. Arthur D. Welander, “Radiobiological Studies of the Fish Coil ed at Rongelap

F

& Ailinginae Atolls, July 1957,” UWFL-55, 5 Mar 58, Mc32raw, Box , RG 326, DOEArchives. [A50]

116. “Radioactive Contamination of Certain Areas in the Pacific

?

an from NuclearTests,R p. v, [A51 ]

117. AEC 125/28, 3 Apr 56, Secretariat, Box 1264, MR&A 7-1 Pro ng Grounds Vol.111,RG 326, DOE Archives. [A55]

1118. John A. Hall to Morse Salisbury, 6 Apr 56, OffIce of the enera[ Manager(OGM), Box 5632, Weapons - AEC - DOD Tests of Weapons f RG 326, DOEArchives. [F33]

DRAFT 123

119. AEC informal meetings, 24 Apr 56, minutes, Secretariat,

f

X 1258, MH&S-3Radiation Vol. 2, RG 326, DOE Archives. [A54]

120, Announced U.S. Nuclear Tests, p. 6.I

121. Swvey of Radioacttilty in the Sea near Bikini and Eniwet Atolls 11-21 Jun

t56, UWFL-46, pp. iv, 1, McCraw, Box 9, RC 326, DOE Archiies A40]

122. Brig. Cen. Alfred D. Starbird to the AEC commissioners, 2

t

g 56, Secretariat,Box 1263, MR8A-7 Redwing Vol. 3, RG 326, DOE Archives. [F2

123. “Radioactive Contamination of Certain Areas in the Pacific

T

an from NuclearTests,” p. V. [A51]

124. AEC 125/30, 6 Feb 57, Appendix “A”, p. 7, secretariat

T

1264, MR8A 7-1 Proving Grounds Vol. Ill, RG 326, DOE Archives [A43]; K E. Fie s to Hon. Carl T.Durham, chairman, JC4E, 1 Apr 57, General Correspondence, Box 7 2, Weapons Test-Eniwetok RG 128, NAR4. [A471

125. “Survey of Radioactivity in the Sea and in Pelagic Marin Life West of theMarshall Islands, September 1-201956,” UWFL-47, 15 Mar 57,

+

raw, Box 9, RC326, DOE Archives. [A41 ]

126. AEC 125/30. [A43]I

127. “Agreement in Principle Regarding the Use of Enewetak

1

01],” 22 NOV 56,attached to “Summary of Relevant Background for bnd Use Cl ins,” L Joe DealPersonal Files (hereafter Deal P). [A39]

128. “Agreement in Principle Regarding the Use of Bikini Atoll,” eal P. [A39]1’

129. 1249th AEC meetin~ 27 Nov 56, minute, Secretariat, Bo 1258, MH&S-3Radiation Vol. 3, RG 326, DOE Archives. [A42]

t

130.

t

U.S. Cong., House, 85th Cong., 1st sess., “Radioactive Fall t and Its Effectson Man,” p. 950. [A48]

131. AEC 125/30. [A43]; Richard G, Hewlett and Jack M. Hell, Atoms for Peace

I

and War 1953-1961 (Berkeley University of California Press, 1989 p. 329.

132. AEC 125/30. [A43]

I133. 1267th AEC Meeting 21 Feb 57, minute, secretariat, Box 264, MR&A 7-1Proving Grounds Vol. Ill, RG 326, DOE Archives. [A44]

I1340 “Radsafe Emergency Instructions for Populated Islands” in U . Cong., House,85th Cong., 1st Sess., “The Nature of Radioactive Fallout and Its E475. [A48]

[

on Man,” p.

135. C. L. Dunham to K. E. Fields, 5 Aug 57, OGM, Box 5673, DB , RG 326, DOEArchives. [A45]

DRAFT

136. R W. Cook to Hon. Carl T. Durham, chairman, JCAE, 18 JLCorrespondence, Box 712, Weapons Test ,En”ntoK K 128, NA

137. AEC 952/45, 9 Apr 58, encbsing W. F. Libby, acting chainHon. Carl T. Durham, chairman, JCAE, 8 Apr 58, !kretaria~ &Hardtack Vol. 3, RG 326, DOE Archives. [A65]

138. AEC Pr~ Release No. A-98(J-3), 1 May 58, O(3M, Box 23DOD Tests of Weapons 11,RG 326, DOE Archives. [A46]

139. Announc ed U.S. Nuclear Tests, pp. 9-11.

140. Richard G. Hewlett and Jack M. Hell, Atoms for Peace al(Berkeley University of California Press, 1989), 54648.

141. W. B. MCCOOI to the Commissioners, 16 Jun 59, and attactBox 1360, Folder 2, MH&S 3 Radiation Vol. 2, RG 326, DOE Arc

142. C. L Dunham, M.D. to James T. Ramey, 2 May (Correspondence, Box 310, Fallout Vol. 8, May 1%1 thru June 1%[Bl]

143. Sutow and Conard, “The Effects of Fallout Radiation on Map. 3. [15]

144. AEC 125/37, 31 May 61, enclosing Dr. C. L Dunham toMay 61, Secretariat, Box 1370, MR&A 7-1 Proving Grounds, Vo

R Luedecke, 17, RC 326, DOE

Archives [B2]; Robert A. Conard, et al, Medical S~rvev of Ron~eli D Pecmle SevenYears After Excmsure to Fallout, BNL 727 (T-260), May 62. [161

124

;7, JCAE General. [A49]

n of the AEC, to4929, MR&A 7

} Weapons-AEC-

War 1953-1961

lents, Secretariat,ves. [A56]

JCAE GeneralRC 128, NAR4.

allese Children,”

145. A. W. Betts, Memorandum for Record, 24 Ott 61, OGM, BManager’s Reading File November 1%1, RG 326, DOE Archives. [

146. 1AEC 141/50, 9 Nov 61, enclosing James K. Carr to Glenn T.61, Secretariat, Box 1370, MR&A 7-1 Proving Grounds, Vol. 1, RG 32[[64]

147. AEC 604/59, 4 Dec 61, enclosing Clinton S. Maupin to Jam~Nov 61, Secretariat, Box 1360, MH&S 3, Radiation, Vol. 3, RG 326[B5]

148. AEC 141/51, 13 Dec 61, enclosing Glenn T. Seaborg to StmNov 61, Secretariat, Box 1370, MR&4 7-1 Proving Grounds, Vol. 1Archives. [B6]

149. @3, University of Washington, Seattle, WA., “RadioactivityIslands of the Central Pacific 1954- 1958,” 15 Feb 62, UWFL-79,RG 326, DOE Archives. [B71

150. Executive Order 11021, 7 May 62 Codification of Presidentiand Executive Orders, ADril 13, 1945 - Ianua w 20, 1989867-869.

“ i519, General

:abo~ 3 Nov)OE Archives.

E. Reeves, 15)OE Archives.

t L Udall, 27tG 326, DOE

the Biota atCraw, Box 9,

Proclamations1]

DRAFT 125

151. AEC 604/68, 17 Sep 62, enclosing Anthony J. Celebrezze to het Holifield andMelvin Price, 17 Aug 62, Secretaria~ Box 1360, Folder MH&S 3,

f

iation, Vol. 5, RC326, DOE Archives. [B9]

152. AEC 604/71, Enclosure 11, 14 Jan 63, secretana$ Box 13

1

Folder MH&S 3,Radiation, Vol. 5, RG 326, DOE Archives. [Bl O]

153, W. J. Stanley, “Program Review DOE Marshall Islands

T

ins,’ 19 Jan 83,pp. 1-2, 14, Harry Brown files (hereafter Brown), Ml General, NV [H9]

154. Robert Conard and Arobati Hicking “A Preliminary Statem t Concerning theMedical Sumey of the Rongelap People Ten Years after their

?

re to FalloutRadiation,” 15 Mar 64, Secretariat, Box 1360, MH&S 3 Radiation V .7, RG 326, DOEArchives. [Bl 1]

155. AEC general manager to Ataji L Bales, 1 May 64, McCraw,

b

x 12, 3.0 (NEESAdministration) 2-14-63-1966, Correspondenc~General publi~ RG 3 6, DOE Archives.[F22] I156. AEC 604/88, 12 Aug 64, enclosing Anthony J. Celebrezze,

r

emorandum forthe President, 16 Jul 64, Secretariat, Box 1360, MH&S 3 Radiatio Vol. 8, RG 326,DOE Archives. [Bl 2]

157. U. S., Statutes at Laree, Vol. 78243. [B13J

I158. U. S., Statutes at Lame, Vol. 78:601-602, [B14J I159. Charles L Dunham to John T. Conway, 19 Ott

1

JCAE GeneralCorrespondence, Box 712, Bikini Atoll, RG 128, NAiU. [Bl 5]

160. Robert Conard, “Preliminary Statement of Medical Findings i the 1%5 Survey

I

of the Rongelap People (11 Years After Exposure to Fallout Radi ion),” 1 Jun 65,Secretariat, Box 1360, MH&S 3 Radiation Vol 8, RG 326, DOE Ar ives. [B16]

161. Edward E. Held, “Gamma Dose Rates at Rongelap Atoil, 19 4-1%3,” UWFL-

1

91, May 65, McCraw, Box 9, Gamma Dose Rates at Ronge[ap Atol 1954-1%3, RG326, DOE Archives. [Bl 71

162. Assistant General Manager for Research and Development to ohn T. Conway,

I

5 Aug 65, JCAE General Correspondence, Box311, Fallout Vol 1O-M 1964 thru May1968, RG 128, NAR4. [B18]

163. “Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p. 18. [A271I

164. 1C. L Dunham to Commissioners, 11 Ott 65, Secretariat, Bo 1360, MH&5 3Radiation Vol. 3, RG 326, DOE Archives. [B19]

165. E. E. Held, S. P. Gessel, & R B. Walker, “Atoll Soil Types i Relation to the

1

Distribution of Fallout Radionuclides,” UWFL-92, Aug 65, McCraw, Box 9, RG 326,DOE Archives. [B20]

166. Sutow and Conard, “The Effects of Fallout Radiation on Mars~llese Children,”p. 8. [15]

DRAFT

167. Lyndon B. Johnson to the President of the Senate and Spea21 Aug 67, Weeklv CornDilation of Presidential Dcm men~ 28 Au~

168. “Program Review DOE Marshall Islands Programs,” p. 2. [1

169. S. G. English to John T. Conway, 12 May 66, General CoI712, Bikini Atoll, RG 128, NARA. [B21]

170, C. L Dunham to Commissioners, 17 Jan 67, Secretarial &Radiation Vol. 1, RG 326, DOE Archives. [B22]

171. Dunham to Commissioners, 17 Jan 67. [B22J

172. S. Udall to G.T. Seabo~ 7 Dec 66, Secretaria~ Box 7716, 1Vol. 1, RG 326, DOE Archives. [B23]

173. Sutow and Conard, “The Effect of Fallout Radiation on Manpp. 6-7, 11. [15]

174. AEC 604/100, 31 Jan 67, enclosing Chades L Dunham t(Secretariat, Box 7716, MH&S Radiation Vol. 1, RG 326, DOE Arch

175. C. L Dunham to Commissioners, 12 May 67, Secretariat,3 Radiation Vol. 1, RG 326, DOE Archives. [B25]

176. Harold L Beck Burton G. Bennett, & Tommy F. McCraw, ‘Levels On Bikini Atoll, May 1967,” HASL-1 90, Dec 67, MKra~Radiation Levels on Bikini Atoll, May 1%7, RG 326, DOE Archive

177. James T. Hiyane, “1%7 Bikini Radiol ical Resurvey-MaTReport,” McCraw, Box 9, Environmental Levels--Bi ini & Rongelap-F

326, DOE Archives. [B271

178, AEC 604/1 10, 10 Jul 68, Jack A. Tobin, “Preliminary AnthBikini Atoll Survey 1967,” Appendix I to Enclosure 1, Secretariat, B,Radiation Vol. i, RG 326, DOE Archives. [B32]

179. U.S., Statutes at Lame, vol. 81:15. [B28]

180. U.S. President, Letter to the President of the Senate and Spe21 Aug 67, Weeklv Compilation of Presidential Docu ment~ 1191-

181. “Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p. 17. [A271

182. John R Totter, Philip F. Gustafson, ROY D. Maxwell, “M Iing to DiscussReturn of the Natives to the Bikini Atoll,” 28 Feb 68, p. 5 (attachm nt to 2 Apr 68Memorandum by John R Totter), Secretariat, Box 7716, MH&S 3 01. 2, RG 326,DOE Archives. [B29]

