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HURST’
SDICTIONARYOFDATES;
A TH ESAURUS
OF TH E
PR INC IPA L E V E NT S
SACRED AND PROFANE H ISTORK
FROM TH E
CREATION OE MAN'
PRESENT TIME.
from the m ost authentic sources, iric ludmg such standard Authorities
BIAIR’S Chr ono l ogy a nd H z
'
srory of t/co Wor ld ,
"ARCH BISH OPUbH ER
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b
Am za les Veter z'
s at Now' Testam entz’
,
“ L'
Ar t a’e verg
’
fier [es
D ates,
"
La Bz'
og rag/z z
'
e Généra l e,Vaperea u,
”
H aydn’
sj
ffla ry,
”Eta ,
Etc .
‘
BY H W IL L IAM S .
REV ISE D E D IT IO
“w!"
NEW YGRK
IIURST COMPANY.
PUBLISH ERS.
PRE FA C E .
This book nowoffered to the publ ic is designed to be one for con
venient reference for students and l iterary m en,and to give a general
outl ine of the History of the World in the order of its progress,to
those whose time and means wil l not al low them to spend months and
years in acquiring even a l imited knowledge ofHistory by the studyofmore elaborate works.
The author has endeavored to condense and arrange the contents of
the book in the best manner to facilitate research and impress factsupon the memory .
No effort has been Spared to insure strict accuracy in regard to the
events here recorded. But to col lect and arrange such a vast variety
of information from so many sources with comp lete accuracy can hardly
be expected.
Every reader ofHistory is aware that much which is recorded inancient History is mythological or traditionary
,hence the great discrep
ancy among historians as to the events they record. For this reason
great caution has beenobserved to select facts only from such sourcesas are generally acknowledged reliab le at the present day.
The historical chart wi l l be a valuable auxil iary to the work as the
rise,progress and decl ine of the several nations of the earth may thus
be easily traced. The names of the rulers recorded in the regal indextables maybe found
'
inother parts of the book at corresponding dates,
and the same maybe said in reference to the index tab le ofBattles.
The biographical index containsnearly names of the principalpersons mentioned in the book at corresponding dates
,and this with the
regal index wil l enable the reader to see what distinguished personswere contemporaries in different parts of the World’
s History .
As no work of the kind has ever been offered to the public,the
author trusts this wil l meet a great want,felt not only by historical
students and writers,but by society at large.
CON T E N T S .
C h r o n o l o g i c a l In d e x Tabl e s .
Chronol ogy of the PatriarchsGovernors and Judges of the Israel ites.
Kings of theKings of
Kings of
Kings ofAssyria before the DivisionKings ofAssyr iaKings ofBabyl onKings ofMedia
Kings of the PersiansKi ngs ofEgypt . .
Kings in Greece .
Kings ofMacedonKings ofSyriaPrinces and Kings ofJudea.
Kings ofRomeEmperors ofRomeRoman Emperors ofthe West
Roman Emperors of the -East
Kings ofItalyKings of Engl andKings of
Kings ofFranceEmperors ofGermanyKings ofSpainKings ofKi ngs ofSweden 18
Kings ofDenmark. 18
Sovereigns of Russia 19
Turkish Emperors 19
Margraves and El ectors of Brandenburg and Kings of Prussia 20Kings of 20
Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States. 21
P A R T I .
An c i e n t Syn c h r o n o l o gy—fr o m th e C r e at io n
o fM an to th e C h r i s t ian E r a—40 0 4 ye ar s .
DIVIDED INTO TEN PERIODS .
From the Creation, 4004B . C. to the Deluge, 2348,From the Del uge to the Cal l ofAbraham, 1921, 427
FromAbraham to the Exodus ofthe Israel ites, 1491, 430From the Exodus to the Entrance into Canaan, 1451, 40
From the Entrance to the Kingdom of Saul ,
From Saul to Sol omon’s Templ e, 91
From the Templ e to the Babyl onishFrom the Captivity to Al exander the Great,From Al exander to the OverthrowofGreece,From the Overthrow ofGreece to the Christian Era, 146
P A R T I I .
M o d e r n Syn c h r o n o l o gy—fr om th e C h r i stian
E r a
DIVIDED INTO TWELVE PERIODS .
A. D .
From the ChristianErato the Decl ine oftheRomanEmpire, 193 .
From the Decl ine to the Division of the RomanFrom the Division to the End ofthe Western Empire, 476.
From the beginning ofthe Dark Ages to the
From the H egira to Charl emagne at Rome. 800.
From Charl emagne to Wi l l iam the Conqueror, 1066.
From W i l l iam the Conqueror to the OttomanFrom the Ottoman to the end ofthe Eastern Empire, .From the end of the Eastern Empire to the Revol u
tion in Engl and, 1688
From the Revolution in Engl and to the American Revol ution,
From the Ameri can Revolution to the GreatFrom the Great Rebel l ion
INDEX TABLE or BATTLES.
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX .
1491
1451
1405
1323
1305
1285
1245
1236
1232
The History ofthe Judges difl’
ers
CHRONOLOGICAL REGAL INDEX .
TH E PATRIARCH S.
Creation'
ofAdam and
B irth ofSeth .
Bi rth ofEnos.
Bi rth ofCainan.
B irth ofMahal al eel .B irth ofJared .
B irth ofEnoch .
Bi rth ofMethusel ah .
B irth ofLamech .
B irth ofNoah .
B irth ofJapheth .
Birth ofShem.
TH E FLOOD .
B irth ofArphaxad.
G OVERNORS AND
hdoses.
Joshua.
Othniel .Ehud.
Shamgar .Deborah and Barak.
G ideon .
Abimel ech .
Tol a.
K ING S
[095 Saul .
1055 David and Ishbosheth .
1048 David .
11 C.
2311
2281
2247
2217
2185
2155
2126
1996
1921
1896
1836
1745
1574
1571
1210
11881182
1175
1165
1157
1137
1116
Chronol ogers.
OF TH E
1015
975
Birth ofSalah .
Birth ofEber.B irth OfPel eg.
Bi rth ofReu .
Birth ofSerug.
Birth ofNahor.Birth ofTerah .
Birth ofAbram.
CALL or ABRAM .
Birth ofIsaac .
Birth ofJacob.
Birth ofJoseph.
B irth ofAaron .
Birth ofMoses.
*JUD G ES OF TH E
ISRAEL ITES.
Jair .
Jephthah .
Ibz an.
El on .
Abdon .
El i .
Samson.
Samuel .
JEW S.
Sol omon.
DIVISIONor TH E KINGDOM
2245
2245
2124
K ING S OF JUDAH .
—TW O TRIBES.
DEs'c rs
' *ASSYR IA .
Nimrod founded Babyl on. 2059 NinusunitedNineveh andBobAshur founded Nineveh . yl on, forming the ASSYRIANBel us reigned in Babyl on . EMPIRE .
Anc ient Assyrian History obscure.
K ING S OF ASSYRIA BEFORE TH E D IV ISION.
2017
193 7
1446
14331421
1183
1139
840
747
728
820 Burned in hisArabs sei z e Nineveh . 790
Bel ochus. After the death ofSardanapaArtossa.
~
l us theASSYRIANEMPIRE ends,Bel atores. being divided into Assrau N,Tutaeus. BABYLONIAN, AND MEDIANThinaeus. KINGDOMS.
Sardanapalus.
K ING S OF ASSYRIA .
Tigl ath-
pil eser , cal l ed al soAr 717 Sennacherib.
baces. 712 Esarhad don .
Shalmanez er 680 Esarhaddon takes Babyl on.
B . C.
742
727
698
643
6417
610
610
600
598
588
Ahaz .
H ez ekiah .
Manasseh .
Am on .
Josiah .
Jehoahaz .
Jehoiakim .
Jehoiach in.
Zedekiah .
NEBUCHADNEZZARJERUSALEM .
ISRAEL .
—TEN TRIBES.
841
826
773
772
772
761
759
730
721
Jehoash .
Jeroboam II.
Zachariah .
Shal l um.
Menahem.
Pekahiah .
P‘ekah .
H oshea.
Shalmanez er, king ofAssyria,takes Samaria. END or TH E
KINGDOM OF ISRAEL .
2188
2122
2111
2100
2085
1920
1891
1822
1821
1729
1680
1577
1491
1491
1457
1376
978
825
737
725
670
K ING S OF BABYLON.
B . C.
Nabonassar . 605
Merodac Bal adan . 561
Esarhaddon . 559
Saosduchinus. 556
Ch ini l adon or Sarac-na. 555
NabOpol assar . 538
Nebuchadnez zar .Evi l Merodach .
Nerigl issar .
Laborosoarchod .
Bel shaz zar .Babyl on taken by Cyrus.
K ING S OF MED IA .
Arbaces governswithoutbeing 596
decl ared king. 595
559
Phraortes .536
Cyax arcs I.
K ING S OF
Cyrus the Great.Cambyses or Ahasuerus.
Sm erdis or Artaxerxes.
Darius or H ystaspes.
Xerxes the G reat.Artaxerxes Longimanus.
Xerxes II.
Sogdianus.
Scythians expel l ed.
Astyages.
Cyax arcs II. or Darius.
Cyrus .the Great, formsMED o -PERSIANEMPIRE.
K ING S OF E G YPT.
FROM MISRAIM To CAMBYSES 616
1663 YEARS. 600
594
Athotes. 571
Busiris founds Thebes . 571
Osymandyas. 525
King Shepherds seiz e Egypt 525
and reign 260 years.
Pharaoh .
Syphoas
Memnon invents l ett'
ers. 414
Amenoph is I. 408
Potiphar . 396
Hyksos, or shepherd k ings, 389
subjugate Egypt. 376
Rameses M iamum . 375
Pharaoh Amenoph is. 363
Sesostris. 362
Pheron . 350
Sethos.
Petubastes.
Sobacon invades Egypt. 323
So . 285
Psamm eticus. 247
Pharaoh Necho.
Psamm is.
Pharaoh H ophra.
Apries strangl ed .
Amasis.
Psamm enitus'
.
Cambyses conquers Egypt.FROM THE REVOLT FROM PERSIAN POW ER To TH E DEATH orALEXANDER .
Amyrtaeus.
Psammeticus.
Nephereus.
Acoris.
Psammuthis.
Nectanebis.
Tachos.
Nectanebus.
Conquered by Ochus, a Persianking.
FROM *PTOLEMY I. To DEATHOF CLEOPATRA.
Ptol emy Soter . (it)Ptol emy Ph i l adel phus.
Ptol emy Evergetes’l ’t0 1emy the astronomer fix es the reign
'
ofPtol emyon the year 305.
TH E PERSIANS.
424
404
361
338
336
330
Ochus or DariusNothus.
Artaxerxes Mnemon .
Artaxerxes Ochus.
Arses.
Darius Codomanus.
Al exander the Great conquersDarius.
END OF TH E PERSIANEMPIRE.
2089
2042
1856
1764
17 11
1710
1641
1582
1556
1552
1520
1516
1507
1506
1503
1493
1490
1474
1457
1438
1397
1383
1283
1266
1263
1263
1213
1204
1182
K ING S OF EGYPT,
Ptol emy Phi l opater .Ptol emyEpiphanes.
Ptol emyPhil ometer .
Physcon or Evergetes II.
Lathyrus Soter and Cl eopatra.
Al exander and Cl eopatra.
Lathyrus.
Al exander.
GREECE .
Si cyon founded by Egialus orInachusUranus arrives in Greece.
(Lengl et. )Inachus founded Argos. (Eusebius. )Del uge ofOgyges.
City ofArgos buil t byArgus.
(Enotrus emigrates to Ital y.
Criasus succeeds Argus.Chronol ogy of the Arundel ian
marbl es.
Cecrops founded Athens.
Triopas king ofArgos.
Corinth bui l t.Lel ex founded Sparta.
The Areopagus in Athens.
Crotopas king ofArgos.
Deucal ion. (Eusebius. )Cadmus founded Thebes.
Lacedaemon fourth king of
Sparta.
Danaus usurps the kingdom of
Argos.
Perseus buil ds Mycene.
Pandion king ofAthens.
Sisyphus king ofCorinth .
Ceres in Atti ca.
[Egaeus in Attica.
(Edipus king of Thebes.
Argonautic expedition.
Adrastus king ofArgos.
Rape of H el en by ThesenRape ofH el en by Paris.
fEneas sai l s into Italy.
R C.
65
51
47
43
30
1176
1170
1104
1088
1068
935
884
814
659
594
568560
510
491
409
404
362
336
335
284
268
191
147
146
(Continued )
Ptol emyAul etesPtol emy Dionysm s and Cl eo~
patra.
Ptolemy the younger and Cl eopatra.
Cl eopatra al one .
EGYPT BECOMESAROMANPRovINCE.
Teucer founded Saiam is.
Neoptol emus king ofEpirus.
Eurysthenes andProcl es k ingsofLacedaemon .
END OF TH E KINGDOM or MY
CENE .
END OF TH E KINGDOM or SIC
YON.
Codrus k ing ofAthens.
Bacchus king ofCorinth .
Laws ofLycurgus.
Macedonia founded .
Mac . )Cypselus king ofCorinth .
Sol on‘
Archon ofAthens.
Mycene in ruins.
Pisistratus Master ofAthens.
Democracy at Athens.
Leonidas king ofSparta.
Abol ition ofthe 400.
Sparta rul ing state in Greece.
Theban supremacy ends in
G reece.
Al exandermaster ofal l Greece.
Thrace annexed to Macedon.
Achsean League formed .
Antigonus' Gonatus master of
Athens 12 years.
Spartajoins the League.
Achaean League total ly de
feated .
Corinth demol ished.
GREE CE BECOMES A ROMANPROVINCE UNDER NAME or
ACHAIA.
(Vide
*Greece so called from Graecus, avery anc ient king. The years preceding the laws ofLycurgns are not strictlyh istorical, the eventswh ich d istinguish th em being commemorated ch ieflyby trad ition and poetry. In the first periods oftheir h istory the Greekswere governed bymonarchs ; and therewere as manykings as therewere c ities.
814
K ING S OF MACED ON.
Garanne.
786 Coenus.
774
729Thurimas.
Perdiccas I.
166
161
107106
79
70
70
63
K ING S OF MACED ON, (Continued )
B . C.
Argaeus I. 323 Phil ip Aridaeus.
Ph i l ip I. 317 Cassander .JEropas. 298 Al exander and AntipaterAl cetas or Al cotas. 294 DemetriusPol iorcetes.
Amyntas I. 287 Pyrrhus.
Al exander 1. 286 LysimachusPerdiccas II. 280 Ptol emy Ceraunus .
Archel aus. Mel eager 2 months.
Amyntas II. 278 Sosthenes.
Pausanias. 277 Antigonus Gonatus.
Amyntas II. 242 Demetrius.
Argaeus. 232 Antigonus Dosou .
Amyntas II. 220 Phi l ip .
Al exander II 179 Perseus.
Ptol emyAl ori tes. 168 END OF TH E KINGDOM or MACPerdiccas III. EDON.
Ph il ip II. 148 MACEDON BECOMES A ROMANAl exander 111. cal l ed PROVINCE .
K ING S
Sel eucus I. Nicator .
Antiochus I. Soter .Antiochus II. Theus.
Sel eucus II. Cal l inicus.
Sel eucus III. Ceraunus.
Antiochus III. the G reat.
Sel eucus IV. Phi l opater .Antiochus IV. Epiphanes.
Antiochus V.~Eupator .
Demetrius I. Soter.Al exander 1. Balas.
Demetrius II. Nicator .
Antiochus VI. Theus.
Diodotus or Tryphon.
Antiochus VII. Sidetes.
PRINCES OF JUDEA .
CALLED THE MACCABEES, OR ASMONEANPRINCES.
Judas Maccabeus, great-great 143 Simon .
grandson ofAsm oneus. 135 John H yrcanus.
Jonathan .
K ING S
Aristobulus.
Al exander Janneus.
Al exandra.
Hyrcanus.
Aristobulus. ROMANP8 0 7Hyrcanus restored.
OF SYRIA .
130 Demetrius II. Nicator reestab
l ished .
126 Al exander II. Zebina.
124 Sel eucus V .
123 Antiochus VIII. Grypus.
97 Sel eucus VI. Nicator .
93 Antiochus Ensebes.
92 Antiochus IX. Grypus.
91 Phi l ip .
90 Demetrius Euchares.
85 Antiochus Dionysius.
83 Tigranes.
69 Antiochus Asiaticus.
65 SYRIA BECOMES A ROMANPROVINCE.
OF JUD EA .
40 Antigonus.
37 H erod the Great.3 Archelaus.
A. D .
8 JUDEA BECOMESAINCE.
B0 0 .
7 16
7 15
672
640
616
578
B C.
45
44
27
A. D14
37
41
54
68
69
69
70
79
81
96
98
117
138
161
170
180
KING S
Romulus buil ds Rome.
Interregnum ofone year.Num a Pompi l ius.
Tul lus H osti l ius.
Anous Martins.
Tarquinius Priecne.
Servius Tul l ius.
‘EMPERORS OF ROME .
ifJul ius Caesar.Sl ain in the Senate H ouse.
Anarchy.
Augustus Caesar.
Tiberius.
Cal igul a.
Cl audius.
Nero.
Gal ba.
Otho .
Vi tel l ius.
Vespasian.
Titus.
Dom itian.
Nerva.
Trajan.
Adrian .
Antoninus Pius.
MarcusAurel iusAntoninus andLucius Verus.
Marcus Aurel ius al one.
Commodus.
DECLINE or TH E ROMAN EMPIRE .
193
193
193
211
217
Pertinax.
Jul ian ,66 days.
Septim ius Severus.
Caracal l a and Geta.
Macrinus.
A. D.
218 H el iogabal us.
222 Al exander Severus.
235 Max im inus.
236 Gordian the Elder and his son.
236 Pupienus and Balbinus.
238 Gordian the younger .244 Phi l ip.
249 Decius.
251 Gal lus.
253 Em il ianus 3 months.
254 Val erian and Gal l ienus his son.
260 Gal l ienus al one.
268 Cl audius II.
270 Quintil ius 17 days.
270 Aurel ian .
275 Tacitus 6 months.
275 Fl orianus 2 months.
276 Probus.
282 Carus.
283 Carinus and Numerianus.
284 Diocl etian.
286 Diocl etian and Max im ian .
304 Constantine and Gal erius.
306 Constantine the Great.337 Constantine II. , Constantine II.
and Constans.
361 Jul ian.
363 Jovian, at whose death the364 EMPIRE Is DIVIDED.
Ju l ius Caesar being made perpetual Dictator, the Empire ofthe Caesars comm ences.
ROMAN EMPERORS OF TH E W EST.
195
423
454
Val entinian .
Val entinian and Gratian .
Val entinian II. and G ratian .
Val entinian II. al one.
Eugenius.
THEODOSIUSmaster ofthewhol eRoman Empire,whichwas divided between h is sons at his
death , Jan . 17 , 395.
H onorius.
Val entinian III.
Petronius Maximus.
Avi tus.
A. D .
455 Interregnum.
456 Major ian.
461 Severus.
467 Anthem ius.
472 Olybius.
473 G l ycerius.
474 Jul iusNepos.
476 Augustulus.
476 Rome taken by Odoacer, atwich event theWESTERNEMPIRE ends, and the
KINGDOM or ITALY begins.
OF ROME .
B . C.
534 Tarquinius Superbus.
509 The Tarquins expel l ed.
CONSULAR GOVERNMENT begins,and continues independent 461years, ti l l the battl e ofPharesl ia.
A D .
364
378
379
395
408
450
457
474
474
491
518
527
565
945
476 Odoacer.
ROMAN EMPERORS OF TH E EAST.
Val ens.
Interregnum 5 months.
THEODOSIUS the Great.Arcadius.
Theodosius II.
Marcianus.
Leo the Great.Leo II.
Zeno.
Anastatius 1.
Justin I.
Justinian I.Justin II.
Tiberius II.Maurice.
Phocas.
H eracl ius.
Constantine III.
Constans II.
Constantine IV.
Justinian II.
Leontinus.
Tiberius III.
Justinian II. restored .
Phil ip Bardanes.
Anastatius II.
Theodosius III.
Leo III. , the Isaurian .
Constantine V. , Copronymus.
Leo IV.
Constantine VI. and Irene.
Irene al one.
Nicephorus I.Stauracius.
Mi chael I.Leo V .
Michael II. , the Stammerer .
Theophil'us.
Michael III.
Basi l I.,the Macedonian,
Leo VI. , the Ph i l osopher.Al exander and C onstantineVII. , Porphyrogenitus.
Romanus I.
, Lecapenus, ChristOpher, Stephen and Constan
tine VIII.
Restoration ofConstantineVII.
A. D .
959
963
969
975
1025
1028
1034
1041
1042
1042
1054
1056
1057
1059
1067
10671071
1078
1081
1118
1143
1180
1183
1185
1195
1203
1204
1204
1206
1217
1220
1228
1237
1261
1283
1328
1341
1355
1391
1425
1448
1453
Romanus II.
Nicephorus, Phocas II.
John Zim isces.
Basi l II. and Constantine IX.
Constantine al one
Romanus III. ,Argyrus.
Michael IV. the Paphl agonianMichael V. , Cal aphates.
Zoe and Theodora.
Constantine X . ,Monomachus.
Theodora. restored .
Mi chael VI. , Stratioticus.
Isaac, Comnenus I.
Constantine XL , Ducas.
Eudocia.
Romanus III. Diogenes.
Michael VII. ,Parapinaces.Andronicus I. , Constantine XII.
Nicephorus Botanistes III.
Al exius Comnenus I.
John Comnenus I.
Manuel Comnenus.
Al exius Comnenus II.
Andronicus.
Isaac Angel us.
Al exius Angelus.
Isaac Angel us restored, and
his son Al exius.
Al exius Mourz oufle.
Bal dwin I.H enry.
Peter de Courtenay.
Robert de Courtenay.
John ofBrienne andBal dwin II.
Bal dwin al one.
Michael Pal aeol ogus.
Andronicus II.
Androni cus III.John Cantacuz ene.
John Pal aeol ogus.
Manuel .John Palaeol ogus II.Constantine XIII.
Constantinopl e taken by Ma
homet II. END or TH E EAST“ERNEMPIRE.
'
KING S OF ITALY .
180 5 Napo l eon . Abdicated In favor493 Theodoric .
526 Amal asentha and Athalaric .
534 Theodotus. 536 Vitiges.
540 Interregnum. 54! Totila.
Interregnum. 553 Tejas.
ofGothic Kingdom in Italy.
ofhis son (who diedwithoutreigning).
1861 Victor-Emmanuel .1878 H umbert.
KING S OF
ENGLAND UNDER TH E ROMANS FROM
A. D .
179
209
306
449
55 B . C. To 449 A. D .
Jul ius Caesar invades Britain .
Cymbel ine king ofBritain .
Cl audius Caesar in Britain .
London founded.
Caractacus carried to Rome.
Boadicea defeated.
Suetonius Paul inus.
Jul ius Agri col a.
St. Lucius.
Severus.
Constantius dies at York.Vortigern king.
ENGLAND UNDER TH E SAXONS FROM
457
457
490
508
519
527
547
575
586
678
688
758
827
449 To 827 .
SAXONH EPTARCHY.
H engist founded Kent.El l a founded Sussex .
Prince Arthur .Cerdic founded Wessex.
Ercenwin founded Essex.
Ida founded Northumbr ia.
Ufi’
a founded East Angl ia.
Cridda founded Mercia.
Cadwal l ader .Ina, king ofWessex.
Ofi’
a, king ofMercia.
SAXONH EPTARCHY ENDS.
The seven kingdoms unitedinto one by the conquests ofEgbert under the name of
ENGLAND .
ENGLAND UNDER TH E ANGLO-SAXONS
827
838
854
860
866
872
901
925
940
946
955
959
975
978
1016
FROM 827 To 1013 .
Egbert.Ethelwolf.Ethel bal d.
Ethelbert.
Ethel red 1.
Alfred .
Edward the El der.Athel stan .
Edmund I.
Edred.
Edwy.
Edgar .Edward II. the Martyr.Ethel red II.
Edmund II. Ironside.
UNDER TH E DANES FROM 1013 To 1041.
1013
1016
1035
1039
Sweyn .
Canute.
H arol d I. H arefoot.H ardicanute.
UNDER TH E SAXONS FROM 1041 To
1066 .
ENG LAND .
A. D .
1041 Edward III. the Confesscr1066 H arol d II.
TH ENORMANMONARCHS.
1066 W i l l iam I. the Conqueror .1087 W i l l iam II. Rufus.
1100 H enry I. the Scholar .1135 Stephen (H ouse ofBl ois. )1141 Mati l da, or Maud, four mos .
1141 Stephen restored.
H OUSE .OF PLANTAGENET OR ANJOU .
1154 H enry II. Pl antagenet.1189 Richard I. the Lion-hearted.
1199 John Lackland.
1216 H enry III.1272 Edward I.
1307 Edward II.
1327 Edward III.1377 Ri chard 11.
H OUSE OE LANCASTER, CALLED TH E
RED ROSE.
1399 H enryIV. Duke ofLancaster .1413 H enry V.
1422 H enry VI.
’
H OUSE OF YORK, CALLED TH E WHITEROSE .
1461 Edward IV.
1483 Edward V.
1483 Ri chard III.
1485 Union ofthe two Roses.
H OUSE OF TUDOR .
1485 H enryVII. Tudor.1509 H enry VIII.1547 Edward VI. the Pius.
1553 Mary I. the Bl oody.
1554 Phi l ip and Mary.
1558 El i zabeth .
H OUSE or STUART.1603 James 1. Stuart.1625 Charl es I.
1649 COMMONWEALTH .
1653 Ol iver Cromwel l , Protector .1658 Richard Cromwel l , Protector.1659 RESTITUTION or MONARCHY.
1660 Charl es II.
1685 James II.
H OUSE or ORANGE AND NASSAU .
1689 W i l l iam 111. and Mary II.
‘
1694 Wi l l iam al one.
H OUSE or STUART.1702 Anne.
H OUSE or BRUNSW ICK, on TH E H ANO'
VERIANDYNASTY.
1714 George I.
1727 George II.
1760 George III.1820 George IV.
1830 W i l l iam IV.
1837 Vi ctoria
AA I)
503
843
943
953
959
963
970
987
995
1002
1033
1039
1057
1093
1094
1098
1107
1127
*K ING S OF SCOTLAND .
Fergus.
Kenneth Mac Al pine.
Mal colm I.
Indul f.
Duff.Cul en .
Kenneth II.
Constantine III.
Kenneth III.
Mal colm 11.Duncan I.
Macbeth .
Mal colm 111.Donal d III.
Duncan II.
Edgar .Al exander 1.
David I.
The origin of the Scots is uncertaincolm III. is obscure.
481
5 11
561
583
596
613
614
628
638
655
660
679
690
692
711
714
715
720
742
K ING S OF FRANCE .
1. MEROVINGIAN RACE.
Cl ovis, grandson of-Merovius.
Thierry, Chil deburt, Cl odomerand Cl otaire I.
Cl otaire al one.
Charibert, G-outran, Sigebert
and Chi l peri c .
Cl otaire 11. king of Soissons.
Th ierryII. and Theodobert II.
kings of Paris, Burgundy and
Austrasia.
Cl otaire II. al one.
Interregnum.
Dagobert and Charibert.
Sigebert II. and Cl ovis II.
Cl otaire II.
Chi l deric II.
Thierry III.
*Pepin H eristel , Mayer of thePal ace, governs France 24
years.
Cl ovis III.
Chi l debert III.
Dagobert III.
*Charl es Martel , son ofPepin,
Mayer ofthe Pal ace and Dukeof France, governs Franceabout 26 years.
Chil deric II.Thierry IV.
Chil deric III.
752
768
814
840
877
879
884
888
898
922
923
936
954
986
987996
1031
1060
1108
1137
1180
1223
1226
1270
1285
1314
1316
1316
II. CARLOVINGIAN RACE.
Pepin the Short, son ofCharl esMartel .Charl emagne and Carl oman.
Louis the Gentl e.
Charl es II. the Bal d .
Louis 11. the Stammerer .Louis 111. and Carl oman.
Charl es the Gross.
Eudes.
Charl es III. the Simpl e.
Robert, Usurper.Rodol ph .
Louis IV. the Stranger.Lothaire.
Louis V . the Lazy.
III. TH E CAPETS.
H ugh Capet, Usurper.Robert.H enry 1.
Phi l ip 1.
Louis VI. the Gross.
Louis VII.
Ph i l ip II. Augustus.
Louis VIII. the Lion.
Louis IX. St. Louis.
Ph i l ip III. the Bol d.
Phi l ip IV. the Fai r.Loui s X . H utin.
John I. , eight days.Ph i l ip V. the Long.
‘Pepin and his sonswere not styl ed kings, though they ex ercised supreme authority ; noswere theyoftheMerovingian race.
1153
1165
1214
1249
1286
1292
1306
1329
1371
1390
1406
1437
1460
1488
1513
1542
1567
1603
Mal colm IV.
W i l l iam.
Al exander 11.Al exander III.hdargaret
John Bal iol .Robert I.
David II.Robert II.
\
Robert III.James I.
James 11.
James 111.James IV.
Janu m'
V.
hdary.
James VI. becomesJames I. ofEngl and.
history ofthe country unti l the reign
K ING S OF FRANCE, (Continued )
Charl es IV. the Fair.IV. H OUSE OF
_VALOIs.
Phil ip VI. of Val ois.
John 11. the G ood .
Charl es V . the W ise.
Charl es VI. the Bel oved.
Charl es VII. the Vi ctorious.
Louis XI.
Charl es VIII.
Louis XII. Father of the Peopl e.
Francis 1. the Gentl eman.
H enry 11.
Francis 11.
Charl es IX. the Bl oodyH enry III.
V'
. H OUSE OF BOURBON.
H enry IV. the Great.
Louis XIII. the Just.
A. D .
1643
1715
1774
1792
1793
1804
1814
1824
1830
1848
1852
Louis XIV. the Great.Loui s XV.
Loui s XVI.
Louis XVI. deposed.
Louis XVI. executed .
FRENCH EMPIRE.
Napol eon Bonaparte Emperor .
BOURBONS RESTORED .
Louis XVIII.
Char l es X .
H OUSE or ORLEANS.
Louis Ph i l ippe.
FRENCH REPUBLIC.
Louis Napol eon Bonaparteel ected President.EMPIRE RIB-ESTABLISHED .
Napol eon III. Emperor of theFrench .
1870 Republ ic Re-establ ished .
EMPERORS OF G ERMANY .
Charl emagne, or Charl es theGreat.Louis the Gentl e.
Lothaire 1.
Louis II.
Charl es II. the Bal d.
Interregnum .
Louis 111.
Charl es III. the Fat.Arnoul d .
Louis IV.
Conrad 1.H enry I. the Fowl er.Otho I. the Great.Otho II. the Bl oody.
Otho III. poisoned.
H enry II. the Lame.
Conrad II.
H enry 111.
H enry IV. deposed .
Rodol phus k i l l ed in battl e.
H enry IV. reinstated.
H enry V .
Lothaire II.Conrad III.
Frederi c I. Barbarossa.
H enryVI.
Ph i l ip .
Otho IV.
Frederic II.Conrad IV.
Rodolph ofH apsburg.
1291
1298
1308
1314
1347
1378
1400
1410NI4SS
1440
1493
1519
1556
1564
1576
1612
1619
1637
1658
1705
1711
1742
1745
1765
1790
1792
1806
1815
1835
1848
Adolphus ofNassau.
Albert ofAustria.
H enryVII. of Luxemburg.
Louis V .
Charl es IV.
Wenceslaus.
Robert, Count Pal atine.
Sigismund .
Al bert II. ofAustria.
Frederic III.
Maxim i l ian 1.
Charl es V.
Ferdinand I.
Maximi l ian II.Rodol ph II.
Matthias.
Ferdinand II.Ferdinand III.Leopol d I.
Joseph 1.
Charl es VI.
Charl es VII.Francis I. Duke ofLorraine.
Joseph 11.
Leopol d 11.Francis 11. til l 1806.
CONPEDERATIONor TH E RHINE.
Francis 11. takes the ti tl e of
EMPEROR or AUSTRIA.
GERMANIC CONPED ERATION.
Ferdinand I. ofAustria.
Francis Joseph .
KING S
KING S
Regnard Lobroek .
Reigns uncertain.
Eric the Victor .Ol af.Edmund Jacobson .
Edmund or Amand III.H aquin .
Si enkel l .
Ingo I.
H al stan.
Phi l ip .
Ingo II.
Ragwal d.
Magnus I
Suercher 11.
Eri c X .
Charl es VII.Canute.
Suercher III.
Eri c XI.John 1.
Eri c XII.Wal demar.Magnus II.B irger II.
Magnus 111.
Al bert.Margaret.
KING S
Gormo I.
Ragnor Lodbrog.
