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YU ISSN 0354-7310
UDC 616-006
OFINSIruTEOF ONCOLOGY
SREMSKA KAMENICA, NOVI SADYL]GOSLAVIA
7t4Archive of Oncology 1999
rVisit the Journal's World Wide Web site at
http: //WWW.ONK.NS.AC.YU.htto: //WWW.ONCO-AID.ORG.\U.
trln aitro analyses of antiproliferativeactivity of novel platinum(ll)complexes with Sulfur-containingligands 0n MCFT human breast cancercell lineVesna KO]ICGordana BOGDANOVICTatjana SRDICDimitar TAKIMOVZivadinD, nUCnnOCMilob l. DURANDr agana C ETOE VIC -SIMINMirjana BALTiCVukadin LEOVAC
Original articleLrDC: 618.19-006:512.055.1:it6.i5i. i
Vesna KOJIC'Gordana BOGDANOVIC,Tatjana SRDIC'Dimitar JAKIMOV'Zivadin D. BUGARaIC,Milo5 I. DURAN'Dragana CETOJEVIC-SIMIN,Mirjana BALTIC'Vukadin LEOVAC,
1NSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY SREMSKA KAMENICA, NOVI SAD,SREMSK{ KAMENICA, YUGOSLAVIA,FACULTY
OF SCIENCE, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISIRY, UNIVER-SITY OF KMCUJEVAC, YUGOSLAVIA,FACULIY
OF SCIENCE, DEPARTMENI OF CHEMISTRY, UNIVER.SITY OF NOVI SAD, YUGOSLAVIA
C)
v
--r
remska Kamenica, Noai Sad, yugoslauia
ln uitro analyses of antiproliferativeactivily of novel platinum(Il) complexeswith Sulfur-containing ligands onMCFT human breast cancer cell line
Cbsfnacr,:,, I,::B^a7kground: The effects of two noael cisplatin analogues: cislpt(ClSCH2CH1SCHIrC;-
lPL:yd cis-[Pt(DMSo)rCl2I @t) on growth, induction if apoptosis and cell-cycle ltarnirt:::; .-MCFT humanbreost cancer cell line analysed alone or simultaneousty with Taxol are presoi;,;. :,..
this paper
M at eri al and tneth o d s : The plntinum(il) comprexes, cis-dichroro-1,2-bis(methylthio)ethaneplatinum(Il), (Ptl) and cis-dichlorobis(dimethylsulfoxide)platiturur1171, rp,.)cisplatin(cisPt) and Taxol (T) hatte been tested at different equimolai concentrations" Cells irer;exposed to complexes t'or 2h and let't to recooer in fresh medium t'or 24h, 48h or 72h, Groiuth irtltii-:-tion was messuredby tetrazoliumWsTl assay. Analyses of the cell cycle and apoptosis u)ere pL1-
form_ed by flow cytometry, at the same expostffe times, Thi lCuoaatui of each p:t conrylexas i( r.r, ,; jcombination index (Cl; Pt complex + Taxol) t'or uarious cytotoxicity leaels were detennined bu rr:;,i:-an elfecls analysis.