183. John R Totter to Commissioners, 31 May 68, OGM, Box 5539, General MGRsRDG. File May 16-31, 1968, RG 326, DOE Archives. [B30]

126

w of the House,57, p. 1191. [13]

)]

spondence, Box

7716, MH&S 3

-l&s 3 Radiation

allese Children,”

‘iles, 26 Jan 67,es. [B24]

DX 7716, MH&S

(ternai Radiation

1

Box 9, External[026]

ails Agriculture, Diet, Etc, RG

Iogist’s Report-7762, MH&S 3

1r of the House,92. [13]

DRAFT 127

184. “Amendment to the Agreement in Prinaple Regarding theAtoll,” 14 Mar 68, Deal P. [B31]

185. Martin B. Bites to Frank Cluff, 13 May 68, M&raw, BAdministration File #2), Unclassified Reading File 1%9, RG 326, D

186. “Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p. 19. [A2~

187. “Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p. 19. [A27J

188. AEC 604/110, Enclosure 1, “Report of the Ad HW CommitlRadiological Hazards of Resettlement of the Bikini Atoll,” SeenMH&S-3 Radiation Vol. 1, RG 326, DOE Archives [B32]; and F. T.Jul 68, Secretariat Box 7762, MH&S-3 Radiation Vol. 1, RC 326, ~

189. Secretary of the Interior to the F’resident 25 Jul 68, SeuMH&S 3 Radiation Vol. 1, RG 326, DOE Archives. [B34]

190. Appendix ~ “Memorandum of Understanding Between the IApplication, Atomic Energy Commission, and the Defense Atomi~Department of Defense on Clean-Up of Bikini Atoll,” Records CentBikini, RG 326, I.ANL [12]

191. AEC Press Release L-191, 12 Aug 68, JC4E General CorrespBikini Atoll, RG 128, NARA. [B35]

192. Har~ Anderson to James T. Ramey, 3 Sep 68, Wretariat,3 Radiation Vol. 1, RG 326, DOE Archives. [14]

193. Tommy F. McCraw to Martin B. Biles, 15 Ott 68, MKraw,Administration) File #1.1, Unclassified Reading File May - Dec 1$Archives. [F24]

194. David Black to Charles Zwiclq 8 Nov 68, AttachmerCunningham, 19 Dec 75, L Joe Deal Collection (hereafter Deal), B(326, DOE Archives [936); AEC 604/115, 13 Sep 68, enclosing ECommissioners, 12 Sep 68, Secretaria~ BOX 7762, MH&S 3 RadiatiDOE Archives. [B3~

195. “Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p. 19. [A2~

196. U. S., Statutes at Lame, Vol. 82: 1213, [B38]

197. Edward E. Held, “Radiological Resumey of Animals, So& arBikini Atoll, 1%9,” NVO-269-8, Nov 69, M&raw, Box 9, RadiolAnimals, Soils & Groundwater at Bikini Atoll, 1%9, RG 326, DOE

198. John A. Harris to Commissioners, 17 Jan 69, OCM,Manager’s Rdg. File jan. 16-31 1%9, RG 326, DOE Archives. [

199. Paul H. Nitze to Walt Rostow, 17 Jan 69, Secretariat,Radiation Vol. 1, RG 326, DOE Archives. [F34]

E1:

e of Enewetak

13, 5.1 (NEESArchives. [F23]

to Evaluate theia~ Box 7762,lbbs to File, 16Whiies. [B33J

ria$ Box 7762,

sion of MNtaryJpport Agency,1-9 D-1 56, 635

ence, Box 712,

:7762, MH&S-

155.01 (NEESRG 326, DOE

! in Wolff to13, 4 Bikini, RG~rd B. Ciller toVol. 1, RG 326,

Woundwater atd Resurvey ofchives. [B45]

5541, General

7762, MH&S-3

. ‘N

DRAFT

200. “Memorandum of Understanding Between the Dwision of MAtomic Energy Commission, and the Defense Atomic Support AgenDefense, on Cleanup of Bikini Atoll,” 11 Feb 69, AttachmenCunningham, 19 Dec 75, Deal, Box 13, 4 Bikini, RG 326, DOE AI

201. John A. Harris to Commissioners, 26 Feb 69, secretariat &Radiation Vol. 2, RG 326, DOE Archives [639]; and L. M. MustDefense et al, 2 May 69, Secretarial Box 7762, MH&5 3 RadiatioDOE Archives. [646]

202. John R Totter to Commissioners, 28 May 69, secretaria~ RRadiation Vol. 2, RG 326, DOE Archiies. [640]

203. Appendix ~ Robert Miller, “Planning Directive, OC-1 1-3-6(Operation,” 20 Mar 69. [12]

204. AEC Press Release M-108, ‘Conard Named to Monitor BikiSecretariat, Box 7762, MH&S Radiation Vol. 2, RG 326, DOE Arcl

205.p, 10,

206.Atoll,”

207.

Sutow and Conard, The Effect of Fallout Radiation on Man[Is]

“Amendment to the Agreement in Principal Regarding the19 Aug 69, Deal P. [B42J

John A. Harris to Commissioners, 8 Ott 69, Secretariat B{Radiation Vol. 2, RG 326, DOE Archives’, [643]

208. AEC 604/121, 28 Ott 69, enclosing Edward B. GNer to COtt 69, Secretariat, Box 7762, MH&S 3 Radiation Vol. 2, RG 31[644]

209. Kiste, The Bikinians, p. 180. [Fl]

210. John R Totter to Chairman Seabor& et al., 24 Apr 70, SecFolder 3, MH&S-3, Radiation Vol. 3, RG 326, DOE Archives. [Cl]

211. Martin B. Biles memo to files, n.d., Deal, Box 13, 4-1Suwey - Resettlement, RG 326, DOE Archives [C82]; “FatResettlement”, 2 Sep 75, Deal, Box 5, Fact Sheet - Bikini ResdemArchives. [C83]

212. Minutes of the 134th Meeting Advisory Committee for Biol(ACBM), 7-8 May 70, McCraw, Box 8, Minutes of Meetings ACBM#145, RG 326, DOE Archives. [G671.

213. AEC 604/138, 2 Jun 70, Secretariat MH8LS 3 Radiation VolArchives [C2]; Tommy F. M&raw to Martin B. Biles, 5 Aug 70, DB. Biles to Chairman Seaborg et al., 17 Nov 70, Deal P [C4]; BIUCTheodore Mitchell, 21 Aug 79, Tab ~ Deal, BOX 13, Marshall IsIan326, DOE Archives. [Cl 14]

128

ary Application,Department of

5 in Wolff toI-wes. [636]

7762, MH&S 3to Secretary of~0[. 2, RG 326,

7762, MH&5 3

Bikini Clean-up

ins,” 1 May 69,es. [641]

allese Children,”

se of Enewetak

7762, MH&S 3

nmissioners, 27DOE Archives.

ariat, Box 7762,

cini RadiologicalSheet - BikiniL RG 326, DOE

y and MedicineIeeting #101 to

1, RG 326, DOEI P [C3]; MartinN. Wachholz to1979-1980, RG

214.Bikini

215.

DRAFT

Martin B. Biles to Stanley Car enter, 3 Nov 74, Deal, BCRllesettlemen~ RG 326, DOE Ar ives [C46]

“Compensation for the People of Rormelarr and Utirik. A fUJoint Commikee Concernin Rongelap and” Uti’rik Atolls to theMicronesia, YSecond Regu ar Session, February 28, 1974Correspondence, Box 712, Bikini Atoll, RG 128. [C42]

216. Wachhoiz to Mitchell, 21 Aug 79. [Cl 14]

217. Wachhoiz to Mitchell, 21 Aug 79. [Cl 14]

218, Kiste, The Bikinians, p 181, [Fl]

219. Martin B. Biles to Edward E. Johnston, 17 Jun 71, AAdministration) Files #4 Unclassified Reading File 1971, RG 3[G68]

220. Robert E. Miller to R E. Hollingsworth, 8 Jun 72, McCralOrganization, RG 326, DOE Archives [C5]; Robert E. Miller to E.McCraw, Box 5, Folder 1, Radiological Sunw+y, RG 326, DOE Arc

221.

222.

223.[G15]

224.1, RGReport,

Edward 6. Giller to RoberI E, Miller, 22 Jul 71, Deal P. [C

“Program Review DOE Marshall islands Programs.’ [H9]

DISTAD Palau to SECSTATE Wash. DC, 27 Jan 72, DOCI

SECY-2686, 6 Sep 72, Secretariat, Box 7929, Folder 1, MHJ326, DOE Archives. [C9]; Henry i. Kohn, “Rongelap Re“ (1 Mar 89), EH, p. 15. [D89]

225, Tommy F. McCraw to files, 24 Mar 72, M&raw, Box 15,RG 326, DOE Archives. [G69]

226. HICOMTERPACIS SAl PAN to ZEN/ALDISTAD TERPACIS,McCraw, Box 5, Folder 3, Organization, RG 326, DOE Archives.

227. HICOMTERPACIS SAlPAN to ZEN/ALDISTAD TERPACIS,

[Cl W Joint Statement By High Commissioner Edward E. JohnstcFranklin Haydn Williams Given at Saipan Mariana Island 18 Apr ;Folder 3, Organization, RG 326, DOE Archives [Cl 1]; G. WarrenDefense Nuclear Agency and Chairman, Atomic Energy ComnM&raw, Box 5, Folder 3, Organization, RG 326, DOE Arch”wes.

228. Wachholz to Mitchell, 21 Aug 79. [Cl 14]

229. Joseph L Dickman to Assistant Secretary of Defense (InAffairs), 30 Aug 72, M&raw, BOX 5, Folder 3, Organization, RG ~[Parry is crossed out on this copy] [C13]; Eniwetok--Field Trip IRoger Ray’s files, Eniwetok Field Trip Repofi May 17, 1972. [G I ]

129

5, Fact Sheet -

t by the Specialth Congress ofJCAE General

raw, 5-3-(NEESDOE Archives.

lox 5, Folder 3,lller, 2 AUR 71,?s. [C6] -

mt 48025, CIC.

1, Radiation Vol.ssment Project

ES Reading File,

al., 19 Apr 72,o]

al., 18 Apr 72,md AmbassadorMcCraw, Box 5,Itter to Director,ion, 17 Jul 72,2]

Iational Security, DOE Archives.>rt, 17 May 72,

..

DRAFT 130

230. Martin B. Biles to Chairman Schlesinger, et al., 1 Jun

+

McCraw, Box 5,Folder 1, Radiological Survey, RG 326, DOE Archives [C14]; E etok-Field TripReport, 17 May 72. [Gl]

231. Miller to Hollingsworth, 8 Jun 72 [C5]; Bites to Chairman

r

Iesinger, et al.,1 Jun 72 [C14]; Eniwetok--Field Trip ftepo~ 17 May 72. [Gl]

232. Miller to Hollingsworth, 8 Jun 72. [C51I

233. Biles to Chairman Schlesinger, et al., 1 Jun 72. [C14]I

234. Martin B. Biles to Chairman Schlesinger, et al.,

/

Jun 72 [C14];SAMTEC/SE/VAFB CA to WTOE/SAMTEC/LO ENIWETOK Ml, et al., 6 May 72, Deal,Box 12, Eniwetok Background, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C15]

235. WNiam W. Gay to Edward B. GNer, JuI 72, M~raw,

{

x 5, Folder 3,Organization, RG 326, DOE Archives [Cl 6]; Martin B. Biles to Chai man Schlesinger,et ai., 10 Aug 72, McCraw, Box 5, Folder 1, Radiologid Surv , RG 326, DOEArchives. [Cl ~

236.

I

R E. Hollingsworth to Spofford G. English, et al., 1 Aug 72 M&raw, Box 5,Folder 3, Organization, RG 326, DOE Archives [C18]; Mahlon E. tes to

9er E.

Batzel, 25 Aug 72, McCraw, Box 5, Folder 3, Organization, RG 3 , DOE Arc ives.[C19]

237. Joseph L Dickman to the assistant secretary of defense, 30 g 72, Document48084, CIC. [Gl 9]

T238. “Meeting With Ujelang Leaders Concerning the Return

1

the People ofEnewetak,” 22 Aug 72, Document 48078, CIC [Cl ~; “Second Mee ng With UjelangLeaders Concerning the Return of the People of Eneweta~” 23 A 72, Document48079, CIC. [G18]

239, SECY-2686, 6 Sep 72. [C9]; “Rongelap Reassessment.” [08t

240.