Sigefrid.
G odefrid.
Olaus I.
H emming.
Siward and Ringon.
H arol d and Regner .Siward 11.
Eric.
PORTUGAL, (Continued )
A. D.
1777
1799
1826
1826
1828
1834
1853
1861
MaryFrances Isabel la.
John VI.
DonPédro.
Maria de G l oria.
Don Miguel .Maria 11:Nov. 15. Death ofMaria IIPeter V . (Don Pedro) .king.
Dec . 19 . King: consort, regentLoui s Phi l ip .
1889 Charl es I.
SW EDEN.
1411
1441
1448
1458
1497
1520
15281556
1569
1592
1606
1611
1632
1654
1660
1697
17 18
1720
1751
1771
1792
1809
1818
1844
1859
1851
Eric XIII.
Christopher.Charl es VIII.Christian I.
John II.Christian II.Gustavus I. Vase.
Eri c XIVJohn 111.Sigismond I.Charl es IX.
Gustavus Adolphus II.Christina.
Charl es X .
Charl es XI.Charl es XII.
U l ri ca El eanora.
Frede i ic .
Adol phus Frederi c .Gustavus Adolphus III.Gustavus Adolphus IV.
Charl es XIII.
‘
Cha rl es John XIV.
Oscar Frederi c .Charl es XV .
Oct. 3 1. Princess Louise(H eiress) born .
1872 Oscar II.
DENMARK .
858
863
873
9 15
920
925
928
930
935
980
Eri c II.
G ormo the Ol d.
Canute I.
Frothon .
Gormo II.
H arol d .
H ardicanute.Gormo III.H arol d III.Suenon.
A D .
1014
1036
1041
1048
1079
1080
086
-097
1106
1135
1138
1147
1157
1182
1202
1240
1250
1252
1259
1286
1319
1340
KING S OF DENMARK , (Continued )
Canute II. the Great.H ardicanute.
Magnus I.
Suenon II.
H arol d IV.
Canute III.
Ol aus II.
Eri c III.
Nich o las.
Eri c IV.
Eri c V .
Suenon III.
Wal demar the Great.Canute V.
Wal demar II.Eri c VI.
-Abel 1.
Christopher I.Eri c VII.
Eric VIII.Christopher II.Wal demar III.
SOVERE IGNS OF RUSSIA .
GRAND DUKES.Rurick .
Ol ga.
Woladim ir .
Jurie, or George 1.Andrew.
Tartar Invasion .
Ivan or John III.
CZARS on. KINGS.
Ivan IV.
H OUSE or ROMANOFF .Michael Theodore Romanofi‘;Al exis.
Theodore.
Ivan V.
Ossman or Othoman I.
Creham.
Amurath I.
Bajaz et I.
Isa Bel is.
Sol yman.
Musa.
Mahomet I.
Amurath II.
Mahomet II.Cortacus.
Kemin .
Bajazet.
1689
1725
1727
1730
1740
1741
1762
1762
1796
1801
1825
1855
1843
Peter I. the Great.Catharine I.Peter II.
AnneIvan VI.
El iz abeth .
FAMILY or H OLsrnm .
Peter III.
Catharine II.
Paul .Al exander .Nic hol as.
Al exander II.
Sept. 20. H is son Ni cholas.H ei r) born .
1881 Al ex ander 111.
TURK ISH OR OTTOMAN EMPERORS.
1512
1520
1566
1574
1595
1604
1617
1617
1622
1623
1640
1655
Sel im I.
Sol yman II.Sel im II.
Amurath III.
Mahomet III.Achm et.
Mustapha I.
Osman I.
Mustapha I. restored.
Amurath IV.
Ibrahim.
Mahomet IV.
Ol aus III.
Margaret 1. Queenmark and Norway.
Er ic IX.
Christopher III.Christian I.
John .
Chr istian II.Frederic I.
Christian III.
Frederi c II.
Christian IV.
Frederic 111.
Christian V.
Frederi c IV.
Christian VI.Frederic V.
Chr istian VII.Frederic VI.
Christian VIII.Fred eri c VII.
Christian IX.
A. D .
1687
1691
1695
1703
1730
1754
1757
1774
TURKISH OR OTTOMANEMPERORS, (Con tinued
So lyman III.
Achm et II.
Mustapha II.
Achm et III.
Mahomet V.
Osman II.
Mustapha III.
Abelham et or Achm et IV.
A. D .
1789
1807
1808
1839
1861
1876
1876
Sel im III.
Mustapha IV.
Mahmoud II.
Abdul -M edjid.
Abdul -Az is.
Am urath V .
posed.
Abdul -H amid II.
(Mahomet VI. )
(Murad ) De
MARGRA'
VES AND ELECTORS OF BRAND ENBURG ,AN
'
D
KING S OF PRUSSIA .
927
1416
1417
1440
1470
1476
1499
1535
1571
1598
1608
1619
Sifroi,margrave of Branden
burg.
G eron of Lusatia.
Frederick IV. ofNuremburg.
Made el ector of BrandenburgFrederick II.
Albert I.
John .
Joach im I.
Joach im II.John G eorge.
Joach im Frederick.
John Sigismund.
G eorge W il l iam .
KING S OF
Stephen,duke, receives th e
titl e of king.
Peter I. deposed.
Otto .
Peter restored .
Andrew.Bel a.
So l omon.
G eiga I.
St. Ladislaus.Col om an .
Stephen II.
Bela II.
G eiga 11.
Stephen III.Bela III.
Emeric .
Ladislaus II.AndrewII.
Bela IV.
StephenLadisl aus III.AndrewIII.
W en ceslaus.
Otho .
Charl es Robert.Louis I. the G reat.Mary.
Mary an ] her husband Sigismund.
1640
1688
1701
1713
1740
1786
1797
[840
1861
1888
1888
Frederick W i l l iam th e G reat.Frederi ck,whowas made kingof Prussia in 1701 .
KINGS or Pavssm .
Frederick I.
Frederi ck W i l l iam I.
Frederick II. th e G reat.Frederi ck W i l l iam H .
Frederick W i l l iam III.
Frederick W i l l iam IV.
W il l iam I. (diedMarch 9 ,
Frederick (W i l l iam ) III. (di edJune 15,W il l iam II.
Albert.Ladislaus IV.
Ladislaus V,
Matthias I.
Ladisl aus VI.
Louis 11.
John Sepusius deposed.
Ferd inand,king of Bohemia.
John Sepusms again .
John II.
Maximi l ian.
Rodo lphus .
Matthias II.
Ferd inand II.
Ferdinand III.
Ferdinand IV.
Leopol d .
Joseph .
Charl es VIMaria Theresa.
Joseph II. ,h er son
, (Emperorof G ermany,L eopo l d II. ,
brother, (al soEmperor. )Fran c. I, (Franc. II. ofG er
many.
Ferdinand V. (Ferd. I. as
Emperor ofAustria. )Fran cis-Joseph , crowned KingofH ungary, 1867.
PRESIDENTS AND V ICE PRESIDENTS OF TH E
1789
1797
1801
1805
1809
1813
1817
1825
1829
1833
1837
184]
1845
1849
1850
1853
1857
1861
1865
UNITED STATES.
FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 1789- 97 ; - 8 YEARS.
George Wash ington, Virginia, President.John Adams, Massachusetts, Vi ce Presid ent.
SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 1797—1801 ;—4 YEARS.John Adams, Massachusetts, President.Thomas Jefierson, Virginia, Vi ce President.
THIRD ADMINISTRATION. 1801—09 ;—8 YEARS.Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, President.Aaron Burr , NewYork , Vi ce President.G eorge Cl inton , NewYork, Vi ce President.
FOURTH ADMINISTRATION. 1809—17 ;—8 YEARS.
James Madison,Virginia, President.
George C l inton, NewYork , Vi ce President.Elbridge G erry, Massachusetts, Vi ce President.
FIFTH ADMINISTRATION. 1817- 25 ;—8 YEARS.
James Monroe, Virginia, President.Daniel D . Tompkins, NewYork, Vi ce President.
SIXTH ADMINISTRATION. 1825—29 ;—4 YEARS.John Q . Adams, Massachusetts. President.John C. Cal houn , South Carol ina, Vi ce President.
SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION. 1829- 37 ;—8 YEARS.
AndrewJackson, Tennessee, President.John C . Cal houn, South Carol ina, Vice President.Martin Van Buren , NewYork, Vi ce President.
EIGHTH ADMINISTRATION. 1837—41 ; —4 YEARS.
Martin Van Buren , NewYork, President.
Ri chard M . Johnson, Kentucky, Vi ce President.NINTH ADMINISTRATION. 1841-45 ;—4 YEARS.
Wi l l iam H . H arrison , Oh io, President.
John Tyl er, Virginia, Vi ce President, becam e President».TENTH ADMINISTRATION. 1845—49 ;—4 YEARS.
James K . Pol k , Tennessee, President.George M . Dal las, Pennsylvania, Vice President.
ELEVENTH ADMINISTRATION. 1849- 53 ;—4 YEARS.
Zachary Tayl or, Louisiana, President.Mi l l ard Fi l lmore, NewYork, -Vi ce President, becamePresident.
TWELFTH ADMINISTRATION. 1853—57 ; -1 YEARS.
Frankl in Pierce, NewH ampsh ire, President.W i l l iam R . King, Alabama, Vi ce President. (Di ed Apri l
THIRTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 1857—61 ;—4 YEARS.
James Buchanan , Pennsyl vania, President.John C. Breckenridge, Kentucky, Vice President.
FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 1861- 69 —8 YEARS.
Abraham Lincol n, Il l inois, President. Assassinated 1865.
H annibal H am l in , Maine, Vi ce PresidentAndrew Johnson, Tennessee, Vice President, became President.
PRESIDENTS AND VICE -PRESIDENTS OF TH EUNITED STATES . C on tinued .
FIFTEENTH ADMINISTRATION 1869- 77 ;—8 YEARS.
1869 U lysses S. G rant, D istrictCo l umbia, President.Schuyl er Co l fax, Indiana, Vi ce President. (D ied 1885.
1873 G en . G rant re-el ected . (Died July23, 1885 .
H enryW i l son ,Massachusetts, Vice President. (D ied
SIXTEENTH ADMINISTRATION 1877-8 1; —4 YEARS1877 RutherfOId Birchard H ayes, Oh io President.
Wm . A. W heel er, NewYork, Vi ce President. (D iedSEVENTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 1881—85;—4 YEARS.
1881 James A. Garfiel d , Ohio , President. (Assassinated 1881 .
Chester A. Arthur,NewYork, Vice President.1881 became President. (Died November
EIGHTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 1885 89 ; -4YEARS.
1885 G rover C l eveland,NewYork, President.Thos. A. H endricks, Indiana, Vice President. (D ied
NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 1889—93 ;—4 YEARS .
1889 Benjamin H arrison ,Indiana, Presiden t.
Levi P . Morton,NewYork , Vice Presiden t.EMPIRE OF GERMANY .
Napol eon I. formed a Confederation of the Rh ine,France
,Bavaria
, Saxony, W urtemberg, W estphal ia
,etc. ,
Jul y 12, 1806 - 14,wh ichwas superseded
June August 24, 1866 , by the G ermanic Confederation ,wh ich be
camewith Prussia, etc . ,the G erman Empire, January
1871 W i l l iam Prussia. (D ied March1888 Frederick (W il l iam ) III. (D ied June 15,1888 W i l l iam II.
KING S OF GREECE .
1863 G eorge I. (El ected )
KING S OF TH E NETH ERLAND S.
1806 Louis Bonaparte, King ofH 0 1 1840 W il l iam II. D ied , 1849 .
land . Abdicated , 1810 1849 W il l iam III. D ied,1890.
1815 W il l iam -Frederi ck, Pr1nce of 1890 W i l helmina, a minor, repres
Orange, proc l aimed K ing of entedbyQueen Emma,Regent.
the Netherlands. Abd i cated1840. D ied 1843 .
RULERS OF M ODERN EGYPT.
(Khedives, or H ereditaryVice-Sul tans nearl y independent1806 Mehem et Al i Pasha. Abdi I1854 Said, h is brother. D ied, 1863.
cated, 1848. D ied , 1849. l 1862 Ismail , n ephew, deposed
1848 Ibrah im,adopted son , Abbas,
I1879 M echm et Tewfik .
his son.
KING S OF TH E BELG IANS.
1831 Leopold I. D ied 1865. 1865 Leopo ld II.
KING S OF BAV'
ARIA.
1806 Maximi l ian -Joseph (Max -Jo 1864 Louis II. (Insane suicide,seph II. , El ector of Bavaria. )
1825 Louis I. , Abdicated , 1848 . 1886 Otho . (Insane ; RepresentedD ied ,
1868 . by Regent, Prince Luitpo l d . )1848 Maximil ian-Joseph II.
H URST’
S
ONARY OF ATES.
OF TH E
PRINCIPAL EVENTS, FROM THE CREATION OF MAN TO THE
PRESENT TIME.
PART I. ANCIENT SYNCH RONOLOGY.
FIRST PERIOD .
FROM THE CREATION TO THE DELUGE 1656 YEARS.
Creationofthe world, according to Archbishop Usher,who forlows the Hebrew Pentateuch , and is here adopted as the mostgeneral ly received standard. The Samaritan Pentateuchp laces the Creation 4700
,B . C. ; the Septuagint, 5872 ; JO
sephus,4658 ; the Talmudists, 5344; and Dr . Hales 5411 .
Plato fixes this epoch much earl ier ; and the Chinese carry itback hundreds ofthousands ofyears
,while the ancient Chal
dean astronomers place the origin of society at no less thanyears. Kennedy aflirms that there are as many as
300 different opinions respecting the length of time whichelapsed between the creation of the world and the birth ofChrist . It must be observed that by CREATION OF TH E
W ORLD nothing more can be understood nowthan the INTRODUCTION OF TH E HUMANRACE INTO IT the science ofgeology having demonstrated that it is utterly impossible to as
sign a date to its creation .
The fal l ofman and the promise ofa Saviour .The birth ofCain
,the first-born ofwoman
,a husbandman.
The birth ofAbel,Adam’
s second son.
Abel murdered by Cain,his brother .
Seth is born,when Adam
,his father
,is 130 years Old.
Enos .is born, Seth being 105 years old.
Cainan born,Enos being 90 years old.
Mahalaleel born,Cainan being 70.
Jared born,Mahalaleel being 65 .
Enoch born,Jaredbeing 162.
Methuselah born,Enoch being 65.
Lamech born,Methuselah being 187.
Adam dies,aged 930.
Enoch translated ; he had l ived 365 years.
Seth dies,aged 912.
Noah born,Lamech being 182.
Enos dies,aged 905 .
Cainan dies,aged 910.
Mahalaleel dies,aged 895.
Jared dies,aged 962.
God denounces the flood,and commandsNoah to build the arkJapheth born, the eldest son OfNoah .
Shem born,youngest son ofNoah .
Lamech'
dies,aged 777 , being the firstwho is recorded to have
died a natural death before his father .Methuselah dies
,aged 969 .
TH E DELUGE.
SECOND PERIOD .
FROM THE DELUGE TO THE CALL OFABRAHAM—427 YEARS.
2347
2346
2311
2281
2247
2245
2234
2217
2207
Noah,being now601 years Old
,takes Ofl
'
the roof ofthe ark,
'
on
the first day of the first month ; and on the twenty-seventhdayofthe second month Noah qu its the ark. H e offers sac
rifices Ofthanksgiving . God appoints the rainbow as a pledgethat he will send no more a universal deluge.
The descendants ofNoah dispersed through the earth ; thoseofShem probably in Asia
,OfH am in Africa
,and ofJanheth
in Europe.
The curse pronounced upon the descendants ofH am .
Wine made by Noah from the grape.
Arphaxad born,son ofShem .
Salah born,son ofArphaxad.
Eber born,son ofSalah .
Peleg born,son ofEber .
Bricks made,and cement used to unite them . The bui lding of
the tower OfBabel,the confusion of languages and disper
sion ofthe nations.
BABYLON founded by Nimrod, son of Cush and grandson of
H am .
NINEVEH founded by Ashur, son of Shem .
Astronomical Observations are first made at Babylon.
Reu born,son ofPeleg.
Fohi, (perhaps Noah) is mentioned as the first Chinese mon
arch .
TH IRD PERIOD .
FROMABRAHAM TO THE EXODUS OFTHE ISRAELITES—43OYEARS.
B . C .
1921
1920
1917
1912
1911
1910
1897
1896
1893
1891
1871
1859
1856
1847
1836
1822
1821
18 17
1804
1800
1766
1764
1760
1753
Abram comes into Canaan with Sarai,his wife
,and Lot
,his
nephew,and dwells at Sichem .
Abram goes into Egypt. Pharaoh takes his wife, but soon re
turns her again.
Gold and si lver first mentioned as money.
Lot leaves Abram and goes to dwel l at or near Sodom .
Abram del ivers Lot from captivity,and receives the blessing
ofMel chizedec.
Sarai gives her maid Hagar for a wife to her husband Abram .
Ishmael born,son ofAbram and Hagar . Abramwas 86 years
Ol d.
The newcovenant Of the Lord with Abram .
God promises him a numerous posterity ; his name changed toAbraham
,and that of Sarai to Sarah . ircumcision insti
tuted. Abraham entertains three angels under the appearance of travelers. They promise him Isaac .
Sodom,Gomorrah
,Admah and Zeboim burnt by fire from
heaven. Lot is preserved in answer to Abraham’
s interces
sions retires to Zoar .Abraham departs from the plain ofMamre to Beer-Sheba.
Isaac,the child of promise
,is born ;
Isaac 1s weaned,and Ishmael
,with Hagar his mother
,is sent
away by Abraham .
Letters first used in Egypt by Syphoas.
Abraham commanded to Offer Isaac in sacrifice.
Sarah dies,aged 127 years.
Isaac marries Rebekah .
The kingdom ofArgos established under Inachus.
Shem,the son ofNoah
,dies.
Jacob and Esau,twin sons of Isaac and Rebekah are born.
Memnon invents the Egyptian alphabet .Abraham dies
,aged 175 .
Eber,the fifth from Noah
,dies.
Amenophis I . is acknowledged king Of al l Egypt .
Isaac covenants with Abimelech,king Of Gerar .
The Pelasgians,under Inachus
,settle in Peloponnesus about
this time.
China,the Second Imperial dynasty, begins.
The deluge ofOgyges in Attica, wh ich remains waste over200 years
,til l the coming of Cecrops.
Jacob fraudulently Obtains the blessing from Isaac and withdraws into Mesopotam ia to his uncle Laban .
After seven years’ service,Jacob marries Leah and Rachel,
Laban’s daughters.
Joseph’s elder brethren al l born dur ing the second sevenyears ofJacob’s serving Laban.
Joseph born,son ofJacob and Rachel .
Jacob’s name changed to Israel .The rape of Dinah .
Benjamin born,son ofRachelwho dies near Bethlehem
,when
Jacob went to payhis vows at Bethel .Joseph sold into Egypt
,and there sold as a slave to Potiphar
Joseph,falsely accused by the wife ofPotiphar
,his master
,Is
committed to prison.
Isaac dies,aged 180 years.
Pharez and Zerah are born of Tamar by Judah,her father -Ih
law.The beginning Ofthe seven years Ofp lenty foretold by Joseph .
Joseph,interpreting Pharaoh’s dream
,is made lord Ofal l the
land-OfEgypt.The city ofArgos built by Argus
,son ofNiobe.
A colony ofArcadians emigrate into Italy under (Enotrus.
The beginning of the seven years’ scarcity foretol d by Joseph .
Jacob,pressed by famine
,sends h is ten sons to buy corn in
Egypt,who meet with harsh treatment from Joseph , whom
they did not know .
Jacob is prevailed—ou to send Benjamin with his other sons ;and Joseph having at length made himself known to his
brethren, Jacob with al l his fami ly go down into Egypt .Joseph gets al l the money ofEgypt into the royal treasury .
Joseph gets al l the cattle Of Egypt for the king .
The Egyptians sel l their lands and l iberties to Pharaoh .
End Of the seven years’ fam ine. Joseph returns to the Egyptians their cattle and their lands.
The Pelasgians settle in Thessaly about this time.
Israe l ’s last sickness ; he adopts and b lesses Ephraim and Manaesch
,foretel ls the characters ofal l his sons
,and dies
,aged
147 years.
The Hyksos,or King-shepherds from Arabia or Phenicia
,sub
jugate Egypt about this time.
Criasus succeeds h is father ArgJoseph dies
,aged 110
,and the book OfGenesis closes.
Levi,the grandfather OfMoses and Aaron dies, aged 137 .
Atlas,the Astronomer .
The Parian Chronicle in the Arundel ian marb les, Oxford, be
gins this year,when it states that Cecrops settled in Attica.
The Cymbal used at the feasts Of Cybele.
A Revolution in Egypt . Rameses Miamum,the king
,who
knew neither Joseph nor his services,persecutes the Israel
ites.
About th is time,according to Calmet
,l ived Job
,famous for
h is wisdom,patience and virtue.
Aaron born,son ofAmram and Jochebed.
Moses born ; exposed on the banks of theNile, and found byPharaoh’s daughter,who ‘
adOpts him .
Athens founded by Cecrops.
Triopas, k ing of Argos. The kingdom divided, Polycaonreigning in Messenia.
Troy founded by Scamander .Joshua born
,son ofNun.
Dancing to music introduced by Curetes.
Moses,having been brought up by Pharaoh
’
s daughter,at the
age Of 40 attempts to del iver his people but meeting a re
pulse,having ki l led an Egyptian
,he flees into Midian where
he marries Jethro’
s daughter,and continues forty years as a
shepherd.
Caleb born,son of Jephunneh .
Corinth founded .
Sparta founded,and the kingdom of Laconia
,or Lacedaemon
The Areopagus estab l ished at Athens.
Crotopas succeeds to the throne OfArgos.
The flute invented by H yagnis, a Phrygian .
The Deluge OfDeucal ion,in Thessaly .
Teucer succeeds his father .The Panathenaea first celebrated at Athens.
THEBES in Boeotia founded by Cadmus a Phenician,who in
troduces the A lphabet into Greece .
God appears to Moses in a burning bush at Horeb,and sends
him to Egypt to del iver the Israel ites.
The Ten Plagues in Egypt .Institution Of the Passover .The EXODUS of the ISRAELITES from Egypt.
FOURTH PERIOD .
FROM THE DEPARTURE OF THE ISRAELITES OUT OF EGYPT TO
THEIR ENTRANCE INTO TH E LAND OF CANAAN—4O YEARS.
1491 Pharaoh, (Amenophis) pursues the Israel ites with his army
,
and overtakes them at Pi-hahiroth . The waters divided.
Israel passes through on dry ground . The Egyptiansdrowned 21st of the first month .
TH E LAW given at Mount Sinai .Sesostris succeeds Amenophis (Pharaoh) his father .
’ ‘
H e di
vides Egypt into thirty h omes or districts,renders Ethiopia
tributary,conquers Asia
,and subjects the Scythians as far
as the Tanais. On his return into Egypt he kil ls himself,after a reign Of 33 years.
1490 The tabernacle is set up and preparations made for Israel’
s im
mediately marching to possess Canaan ; but because of theirunbel ief and rebel l ion they ared oomed to continue in thewilderness till 40 years are passed.
Lacedaemon, fourth king of Sparta.
The Israel ites continue a considerab le time at Kadesl .-barnea,
whence they go toward the Red Sea.
Erichthonius,the fourth king ofAthens
,introduces the first
chariot .Dardanus
,king of Troy
,bui lds Dardania.
Denaus,brother Of Sesostris
,leaves Egypt and retires into the
Peloponnesus,where he makes himself master OfArgos .
The sedition OfKorah,Dathan and Abiram is supposed to
have happened at the encampment ofKadesh -barnea.
Damnoni i invade Ireland.
Pheron succeeds Sesostris.
The kingdom ofMycene begins under Perseus,late king of
Argos.
Olymp ic games first celebrated at Elis.
After wandering in the deserts ofArabia, Petrea and Idumeathirty-seven years
,the Israel ites return to Moz eroth
,near
Kadesh-barnea,in the thirty-ninth year after the Ex odus.
Moses sends embassadors to the king ofEdom,who refuses a
passage through his territories.
The Israel ites arrive at Kadesh . Miriam dies,aged 130 years.
The Israel ites murmur for want of water . Moses brings itfrom the rock ; but he, as wel l as Aaron
,having shown
some distrust,God forbids their entrance into the land of
promise.
From Kadesh they go to Mount H er,where Aaron dies
,aged
122 years.
The king ofArad attacks Israel and takes several captives.
From Mount H or they come to Zalmonah,where Moses raises
the brazen serpent . Others think this happened at Punon.
Sihon,king Of the Amorites
,refuses the Israel ites a passage
through his dominions. Moses attacks him and takes hiscountry . 0g, king ofBashan
,attacks Israel
,but is defeat
ed . Distribution Of the countries Of Sihon and Og to the
tribesofReuben and Gad, and to the half- tribe OfManasseh .
Moses renews the covenant of Israel with the Lord.
Joshua sends spies to Jericho .
The whole book ofDeuteronomy ending with the death of
Moses bears this date.
The books OfMoses contain the history of 2553 years, closingwith the ENTRANCE OF TH E IsRAELITEs INTO TH E LANDOF CANAAN
FIFTH PERIOD .
FROM THE ENTR ANCE OF TH E ISRAELITES INTO CANAAN TO
TH E KINGDOM OF SAUL—356 YEARS.
Israel under Joshua pass the river Jordan. Joshua restorescircumcision. Manna ceases. The first passover after thepassing of Jordan . Jericho taken. Gibeonites make a
league with Joshua lVar of the five kings against Gibeon,
whom Joshua defeats ; the sun and moon stand stil l .W ar ofJoshua against the kings of Canaan .
Erichthonius reigns in Troy .
The conquest of Canaan is completed.
Belochus,the last king of the race ofNinus.
Joshua divides the conquered country among Judah,Ephraim
and the half-tribe OfManasseh .
The Tabernacle is set up at Shiloh ; the rest Of the land is divided
,and the Reubenites
,etc .
,are dismissed to their pos
sessi ons eastward of the Jordan.
Pandion begins to reign at Athens.
Artossa Semiramis II . associate on the throne OfAssyria.
Joshua dies,aged 110 years.
Relatores reigns in Assyria.
I . Servitude Of the eastern Israel ites under Cushanrishathaim,
king ofMesopotamia,eight years.
The other tribes makewar upon the Benjamites.
Mines flourishes In Crete,and Iron is found by the Dactyli by
the accidental burning of the woods ofIda In Crete.
Othniel delivers the Israelites and judges them 40 years.
Pelasgians and Tyrrhenians settle in Italy about this time.
Cor inth becomes a kingdom under S isyphus.
The tribe ofBenjamin almost extinct.Ceres arrives in Attica.
Sethos reigns in Egypt .Erichthonius
,son ofDardanus
,king ofTroy
,died.
TrOas,king of Troy .
Buck lers used in single combat,invented byPrtetus and Aeri
sius OfArgos.
The Elusynian mysteries introduced at Athens by Eumol pus.
II . Servitude of the eastern Israelites under Eglon king of
Moab .
Ehud delivers them and judges Israel .Ilus, son of Troas, founder of Ilium .
III . Servitude of the Israelites under the Philistines. Sham
gar del ivers them and judges Israel .IV . Servitude of the northern Israel ites under Jabin
,king of
Hazor . Deborah and Barak del iver them after twentyears.
Orspheus and Linus, sons ofApollo, sk i lled in music .
ZEgaeus reigns in Attica.
(Edipus king of ThebesThe Argonautic ex peditIOn. First naval expedition on recordThe first Pythian games celebrated by Adrastus
,king ofArgos.
The Temple ofApollo at Delphi buil t by the council OfAm
phictyons.
Laomedon king of Troy .
Phenicia ; Tyre founded.
V . Servitude of the eastern and northern Israel ites under theMidianites.
Gideon del ivers Israel . H e governs them nine years.
The ax e,wedge
,wimble and lever
,also masts and sails invent
ed by Daedalus ofAthens.
Troy taken by the Argonauts.
Latinus reigns in Italy .
Abimelech,son ofGideon
,procures himself to be made king
of Shechem .
Theseus makes the government OfAthens democratic .Abimelech kil led after three years.
Carthage founded by the Tyrians.
Tola,judge of Israel after Abimelech
,governs 23 years.
Hercules arrives in Phrygia.
Priam king of Troy .
The game Of backgammon invented by Palamedes ofGreeceArgon
,a descendant ofHercules, first king of Lydia.
Hercules celebrates the Olympic gamesSecond Thebanwar
,orwar ofthe EpigonII.
Helen,carried Off by Theseus
,is received by Castor and POI
lux ,and marries Menelaus.
Jair judges Israel,chiefly beyond Jordan ; governs twenty
two years.
VI . Servitude under the Philistines and Ammonites.
Helen elopes with Paris.
Jephthah del ivers the Israelites beyond Jordan.
Troy taken after a siege Of ten years,JEneas sai ls to Italy
Teuteeus king ofAssyria.
Jephthah dies and is succeeded by Ibzan.
.ZEneas lands in Italy .
Salamis founded by Teucer about this time.
Epirus. PyrrhusNeoptol imus. Elon judges Israel .E lon dies. Abdon succeeds him .
Israel enslaved by the Philistines and Ammonites.
Abdon dies. Eli judges Israel .Samson born.
Samuel born.
Alba Longa built by Ascanius.
Temple of Ephesus burnt by the Amazons.
Thinaeus king ofAssyria.
Samson marries at Timnath .
Sam son burns the ripe corn of the Philistines.
JEOl ian migration.
FROM
1093
1088
1085
1068
1067
1062
1061
China,third dynasty .
“
Tchcoofi
W ar between the Philistines and the Israelites. Theark takenby the Phi l istines. Death ofthe high priest El i . H e gov
erned Israel forty years.
The Phil istines send back the ark,with presents. It is depos
ited at Kirjath-jearim . Samuel the last judge of Israel .Victory ofthe Israel ites over the Phil istines.
Mariner’s compass said to be known in China.
The return ofthe H eracl idae into Peloponnesus eighty years after the taking of Troy . Two years after they divide the
Peloponnesus among themselves,and here begins the king.
dom Of Lacedaemon under Eurysthenes andProcles.
End of the kingdom ofMycene.
A standard Dictionary of the Chinese,containing
characters,completed by Pa-out-she.
Samuel,when Old
,emp loys h is sons as judges under him ; but
their misconduct gives Israel the occasion ofdesiringa king ;and Saul
,whom God had selected and commanded Samuel
to anoint,having del ivered Jabesh-g‘i lead in extreme dis
tress,is anointed king .
Establishment ofthe Hebrew Monarchy .
SIXTH PERIOD .
THE KINGDOM OF SAUL TO TH E BUILDING OF SOL~
CMON’S TEMPLE— 91 YEARS.
War of the Philistines against Saul,who
,having disobeyed
Samuel’s orders,is rejected by God.
Jonathan’
s victory over the Phi l istines.
End Of the kingdom OfS icyon .
David born.
Codrus,king OfAthens
,fal ls into awar with the Dorians.
Monarchy ceases at Athens. The government Ofthe decennial archons begins.
God,having rejected Saul for disobedience, sends Samuel to
]
Bethlehem to anoint David as the king Of Israel .War ofthe Philistines against the Israel ites.
David kills Gol iath .
Saul,urged by jealousy , endeavors to slay David.
1060 to 1056 David flees to various places to avoid the jealousy of
1055
SauL
War ofthe Philistines against Saul . Saul causes the ghost ofSamuel to be raised. H e loses the battle, and ki l ls himself.
Ishbosheth,son of Saul
,acknowledged king
,reigns at Maha
naim beyond Jordan.
SEVENTH PERIOD .
FROM TH E BUILDING OF THE TEMPLE TO TH E BABYLONISII
CAPTIVI '“V 416 YEARS.
Dedication of Solomon’
s Temple.
Solomon extends his commerce in connection with Hiram,king
of Tyre,to India viaRed Sea
,and to the shores Of the At
lantic,
- via Straits Of Gibral ter builds Tadmar (Palmyra)in the desert
,Baalbec and other cities.
Solomon . finishes the bui lding of his palace and that Ofhisqueen
,the daughter of Pharaoh .
Samos buil t. Utica bui l t.Solomon Is seduced into idolatry by his wives.
Sesac (Shishak In Scripture) kin," of Egypt.
Capys reigns in Alba Longa.
Solomon,having reigned In great prosperity 40 years
,dies.
In the same year,Rehoboam
,having answered the elders of
Israel harsh ly,is rej ected by ten tribes
,over whom Jeroboam
reigns so that only Judah and Benjamin adhere to thefamily Of David.
Jeroboam having from carnal pol icy established the worship Ofthe golden calves at Dan and Bethe]
,is reproved by a proph
et from Judah,who predicts Josiah by name 300 years be
fore his birth ; but disobeying God he is slain by a l ion.