Results: MCFT cells uere t'ound to be sensitiae to both Pt complexes. The noael analogues irfi:r-enced the cell growth more effectioely as compared to Cisplatin. Cytotoxic effect was cotrcatrrttiot:ancl time-dependent, Profound growth inhibitory effect was obseroed t'or Pti complex, across its ttiiconcentrotions at all recottery peiods. A plateau effect wqs achieoed three days at'ter the treatnmi.;.:at PtL concentrstions S lpM. Pt2 , howeoer, decreased MCFT cells suntioal oity fo, the t'irst 2lhrangingbetween 50-55%' Pt2 cytotoxicity sharply decrensed thereafter, approaiiing zh - treatlrcntcytotoxicity level. The ffiedian lC50 values for pt1 and pt2 were similar (O.\SZ anA 0,30511114, ,rrprr_tiaely) but only t'ot the first 24h. The lC56 aalues for PtL stuongty depend on the recooery peiort, Onsimu,Itaneous exposure of cells to Taxol nnd Pt complexes no consisi;tent et'fect was t'ound. Tlrc CIs f orcowbinations of Taxol with-Ptl or Pt2 reuealed cytotoxic elfects that wiie in most cases synergistic(Ptl) or less than sdditioe (PtZ). Ftow cytometry analysis has shown that each pt complex incltrcelnpoptosis in MCFT cells' The lettel of apoptosis correlated zuith cytotoxicity leoel t'or the range con-centrqtions. Both Pt complexes, at lCq6 concentrations, increased the n *iq of MCFT cells in Gt)G1phase of ceII cycle' Pt2-treated cells remqined arrested in GsGl phase up to 72 h after the treatntent.Combination of Pt2 and Taxol caused further arrest of cetls in GsGl phase (2afi parallel with strongdecrement of G2M phase cells"
Conclusion: This study showed that hao noael Pt complexes containing sulfur thio ligandsinfluenu the MCFT cells growth more effectioely as compared to the parent irug. They diffir howe,-er, in their cytotoxicity prot'iles and in their interaction with Taxol as well, Thi ull cycti'ctrangesand induction of apoptosis in MCFT celts hnplicate a programmed cell death pathuay in celt-iiling,
Key zoords: Platinum complexesl CerI growth; fitoptosis; Ceil cycle; Breast cancer ceg line
Addr ess carr e spo nrience to :
Vesna Koirc. lnstilute al Oncology Srentsh Knmenica,Noui iad., Instrtulski put q,21[al Sremskn Knnrcnrca,Yrgoslaaui
Tlrc ruaruLscript uas receiaed: 25.11.1999.
Proaisionally accEted: 01.12.1999.
Acceated t'or ptLbltcation: 13.12.19gg.
(0 1999, institute of oncologv rn Sremska Kamenica, yugoslavia
*rix,
Clsplatin, cis-[PtC12(NH3)2], is a widely usedanticancer drug. The drug's greatest therapeuti-cal impact was found to be on testicular andovarian cancers (1). It has also proved to be ofbenefit in the treatment of wide variety of othersolid tumors (head and neck, lung, bladder, col-orectal and breast cancer) in combinationchemoiherapy regimens. Because of its severe
toxicty profile and the spontaneous develop-
ment of drug resistance in tumors, numerous pt
(ll) and Pt (lV) complexes have been sr.nthe-sized and tested for antitumor actrvrtr. tir Th.principle goal of these investigations rs obtain-ing an antitumor drug with higher solubilrtr,,,better antitumor activity, anci iower torrcitr.However, at present, only severai platinumtlilcompiexes (Carboplatin and Oxaliplatin) haveshown substantial anticancer activity in clinicajsettings. Despite this progress, the search forother platinum chemotherapeuiic agents is con-tinuing, since the carboplatin and other second-
153
Koji6 V.
generation platinum(ll) complexes, although
less toxic than cisplatin, appear to be highly
uoss-resistant with cisplatin.
The great majority of the second-generation
antitumor active platinum complexes are sttuc-
tural analogues of cisplatin with two amine or
amine groups in cis position. The presence ofthe N-H groups on the platinum antitumor
active complex is 1ikely required for a hydrogen
bond donor function, although steric effects can-
not be excluded a priori (3). But, most importantis that new compounds should lack cross-resis-
tance io cisplatin and carboplatin (4). It is
already known that this requirement can be
reached by using non-ammonia ligands.
Crsplatin and Taxol are highly suited for
combination chemoiherapy since they have dis-
tinct mechanisms of action (5). Taxol is used incombination with cisplatin in treatment ofmetastatic breast cancer patients who have
experienced resistance or refractory to anthracy-
clines (1,6). Taxol, unlike other common antimi-
crotubule agents, promotes microiubule assem-
bly (enhances the polymerization of tubule) and
thus disrupts the dynamic equilibrium withinthe microtubule system . Due to that, cells are
blocked in the late G2lM phase of cell cycle fol-
lowed by inhibition of ce11 proliferation.