/

Mahlon E, Gates to F. A. Carom, 1 Nov 72, McCraw, ox 5, Folder 3,Organization, RG 326, DOE Archives [C20]; Frank A Carom to M. . Gates, 13 Sep72, McCraw, Box 5, Folder 3, Organization, RG 326, DOE Archiv . [C21 ]

241. “Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p. 23. [A2~I

242. “Planning and Operations Directive (NVO-121 ) - 1972 En” etok Atoll Pre-cleanup Radiological Survey,”

I

Deal, Box 12, Eniwetok-Backgroun , RG 326, DOEArchives [C22]; W. W. Gay to General Carom, 14 Dec 72, McKr , Box 5, Folder3, Organization, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C2~

243. Grant C. Reynolds to Actin Aistant Secretary of the Air%

I

rce, 12 Ott 72,John Rudolph’s files (hereafter RU olph), DOE Office of health ph sits (EH) [C23];People of Enewetak v. Laird, M&raw, Box 9, Radiological Suwe RG 326, DOEArchives. [C24]

DRAFT 131

244. SECY-2925, 1 Feb 73, McCraw, Box 9, Radiological Surv , RG 326, DOE

4

Archives [C28]; Mahlon E. Gates to F. A Carom, 2 Nov 72, M@aw, Box 5,Radiological Suwey, RG 326, DOE Archives [C29]; Frank A Carom o Chairman Ray,1 Ott 73, Secretariat, 7929, MH&S 3 Radiation Vol. Il., RG 326, E Archiies [C36];Gates to Carom, 1 Nov 72. [C20]

245. SECY-2925, 1 Feb 73. [C28]I

246, General Manager to Edward J. Bauser, 15 Jan 73, Secretariat Box 7929, MH&S3 Radiation Vol. 1, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C25]

I

247. General Manager to Bauser, 15 Jan 73 [C25]; Extract of S72, Secretariat, Box 7930, MH&S 16-5 Accident and Accident PDOE Archives. [C26]; WNiam H. Adams, et al., Medical Stat of MarshalleseAccidentally ExDosed to Bravo, Jan. 1987-D= 1987, BNL-521 92, 23 Ian 89, Roger RayCollection (hereafter Ray’s files). [H49]

248.

r

Peter T. Coleman to Stanley S. Carpenter, 6 Dec 72, Docu ent 48155, CIC.[G20]

249. Robert C. Hill to Secretary of the Air Force and Director Defense Nuclear

t

Agency, 29 Sep 73, McCraw, Box 5, Folder 3, Organization, RG 3 , DOE Archives.[C41]

250. Wachholz to Mitchell, 21 Aug 79. [Cl 14]

I251. Robert A. Conard, et al., BNL 51261 Review of Medich I Findings in aMarshallese Population Twentv-Six Years After Accidental EXDOSUe to RadioactiveFallout (BN~ Jan 1980), p. v, Roger Ray Collection, [G42]

252. Carom to Chairman Ray, 1 Ott 73. [C36]

I253. Wachholz to Mkchell, 21 Aug 79. [Cl 14]

I254, SECY-2925, 1 Feb 73. [C28]

I255. John A. Erlewine to Edward J. Bauser, 12 ]un 73, %cretaria$ ox 7929, MH&S3 Radiation Vol. 11, RG 326, DOE Archives, [C34]

!256. Olympio T. Borja to Chairman, AEC, 23 Apr 73, %cretaria~ ox 7929, MH&S

{

3 Radiation, Vol. 11,RG 326, DOE Archives [C7J; Stanley S. Carpent r to Dr. Dixy LeeRay, 23 May 73, !jecretaria~ BOX 7929, MH&S 3 Radiation Vol. , RG 326, DOEArchives [C30]; Clarence E. Iason to Olympio T. Borja, 31 Aug Secretariat Box7929, MH8+ 3 Radiation Vol. 11, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C31]

257. Smith Gideon to Edward E. Johnston, 14 May 73, M&raw, Box 5, Folder 3,

4

Organization, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C32]; T. J. Bigley to Smith Gi eon, 31 May 73,McCraw, Box 5, Folder 3, Organization, RG 326, DOE Archives. [ 3]

258. Frank A. Carom to Mahlon E, Gates, 3 May 73, Document?

94, CIC. [Gl 6]

259, Extract ofSE(IY3151 -GM Information Report #223, Secretari t, Box 7929, MH& S 3 Radiation Vol 11, RG 323, DOE Archives. [C35J

‘1

DRAFT

‘1

132

260. Carom to Chairman Ray, 1 Ott 73 [C36]; “Repoti By The A Task Group onRecommendations for Cleanup and Rehabilitation of Enevvetak toll, 19 Jun 74,McCraw, Box 9, Report B the AEC Task Group on Recommendati s for Cleanup &

[Rehabilitation of Eneweta Atoll, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C45]

261. Roger Ray to RHWEDAB & Manager, 20 Aug 73, Document 51, CIC. [G21]r

262. Roy L Ash to James R Schlesinger, et al., 18 Ott 73, Seer tana$ Box 7929,MH&S 3 Radiation Vol. 11,RG 326, DOE Archives [C371; Frank A

1

mm to WarrenB. Johnson, 16 Nov 73, McCraw, Box 5, Folder 3, Organization , R(2 326, DOEArchives. [C38J

263. K.V. Marsh, et al., UCRL-51913 Pt. 1, Rad iolcmical and Chemkl Studies of theGround Water at Enewetak Atoll 1. Samolimz Field Measu remen~, and Analvt icalMethods (LL~ 26 Sep 75), Deal, Box 12, 12 Eneweta~ RC 326, D Archives. [C871

264. Draft “Memorandum of Agreement Between the Departmen of the Air Force

I

and the Defense Nuclear Agency on the Plan for Transfer of En”we k Atoll”, 19 Ott73, McCraw, Box 5, Folder 3, Organization, RG 326, DOE Archives [C39]; HQ DNAWASH to RUWMHAC/CDR FCDNA Krtland AFB, 21 Dec 73, McCr w, Box 5, Folder3, Organization, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C40]

265.

I

HICOMTERPACIS SAIPAN to ZEN/ALDISTADS TERPACIS, 9 J n 74, Document48243, CIC. [G22]

266. T. Sabo Ulechong to Dixy Lee Ray, 28 Mar 74, secretariat ox 7929, MH&S3 Radiation Vol. 3, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C43]

1267. “Compensation for the People of Rongelap and Utirik.” [C4 ]

I268. ~ames S. Cannon to Tom Rehm, et al., 9 Apr 74, Secretariat, ox 7929, MH&S3 Radiation Vol. 3, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C44]

I269. Vktor A. Nelson, NVO-269-32, Radiolo~ical Sumev of Plants, %imals and Soilat Christmas Islands and Seven Atolls in the Marshall Islands Proeres: Rer)ort for 1974-1975 (University of Washington College of Fisheries Laboratory of R diation Ecology,January 1970), McCraw, Box 9, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C71]

270. Wachholz to Mitchell, 21 Aug 79. [Cl 14]I

271. Cross Reference Sheet to SECY-74-682, 22 May 74, Secre riat, Box 7929,MH&S 3 Radiation Vol. 3, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C124]

i272. JohnW. McEnery to Martin B. Biles, 14 May 74, EP files. [ 23]

f273. Mahlon E. Gates to James L Liverman, 17 Jan 75, McCraw, ox 5, Folder 3,Organization, RC 326, DOE Archives. [C56]

r274. “Report By The AEC Task Croup on Recommendations f r Cleanup and

I

Rehabilitation of Enewetak Atoll, 19 Jun 74 [C45]; “Summary f Task GroupRecommendations Enewetak Atoll,” 9 Jul 74, Deal P, [C52]

..

DRAFT

275. SECY-75-99, 30 Ju[ 74, Secretariat Box 7978, MH&S 3 FDOE Archives. [C81 ]

276. Stanley S. Carpenter to D“~ Lee Ray, 5 Jul 74, %cretaria~3 Radiation, RG 326, DOE Archives [C471; “Preliminary P!an for Retlto Japtan Island”, 19 Ott 73, %cretaria~ Box 7978, Mli&S 3 RadialArchives. [C48]; James L Liverman to Stanley S. Carpenter, 18 Jul ;7978, MH&S 3 Radiation, RG 326, DOE Archives [C49]; MartinCarpenter, 3 Nov 74, Deal, Box 5, Fact Sheet - Bikini Ws&tlem~Archives. [C46]

277. SECY 75-449, 27 Dec 74, Secretaria~ Box 7978, MH&S 3 IDOE Archives [C50]; SECY 75-81, 24 Jui 74, Secretariat BoxContamination & Decontamination, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C51]; ~to Dixy Lee Ray, 7 Jun 74, %cretaria~ Box 7929, MH&S 3 Radiati(DOE Archives. [C63]

278. Peter T. Coleman, et al., to the Enewetak Cwncil, 9 Sep12-1 Council, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C86]

279. SECY 75-449, 27 Dec 74 [C50]; Extract from HICOMTERPress Release, 10 Sep 74, Document 48337, CIC. [Cl 4]

280. L. Joe Deal to John C. Whitnah, 27 Sep 74, M&raw,Organization, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C62]

281. Nelson, NVO-269-32, Radioloeicai Survev of Plants, AnChristmas Islands and Seven Atolls in the Marshall Islands Prcwres

1975 [C71]

282. Biles to Carpenter, 3 Nov 74. [C46]

283. “Enewetak - Ujelang Field Trip Report”, Dec 74, Deal, Box 5,Resettlement, RG 326, DOE Archives [C84]; Tommy F. McCraw to75, Deal, Box 5, Fact Sheet - Bikini Resettlement, RG 326, DOE ,

284. Stanley S. Carpenter to Martin B. Biles, 4 Dec 74, Deal, [Bikini Resettlement, RG 326, DOE Archives. [Attached to C46]

285.[G13]

286.

287.

288.

289.

Resolution of the Council of Eneweta~

McCraw to Deal, 22 Jan 75. [C85]

Gates to Liverman, 17 Jan 75. [C56]

7 Dec 74, Docu

Liverman to Gates, 12 Mar 75, EP files. [G2]

Ernest Graves to Robert C. Seamans, 6 Feb 75, McCrawOrganization, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C571

290. L Joe Deal to James L Liverman, 19 Feb 75, M&raw,Organization, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C58]

133

ition, RG 326,

c 7978, MH&S}f EnewetakeseRG 326, DOE

iecretaria$ Boxliles to StanleyRG 326, DOE

ation, RG 326,~8, MH&S 3-2ren 0. Johnson‘0[. 3, RG 326,

Deal, Box 12,

;1S, 10 Sep 74

K 5, Folder 3,

s and Soil atpofi for 1974-

t Sheet - BikiniK Deal, 22 Janlives. [C85]

5, Fact Sheet--

it 48377, Clc.

)x 5, Folder 3,

x 5, Folder 3,

DRAFT 134

291. L Joe Deal to Harry U. Brown, 24 Feb 75, Deal P. [C59 ; Secreta~ of theInterior to James R, Schlesinger, 7 Mar 75, Deal, Box 13, 4-3 Bikini-LawsuitCorrespondence, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C60]

292. Nelson, NVO-26%32, Radiolwical Survev of Plants, An reals and so il atChristmas Islands and Seven Atolls in the Marshall Islands Prowess @DO ti for 1974-

1975

293.

294.

295.