At this time the priests and Levites and pious Israelites leavetheir possessions in Jeroboam ’
s dominions and are incorpo
rated into the kingdom of Judah .
Rehoboam gives him self up to impiety .
Shishak,king Of Egypt, plunders Jerusalem and the temple.
Rehoboam dies,having reigned 17 years, and is succeeded by
Abijam or Abijah, (cal led Abia, Matt. 1 :
Abijah vanquishes Jeroboam with the slaughter OfIsraelites.
H e dies,having reigned three years
,and is succeeded by Asa.
Jeroboam of Israel dies,and is succeeded by his son
,Nadab .
Nadab is slain by Baasha,who usurps the kingdom and destroys
al l the family of JeroboamH omer and Hesiod flourish about this time
,according to the
marbles.
Asa,having destroyed idolatry
,and reform ed and fortified his
kingdom,is assaul ted by Zerah
,king ofEthiopia
,with an ia
numerable army ; but trusting in God, he Obtains a most decisive victory.
Baasha builds Ramah to hinder Israel from going to Jerusalem .
H is territories invaded by Benhadad,king ofDamascus.
Breastp lates invented by Jason.
Bacchus king of Corinth.
Baasha of Israel dies,having reigned almost 24 years, and is
succeeded by his son Elah .
Elah killed by Zimri,who usurps the kingdom seven days
, but is
speedily dethroned by Omri , and burns himself in the pal
ace.
Omri prevails over Tibni . Reigns alone in the 3 l st year of
Omri bui lds Samaria ; makes i t the seat Of his kingdom .
Omri dies ; succeeded by Ahab his son.
Asa,troub led with lameness
, (probably the gout) p laces hisconfidence In physicians Iather than In God.
Calpetus king Of A lba.
Asa of Judah,having reigned 41 years
,dies
,and is succeeded
by his son Jehoshaphat.
Jehoshaphat, hav ing demol ished the high places and groves,
sends Levites with the princes to instruct the peop le in thelawofGod, and is remarkab ly prospered.
Elijah foretel ls to Ahab a dreadful famine.
E l ijah having proved by'
fire from heaven consuming his sacriflee that Jehovah is the true God
,and having slain the
prophets OfBaal,rain is sent in answer to his prayers.
Ahaz iah born,son of Jchoram and Athal iah
,and grandson of
Jehoshaphat.
Tiberinus,king ofAlba.
Benhadad,king OfSyria
,besieges Samaria ; is forced to quit it .
Returns the fol lowing year ; is defeated at Aphek .
Ahab,by Jez ebel ’s means
,murders Naboth and seizes his vine
yard,for which he and Jezebel and his posterity are doomed
to utter destruction,by the word Of Elijah .
Jehoshaphat assists Ahab .
Jehoshapl iat accompanies Ahab in his expedition against Ramoth gilead
,where he narrowly escapesa great danger . Ahab
wars against Ramoth -gilead ; is kil led in disguise. Ahaziahsucceeds him .
Jehoshaphat equ ips a fleet for Ophir Ahaziah , king of Israel,partaking Of the design the fleet is destroyed by a tempest.
Ahaz iah fal l ing from the lattice Ofhis house is dangerouslywounded
,and dies. Jchoram
,his brother succeeds him
,and
makeswar against Moab .
Tiberinus drowned in the river A lbula,which is thence cal led
the Tiber .E l isha foretel ls victory to the army ofIsrael
,and procures water
in abundance. E l ijah taken al ive into heaven.
Jehoshaphat having been rebuked by a prophet forhis alliancewith Ahab
,is assaulted by a large army of invaders
, but
in answer to his prayer of faith they destroy each other,and
Judah is enriched by the spoils.
Jehoshaphat dies,'
and is succeeded by his son,Jchoram or JO
ram (who had reigned four years along with his father) , Inthe seventh year of Jchoram or Joram Of Israel .
Jehoram,at the importunity ofhis wife
,Athaliah
,introduces
into Judah theworship OfBaal .
841
Jchoram smitten by God with an incurable distemper in hisbowels
Jchoram makes his son,Ahaziah
,viceroy or assistant in his
kingdom. Jchoram dies,having reigned four years.
Homer’s poems brought into Greece.
Ahaz iah reigns but one year . Jcash or Jehoash born.
Ahaziah accompanies Jchoram,king of Israel
,to the Siege Of
Ramoth gilead. Ahaziah slain by Jehu. Athal iah ki l ls al l
the royal family usurps the kingdom .\ Jehoash l s preservedand kept secretly In the temp le six years.
Lycurgus,42 years Old
,establishes his laws at Lacedaemon
,
and together with Iphitus and Cleosthenes restores the Olympic games at E lis
,about 108
"
years before the era which iscommonly cal led the first Olympiad.
JehOIada the high priest, sets Jehoash On the throne OfJudah,
and slays Athaliah . Jehoash reigns 40 years.
Phidon,king ofArgos
,is supposed to have invented scales and
measures,and coined silver at ZEgina.
Carthage built by Dido.
Romulus king OfAlba Longa.
Amaziah,son Of Joash
,born .
Jehoash repairs the temp le.
Jehu,king of Israel
, d ies, having reigned 28'
years, and is succeeded by his son Jehoahaz .
Jehoiada,the high priest dies
,being 130 years ofage, and for his
eminent services is honored by a burial among the kings of
Judah .
Aventinus king OfAlba.
Jehoahaz dies. Jcash or Jehoash,whom he had associated with
himself on the throne, succeeds him .
The death of E l isha.
Jehoash and Judah revolt to idolatry,and the people stone Zech
ariah the prophet,the son ofJehoiada
,by the king’s command
,
in the court Ofthe temple,for his faithful reproof.
Jonah preaches to theNinevites.
Hazael,king OfSyria
,wars against Jehoash .
Sardanapalus,the last king Of the first empire of the Assyri
ans. After a reign of twenty years he burned himself in hisalace.
Jeash,after great calamities and dire diseases
,is murdered by
his servants,after having reigned 40 years, and is succeeded
by his son,Amaz iah .
Hazael,king Of Syria
,dies
,and Benhadad succeeds him .
Jehoash wars against Benhadad.
Amaziah of Judah wars against Idumaea.
Amaziah,elated by a victory over the Edomites, chal lenges Je
hoash of Israel,who overcomes him
,takes him prisoner and
breaks down the wal ls OfJerusalem .
Jehoash,king of Israel
,dies. Jeroboam II . succeeds him
reigns 41 years.
B. C .
825
823
820
8 14
810
808
800
797
794
790
786
784
781
776
774
773
772
o:
!aH
761
759
758
The dynasty ofthe Tanites in Egypt begins under Petubastes.
Arbaees,governor ofMedia
,and Belesis
,vernor ofBabylonia
,
besiege Sardanapalus king ofAssyria,i n Nineveh .
After a '
siege of three years Sardanapalus burnsx himself in his
palace,with al l his riches. The first emp ire ofthe Assyrians
,
which ended at the death of Sardanapalus, had existed morethan 1200 years. Out ofits ruins three others were formed ;that of the Assyrians ofBabylon
,the Assyrians ofNineveh
and that ofthe Medes.
The kingdom of Macedon begins,founded by Caranus
,and
continues 646 years,til l the battle ofPydna.
Amaz iah dies. Uzziah or Azariah’
succeeds him ; reigns 52ears.
Gojd grants success to Jeroboam ofIsrael
,according to the word
ofJonah,ofGath-hepher
,in Gal ilee.
Prooas king -ofA lba.
Carpets in'
use for tents.
The kingdom of Lydia begins under Ardysus, and continues249 years.
Num itor king ofAlba.
Amul ius king ofA lba.
The second Assyrian monarchy founded by Pul about this time.
Coenus ascended the throne ofMacedon .
The Corinthians employ triremes or vessels with three banks ofoars.
Jeroboam of Israel,having reigned 41 years
,dies and an inter
regnum of eleven or twelve years fol lows.
The dynasties of the Saites in Egypt.
The era of the Olympiads begins on July 23 , when the victorsat Olympia were first registered 5 Coroebus being the first victor enrol led.
Thurimas became king ofMacedon .
Zachariah,son of Jeroboam and great-grandson of Jehu
,and
the last ofh is race,is made king in the 38th year ofAzariah
ofJudah .
Shal lum,at the end of the year
,dethrones
,murders and suc
ceeds him but is soon murdered and succeeded by Menahem .
Sculpture first mentioned in profane history,an Egyptian art.
Placed by some in the seventh century.
Pul,the king ofNineveh
,who repented at Jonah’
s preaching,
invades Israel and renders Menaham tributary .
Menahem,having perpetrated dire cruelties and enormous wick
edness dies,and is succeeded by his son Pekahiah .
A lyattes king of Lydia.
Pekah,one ofPekahiah’
s captains,murders and succeeds him .
Azariah or Uzz iah of Judah,having reigned very prosperously,but at length having been smitten with leprosy for presumingto burn incense in the temple
,dies
,after reigning 52 years
,
and is succeeded by h is son Jotham .
Isaiah and H osea continue to prophesy .
Rome bui lt on the 20th ofApri l,aflcording to Varro
,in the
year 3961 ofthe Jul ian period .
Beiesis,Otherwise Baladan orNabonassar
,founds the Baby lonian
emp ire . This famous epoch ofNabonassar fal ls 747 yearsB . C . Tiglath
-
pileser continues the Assyrian empire,but is
reduced into very narrow l imits. Reigned 19 years ; according to some 30 years.
Union ofthe Romans and Sabines.
Rezin king of Syria,and Pekah king of Israel invade Judah .
The firstwar_between Messenia and Sparta begins.
Jotham having reigned 16 years,dies
,and is succeeded by his
son Ahaz .
Rez in,king of Syria
,and Pekah of Israel
,confederate against
Ahaz to dethrone him,to set aside the fam i ly of David and
to appoint a king over ' Judah of another race ; but God, byIsaiah
,assures Ahaz that this design shal l not succeed
,because
Immanuel,the son ofavirgin shou ld yet spring from the stock
ofDavid.
Nevertheless,for the wickedness ofAhaz and Judah
, God givesPekah a great victory in wh ich men of Judah wereslain.
Tiglath-
pileser defeats and slays Rezin king ofDamascus ; enters the land of Israel and takes many cities and captives
,
chiefly from Reuben,Gad and and the half ofManasseh . The
first captivity of Israel .In the days of Pekah
,probably towards the close ofhis reign,
Tiglath pi leser, king ofAssyria, carried captive the inhabitants of the western and northern regions of the land.
Hoshea,son of E lah
,slays Pekah and usurps the kingdom .
Sebacon invades Egypt.Candaules king of Lydia.
Merodac Baladan . Nothing is known of the succeeding kingsofBabylon .
Syracuse buil t by a Corinthian colony .
Hosh ea,p robably about nine years after he had murdered Pekah
,
i s established as king of Israel .Perdiceas I . king ofMacedon .
Shalmanez er succeeds Tiglath-
pileser king ofNm eveh
Ahaz,king ofJudah
,dies.
Hezekiah restores the worship ofthe Lord in Judea,which Ahaz
had subverted.
Habakkuk andNahum prophesy about this time.
Hoshea makes an al l iance with So,king of Egypt
,and endeav
ors to shake offthe yoke ofShalmanez er.
Shalmanezer besieges Samaria ;Takes it after three years’ siege
,and carries beyond the Euphra
tes the tribes that Tiglath -
pileser had not al ready carried intocaptivity
,in the ninth year ofH oshea and sixth ofHezekiah .
The first ecl ipse of the moon observed by the Chaldeans at
Babylon.
B. C .
718
7 17
716
715
7 13
712
711
710
709
707703
698
685
680
678
676
672
670
668
667
665
660
659
Gyges murders Candaules and succeeds to the Lydian throne.
Sennacherib king ofAssyria.
Romulus murdered by the senators.
Numa Pompil ius king ofRome.
Sennacherib, king ofAssyria invades Judah , but appeased by atribute
,recedes. About the same time Hezekiah is sick n igh
to death,but he is restored by a miracle
,and deliverance from
the Assyr ians is promised him .
Gela in Sicily founded.
Sennacherib again invades Judah,takes many cities
,prepares to
besiege Jerusalem,and sends m enacin and b lasphemous messages and letters to Hezekiah ; but in answer to the prayersofHezekiah and Isaiah
,and the remnant of the pious Jews
,
his army is cut offby an angel and soon after he is murderedatNineveh in the temple of his idol
,by his own sons.
Esar-haddon succeeds Sennacherib .
Tartan sent by Esar-haddon against the Philistines,the Idumae
ans and the Egyptians.
Roman calendar reformed. The year divided into twelvemonthsinstead often as before.
Media becomes a kingdom under DejocesEcbatana founded by Dejoces.
Tarentum buil t by theParthenians.
Corcyra built by the Corinthians.
Hezekiah dies,and is succeeded by his son Manasseh
,aged only
12 years.
The secondwar between Messenia and Sparta begins.
Twelveofthe principal lords ofEgypt seize the kingdom,ofwhich
each governs a part with equal author ity.
Iambic verse introduced by Archilochus.
Tyrtaeus and Evander,poets.
Sec‘ond Messenianwar.
Babylon and Nineveh united under Esar-haddon. Thus endedthe second Assyrian Empire and comm enced the BabylonianEmpire.
Chess invented.
Argaeus, first king ofMacedon.
Manasseh reigns most wickedly,beyond al lwho preceded him ;
til l he is carried captive to Babylon .
Holofernes,Assyrian general .
Tul lus H ostil ius,king ofRome.
Psamm eticus,one of the twelve kings
,defeats the other eleven
,
and remains sole master of Egypt . H e takes Azotus after asiege of twenty years.
Messina,in Sicily
,founded.
Saosduchinus or Nebuchodonosor,king ofBabylon.
Alba destroyed.
Memphis becomes capital ofEgypt .Cypselus usurps the government of Corinth and keeps it for 30years.
B. C .
658
657
647
643
640
634
631
630
626
624
623
622
619
616
612
610
Byzantium founded by a colony ofMega-ra under Byzas.
Phraortes,king ofMedia.
Thewar ofHolofernes,who is slain in Judea by Judith .
Attempt to discover the primit ive language ofmankind. Inter
preters instituted byPsammeticus. Children educated in thelanguage and manners ofGreece.
Saracus king ofBabylon andNineveh .
Phraortes conquers Persia,Armenia
,etc .
Manasseh,having deep ly repented
,and being restored to his
kingdom,supports the worship ofGod til l his death
,having
reigned inal l 52 years.
H is son Ammon,who succeeded him
,aged 22 years
,persisting
in wickedness,is slain (after reigning two years) by his ser
vants,and succeeded by his own son
,Josiah
,being only eight
years old.
Ancus Martius,king ofRome. The port ofOstia built
The Latins conquered by the Romans.
Phil ip I . king ofMacedon .
Cyax ares king ofMedia.
Sadyattes king of Lydia.
Josiah begins to reform Judah and Israel.Jeremiah enters on his prophetical ofiice
,being then a young man.
Periander encourages learning at Corinth .
Nabopolassar s revol t against Saracus. H e makes himself masterof Babylon .
.The Scythians invade Asia Minor,ofwhich they keep possession
for 28 years.
Josiah gives orders for repairing the temple at Jerusalem . Mon
ey col lected for repairing the temp le.
The prophetess Hul dah foretel ls the calamities that threaten Judah
,but not in Josiah’
s time.
In the same year Josiah proceeds with and completes his refor
mation and fulfils the predictions del ivered concerning himabove 300 years before.
Draco frames his b loody code oflaws at Athens.
Josiah celebrates the passover with extraordinary zeal and solemnit
A lyatDtes II . king of Lydia.
TarquiniusPriscus king ofRome.
Pharaoh-necho king of Egypt .
Destruction ofNineveh . From henceforth Babylon is the capital ofthe Assyrian Empire.
Josiah,being 37 years of age, and having reigned 31 years is
slain in battl e against Pharaoh necho,king of Egypt, and
greatly lamented by Judah and Jeremiah .
The peop le ofthe land make Jehoahaz,Josiah’
s second son,
-kingin his stead. Zephaniah prophesied during the reign ofJosiah .
After three months Pharaoh-necho carries Jehoahaz captive intoEgypt ; makes Jehoiakim ,
Josiah’
s eldest son,king over
Judah .
month . The Jews ofJerusalem and Judea carried captive beyond the Euphrates. The poorer classes only left in the land.
Thus ends the kingdom ofJudea,after it had subsisted four hun
dred and sixty years,from the beginning ofthe reign ofDavid ;
and three hundred and eighty-seven years from the separationofJudah and the ten tribes ; and one hundred and thirty-threeyears after the ruin of the kingdom of Israel .
About this tim e Obadiah prophesied against the insulting Edomites. The 137th Psalmwas probab ly written about this time.
EIGHTH PERIOD .
FROM THE CAPTI—
VITY TO ALEXANDER THE GREAT 258 YEARS.
587
585
584
583
578576
572
571
569
Gedr l iah made governor of the remains of the people.
"
H e is
slain.
Jeremiah carried into Egypt by the Jews,after the death of
Gedal iah ; prophesies in Egypt.
Ezekiel in Chaldea prophesies against the captives ofJudah .
The siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnez zar lasted'
thirteen years.
During the interval Nebuchadnez zar wars against the Idumaeans,the Ammonites and Moabites. Obadiah prophesies againstIdum aea.
Death of Per iander,tyrant ofCorinth .
Nebuzaradan carries captive the scattered remnant of the JewsNebuehadnez zar requires al l h is oflicers to worship a goldenimage which he hadset up,but Shadrach ,Meshach and Abednego magnanimously refuse. They are cast into the fiery furnace and are miraculously preserved.
Nebuchadnez zar invades E lam ,takes Susa.
The Idum aean games restored,and celebrated every first and
third year of the Olympiads.
Corinth becomes a repub l ic .Servius Tul l ius sixth king ofRome.
Al cetas or A l cotas ascended the throne ofMacedon.
H e coins money at Rome .
Solon’
s laws observed at Athens.
The establ ishment of the Centuries at Rome.
Nebuchadnezzar takes Tyre after a siege of thirteen years,and
the spoil of Egypt,which he next invaded
,is promised to him
as h is wages.
Nebuchadnez zar wars against Egypt, and returns to Babylon .
Apries, king ofEgypt, is strangled in his palace. Amasis suc
ceeds him .
Nebuchadnez zar, being rendered insolent by prosper ity, iswarned by a dream of a dire calamity whichwas coming uponhim
,which dream Daniel interprets.
B . C .
569
568
561
560
556
555
553
549
548
547
541
540
539
538
Amasis reigns after him in peace. Connection between Greeceand Egypt.Nebuchadnez zar’s dream is fulfilled in his most extraordinary 111
sanity .
D ipoenus and Scyl l is open a school of statuary at Sicyon.
Egypt possesses inhabited cities.
The Nemean games restored.
Conquest of the Etrurians by Rome.
First census ofRome,
citizens.
Croesus king of Lydia. Solon and JEsop at his court.First -comedy acted at .Rome on a cart by Susarion and Dolon.
Dials invented by Anaximander ofMiletus.
Anaximenes,C leobul us.
Nebuchadnez zar recovers his senses at the end ofseven years,is
restored to his authority; and adores and honors the God of
heaven.
H e dies,and is succeeded by Evil-Merodach
,who releases “
Je
hoiaehin in the 37th year ofhis captivity , and treats him withkindness.
Pisistratus first usurped the sovereignty at Athens.
Cyax ares II . or Darius, king ofMedia.
The empire ofPersia,or the Persian monarchy
,was first found
ed by Cyrus the Great,about 559 years before the Christian
era; and under the succeeding m onarchs it became one of
the most considerab le and powerful kingdoms of the earth .
Evil-merodach is slain and succeeded byNerigl issar,h is brotherin- law.
In the same year Cyrus the Persian joins Cyax ares the Medeagainst Babylon
,being about 41 years ofage.
Cyrus,as commander of the Medes and Persians, slays in battle
Nerigl issar, and soon after his successor Laborosoarchod.
Belshazzar,the son of Evil -Merodach
,succeeds to the throne of
Babylon,and in the same year Daniel has his vision of the
four beasts,as emb lematic of the four great empires subvert
ed and succeeded by the kingdom of Christ,according to
Nebuchadnez zar’s dream ofthe image.
Daniel has the vision of the ram and the he-goat,etc .
,as em
blematic of the Medo-Persian empire,subverted by Alexan
der the Great,and the Grecian empire under his successors
,
and many subsequent events.
The Temple ofApol lo at Delphi burnt by the Pisistratidae.
Sardis taken by Cyrus. Croesus taken prisoner .The Lydian Kingdom ended and became a Roman province.
Amyntas I . king ofMacedonia.
Cyrus,having conquered a great part ofAsia
,
'besieges Belshaz .
zar in Baby lon.
The Corinthian order ofarchitecture invented by Cal imachus.
Marseil les bui lt by the Phocaeans. The age of Pythagoras,
Simonides,Thespis, .Xen0phanes and Anacreon.
While Belshazzar celebrates a l icentious feast,and blasphemes
the God of heaven,by profaning the sacred vessels in honor
of his idols,a hand wr i ting on the wal l terrifies him
,which
Daniel interprets to denounce his immediate ruin and the sub
version of h is kingdom by the Medes and Persians ; and inthat n ight Cyrus takes Babylon
,slays Belshazzar
,and trans
fers the kingdom to Cyax arcs his uncle, called in scriptureDarius the Mod e.
Thus the Medo-Persian empire is established,being the breast
and arms of silver in Nebuchadnez zar’s image,and the bear
in Daniel ’s vision . (Scott.After the death ofCyax arcs and Cambyses, Cyrus,who succeededboth in their dominions
,united the empire ofthe Medes with
those"
of the Babylonians and Persians,and of the three
formed a fourth under the name of the Empire of the Persians
,which subsisted 206 years from the fol lowing date.
Cyrus proclaims l iberty to the captive Jews,permits and en
courages them to rebui ld the temple and city and restores thesacred vessels. In consequence ofthis proclamation a remnantofJews go to Jerusalem ,
being assisted by their brethren and
by others. This terminates the seventy years’ captivity fromthe third of Jehoiakim when Dan ielwas carried captive toBabylon .
Pythagoras visits Egypt.Joshua high priest of Israel .Thespis performs the first tragedy at Athens.
The remnant ofJews,having arrived at Jerusalem
,set up an
altar,begin to observe their solemn feasts and prepare to re
bui ld the temple.
They lay the foundation with mingled tears and acclamations ofpraise.
Tarquinius Superbus king ofRome.
Gabii taken by strata-gem .
The Samaritans,bribing the courtiers of Cyrus
,obstruct the
work ofthe temp le.
Cadiz bui l t by the Carthaginians near the ancient Tarshish .
Cyrus dies on a tour which he makes into Persia at the age of
70, after having reigned seven years alone and thirty fromhis setting out from Persia at the head of an army to aid
Cyax arcs. H e is succeeded by his son Cambyses or .Ahasuerus .
Pisistratus dies.
Learning encouraged at Athens and a pub l ic library built.Psammenitus king of Egypt. H e reigns only six months.
Polycrates tyrantO
of Samos put to death .
Cambyses after subjecting Egypt,dies
,and Sm erdis the Ma
g ian,cal led in scr ipture Artaxerxes
,usurps the throne of
Persia. H e reigns only seven months.
The Samaritans write to him against the Jews in rebuilding thetemple
,and obtain a decree forbidding them to proceed.
In the same year Smerdis or Artaxerxes is slain and Darius
H ystaspes ascends the throne About this time the Persiankings
,making Susa their eap1tal , neglect Babylon, which be
gins to decay .
Confucius,the celebrated Chinese philosopher flourished at this
time.
Zerubbabel and Jeshua, excited by Haggai and Zechariah , setforward the building of the temp le.
H ecataeus the historian flourishes.
The Samaritans and their associates again attempt to hinder thework
, but are made to desist by a decree ofDarius.
About this time Haggai prophesies that the glory ofthis templ eshal l exceed that of the former temp le.
The Babylonians, having revolted from Darius, are reduced, an:the high wal ls ofBabylon are demol ished.
Hipparchus,the tyrant
,assassinated at Athens.
Expedition ofDarius against the Scythians.
Mil tiades gees to settle in the Chersonesus.
The Pisistratidae expel led from Attica. Democracy establishedat Athens.
Statues erected to H armodius and Aristogiton, leaders in the
revolution.
Thrace ravaged by Scythians.
Hippias the tyrant,brother ofHipparchus
,expel led from Ath
ens.
The consular government begins at Rome after the expulsion of
theTarquinii,and continues independent461 years, ti l l the battle ofPharsal ia. Brutus and Col latinus first consuls ofRome.
Dar ius penetrates into India and reduces al l that great countryinto subjection .
Conspiracy at Rome for the restoration of the Tarquinn .
Death ofBrutus.
Second census ofRome,
citizens.
The capitol finished.
War against the Tarquins and their al ly Porsenna,king ofEtru
ria.
Heracl itus,Parmenides
,Theano
,Aristagoras, Protagoras, Anax
agoras,philosophers
,Milo the wrestler
,Corinna the poetess
,
flourish about this time.
The Persians form the siege of the capital ofNaxos,and are
obl iged to raise it in six months.
Sardis taken by the Athenians and burnt,which became after
wards the cause of the invasion ofGreece by the Persians.
The Phenician letters carried to Ireland from Spain .
Pythagoras teaches the doctrine ofcelestial motions.
The struggle between the plebeians and the patricians oommences at Rome.
Lartius the first dictator .The Persians defeat the Ionians in a sea fight before the Island
ofLados,and make themselves masters ofMi letus.
Alexander I . king ofMacedon.
497
496
494
493
489
487
486
485
484
480
479
478
477
476
474
H ippocra es tyrant of Gela.
Posthum ius dictator at Rome.
Darius sends Gobryas, his son-in-law
,at the head of the army
to attack Greece.
The Roman populace retire to Mons Sacer .Tribunes ofthe people appointed.
The grand Persian invasi on of Greece by Datis and Artaphernes. Battle ofMarathon gained by Miltiades over the Per~
-s1ans.
Unfortunate end ofMiltiades.
Exile of Cor iolanus. Rome besieged by him . H is retreat anddeath .
Artabaz es king ofPontus.
Darius H ystaspes, after a prosperous reign, dies, and 18 succeededby his son
,Xerxes the Great .
Gelon tyrant of Syracuse.
Birth ofthe historian Herodotus.
Jehoiachim high priest ofthe Jews.
Quaestors appointed at Rome.
The Etrur ians excel in music,the drama and architecture.
Xerxes sets out to makewar against the Greeks. Battle ofTherm opylae. Leonidas
,king ofthe Lacedaemons
,is killed in
i t. Sea fight near Artemisium at the same time as the battleof Thermopylae.
Birth ofEurip ides.
Battle of Salamis,followed by the precipitate return ofXerxes
into Persia.
About this time flourished fEschylus, Pindar, Charon, ZeuxisAristides
,etc .
Hamilcar killed in battle.
The fami ly ofArcheanaetes from Mytilene settle in Bosphorus
(nowCircassia) .
Mardonius a second time takes Athens.
Battle ofPlataea. Sea fight the same day near Mycale, in whichthe Persians are defeated.
Death ofConfucius . China distracted by internal wars. Xerxesdestroys the celebrated temple ofBel at Babylon
,which fur
ther tends to the decay of that city .
The Athenians rebuild the wal ls of their city,which had beendemol ished by Xerxes
,notwithstanding the opposition of the
Lacedaemonians.
Athens begins to acquire the ascendancy among the states.
The 300 Fabii kil led at vCrcmera.
Simonides ofCos, obtains the prize at Olymp ia for teaching asystem ofMnemonics
,wh ich he had invented.
The command of the arm ies ofGreece,ofwhich the Lacedae
mons had been in possession from the battle ofThermopylaeis transferred to the A thenians.
Pausanias,general of the Lacedaemonians
,accused of holding
secret intel ligencewith Xerxes is put to death .
B C .
473
472
171
470
469
466
465
461
460
459
458
457
456
Themistocles,the Athenian general, is accused of having had a
share in Pausanias’ p lot,and takes refuge with Admetus king
of the Molossians.
Sophocles and Euripides appear in Greece about this time.
Empirics instituted by Acron ofAgrigentum .
Syracuse governed by Hiero .
Cimon receives the command of the armies at Athens. The
year fol lowing he defeats the Persians and takes their fleetnear the mouth ofthe river Eurimedon .
Birth ofthe historian Thucydides.
Themistocles,accused of conspiracy, flees to Xerxes.
Great earthquake at Sparta, in the reign ofArchidamus, whichmakeswayfor a sedition ofthe Helots.
Birth of Socrates.
Pericles begins to distinguish himself.Phidias famous for his ski l l in architecture and sculpture.
Themistocles ! puts an end to his life,at Magnesia
,about this
time.
The third Messenianwar begins, and continues ten years.
Xerxes is kil led by Artabanes the captain ofhis guards.
Artaxerxes,surnamed Longimanus, succeeds him .
Ahasuerus,being fully established on the throne,makes a great
feast for his nobles,and divorces Vashti h is queen for disobey
ing his orders.
Thrasybulus succeeds Hiero at Syracuse,and is expelled for his
cruelty .
Egypt, under Inarus, revolts from Persia.
Voyage of the Carthaginians to Britain for tin.
Democracy at Syracuse.
Defeat of the Persian army in Egypt .Athens assumes to be the head ofGreece.
Esther the Jewess pleases the king,and is made queen instead
ofVashti .Ezra the priest
,a learned scribe
,obtains a commission from Ar
tax erx es to go as governor to Jerusalem,to reform and settle
the state ofthe nation. From this decree the date ofDaniel'
s
seventy weeks 1s supposed to begin .
About this time Mordecai discovers the treason ofBigtha andTeresh
Ezra,arriving at Jerusalem with priests
,Levites and a large
company and considerable treasure,separates the Jews from
their heathen wives,whom they had married contrary to the
lawofMoses.
TheEgyptians andAtheniansare defeated in their turn (seem consequence ofwhich al l Egypt returns to its obedience toArtaxerxes
,and the Athenians retire to Danarus , where they
sustain a siege ofa year .Battle ofTanagrea in Boeotia, where the Athenians beat theSpartans,who were come to the aid ofthe Thebans.
Cimon recalled. Cincinnatus dictator.
B. C .
455
454
451
450
449
448
447
446
444
441
440
438
Al l Egypt reduced by Megabyzus.
Mordecai refusing to bow1n adoration to Haman,he in revenge
p lots the destruction ofal l the Jews throughout the wholekingdom ofPersia.
Perdiccas II . king ofMacedon.
Haman’
s proj ect ofdestroying al l the Jews is defeated by Esther. and ends in the destruction ofHaman and his fami lyand of the enemies of the Jews ; in Mordecai’s advancementto the highest authority under the king
,and in the great
prosperity ofthe Jews in consequence ofwhich the feast ofPurim is instituted
,which is observed by the Jews to this
day.
Decem virs created at Rome.
The laws ofTwelve Tab les compi led and established.
The Britons infl ict punishment ofdeath by drowning in a quagm 1re.
Birth ofXenophon.
Cimon reconci les the Athenians and Spartans and makes themconclude a truce offive years.
End of thewar between the Greeks and Persians,which had
continued from the burning of Sardis by the Athenians,51
years.
Death of C imon.
First sacredwar between the Phocians and Thebans.
The Athenians defeated at Chaeronea by the Boeotia-us.
The Lacedaemons conclude a truce for thirty years with the
Athenians. The latter soon break it by newenterprises .
Herodotus reads his history to the council ofAthens,and re
ceives pub l ic honors in the 39th year ofh is age.
About this time flourished Empedocles,Aristippus and Antis
thenes,philosophers ; H el lanicus
,H erodicus
,Artemones
,Char
ondas,and Phidias
,the finest sculptor ofantiquity, Myron
the finest sculptor ofAthens. Euripides gains the first prizein tragedy .
Nehemiah is sent governor to Jerusalem with extensive powersand a commission to build the wal ls of the city
,which he im
mediately attempts and effects,notwithstanding great Opposi
tion.
A colony sent to Thurium by the Athenians.
The first m il itary tribunes appointed at Rome.
The battering ram invented by Artem ones.
Pericles gives h is name to the age by his splendid administration ofAthenian affairs. H e makeswar with the Samians
,
and takes the capital of their island after a siege of ninemonths.
Theux is the famous painter, discip le ofApol lodorus. Parrhasins
,his r ival
,l ived at the same time.
Aristophanes the comic poet.Famine in Rome.
Spartacus takes possession ofthe Bosphorus.
the Lacedaemonians and Athenians,in the tenth year from
the beginning of the Lacedaemonianwar .
Al cibiades,by an imposture occasions its being broken off the
fol lowing year .The 90th Olympiad.
The banishment ofH ypei bolus puts an end to the Ostracism .