The aim of the study was to examine the
effects of iwo cisplatin analogues with sulfurligands on the growth, induction of apoptosis
and cell-cvc1e parameters of MCFT human
breast cancer cell line. The platinum complexes:
cis-[Pt(cH3scH2cH2scH3)cl2] (Pt1) and crs-
[Pt(DMSO)2C12]) ft2) were analysed as single
agents or simultaneously with Taxol at equimo-
lar concentrations.
:,,,.,:..i I m.Ei il i[:filrffil-$ffiiiiiiiiiiiii:.ii.:..r:
lVIETHO.DS
CELL LINEMCF7, human breast adenocarcinoma,
estrogen receptor positive (ER+) cells grow as
monolayer in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's
medium (DMEM ) with 4.5% of glucose, sup-
plemeted with 10% of fetal caif serum (FCS,
NNNS) and antibiotics: 100 IU/m1 of penicillin
and 100 pglmg of streptomycin (lCN Gale-
nika). Cells were cultivated in flasks (Costar,
25cm') at 37"C in the atmosphere of 100%
humidity and 5% of CO2 (Heraeus). Expone-
ntially growing viable cells were used through
the assays. The viable cells were determined by
dye exclusion test (DET) with trypan blue (7).
TESTED SUBSTANCES
Synthesis and characterization of platinum
complexes
Distilled water was demineralized and puri-
fied to a resistance greater than 10 MO.cm. The
0 1999, Institute of oncology in Sremska Kamenica, Yugoslavia
compounds K2[PtCla], dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) were obtained from Aldrich Chemical
Co. and used without further purification. The
ligand CH3SCH2CH2SCH3 was prepared by
adding of hvo equivalents of CH3J to the corre-
sponding sodium salt of dithiol ligand in water
solution.
Al1 common chemicals were of reagent
grade.
The complexes crs-[Pt(CH3SCH2CH2SCH3)Cl2]
and cls-[Pt(DMSO)2C12] were prepared from
K2PtC14 according to literature procedures (8, 9).
The purity of these complexes was checked by
elemental microanalyses and 1H NMR measure-
ments.
cls-[Pt(CH3SCH2CH2SCH3)C12]
This complex was prepared by adding of
0.0785 g (6.42 . 10'mol) of CH3SCH2CH2SCH3
to a solution containing 0.266 g(6.42. 10*- mol)
of K2PtCia in 15 ml of water. The brown mixture
was stirred at room temperature for 3h. The
resulting light-yellow solution was left in refrig-
erator and stood overnight. The crystalline pow-der was filtered off, washed with ethanol, and
ether and then dried in vacuo for 10h. Yield
0.186 g or 74.6 l'kl. Anal. Calcd for cis-
[PI(CH3SCH2CH2SCHrC12l = CaHroSzClzPt
(FW = 388.15): C, 12,38; 11, 2.60, Found: C, 1 1.47;
H,2,54[',/,).
cls-[Pt(DMSO)2CI2]
This complex was prepared by adding of
0.009 mol of the dimethyl sulfoxide to a solution
containing 0.003 mol of K2PtCla in 10 ml ofwaier. The mixture was allowed to stand at
room temperature until ye11ow crysials precipi-
tated. The complex was filtered, washed withwater, ethanol, and ether, and dried in vacuo for
4 h. Anal" Calcd for cls-[Pt(DMSO)rC121 =C4H1 2S2O2C1rP t iFW = 422.24) : C, i 1.38; H, 2.86.
Found: C, 71.44; H, 2.77 ["/,).