[C71]

Wachholz to Mitchell, 21 Aug 79. [Cl 14]

‘-l-Rotwt Conard to James L Liverman, 30 Apr 75, Deal P. [ 81

NVO-213, Enewetak Radiokmical SUDW Iect a ~DorIrt Pro” Fin I (Las VegasDOE, Nevada Operations Office, Sep 82) [C78]; ND 79-54 ReDod To The Co neress4Enewetak Atoll--Cleanin~ UD Nuclear Contamination (~0, 1979) pp 7-10. [cl 16]

296. H. P. Clement to Kent Frizzell, 29 May 75, Deal, Box 13, 4-3 Bikini-LawsuitCorrespondence, R(3 326, DOE Archives, [C61]

297. NVO-158, PlanninR and Operations Directive 1975 Bikini Radioioeical Survey(NVO, ERDA June 1975), McCraw, BOX 9, RC 326, DOE Archivds. [C54]; Paul H.Gudiksen and ‘WNiam L Robinson, Prelirninaw External-Dose EdBikini Atoll Inhabitants (Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 6 Aug 75)3 Bikini-Lawsuit Correspondence, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C55]

298. U.S. Statutes at Laree, Volume 89212. [C53]

299. Kent Frizzel to James FZ Schlesinger, 17 Jul 75, Deal, Bo :Lawsuit Correspondence, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C65]

300. Martin B. Biles to Roger Ray, 2 Sep 75, Deal, Box 13, 4-1Suwey-Resettlement, RG 326, DOE Archives [C64]; Memo to Guy29 Ott 75, Deal, Box 13, 4-3 Bikini - Lawsuit Correspondence, RG 3

[C671: The People of Bikini, et al., Plaintiffs vs. Robert C. SezDefendants. Motion for Preliminary Injunction’, Deal, Box 12, 4- 7RG 326, DOE Archives [C68]; L. Joe Deal to Joseph K. Bratton anNov 75, Deal, Box 13. 4-3 Bikini - Lawsuit Correspondence, RG 3:

[C701; “Relocation of Bikini island People Will Begin August 28,”25 i13, Marshall Islands July-Dee 1978, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C1O .

301. “Bikini Return Delayed”, 22 Aug 75, Deal, Box 5,Resettlement, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C1251; Biles to Ray, 2 Sep

302. Robert A. Conard, et al., BNL 50424, A Twentv-Year ReFindings in a Marshallese Poc)ulation Accidentally EXDOSed to Radio alSeptember 1975), pp. 72-75. [G1O]

303. Agreement between the Defense Nuclear Agency and the EmDevelopment Administration regarding the Interagency Suppo rtEnewetak Atoll, attached to Martin B, Biles, DOS director, to Mahmanager, 9 Ott 75, Ray’s files; [C72] W. E, Shedd to James L LitDeal, Box ,13, 4-1 Bikini Radiological Survey-Resettlement, RG 32[C72]; James L Liverman to W.E. Shedd, 6 Aug 75, McCraw,

lates for Futureleal, Box 13, 4-

13, 4-3 Bikini -

kini Radiological+. Cunningham,6, DOE Archiveslans, Jr., et al.,)ikini - Motions,W. W. Burr, 24i, DOE ArchivesJg 78, Deal, Box

~ct Sheet-Bikini5. [C64]

iew of Medicalive Fallout (BN~

P’Research andor Cleanup of

m E. Gates, NVyrman, 7 Jul 75,, DOE Archivesox 5, Folder 3,

DRAFT I 135

Organization, RG 326, DOE Archives [C73]; J.K Bratton to Alfred . Starbird, 26 Jan

F77, McCraw, Box 5, Folder 3, Organization, RC 326, DOE Archiv . [C74]

304. Bill Clements to Kent Frizzell, 17 Sep 75, Deal, Box 13, 3 Bikini - LawsuitCorrespondence, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C66]

1305.

1

Memo to Guy H. Cunningham, 29 Ott 75 [C6~; me Peo le of Bikini, et al.,Plaintiffs vs. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., et al., Defendants. Moti n for PreliminaryInjunction,” [C68]; “Amended Motion for Preliminary Injunction and otice of Motion”,Deal, Box 12, 4-7 Bikini - Motions, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C69]

306. Matiin B. Biles to Mahlon E. Gates, 9 Ott 75, Ray’s files. G72]I

307. N. A. Greenhouse and RP. Miltenberger, BNL 50797, @t ern~ Radiation Suweyand Dose Predictions for Rorwelam Utirik fton~rk Ailuk and ~otie AtollS (BN~13 Dec 77), McCraw, Box 9, Environment Levels - Bikini & Rongela } - Food Diet Etc.,RG 326, DOE Archives. [C91]

308. Wachholz to Mitchell, 21 Aug 79. [Cl 14]I

I309. Roger Ray to James L Liverman, 23 Jan 76, Ray’s files [G73]; mes L Livermanto Roger Ray, 20 Feb 76, Ray’s files. [G74]

310. Wachholz to Mitchell, 21 Aug 79. [Cl 14]I

311. Wachholz to Mitchell, 21 Aug 79. [Cl 14]I

312. Mahlon E. Gates to NV Principal Staff, et al., 23 Feb 77, De I P [Cl 10]; “FinalAgreements on Eneweta~” n.d., Document 48540, CIC. [G9]

1313. “Agreement Concernin

f

!

Cleanup of Enewetak Atoll”, 16 Se 76, Summary ofRelevant Background for Lan Use Claims, Deal P [C75]; Harry Brown to PeterOliver, 21 Aug 87, Rudolph’s files, Letter Files, Letters-Marshall I lands-1987, EH.[C76]

314. Fred M. Zeder to Philip Burton, 17 Sep 76, Document 485 2, CIC. [Cl 2]i

315,

T

W. ]. Bair to J. L L~erman, 12 Jan 77, Deal, Box 13, Mars II Islands 1975-1977, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C88]

316. VkXor A. Nelson, NVO-269-32, Radiological Survev of Plants, knimals and Soilat Christmas Islands and Seven Atolls in the Marshall Islands Prcwres~ ReDort for 1974-9975 [C71 ]; Memo from Roger Ray, 7 Ott 77, McSraw, Box 5, I@ iological Survey,RG 326, DOE Archives. [C771

317. Report of the Meeting Between the United States Ene

1

Research andDevelopment Administration and the Trust Territory of the Pacific i lands RegardingMedical Care of the Rongelap and Utirik People, Kwajalein, M. I., Fe ruary 4-5, 1977,Brown, Rongelap 6, NV. [C3]

318. James L. Liverman to Acting Administrator, 24 Feb 77, EP fil . [G4]

1

DRAFT 136

319. NVO-213, Enewetak Radioloeicai SUDDOrt Proiect Final f# ~ [C78]; JohnNoble Wllford, “1947-197E A-Test Atoll Being Resettled,” Washinrzt bn Star, 11 Apr 77.

[C79]

320. “Staff Review of Bikini Atoll Cleanup and Rehabilitation,” Apr 78, McCraw,

\

Box 9, Radiological Survey, RG 326, DOE Archives. [c%]; Tommy . McCraw to HalHollister, 17 May 78, Deal, Box 13, Marshall Islands - Jan - June 1 78, RG 326, DOEArchives. [C97J; Bruce W. Wachholz to Mitcheil, 21 Aug 79. [Cl ]

321. Hal Hollister to James L Lwerman, 21 Apr 77, EP files. [ ]T

322. L. Joe Deal to Hal Hollister, 26 Apr 77, EP files. [G61I

323. James A Joseph to Harold Brown, 15 Jun 77, Deal, Box 1 Marshall Islands1975-1977, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C80]

\324.

T

Robert A. Conard, “Notes on ERDA Meeting to Discuss Pr Iems Concerningthe Medical Examinations of Marshallese People”, Deal, Box 13 Marshall Islands1975-1977, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C89]

325. “Memorandum of Understanding Between U.S. Ene

1

Research andDevelopment Administration and the Department of Defense on Pla ning and Supportfor Safeguard C and Conduct of Nuclear Weapons Tests Outsid North AmericanContinental Limits,” 26 May 77, Brown, Roger Ray (DPO) Corres. 1 84, RG 434, NV.[G24]

326. Tommy F. McCraw to L Joe Deal, 25 Jul 77, Deal, Box 1 Marshall Islands1975- 1977, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C92)

1327. Paul H. Riley to Assistant Secretary of the Navy, et al., 28 un 77, Deal, Box13, Marshall Islands 1975-1977, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C90]

I328. Bruce W. Wachholz to L Joe Deal, 24 Aug 77, Deal, Box 1 Marshall Islands1975-1977, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C93]

1329, Wachholz to Mitchell, 21 Aug 79. [Cl 14]

I330. Wachholz to Mitchell, 21 Aug 79. [Cl 14]

I331. Harry U. Brown to Peter Oliver, 21 Aug 87 [C76]; U.S. ,~tatutes at Lame,Volume 91:1159-1161. [C94]

332. “Rebcation of Bikini island People Will Begin August 28,”25 g 78, Deal, Box

r

13, Marshall Islands July-Dee 1978, RG 326, DOE Archives. [Cl 5]; Wachholz toMitchell, 21 Aug 79. [Cl 14]

333, Greenhouse and Miltenberger, BNL 50797, External Radiatior Suww and DosePredictions for Rorwelap, Utirik, RonEerik, Ailuk, and Wotie Atolls. C91]

334,

\

Oilce of Micronesia Status Ne otiations, “The Negotiation s for the FuturefPolitical Status of the Trust Territories o the Pacific Islands,” 20 S p 83, Rudolph’s

files, Box 15, EH. [G46]

DRAFT

1

137

335. William L Robinson to Tommy F. McCraw, 27 Jan 78, Docu ent 45079, CIC.[G25]

336. S=retary of interior [Cecil D. Andrusl to Harold Brown, 5 n 78, Deal, BOX13, Marshall Islands Jan-June 1978, RG 326, DOE Archiies. [C951

337. NVO-213, Enewetak Radiolwical Surmort Proiect Final Re

338. Victor E. Noshkin, UCRL -80587, Transuranium Rad ionudid in C omDonentsof the Benthic Environment of Enewetak Atoll LLI+ Feb 78, d~raw, Box 9,Radiological Survey, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C122]

339. Charles J. Treat to FC, 14 Mar 78, Doament 47783, CIC. G261I

340. Tommy F. McCraw to Hal Hollister, 17 May 78, Deal, Box 1 Marshall Islands

.!

Jan-June 1978, RG 326, DOE Archives [C971; “Brief Review, Radio iczd Conditionsin the Marshall Islands”, 3 Nov 78, Deal, Box 13, Marshall Islands J -Dee 1978, RG326, DOE Archives [Cl 01]; “Summary, Measured Body Burdens, 37 G Bikini Is.Residents”, [Vlewgraph] 2 Mar 79, McCraw, Box 9, Radiological Su y, RG 326, DOEArchives. [Cl 15]

341. Paul G. Rogers and Tim Lee Carter to Harold Brown, 21 pr 78, EH, Box1086, Job 9189, 5470 Enewetak Cleanup, RG 434, EH. [G271

r

342.

r

W. J. Bair to Hal tiollister, 28 Apr 78, Deal, Box 13, Mars i] Islands 1975-1977, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C71

343. James L Liverman to Ruth G. Van Cleve, 19 Jun 78, Deal, ox 13, MarshallIslands Jan-June 1978, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C102]

r344. L Joe Deal to Hal Hollister, 23 May 78, Deal, Box 13, Ma hall Islands Jan-June 1978, RG 326, DOE Archives, [C98]; “Nuclear Testing-Pacific? [

f

raphs], Deal,Box 13, Marshall Islands Jan-June 1978, RG 326, DOE Archiv . [C99]; “YatesCommittee Hearings” [excerpt], 22 May 78, Deal, Box 13, Marshal Islands Jan-June1978, RG 326, DOE Archives. [Cl 00]

345,

#

Matthew Nimetz to Members of the Micronesia Interagency roup, 11 Jul 78,Deal P [Cl 11]; James L Liverman to Joe Deal, 27 Jul 78, Deal P. 112]

346. Draft action memorandum, 31 Jul 78, Deal, Box 13, Mars all Islands July-Dec 1978, RG 326, DOE Archives. [Cl 06]; “Marshall Islands

?

iological SafetyProgram” [Viewgraphs], McCraw, Box 9, Radiological Surve , RG 3 , DOE Archives

r[C108]; Radiological Survey Plan for the Nofihern Marsha I Island 22 Aug 78, EPfiles. [C8]

347. ‘Memorandum of Agreement between Department of the

?

vy, Department

of Energy and Department of the Interiofl, 2 Aug 78, Deal P. [Cl 1

348. “Statement of Understanding on the Part of the Covernme t of the United

I

States and the Government of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Island Concerning theMove of the People of Bikini Island, August, 1978”, 16 Aug 7 Deal, Box 13,Marshall Islands July-Dee 1978, RG 326, DOE Archives. [C103]

DRAFT 138

349. Brown to Oliver, 21 Aug 87 [C76]; “Relocation of Bikini 1 land People WIBegin August 28,”25 Aug 78, Deal, Box 13, Marshall Islands July-

+

1978, RG 326,DOE Archives [Cl 05]; U.S. Statutes at l-awe, Volume 92, Part 1: 7-489. [cl 04]

350. “Reloation of Bikini Island People Will Be@ August 28,” Aug 78. [Cl 05]

351. “Brief Review, Radiological Conditions in the Marshall Island “ 3 Nov 78, Deal,Box 13, Marshall Islands july-Dec 1978, RG 326, DOE Archiies.