Alcibiades engages the Athenians to assist the people of Egestaagainst the Syracusans.
Alcibiades,one of the generals sent to Sicily by the Athenians
,
is recalled to Athens,to answer accusations against him . H e
flees to Sparta and is condemned for contumacy .
Pisuthnes,governor of Syria
,revol ts against Darius. The
Egyptians do the same,and choose Amyrtaeus for their king .
Archelaus king ofMacedon .
A l cibiades,to avoid the envy his great actions had drawn upon
him at Sparta,throws himself into the arms ofTissaphernes
one of the king of Persia’s satraps. The Lacedaemonians bythe help ofTissaphernes conclude a treaty ofal l iance with theking of Persia.
Thucydides’ history ends,and Xenophon’
s begins.
Alcibiades is recal led to Athens. H is return occasions the abol ition of the Four H undred
,who had been invested with su
preme authority .
Darius gives Cyrus,his youngest son
,the government in chief
of al l the provinces ofAsia Minor .The Carthaginians enter Sicily where they destroy Sel inus andHimera
, but they are repulsed by H ermocrates.
Here the Old Testament c loses,and there 1s no more scripture
information til l the time ofZecharias and E l i zabeth,. the par
ents ofJohn the Baptist,the fo1erunner of the Saviour .
Psammeticus king ofEgypt .Lysander is placed at the head of the Lacedaemonians. H e de
feats the Athenians near Ephesus. In consequence of thatdefeat Al cibiades is deposed and ten generals are nominatedto succeed him .
Cal l icratidas is invested with the command of the army in theroom of Lysander
,from whom the Lacedaemonians had ta
ken it.H e is kil led in a sea fight near Arginusae.
Lysander is restored to the command of the Lacedaemonian ar
my . H e gains a famous victory over the Athenians at ‘
JEgos
potamus.
Conon,who commanded the Athenian forces
,retires after his de
feat to Evagoras, king of Cyprus.
Lysander makes himsel f master of Athens,changes the form of
the government,and establ ishes thirty Archons, commonly
cal led the thirty tyrants.
Sparta becomes the rul ing state in Greece.
End of the Peloponnesianwar.
Death ofDarius. Nothus king of Persia dies.
B . C .
404
403
402
400
399
398
397
396
395
394
391
390
389
88
Arsaces his son succeeds him ,and takes the name ofArtaxerxes
Mnemon .
Cyrus the younger intends to assassinate his brother Artax erxes .
H is design being discovered, he is sent to the maritime provinces ofwhich hewas governor .Interview of Cyrus the younger and Lysander ofSardisThrasybulus expels the tyrants from Athens and estabhshes its
libertCyrus the younger preparesforwar with his brother Artaxerxes.
Socrates put to death at Athens.
Lacedaemon declareswar against Tissaphernes andPharnabasus.
Siege ofVeii begun.
Amyntas II . king ofMacedonCatapul tae invented by Dionys1us.
Pausanias king ofMacedon.
Lake Alba drained.
Amyntas II . ofMacedon recovers his throne.
Agesilaus is el ected king ofSparta.
The year fol lowing he goes to Attica to the aid of the Greekssettled there.
Nephereus king ofEgypt.Cynics
,sect of philosophers estab l ished by Antisthenes.
Lysander quarrels with Agesilaus and undertakes to change the
order of the succession to the throne.
The army ofTissaphernes is defeated by Agesilaus near Sardis.
Thebes,Argos and Corinth enter into a league against Lacedae
men at the sol icitation of the Persians. Athens enters intothe same league soon after .
Agesilaus recal led by the Ephor i to the assistance ofhis country .
The fleet of the Lacedaemonians‘
is defeated near Cnidus,by
Pharnabasus and Conon the Athenian,who commanded that
ofthe Persians and Greeks.
Agesilaus defeats the Thebans almost at the same time,in the
plains ofCoronea.
Conon rebuilds the wal ls ofAthens.
Camil lus,dictator
,takes Vei i after a siege of ten years.
Rome taken and burnt by the Gauls. Cami l lus defeats the Gaulsand saves Rome.
Argaeas, brother of Pausanias, on the throne ofMacedon.
Acoris king of Egypt .Dionysius besieges Rhegium and takes it after 11 months.
About this time flourish Philox enus,Damon
,Pythias
,Iphicra
tes,etc .
Peace of Antal cidas. Persia obtains the sovereignty of the
Asiatic Greeks.
Artaxerxes attacks Evagoras, king ofCyprus, with al l his forcesand obtains a signal victory over him .
It is fol lowed by the siege of Salamin,which is terminated by a
treaty of peace.
M . Manl ius Capitol inus thrown from the Tarpeian rock .
Expedition ofArtaxerxes against the Candusians.
Bir th ofAristotle founder of Peripatetics.
Bithynia becomes a kingdom .
Mithridates I . king of Pontus.
The Lacedaemonian‘s dec lai ewar against the city ofOlynthus.
Birth of Phi l ip,king ofMacedon .
Phoebidas,on h isway to the siege ofOlynthus, at the head of
part of the army of the Lacedaemonians,makes himself mas
ter of the citadel of Thebes.
Birth ofDemosthenes.
Treatise on conic sections by Aristaeus.
The Carthaginians land l n Italy .
Pelopidas, at the head of the other exiles,kills the tyrant of
Thebes,and retakes Cadmeia the citadel .
The Licinian laws passed at Rome.
Artaxerxes Mnemon undertakes to reduce Egypt which hadthrown off his yoke for some years. H e emp loys about twoyears in making preparations for thatwar.
The Lacedaemonians defeated in a sea fight at Naxos by Chabrias.
At this time flourish Isocrates and Isaeus orators.
Diogenes the cynic .
Psammuthis king ofEgypt.Lu c ius Sextus first p lebeian consul .Camil lus the fifth time dictator.Nectanebis king of Egypt .Death ofEvagoras king of Cyprus.
Ni cecles his son,succeeds him .
E l l ice and Bula 1n the Peloponnesus,swal lowed by an earthqwuake
Battle of Leuctra,in which the Thebans under Epaminondas
and Pe10pidas defeat the LacedaemoniansDeath ofAmyntas king ofMacedon .
A lexander II .
,h is eldest son
,succeeds him .
Ptolemy Alorites king ofMacedon .
Expedition ofPelopidas against . Alex ander,tyrant of .Pherae.
H e goes to Macedonia to terminate the difference betweenPerdiccas and Ptolemy
,son ofAmyntas, concerning the crown .
H e carries Phi l ip with him as a hostage to ThebesA celestial globe brought into Greece
0
from Egypt.Jeshua slain by Johannan 1n the 1nuer court ofthe temple at Jc
rusalem,by whom a heavy fine 1s laid on the dai ly sacrifices.
Perdiccas III . king ofMacedon.
Pelopidas ki l led in battle.
Tachos“
or Teos king ofEgypt .Ariobarzanes king ofPontus.
Revol t of the Persian government in Asia Minor . Battle of
Mantinea. Spartans defeated but Epaminondas slain. The
ban supremacy ends in Greece. Curtius l eaps into a gulf inthe Forum at Rome. TheLacedmmonians send Agesilaus toaid Tachos king ofEgypt against Artaxerxes. H e deth
’
rones
'l achos and gives the crown to Nectanebus. H e dies on hisreturn from this expedition.
Death ofArtaxerxes Mnemon . Ochus his son succeeds him .
Phil ip ascends the throne ofMacedon . H e makes peace withthe Athenians.
Phi l ippics ofDemosthenes.
Commerce ofRhodes with Africa and Byzantium .
Voyages of the Carthaginians under H anno .
Cappadocia becomes a kingdom under Ariarathes I.Phil ip takes Amphipol is and loses h is right eye by an arrow fromAstor .
Dionysius the younger is expelled from Syracuse by Dion .
The second sacredwar begins,on the temple ofDelphi’s being
attacked by thePhoceans.
Phi l ip conquers Thrace and Illyria.
The Temp le ofDiana at Ephesus burnt .This temp lewas reckoned one ofthe seven wonders ofthe world .
Alexander the Great born.
Demosthenes appears in public for the first time,and encourages
the Athenianswho were alarmed by the preparations forwarmaking for the king ofPersia.
Death ofMausolus king ofCaria. H is tombwas accounted one
ofthe seven “wonders ofthe world.
Dion put to death and Syracuse governed seven -years by tyrants.
About this time flourished Eudoxus,Lycurgus
,surnamed Ibis
,
Theopompus, Ephorus, Datames,Philomelus, etc .
The Phoceans under Onomarchus are defeated in Thessaly byPhili
Artem isiia,widow ofMausolus whom she had succeeded
,takes
Rhodes.
Phil ip attempts to seize Thermopylae 1n vain .
Successful expedition ofOchus against Phenicia,Cyprus
,and
afterwards Egypt .
Nectanebus,the last king of Egypt of the Egyptian race
,is
ob l iged to flee into Ethiopia from whence he never returns.
Plato the philosopher dies, aged 80.
H e 1s supposed to have seen and studied the Hebrew scriptures,
and to have taken many things from them .
The sacredwar is finished by Phil ip taking al l the cities of thePhoceans.
Dionysius recovers the tyranny ofSyracuse after ten years’ banishment.
Phil ip seizes Thermopylae and part ofPhocis. H e causes himself to be admitted into the number ofAmphictyons.
Duras buried by an earthquake.
Twelve cities in Campania buried by an earthquake.
W ar ofthe Romans against the Samnites begins. Timoleon ex
pels Dionysius again from Syracuse .
Aristotle the logician and philosopher, founder ofthePeripatetics. H e is appointed tutor to Alexander .
B . O.
343
342
340
338
337
336
335
334
333 .
ZEeschines orator.
Oration ofDemosthenes concerning the Chersoneus in favor ofD iopithus.
The Lyceum buil t in Attica.
Phi l ip makeswar upon Athens.
Phil ip lays siege to Byzantium .
Timoleon recovers Syracuse and defeats the Carthaginians atAgrigentum .
P . Decius devotes himself to his country .
All Campania is subdued.
Phil ip is declared general issimo of the Greeks in the counci l ofAmphictyons. H e makes himsel f master ofElataea.
Battle ofCheronaea wherein Phi l ip defeats the Athenians andthe Thebans
,who had entered into a league against him .
Ochus, king of Persia
,is poisoned by Rageas his favorite.
Arses his son succeeds him,and reigns only three years.
Philip causeshimsel f tobe declared general ofthe Greeks againstthe Persians.
The sam e year he repudiates his wife Olympias . H is son Alexander attends her into Ep irus.
Phil ip ofMacedon kil led by Pausanias. Alexander the Great,
h is son,twenty years ofage, succeeds him .
Arses,king of Persia
,is assassinated by Bagoas. Darius Codo
manus succeeds him,the last king ofthe Medo—Persian empire.
Thebes taken and destroyed by Alexander . H e causes himselfto be declared general issimo of the Greeks against the Persians
,in a diet assembled at Corinth . Alexander spares the
house of Pindar the poet.Thrace annexed to the Macedonian empire.
The revolution of ecl ipses first calculated by Calippus the Athen1an .
Encaustic painting,or the art ofburning colors into wood or
ivory,invented byPausias a painter of Sicyon.
Alexander the Great sets out for Persia. Battle ofGranicus inPhrygia gained by Alexander over
,Darius May 22, fol lowed
by the conquest of almost al l Asia Minor .
Alexander is seized at Tarsus with a dangerous il lness,from
having bathed in the river Cydnus. H e is cured in a fewdays.
Battle of Issus gained by Alexander in October .Cal isthenes the philosopher .Alexander makes himself master ofTyreafter a siege of sevenm onths.
Apel les ofCos, one ofthe most famous painters of antiquity.
Aristides and Protogenes were his cotemporaries.
Al exander goes to Jerusal em . H e makes himsel f master ofGaza
,and soon afte1 of al l Egypt . H e went after the conquest
to Jupiter Ammon,and at his return built the c ity ofA lex
andria in Egypt .Battle ofArbela. It is fol lowed by the taking ofArbela,Babylon,Susa and Persepol is.
Samar itan templ e, on Mount Gerizim,bu il t about this time.
The Lacedaemonians revol t against the Macedonians. Antipaterdefeats them in a battle wherein Agis their king is kil led .
Thalestris,queen of the Amazons
,comes to see A lexander at
Zadracarta,with a train of 300 women .
Philotas and Parmenio,h is father
,suspected ofhaving conspired
against Alexander,with others
,are put to death .
Darius is seized and laden with chains by Bessus,and soon after
assassinated. H is death puts an end to the Persian empire,
which had subsisted 206 years from its foundation underCyrus the Great, which is succeeded by the Grecian or Mac
edonian,as denoted by the bel ly and thighs of brass in Neb
uchadnez zar’
s‘
dream,the leopard in Daniel ’s first vision
,and
the goat in his second. (Scott )
NINTH PERIOD
FROM ALEXANDER TH E GREAT TO TH E OVERTH ROW OF THE
329
327
326
325
324
323
GRECIANEMPIRE—184 YEARS.
Bessus is brought to Alexander,and soon after put to death .
Embassy of the Scythians to A lexander,fol lowed by a victory
gained by him over that peop le.
Lysippus ofSicyon,a famous sculptor
,flourished about this time.
A lexander makes himself master ofthe rocky eminence ofOxus.
C l itus is kil led by A lexander at a feast in Maracanda.
The death ofCal isthenes happens soon after .Alexander marries Roxana
,daughter ofOxyartes.
A lexander’s entrance into India.
H e gains a great victory over Porus in passing the H ydaspesThe voyage ofNearchus from the Indus to the Euphrates W 1thA lexander’s fleet .
0 11 the remonstrances of his army,A lexander determines to
march back .
The c ity of.
Ox adrycae taken . Al exander 1n great danger there.
Newwar betweent he Romans and Samnites.
Papirius Cursor dictator at Rome .
Alexander’s marriagewith Statira,the eldest daughter ofDarius
Revol t ofH arpalus,whom Alexander had made governor of
Babylon .
Demosthenes is banished for having received presents,and suf
fers himself to be corrupted by Harpalus.
Death of H ephaestion at Ecbatana.
Menander,the inventor of the newcomedy
,l ived about this
time.
Al exander,on h is return to Babylon
,dies there
,April 21
,at the
age of thirty-two years and eight months ;whose vast dominions and conquests
,after many dreadful conflicts between his
captains,form four kingdoms
,Macedonia
,Thrace
,Syria "
and
EgyptAridaeus
,Alexander
’
s natural brother,is declared king in his
stead. The regency ofthe kingdom is given toPerdiccas.
After the death ofAl exander,Ptolemy refounded the kingdom
of Egypt,and began to reign .
Antipater is besieged in Lamia by the Athenians,and is forced
to surrender by capitulation. H e soon seizes Athens, andputs a arrison into it .
Death of emosthenes.
Alexander’s magnificent funeral .Perdiccas puts Eumenes in possession of Cappadocia.
League of Ptolemy,Craterus
,Antipater and Antigonus against
Perdiccas and Eumenes.
Unfortunate end ofPerdiccas in Egypt . Antipater succeedshim in the regency of the empire.
The Roman army passes under the yoke at the Caudine Forks.
Eumenes,defeated by Antigonus
,shuts himself up in the castle
ofNora,where he sustains a siege of a year .
Ptol emy makes himself master ofJerusalem,and carries a great
num ber ofJews into Egypt,where they forma colony at Al
ex andria.
The Samnites defeated at Luceria. Jaddua the high priest atJerusalem dies ; succeeded by Onias.
Death ofAntipater . Polysperehon succeeds him .
Phocion’
s condemnation and death at Athens.
Cassander,the son of Antipater . seizes Athens and settles De
m etriusPhalereus there to govern the republ ic .Olympias
,the mother ofAlexander
,causes Aridaeus and Eury
dice his wife to be put to death , as she herself is soon after byorder of Cassander
,who succeeds Aridaeus in Macedonia.
Syracuse and Sicily usurped by Agathocles.
Cassander rebui lds Thebes and founds Cassandria.
Eum enes is del ivered up to Antigonus by his own soldiers andput to death .
Antigonus retakes Judea from Ptolemy.
The Romans begin the Etruscanwar.
Zeno institutes the sect ofstoics at Athens.
Ptolemy son of Lagus conquers Demetrius son of Antigonusnear Gaza ; becomes again master ofJudea.
Judea returns to the jurisdiction of the kings of Syr ia the
Jews pay them tribute some time.
Peace concluded between Antigonus and al l h is enemies exceptSeleucus.
Seleucus makes himself master of Babylon and the neighboring
provm ees.
At this expedition ofSeleucus against Babylon begins the famousera ofthe Seleucidae
,called by the Jews the era of contracts
B . C .
294
293
291
290
287
386
285
284
283
282
281
280
Demetrius“
puts to death Alexander king ofMacedon,who had
cal led him in to his '
aid,and seizes his dominions
,where he
reignss even years.
Seleucus,king of Syria
,builds Seleucia on the Tigris
,which
tends greatly to depopulate Babylon .
The first sun dial erected at Rome by Papirius Cursor, and thetime first divided into hours.
Seleucus about this time buil t about forty cities in Asia,which
he peopled with different nations.
Simon the Just dies,and is succeeded in the high-priesthood by
his brother E leazer .Fabius introduces painting at Rome.
The Colossus buil t by Chares of Chares ofLindus,the fifth
among the seven wonders ofthe world.
End ofthe Samnitewar with the Romans.
Pyrrhus and Lysimachus take Macedonia from Demetrius.
Demetrius diesmiserab ly the next year in prison.
Pyrrhus expelled from Macedon.
LawofHortensius,by which the decrees of the people had the
force of those of the senate.
The Scythians invade Bosphorus.
Theocritus the father of pastoral poetry.
Dionysius the astronomer at Alexandria,begins his era. H e
found the solar year to consist of365 days,5 hours and 49
minutes.
The light house or watch tower of Pharos near Alexandria the
seventh wonder of the wor ld,is finished by Ptolemy Soter.
Ptolemy Soter of Egypt resigns his throne to his Son PtolemyPhiladelphus.
Foundation of the kingdom of Pergamus,by Philetaerus patron
of the arts.
TH E ACH E AN LEAGUE formed by the inhabitants of the threeIonian cities
,Patrae
,Dyme andPharae
,and continued form id
able upwards of 130 years.
Demetrius Phalereus is shut up in a fort by order ofPhilardelphus and kills himself there.
Lysimachia destroyed by an earthquake.
The Gauls and Etrurians subdued.
Seleucus Nieator king of Syria,declareswar against Lysimachus
king ofMacedon.
Lysimachus is kil l ed in a battle in Phrygia. Seleucus entersMacedon to take possession of the kingdom . H e is assassinated
,
byCeraunus. Antiochus Soter his son,succeeds him in
the kingdom of Syria.
The Tarentinewar .
Ceraunus, to secure the kingdom ofMacedon to himself,puts
the .two chil dren ofLysimachus by Arsinoe to death,
'
and ban
ishes her into Samothracia.
'
l‘he republ ic of the Achaeans resumes its ancient form
,whi ch it
had lost under Philip and A lexander.
B. C .
280
279
278
277
275
272
269
268
267
266
Pyrrhus king ofEpirus,cal led in by the Tarentines
,enters Italy
to makewar against the Romans. H e gives them battle forthe
'
first time near Heraclea where the advantage is whol ly onhis side. H e i s again successful in a second battle fought theyear fol lowing .
A Roman legion seizes Rhegium by treachery .
Irruption ofGauls into Macedon.
Ceraunus gives them battle in which he is killed. Meleager hisbrother succeeds him .
The Gauls under Brennus are cut to pieces near the temple of
.Delphi .About this time flourished Sostratus
,Theocritus
,Phi lo
,Aratus
,
Lycophron,etc .
Pyrrhus abandons Italy and goes toSici ly which he conquersSosthenes drives the Gauls out ofMacedonia. H e is made k1ngthere and reigns two years.
Ptolemy Philadelphus, king ofEgypt, causes the holy scripturesto be translated into Greek, cal led the Septuagint version of
the Bible.
72 translators were shut up in 36 cel ls ; each pair translated thewhol e
,and on subsequent comparison the 36 copies did not
vary by word or l etter . (Justin Martyr.)A mu l titude of emigrated Gauls
,after many defeats and disas
ters,pass over out ofGreece into Asia Minor ; and there oh
tain a settlement in the country afterwards cal led Galatia.
Death of Sosthenes. Antigonus Gonatus, son ofPol iorcetes,who reigned afterwards during ten years in Greece,makes
himsel f king ofMacedon in his stead. Antiochus,king of
Syria,disputes the posssession of it with him . Their differ
ence terminates by the marriage ofAntigonus with Phi la,the
daughter ofStratonice and Seleucus.
The Carthaginians send Mago with a fleet to aid the Romansagainst Pyrrhus.
A lexandria the seat of learning and trade.
Pyrrhus defeated in Italy by Curins Dentatus.
Antiochus defeats the Gauls in a bloody battle,and delivers the
country from their oppressions. By this victory he gainedthe name ofSoter .Hiero and Artemidorus are made supreme magistrates by theSyracusan troops.
Pyrrhus undertakes the siege of Sparta and cannot reduce it .H e 1s kil led the next year at the siege ofArgos.
The Samnites and Tarentines defeated by the Romans.
The first coining of silver at Rome under the consulship ofFabius Pictor and Gulo .
Antigonus Gonatus makes himsel f master ofAthens,which had
entered into a league with the Macedonians against him .
Ptolemy makes a canal from theNile to the Red sea.
Sparta free.
Al l lower Italy subdued by the Romans.
B. C .
265
264
263
261
260
259
258
256
2511
249
Abantidas makes himself tyrant ofSicyon,after having put Cli
nias its governor to death .
Magus,governor of Cyrenaica and Libya
,revolts against Ptole
my Philadelphus.
The first Punicwar begins,and continues 23 years.
The chronology ofthe Arundel ian marbles composed.
About this time flourished Lycon,Crates
,H ermachus
,Helenus
and Aristotimus.
Gladiators first exhib ited at Rome.
Death ofPhiletaerus,king and founder of Pergamus.
Eumenes his nephew succeeds him .
Antiochus Soter,king of Syria
,causes his son Antiochus to be
proclaimed king .
Berosus ofBabylon,the historian
,lived about this th e.
TheRomanswin their first naval battle.
The Carthaginians defeated at sea by Duil ius,who had the first
naval triumph in November .The sect of Sadducees derived its name from Sadok presidentofthe Sanhedrim .
Sea-fight between the Romans and Carthaginians near the coastofMyle.
Accommodation between Magus and Ptolemy PhiladelphusRegulus
,the Roman general
,is defeated and taken prisoner by
the Carthaginians under Xanth ippus.
Athens is restored to l iberty by Antigonus.
The fourth imperial dynasty of China.
W ar between Antiochus king ofSyria and Philadelphus.
Carthaginian sea fight near Ecnomos in Sici ly .
Palermo besieged by the Romans.
About this time the Huns are first heard ofgoverned by Teuman.
Aratus the son of Olinias del ivers Sicyon from tyranny and
unites it with the Achaean League.
Mithridates IV . king ofPontus is besieged in his capital by theGauls.
Arsaces revolts against Agathocles,governor for Antiochus in
the country of the Parthians.
Parthia disputed.
the empire ofthe world with the Romans,whohad seen no country unconquered by their arms. It remainedan empire til l 229 A . D . when it became a Persian province.
About the same time Theodorus,governor ofBactriana, revolts
and causes himself to be declared king ofthat province.
Treaty of peace between Antiochus and Ptolemy Philadelphus,which puts an end to thewar. By one of the conditions ofthat treaty Antiochus repudiates
’
Laodice and marries Bere~nice
,Ptolemy’s daughter .
The Romans under C laudius Pul cher are total ly defeated by theCarthaginians under Adherbal offDrepanum ,
Sicily .
Regulus is sent to Rome to propose the exchange of prisoners.
At his return the Carthaginians put him to death with the mostcruel torments.
B . C.
248
247
246
244
241
240
239
238
237
235
234
233
232
Agis,king ofSparta
,endeavors to revive the ancient institutions
of Lycurgus. Leonidas h is co l league 18 deposed for refusingto consent to it . Cleombrotus his son in lawreigns in hisstead.
Siege ofLilybaeum by the Romans.
Death of Ptolemy Philadelphus,king of Egypt . Ptolemy Ev
ergetes h is son succeeds him .
Appol lonius ofRhodes author ofa. poem upon the expedition of
the Argonauts.
Antiochus,surnamed Theos
,king of Syria
,is poisoned by his
W ife Laodice.
She afterwards causes her son Seleucus Cal l inicus to be declaredkin
Berenigce
'
and her son by Antiochus are assassmated by Laodice .
Ptolemy Evergetes, Berenice’
s brother,undertakes to revenge
her death . H e makes himself master ofa great part ofSyria.
The cities of Smyrna and Magnesia enter into an al l iance to aidthe king of Syria against Ptolemy Evergetes.
Aratus makes himself master ofthe c itadel of Corinth .
Leonidas is restored at Sparta,Cleombrotus sent into banishment
,
and Agis put to death .
Death ofAntigonus Gonatus,king ofMacedon . Demetrius h is
son succeeds him .
‘
Seleucus king of Syria,enters into awar with Antiochus H ierax
his brother . The latter has the advantage in a battle nearAncyra m Galatia.
The Carthaginians defeated by Lutatius the Roman general,at
the Isl es of ZEgates, which finishes the first Punicwar.
Agis king of Sparta,is put to death for attempting to settle an
Agrarian Law.Death ofEumenes king of Pergamus. Attalus his cousin-
ger
man succeeds him .
Comedies first acted at Rome ; those ofLivius Andronicus.
Cleanthus the Stoic starves himself.Eratosthenes the Cyrenian
,is made l ibrarian to Ptolemy Ever
getes.
End of the Libyanwar.
H amil car with H annibal his son passes into Spain .
The Carthaginians give up Sardinia to the Romans, and engageto pay them 1200 talents.
The temple at Janus shut,and Rome at peace for the first time
sinceNumaThe Sardinianwar begins and continues three years.
Joseph,nephew of the high priest Onias is sent embassador to
Ptolemy Evergetes.
Athens,freed from its Macedonian garrison
,enters the League.
Death of.Demetrius king ofMacedon .
Antigonus,guardian of Phil ip son ofDemetrius
,succeeds him .
Polycletus of Sicyon a famous sculptor .The first divorce known at Rome by Spurius
‘
Carvil ius.
224
223
221
‘720
Sardinia and Corsica conquered by the Romans.
Seleucus king of Syria is defeated and taken prisoner by Arsaces king of the Parthians.
Roman embassadors first appear at Athens and Corinth .
The fortress of the Athenaeuni built .Cleomenes king of Sparta gains a great v1ctory over the Acbw
ans and Aratus.
Hami l car is ki l led in Spain . Asdrubal his son- in-lawsucceedshim in the command ofthe army.
Carthagena in Spain buil t by Asdrubal .Seleucus Cal l inicus king of Syria dies among the Parthians, ofa fal l from a horse. Seleucus Ceraunus his eldest son succeedshim .
Antiochus H ierax is assassinated by thieves on leaving Egypt.Aratus defeats Aristippus tyrant ofArgos.
H e prevai ls upon Lysiades tyrant ofMegalopol is to renouncethe tyranny
,and causes h is city to enter into the Achaean
League.
The Romans send a famous embassy into Greece to impart to theGreeks the treaty they had lately concluded with the I l lyrians.
The Corinthians declare by pub l ic decree that they shal l be adm itted to partake in the celebration of the Isthmian games.
The Athenians also grant them the freedom ofAthens.
Antigonus king of Macedon,by the intrigues ofAratus, is
cal led in to aid the Achaeans against the Lacedaemonians.
The Gauls enter Ital y,but are defeated in Etruria by L . fEm il i
us the Roman consu l .The Colossus ofRhodes thrown down by an earthquake. The
Romans first cross thePo pursuing the Gauls.
Archimedes the mathematician demonstrates the properties ofthe lever .
Cleomenes king ofMegalopol is.
Battle ofSelasia,fol lowed by the taking ofSparta by Antigonus .
Death of Seleucus Ceraunus king of Syria. Antiochus,his
brother,surnamed the Great
,succeeds him .
Death of Pto lemy Evergetes king ofEgypt . Ptolemy Philopwter succeeds him .
The E tol ians gain a great victory at Caphyae over the Achaeans.
Antiochus reduces Molon and Alexander ,who had revol tedagainst him two years before
,the first in Media
,the second
in Persia.
Death ofAntigonus,king ofMacedon . Phil ip the son ofDe
m etrius succeeds him .
Cleomenes king ofSparta dies in Egypt . The Lacedaemoniansel ect Agesipol is and Lycurgus to succeed him .
W ar ofthe al l ies with the ZEtol ians in favor of the Achaeans.
Hermias,prime minister ofAntiochus is put to death .
After Asdrubal ’s death Hannibal is made general of the armyin his stead.
B. C .
219
218
217
215
214
212
211
210
208
‘207
206
204
203
202
Battle ofRaphia, between Ptolemy, king ofEgypt,and Antio
chus,king of Syria.
The art of surgery introduced .
An ecl ipse of the moon observed in Asia Minor .The second Punicwar begins with Hannibal ’s crossing the Alpsand continues 17 years. The Romans defeated at Ticinumand Trebia.
The Romans defeated by Hannibal at the lake ofThrasymene.
Ptolemy attempts to enter the temple at Jerusalem,but is pre
vented by the priests. H e returns into Egypt and condemnsthe Jews in his dominions to be trodden to death by elephants.
God del ivers his people.
Hannibal ’s all iance with Phil ip, king ofMacedonThe Romans under Fabius Cunctator total ly defeated in the bat
tle of Cannae,in Apul ia
,by Hannibal
,who retires to Capua.
The Egyptians rebel against Ptol emy Philopater 5 the Jews takehis art.
Phil ippreceives a considerable blow from the Romans at the siege
ofApol lonia.
Carneades founder ofa newacademy .
Antiochus attempts to reduce the province which had thrown off
the yoke of the Syrian em ire,and effects it in seven years.
Syracuse taken by Marcel lus,after a siege ofthree years.
Archimedes slain .
A l l iance of the ZEtol ianswith the Romans.
Attalus,king of Pergamus
,enters into it .
The Lacedaemonians accede to it some time after .The two Scipios are kil led in Spain .
Sicily conquered by the Romans,and made a province.
Famous battle between Phil ip king ofMacedon and the JEtol ians near E l is. Phi lopoem en distinguishes himself in it .
Ennius,of Calabria
,a poet . Sotion
,ofAlexandria
,a gramma
r ian.
About this time flourished Plautus,Archagathus
,Evander
,Tele
clus and H erm ippus of Syracuse.
Appol lonius of Perga, mathematician .
Zeno of Tarsus,the philosopher .
Battle of Mantinea,wherein Philopoemen defeats Machanidas,
tyrant ofSparta,who perished in it. Nabis is set in his place.
Asdrubal enters Italy . H e is defeated by the consul Livius,
whom the other consul Nero had joined .
Treaty ofpeace between Phil ip and the Romans. Al l the all ieson both sides are included in it .Polybius is said to have been born this year .Death of Ptolemy Philopater king ofEgypt .Ptolemy Epiphanes, at that time only five years old
,succeeds
him .
League between Phil ip ofMacedon and Antiochus king ofSyr ia,
against the younger king ofEgypt .Phil ip
,king ofMacedon
,is defeated hy ' the Rhodians in a sea
fight offthe island ofChios, near the coast ofAsia Minor .Hannibal is recal led to the aid ofhis country .
The art ofprinting in China.
The dynasty ofH an in China.
The battle ofZama in Africa where Hannibal is totally defeatedby Scipio.
Judea submits to Antiochus the Great .Phil ip besieges and takes Abydos.
The Carthaginians have a peace granted them on very ignom inious terms
,which finishes the second Punicwar. Fifty-two
years elapse before the third.
Scipio carries Syphax in triumph to Rome .
The first Macedonianwar begins and continues nearly four years.
Athens implores the aid of Rome against Macedonia. The Romans declarewar with Phi l ip . P . Sulpitius is appo inted tocommand in it . H e gains a considerable victory near thetown ofOctolopha in Macedon .
Vil l icus succeeds Sulpitius in the command of the army againstPhil ip . The year fol lowing F laminius is sent to succeed Vill ieus.
Antiochus king of Syria subjects Palestine and Coelosyria.
The Achaeans dec lare for the Romans against Phi l ip .
Books with l eaves ofvellum introduced by Attalus king ofPergamus in l ieu ofrol ls.
The Jews assist Antiochus in expell ing Scopas and the Egyptiantroops from Jerusalem .
First mention ofa Senate or Sanhedrim .
Interview ofPhil ip and the consul F laminius.
Nabis tyrant ofSparta declares for the Romans.
The Boeotians do the same .
Death ofAttalus king of Pergamus. Eumenes succeeds him .