Elementai microanalyses were perforrned
by the Microanalytical Laboratory, Faculty of
Chemistry, Universiiy of Belgrade and
Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University(USA). Al1 necessary pH measurements were
made at 22"C. The pH meter (lskra MA 5704)
H"C
-- s. ,clI \/zlPtl-- ,/ \sctH"c/
H.C.
s' ctl"c' \ ,'/-PrH"C ,/ \' .s, .clH.c"'
P12
Figyr.q 1, Platinum([):complqxeq,usd,iin, lhis,studi
was calibrated with Fischer certified buffer solu-
tions of pH 4.00 and 7.00. Proton NMR spectra
of D2O solutions containing TSP (3trimethylsi-lylpropane-1-sulfonate) as internal reference
were recorded with Varian Gemini 200 spec-
trometer (8,9).
The complexes llere tested alone t-rr sinui:a-neouslv with Taxol ai equimolar concentrations
ranging from 10{ to 10'M.
Drugs
Commercially a',,ailable solution for i. r'
administration of Cisplaiin, and Taxol (Ebeive,
Austria), served as stock solution. The range of
drugs concentrations, 104-10o M, were used, in
order to define IC56 concentration for particular
time point, The substances of adequate concen-
trations were added in volume of 10 ttl/we1l.
WST1 ASSAY
Cytotoxicity was evaluated by tetrazolium
colorimetric WST1 assay (Boehringer Mann-
heim). Exponentially growing cells were har-
vested and plated into 96-wel1 microtitar plates
(Costar) at seeding density of 5 x 103 ce1ls in a
volume of 90pl per well, and preincubated incomplete medium at 37oC for 24 hours (h).
Tested substances, at twice the required finai
concentration, in growth medium (10 pi/we1l)
were added to all wells except control.
Microplates were incubated for 2 h. After the
exposure period medium was changed anci cells
were left to recover for 24, 48 and 72 h respec-
tively. The wells containing cells wrthoui tested
substances served as control. Two hours before
the end of incubation 10 pl of WST1 solution
was added to all wells. Optical density was mea-
sured on a spectrophotometer plate reader
(Multiscan MCC340, Labsysiems) at
4921690nm. The wells without cells containinq
complete medium and WST1 onlv acted as
blanks. lnhibition of growth was expressed as a
percent of control and cytotoxicity was calculat-
ed according to the formuia:(1-ODrestloDControt) x 100. The substance
potency was expressed as the ICE(, (509i,
inhibitory concentration).
FLOW CYTOMETRY
Cell cycle analysis
Cell suspension (1x106/ml) was treated with1ml 0. 1% TRITON-X-1O0 for 5 min at 4oC, fol-
lowed by 20 pl RNA-ase (1mg/ml) in PBS,
stained with propidium iodide (PI) and ana-
lyzedby standard procedure. Flow cytometry
was performed on FACS Calibur (Becton
Dickinson) flow cytometcr,
Measurement of apoptosis
Cell suspension (1x10'/ml) was incubated
in dark, in staining buffer containing 20 pL of PI
and 20 pL of Annexin-V in HEPES buffer(Annexin-V-FLUOS kit, Boehringer). After the
incubation period stained cells were resuspend-
ed in HEPES buffer and analyzed by standard
procedure. Flow cytometry was performed on
FACS Calibur (Becton Dickinson) flow cytometer,
t
I
154
C) .ltttiproliintttite actit'ity and platinunt(ll) complexes uith sult'ru ligands
D.{TA A\ALYSISThe IC56 of Pt complexes and Tarol as rr'e1i
a: the rnteraction betu'een them tr'ere deter-
mined bi' median effect analysis (10, 11). The
anallsrs compares the effects of drug combina-
ii..ns to the effects of individual drug across the
enirre dose-effect range, indicatlng if the interac-
rrrn is svnergistic, additive or antagonistic. Data
Ln tables and figures represent the mean of the
quadruoie wel1s.
Ali calculations were performed with the
PC siatistical computing package.