+101]

352. Draft action memorandum, 31 Jul 78 [Cl 06]; “Stipulation of ismksal,” 27 Ott

478, Deal, Box 13, Marshall Islands 1979-1980, RG 326, DOE Ar ves. [Cl 071

353. PSAD 79-54 Rec)ort To The Coneress, Enewetak Atoll-Cle: nin~ UD NuclearContamination (GAO, 1979), pp 7-10. [Cl 16]

354. “Summary, Measured Body Burdens, 137 Cs Bikini Is, Resid nts,” ~ewgraph]

42 Mar 79, McCraw, Box 9, Radiological Survey, RG 326, DOE Ar ives. [Cl 15]

355.

I

R R Monroe to James L Liverman, 9 Feb 79, Deal, Box 13 Marshall Islands1979-1980, RG 326, DOE Archives. [Cl 13]

356. “Fact Book: Major General GraySon D. Tate, Jr,, Commande Field Command,

1

Defense Nuclear Agency Visit Enewetak Atoll 25-29 May 1979 n.d., Document45110, Clc. [G30]

357. Juda v. U.S., 13 Cl. Ct. 667 (1987), p. 672. [G44]I

358.

I

W, j. Bair to Ruth Clusen, 29 May 79, Deal, Box 13, Mars all Islands 1979-1980, RG 326, DOE Archives. [Cl 18]

359. Draft DOI report to Sidney Yates, Deal P. [C123]I

360. Juda v. U. S., 13 Cl. Ct. 667 (1987), p. 672. [G44JI

361.

!

Undersecretary of the interior to Adrian P. Whkel, 21 Ma 79, Enclosure indraft letter to Charles B. Meinhold, 16 Nov 84, Rudolph’s files, E [Cl 171

362. Memorandum from Roger Ray, 25 May 79, EP files. [G29]I

363. Undersecretary of the Interior to Adrian P. Wlnkel, 21 Ma 79, Enclosure in

!draft letter to Charles B, Meinhold, 16 Nov 84, Rudolph’s files, E [Cl 171

364,

t

Btuce Wachholz to Ruth Clusen, et. al, 9 Jul 79, Deal, ox 13, MarshallIslands 1979-1980, RG 326, DOE Archives. [Cl 19]

365. Bruce W. Wachholz to Ruth Van Cleve, 16 Aug 79, Deal,

{

x 13, MarshallIslands 1979-1980, RG 326, DC)E Arch”wes [C120]; David M. Rose baum to Ruth G.Van Cleve, 23 Aug 79, Deal, Box 13, Marshall Islands 1979-19 , RG 326, DOEArchives. [Cl 21]

366.

I

Amata Kabua to Iroijlaplap Joanes et al., 12 Sep 79, EH, Bo 1086, Job 9189,5470 Enewetak Cleanup, RG 434, EH-DOE records storage [G31 ]; B ce W. Wachholz

DRAFT 139

1to list, 3 Dec 79, EH, Box 1086, Job 9189, 5470 Enewetak Clea up, RG 434, EH-DOE records storage. [G34]

367. NVO-213, Enewetak Radiological SUDDOrt Proiect Final Rl Do~ (ias VegasDOE, Nevada Operations Office, Sep 82) [C78]; “Marshall Islands 4 Chronology,” p.34. [A271

368. “Resolution of the Council of EnewetaL 20 Sep 79, Docu nt 239070, CIC,pp. 4-9. [G33]

t369,

+

“Resolution of the Council of EnewetaL 20 Sep 79, EH, 80 1086, job 9189,5470 Enewetak Cleanup, RG 434, EH [C32]; Wachholz to list [ 4]; Theodore RMitchell, “Radiation Protection for Enewetak Atoll,” Sep 79, Ray, “~tion Protectionfor Enewetak Atoll. [G35]

370. Bruce W. Wachholz to Ruth Van Cleve, 28 Sep 79, EH, 80 1086, Job 9189,5470 Enewetak Cleanup, RG 434, EH-DOE records storage. [G36]

I371. National Cytogenetics, Inc, “Assessment of Radiation H

?

h Effects of theResettlement of Enewetak Atoll; 12 Ott 79, Document 45058, Cl . [C371

372. Ruth G. Van Cleve to Bruce Wachholz, 22 Ott 79, EH, Bo 1086, Job 9189,5470 Enewetak Cleanup, RG 434, EH-DOE records storage. [G41]

I373. Wachholz to list [G34]; Theodore R Mitchell to Ruth C. Clu n, 6 Nov 79, EH,

1

Box 1086, Job 9189, 5470 Enewetak Cleanup, RG 434, EH-DO records storage,[G39]

374.

i

Wachholz to list [G34]; Roger Ray to L Joe Deal and B.W. achholz, 15 Nov79, EH, Box 1089, Job 9189, 5470 Enewetak Cieanup, RG 434, EH-DOE recordsstorage. [G40]

375. Van Cleve to Wachholz, 22 Ott 79. [G41 ]I

376. Conard et al., Review of Medical Findings in a Marshaiiese P muiation Twentv-Six Years After Accidental ExDosure to Radioactive Fallout, BNL 51 Z61, Jan 80. [01]

377. “Marshall Isiands A Chronology 1944-1981,” p. 35. [A27’II

378. U.S. Statutes at Lame, Voi. 94, Part 1:84-85. [D3]I

379. I roij Johannes Peter, Iroij Benton Abraham, and Magistrate ohn Abraham toPresident Jimmy Carter, 4 Apr 80, Document 47578, CiC. [H801

I380. “Report on the Enewetak Food and Agriculture Program, scai Year 1987,”

IRudolph’s files, Letter files, Letters-Mamhaii lsiands-1987, EH. [D6 ].-

381. DOE, Melelen Radiation Ilo Ailifi ko ltu~ Iio Mai~, Ko Rar Etaii iio 1978 TheMeanirw of Radiation for Those Atoiis in the Notihern Part of the Marshaii IsiandsThat Were !jurveved in 1978, (Washington: DOE, 1982) [D103]; ‘h arshaii Isiands AChronology,” p. 3s. [A271

382. “Marshall Islands A Chronology,” p. 35. [A271

DRAFT 140

383. Wachholz to list. [G341I

384. W. L Robison et al. UCRL-53066. Reassess ment of the Pot~ ntial I?adiolorzicalDoses for Re4dents Resettling Enewetak Atoll, 30 Ott 80, p. 1. [l- 791

385. Roger Ray to Richard T. Montoy& 25 May 84, DOE, Rudolph files, EH. [D14]F

386. U.S. statutes at Laree, Vol. 94, Part 3:3477-3479. [D2]I

387. Roger Ray to Richard W. Teare, 26 Jan 83, Brown, Roger y (DPO) Corres.

11983, NV [G43]; Juda vs. U.S., 13 Cl. Ct. 667 (1987), pp. 667-69 [~]

388. Harry U. Brown to W. H. Adams et al., 2 Nov 88, DOE, Rud Iph’s files, Letterfiles, Letters-Marshall Islands 1988, EH. [D76]

t389. Robert L Morgan to the Secretary et al, 27 Feb 81, Mana ement (AD), Job89034F, Box 4, 1100.63 Defense Programs (l), RC 434, AD. [F30]

1390. “Marshall islands A Chronology,” p. 37. [A2~

I391. “Marshall islands A Chronology,” p. 37. [A27’I

I392.

t’N. Douglas Pewitt to Alex G. Fremlin& 7 Apr 81, EP files. 1]

393. Tommy McCraw to W. W, Burr, 27 May 81, Rudolph’s fil , unmarked box,unmarked folder, EH. [D124]

1394. Herman E. Roser to the Secretary et al, 26 Ott 81, AD, JO 89035F, Box 2,1100.63 Defense Programs, 1 of 2, RG 434, AD. [F31 ]

I395. Ray to Teare, 26 Jan 83. [G43]

I396. Roger Ray, “Comments of Letter Rongelap Local Covernm t (Senator Jeton

1

Anjain) to RMl President Amata Kabua, Dated May 3, 1990,” Rud ph’s files, D-file,Marshall Islands 1990, EH. [D104]

397. BNL 51761, Medical Status of Marshallese Accidenttv ExDosk to 1954 BravoFallout Radiation: lanuaw 1980 Throu~h December 1982, pp. 1-2.

398. W. L Robison et al, An UDdated Radiolcwical Dose Assessrr mt of Bikini andEneu Islands at Bikini Atoll, UCRL 53225, 29 Jan 82, p.1. [H78]

399. “Implementation of the National Environmental Poli

1

Act (NEPA),”Management (AD), Job 90003F, Box 3, 1100.65, Environmental Pr ection, Safety &Emergency Preparedness, RG 434, AD. [F26]

i

400. John Rudolph to Tom Cornwell and Kristine Morris, 2 Mar 8 Rudolph’s files,Box 2, EIS Marshall Islands Compact Legislation Package, EH. [H2]

401. Herman Roser to the Secretary, 23 Mar 82, attached to a Iett r from Sen. John

t

Glenn to Secretary James D. Watkins, 4 May 90, Brown, NV. [Dl ]

402.Box 2,

403.

404.

405.

406.[D12]

407.

408.

DRAFT

Kristine Morris to John Rudolph and Tom Comwell, 25 M,EH. [H3]

C. W. Edington to Triielpiece, Apr 82, EP files. [H4]

J. W. Thiessen to A. W. Trivelpiece, 14 Apr 82, Rudolpt

Tommy MKraw to Edward Vallario, 22 Jul 85, EP files.

Fred M. Zeder to James Kelly et al., 16 May 84, DOE,

NVO-213, Enewetak Radiological SUDDOtt ProiecL Final

W. J. Bair, “Response to Clmstions Rtxardiruz the DOE 157 Feb 90, kudolph’s files, Letter-files, Lettem~Mamfiall Islands 1

409. “Proclamation 5564 of November 3, 1986,” CompikBetween the Government of the United States and the Freelv ARemblic of the Marshall Islands (hereafter Compilation) (WashirPersonal Representative for Micronesia Status Negotiations, 1!

410. “Agreement Concluded Pursuant to Section 234 of tlAssociation,” 1 Ott 82, Co mt)iiation. [Dl 12]

411. U.S. Statutes at Laree, Vol. %, Part 2:1705-1709. [D4]

412. Herman E. Roser to assistant secretary, environmental pemergency preparedness, EP-1, 28 Ott 82, Mana emen6 Box 2,

FDefense Programs (DP), RG 434, AD [H37’l; Wil iam A. Vaugh:al, 29 Ott 82 (signed 5 Nov 82), with attachments, AD, Box 2,Environmental Protection, Safety & Emergency Preparedness (El[H38]

413. Melelen Radiation Ilo Aili7i ko ItuiGii Ilo Mai51, ko RaMeaninR of Radiation for Those Atolls in the Northern Part ofThat Were Suweved in 1978) [Dl 03]; Tommy McCraw to EdwaEP files. [H25]

414. Transcript of Meetings to Explain the 1978 Radiological fIslands, Majuro, M. I., Dec 8-9, 1982,” Ray’s files, ~ranscript athe 1978 radiological suwey of the Marshall Islands, Majuro,[H6]; Tommy McCraw to James De Francis, 16 Dec 82, EP fik

415. “Standard Operating Procedure No. 21, Revision No. 1,OffIce (PASO), Bikini Atoll Support Services,” DOE, Rudolph’sIslands 1986, EH. [D42]

416. Brown to Adams et al., 2 Nov 88, Rudolph’s Files, LetterIslands 1988, EH. [D76]

141

, Rudolph’s files,

es, EH. [D123]

i]

olph’s files, EH.

~ Sep 82. [H5]

adiation Report,”EH. [D109]

of Atzreements~ted State of the: The President’s[D11O]

ompact of Free

tion, safety, andM003F, 1100.63the Secreta~ et10003F, 1100.65P), RG 434, AD.