Battle of Cynoscephalae where the Romans gain a complete victory over Philip .
H annibal joins Antiochuswho seizes the Thracian Cheronese.
Treaty of peace between Phil ip and the Romans which puts anend to thewar.
Embassy of the Romans to Antiochus the Great in order to beassuredwhether the complaints against him were justly founded.
Conspiracy of Scopas the JEtol ian against Ptolemy Epiphanesdiscovered and punished.
Flaminius makeswar against Nabis the tyrant ofSparta.
Cato in Spain .
Hannibal is made praetor of Carthage and reforms the courts ofjustice and the finances.
After having exercised that office two years he retires to kingAntiochus at Ephesus
,whom he advises
’
to carry thewarinto Italy .
Masinissa barrasses the Carthaginians and injures . their com
merce.
Antiochus the Great gives his daughter C leopatra in marriage
Onias the elder,brother of Jason and Menelaus
,is put to death
at Antioch .
Menelaus offers 300 talents ofsi lver for the high priesthood morethan Jason had given for it ; he obtains a grant of it fromAntiochus.
Menelaus not paying his purchase money is deprived ofthe highpriesthood. Lysimachus
,his brother , is ordered to perform
the functions ofit .Menelaus
,gaining Andronicus governor of Antioch
,in the ab
sence of Antiochus Epiphanes, causes Onias III . the highpriest to be ki l led.
Lysimachus,thinking to plunderthe treasury ofthe temple of
Jerusalem,is put to death 1n the temp le .
A report that Antiochus Epiphaneswas dead in Egypt ; Jasonattempts Jerusalem
, but is repulsed.
Antiochus being informed that some Jews had rejoiced at thefalse news ofhis death
,p lunders Jerusalem
,and slays
men .
Antiochus Epiphanes makes himself master ofal l Egypt.An i rruption ofTartars into China.
Paper invented in China.
The Alexandrians,in the room ofPhilometerwho had fal lan in
to the hands of Antiochus,make Ptolemy Evergetes his
younger brother king .
Philometer is set at l iberty the same year,and un ites with his
brother . That union induces Antiochus to renew thewar.
An ecl ipse ofthe moon whichwas predicted by Q . S . Gal lus.
Paulus fEm il ius is charged with the Macedonianwar againstPerseus. H e gains a famous victory over that prince nearPydna which puts an end to the kingdom ofMacedon . Itwas not
,however
,reduced into a province of the Roman Em
pire til l twenty years after .The praetor Anicius subj ects I l lyria m thirty daysPopi l ius
,one ofthe embassadors sent by the Romans into Egypt
,
obl iges Antiochus to quit it and come to an accomm odationwith the two brothers.
Antiochus,exasperated at what had happened
,turns his rage
against the Jews,and sends Appol lonius to Jerusalem .
The same year he pub l ishes a decree to ob l ige al l nations in sub
jection to him to renounce thei r own rel igion and conform to
his. This lawoccasions a cruel persecution among the Jews.
Judas Maccabeus,with nine others
,retires into the wilderness.
Antiochus goes in person to Jerusalem to see his orders put inexecution .
The sacrifices of the temp le interrupted. The statue of JupiterOlym pias set up on the altar ofburnt-sacrifices.
The Martyrdom of E leazar at Antioch ; of the seven brethrenMaccabees and their mother .
Mattathias and his seven sons retire into the mountains theAssidcans join them .
About this time flourishes Jesus,the son of Sirach
,author of
the book ofEcclesiasticus.
Paulus ZEm il ius abandons the cities of Epirus to be plunderedby his army for having taken part with Perseus. The Achaeans suspected ofhaving favored that prince
,are sent to Rome
to give an account oftheir conduct . The senate banish theninto d ifferent towns of Italy
,from whence they are not suf
fered to return home til l seventeen years after . Polybiuswasofthis number .
The first l ibrary opened in Rome,consisting of books plundered
from Macedonia.
Census ofRome,
Prusias king ofBithynia goes to Rome . Eumenes king ofPergamus is not permitted to enter .
Death ofMattathias. Judas Maccabeus his son succeeds him,an i
gains many victories over the generals of Antiochus.
Romans enter Achaia.
Judas vanqu ishes Lysias,Antiochus’ deputy
,recovers Jerusalem
,
and restores the dai ly sacrifice and the worship in the temple .
Lysias coming into Judea with an army is beaten and forced toreturn to Antioch .
Judas purifies the temple after three years’ defilement by theGentiles. The anniversary of this purification is cal led Encoenia.
Timotheus and Bacchides,
‘ generals ofthe Syrian army,are beat
en by Ju~l as.
Antiochus Epiphanes dies in Persia ; his son Antiochus Eupator
,aged nine years
,succeeds him
,under the regency ofLy
s1as.
Judas wars against the enemies of his nation in Idumaea andbeyond Jordan.
Timotheus a second time overcome by Judas.
The peop le beyond Jordan and in Gal ilee consp ire against theJews ; are suppressed by Judas and his brethren.
Lysias,coming into Judea
,is forced to make peace with Judas,
and returns to Antioch .
A letter of king Antiochus Eupator in favor of the Jews.
The Roman legateswrite to the Jews and promise to supporttheir interests with the king of Syria.
The treachery ofJoppa and Samaria chastised by Judas.
Judas wars beyond Jordan,defeats a general of the Syrian
troops cal led Timotheus, different from the former Timotheus.
Judas attacks Gorgias in [dumaea ; having defeated him findsJews ki l led in the fightwho had concealed gold under theirclothes
,which they had taken from an idol ’s temple at Jam
n1a.
Antiochus Eupator invades Judea in person besieges Bethshurand takes it besieges Jerusalem .
Phil ipwho had been appointed regent by Antiochus Epiphanescoming to Antioch,Lysias prevailswith the king to make peace
with the Jews and return to Antioch ; but before he returnshe enters Jerusalem and causes the wal l to be demol ished thatJudas had bu il t to secure the temple from the insul ts of the
citadel .Hipparchus ofNice fixes the rst degree of longitude and latitude at Ferro
,whose most western pointwas made the first
general meridian : lays the_
foundation of trigonometry .
Diflerence between Philometer king of Egypt and Physcon hisbrother
,which does not term inate ti l l after the expiration of
five years.
Octav ius, embassador for the Romans in Syria, is assassinated.
Menelaus the high priest dies ; is succeeded by Alcimus an in
truder.
Onias IV son ofOnias III .
,lawful heir to the dignity of high
priest,retires into Egypt where sometime after he bu i l t the
temple Onion .
Demetrius son of Seleucus sent to Rome as a hostage ; escapesfrom thence and comes into Syria
,where he slays his nephew
Eupator, also Lysias, regent of the kingdom ,and is acknowl
edged king of Syria.
Alcimus intercedes with Demetrius for the confirmation of the
dignity of high priest,which he had received from Eupator.
Alcimus returns into Judea with Bacchides,and enters Jerasa
lem .
Alcimus is driven thence and returns to Demetrius,who appointsNwater with troops to take him back to Judea Nicatormakes an accommodation with Judas
,and lives for some time
in good intel l igence with him .
Alcimus accuses N1cator of betraying the king’s interest . De
metrius ordersNwater to bring Judas to him .
Judas attacksNicator and ki l ls about 5,000 m en.
Death ofRhaz is,a famous ol d man
,who chooses rather to die
by his own bahd than to fal l al ive into the hands ofN1catorJudas obtains a comp lete victory
,in which Ni cator is kil led.
Bac chides and Al cimus again sent to Judea. Judas gives thembattle ; dies l ike a hero on a heap ofenemies slain by him .
Jonathan Maccabeus chosen chief ofhis nation and high priest,
in the place of Judas.
The envoys return whom Judas had sent to Rome to make anal l iance with the Romans.
Bacchides pursues Jonathan ; he, after a slight combat,swims
over the Jordan in sight ofthe enemy .
Philosophers and Rhetoricians banished from Rome .
Demetrius is acknowledged king of Syria by the Romans.
Death ofEumenes king of Pergamus. AttalusPhilometer succeeds him .
Al cimus the high priest dies,and Bacchides leaving Jerusalem
the Jews enjoy peace.
The clepsydra or water clock . invented by ScipioNasc ia.
Jonathan and Simon Maccabeus are besieged in Bethbesson,or
Bethagla. Jonathan goes out ofthe place,raises soldiers and
defeats several bodies of the enemy .
Simon h is brother makes several sall ies and opposes Bacchides.
Jonathan makes proposals of peace to Bacchides,which are ao
cc ted.
Jonarthan fixes his abode at Mikmash where he judges the people.
Mithridates V . king ofPontus.
W ar between Attalus andPrusiasEmbassyofDiogenes, Carniades and Critolaus to Rome.
Romans unsuccessful in Spain.
A lexander Bal as pretends to be the son ofAntiochus Epiphanesand in that qual ity attempts to cause himself to be acknowledged king of Syria.
Jonathan,the brother ofJudas Maccabeus
,1s made high priest by
Alexander Balas,who c laimed the kingdom of Syria againstDemetrius
,and whom Jonathan greatly assisted.
From this tiine the high priesthood continued in the Asmodeanor Maccabean fam i ly ti l l the time ofH erod the Great.Massinissa defeats the Carthaginians.
Joint reign ofPhilometer andPhyscon 1n Egypt .Defeat ofGalba.
Demetrius Soter is kil led in a battle between him and AlexanderBalas. H is death leaves the latter in possession ofthe empireof Syria.
A dispute between the Jews and Samaritans ofAlexandria con
cerning their temples. The Samaritans are condemned by theking of Egypt
,and the temple at Jerusalem preferred to that
at Gerizim ,
Aristobulus,a Peripatetic Jew
,flourishes m Egypt under Ptole
my Philom eter.
Demetrius Nicator, eldest son of Demetrius Soter,comes into
Cil icia to recover the kingdom ofhis father .Appol lonius, to whom Alexand r Balas had intrusted his afi
’
airs,
revol ts to DemetriusNicator .
H e m arches against Jonathan Maccabeuswho continues in theinterest ofA lexander Balas.
Appol lonius put to fl ight .Onias the son of Onias
,who had been high priest
,builds a tem
ple in Egypt l ike that at Jerusalem .
The third Punicwar begins and continues three years. Prusias king ofBithynia, is put to death by his son Nicom edes
,
surnamed Philopater .Carthage is besieged by the Romans.
Macedon is reduced into a province ofthe Roman empire.
Troub les in Achaia promoted by Discus and Critolaus. The
omm issioners '
sent thither by the Romans are insulted.
Achaean League total ly defeated.
PtolemyPhilometer king ofEgypt comes into Syr ia,pretending
to assist Alexander Balas,but he real ly designs to dethrone
him .
Viriathus is defeated by Lael ius in Spain.
P . Scipio is made consul and receives the command ofthe armybefore Carthage, which he entirely destroys.
Metel lus goes to Achaia where he gains several advantages overthe Achaeans. Mumm ius succeeds him
,and after a great bat
tle at Leucopetra takes Corinth and entirely demol ishes it .L . Mumm ius brought the first fine painting to Rome from Corinth .
Greece is reduced to a Roman province under the name of the
province ofAchaia.
TENTH PERIOD .
FROM THE OVERTH ROW OF GREECE TO TH E CH RISTIANERA
145
144
143
42
146 YEARS.
Alexander Balas gives battle to Philometer and DemetriusNicator ; he loses it, and flees to Zabdiel king ofArabia,who cutsoff his head.
Dem etrius succeeds him .
Ptolemy Philom eter dies in Syria. Cleopatra his queen, givesthe command of her army to Onias
,a Jew
,son ofOnias III .
Onias restrains Ptolemy Physcon, son ofPhilometer.
Jonathan besieges the fortress of the Syrians at Jerusalem .
Demetrius comes into Palestine ; Jonathan finds means to gainhim by presents.
Ptolemy Physcon becomes sole king ofEgypt,by the death of
Philometer.
Demetrius Nicator attacked by the inhabitants ofAntiochwhohad revol ted. Jonathan sends him soldierswho del iver him .
Tryphon brings young Antiochus, son of Alexander Balas, outof Arabia and has him
_acknowledged king ofSyria. Jona
than espouses his cause against DemetriusNicator .
Jonathan renews the al l iance with the Romans and Lacedaemo
m ans.
H e is treacherously taken by Tryphon, in Ptolemais,who sometime after puts him to death .
Simon Maccabeus succeeds Jonathan . Tryphon slays the youngking Antiochus Theos
,and usurps the kingdom ofSyria.
Simon acknowledges Demetrius Nicator,who had been dispos
sessed ofthe kingdom ofSyria,and obtains from him the entire
freedom ofthe Jews.
Hipparchus begins his newcycle ofthe moon.
The sovereignty ofJudea is confirmed to Simon and his posterity by the unanimous consent of the Jews in a general assemblyat Jerusalem
,and he frees them from al l tribute to any
foreign prince, and effects in many things a reformation amongthem .
TheNumantianwar begins, and continues eight years.
The Picts from the north of England settle in the south of
Scotland.
Death ofViriathus the Lusitanian chief.Antiochus Sidetes, the second son of Demetrius Soter
,marries
C leopatra the wife of his brother Demetrius Nicator and
after having put Tryphon to death he is declared king himself.Death ofAttalus king of Pergamus. Attalus his nephew
,sur
named Philopater, succeeds him . H e reigns five years.
Antiochus Sidetes quarrels with Simon and sends Cendebeus in
to Palestine to ravage the country .
The Roman army,under Mancinus ignominiously defeated by
theNumantines.
Learning and learned men liberal ly patronized by Ptolemy Physcon.
Diodorus and Satyrus, peripatetics ; Nicander, physician and po
et Lucius Accius,tragic poet.
Scip io Africanus with Sp . Mumm ius and Metel lus made the famous embassy into Egypt
,Syria and Greece.
The cruel tiesofPhyscon at Alexandria obl ige most ofthe inhabitants to quit the place.
The history ofthe Apochrypha ends. The servilewar begins inSicily and continues three years.
Simon,prince ofJudea
,is murdered with two of his sons
,by
Ptolemy his son- in-law; and is succeeded by his son John,
surnamed H yrcanus.
Antiochus Sidetes besieges H yrcanus in Jerusalem .
H yrcanus obtains a truce of eight days to celebrate the feast oftabernacles ; makes peace with Antiochus.
H yrcanus finds money in David’
s tomb,or rather the hidden
treasures ofthe kings of Judah .
Num antia taken and destroyed by Scipio .
The kingdom of Pergamus annexed to the Roman empire,ac
cording to the wil l ofAttalus,its last k ing.
Tiberius G rac chus slain in a tumul t .Spain becomes a Roman province.
Equestrian order,a distinct class.
Antiochus Sidetes goes towar against the Persians.
H yrcanus accom panies him .
Antiochus is conquered and slain .
DemetriusNicator reigns again in Syria.
Revival oflearning in China.
John H yrcanus asserts h is independence against the Syriansand destroys the temp le on Mount Gerizim .
Aristonicus conquered by Perpenna and strangled in prison.
H e conquers the Idumaeans or Edomites and,compel l ing them
to be circumcised,incorporates them among the Jews.
6
From this time the name ofIdumaeans is scarcely mentioned inhistory .
Ptolemy Physcon repudiates Cleopatra, his first wife,and mar
ries her daughter ofthe sam e name. H e‘
is soon after ob l igedto flee
,and the A lexandrians give the government to C leo
patra whom he had repudiated.
Physcon re-ascen‘
ds the throne of Egypt.Pestilence in Egypt .H yrcanus sends embassadors to Rome to renew his al legiancewith the Roman power .
While the two kings of Syria,both of them cal led Antiochus
,war against each other, H yrcanus strengthens himself in hisnewmonarchy .
Demetrius is kil led by Alexander Zebina,who takes his p lace
and causes himself to be acknowl edged king ofSyria.
Seleucus V.
,el dest son of Demetrius Nicator
,is declared king
,
and soon after ki l led by C leopatra.
Antiochus Grypus suc ceeds him .
Zebina is defeated by Grypus and soon after dies.
Physcon gives his daughter in marriage to Grypus king ofSyria.
Mithridates VI . surnam ed the Great king of Pontus.
Carthage rebui l t by order ofthe Roman senate.
The province in S . Gaul acquired. Caius Gracchus proscribedand slain.
C leopatra attempts to poison Grypus and is poisoned herself.The theory of eclipses known to the Chinese.
Dalmatia a Roman province.
Death of Micipsa king ofNum1d1a and the assassination of
H icmpsal by Jug urtha
Death ofPhyscon . Ptolemy Lathyrus succeeds him . Cleopa
t1a, h is mother,obl iges him to repudiate C leopatra his eldest
sister and to marry Selena his youngest .C leopatra assumes the government ofF0
The age of Erymnaeus, Athenion, Artemidorus, Cl itomachus,Apol lonius
,H erodieus
,Menecrates
,L . Cael ius,Antipater histo
r ian,Lucil ius the first Roman satirist
,Apol lodorus ofAthens
and Castor ofRhodes Chronologists, Anthemon philosopher .Antiochus the Cyz icenian, son of C leopatra and Antiochus Sidetes
,takes arms against Grypus.
H e h as the worst in the beginning,but two years after he obliges
his b1othe1 to divide the kingdom ofSyria with him .
First great m igration ofthe German nations.
C leopatra queen ofEgypt gives the kingdom ofCyprus to Alexander her youngest son .
The Jugurthinewar begins and continues five years.
The famous sumptuary lawat Rome which l imited the expensesofeating every day.
H yrcanusb
besieges Samaria ; takes it after a year’
s siege.
The Teutones and Cimbri begin thewar against Rome and con
tinne it for eight years.
finished by Sylla the celebrated Roman general .Ariarathes VIII . king of Cappadocia. Mithridates king ofPontus puts him to death
,and sets his son upon the throne. Soon
after,Ariarathes IX . takes Cappadocia from the son ofMith
ridates,who is presently after re-establ ished by his father .
Syl la enters Cappadocia,drives the son ofMithridates out of it
,
and sets Ariobarzanes I . upon the throne.
Demetrius Euchares,fourth son of Grypus, is established king of
Damascus by the aid of Lathyrus.
Alexander ki l ls his mother C leopatra.
A lexander is expel led,and d ies soon after.
Tigranes king of Armenia, drives Ariobarzanes out ofCappado
cia,and reinstates the son ofMithridates.
Beginning of thewar between—Mithridates and the Romans.
Mithridates causes al l the Romans in Asia Minor“
to be massacredin one day.
Syl la is charged with thewar against Mithridates. H e retakesAthens after a long siege and sends its valuab le libraries toRome .
Victory of Syl la over the generals ofMithridates near Cheronea.
H e gains a second battle soon after at Orchomenos.
Demetrius having been taken by the Parthians, Antiochus Dionysius the fifth son ofGrypus is set upon the throne ofSyria, andki l led the fol lowing year .
Treaty ofpeace between Mithridates and Syl la,which term inated
thewar .
Mithridates puts his son to death .
The Syrians weary of so many changes choose Tigranes king. of
Armenia for their king . H e reigns fourteen years by a vicero
Ensebbes takes refuge in Cil iciawhere he remains concealed.
Lathyrus ruins Thebes in Egypt where the rebels whom he hadbefore defeated had taken refuge.
Decl ine ofagricul ture in Italy ; corn suppl ied from the provinces.
Syl la defeats Marius and is created perpetual dictator .Syl la p lunders the tem ple ofD elphi .Death ofLathy1u .s A lexander II . son ofA lexander I . under theprotection ofSylla IS elected king .
Jul ius Caesar’s first campaign .
Posidonius calcu lates the height of the atmosphere to be about400 stadia.
A lexander Janneus dies,after many successes and cruel ties
,and
is succeeded in the regal authority by his wife“ A lexandra,who
,
concil iating the Pharisees,reigns peaceab ly to the end of
'
her
l ife .
Death ofSyl la.
The age of Zeno,of Sidon the epicurean
,Apel l icon of Athens
,
Alexander Polyhistor the grammarian,P lotins
,Gal lus rhetor
ician, Q . Valerius
,Antias Roman historian , Q . H ortensius ora~
tor, Phi lo, Charm idas, L . Sisenna, Archias and Geminus.
Secondwar between Mithridates and the Romans. It lastednearly three years.
The Pharisees managing the afiairs ofAlexandi a grievously oppress their opponents.
W ar of Sertorius,who revolts in Spain and defeats Metel lus and
Pompey .
Mithridates makes an al l iance with Sertorius.
Death ofNi comedes king ofBithynia. H is kingdom and Cyren
a1ca are reduced into Roman prov inces the same y .earBeginning of the thirdwar of Mithridates against the Romans.
Lucul lus and Cotta are placed at the head ofthe Roman army .
Cotta is defeated by sea and land and forced to shut himself upin Chal cedon . Lucul lus goes to his aid.
The cherry tree brought to Europe f1 0 111 Asia by Lucul lus. Te
rentius Varro writes three books on agricul ture.
Mithridates forms the siege ofCyz 1oum Lucul lus compels himto raise i t at the end oftwo years
,and pursues and beats him
near the Granicus.
Herod the Great is born.
Spartacus defeated and kil led by Crassus and Pompey,which fin
ishes the servilewar.
Spain completely recovered.
A lexandra dies. H yrcanus seizes the kingdom,but is soon de
prived of it by Aristobulus his younger brother .The first water mil l described near a dwel l ing ofMithridates.
Tigranes recal ls Magdalus his viceroy in Syria.
Antiochus Asiaticus takes possession of Syria and reigns fourears.
Lucul lus defeats the two kings,Mithridates and Tigranes
,in a
great battle in Armenia the day before the nones of December,
and takes Tigranocerta with al l the royal treasures.
Mithridates recovers al l his dominions in consequence of the m is~
understandings that take p lace in the Roman army .
Pompey conquers the pirates of the Mediterranean .
Mithridates defeated by Pompey in a night battle in the UpperArmenia. Crete conquered by Metel lus after awar of twoyears
,and reduced to a Roman province.
Ebony introduced at Rome by Pompey.
Vikramadity, a king ofOzene in India, patron of literature. Ath is court flourish Amera Sinka lexicographer
,Vararuche gram
marian,Kal idasa poet .
Pom pey the Great, after many conquests, reduces Syria into a
Roman province ; thus terminating the Macedonian or Greciankingdom and establ ishing that of the Romans
,the fourth great
monarchy in Daniel ’s prophecy . (Scott)Alexander is driven out ofEgypt. Ptolemy Auletes
,natural son
ofLathyrus,is set in his place.
The conspiracy ofCati l ine detected by Cicero in October,and de
feated by Anthony about the m iddle ofDecember .Pompey appealed to by H yrcanus and Aristobulus, and promising
to arbi trate between them,discovers that Aristobulus is prepar
ing forwar ; and in consequence marches against Jerusalemand takes it after a siege of three months
,and restores H yrca
nus. At this time he enters into the holy of hol ies,and many
have remarked that he never after prospered l n anyundertak
ing. From this period the Jews became dependent on the R0mans
,after having been for a long time independent by reason
ofthe weakness ofthe Syrian and Egyptian kings.
In the same year Augustus Caesar is born.
Magnificent houses of the nobles ; marble theatre ofScaurus, tohold Spectators.
Pompey enters Rome 1n triumph .
Cicero statesman and orator,Sallust historian
,Lucretius and Ca
tullus poets,Appo l lonius ofRhodes rhetorician,Aristomedes of
Crete grammarian,Andron icus of Rhodes peripateti c philoso
pher,Terentius Varro
,Tyrannion,
etc.
The first triumvirate,in the persons ofJul ius Caesar,_Pompeyand
Crassus.
Denmark . Reign of Sciold first king. The Danish chroniclesmention eighteen kings to the time ofRagnor Lodbrog.
Clodius procures the banishment ofCicero.
The Helveti i defeated by Jul ius Caesar .Ptolemy Aul etes goes to Rome. Berenice his eldest daughter
reigns in his absence.
The Romans depose Ptolemy king ofCyprus and seize that land.
Cato is charged with that comm ission.
Cicero recal led. Sal l ust expel led from the senate. Gylf reignsin Sweden. The early history of Sweden is involved in fableand obscurity .
Gabinius, a Roman commander, defeats Alexander and besiegeshim in the castle ofAl exandrien. Alexander surrenders withal l his strong p laces.
Ai istobulus,escap ing from Rome
,returns into Judea and endeav
ors to repair the castle ofAlex andrion. Is hindered by theRomanswho put his l ittle army to flight. H e fl ies to Machaeron with a design to fortify it
,but he is presently besieged in
it . After some resistance he 1s taken and sent a second th e
prisoner to Rome .
Pompey makes himself master ofCaina in which the treasures ofMithridates were laid up.
Caesar passes the Rhine,defeatsthe Germans and Gauls and in
vades Britain .
Ptolemy Auletes king of Egypt by money induces Gabinius to
come into Egypt to restore him to the throne. John H yrcanusfurnishes Gabinius with provisions for his army, and writes tothe Jews in Pelusium to favor the passage ofthe Romans.
Gabinius and Antony restore Auletes to the entire possession of
his dominions.
While Gabinius is in Egypt Alexander son ofAristobuluswastesJudea. Gabinius defeats him at the foot ofMount Tabor .
Caesar invades Britain a second time and conquers pa1t ofit.Crassus succeeds Gabinius in the government ofSyria.
Crassus passing into Syria and finding the province qu ietmakeswar against the Parthians.
H e comes to Jerusalem and takes 10 000 talents out of the tern
ple. H e marches against the Parthians, is defeated and kil ledand his army cut to pieces by the Parthians under Surenas
,at
Sinnaca l n Mesopotamia,June 9 .
Death ofPtolemy Auletes. H e leaves his dominions to his eldestson and his eldest daughter, the famous C leopatra.
The Roman civilwar begins on the 22d ofOctober when the sen
ate ordered Caesar to disband his army . Caesar besieges Pompey in Brundusium ,
Dec . 26.
A water m il l on the Tiber at Rome.
Pompey sails from Brundusium Jan . 3d Caesar enters it on the4th and comes to Rome about the 19th . H e besieges Marsei l lesin the spring and defeats Pompey’s l ieutenants in Spain 111 the
summer,returns to Rome i n September
,and passes into Epirus
Oct. 15.
The battle of Pharsalia May 12. Pompey murdered. Antipasor Antipater made governor ofJudeaPonthinus and Achi l las the young king’s guardians deprive C leopatra ofher share l n the government
,and drive her out of the
kingdom .
The Alexandrian l ibrary of volumes burnt.Death ofthe king ofEgypt .Caesar places Cleopatra upon the throne with Ptolemy her youngest brother .
Thewar of Alexandria ; that city taken by Jul ius Caesar . H e
conquers l ’harnaces king ofBosphorus.
Caesar having finished thewar in Egypt comes into Syria,con
firms Hyrcanus in the high priesthood.
Antigonus,son ofAristobulus remonstrates to Caesar
,but Caesar
is prejudiced against him by Antipater .Antipater takes advantage of the indolence of H yrcanus, makeshis el dest son Phazael governor of Jerusalem
,and H erod an
other ofhis sons governor ofGal ilee.
Herod - is summoned to Jerusalem to give an account of his conduct
,but finding himsel f in danger of being condemned, re
tires to his government.Owsar passes into Africa. Cato ki l ls himself at Utica Feb. 5 .
This year is cal led the year ofconfusion because the calendarwascorrected by Sosigenes and the year made to consist of 15months or 445 days.
The first Jul ian year began Jan . 1 .
H yrcanus sends embassadors to Jul ius Cwsar to renew al l iance.
The al l iance renewed i n a manner very advantageous to the JewsCaesar rebu i lds Carthage.
Corinth rebuil t by Owsar .Battle ofMunda fought March 17th between Caesar and the re
publican forces ofRome under Labienus and the sons ofPompey. Caasar obtained the victory after an obstinate and bloodybattle and by this b low put an end to the Roman republ ic .Pompey lost men and Cazsar only and 500wounded.
Jul ius Caesar at this time is made perpetual dictator ofRomeand the empire of the Caesars begins.
Antipater,by permission from the Romans
,rebuilds the wal ls of
Jerusalem .
Ce sar kil led in the senate-house by Brutus,Cassius
'
and the otherconspirators
,having kil led m en.
After the death ofJul ius Caasar the embassadors of the Jews areintroduced into the senate
,and obtain their who le request.
The Jews ofAsia confirmed in their privi lege of not being com
pel led to serve in the wars.
A comet seen in China.
C leopatra poisons her brother when he comes of age to share thesovereign authority according to the laws. She afte rwards declares for the Roman triumviri
The second triumvirate ofOctav1us, Antony and Lepidus beganNov. 27 . Cicero put to death Dec . 7 . Battle ofMutina.
Cassius demands 700 talents from Judea.
Mal chus causes Antipater to be poisoned,but his sons Phazael
and Herod revenge his death by that of the murderer .Antigonus the son ofAristobulus excites disturbances in Judea
,
but is vanquished by H erod.
Cassius and Brutus defeated at Phil ippi in two battles,having an
interval,in October . They kil l themselves.
C leopatra goes to Antony at Tarsus in Cil icia. She gains theascendant ofhim and carries him with her to A lexandria.
The short Persianwar in which Antony’s brother Lucius isoverpowered by Octavius.
The Parthians,having obtained many advantages against the R0
mans slay Phazael,make H yrcanus prisoner and appoint Anti
genus king ofJudea but Herod fleeing to Rome is there con:
stituted king by the rul ing party .
Herod besieges Jerusalem .
Lepidus expel led from the triumvirate.
Pacorus general of Parthia defeated by Ventidius fourteen yearsafter the disgrace ofCrassus and on the same day.
Jerusal em taken by Socius and H erod the Great,being by birth
an Edomite and a Jewonly as proselyted. This term inates thegovernment ofthe Maccabees.
SextusPompeius conquered in Sicily .
C leopatra obtains from Antony a grant of Phenicia,Cyrene and
Cyprus.
Antony makes himself master ofArmenia and brings the prisoners to C leopatra. Coronation ofC leopatra and al l her children .
Rupture between Caesar and Antony . C l eopatra accompanies tlwlatterwho repudiates Octavia at Athens.
W ar between Octavius and Antony begins.
Att s
,a. Roman knight and author whose works are lost
,dies
,
aged 7 1 ears.
C leopatra fl ies at the battl e ofActium .
Antony fol lows her and thereby abandons thevictory to Caesar,
which makes Octavius emperor,and the repub l ic becomes a
monarchy .
M . Antony drives Ariarathes out of Cappadocia and sets Archelaus in his place. On the death ofthat prince Cappadociawasreduced to a Roman province.
At the instance of Mark Antony Herod attacks and subduesMal chus king ofArabia Petrea.
Octavius (afterwards Augustus Caesar) having vanquished MarkAntony
,Herod with much difliculty succeeds in making his
peace with him .
H erod goes to Rome to make his court to Augustus. H e obtainsthe confirmation ofthe kingdom ofJudea.
Antony dies in the arms ofC leopatra.
Csaear_ makes himself master ofA lexandria.
Cleopatra kil ls herself.Egypt is reduced into a Roman province.
Gol den age ofRoman l iterature.
First standing army in Rome.
Silk and l inen manufactories in the Roman empire.
The end of the kings of A lexandria 293 years after thedeath of
Alexander the Great .Ephesus next to Alexandria the chief place oftrade in the Roman
emp i re.
Octavius’ three days’ triumph at Rome.
The temp le ofJanus closed,there being newa general peace.
Rome contains citizens.
Augustus comes into Syria, passes through Palestine, is magnificently entertained by H erod.
Herod,in a furious rage and jealousy
,puts to death Mariamne his
beloved wifewhowas descended from the Maccabees.
And the year after Alexandra her mother .Octavius
,by a decree of the senate Jan . 13
,obtains the title of
Augustus Caesar and the absolute power ofthe state.
Herod,to concil iate the Romans
,occasional ly conforms to heathen
Observances which greatly disgusts the Jews.
Salome,Herod’
s sister,d ivorces herself from Costobarus.
H e rebuilds Samaria and cal ls it Sebaste from the Greek wordSebastos or August
,whichwas the title given to the Roman
emperor or assumed by him .
In the same year he takes great care to rel ieve the Jews underthe pressure ofa grievous famine
,which concil iated their m ind
towards him .
The Egyptians adopt the Jul ian year .About this time flourished Horace
,Virgil
,Ovid, Tibul lus, Pro
pertius and fEm il ius Macer poets,Livy historian
,Mecaenas
minister of Augustus,patron of l iterature, Varrus and Tucca
critics,Strabo geographer
,Agrippa warrior and patron of the
arts ; also Manil ius,Dioscorides
,Asinius
,Pol l ie
,Bl usa
,Pylades
,
Bathyl lus , Vitruvius, etc .
Coin first used in Britain .
The Germans withstand the attempts of the Romans to subduethem
,although they conquer some part ofthem .
Pantomimic dances on the Roman stage .
H erod undertakes several buildings contrary to the“
rel igion ofthe
Jews ; builds Caesarea ofPalestine .