REST.ILTS
Ihis study evaluates iwo novel cispiatin
anaiogues for their potential to inhibit growth of
\lCF human breast cancer cell line. MCFT cells
rvere exposed to platinum complexes alone or
srmultaneously with Taxol for 2 hours. The sur-
vivai of the cells was evaluated by the end of the
n'eatment or after recovery period of 24,48 and
72 hours respectively. The effects of drug com-
brnaiions at ihe IC25, iC56 and IC75 level were
cietermined by median effect analysis. The abili-
n'to induce apoptosis and cell cycle changes
lr'ere anaiyzed as well.
1ml
li:.. :aiiing behleen 50-559, The cviotoxiciiv
sharplv decreased thereafter, approaching 2h -
heatment cvtotoricity level. lncreasing the con-
centration above 0.1pM resulted in no addition-
al cytotoxicity resembling Pt1 cytotoxicity pat-
tern. The IC5g values for Pt1 and Pt2 are similar,
but only for the first 24h (0.337 and 0.3051pM,
respectively). The IC56 values for Pt1 decreased
by recovery period for the factor 10.
Figure 3. Compiiiion ot growth inhibitory effeii oiPi1 ind Pt2 complex to cisplatin at 72h and 2ah post
;;.,;:,;.,,;;;;; of MCFT ce,,s were
noticed for both complexes above particular
concentrations (>1pM for Pt1 and >0.1pM
respectively). In order to check out whether the
number of survived ce11s was really increased or
there was only change in the cell metabolic
activity, DET assay was performed under the
same experimenial conditions. The results
obtained highlv corresponded to those of tetra-
zolium assay. The linear correlation coefficients
were rptl=0.9361 and rptz=0.9086 respectively
(data not shown).
Combination of Pt-complexes and Taxol
were analyzed by median effect method, pri-
marily under the assumption that drug mecha-
nisms of action were mutually nonexclusive i.e.
were completely independent. A drug combina-
tion index (CI) was caiculated for three different
levels of cytotoxicity (25;50 and 75%). On simul-
taneous exposure of cells to Taxol and Pt com-
plexes no consistent effeci was found. The CIs
for drug combinations revealed cytotoxic effects
that were in most cases synergistic (Pt1) and less
than addrtive (Pt2). Median effect analysis
showed that interaction of Pt-complexes and
Taxol vary depending not only on the type of
complex, but also on the cytotoxicity level
(Figure 4).
It is well known that cisplatin can lnduce
apoptosis in various cells, in any cell cycle
phase, as a function of drug concentration and
exposure duration, but a period of cell cycle
"stasis" precedes the onset of apoptosis (5, 12,
13). We examined whether Pt complexes can
-.-rc -r-Tdd 1-PE+Tdol
"-"":T:.X:*,,":" :;H; ";,"."".;;;;;* ---
Figure 4. Effects of Pt complexes,alone and in combi-
naflon with Taxol on MCFT cell line survjval, deter-
mined,24h, 48h and TZh pgqt tieatment 2{h after
piating oeiis {5i1ff) were exposed to com:plexes ior
2h: Medium'wis,, ctr;n*.d and, Cetls were left to
recover. :Suivival was evaluated by tetrazolium
WSII assay atindiiated trme poinis Bars rePresents
mean of quadruple welts,,:::induce apoptotic cell death in MCFT cel1s. Flou
cytometry analysis has shown that each Pt com-
piex induced apoptosis in MCFi cells.
Prolonging the exposure iime of cells io Plcom-
plexes, at IC56 concentration, from 2 to 24h,
increased the totai number of apoptotic cells.