Ii Ilo 1978 (TheMarshall Islandsdlario, 22 Jul 85,

f of the MarshallWings to explain

Dec 8-9, 1982171

fic Area SupportD-file, Marshall

Letters-Marshall

DRAFT 142

417, U.S. Con .,\

House, 98th Cong., 1st sess, Subcommittee on

f

blic Lands andNational Parks, T e Trust Territow of the Pacific lsland~ Jan 83, Co mittee Print No.3. [D5]

418.

t

“Action: Radiation Litigation Support Plan,” 22 May 84, Ru Iph’s files, EH.[D13]

419. Herman E. Roser to the director of administration, MA-2, 11 an 83, AD, Box3, Job 90003F, 1100.65 EPS&EP, RG 434, AD. [F271

1

s

420.9

er Ray, DOE/NV deputy for Paafic Operations, to James

r

Franas, 26 Jan83, %y’S !ks. [G75]

421. Maj. Gen. William W. Hoover to acting manager, Nevada

T

rations Office,14 Feb 83, AD, Box 3, Job 90003F, 1100,63 Defense Programs (Bu k), RG 434, AD.[F28]

422.

i

K. Dean Helms to the director of administration, 29 Mar 8 AD, Box 2, Job90003F, 1100.63 DP, RG 434, AD. [F29]

423.

I

Thomas R Clark to Gen William W, Hmver, 14 Jul 83, B own, Roger Ray(DPO) Corres. 1983 [Hl 0]; Harry Brown to John Rudolph and Tho as Cla~ 2 Jun86, Rudolph’s files, EH. [D3~

424. “Proclamation 5564 of November 3, 1986,” CornDilation. [D 10]t

425. “Agreement between the Government of the United

t

tates and theGovernment of the Marshall Islands for the Implementation of S ion 177 of theCompact of Free Association,” 25 Jun 83, Rudolph’s files, Marshal Islands--Section177 Agreement, EH. [Dl 13]

426. DOS Press Release, “Marshall Islands Voters Approve Free Tnation with theUnited States,” 15 Sep 83, Rudolph’s files, EH. [D6]

427.

t

Herman Roser to the Secretary, special assistant to the Secret ry for Policy andProgrammin& 21 Ott 83, Rudolph’s Files, EH, [D~

428. W. D, Jackson to W, J. Stanley, 9 Nov 83, Brown, Roger

T

(DPO) Corres.1983, NV. [Hl 1]

429. BARC, Interim ReDort, Resettlement of Bikini Atoll: Feasibili v and EstimatedCost of Meetirw the Federal Radiation Protection Standards, 23 NOV 83, DOE,Rudolph’s files, EH. [D8]

430. W. J. Stanley to Addressees, 2 Aug 85, Rudolph’s files, EH. ~D28]

NV, Marshall Islands Prowam Plan W 1985-1989, 31 Jan431.

4

Rudolph’s Files,EH. [D9]

432. PhilipCorres. 1984,

Helfrich toNV. [H12]

Colleagues, 10 Feb 84, Brown’s files,

Ier Ray (DPO)

DRAFT

433. “Report on the Enewetak Food and?

ridture Program, IRudolph’s Files, Letter files, Letters-Marshall Is ands-1987, EH. [D6

434. Draft letter to Charles B. Meinhold, 1 Nov 84, Rudolph’s f

435. The People of Bikini, by and through the Bikini/Kili CwmStates of America”, 1 May 84, DOE, Rudolph’s files, EH. [D120]

436. “Department of Energy (DOE) Marshall islands and Envirorn.d., Rudolph’s files, EH. [D1O]

437. W. J. Stanley to Addressees, 15 May 84, Rudolph’s files, El

438. Janet J. M&oy to Maj. Gen. William W. Hoover, 25 May 84Gen. William W. Hoover to Roger Ray, 5 Jun 84, Ray’s files. [G76

439. Roger Ray to Ambassador Fred M. Zeder, office fornegotiations, 8 June 84, Ray’s files, [G77’J

440. Roger Ray to Amata Kabua, 20 Jut 84, Rudolph’s files,General, EH. [H15]

N

B{

441. Richard T. Montoya to William Clark. 15 Jun 84, pp. 6-8,files, Box 2 of 18, EH. [H13]

442. William Clark to Donald P, Hodel, 5 Jul 84, Brown, “Enconcerns Enue Island, not Enyu.] Resettlement FY 86, General Cor[H14]

443. Ray to Kabua, 20 Jul 84. [HIS]

444. David B. Leclaire to Donald White, 26 Aug 87, Rudolph’s fileIslands 1987, EH. [D52]

445. W, J. Bair to Roger Ray, 12 Sep 84, Rudolph’s files, EH. [C

446. W. J. Stanley to Addressees, 28 Aug 84, Rudolph’s files, Et

447. “Draft, Staff Comments,” 21 Sep 84, Rudolph’s files, BOX 15

448. “Memorandum of Understanding Between the DepartmentDepartment of Defense for the Planning and Support for Saf~ard INuclear Weapons Tests Outside North American Continental Limits,”C/Joint Sampler FY 88 Working Group, NV. [Hl 71

449, W. J. Stanley to Addressees, 28 Sep 84, Rudolph’s files, EF

450. Roger Ray to Janet McCOy, 14 Dec 84, Brown, Roger Ray (DNV. [H18]

451. W. J. Stanley to Addressees, 17 Ott 84, Rudolph’s files, El-

143

cal Year 1987,”

s, EH. [D19]

et al. v. United

ental Program,”

[Dll]

ittached to Maj.

ronesian” status

2, Ml Program

3-35, Rudolph’s

P“ [sic, Actually;pondence, NV.

D-file, Marshall

[D15]

f 18, EH. [H16]

Energy and theand Conductinrown, Safeguar 8

[Dl 71

1) Corres. 1984,

[D18]

DRAFT

452. Bikini Atoll Rehabilitation Committee, Report oAtoll: Feasibility and Estimated Cost of Meetine theNF~~ral RafStandards. Submitted to U.S. Congress, House and Senate CommAppropriations, 15 Nov 84. [Dl 19]

453.[D20]

454.

455.of 18,

456.

457,Office

R Dennis Bevans to James U. DeFranas, 30 Nov 84, Ru(

Bob Tiller to Don Ofte, undated, Rudolph’s files, EH. [D21]

James U. DeFrancis to WNiam W. Hoover, 18 Dec 84, Rud(EH. [H19]

Ray to ht~oy, 14 Dec 84. [H18]

“Standard Operating Procedure No. 21, Revision No. 1, Paf(PASO), Bikini Atoll Sucmort Sewices,” RudolDh’s files, D-file,,,

1986, EH. [D42]

458. Tommy F. McCraw to Delbert F. Bunch, 20 May 87, EP fih

459. Roger Ray to John E. Rudolph, 5 Jan 85, Rudolph’s files, I[H20]

460. Sidney R Yates to Donald P. Hodel, 18 Jan 85, Rudolph’s fEH. [H21]

461. Yates to Hodel, 18 Jan 85. [H21]

462. W. J. Stanley to Addressees, 27 Apr 85, Rudolph’s files, EH

463. R Ray to W. W. Hoover, 12 Feb 85, Rudolph’s files, Box 2

464. Lessard et al, BNL 51882, Thvroid Absorbed Dose for PEXUtirik, and Sifo on March 1, 1954, Mar 85, pp. iii, xiii. [H81]

465. Operations Plan Mission No. 4, tW 1985, Ebeye, Majuro,Rudolph’s files, EH. [D31]

466. “Statement of Jonathan M. Weisgall Legal Counsel to theBefore the House Appropriations Committee Subcommittee on IntRudolph’s files, EH. [D121]

467. W. J. Stanley to Addressees, 27 Apr 85, Rudolph’s files, EH

468. ‘Statement of the Council and People of Enewetak Before ton Interior House Committee on Appropriations,” 1 May 85, Rudeof 18, EH. [H23]

469. “Summary of Radiation-Related Medical Examinations,” 10 hfiles, EH. [D24]

470. John S. Herrington to Donald P. Hodel, 20 May 85, Rudolph

144

ment of Bikini

ees on Interior

Iph’s files, EH.

h’s fdes, BOX 2

c Area Su portf’darshall Is ands

[H42]

x 2 of 18, EH.

S, BOX 2 of 18,

D29]

18, EH. [H22]

e at Ron!zelaDt

eri~ Rongelap,

eople of Bikinior,” 1 May 85,

D29]

? Subcommitteeh’s files, BOX 2

y 85, Wdoiph’s

files, EH. [D25]

.

DRAFT

4710 “Marshall Islands Program,’ 21 May 85, Rudolph’s files, f

472. “R&dents Vacate Atomic-Test Atoll,” Washington P- N2 [D271; M&raw to Vallario, 22 Jui 85. [H25]

473. SLNO to Secretary of State, 1 Jul 85, Rudolph’s files, Box

474. Tommy M&raw to Edward J. Vallario, 22 Jul 85, EP files

475. Tommy McCraw to Joseph Fitzgerald, 30 Apr 87, EP files

476. W. J. Stanley to Addressees, 2 Aug 85, Rudolph’s files, El

477. W. J. Stanley to Addressees, 5 Aug 85, Rudolph’s files, El

478. William H. Adams and Peter Heotis, “Public Health Repc85, Brown, BNL Medical FY 1986 General Correspondence, NV.

479. Tom Kijiner to Donald Hodel, 10 Dec 85, Rudolph’s files

480. U.S. Statutes at Laree, Vol. 99, Part 2. [Dl 05]

481. Han-y U. Brown, ‘Major Provisions of Interest to DOE L

Approved Compact of Free Association,” 13 Dec 85, Brown,&xociation W 1985/86/87, NV. [H26]

482. A. Bryan Siebert to Dan One, 23 Dec 85, Rudolph’s files

483. U.S. Statutes at Lar~e, Vol. 99, Part 2. [Dl 05]

484. Hart-y Brown, “Marshall Islands Programs Briefing” Jan 86,[D34]

485. H. U. Brown to T, Clark and R Dun~n, 29 Jan 86, Rudof 18, EH. [H28]

486. W. J. Stanley to Distribution, 6 Feb 86, Rudolph’s files, E

487. Bill H. Adams to Joseph H. Dryden, 9 May 86, Brown, BIGeneral Correspondence, NV. [H29]

488. Harry U. Brown to Peter K. Fitzsimmons, 30 Jun 86, RudolIslands-Legislation,” Box 15 and 18, EH. [H31]; [D37j; Thomas RGeorge K. Wkhers, DMA director, 22 May 86, and attachment,[D36]

489. Harry U. Brown to John Rudolph and T. R Clark 2 ]un“Marshall Islands Legislation,” Box 15, “EH. [H30]

490. William D. Jackson to Joe Dryden, July WI[H32]

Brown, Enewel

145

[D26]

22, 1985, p. A-

of 18, EH. [H24]

+25]

r141]

[D28]

[D30]

No. 12,”16 Dec271

H. [D32]

Ier the Final andIompact of Free

H. [D33]

Idolph’s files, EH.

)h’s fiks, BOX 15

[035]

Medical FY 1986

‘s files, “Marshalllark to Maj. Gen.dolph’s files, EH.

I, Rudolph’s files,

General 87, NV.

DRAFT 146

491. “Memorandum of Agreement Between the Field Command, Defense Nuclear

1

Agency and the Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Offke f r Monitoring theCactus Crater Storage Structure,” 18 Jul 86, Brown, l?uni~ NV. [H3 ]

492. Harry U. Brown to John E, Rudolphr 12 Sep 86, Brown Marshall IslandsPlanning W 1986-1987 Program/Policy Guidana+ NV. [H35] and

+

rry U. Brown toWilliam L Robinson, 20 Ott 86, Brown, Marshall Islands Planni g FY 1986-1987Program/Policy Guidance, NV. [H36]; ‘Agreement between the emment of theUnited States and the Government of the Marshall Islands Regardin the Resettlementof Enjebi Island,” 21 Jul 86, CornDilation. [Dl 14]

493.

1

“Agreement between the Government of the United States and theGovernment of the Marshall Islands Regarding Use of Certain Imd on Ejit island byPersons Displaced as a Result of the United States Nuclear Testin Program in theMarshall islands,” 21 Jul 86, CornDilation, [Dl 15]

494.

+

“Agreement Concerning Procedures for the Implementation of United StatesEconomic Assistance Programs and Services Provided in the ompact of FreeAssociation between the Government of the United States and the vernment of theMarshall Islands,” 21 Jul 86, Compilation. [0116]

495. H&N, Conceptual Desism ReRo~ Bikini Atoll Eneu Base Facilties cweDared forUSDOIIUSDOE and the Bikini Peorie, Jan 87, DOE, Rudolph’s file , D-file, MarshallIslands 1987, EH. [D43]

496. W. D. Jackson to J. H. Dryden, 3 Ott 86, Brown, BNL Medi 187, NV. [H82]t

497. “Briefing/Discussions with RMl,”

I

5 Sep 86, Rudolph’s files D-file, MarshallIslands 1986, EH. [D38]

498.