The conspiracy ofMuraena against Augustus.
Augustus visits Greece and Asia.
Augustus gives Trachonitis to H erod.
l 90th Olymp iad.
The Roman ensigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius.
Aqueducts constructed by Agrippa.
Herod undertakes to rebui ld the tem pl e at Jerusalem .
P . Virgil ius Maro, cal led the prince of Latin poets,born at An
des a vi l lage near Mantua,70 years B . C . on October 15
,died
September 22 aged 51 years.
The distribution of the lands of Cremona whichwas made to thesol diers ofAugustus after the battle ofPhil l ippi nearly provedfatal to the poet.When he attempted to dispute the possession of h is fields with a
soldier,Virgilwas ob l iged to save his l ife from the resentment
ofthe lawless veteran by swimming across the river .Thiswas the beginning ofh is greatness. H e afterwards repairedto Rome with his father
,where he made the acquaintance of
Mecaenaswho recommended him to the favor ofAugustus.
The emperor restored to him his lands and the poet wrote hisfirstBucol ic to thank his patron for this favor .
The ten Bucol ics were written in about three years. H is Geer
gics written a fewyears after is considered the most perfect ofal l Latin composition . The JEneid
' his great epic poemwasbegun
,as some suppose
,at the particular request ofAugustus.
Juba king ofMauritania and historian died.
The secular games celebrated at Rome.
Herod makes a journey to Rome to recommend himself to Augustus.
Loll ius defeated by the Germans.
Cantabria,Austria
,Rhoebia
,Vindelencia and Moesia become Ro
man provinces,being conquered by Drusus.
Herod marries his two sons Alexander and Aristobulus.
Herod comes to m eet Agrippa and engages him to visit Jerusalem .
Polem on conquers Bosphorus.
Augustus assumes the title ofPontifex Maximus.
Domestic divisions in Herod’
s fami ly . Salome,Pheroras and An~
tipater at variance with Alexander and Aristobulus.
The legions distributed over the provinces in fixed camps,
which soon grew into cities ; among them were Bonn and Mayence.
massacres the male children near Beth lehem . H e puts his sonAntipater to death on an accusation of treason and p
'
arric ide,
and five days after dies himself in the most dreadful manner .
3 A1 chelaus goes to Rom e to procure of Augustus the confirmationofHerod’
s wil l in his favor .Archelaus succeeds H erod his father m Judea i dumaea andSama
ria,Herod Antipas 111 Gal ilee and Petraea
,and Phil ip l n Auron
itis,Trachonitis, Paneas and Batanaea.
Mary with the child Jesus returning out ofEgypt settles at Nazareth in Gal ilee.
2 An imposter assumes the character ofAl exander . son ofHerod andMariamne .
Tiberius returns to Rom e.
1 Archelaus takes the high priesthood from Joazar and gives it toEleazar
PART II.
’ MODERN SYNCH RONOLOGY.
FIRST PERIOD .
FROM THE CH RISTIAN ERA TO THE PRESENT TIME.
D . The Vulgar Era,or Anno Domini
,the fourth year of Jesus
Christ.
Caius Caesar makeswar with the Parthians.
Tiberius returns to Rome.
Cinna’s conspiracy detected.
The Leap year corrected,having formerly been every third year .
Quintus Varrus,encamped on the Weser
,governs lower Germany
like a Roman Province.
Archelaus,the son ofHerod
,having been convicted ofmaladm in
istration in h is government,is deposed and banished into Gaul ;
and Judea is‘made a province of the Roman Empire by Quiri
nius,or Cyrenius
,Governor ofSyria
,who first levied the taxes
according to the census,or register
,before made ; and Copo
nius is p laced over it . Thus the sceptrewas departing fromJudah
,for Shilohwas come
,though not manifested .
In this year Jesus went up to Jerusalem and at the temp le sat inthe midst of the teachers of the law
,both hearing them and
asking them questions.
Judas the Gaulonite,as he is termed by Josephus
,Opposed the
levying of taxes by Cyrenius ; but hewas soon cut off and al l
his fol lowers dispersed.
The Germans under Arminius defeat and kill Varrus.
Ovid i s banished to Tomes.
Cornel ius Celsus,the physician ; Phaedrus, the fabul ist, Vel leius
Paterculus,Roman historian.
Marcus Ambivius succeeds Ceponius as procurator ofJudea.
Varus defeated and ki l led in Germany by Arminius.
Tiberius isadm itted to share the authority with Augustus,whencehis fifteen years is dated
,Luke 3 1
Annius Rufus succeeds Marcus Ambivm s.
Augustus dies at Nola and is succeeded by Tiberius his adoptedson .
W ho appoints Valerius Gratus,procurator ofJudea.
The age ofAsinius Gallus and Germanicus.
Twelve cities in Asia destroyed by an earthquake.
Germanicus conquers Cappadocia.
D .
Germanicus,poisoned by Piso
,dies at Antioch .
The Jews banished from Rome.
The Marcomanni conquered by Drusus.
Tiberius expels from Italy al lwho profess the Jewish rel igion,or
Egyptian superstitions.
Arminius kil led.
The theatre ofPompey destroyed by fire.
Valerius Gratus removes Annas the high-priest,ard substitutes
Ismael theson ofFabus.
E leazar,the son ofAnnas is made high-priest instead ofIsmael .
Simon,the son of Cam ith is made high-priest in the place of
E leazar .Joseph
,surnamed Caiaphas
,the son ofAnnas
,is made high-priest
instead ofSimon .
The retreat ofTiberius to’
Capreae.
The Druids in Germany .
Pontius Pilate is made procurator ofJudea and in the same yearJohn begins his ministry .
Philo,A lexandrian Jew
,discip le ofP lato .
Seneca,moral philosopher .
John the Baptist slain by order of Herod atthe instigation of
Herodias,i n the 17 th year ofTiberius.
Sejanus d isgraced and put to death .
Transfiguration ofChrist.
Jesus retires to Ephraim on the Jordan,to avoid the snares and
malice ofthe Jews at Jerusalem .
H e comes to Jerusalem to be present at h is FOURTH and LASTpassover . Institutes the Lord’
s Supper ; is betrayed and CRU
CIFIED . H is RESURRECTION'
and appearance to many,aseen
sion into Heaven,and the miraculous eflusion of the H oly
Spirit . [Placed by some in 29 , by others inConquest ofMauritania.
Valerius Maximus,historian .
The conversion ofSaul ofTarsus about this time.
Pilate ordered into Italy .
Tiberius dies,Caligula becomes Emperor ofRome .
About this time flourish Columel la,Pomponius Mela
,Philo Ju
daeus,Artabanas
,Agripp ina
,and Appion ofA lexandria
,gram
marian,called the Trum pet ofthe Wor ld.
”
Paul escapes from Damascus by being let down from the wal l ina basket .H e comes to Jerusalem
,is introduced to the apostles and disci
ples,and goes to Tarsus and Cil icia
,his own country .
Cal igula,makes Herod Agrippa
,grandson of king H erod by h is
son Aristobulus,and nephewto Herod Antipas,who beheaded
John the Baptist,and brother to Herodias
,and father to king
Agrippa,tetrarch
,or king ofGal ilee.
Matthew writes h is gospel in this or the fol lowing year .Herod the tetrarch goes to Rome
,in hopes of obtaining
”
som e fa
vor from the emperor ; but Cal igula being prepossess ed bvAgrippa
,banishes him to Lyons.
D .
The name of Christians first given at Antioch to the followers ofChrist .
Cal igula murdered by Chaereas, and succeeded by C laudius.
The Jews qu it Baby lon and retire to Seleucia.
C laudius adds Judea and Samaria to Agrippa’s dominions.
Agrippa returns into Judea ; takes the high-priesthood from TheOphi lus, son ofAnanus, and gives i t to Simon Cantharus soon
after he takes it from Cantharus and gives it to Matthias.
C laudius invades Britainwith his general,Plautius.
Agrippa deprives the high-priest Matthias ofthe priesthood,and
bestows it on El ioneus.
Paul and Barnabas go to Jerusalem with the contributions ofthebel ievers of
“
Antioch .
At their return to Antioch the church sends them forth to preachto the Gentiles.
Herod puts James the brother of John to death,and purposes to
ki l l Peter also,who is miraculously preserved ; and soon after
,
Herod,smitten by an angel
,is eaten with worm s and dies.
Vespasian general in Britain .
Cuspius Fadus sent into Judea as governor.A great famine in Judea.
Paul and Barnabas go to Cyprus ; thence to Pamphyl ia, Pisidiaand Lycaonia. At Lystra the people prepare sacrifices to themas gods.
Cuspias Fadus recalled ; the government of Judea given to Tiberius Alexander .
Herod,king of Chal cis takes the pontificate from Joseph , son of
Cam ides gives it to Ananias, son ofNebedeus.
Herod,king ofChal cis
,dies.
Ventidius Cumanus made governor ofJudea in p lace ofTiberiusA lexander .
A census being taken by C laudius,the emperor and censor
,the
inhabitants ofRome areLondon founded by the Romans.
Troub les in Judea under the government ofCum anus.
Judaiz ing Christians enforce the lawon the converted Gentiles.
Peter comes to Antioch,and is reproved by Paul .
Paul and Barnabas part on account ofJohn Mark .
Timothy adheres to Paul and receives circumcision.
Luke at this time with Paul .Paul passes out ofAsia into MacedoniaPaul comes to Athens and preaches in the Areopagus.
Columel la,born in Spain
,left twelve books on husband ry.
Caractacus,the British k ing, sent in chains to Rome, by Oste
r ius Scapula.
From Athens Paul goes to Corinth .
The Jews expel led from Rome under the reign of C laudius.
Fel ix sent governor into Judea instead ofCumanus.
The conference of the apostles at Jerusalem,improperly called
the first Counci l .First Epistle ofPaul to the Thessalonians.
A . D.
52
61
H is second Epistle to the Thessalonians,some months after thefirst.
H is Epistle to the Galatians written at the end ofthis or ea1 ly in
the fol lowing year .Paul leaves Corinth
,takes ship to Jerusalem ; visits Ephesus on
the Way. Apol los arrives at Ephesus ; preaches Jesus Christ .St . Paul
,having finished his devotions at Jerusalem
,goes to An
tioch,passes into Galatia andPhyrgia, and returns to Ephesus
where he continues three years.
Claudius the em peror dies,being poisoned by Agrippina.
Nero succeeds him,a prodigate and b loody tyrant .
H e poisons B1 1tan1cusPaul forced to leave Ephesus on account of the uproar raisedagainst him by Demetrius
,the Silversmith .
H e goes into Macedonia.
Rotterdam bu i l t .The First Epistle ofPaul to the Corinthians
,about this time.
Second Epistle to the Corinthians.
Paul ’s Epistle to the Romans.
Mona (Anglesey) conquered by Paulinus.
The Druids massacred.
Paul goes into Judea to carry contributions. Is seized in thetemple at Jerusalem . Is sent prisoner to Cesarea.
Nero’
S mother,Agrippina
, put to death by his orderChristianity said to have been preached i n Great Bal tain.
Corbulo subdues Armenia.
Poreius Festus made governor ofJudea in the room ofFel ix .
Paul appeals to the emperor . H e is put on sh ipb oard and sentto Rome .
Paul shipwrecked at Malta.
H e arrives at Rom e and continues there a prisoner two years.
The Jews build a wal l which hinders Agr ippa from looking within the temp le.
Boadicea,the British queen, defeats the Romans and burns Lon
don ; but is conquered soon after by Suetonius,governor of
Britain.
The general Epistle ofJames written about this time.
Martyrdom ofJames the less,bishop ofJerusalem .
The Epistles ofPaul to the Phi l ippians,Colossians
,Ephesians
and Phi lemon.
Peter arrives at Rome.
Albinus,successor ofFel ix
,arrives in Judea.
Epistle of Paul to the Hebrews written from Italy soon after hewas set at l iberty .
Luke writes h is Gospel,and the Acts of the Apostles i n this or
the fol lowing year .
Epistle ofPaul to Titus and his First Epistle to Timothy .
Mark writes his Gospel about this time.
Paul comes out ofItaly into Judea visits the churches in Crete,Ephesus
,Macedonia and Greece.
GessiusFlarus made governor ofJudea l n place ofAlbinus.
A.D .
64 Nero sets fire to the city ofRome,throws the blame on the Chris
tians. First of the ten”
heathen persecutions ofthe Christiansbefore Constantine.
Seneca,Lucian
,and others put to death .
Nero’
s gol den palace buil t ; of great extent, inclosing fields,etc .
The buildings in Rome more regular after the fire.
Peter writes h is First Epistle,probab ly from Rome
,and his Sec
ond Epistle,probably from the same p lace
,about the beginning
ofthe next year .Tiridates placed on the throne ofArmenia by Nero .
Paul goes to Rome the last time ; is there put into prison ; alsoPeter .
Second Epistle ofPaul to Timothy .
Epistle ofJude written in this or the fol lowing year .The martyrdom ofPaul and Peter at Rome
,this or the following
ear.
Pl iynythe elder
,author ofthe first natural history ; Quintius Cur
tius,the historian ; Persius, satirist .
Cestius Gal lus,governor of Syria
,comes to Jerusalem ; enumer
ates the Jews at the passover .The first Jewishwar begins in May.
The Jews rise and ki l l the Roman garrison at Jerusalem .
A massacre ofthe Jews ofCesarea and Palestine.
Cestius,governor of Syria
,comes into Judea. H e besieges the
temple ofJerusalem,
. retires,is defeated by the Jews.
Vespasian appointed by Nero for the Jewishwar. Josephus,the
Jewish historian,made governor ofGal ilee. Vespasian sends
his son Titus to A lexandria; comes himself to Antioch and
forms a numerous army .
Vespasian enters Judea ; subdues Galilee. Josephus surrendersto Vespasian.
The Zealots send for the Idumeans to succor Jerusalem .
The Idumeans retire from Jerusalem .
Pope St . C lement.Nero
,the Roman emperor
,commits suicide. Galba succeeds him .
Vespasian takes al l the p laces of strength in Judea about Jerusalem .
John writes his three Epistles in this or the fol lowing year .Galba dies. Otho declared emperor .Otho dies. Vitel l ius proclaimed emperor .The Col iseum ofVespasian .
Josephus set at l iberty .
Vespasian declared emperor by the army is acknowledged al l
over the East.In the beginning ofwhose reign Jerusalem is taken by the R0mans under Titus
,the son of Vespasian
,and al l the awful pre
dictions ofour Lord, as wel l as those of the ancient prophets,
are exactly accompl ished. The city is desolated ; the templedestroyed so that not one stonewas left on anotherpersons perished m iserab ly in the siege
,and the remnant ofthe
D.
Jews are scattered to al l nations and dispersed among them .
The philosophers expel l ed from Rome. Vespasian conquers Lyc ia
,Rhodes
,Thrace Cil icia
,Byzantium and Samos.
Pope St. Cletiis. Revolt ofthe Parthians.
A great plague at Rome,
dying m one day.
The Capitol ium rebu i lt .Circumnavigation ofScotland.
Herculaneum,Pompei i and Stabiae overwhelmed by an eruption
ofMt . Vesuvius,and Pl iny the natural ist loses his l ife.
Quinti l ian flourishes.
Vespasian dies and is succeeded by Titus.
Very beautiful paintings in the Baths ofTitus ; the group of theLaoccoon .
Valerius F lacons poet,Martial epigrammatist
,Appol lonius,Pytha
gorean philosopher, Epictetus stoic , D io Chrysostom Greek rhetorician and philosopher
,Ignatius and Papias two ofthe fathers
ofthe church .
Death ofTitus and succession ofDomitian .
The age ofSil ius Ital iens, Tyanaeus, Sel inus, Lupus, Agricola, etc .
Pope Anacletus.
Jul ius Agricola conqueror and governor of Britain builds a l ineofforts between the rivers Forth and C lyde defeats the Caledonians under Galgaeus, on the Grainpian hills ; first sailsaround the island. Britain considerab ly advanced in Romancivil ization .
Dercebal leader ofthe German hordes defeats Domitian and com
pels him to pay a yearly tribute.
Cap itol ine games instituted by Domitian and celebrated everyfourth year .
Secular gam es celebrated. Thewar with Dacia begins.
St . John banished to Patmos.
The second persecution against the Christians begins about November
,and continues till the death of Domitian in the next
ear.
Doym itian put to death by Stephanus and succeeded by Nerva.
The age ofJuvenal satirist, Tacitus histor ian,Statius poet
,Aulus
Gel l ius Latin grammarian,Plutarch moralist and biographer
,
and the youngerPl iny .
About this time Timothy stoned. St . John returns from exile.
Nerva dies and is succeeded by Trajan a great sovereign andwarrior
Christ1an assemblies prohibited by Trajan .
H is perseutions of Christians were stopped by the interference of
the humane Pl iny,but hewas severe upon the Jews,who had
murdered ofhis subjects.
The Roman empire at its greatest extent.J. Severus general i n Britain .
The U lpian l ibrary ; publ ic schools in al l the provinces ; jurisprudence flou1 ishes ; the city adorned with the Forum ; pillarof Trajan and baths ; a bridge bui lt over the Danube.
A. D139
140
142
145
146
150
152
154
160
161
162
166
167169
181
183
185
189
191
192
193
Justin writes his first apology for the Christians.
Lol l ius Urbicus builds the wal l along the l ine ofAgricola’s forts,
cal led Antoninus’ wal l .Pepe Pius I .
Heresy ofValentine.
Antoninus Pius defeats the Moors and afterwards the Germansand Dacians.
Antoninus introduces the worship ofSerapis into Rome.
Pope Anicetus.
Canon ofscripture fixed about this time.
Antoninus stops the persecution ofChristians.
Justin Martyr pub l ishes his apology for the Christians.
Embassy sent by Antoninus to China.
Antoninus dies and is succeeded by Marcus Aurelius and L .
Verus,the last ofwhom reigned nine years.
In the reign of Antoninus flourished Diophantus,Polyainus.
Artemidorus,Apuleius
,etc .
Awar with Parthia which continues three years.
Polycarp andPionices martyred.
Plague over the whole known world.
The Marcomanni atwar with Rome five years.
Galen Greek physician,Athaeneus a gram marian, Diogenes La
ertius Greek historian .
Pepe Eleutherus.
The miracle of the “Thundering Legion.
The Christians persecuted at Lyons.
Theophilus,Tatian and Montanas.
Reign of Lucius,the first Christian king ofBritain and in the
world.
The Goths on the coast of the Black Sea.
The equestrian statue ofMarcus Aurel ius.
Marcus Aurel ius dies,and Commodus succeeds.
Commodus makes peace with the Germans.
A violentwar in Britain ended by Marcel lus, a British governor.
Pope Victor I . St . [renmusThe Saracens defeat the Romans.
This peop le first appear in history.
The capitol of Rome destroyed by l ightning.
Rome nearly destroyed by fire.
Commodus assassinated by Martia and Laetus.
Pertinax proclaimed emperor ofRome,by the Praetorian guards.
Thiswas the commencement of the Praetorian guard, which isthe principal feature of the decl ining or fal l ing of the
'
RomanEmpire. H ewas murdered after a reign of three months.
SECOND PERIOD .
FROM THE DECLINE TO TH E DIVISIONOF TH E ROMAN EMPIRE
171 YEARS.
A . D .
193 The Roman empire is bought at auction by Didine Jul ianus,who
is put to death by order ofthe senate.
Septim ius Severus emperor ofRome.
H e defeats his competitorsNiger and A lbinus.
194 Severus besieges Byzantium .
197 Pope Zephyrinus.
202 Fifth persecution of the Christians under Severus. Tertul l ianan ab le defender of Christianity . C lemens of Alexandriaand Minutius Fel ix Christian fathers.
208 Seve1ns’ sons Caracal la and Geta go to Britain, where 50,000Roman troops died ofthe p lague.
Papinian the greatest civi l lawyer of antiqu ity. Jul iusAfricanus chronologer .
209 Severus builds his wall across Britain from the Frith ofForth .
211 Severus dies at 'York and is succeeded by Caracal la and Geta.
At this time flourishedPhilostratus,Plotianus
,Bulas etc .
212 Geta kil led by his brother Caracal la.
Caracal la visits the provinces along the Danube.
H e wars with Catti and A lemanni .217 Pope Cal ixtus I .
The Septuagint found In a cask .
Caracal la murdered by Macrinus.
Oppian flourished.
218 Opil ius Macrinus kil led by the soldiers.
Hel iogabalus succeeds him .
222 Alexander Severus,a benefieent and enl ightened prince.
The Romans agree to pay an annual tribute to the Goths to prevent them from molesting the empire.
225 The Germans begin to threaten the Roman empire on theRhine.
226 The victory ofSeverus over the Persians at Tadmor.
228 Pope Urban I .
229 The Arsaeidae of Parthia are conquered by Artaxerxes king ofMedia
,and their emp ire destroyed.
234 Alexander defeats the Persians.
235 Severus murdered in a mutiny ofthe army.
H e is succeeded byMax im inuswho defeats the Dacians and Sarmatians.
Sixth persecution of the Christians under Max im inus,in which
Leonidas,Irenaeus
,Victor
,Perpetua
,and Fel icitas are mar
tyred.
Ammonius founder of a newschool of-Platoni c philos0phjr atA lexandria.
Dion Cassius Greek historian236 Max im inus assassinated by 1118 troops near.Aqu ilea.
The two Gordians succeed Max im inus and are put to death byPupienus,who is destroyed with Balbinus by the soldiers ofthe younger Gordian two years after .
Sabinianus defeated in Africa.
The Franks first mentioned in history .
They invade Gaul .Gordian defeats the Persians under Sapor .Censorinus a critic and grammarian .
The Franks are repu lsed at Moguntiacum .
Gordian put to death by Phi l ip the Arabian,who makes peacewith Sapor .
The secu lar games restored.
About this time flourished Gregory Thaumaturgus.
Phil ip kil led and succeeded by emperor Decius.
Herodian flourished.
Longinus phi losopher and critic .Seventh persecution Ofthe Christians by Decius.
Decius is slain by the Gothswho invade the empire by crossingthe Danube.
Plotinus. Odin in Scandinavia.
St . Cyprian bishop ofCarthage . Monastic l ife begins about thistime.
Dispute between the churches ofRome and Africaabout baptismHuns on the Casp ian Sea.
Gal lus emperor ofRome purchases a peace with the Goths.
Em i l ianus emperor ofRome .
Valer ian emperor ofRome is successful against the Germans andGoths.
Four great piratical expeditions of the Goths into Asia Minorand Greece during the fol lowing 13 years.
Val erian defeated,taken prisoner and flayed al ive by thePer
Sians.
The tem p le OfDiana at Ephesus .burnt.Gal l ienus emperor of
l
Rome.
Period ofthe 30 tyrants.
The Persians penetrate to Ravenna.
Sapor the Persian takes Antioch,Tarsus and Caesarea.
Odenatus king ofPalmyra.
H e is succeeded by his wife Zenobiawho reigns with the titlesofAugusta and Queen ofthe East .
Gal l ienus forms an al l iance with Odenatus.
Cleodamus and Athenius defeat the Goths and Scythians.
Gal l ienus ki l led and succeeded by C laudius II .
In this reign flourished Paulus Samosatenus,etc .
C laudius conquers the Goths and ki l ls ofthem .
C laudius II . dies at Sirmium .
Pope Fel ix I .
Zenobia conquers Egypt,a part ofArmenia and Asia Minor .
M . Aurel ius C laudius Quinti l lus,a brother ofC laudius
,who pro
claimed himself emperor ofRome, and 17 days after destroyed
himself by opening his veins in a bath when he hea rd that Aurel ianwas marching against him .
Aurel ian emperor ofRome, a great warr ior .Ninth persecution under Aurel ian .
Zenobia defeated at Edessa by Aurel ian,who destroys her mag
nificent capital and carries her to Rome .
Manes originates the heresy of the Manichaeans ; rejects al l thesacraments
,refuses al legiance to temporal sovereigns, etc .
France,Spain and Britain reduced to obedience to Rome.
The Temple ofthe Sun at Rome burnt .Dacia given up to the barbarians.
Sil kfirst brought from India. The manufacture ofit introducedinto Europe by some monks in 551 first worn by the cler
gymen in England in 1534.
Rome surrounded by a Wal l .Longinus dies.
Aurel ian kil led and succeeded by Tacitus,who died after a reign
ofsix months andwas succeeded by F lorianus,and two months
after by Probus.
Porphyry the Greek philosopher and Opposer ofChristianity .
Probus,a warl ike prince
,obtains several victories over the bar
barians. The Franks permitted by Probus to settle in Gaul .Extraordinary naval expedition of the Thracian Franks in theMediterranean andNorthern seas.
The Persians defeated by Probus.
Probus is put to death and succeeded by Carus,who is killed
by l ightning .
Carinus andNumerianus efl'
em inate and cruel emperors.
Pope Caius.
The Jewish Talmud and Targum composed.
Paul,the Theban
,the first herm it .
Religious ceremonies multip l ied. Pagan r ites imitated by theChr istians.
Diocletian sends embassadors to China.
The “Era ofDiocletian or of“the martyrs,August 29 .
Diocletian’
s oriental form of government ; the m onarchy considered hereditary ; nomination
'
Ofthe Caesars as co-rulers.
Diocletian’
s baths,containing benches of white marble
,
whi le the wal ls were adorned with paintings.
Britain usurped by Carausiuswho reigns seven years.
The emp ire attacked by northern barbarians and several provinces usurped by tyrants.
Max im ianus a col league ofthe emperor .H ierax
,chief ofthe H ierax ians
,asserts that Melchisedecwas the
Q
Holy Ghost,and denies the resurrection .
The Gregorian code .
The Franks make themselves masters ofBatavia and Flanders.
Narses king ofPersia loses Armenia,Mesopotamia and Assyria.
Britain recovered after a usurpation often years.
Alex andria taken by Diocletian.
A. D .
296
36 1
304
306
308
312
313
315
321
322
325
328
333
334
336
337
Monks In Spain and Egypt .Pepe Marcel l inus.
Hormisdas II . king ofPersia,builds Ormus.
Last ofthe ten persecutions ofthe Christians begins at Nicomedia
,Feb. 23
,under Diocletian.
Dioc letian and Max im ianus abdicate the empire and l ive in re
tirement,succeeded by ConstantiusChlorus and Galerius Max
im ianus,the two Caesars.
At this time flourished Gregory and Hermogenes lawgiversIZEl ius Spartianus and Vopiscus historians, Trebel l ius PollioJ . Capitol inus, H ierocles, etc .
Anobius ofAfrica C . F . converted from idolatry .
Constantine the Great the first Christian emperor begins hisre1 11.
At tiIis time there were four emperors
,some authors say six
,
Licinius,Max im ianus and Max entius.
Constantine defeats the Franks.
Cardinals first appointed.
Max entius defeated and ki l led.
The praetorian guard broken up by Constantine .
The tenth persecution ends by an imperial edict .Civilwar with Licinius.
Crucifixion abolished.
Constantine tolerates and favors Christianity.
Constantine appoints the observance ofSunday.
Constantine defeats and banishes Licinius,and becomes sol e em
eror.
Foiindation ofConstantinople by Constantine the Great .
Celebrated dome of St . Sophia ; the splendor Of the court so
great that it cost more than the legions.
Constantine abol ishes the combats oft )
gladiators and assemblies.
The Council ofNice from June 19 to August 25,consisting of
318 bishopswho condemn Arianism .
Eusebius bishop ofCaesarea, C . F . and ecclesiastical histor ian .
Lactautius,Athanasius
,Arius
,Ephraim and Bas il C . F . flourish
in the reign ofConstantine.
Legal establ ishment of Christianity .
Constantine removes the seat of empire from Rome to Byzantium
,afterwards cal led Constantinople
'
and solemnly dedicatedit May 11, 330.
Constantinop le becomes the seat ofart and l iterature.
Dreadful persecution ofChristians in Persia lasting 40 years.
Constantine orders al l the heathen temples to be destroyed.
Great famine and pesti lence In Syria.
Revolt ofSarmatian slaves 300,000 are dispersed over the em
pire.
Pope Marcus.
The death of Constantine and succession ofhis three sons, Constantine II .
,Constantius II . and Constans.
Destruction ofthe Flavian family.
A . D .
337
338
340
341
350
354
360
361
363
364
Eleventh persecution. Saints invoked, the cross reverenced andincense used by the Christians.
Pope Julius.
W ar between Constantius and Sapor.Constantine the younger defeated and kil led by Constans at
Aquilea.
150 Greek and Asiatic cities destroyed by an earthquake.
Ossian, the Caledonian bard supposed to have flourished aboutthis time.
The gospel propagated in Ethiop ia by Frumentius.
Constans ki l led in Spain by Magnentius.
H ermanric king ofthe Ostrogoths founds an extensive empire.
The Franks in Gaul . The contest along the whole Europeanand Asiatic borders ofthe empire begins.
Gal lus put to death by Constantius.
Pepe Fel ix II .
Cyril bishop ofJerusalem .
EutrOpius and Marcel l inus histor ians Jambl icus and Eunapius
Greek historians.
One hundred and fifty cities of Greece and Asia ruined by anearthquake.
Six German kings defeated by Jul ian at Strasburg .
Constantius and Jul ian quarrel and prepare forwar,but the for
m er dies the next year and leaves the latter sole emperor .Julian the apostate attempts in vain to rebuild the temple at Jc
rusalem .
The Goths divide into the Ostrogoths and Visigoths, or easternand western Goths.
Jul ian dies and is succeeded by Jovian Aurelius Victor .A disadvantageous peace with thePerSIans.
Death of Jovian and the accession of Val entinian and Val ens,
under whom the emp: e is divided.
Eastern empIIe from the lower Danube to the confines ofPersia
,Constantinople being the capital .
Western empire extending from the Caledonian ramparts to
the foot ofMount Atlas. Rome continual ly to be the capital .
TH IRD PERIOD .
FROM TH E DIVISION TO TH E END OF TH E WESTERN EMPIRE
376
378
379
380
38 1
383
384
388
392
394
395
112 YEARS
Valens emperor Ofthe East .Valentinian I . el ected by the army emperor oftheWest .The Saxons begin to make descents on the e: steIn coasts of
Britain.
Grati 1n taken as a partner in the Western emp ire by Valentinian.
The Bible translated into the Gothic language.
Valentinian II. succeeds Valentinian I .
The barbarian invasions increase in frequency and force . The
great migration of the nomadic nations of Scythia,Sarmatia
,
et-c .
H unguy (ancient Pannonia) invaded by the H uns,f1om whom
it is named.
The Goths expel led by the Huns are al lowed by Valens to settlein Thrace.
Valens defeated and slain by the Goths near Adrianople.
Valens succeeded by Theodosius the Great,a zealous supporter
ofChristianity .
The Lombards first leave Scandinavia and defeatthe Vandals.
The prerogatives ofthe Roman See much enlarged.
Aurel ius Victor author ofl ives ofcelebrated Romans.
The second general council ofConstantinople.
Valentinian II . is dispossessed by Maximus,but is restored by
Theodosius ; makes Treves his capital .Gratian ki l led by Andragathius.
Symachus pleads in the Roman senate for paganism,against St.
Ambrose .
‘
Theodosius defeats Maximusthe tyrant ofthe IVestern empire.
Valentinian II . is strangled at Vienna by Arbogastes, a Gaul,commander ofthe army.
Eugenius usurps the Western empire and is two yearsafter de~feated by Theodosius.
St . Chrysostom patriarch of Constantinople,St. Ambrose arch
bishop ofMilan,St . James
,St . Martin and St Augustine
Christian Fathers.
Im age worship . The Christian hierarchy begins.
Prudentius and Ausonius Latin poets,Pappus and Theon ofAl .
ex andria mathematicians.
Theodosius becomes sole emperor ofthe East and West .Complete downfal l of paganism .
F inal division ofthe empire between the sons ofTheodosius.
C laudian Latin poet.Theodosius dies and is succeeded by his sons
,.Arcadius in the
East and Honorius in the West .
Third general council at Ephesus.
Arm enia divided am ong the Persians and Romans.
St. Patr ick preaches the gospel in Ireland.
A great part ofC onstantinople destroyed by fire.
The Theodosian code pub l ished .
Nestorianism prevai ls in the East .Pannonia
,,
Dalmatia and Noricum gained from the Western em
i re.
fEiiius defeats the Goths.
Genser ic the Vandal takes Carthage and begins the kingdom of
the Vandals in Africa,Oct. 19 .
The Roman territories invaded by the H uns,Persians and Sax
ons.
The Manichaean books burnt at Rome.
F lavian patriarch ofConstantinop le.
The Britons,abandoned by the Romans
,make thei r celebrated
complaint to fEtius against the Picts and Scots,and three
years after the Saxons settle in Britain upon the invitation of
Vortigern.