Both Pt1 and Pt2 induce higher apoptosrs ievei
at lower concentrations during the first 24h-po,"t
treatment that correlates with cytotoxicitv pro-
Table 1, Time-related effect of Pi complexes ort
induction of apoptosis rn MCFT cells Pt complexes
wue applied at ICig ioncenkations. The apoptosis
was analyzed Uy nnnexin-V ruUOS assay. Data are
given as a percent,of ap6rplobc iell number
;.;o*,*,r,o not shown)
Taxol alone induced strong apoptotic
response (38.22"1,), while in combination with
Pt2 under the same experimental conditions,
total number of apoptotic cells deueased
(30.25%). Pt1 induced higher total number of
apoptotic cells than Pt2, (24.15 and 13.88 respec-
tively ) at 24h post treatment but in all other
time points the values were similar (Table 1.)
8e'E;{
Pt1
\,
:!eoE:
-.-r.z* |
!
0., ,
Figure 2. Effect of Pt complexes on MCF/ ceil line
survival. 24h afterplating, celli (5x10) were exposed
io Pt complexes,,{or 2h' Medium whs changd and
cells were left to reiover fot 241;"48 and V''lh rcspec-
nvely. Survival wai,evaluated by tetrazolium WSTI
assay at indicated hme pointsr'Bars repres€nts mean
of ouadruple weils. ::
MCFT ceils were found to be sensitive to
both Pt1 and Pt2 complexes (Figure 2). The cyto-
toxicity profiles of these two novel Pt complexes
are different but each of them influences the ce1l
growth more effectively as compared to cis-
platin at equimolar concentrationsn (Figure 3).
Surr,ival rate depends on concentration and
recovery time.
A profound growth inhibitory effect was
observed for Pi1 complex, across its al1 concen-
trations at each recovery period. Prolonging the
recovery time from 24-to72h increased cytotox-
icity 0f Pt1, reaching plateau 72h post treatment,
at concentrations <1pM. Howevet, PtZ
decreased MCFT cells surv'ival only for the first
O 1999, Institute of oncology in Sremska Kamenica, Yugoslavia
155
i. -:r. 1-.
-..:: -.::. ,-.si:1atrr, rs ci cle-phase nonspecrf-
- -.. -. ::.::ed 'rr-rth ct'toiovc cisplatin concen-
-r::-,-.: ::.a.. remain arrested ai one or more
,:.:. : : ::.e cell cvcle for up to severai dar.s prior. :. :eath t1l) Both Pt complexes also
: - -:.i :ell ci'cle perturbations. Cells treated at
--: ,--:.entraiions oi Pi1 and Pt2 accumuiaied
, . :ra,.e of ceil o'cle, Pt1 transientlv (24h)
- - ::::i the number of cells in G2M phase of
-: -.,.: Ptl-treated cells remaineci arrested in. . -: 1.. l2h posi exposure. Taxol inhibits cell
. - : irr', €rS€ at the G2M phase junction (15). It,. :. -::.i that Pt2 in combination wiih Taxol
-,,-.,: ::aher arrest of ce11s in GgGl phase (24h)
:,-, .. ,.:th strong decrease of cells in G2M
:-,:.,:,-: fable2).
D I S S Cu Sl.S.I ,N,t:......;.,..,..1iti,i,i 1..t.l.
T::,e I iieits of Pt compleres on DNA content of:, -:- - '-
. : :--,::,:,:re-. were appti,*!,,{ffiCI,,tn.n!ennaiio*st:,
-:. l\-i contrnt, ll,inaiy :i:b,y:ii$ig$iBiii :
...::i.. ]:ta are,pvm.,a5. e1peiCerr1..oi:,4*i.nunitbep;14i.
:::.r.,; iell cvcle phase. ,
.- .,:,.: ::':i1*?3f jlI,lliX',..i}'?Y "
,n this paper we report on in aitro results of
.:.:^:umor activity of some non-classical plat-
:.:nill) complexes againsi human breast can-
-=: cell line. This study showed that iwo Pt
.-:rpiexes containing sulfur ligands strongly
,:::bited growth of MCFT cells in a dose and
::'e-ciependent manner. They also induced
,;;ptosis and cell cycle changes in treated cells.
-:.e rnteraction of Pt-complexes and Taxol var-
..: depending on the type of complex and the
:',':otoxicity level.