I

Edward T. Lessard, “Review of Marshall Islands Fallout Stu ies,” 30 Sep 86,Brown, Rongelap File 5, NV. [H33]

499, WNiam L. Robison, Marshall Island Dose Assessment ar d EnvironmentalPro~ram FY 1987-1988-1989, Rudolph’s files, BOW Marshall Islands I rogram Plan, EH.[D41]

500. “Agreement for implementation of the Compact of Free

T“ation between

the Government of the United States and the Government of th Republic of theMarshall Islands, 10 Ott 86, CornDilation. [01171

501. Congressional Record-House, Rudolph’s files, D-file, Marshall slands 1986, EH.[D39]

I502. .“Proclamation 5564 of November 3, 1986,” CornDilation. [

T1o]

503.

1

Harry U. Brown to T. R Clark and D. T. Schueler, 18 Nov , Rudolph’s files,D-file, Marshall Islands 1986, EH. [D40]

504.

7

S. Con. Res. 171, 99th Congress, 2nd Session, om ilat n [Dl 18]; U.S.Statutes at .Lars!e, Vol. 100, Part 5; 3762-3705. [(271]

DRAFT 147

505. Harry U. Brown to Adams et al., 2 Nov 88, Rudolph’s files, tter files, Letters-Marshall Islands 1988. EH. [D76]

!506. H&N, Co ncerMual Desirm ReDort Bikini Atoll Eneu Base Fac ities tuma red forUSDO1/USDOE and the Bikini Pecmle. [D43]

507.

1

S. R Foley to Tom Bevill, 20 Feb 87, Rudolph’s files, D-fil Marshall Islands1987, EH. [D44]

508. Harry U. Brown to T. R Clark and D. T. Schueler, 11 Mar 8 Brown, Marshall

+

Islands Planning ~ 1986-1987 Program/Poliq Guidance, NV. [H ]

509. Peter K Fitzsimmons to Harry U. Brown, 30 Mar 87, rown, Bioassay-Dosimetry Review 87, NV. [H40]

r510. F. Berndt Schine to John Rudolph, 4 Jun 87, Rudolph’s fil , D-file, MarshallIslands 1987, EH. [D4~

1511. Tommy F. McCraw to Delberl F. Bunch, 20 May 87, p. 1, P files. [H42]

F512. William D. Jackson to J. H. Dryden, 17 Jun 87, Brown, BN Medical 87, NV.[H43]

I513. Tommy McCraw to Joseph Fitzgerald, 30 Apr 87, EP files. H41]

I514. Harry U. Brown to John E. Rudolph, 15 May 87, Rudolph’ files, Letter files,Letters-Marshall Islands 1987, EH. [D46]

I515.

1Tommy F. McCraw to Delbert F. Bunch, 20 May 87, p. 1 EP files. [H42J

516.

T

Brown to Rudolph, 10 Jun 87, Rudolph’s files, D-file, Ma all Islands 1987,EH. [D48]

517. J. H. Dryden to Addressees, 2 Jul 87, Rudolph’s files, L tter files, Letters-Marshall Islands-1 987, EH. [D49]

I518. “Agenda: interagency Working Group on Freel Associ ed State Affairs,

r

i

Meetin& Thursday, July 16, 1987,’ Rudolph’s files, Letter fi es, Lette -Marshall lslands-1987, EH. [D50]

519. Nick C. Aquilina to Richard T. Montoya, 24 Jul 87, Rudolph files, Letter files,Letters-Marshall Islands-1 987, EH. [D51 ]

1520. P&D Technologies, Makine Roneelarl Habitable pr’oD~ Workdan for aPhase 2 Comprehensive Studv, 12 Apr 89, Tom Bell’s fries (hereaft :r Bell’s files), EH.[D108]

521. Harry U. Brown to David R Anderson, 19 Feb 88, Brown, Runit, NV. [H53]I

522. Thomas E. Hamilton et al., ‘7hyroid Neoplasia in Marshall islanders Exposedto Nuclear Fallout,” JAMA 258, (7 Aug 87): 629-636. [H44]

I523. Peter N. Oliver to Harry U. Brown, 29 Aug 87, Brown, Rong( lap 87, NV. [H451

DRAFT 148

524. J. H. Dryden to Addressees, 27 Aug 87, Rudolph’s files, L er files, Letters-Marshall islands-1987, EH. [D53]

T525. Harry U. Brown to R M. Nelson et al., 27 Aug 87, Rudolph’ files, Letter files,Letters-Marshall islands-1987, EH. [D54]

1526. William H. Adams to Joseph Dryden, 27 Ott 87, Brown, BN Medical 87, NV.[H47’J

1527. Peter N. Oliver to Harry U. Brown, 2 Ott 87, Brown, En

T

tak General 87,NV. [H46]

528. Harry U. Brown to]. E. Rudolph and J. H. Dryden, 1 Ott 8 , Rudolph’s files,Letter files, Letters-Marshall islands-1987, EH. [D45]

1529. J, H. D~den to Addressees, 5 Ott 87, Rudolph’s files, L er files, Letters-Marshall Islands-1 987, EH. [055]

T530. J. H. D~den to Addressees, 12 Ott 87, Rudolph’s files, L er files, Letters-Marshall islands-1987, EH. [D56]

T531. Harry U. Brown, Minutes of Marshall Islands Planning Gr p Meeting HeldOctober 14, 1987, 23 Ott 87, Brown, Rongelap 87, NV. [D571

t532. “Memorandum of Understanding between the U.S. Departm nt of Energy and

1177 Health Plan,” Rudolph’s files, Letter files, Letters-Marshall Island 1987, EH. [D58]

533. Harry U. Brown, Minutes of Marshall Islands Planning Gro p Meeting HeldOctober 14, 1987, 23 Ott 87, Brown, Rongelap 87, NV. [D571

1534. Juda vs. U.S., 13 Cl. Ct. 667 (1987). [G441

I535.

1

Harry U, Brown to Jonathan Weisgall, 16 Nov 87, Rudolph’ flies, Letter files,Letters-Marshall Islands-1 987, EH. [D59]

536. Hary U. Brown to Howard Hills, 1 Da 87, Rudolph’s files, L tter files, Letters-Marshall Islands-1 987, EH. [D60]

1537. Charles B. Meinhold to Members of the Marshall Islands Radiation SafetyReview Committee, 5 Mar 90, Attachment 12, Brown, NV. [H76J

I538. Harry U. Brown to Joseph Dryden and O-r de Bruin, 15 J n 88, Rudolph’sfiles, D-file, Marshall Islands 1988, EH. [0111]

t

539. Nick C. Aquilina to Kittie Baier, 5 Feb 88, Brown, Bikini 88, NV. [H51 ]

I540. Nick C. Aquilina to J. E. Rudolph et al., 4 Apr 88, Rudolph’s files, Letter files,Letters-Marshall Islands-1 988, EH. [D64]

I541. “Memorandum of Understanding Between the U.S. Departmt nt of Energy andthe 177 Health Plan,” Brown, Medicai 88, NV. [H50]

542. James A. McClure and J.Bikini 88, NV. [H59]

543. Harry U. Brown to J. E.[H52]

544. “Operations Pian 88-4,

DRAFT

Bennett Johnston to U.S. Prc4den$

Rudolph et al., 16 Feb 88, Brown,

Mksion No. 4, FY 1988,” Rudolph’Letters-Ma’rshall islands-1988,’ EH. [D63] “

545. Edward T. Lessard to David L Wheeler, 11 Mar 88,Dosimet~ &lew 87, NV. [H54]

546. H&N, Preliminatv Plan for the Rehabilitation and ResettlqAfi Apr 88, Rudolph’s files, D-file, Marshall Islands 1989, EH. I

547. Harry U. Brown to Oscar de Bruin and Jonathan M. WCRudolph’s files, D-file, Marshall Islands 1988, EH. [D66]

548. Rongelap Reassessment Proje@ “Preliminary llepo~ RonglProject,” 20 Apr 88, Rudolph’s files, D-file, Marshall Islands 1988,

549. William H. Adams to Henry Kohn, 28 Apr 88, Rudolph’s 1

550. William H. Adams to Joseph Dryden, 29 Apr 88, Brown[H55]

551. Dryden to Addressees, 1 Jul 88, Rudolph’s files, Letter fikMands-1988, EH, [D71]

552. BARC, ~ummatv Ret)ort (ReDort No. ~ 22 jU~ 88, RudMarshall Islands 1988, EH. [D72]

553. Harry Brown to Bill Jackson, 7 Nov 88, Brown, Rongeiap 1[H57]

554. Bernd Franke to Hiroshi Yamamura, 14 Sep 88, Brown, N

555. Brown to Kohn et al., 21 Ott 88, ~dolph’s files, Letter fikislands-1988, EH. [D74]

556. Troy E. Wade II to Bevill, 7 Apr 89, Executive Secretariat (

557. P&D Technologies, Makirw RonRelall Habitable ProposePhase 2 Commehensive Studv, Bell’s files, EH. [D108I

558. .Oscar de Bruin to John Rudolph, 7 Ott 88, Rudolph’s files,Marshall Islands-1 988, EH. [D73]

559. Harry 1. Kohn to George Miller et al., 14 Nov 88, Brown, [289, NV. [H58]

560. Harry U. Brown to Oscar de Bruin, 26 Ott 88, Rudolph(Letters-Marshall Islands 1989, EH. [D75]

149

6 Jan 88, Brown,

ongeiap 87, NV.

files, Letter files,

mwn, Bioassay-

1ent of Roneelap65]

gall, 15 Apr 88,

*p Reassessment:H. [D67J

S, EH. [D68]

Medical 88, NV.

Letters-Marshall

ph’s files, D-file,

38 File 289, NV.

[H56]

, Letters-Marshall

hxtion. [ESl ]

Workdan for a

:tter files, Letters-

ngelap 1988, File

files, Letter files,

DRAFT 150

561.

I

Harry U. Brown to Adams et al., 2 Nov 88, Rudolph’s files, L er files, Letters-Marshall Islands 1988, EH. [D76]

562.

t

“The Department of Energy Marshall Islands Medikl Pr am, FiscalYear1988-1989 Report,” 1 Dec 88, Rudolph’s files, D-file, Marshall Island 1988, EH. ID771

563. People of Enewetak v. U.S., 864 Federal ReDotier, 2d Sek pp. 134-137.[G45]

564. William H. Adams et al., BNL-521 92, Medical Status of Mars ~allese AccidentlyEXDOSed to 1954 Bravo Fallout Radiation: Ianuaw 1985 throueh Dece n ber 1987, Ray’sfiles, [H49]

565. Harry U. Brown to Jeton Anjain, 5 Sep 89, Rudolph’s files D-file, MarshallIslands 1989, Eii. [D85]

I566. Harry U. Brown to J. E. Rudolph, 17 Feb 89, Brown, Rongel p File 389, NV.[H60J

I567. Harry U. Brown to N. C. Aquilina, 17 Mar 89, Rudolph’s fil

1

D-file, MarshallIslands 1989, EH. [D79]

568. “Department of Energy (DOE) Medical, Environmental, and biological Safety

T

Programs in the Marshall Islands 1989-1991 ,“ Rudolph’s files, Le er files, Letters-Marshall Islands 1989, EH. [D78]

569. Rongelap Reassessment Project, “Rongelap

I

Wassessment Project, Report,Corrected Edition,” 1 Mar 89, Rudolph’s files, D-file, Marshall IsIan s 1989. [D89]

570. Brown to Aquilina, 17 Mar 89, Rudolph’s files, D-file, Mars all Islands 1989,EH. [D79]

1571.