Attila The Scourge of God with his Huns ravages the R0man empire and attempts to form an immense emp ire fromChina to the Atlantic . H e died suddenly on the first nightof his nuptials
,in 453
Eutyches asserts the ex 1stence of only one'
nature in JesusChrist .
Franks. Merovaeus I : king ofthe Merovingians.
Ibus bishop ofEdessaand Eusebius bishop ofDoryleum deposed.
Vortigern king of the Britons invites the Saxons into Britainagainst the Scots and Picts.
Theodosius II . dies and is succeeded by Marcianus.
About this time flourished Zoz imus,Theodoret
,Sozomen
, Olym
piodorus, etc.
Marcianus a Thracian refuses to pay the annual tribute to the
H uns.
Torrismund king ofSpainThe arrival ofthe Saxons l n Britain under Hengist and Horsa.
Atti la defeated at Chalons sur Marne.
The city ofVenice founded.
Theodoric II . king ofSpain.
Death ofValentinian III .who is succeeded by Maximus for twomonths
,by Avitus for ten
,and after an interregnum of ten
months byMajorian.
H engist and Horsa found the kingdom ofKent .Leo I . the Thracian succeeds Marcian in the East ; first empe
ror ever crowned by the patriarch . W ar with the Goths.
Childeric I . conquers as far as the Loire and takes Paris.
Peace with the Goths. Theodor ic is received from them as a
hostage.
Severus succeeds in the Western empire.
A . D .
467
468
472
474
475
476
Anthem ius succeeds in the Western empire after an interregnumoftwo years.
Spain. The Visigoths under Euric estab l ish their kingdom and
expel the Romans from Spain .
The princip le estab l ished that every accused person shal l betried by his peers or equals.
Olybius succeeds Anthem ius in the lVest and is succeeded thenext year by G lycerins
,and G lycerins by Nepos.
Great—eruption ofMount Vesuvius ; seen from Constantinopl
Leo Junior,son ofAriadne succeeds his grandfather Leo.
Zeno emperor ofthe East ; a turbulent reign debaucheries andconspiracies.
The Visigoths receive written laws.
Theodoric becomes chief of the Ostrogoths and invades the empire. H e ravages Thrace.
Romulus Augustulus, last king ofthe Western empire.
Rome taken by Odoacer king ofthe Herul i .End of the Western empire and commencement ofthe kingdom
ofItaly under Odoacer .Odoacer
’
s sack ofRomewas the great event which preceded theMiddle or
“dark ages.
”The form ofthe old Roman govern
ment remained,the senate
,the consuls
,etc .
,but Italy
,ravaged
by a succession of wars,plagues
,famines and every form of
public tyranny and domestic slavery,was near ly a desert.
FOURTH PERIOD .
FROM THE BEGINNING OF TH E “ DARK AGES TO TH E H EGIRA
146 YEARS.
An earthquake lasting 40 days destroys the greater part ofConstantinOple .
France. C lovis I . founder ofthe French monarchy .
Zeno makes Theodoric general and consulPope F
pl ix III . excommunicated by Acacius bishop ofConstan
tino e.
Alaric II . king ofthe Visigoths in Spain.
France. Battle ofSoissons gained by Clovis.
Rise ofthe feudal system in France under C lovis.
The Saxons defeated by Prince Arthur and Ambrosius.
E l la founds the kingdom ofSussex .
Italy ravaged by the barbarians.
After the death of Zeno in the East , Ariadne married Anastatius I . surnamed Silentiary
,who ascended the vacant throne.
C lovis subdues Thuringia.
The kingdom ofItalypassesfrom the Herul i to the Ostrogoths
by the taking ofRavenna by Theodoric the Great,Feb 27,
after a siege ofnearly three years.
Theodoric introduces the architecture of Greece to im prove thebu i ldings of Italy .
The Roman Pontifl'
asserts his supremacyClovis king of France baptized and Chri stianity begun in thatkingdom .
Pub l ication ofthe Gemara or Talmud ofBabylon.
Clovis concludes a peace with Theodori c in Italy.
Burgundy becomes his tributary .
Burgundian laws publ ished,being a col lection ofthe rights and
customs Ofthe Burgundians.
The Eastern empire ravaged and the imperial army destroyedby Carbades king ofPersia.
The Scots or Dal riads from Ireland migrated to Scotland undertheir leader Fergus.
The Eastern empire m akes peace with Carbades.
Gesal ric king ofSpain .
Clovis defeats Alari c near Poictiers.
C lovis conquers the Visigoths and firmly estab l ishes the kingdomofthe Franks
,the country being afterwards cal led France.
Prince Arthur begins his reign over the Britons.
C lovis makes Paris the capital ofthe kingdom ofthe Franks.
Frankish kingdom divided into Austrasia andNeustriaC lovis dies succeeded by his sons
,Thierry I . Childebert I ,
Clodom ir and Clotaire I.
,who reigned jointly .
Amalaric king ofSpain.
A great insurrection in Constantinople,10
,000 kil led.
The Salic lawestab l ished In France.
The Herul i al lowed by Anastatius to settle in Thrace.
Christianity embraced by the Persian king Carbades.
Boethius the Roman poet and philosopher .Constantinopl e besieged by Vital ianus
,whose fleet is burned
with a brazen Speculum by Proclus.
Benedictine rul e establ ished.
The computation oftime by the Christian era introduced by Di *onysius the monk .
The Getae ravage Il lyricum,Macedon
,etc .
Anastatius ki l led by l ightning .
Justin I . a peasant ofDalmatia succeeds himBril l iant period ofthe Byzantine empire untII565 .
Justin restores the orthodox bishops and condemns the Eutychi~ans.
Britain . Prince Arthur defeated at Charford by Cerdic,who
begins the third Saxon kingdom ofWessex .
Amalaric the first Gothic kingwho estab l ishes his court in Spain.
H is capital Sevi l le .
The Arian bishops deposed by Justin,and this act highly resent
ed by Theodoric .Theodor ic died. H is grandson Athalaric succeeded him
,the
The power ofthe Goths destroyed and their kingdom overthrownby the generals ofthe Eastern empire.
Athanagil d I . king ofSpain .
Italy governed by Greek exarchs.
Civi l wars in France.
The church ofSt . Germain de Pres built at Paris.
A terrib le p lague al l over Europe,Asia and Africa which fasted
nearly 50 years.
Clotaire sole m onarch‘ofFrance.
Procopius aGreek historian,among the last ofthe classic W IItei s
Saxon laws. The king’s authority l imited by the W ittenagemot.
Three orders,the nob le
,the free and the sei V i le
Trial by ordeal .Britain . The kingdom ofNorthumbria formed by the union of
Bernicia and Deira. Ethelbert king ofKent subdues most ofthe Saxon kings.
France. Charibert I Gontran, Chilperic and Sigebert, sons
ofClotaire reigned Jointly.
Bel isarius disgraced by Justinian .
Bel isarius restored. H e quells a conspiracy.
Great fire in Constantinop le,the city nearly destroyed.
Justin II .
,son ofVigilantia the sister of Justinian
,succeeds in
the East.Christianity introduced among the Picts by Columbi .Spain . Liuva I . king.
Italy conquered by the Lombards under Alboin . H e fixes hiscapital at Pavia.
The old Roman municipal system in Italy overthrown by the invasion ofthe Lombards
,and the feudal system estab l ished.
Written laws compiled among the nations ofGerman origin firstby the Visigoths in Spain.
Semicircular arches introduced into the architecture ofchurcheswith much grotesque sculpture.
Exarchs are sent to Ravenna by the Eastern emperors againstthe Lombards. The Roman pontifl
'
acquires the supremepower in the city .
The Turks first mentioned in history.
They send embassies to Justin and form an al l iance.
Birth of Mahomet or Mohammed the Arabian prophet. H e
died In 632,ten years after h is famous Hegira.
Spain . Leovigild king.
Britain . Bretwalda II . king OfWessex .
Tiberius associated with Justin in the government .East Anglia founded by Ufla, formed into a province and calledAngle- land
,whence the origin ofthe name England.
The first monastery founded in Bavaria. Great increase ofmiracles.
Justin defeats Chosroes king ofPersia.
Tiberius II . an ofiicer in the imperial guard is adopted, and soonafter succeeds in the East.
AD580
581
582
583
584
586
587
588
590
591
595
596
597
600“
602
604
605
606
607
.
The Latin language ceases to be spoken in Italy whil e it supersedes the Gothic in Spain.
The city ofParis destroyed by fire.
Maurice the Cappadocian son-in- lawof Tiberius succeeds him .
Under his reign the empire extends to the Araxes and almost tothe Caspian sea.
The Suevi in Spain conquered by the Visigoths,which finishes
that kingdom .
France. Clotaire II . king ofSoissons.
The origin offiefs.
Mercia founded by the Angles.
The Roman Cathol ic faith estab l ished in Spain .
Recared king ofSpain. Thirteen kings reign before Egica. See
Regal Index .
Gregory ofTours the father ofFrench history.
Gregory I . cal led the Great fil ls St . Peter’s chair at Rome.
The doctrine ofpurgatory first taught. Mass introduced .
The fewmen of learningwho flourished the latter end of thiscentury were Gildas the first British historian
,Agathias a
Grecian historian,Evagrius ecc lesiastical historian
,Cassiodo
rus the historian ofRavenna,tutor to Theodoric .
Britain . Ethelbert king ofKent gains the pre-eminence and
becomes Bretwalda III .
Istria,Bohem ia and Poland invaded by the Sclavonians.
Bretwalda king ofEngland converted to Christianity .
Thierry II . and Theodobert sons ofChildebert II . reigned jointlywith Clotaire II . til l 613
,when Clotaire became sole king .
Augustine the monk,with forty others
,comes to preach Chris
tianity in England.
Italy ravaged by the Sclavonians.
Phocas,a simple centurion
,is elected emperor after the revolt of
the soldiers and the murder ofMaurice and his chi ldren .
Britain . St. Paul ’s Church founded by E thelbert king ofKentUse ofbells introduced into churches.
Popery and Mohammedanism .
Pope Boniface III . made supreme head ofthe church by Phocas.
The title Universal Bishop assumed.
The Waldenses refuse submission to Rome.
Britain . Supremacy ofthe Pope acknowledged.
The Pantheon at Rome dedicated to God,the Virgin and the
Saints. Pope Boniface IV .
The aristocracy acquire great power in France,somewhat re
strained by the mayors ofthe palace.
Rites and superstitions increase in al l Europe .
Rel ics sought for and worshipped. Litanies addressed to the
Virgin. The burnmg ofcandles by day.
Mohammed begins to preach Islamism .
The Jews ofAntioch m assacre the Christians.
Heracl ius an oflicer in Africa succeeds after the murder of theusurper Phocas.
A . D .
611
612
614
615
617
618
620
622
The conquests ofChosroes king of Persia in Syria,Egypt, Asia
Minor,and afterwards his siege ofRome.
Mohammed publ ishes his Koran .
Britain . Ethelfrith king ofNorthumbria defeats the Britons anddestroys the m onastery ofBangor .
The Persians take Jerusal em with dreadful slaughter.
W ar between Lombardy and Ravenna.
Secundus historian ofLombardy.
Ethelbert pub l ishes the first code oflaws in England.
Britain. St . Peter’s (nowWestminster Abbey) founded by Sabert king ofKent .Constantinople taken and pil laged by the Avari .Isodorus historian ofSpain
,grammarian and philosopher .
Mohammed,in his 53d year
,fl ies from Mecca to Medina on F"
i
day, July 16, which forms the first year of the Hegira. Era
ofthe Mohammedans.
Heracl ius defeats the Persians under Chosroes.
FIFTH PERIOD .
FROM THE HEGIRA TO CHARLEMAGNE AT ROME 178 YEARS.
625
626
628
131
632
633
636
637
Pope Honorius I . H e had a taste for“
splendid cathedrals andprocessions.
Monks and monasteries increase.
Constantinople is besieged by the Persians and Arabs.
France. Dagobert I . and Charibert II .
Dagobert bui lds the church of St . Deny,the burial place of the
French kings.
The Invention ofthe Cross by Helena.
Mecca taken .
Samo a merchant ofFrance makes himself king ofBohemia.
Death ofMohammed,aged 63 years.
Abu Bekir succeeds him as cal iph ofthe Saracens.
Islamism and the power of the cal iphs estab l ished in the East.The highest spiritual and regal authority united in the caliphs.
Africa and Asia with the churches ofJerusalem Alexandria andAntioch lost to the Christian world by the progress ofM 1
hamm edanism .
Bretwal da V . H e embraces Christianity.
Omar Cal iph .
Persia becomes Subject to the Moslems.
Christianity introduced into China.
Jerusalem taken by Omar and the Saracens,who keep possession
of it 463 years.
France. Clovis II .
,five years old.
A. D .
680
687
688
690
692
695
696
697
698
700
701
704
705
708
709
710
The kingdom ofBulgaria founded.
Yez id cal iph ofthe Saracens.
Spain . Wamba abdicates and turns monk .
Pope Leo II . H e usurps the right ofinvestiture.
The Britons after a struggle ofnear 150 years are total ly defeated by the Saxons and driven into Wales and Cornwal l .
Justinian II . succeeds h is father Constantine.
In his exile of ten years the purplewas usurped by Leontinaand Absimerus Tiberius.
H is restoration occurred 705.
TheOphylactus l ived at this time.
In Persia the Magian rel igion givesway to the Mohammedan .
Severe persecution ofthe Jews in Spain. Egica king .
Ina king ofWessex pub l ishes his laws about this time.
Pepin de H eristal mayor of the palace governs France about 24years. Pep in and
_
his son were not styled kings though theyexercised supreme authority
,nor were they ofthe Merovingian
Jul ian ofToledo historian and moral ist.C lovis III . king ofFrance.
Justinian II . deposed and his nose cut offby Leontine .
Childebert III. king ofFrance.
Anafesto the first doge ofVenice.
Vitiz za king .
The Venerable Bede,ecclesiastical historian .
Absim erus Tiberius succeeds Leontius.
Poland. Cracow founded. An elective monarchy established.
Armenia and the provinces between the Black and Caspian seas
subdued by Caliph Abdulmelek.
Adhelm the first British writer in prose and verse.
Sclavonian republ ics in Bohemia.
Carthage razed and the north coast ofAfrica comp letely subjugated by the Saracens.
Britain. Anglo-Saxon Octarchy .
France. Aqu itaine,Burgundy and Provence become separate
dukedoms.
Christianity introduced into Croatia.
Pope John VI .
The first province given to the pope.
Pope John VII .Justinian II . restored.
Syriarecovered. Saracens slain .
Britain. A lfred the Wise,in Northumbria.
Pope Sissinius 20 days.
Pope Constantine.
Christianity greatly extended among the German nations and
other people in the north ofEurope ; but almost exterminatedin Africa by the progress ofMohamm edanism .
Africa final ly conquered by the Arabs.
Spain. Roderic,the last king of the Goths.
France. Dagobert III . king.
Justinian put to death by Phil ip Bardanes,who reigns under thename ofPhil ippicus.
Custom of kissing thePepe’s foot introduced.
Spain conquered by the Saracens under Muca.
By the marriage ofAbdal lah,the Moor
,with the widow of the
Gothic king,the two nations are united in interest.
Accession ofArtem ius II . to the throne of the East.Denmark . Gormo I . king .
France. Charles Martel,son ofPepin
,Mayor of the palace, and
Duke of France,governs France about 26 years.
Pope Gregory II .
Childeric II . king of France.
Ethelbald king ofMercia.
The art ofmaking paper brought from Samarcand by the Arabs.
George Syncel lus a Grecian chronologist.Second siege of Constantinople by the Arabs.
Anastatius abdicates,and is succeeded by Theodosius III .
,who
,
two years after yields to the superior influence of
Leo III .
,the first of the Isaurian dynasty.
Pelagius a royal Visigoth proclaimed king ofAsturias,in Spain .
Glastonbury abbey buil t by Ina.
Thierry IV . king of France.
Leo,Eastern emperor
,attempts to procure the assassination ofthe
Pope. The Romans defend him .
Increasing power,tenrporal and Spiritual
,of the Pope.
Dark period ofEuropean l iterature.
The Arabs invade Constantinople by land with men and
by sea with ships.
The city is saved by the Greek fire,the Arab fleet being almost
entirely destroyed.
France. Charles Martel crosses the Rhine and subdues Bavaria.
Image worship being forbidden by the emperor Leo causes greatdisturbance.
The Greek possessions in Italy are lost on account of the edictforbidding image worship .
Britain. Ina king ofWessex begins the tax called Peter’s penceto support a col lege at Rome.
Leo orders the Pope to be seized.
Gregory excommunicates the emperor.The I conoclasts or image breakers.
Winifred an Anglo Saxon preaches the gospel to the Ih‘isons.
Pope Gregory III .
The Saracens defeated by Charles Martel between Tours and
Poictiers,in October .
"
The Venerab le Bede dies— a grammarian,philosopher
,histor ian
and theologian .
Leo Isauricus the Eastern emperor destroys al l the Images in hisdominions and persecutes the monks.
Death of Pelagius -who preserved the Christian monarchy in
A . D .
737
738
740
741
742
746
748
749
750
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
760
762
763
766
768
Asturia,and is succeeded by Favila.
Favi la king ofSpain . Kil led by a bear in hunting.
Alphonsus I . king ofSpain,Cathol ic .
The Abbasides,cal iphs ofthe Saracens encourage learning.
Spoletto taken by theNormans but recovered by the Pope.
Constantine V . named Copronymus succeeds his father Leo.
France. Childeric III .
Fredegaire, a French historian .
The Arabs defeated by Constantine.
Rhodes,Cyprus and Antioch captured.
Adreadful pesti lence over Europe and Asia three years.
The computation of time from the birth of Christ first used inhistorical writings.
Virgil ius a priest is condemned as a heretic for believing in theexistence ofantipodes.
The dynasty ofthe Abbasides obtains the caliphate.
The Danish chronicles mention 18 kings to the time ofBagnorLodbrog.
End ofthe Merovingian l ine ofFrench kings.
Pepin the Short,son ofCharles Martel
,first ofthe Carlovingian
l ine.
The dynasty of the Ommiades overthrown.
The Pope dethrones Childeric king ofFrance by a papal decree .
Pope Stephen III . atwar with the Lombards assisted by Pepin.
The exarchs ofRavenna conquered by the Lombards after having continued 183 years.
Pepin'
aids the I‘Ope with a large army against the Lombards.
Italy . Ravenna a dukedom .
Pepe Stephen journeys to Pepin to implore his protection.
Commencement ofthe Pope’
s temporal power under the auspicesofPepinwho bestows on Stephen the exarchate ofRavenna.
The Saracens in Sprin revol ting from the house ofAbbas foundthe Ommiade kingdom ofCordova.
Spain . Freila,grandson of Pelagius builds Oviedo and makes
it the seat ofhis kingdom .
Pope Paul I .
An organ sent by Constantine to France.
Ofla king ofMercia begins to reign.
John ofDamascus a founder ofthe scholastic philosophy.
The golden period ofthe Saracenic empire.
Bagdad bui lt by Almanzor.
Abbaside cal iphs promote learning .
A violent frost which began Oct. 1 and continued 150 days.
Asia Minor ravaged by the Turks.
Pope Stephen IV .
France. Charlemagne or Charles the Great reigns with his.brother Carloman
D
until 772.
Aurel ius king ofSpain.
Ignorance, profligacyand misery characterized the age preceding
Charlemagne.
SIXTH PERIOD .
FROM CHARLEMAGNE TO WILLIAM THE OONQUEROR; 266 YEARS.
A . D .
801 Godefrid king ofDenmark .
Egbert ascends the throne of England, but the total reductionofthe Saxon Heptarchy is not effected til l 26 years after .
Charlemagne reforms the church .
Gold mines worked in Spain.
Paul Warefredus the historian.
802 Nicephorus I . great treasurer ofthe empire succeeds Irene.
Charlemagne adds a second head to the eagle to denote that theempires ofRome and Germany are united in him .
Charlemagne receives an embassy from Nicephorus and fromH aroun al Raschid.
Haroun al Raschid,courting his all iance
,presents Charlemagne
with a striking clock . This clockwas adorned with automaton figures which moved and played on various musical instruments.
Great increase ofmonastic institutions.
803 The Saracens ravage Asia Minor, capture Cyprus and compelNIcephorus to pay a tribute
The republic ofVenice completely founded.
804 Al cuin ofYork, a pupil ofBede, forms schools at Tours patroniz ed by Charlemagne.
Transient revival of learning under Charlemagne.
Eginhard historian,secretary to Charlemagne.
808 First descent OftheNormans upon France.
809 Olaus I . king ofDenmark .
811 Stauracius son ofNicephorus, and Michael I . surnamed Rhangabe
,the husband ofProcopia sister ofStauracius, assume the
purple.
Hemming king ofDenmark .
812 Siward and Ringen kings ofDenmark ; afterwards killed in a sea
fi ht.813 Egb
gert king ofWessex
,defeats the Britons.
The reign ofMamun,cal iph
,is regarded as the Augustine age of
Arabian l iterature.
Leo V . the Armenian,though but an ofli cer ofthe palace
,ascends
the throne ofConstantinople.
Insurrection at Rome against the Pope.
814 Charlemagne,Charles I . of France and Germany died
,aged 72
cars.
LOIIis I . the Gentle,surnamed also the Debonnaire succeeds him .
H e separates Germany from France.
Harold and Regner k ings ofDenmark .
The latter afterwards made prisoner in Ireland and dies there ina dungeon.
816 The Eastern empire ravaged by earthquakes,famine
, conflagrations
,etc.
A . D816
817
820
821
825
826
827
828
829
831
833
838
839
840
842
843
’
Learning encouraged among the Saracens by Almamon,whomade observations on the sun.
Pope Stephen V .
Pope Paschal I .
The Col lege ofCardinals founded.
Invasion oftheNormans.
First dismemberment ofthe Arabian monarchy. The dynasty ofthe Taherites founded at Khorassan.
Michael II . the Thracian,surnamed the Stammerer
,succeeds to
the throne ofthe East after the murder ofLeo.
Constantinople a third time inefiectual ly besieged by the Saracens.
The Saracens ofSpain take possession ofCrete and cal l it Candia.
Pope Eugenius II .
Christianity in Denmark and Sweden .
Ramiro I . king of Spain . H e put Saracens to the swordin one battle.
Regnard Lobroek king .
The Danish prince H arold is baptized at Ingelheim . H ewasdethroned by his subjects for being a Christian .
The seven kingdoms ofthe H eptarchy united by Egbert king ofWessex
,under the name ofEngland or the land ofthe Angles.
Egbert king ofEngland .
Invasion ofthe Danes.
St. Mark’s church at Venice bu ilt.Pope Gregory IV .
Missionaries from France to Sweden .
Theophilus succeeds his father Michael in the East .Turpin archbishop
,to whom is attributed the famous De Vita
Carol i Magni et Rolandi .”
Paschasius Radbertus a monk ofCorby,father ofthe doctrine of
transubstantiation.
This doctrine disowned by the Engl ish Church .
Lothaire a fourth son ofLouis associated in the government.Motassim cal iph . H e bu i lds Saumora, which he makes the seat
ofgovernment.Ethelwolfking ofEngland
,a weak prince.
Origin ofthe Russian monarchy .
Louis le Debonnaire died and his empirewas divided among h issons.
Lothaire the eldest received Italy and a part ofGermany .
Louis cal led the German took the rest ofGermany .
Charles II . the Baldwas crowned king ofFrance.
TheNormans plunder Rouen and advance to Paris.
Michael III . succeeds his father Theophi lus in the East,with
his mother Theodora.
Theodora restores the worship ofimages.
After many sanguinary wars between the Caledonians, Picts and
Spots, Kenneth .Mac Alpine Obtains adecisive victory over thei ote.
He unites thewhole country under one government and gives itthe name ofScotland.
The Danes return and ravage the country unmolested and burnthe city ofLondon.
Ethelwolfmakes a pilgrimage to Rome.
Pope Sergius III .
Ignatius patriarch ofConstantinop le.
Persecution ofthe Christians in Spain .
Decline ofthe Cal iphate begins. Jews and Christians persecuted.
Frequent wars between the Greeks and Saracens.
The Normans p lunder Hamburg and penetrate into Germany .
The Saracens“
destroy the Venetian fleet and besiege Rome.
An earthquake over the greater part ofthe known world.
Pope Leo IV .
Alfred the Great born.
Saracens defeated by the Pope’s al l ies.
Siward II . king ofDenmark,afterwards deposed.
Christianity propagated by Auscharius in Denmark and SwedenCyril lus the apostle ofthe Bohemians and Moravians.
Sardinia and Corsica ravaged by the Saracens.
Ethelwolfdefeats the Danes in the Isle ofThanet .The Normans get possession ofsome cities in France.
Ethelbald ; reigned about six years and died in 860.
Pope Benedict III .
Germany . Louis II .
H e has Italy with the imperial dignity.
Lothario retires to a monastery and dies.
Newdivision ofthe emp ire at Merson .
Denmark . Eric,afterwards kil led in battle.
Denmark . Eric II .
PopeNicholas I .
First coronation ofa Pope.
France invaded by Louis the German,who is final ly compelled
to retire .
Eulogias archbishop ofCordova martyred.
Spain . Ordogno I .
Britain . Ethelbert successor ofEthelbal d his brother to the title ofBretwal da.
The schism ofthe Greeks begins.
Schism between the Roman and Greek churches.
Rurick first grand Prince ofRussia buil ds the city ofLadogas.
Alphonsus III . surnamed the Great,afterwards deposed by his
son .
Denmark . The more certain history of Denmark commenceswith the reign ofGormo the Ol d,who subdued Jutland andunited al l the smal l Danish states under h is scepter til l 920.
The Bib le translated into Sclavonian .
Ethel red I . king ofEngland succceded his brother Ethel bert.Pope Adrian II .
Eighth council at Constantinop le
A . D .
901
904
908
910
911
912
9 14
9 15
917
919
920
922
923
924
925
927
928
929
930
93 1
934
935
936
937
Edward the E lder succeeds him,the firstwho takes the title of
Rex Anglorum .
W ar with the Danes.
Russian expedition under Oleg against Constantinople.
The race ofFatimites in Egypt .Kingdom ofLeon founded by Garcia.
Alexander,brother ofLeo
,succeeds with his nephew Constantine
VII . surnamed Porphyrogenitus.
Germany . Conrad I . duke ofFranconia.
The electoral character assumed about this time.
Rollo or Robert first duke ofNormandy .
The patronage ofthe papal chair in the hands ofharlots.
TheNormans in France embrace Christianity .
Spain. Ordogno II . king ofOviedo makes Leon his capital.Commencement ofthe heroic age in Spain .
Dennrark. Frothon king .
Constantinople besieged by the Bulgarians.
Romanus I . surnamed Lecapenus, general ofthe fleet,usurps the
thronewith his three sons,Christopher
,Stephen and Constan~
tine VIII .
Germany . HenryI . the Fowler first of the Saxon l ine. H e
vanqu ishes the H uns,Danes
,Vandals and Bohemians.
Denmark . Gormo II . king .
Robert I . king of France,a usurper
,defeated and killed by his
brother at Soissons.
France. Rodolph elected duke.
Spain . Froila II . king of Leon .
A lphonsus IV . king of Spain. Abd i cated.
Athelstan first sole monarch ofEngland.
Harold king ofDenmark .
Prussia. Sifroi margrave ofBrandenburg .
Prussia. Geron margrave ofLusatia,which in succession oftime
passed into the fami l ies of Staden,Ascania
,Bel lenstadt
,and
that ofBavaria,til l the emperor Sigismund with the consent
of the states of the empirpgave perpetual investiture to Fred
eric . See 1415 .
Hardicanute king ofDenmark .
Azolphi Arabian astronomer .Gornro III . king of Denmark .
Spain. Ramiro II .
,afterwards kil led in battle.
Pope John XI .
Mere chi ldren elevated to the highest oflices in the church .
Influence ofthe Turks in the Saracenic empire begins to be paramount.
Denmark . H arold III . king .
Otho I . the Great emperor ofGermany .
France. Lou is IV . d’
Outremer died by a fal l from his horse .
The Saracen empire divided by usurpation into seven kingdoms.
Romanus gains a naval victory over the Russians,who led by
Igor'
enter the Black sea with ships or canoes.
A . D .
939
940
941
942
943
945
946
950
953
954
955
966
957958
959
961
Cordova in Spain becomes the seat ofArab learning,science
,in
dustryand commerce.
Lutiprand the historian .
Mints establ ished in Kent or Wessex .
England. Edmund I . successor ofAthelstan,cal led the Magnifi
cent .Norway . Harold H arfager, the first of the great sea-k ings of
the north,formed for himself an independent principal ity in
the country about this time.
Burgundy a fiefof the em pire ofFrance.
Christianity introduced into Russia by Swiatoslaf.Arithmetic brought into Europe by the Saracens.
Si lver mines in the Hartz m ountains.
Manufactories of l inens and woolens in F larrders,which becomes
the'
seat ofwestern commerce.
The Eastern emperors take possession ofNaples.
Mal colm I . gained the crown of Scotland.
The sons ofRomanus-conspire against their father,and the tu
mul ts thus occasioned produced the restoration of Porphyro
genitus.
England. Edred king .
Ordogno III . king ofLeon .
Germany. Bohemia becomes tributary to Otho.
The Hungarians subdued.
Scotland. Indulfking .
France. Lothaire I . confers the dukedoms of Burgundy and
Aquitaine on Hugh the Great. It is said hewas poisoned byhis wife Emma.
Russia. Olga sovereign baptized,and conversion ofRussia to
Christianity .
Spain . Ordogno IV .
England. Edwy 3 insul ted and deposed by Dunstan,who at thehead of the clergy acquires great influence.
H is queen Elgiva put to death .
Hungarians final ly driven out ofGermany.
Spain . Sancho king .
Otho defeats the S lavonians in Saxony.
War between theNormans and Saracens.
Ronranus II .
,son of Constantine VII . by Helena the daughter
ofLecapenus, ascends the throne of the east.Edgar
,king ofEngland. H e married E lfrida the Fair after the
treachery and murder ofEthelwold one ofhis earls.
Scotland. Duflking .
Wolves expel led from England and Wales in consequence of a
reward being offered for the purpose by the king .
Violent disputes between the monks and c lergy .
St. Dunstan archbishop of Canterbury attempts to reform the
church,enforcing clerical cel ibacy .
Nicephorus Phocas, afterwards emperor of the East,recovers
Candia. from the Saracens.
A . D .
961
962
963
9 64
966
967
968
969
970
973
975
978
979
980
981
982
983
985
986
987
988
992
993
994
995
996
Geber Arabian astronomer .Suidas grammarian and lexicographer .Rhazes Arabian physician .
Otho I . extends his dominions and is crowned emperor by thePo e.
Citiespofimperial Italy begin to acquire independence.
Pope Leo VIII . el ected by Roman citizens.
Romanus,poisoned by his wife Theophano, is succeeded in the
East by Nicephorus Phocas II . whom the empress,unable to
reign al one under the title ofprotectress ofher young children,
had married.
Scotland. Culen king .
Italy conquered by Otho and united to the German empire.
Eric the Victor king ofSweden.
Spain. Ramiro III . king ofLeon .
TheNorthmen devastate Gal icia,but are defeated and almost ex
terminated.
Nicephorus, at the instigation of Theophano, is murdered byJohn Zim isceswho assumes the purp le.
The Abbasides lose Egypt, which is seized by the Fatim ideswhobui ld Grand Cairo.
Scotland. Kenneth II .
Germany . Otho II . the Bloody ; subdues the Bohemians.
Basil II . and Constantine IX . the two sons ofRomanus by The~Ophano, succeed on the death ofZim isces.
England. Edward the Martyr murdered by his step-mother Elfrida.
England. Ethelred II . the Unready . Dunstan still minister.The people become discontented.
Abbo monk and astronomer .Otho atwar with Lothaire.
Denmark . Suenon or Sweyn king.
Albirunius Arabian geographer .Greenland discovered by theNorwegians.
Spain . Veremund II . the Gouty.
Venice distracted by violent commotions.
Sweyn I . king ofDenmark invades England.
France. Louis V. the Indolent poisoned by his wife Blanche
and in him ended the race ofCharlemagne.
France. Hugh Capet from whom this race of kings is cal ledCapevengians.
Scotland. Constantine III .
Russia. W oladim ir.
Christianity in Poland under Mecislaus I .First canonization ofsaints.
Sweden . Olaf king .
Christianity in Hungary under Geiza.
Scotland. Constantine III . slain by Kenneth III. the Grim.
Norway . Olaf I . Christianity introduced.
Trance. Robert the Sage succeeds his father Hugh .
1025
1032
1033
1034
1035
1039
Glaber Rad historian.
Campanes ofNavarro astronomer.
H ermannus Contractus monk and mathematician.
Pope John XIX . H e gained his election by bribery. H ewasnot ofthe clergy, but consul and senator ofRome.