The iested Pt complexes are clsplatin ana-
-':ues. Ii is recognized that manipulation of the
::ructure of the leaving groups appears to influ-
=:.;e tissue and intracelular distribution of the
:..r,rp1exes, but upon interacting with DNA, the
.:able, carrier groups presumably determine the
s:ruclure of the adduct. The ultimate aim of the
:rodifications of the parent drug is to make ana-
,.rgues that produce different spectrum of DNA.esions and so circumvent the problem of resis-
iance to cisplatinum (1). It seems that differ-
ences related to carrier ligands influence both
;i-pes and frequencies of DNA lesions formed,
and consequently, various growths inhibiting
acti',,ity could be expected.
O 1999, Institute of oncology in Sremska Kamenica, Yugoslavra
Cis configuration of the tested Pi complexes
u'as identified as potentially critical for antineo-
plastic activity. They are platinum(ll) structures
assuming planar shape. Both ofthem have chlo-
rine atoms for so-called leaving groups. The
"carrier" hgands are cyciic moieties in Pt1, butnot in Pt2 compiex. It is already known that
structural difference of the carrier ligand may
greatly alter the spectrum of antitumor activity
of platinum complexes. The carrier ligand of Pticomplex consists of five-member dng, bound to
Pt atom by two bonds that make complex achelate, and more stable than monodentate ana-
logue Pt2, The carrier ligand of Pt2 complex con-
sists of two molecules of dimethylsulfoxide. The
lower toxicity of Pt2 might be attributed io itsfaster detoxification. As data on pharmacokinet-
ics and pharmacodinamics of the novel Pt com-
plexes have not been ar,ailable so far we can
only speculate on their structure-related activityassuming that, as clsplatin analogues, cytotoxic
mechanism(s) similar to that of the parent drugcould be expected.
The differences among the complexes were
also found r.vhen the effects of combination withTaxol were studied. Various kinetics of apopto-
sis - induction and cell cycle changes induced by
individual Pt complex, can explain, in part,
resulting differences of drug combinations. Pt
complexes, especially Pt2, induce apoptosis ear-
lier and arrest cells in GgCl phase of cell cycle.
Taxol inhibiis cell cycle traverse at the G2M
phase junction (15). By arresting cells in G0G1
phase of cell cycle Pt2 inhibited both Taxol-
induced mitotic arrest and apoptotic death. So,
less than additive cvtotoxic effect of Pt2 and
Taxol combination corresponds to early and
strong arrest of cells in G0G1 phase by Pt2.
We want to point out that the interaction of
Taxol and Pt-complexes was evaluated only on
simultaneous exposure of MCFT cells to the
drugs. It is known that interaction of Taxol and
clsplatin is highly schedule - and cell-dependent
(16,17). Kano et all. found that on sequential
exposure to Paclitaxel first, followed by cis-
platin, additive effects were observed in differ-ent cell lines including MCFT cells. On simulta-
neous exposure to the drugs additive and sub-
additive effects were obtained in 4549, MCFT
and PA1 cells. Our results with novel Pt com-
plexes at least in paft correspond with theirresults. Different mechanisms by which clsplatin
may exert dominance over Taxol suggested insome studies (5) must be kept in mind as wellas when analysis of Pt2 and Taxol interaction is
concerned.
CONCLUSIONThis study showed that trvo novel Pt com-
plexes containing sulfur ligands influence the
MCFT cells growth more effectively compared
to the parent drug. However, they differ in therr
cytotoxicity profiles and in their interaction rvith
Taxol as well. The cell circle changes and induc-
tion of apoptosis in MCFT cells implicate a pro-
grammed cell death pathway in cell-killing
Acknowledgment: The authors wish tothank Prof. Assist, Aleksandar Kerenji for crit-
ical reading of the manuscript and useful sug-
gestions and Mrs Ljiljana Krmpot for excelient
technical assistance^
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