*

W. D. Jackson to Joe Dryden, 28 Apr 89, Brown, BNL Med i 89, NV. [H63]

572. Oscar de Bruin to members of the Nitijela, 22 Mar 90, Bro , NV. [H651l“”

573. Roger Ray, “Enjebi Information Summary,” Apr 89, with a ached “Author’sNote,” Ray’s Files. [H74]

t

574. Roger Ray, “Enjebi Information Summary,” Apr 89, with a ached “AuthofsNote,” Ray’s Files. [H74]

t575. Troy E. Wade II to Tom Bevill, 7 Apr 89, Brown, BNL Medi 189, NV. [H61]

T

576. P&D Technologies, Makine Ronee!aD Habitable Promsed Wodmlan for aPhase 2 Commehensive Studv, 12 Apr 89, Bell’s files, EH. [D108J

577. David L Wheeler to Harry U. Brown, 1 May 89, Brown, Ro clap File 5, NV.[H64]

T578. Ron de Lugo to Amata Kabua, 2 May 89, Rudolph’s files, Le ter Files, Letters-Marshall Islands-1 989, EH. [D80]

DRAFT

579. David L Wheeler to Harry U. Brown, 7 Jun 89, Brown, NY

580. Transcript of 2 Aug 89 testimony of DOE Secretary James Ithe Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs on the DepartRadiation Health Effects Research Program and Working Conditions24-25, attached to Jacqueline Knox Brown to the Hon. John Glenn,Executive Secretariat Collection. [ES5]

581. Charles B. Meinhold et al. to Rudolph, 5 Jun 89, RudolphLetter Files, Letters-Marshall islands 1989, EH. [D81]

582. William L Robison to Harry U. Brown and Charles B. MeBrown, NV. [H67’J

583. Casper Sun to Whom It May Concern, 15 Jul 89, Brown, ~[H68]; Charles B. Meinhold to Members of the Marshall IslandsReview Committee, 5 Mar 90, Enclosure 4, Brown, NV. [H76]

584. Transcript of testimony of DOE Secretary James D. Watkins,21-24, attached to Jacqueline Knox Brown to the Hon. John GExecutive Secretariat Collection. [ES5]

585. Harry U. Brown, memo for the record, 7 Aug 89, f?udoiph’~Letters-Marshall isiands 1989, EH, [D82]

586. Wliliam L Robison et al., “Comments on the Statements I30 Aug 89, DOE, Rudoiph Fiies, EH. [D83]

587. Robison et al., “Comments on the Statements by Bernd Fri[D83]

588. Harry U. Brown to Oscar de Bruin, 1 Sep 89, DOE, RudtMarshall islands 1989, EH. [D84]

589.

590.fries,

591.

592.Secrel

593.

W. D. Jackson to J. H. Dryden, 16 Ott 89, Brown, BNL Med

Lar~ L Morgan to WNiam H. Adams, 17 Ott 89, DOE, RUC,etters-Marshali Islands-1 989, EH. [D86]

Wiliiam L Robison to Harry U. Brown, 18 Ott 89, Brown,

Ron de Lugo to the Hon. James D. Watkins, 23 Ott 8’ariat Collection. [ES6]

Transcript of statement of iohn L Meinhardt, at the OveRongelip, pursuant to P. L 99-239 before the Hou~ SubcommitlInternational Affairs, 16 Nov 89, pp. 79-83, EH [H85]; Ron de LugoD. Watkins, 21 Nov 89, Rudolph’s files, Letter files, Letters - MarsEH [D871; “House Committee on interior and Insular Affairs, SubcoIand International Affairs, Statement by John E. Rudoiph, DefenseStates Department of Energy, November 16, 1989,” (hereafter “SRudoiph.”) [H 72]; “Statement of Senator Jeton Anjain on Behaif ofLocal Government before the Secretarial Panel for the Evacuation

151

:H66]

Watkins beforemt of Energy’sDOE sites, pp.

3 Ott 89, DOE

files, 5 Jun 89,

~oid, 10 JUI 89,

ge[ap 789, NV.tadiation Safety

Aug 89, pp. 18,m, 23 Ott 89,

Ies, Letter Fiies,

Bemd Franke,”

kc,” 30 Aug 89.

h’s fries, D-file,

ii 89, NV. [H70]

ph’s files, Letter

V. [H71]

DOE Executive

ght Hearing onon Insular and

the Hon. JamesIli Islands 1989,nittee on insularrograms, Unitedtement by John? Rongeiap Atoll)f Epidemiologic

DRAFT 152

Research Activities for the Department of Energy,” 28 M 89, , Rudolph’s files,Letter files, Letters-Marshall islands-1989, EH. [D90]

7594. “Statement of Senator Jeton Anjain on behalf of the Ro clap Atoll LocalGovernment before the Subcommittee on Insular and International

1

b airs, Committeeon Interior and Insular Affairs,” DOE Legislative Affairs Library. [G 9]

595, “Statement by John Rudolph,” 16 Nov 89, Brown, NV [H ; John C. Tuck to

1

Frank Press, 2 May 90, DOE Exmtive Secretariat Collection [ 3]; “Summary ofHearing Before the Subcommittee on Insular and International Aff K, November 16,1989,”22 Nov 89, Rudolph’s Files, D-File, Marshall Islands 1989, H. [G70]

5%.

1

Ron de Lu o to James D, Watkins, 21 Nov 89, Rudolph’ files, Letter files,YLetters-Marshall Is ands 1989, EH. [D8~

597. Kunio D. Lamari to Hunting Hardisty, 7 Dec 89, Rudolph’ files, Letter files,Letters-Marshall Islands 1989, EH. [D88]

1

598. Samuel Thomsen to Gerald Watson, 9 Jan 90, Brown, Ru+’

NV. [G48]

599.

t

“Informal DOE Agreement No. 90DIBO03,” 15 Dec 89, Bro , Enewetak NV,[H73]

600. “Statement of Senator Jeton Anjain on Behalf of the Ro gelap Atoll Local

1

Government before the Secretarial Panel for the Evaluation of Epid iologic ResearchActivities for the Department of Energy,” 28 Dec 89, Rudolph’s files, Letter files,Letters-Marshall Islands-1 989, EH. [D90]

601. 1Charles B. Meinhold to Harry U. Brown, 3 Jan 90, Rud ph’s files, D-File,Marshall Islands 1990, EH. [D91]

602. Harry U. Brown to Stephen Simon, 13 Jan 90, Brown, NV [G471I603. Draft, James D. Watkins to j. Bennett Johnston, 9 Jan , Rudolph’s files,Letter files, Letters-Marshall Islands 1990, EH. [D92]

1604. Thomsen to Watson, 9 Jan 90. [G48]

I605.

1

Harty U. Brown to Stephen Simon, 13 Jan 90, Rudolph’ files, Letter files,Letters-Marshall Islands 1990, EH. [D93J

606. 1William D. Jackson to J. H. Dryden, 1 Feb 90, Rudolph’ files, Letter files,Letters-Marshall Islands 1990, EH. [D%]

607. John E. Rudolph to Christine Gebbie, 22 Jan 90, Rudolph fil , D-file, MarshallIslands- 1990, EH. [D94]

t608. John C. Tuck to the Secretary Uames D, Watkins,] n.d., Ru Iph’s files, Letterfiles, Letters-Marshall Islands 1990, EH. [D95J

t609. J. P. Dickey to Gerald Watson, 24 Jan 90, Brown, Runit,

“i”. [G49]

610. W. John Tipton to Harry U. Brown, 2 Feb 90, Brown, Ene eta~ NV. [G50]

‘1

.

DRAFT

611. ]. H. Dryden to Addressees, 16 Feb 90, Rudolph’s files, IMarshall Islands 1990, EH. [D971

612.[G58]

613.

614.

William D. Jackson to J. H. Dryden, 18 May 90, Brown,

Roscoe M. Hall to Walter Kate, 23 Apr 90, Brown, NV. [(

Secretary James Watkins to Ron de l-u~, 8 Jun 90, RudolDlLetters-Marshall Islands 1990, EH. [D1oO] - -

.

615. j. H. Dryden to Addressees, 18 Apr 90, Rudolph’s files,Marshall Islands 1990, EH. [D98]

616. Harry U. Brown to W.H. Adams, et al., 18 Apr 90, Browr

617, Charles B. Meinhold to Harry U. Brown, 30 Apr 90, Brow

618. Bernd Franke, Why the Rongelap Wassessment ProjectMission. Rongelap Versus Eniwetak and Bikini: Equal Treatment?”and Environmental Research, May 90, Rudolph’s files, EH. [D99]

619. David M. Weiman to Joseph C. Karpinski, 1 May 90, Bro

620. Brush to Ray, 9 Jul 90, DOE Executive Secretariat CollecTuck to Frank Press, 2 May 90, Brown, NV. [G55]

621. Sen. Glenn to Secretary James Watkins, 4 May 90, Browr

622. “Statement of Senator Jeton Anjain on Behalf of the R(Government and the Rongelap People Presently Living in Exile,” Ap[G51J

623.

624.

625.

Harry U. Brown to David M, Weiman, 7 May 90, Brown,

E. Cooper Brown to Forrest Si~ 11 May 90, Brown, NV. I

Frank Press to John C. Tuck 18 May 90, DOE Executive Se[ES3]

,.

626. E. Cooper Brown to Bob Alvarez, 31 Aug 90, Bell’s files, I

627. Peter N. Brush to the Secretary, 20 Jul 90, DOE hCollection. [ES4]

628. Stella Guerra to Harry Brown, 2 Jul 90, Brown, EnewetiDryden to Harry Brown, 10 Sep 90, Brown, Eneweta~ NV, [G60

629. Guerra to Brown, 2 Jul 90. [G59]

630. Har~ U. Brown to W.H. Adams, et al., 17 Aug 90, Browl[G61]

153

ter files, Letters-

dL Medical, NV.

2]

files, Letter files,

tter files, Letter-

W. [G54J

NV. [G53]

id Not Fulfill Itsfiitute for Energy

I, NV. [G571

T [ES2]; John C.

W. [D122]

;elap Atoll Local990, Brown, NV.

v. [G56]

*].

!tiriat Collection.

. [D102]

utive Secretariat

NV [G59]; J.H.

Ml General, NV.

DRAFT 154

631. J. H. Dryden to Addressees, 6 Aug 90, Rudolph’s files, L tter files, Letters-Marshall Islands 1990, EH. [D101]

632. McDonald E. Wrenn to David Wheeler, 27 Aug M, Brown , NV. [G62]

633. William D. Jackson to J.H. Dryden, 19 Oct 90, Brown, BNL Uedid (91), NV.[G63]

634. Dryden to Brown, 10 Sep 90. [G60]

635. “Memorandum of Agreement Between the U.S. Department }f the Interior andthe lSli/Bikini/~lt Local Government Council for the Rehabilitation and Resettlementof Bikini Atoll,” 5 Ott 90, Brown, Bikini (91), NV. [Cl 1]

636. Stella Guerra to J.H. D~den, 25 Ott 90, Brown, Enewetak (91), NV. [G28]

637. Harry U. Brown to Oscar de Bruin, 26 Ott 90, Brown, NV [G64]

638. Stella Guerra to Har~ U. Brown, 6 Nov 90, Brown, Enewet a c (91), NV. [G65]

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15,

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

155

.

LIST OF MAPS

Pacific Ocean showing location of Marshall Islands in relation to I .awaiian Islands

and United States

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

Marshall Islands

Detailed map of Bikini Atoll showing location of target ships durir ~ OPERATION

CROSSROADS in 1946

Extended CASTLE danger area

Ship positions on 2 March, 24 hours after CASTLE BRAVO

Radiological surveys of several Marshall Island atolls, 18 Mar 54

Nuclear Detonation Sites on Enewetak Atoll

Background map showing relocations from 1946 to June 1954

Detail map of Ailinginae Atoll

Detail map of Bikar Atoll

Detail map of Bikini Atoll

Detail map of Enewetak Atoll

Detail map of Kwajalein Atoll

Detail map of Majuro Atoll

Detail map of Rongelap Atoll

Detail map of Rongerik Atoll

Detail map of Ujelang Atoll

Detail map of Utirik Atoll

Detail map of Wotje Atoll

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Source: Defense Nuclear Agency, %he Radio]CleanuD of Enewetak Atoll. 1981.

Map No. 8

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Source: Memorandum on Radiological Suof Several Marshall Islands A18 March 1954, LANL Records c1F-43 , B-195, Castle Fallout 01

Map No. 11

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Map No. 12

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Source:

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FIGURE 14. ISLANDS OF ENEWETAK ATOLL.

Defense Nuclear Agency, The Radi

Cleanup of Enewetak Atoll. 1981.

Map No. 13

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source: Memorandm on Radiologicalof Several Marshall Island:18 March 1954, LANL Record:F-43 , B-195, Castle Fallou’

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Map No. 18

Source: Defense Nuclear Agency,- C eanu of Enewetak Atol~e

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FIG. 2

Memorandm on Radiologicalof Several Marshall Islands18 March 1954, LANL RecordsF-43, B-195, Castle Fallout

Map No. 19

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