Germany . Conrad II . the Sal ic,first ofthe Franconian l ine.
Poland. Miecislaus went mad.
Constantine becomes sole emperor of the East on the death ofh is brother .
Edmund Jacobson king ofSweden.
Spain . Veremund III . ; ki l led in battle.
Romanus III . surnamed Argyrus, a patrician,becomes emperor
of the East by marrying Zoe,the daughter ofthe late m on
arch .
Dismemberment and downfall ofthe cal iphate ofCordova.
The Genoese become an aristocratic repub l i c about this time.
Union ofNavarre and Castile.
Canute penetrates into Scotland ; subdues Malcolm .
Romanus expels the Saracens from Syria.
France. Henry I .
The kingdom ofArles or Burgundy bequeathed to Conrad II .emperor ofGermany by Rodolph .
Canute performs a pilgrimage to Rome.
Pope Benedict IX . ten years old.
Peace ofGod published by the bishops.
Scotland. Duncan I . king .
Zoe,after prostituting herself to a Paphlagonian money lender
,
causes her husband Romanus to be poisoned,and afterward
marries her favoritewho ascends the throne under the titleofMichael IV.
Spain. Ferdinand I . ofCasti le in right ofhis wife succeeds to
_Leon ; successful against the Mohammedans.
England. Harold Harefoot son and successor of Canute the
Great . H ewas a puppet in the hands of Earl Godwin,dc
serving ofneither praise nor censure.
The kingdoms ofCastile and Aragon begin.
Spain . Ramiro I . king ofAragon.
Sweden . Edmund or Armand III .
Hardicanute II . king ofDenmark .
Norway . Magnus I . the Good.
0
'Spain . Leon and Asturias uni ted to Castile.
The Pope, for h is scandalous conduct,driven from Rome but
re-estab l ished by the emperor Conrad.
Earthquakes and famine at Constantinop le.
Hungary . Peter I . deposed.
Germany. Henry III . emperor ; defeats the Bohemians and
Hungarians ; claims the right of nomination to the papalchair.
Hardicanute the th ird Anglo-Danish monarch ofEngland,be
ing son ofCanute and half-brother ofHarold Harefoot. H e
taxed England l ike a conquered country,was a glutton and
drunkard and died ofapop lexy .
Scotland. Macbeth murders Duncan and usurps the throne.
Ireland. Battle of C lontarf which terminates the power oftheDanes.
The Danes,after several engagements with various successes
,
are final ly driven out ofScotland about this time.
Bohemia conquered by the emperor of Germany,Henry III .
,who spreads devastation through the country .
Otto king ofHungary .
Sweden. H aquin king .
Denmark . Magnus I . king .
Zoe adopts for her son Michael V.
,the trade ofwhose father
,
(careening vessels) had procured him the surname of Cala
phates.
The Saxon line restored under Edward the Confessor,a younger
son ofEthel red II.
The country prospered under his mild reign.
Zoe and her sister Theodora are made sole empresses by thepopulace
,but after two months Zoe
,though 60 years old
takes for her third husband Constantine X .who succeeds.
The Turks take possession ofPersia.
The Danes expel led from England.
The Russians invade Thrace with m en,and are repeat
edly defeated by the G reeks.
The Pope again driven from the throne,and succeeded by Syl
vester III .
After three monthsBenedict is restored by the Counts ofTuseulum . H e is» deposed for simony by a counci l cal led byH enry III . Peter ofH ungary restored.
Ferdusi the Persian Homer .Franco mathematician .
George Cedrenus historian .
France. Dispute bet-ween Wil l iam the Conqueror and Will iamofArques for the duchy ofNormandy.
Denmark . Suenon II . king .
Pope Leo IX . the firstwho kept a regular army .
The Pisans and Genoese take Sardinia and Corsica from the
Saracens.
Cid, the name of the hero of a famous ol d Spanish epic,given
him by the Moors ofSpain,against whom he waged a cease
lesswar. H is nam ewas real ly Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar .Rebel l ion ofEarl Godwin and his sons.
Wi l l iam duke ofNormandy vi sits Edward.
Matilda,daughter ofBaldwin earl ofF landers
,was married thi s
year to Wi l l iam . She died 1084.
Pope Leo IX . is defeated and taken prisoner by theNormans.
Germany . Henry III . causes h is son fH enry to be proclaimedking ofthe Romans. This titlewas appli ed for several centuries to the king’s eldest son.
1054
1055
Earl Godwin dies.
0
The Welsh and the Irish several times invade England,butarerepulsed by Harold son ofGodwin .
After the death ofConstantine Theodora recovers the sovereignty and 19 months after adopts as her successor Michael VI.surnamed Stratioticus.
Macbeth defeated at Langfanan,by Siward earl ofNorthumberland.
The Greek church becomes independent.The papal chair vacant one year .Excommunication of the Patriarch of Constantinople and theGreeks.
The Turks reduce Bagdad and overturn the empire of the ca
l i hs.
Geriiiany. Henry IV . the Great,aged six years
,under the tu
telage ofhis mother .Pope Victor II .
Hi ldebrand the real head of the church trom the time ofLeo
IX . The church 1mproving in piety and discipl ine.
Michael Psel lus a celebrated Greek philo iopher and historian.
Sweden . Stenkel l or Steenchel .
Milan a republ ic . Other cities fol lowed its examp le .
Isaac Comnenus I . chosen emperor b th 3 soldiers.
Malcolm III . king ofScotland kil ls the tyrant Macbeth at Dunsinane
,and marries the princess Margaret sister to Edward
Athel ing .
Robert Guiscard the Norman drives the Saracens out of Sici lyand is created by the Pope duke ofApul ia.
Isaac abdicates,and when his brother refuses to succeed him
he appoints his friend Constantine XI . surnamed DucasHungary . Bela king .
France. Phi l ip I . the Fair.Sweden . Ingo I .
Bohemia. The regal title is conferred on Uratislas the firstking .
Europeans are killed or made prisoners by the Turks inPalestine.
Berenger a celebrated French ecclesiastic .Hungary . Solomon.
Sweden . Halstan king .
Jerusalem taken by the Turks.
England. Harold II . elected king ; kil led at the battle ofHastings.
Wil l iam I . duke ofNormandy,styled the Conqueror .
End ofthe Anglo Saxon dynasty .
1081
108-1
1090
1091
1093‘
Sweden . Philip king.
Denmark . Canute III. assassinated.
Tower ofLondon built.Alexius Comnenus I . nephew of Isaac I . ascends the throne.
H is reign is rendered i l lustrious by the pen of his daughter,
the princess Anna Comnena.
The Normans under Robert ofApulia invade the Eastern em
1re.
Laiifranc archbishop ofCanterbury .
Henry triM phs over Gregory,who flees to Salerno and dies
in exile the following year .William ofSpires mathematician .
A rigid police-established in England.
The curfew .
Norman French taught in al l the schools and made use ofin al llegal proceedings.
Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks.
Toledo and Madrid taken from the Saracens by Alphonsus VI .
king ofCastile.
Denmark . Olaus II . king .
Portugal . Taken from the Saracens by Henry the Bourbon .
Wil l iam the Conqueror invades France and is kil led at Mantes.
Wil l iam II .
,Rufus
,son and successor to the Conqueror .
This sovereign died unmarried.
France. Robert duke ofNormandy Opposes William Rufus.
After the capture ofJerusalemby the Turks the Christian pilgrims are insulted
,robbed and oppressed
,which gives rise to
the Crusades.
Great struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism .
Fortress ofNewcastle and ofCarl isle buil t.Sicily conquered by Roger the Norman, after awar of thirtyyears with its masters the Saracens.
Spain . The Saracens,beset on al l sides by the Christians
,call
in the aid of the Moors from Africa,who seize the territory
they came to“
protect and subdue the Saracens.
Conrad son ofthe emperor rebels.
The popes continue to struggle against the empire.
Scotland. Donal d Bane king.
Wil l iam again invadesNormandy.
King of Lorraine, Count ofPortugal .Scotland. Duncan II . usurps the crown.
Wil l iam quarrels with Anselm archbishop ofCante1bury.
Hungary . Coloman.
Peter the Hermit preaches against the Turks in al l the coun
tries ofChristendom .
The council ofClermont.The first Crusade. “ Peter the Hermit and Walter the Pennilessset out with a vast rabb le
,ofwhom perish before
the warriors are ready to start. The Chieftains of the firstCrusadewere Godfrey of Boulogne
,Hugh of Vermandois,
Robert ofNormandy,Robert of Flanders
,Stephen oi Char
tres,Raymond ofToulouse,Bohemond and Tancred
warriors,
caval ry.
Egypt. Mustal i the eighth Fatimite cal iph .
Denmark . Eric III . king .
Scotland. Edgar puts out Donald’s eyes and dethrones him .
Jerusalem taken by the Crusaders on July 15, when in
fidels were put to the sword.
Godfrey ofBoulogne made king . Knights ofSt . John.
Wil l iam II. acc idental ly shot by Sir . Walter Tyrel .Henry I . Beauclerc
,his successor and brother
,grants England
a charter,and marries Maud
,Mal colm ofScotland’
s daughter,
though ofAnglo Saxon descent,thus uniting the Saxon and
Norman interests.
Sweden. Ingo II . ; died in a m onastery.
Wil l iam ofPoitou,first troubadour .
Battle ofDorylaeum which secures the march of the Crusadesthrough Asia Minor .
Robert Duke ofNormandy invades England.
Poland. Uladislaus deposed. Boleslaus III. succeeds.
Acre taken by the Crusaders.
Henry I . ofEngland joinsNormandy to his kingdom .
Henry V . of Germany excommunicated by Pope Pascal I .Hi ldebrand
Denmark . N1cholas ; kil led in Sleswick .
H enry ofEngland quarrelswith Anselm .
Scotland. A lexander I .
France. Louis VI . le Gros. H e encourages corporations as acounterpoise to the effects ofthe feudal system .
Abbe Sugar minister .Spain. Alphonsus VII . king.
Tripol is taken by the Crusaders.
Abelard French scholastic .Jeffrey ofMonmouth historian.
Edgar Athel ing the last ofthe Saxon princes dies l n England,where he had permission to reside as a subject.
Venice acquires great wealth by the commerce Opened by theCrusades.
Learning revived at Cambridge.
Writing on paper made ofcotton rags,common about this time .
Berytus and Sidon taken by the Crusaders.
Henry V . marries Matilda ofEngland.
The Moors defeated in several battles by Alphonsus I . ofNavarre.
H e captures Saragossa.
Order ofKnights Templars instituted.
John Comnenus,son ofA lexius, succeeds at Constantinople.
H e regains Armenia from the Turks.
Thomas aBecket born,a celebrated Engl ish prelate and states
man. Died 1171.
1138
1139
1140
Shipwreck and death ofPrince Wil liam and 140 noblemen.
Italy . Rise of the House ofGuelph .
Rivalry between England and France commences.
Tograi, Hairi and Abdal lah Sharfaddin, Arabian poets.
Scholastic Philosophy attains its highest point by the writingsof Peter Abelard.
Peter the Lombard master ofsentences.
Spain . Alphonsus VIII . king.
Insurrection inNormandy suppressed.
Germany. Lothaire II .
,opposed by Frederic and Conrad
,duke
ofSuabia.
Scotland: David I. ; promotes civil ization.
Kelso,Melrose and Holyrood House founded.
Pope Honorius II . makeswar against Roger King ofSic1ly.
Aristotle’
s logic comes into repute.
Matilda,daughter of Eustace count of Boulogne
,married Ste
phen . She died in 11511Adelais
,daughter of Godfrey ear] ofLouvaine
,married H enry
I . ofEngland. She survived the king .
Maud or Matilda,daughter ofHenry I . and rightful heir to the
throne,married Geoffrey Plantagenet
,earl ofAnjou . Shewas formerly betrothed to Henry V . ofGermany . See 1141
Sweden. Ragwald king murdered by the Visigoths.
Hungary . Bela II . king.
Gothland, so celebratedO
for its warlike people and 1nvas1on of
other countries,is annexed to Sweden.
Sweden . Magnus I. ; assassinated in Scania.
Denmark . Eric IV . ; kil led afterwards at Ripen.
Twelve Moorish kings overcome in one great pitched battle.
Stephen successor to H enry I . on the throneof England andnephew to that king
,being grandson to the Conqueror by
h is daughter Adela,whowas married to the Count ofB lois.
Lothaire'
in Italy . Capture ofAmalsi .Matilda asserts her right to the throne.
David king ofScotland assists her.
France. Louis VII . le Jeune.
A pretended Messiah in France.
Pandects ofthe Roman lawdiscovered atAmalphi,and the studyofthe civi l lawrevived.
David I . ofScotland defeated in the “Battle ofthe Standard.
Denmark . Eric V .
Germany. House ofSuabia. Conrad III .A pretended Messiah in Persia.
Alphonsus I defeats five Saracen kings at Ouriques, takes Lisbon and IS proclaimed king ofPortugal .Second Lateran
,or tenth general council .
The Canon Lawfirst introduced into England.
Wil l iam ofMalmsbury Engl ish historian.
Vacarius teaches civil Lawat Oxford.
Germany and Italy . Dissensions ofthe GuelphsandGhibelines
A . D .
archbishop of Canterbury. Becomes chancel lor and preceptor ofthe prince. Sent as embassador to France.
Pope Alexander IIIOrder ofthe
’
Carmehtes instituted.
The Albigenses begin to appear .H ungary . Stephen III . king .
Becket made archbishop ofCanterbury Opposes the king .
Sweden. Charles VII . made prisoner by Canute,who re1gns.
Berl in buil t by a colony from the Netherlands in the re1gn of
A lbert the Bear.London bridge
,consisting of19 small arches
,first buil t ofstone.
The Teutonic order begins.
Becket resists the constitutions ofC larendon ; flees to France ,
Scotland. Wil l iam .
Rome taken by Frederic Barbarossa.
Colleges oftheology,philosophy and lawat Paris.
Engl ish commerce confined to the exportation ofwool .League ofthe Ital ian cities to preserve their l iberties.
Sweden. Canute son ofEric X .
Waldemar I . of Denmark subdues Rugen and destroys thePa.gan temples.
Conquest ofEgypt by the Turks.
The Waldenses. They derived their name from Peter Waldo,
a merchant ofLyons.
Becket returns to England and is murdered at the altar .Egypt .
‘ Saladin sul tan.
H e extends his dominions m Egypt and conquers Syria,Assyria
,
Mesopotamia and Arabia.
Henry II . king of England takes possession of Ireland ; whichfrom that period 1s governed by an English viceroy or lordlieutenant .
Hungary . Bela III . king .
Treaty of Falaise in which William agrees to do homage forScotland.
Henry makes a pilgrimage to the shrine ofBecket.Portugal a fiefofthe H oly See.
Genghis Khan king ofthe Tartars.
Frederick ofGermany defeated at the battle ofLegnano .
Dispensing ofjustice by circuits first established in England.
H enry the Lion duke of Saxony deposed and Saxony divided.
The Pope Alexander by a special act rel ieves the clergy ofBerkshire from keeping the archdeacon’
s dogs and hawks during his visitation .
The Waldenses spread over the valley ofPiedmont . They circulated the sacred scriptures. They were the forerunners ofProtestantism were condemned by the eleventh . generalcouncil and severely persecuted.
Third Lateran or eleventh general council .France. Phil ip II . Augustus.
Robert Wace first French poet. Translation ofhis “Hist. des
Rois d’Angelterre, by Layamon the first English composition .
Alexius II . succeeds his father Manuel at Constantinople.
Glass windows begin to be used in private houses in England.
Bil ls ofexchange used in commerce.
The digest of the laws of England made about this time byGlanvil le .
Denmark . Canute V . king.
Saladin takes A leppo and deposes the Sul tan ofMosul .The Peace of Constance re-establ ishes the independence oftheItalian republics.
From the disorders ofthe government on account ofthe m inority ofAlexius,Andronicus the grandson ofthe great Alexiusis named guardian but he murders Alexius and ascendsthe throne.
John Tz etes Greek grammarian.
Maimonides ofCordova one ofthe most learned ofthe Jews.
Andronicus is cruel ly put to death and Isaac Angelus,a de
scendant ofthe great Alexius by the female l ine,succeeds.
Portugal . Sancho I . king .
Henry ofH untington and Wil l iam ofNewbury historiansSept. 16. A conjunction ofal l the planets known at sunr1se.
Saladin directs al l his efforts against the crusaders.
H e gains the victory of Tiberias and takes Jerusalem,which
leads toThe third Crusade
,led by Phil ip Augustus of France and
Richard ofEngland and Frederick Barbarossa ofGermany ;Avisa daughter of the earl of Gloucester married John
,after
wards king ofEngland.
The kingdom ofAlgarve taken from the Moors by Sancho I .
England. Richard I . surnamed from his chival ric prowessCoeur de Lion
,or the Lion-hearted
,son and successor to
H enry II .
Dreadful massacre ofthe Jews at the coronation ofRichard I .
Knights ofthe Teutonic order instituted.
Germany . H enry VI . emperor and king ofItaly and the Sicil ies.
Iconium taken by Frederic Barbarossa but afterwards restored.
Berengera, daughter ofthe king ofNavarre, married Richard IMay 12. She survived the king.
Kingdom ofCyprus founded.
Hungary . Emeric king.
Ptolemais taken by the Crusaders.
The battle ofAscalon in Judea,in which Richard king ofEng
land defeats Saladin’
s army .
Sweden . Suercher III .
John attempts to seize the crown in the absence ofRichardSaladin dies.
Dieu et mon Droit first used as a motto by king Richard ona victory over the French .
1198
1199
1200
Alexius Angelus brother ofIsaac revolts and usurps the soveteignty by putting out the eyes ofthe emperor ofthe East.
Henry VI . the emperor of Germany,takes ful l possession of
Nap les and Sici ly .
The Jews becom e the principal bankers in the world.
Phil ip ofSuabia and Otho of
Saxony dispute the crown ; the former supported by the Ghibel ines
,and the latter by the Guelphs.
Order of the Holy Trinity instituted in Germany .
The power of the pope supreme. Rome mistress of the world,and kings her vassals.
Richard,returning home in disguise through Germany
,is im
prisoned. Is ransom ed by his subj ects for marks.
H e declareswar against France ; dies.
John Lack land king ofEngland,son ofHenry II . and suc
cessor of Richard I .
The pope excommunicates Phil ip of France.
The University ofBologna contains students.
First mention of the mariner’s compass.
Surnames occasional ly used.
Hungary. Ladislaus king.
Poland. Lescus V . abdicated .
Miecislaus IV .
,whose tyranny in a fewmonths restored Lesens
V . but for bad conduct hewas again forced to rel inqu ishthe government.Isabella
,daughter of the count ofAngouleme ; shewas the
young and virgin wife of the count de la Marche marriedto King John at this time. Survived the king
,on whose
death shewas re-married to the count de la Marche.
Spain . University of Salam anca founded.
England. Prince Arthur supported by France.
Hungary . Andrew II . king .
Denmark . Waldemar II .
Livonia. Institution of the order of short swords to conquerthe Prussians.
Italy . Algebra introduced by Leonardo of Pisa.
Vil le Hardouin histo rian . Saxo Grammaticus historian .
Constantiople is besieged and taken by the Latins,and Isaac is
taken from h is dungeon,and replaced on the throne with his
son A lexius.
This year is remarkable for the Fourth Crusade by the Germans
,French and Venetians under the marquis ofMonserrat.
The father and son are murdered by A lexius Mourz oufle,and
Constantinop le is again besieged and taken by the French andVenetians
,July 20
,who elect Baldwin
,count of F landers
,
emperor of the East. In the mean time Theodore Lascaris,
makes himself emperor ofNice ; A lexius, grandson of the
tyrant Andronicus,becomes emperor of Trebizond ; and
Michael an il legitimate child ofthe Angel i,founds an empire
in Epirus.
1216
1222
1223
1224
Otho loses the battle ofBovines.
Fourth Lateran and twelfth general council against the Albigenses and al l heretics.
England. Henry III .was son successor of John,and began
his long and turbulent reign when hewas but ten years old .
Tartary . Overrun by the hordes ofGenghis Khan .
Peter of Courtenay,the husband of Yolanda sister of the two
last emperors,Baldwin and Henry
,is made emperor ofthe
East by the Latins.
The Fifth Crusade by Andrew II . king ofH ungary .
Jerusalem taken by the Turks,who drove away the Saracens.
Switzerland united to the German empire.
Sweden. John I . king .
Astronomy and geography l evived In Europe by the Moors ofSpain .
Robert son ofPeter Courtenay succeeds in the East.Theodore Lascaris is succeeded on the throne ofNice by hisson-in- law
,John Ducas Vataees.
The assemblage ofthe states in France called a Parlement .University of
o
Padua founded.
H ungary . Charter ofAndrew II . Foundation ofnational l ibert .
France. LouisVIII . the Lion. Crusade against the Albigenses.
Denmark . Waldemar with a fleet of 1000 sail ' makes immenseconquests.
Sweden . Eric XII . king .
St . Thomas Aquinas born,a celebrated Italian theologl an died
in 12743 canoni zed 50 years later .Portugal . Sancho II . the Idle.
The Teuton ic knights returning from the holy wars undertakethe conquest ofPrussia and the conversion ofthe people.
France . Louis IX . cal led St . Louis ; died in his camp beforeTunis ; canonized.
Leon and Castile reunited.
Dreadful ravages ofthe Tartars under the sons ofGenghisKhan,throughout Hungary
,Bohemiaand Russia
,at this and subse
quent periods.
The sixth Crusade undertaken by Frederic II .
John of Brienne and Baldwin II . son of Peter succeed on the
throne ofConstantinople.
Italy . The duchies ofFerrara,Modena and Reggio created .
Jerusalem and a part ofPalestine ceded to Frederic .The inquisition ofToulouse.
The Scriptures forbidden to al l laymen .
First expedition ofHenry into France for the recovery of hisestates.
First discovery ofcoal atNeweastle .
The Inquisition in the hands ofthe Dominicans.
The houses of London and other cities in Eng l and,France and
Germany still thatched with straw .
1250
Italy . War ofthe Lombard cities with Frederic ofGermany.
Charter “The Golden Bul l obtained by the Hungarians fromAndrew II .
They circumcise and attempt to crucify a child at Norwich ;the offenders are condemned in a fine of marks.
H ungary . Bela IV . king .
E leanor daughter of the Count de Provence marries HenryIII .
She survived the king,and died in 1292
,in a monastery
,
whither she had retired .
Spain,Castile and Leon permanently united by Ferdinand III .
,'who takes Cordova
,Sevil le
,Cadi z
,etc .
,from the Moors.
The Tartars take Moscow .
Baldwin on the throne of the East alone.
Frederic ofGermany again excommunicated.
Origin of the Ottomans.
Denmark . Eric VI . king .
The Hanseatic League ; the chief towns are Lubec,Cologne
,
Brunswick and Dantz ic .
Robert of Gloucester,the first English writer in rhyme.
Pope Innocent IV . Continual struggles with the emperorFrederic .
Sect of the F lagel lants.
Henry of Thuringia set up for emperor by the Pope,and by
Wil l iam ofH ol land.
The first concordance to the Biblewas made '
under the directionofHugo de St. Charowho emp loyed as many as 500 monksupon it . (Abbe Lenglet .)Portugal . Alphonsus III .
Firstwar fleet in Spain at the conquest of Seville.
France. Louis sets out on the Seventh Crusade.
Some historians term this the Fifth Crusade.
Scotland. Alexander III . Repulses H aco,king ofNorway,
obtains the Scottish Isles.
The H anse towns capture Copenhagen.
St. Edmund of Canterbury dies.
Germany . Conrad IV .
,Wil l iam of Hol land
,Richard of
Cornwal l .Malek al Salek
,sul tan ofEgypt dethroned and slain by the
Mamelukes. Damascus and A leppo taken.
The Guelph and Ghibel ine contests in Italy .
Genoa at the height of prosperity .
Denmark . Abel I . kil led in an expedition against the Frisons.
Sweden .
'
Waldemar king .
Spain . Alphonsus X . the IVise king of Castile and Leon.
This learned prince is said to have expended upwards of400
000 crowns in comp leting his celebrated astronomical tables,
ivhose valuewas enhanced by a preface written by his ownand.
Denmark . Christopher I . poisoned by the bishop ofArhus .
1254
1268
Eleanor ofCastile'
married Edward I . ofEngland ; died ofa.fever on her journey to Scotland
,at Horneby in Lincolnshire
,
in 1296 .
l nterregnum in the German Empire from the death of ConradIV . to the election ofRodolph in 1273 .
Pope Alexander IV.
The Jews everywhere persecuted.
Ducas Vataces is succeeded on the throne ofNice by his son,
Theodore Lascaris II .
First gold coins on certain record in England.
Dreadful navalwar between Venice and Genoa.
The Tartars take Bagdad, which‘ finishes th e empire of the
Saracens.
Famous parl iament at Oxford.
Silk manufactory in Lucca woolen in Milan and Tuscany .
Peter ofAlbano,astrologer
,physician and naturalist.
Rubruquis travels among the Mongols.
Denmark. Erie VII. ; afterwards assassinated.
Nice. Lascaris succeeded by his son John Lascaris.
China. Kublai Khan builds Pekin,and makes it his capital .
Stockholm founded.
Michael Paleologus,son of the sister of the queen ofTheodore
Lascaris,ascends the throne after the murder of the young
prince’s guardian.
Constantinople is recovered from the Latins by the Greek em;
perors ofNice.
Norway. Iceland subjected.
The Norwegians invade Scotland, and are defeated by Alexander III. in the battle of Largs.
The Commons ofEnglm d first summoned to Parl iament aboutthis time.
Magnus, ofNorway cedes to Scotland the Hebrides and Isle of
Man.
Charles ofAnjou,brother ofSt. Louis king ofFrance
,conquers
Naples and Sicily and obtains the crown from the Pope,to
the exclusion ofConradin the rightful heir,who is beheaded,aged 16 years.
The Mongols take Antioch .
Pragmatic sanction ; foundation ofthe liberties of the Gallicanchurch .
N0 Pope for about three years.
Statute passed that no_Jewshould enjoy a freehold.
France. Louis IX . sets out on his eighth and last Crusade,
and dies before Tunis succeeded by Philip III . the Hardy.
Paris. Church ofNotre Dame built .Prince Edward ofEngland joins the eighth Crusade. (Historians differ in regard to the number of Crusades.)England. Edward I . son of -Henry III . succeeds on the
throne.
Marco Polo travels in the East as far as Pekin.
France. Philip IV . the Fair.
Denmark . Eric VIII .
Kenigs very lately bui lt, made the capital ofPrussia.
Scotland. Margaret.Jewsare apprehended in one day,and al l banished from
England.
PopeN1cholas IV . H e patronizes civil and religious l iterature,
and 1mproves and embel l ishes Rome.
England. Last payment oftribute to the Pope.
Sweden. Birger II .
Albert the mathematician and provencial poet.Hungary. Andrew III . the Venetian.
Ptolemais taken by the Turks. End of the Crusades. Theycost the lives of men . (Vol taire )
Twelve competitors f0 1 the crown ofScotland.
Syria recovered by the Sultans of Egyptwho ex pel the Crusaders.
Germany. Adolphus ofNassau .
Edward decides the Scottish disputes in favor ofJohn Baliol .The Papal chair vacant two years and three months.From this year there is a regular succession ofEnglish Parl iaments.
John Holywood ofEngland astronomer.Parl iaments establ ished in Paris.
Spain. Ferdinand IV .
Edward I . ofEngland subdues Scotland.
Sir Wil l iam Wal lace,Sir Wil liam Douglas
,Robert Bruce and
other chiefs head a rebel l ion against the English .
Germany . Adolphus deposed by a Diet,which elects Albert I .
son of Rodolph . Adolphus slain in the struggle which ensues.
Silver hafted knives, spoons and cups a great luxury .
Tal low candles so great a luxury that splinters ofwoodwereused for lights.
Spectacles invented.
Douglas and Bruce are defeated at Falkirk by king Edward I .County ofHol land devolves to the counts ofHainault.Margaret
,sister ofthe king ofFrance married Edward I . Sept.
12. Survived the king .
The influence of the Crusadeswas great,expanding the minds
of Europe,refining the general manners, exciting a Spirit of
geographical research and adventure and promoting improvements in the arts and sciences
,thus undermining instead of
strengthening the power ofPapal Rome. (World’s Prog ress.
Foundation of the Ottoman or Turkish empire in Bithynia,under Othoman I.
EIGH TH PERIOD .
FROM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO TH E END OF THE EASTERN
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
EMPIRE 154 YEARS.
Giovanni Cimabue died aged 60 . H ewas a pupil ofthe Greekpainters at F lorence
,an artist of l ittle abil ity but regarded
as the. father of painters among the moderns. The F lorentine school commenced with Cimabue.
University at Lyons founded. Rapid advances in civi l ization.
Revival of ancient learning ; improvements in the arts and
sciences, and progress of l iberty .
Hungary . Wenceslaus.
First convocation of the States general in France.
Guienne restored to England.
The mariner’s compass invented by F lavio de Gioja,or Giovia
,
a native ofAmalphi an anc ient commercial city atNaples.
Cambridge University re estab l ished.
W ar of the Catalans under Roger de Flor.Othoman increases his possessions
,abandons the pastoral l ife
,
and fortifies towns and castles.
University at Rome,Sap ienza.
Amid the strugglesofthe Guelphs and Ghibelines Italy becomesthe cradle of modern l iterature and improving civil ization.
Pepe Benedict XI .
Vacancy in the papal cha1r nearly eleven months.
The papal power decl ining .
France atwar with F landers.
H ungary . Otho .
Germany . The Swiss towns rise into importance ; oppressed bythe H ouse ofHapsburg.
Sir Wil l iam Wal lace ofE ldersl ie,the Scottish hero ofthe 13th
century is betrayed to the Engl ish king by Sir John Men
teith,and at London put to death in thisyear, aged about 30 .
Bohemia. W inceslas IV. becoming odious for his vices is assaLsinated.
Abdication ofBal iol ofScotland.
Scotland. Robert Bruce proclaimed king is obliged to flee ;but Edward dying resumes his position .
Poland. Uladislaus IV. again.
Tyranny of Gesler, which occasions the memorable revol t nuder the patriot Wi l l iam Tel l .Tel l escapes from Gesler.
The H elvetic or Swiss Confederation. The Swiss Cantons bein .
Eng
gland. Edward II . son of Edward I.
,a weak king . Was
murdered at length in Berkeley castle,by order ofthe queen’
s
paramour .University at Perugia
,Italy .
Isabel la daughter ofthe king ofFrance married Edward II .
1309
1310
1314
1315
1316
1318
On the death by the gibbet ofher favorite Mortimer shewasconfined for the rest of her life in her own house at Risingsnear London . (Hume )
Translation of the Holy See to Avignon,which alienation eon
tinnes about 70 years, til l the return ofGregory XI .
Germany . Henry VII . of Luxemburg poisoned by a priest inthe consecrated wafer .Abdication ofOtho ofHungary . Charles Robert succeeds.
Spain. Ferdinand IV . takes Gibraltar .Naples. Robert the Good. H e aspires to the dominion ofItaly .
The Knights of St . John of Jerusalem take Rhodes and settlethere.
Bohem ia. John count of Luxemburg is chosen to succeedW inceslas IV .
The persecution ofthe Templars by Phil ip the Fair .Molay their Grand Master tried upon various charges.
The Visconti lords ofMilan .
Lincoln’
s Inn Society established.
Chimneys used in domestic archi tecture.
General council at Vienna.
Knights Templars whol ly suppressed by thePope and the kingofFrance.
Spain. A lphonsus XI . ofCasti le and Leon John in Arragon.
Molay condemned and burned.
The battle of Bannockburn between Edward II . and RobertBruce
,which estab l ishes the latter on the throne ofScotland,
July 25 .
Switzerland. A mal ignant fever carries off in the cantfm of
Basle souls.
Form ofSwiss government made perpetual the following year.
France. Louis X . H utin.
Germany . Louis V . of Bavaria ; at length kil led by a fal l'
from his horse.
Italy . The cardinals not agreeing in the election of a popethey setfire to the conclave and separate
,and the Papal chair
is left vacant two years.
A famine in England so dreadful that the people devoured theflesh ofhorses, dogs, cats and vermin .
France. Edict for the enfranchisement ofslaves.
Battle ofMorgarten the Austrians under Leopold defeated bythe Swiss.
Pope John XXII . Taxes imposed upon al l the countries ofEurope to enrich the treasury ofthe church .
France. John I . eight days.
France. Phi l ip V . the Long . H e succeeds by virtue of the
Sal ique Law, newfirst estab l ished.
Massacre ofthe Jews at Verdun by the peasantry ; 500 defendthemselves in a castle
,where for want ofweapons they throw
their children at their enemies,then destroy one another .
Sweden . Magnus III. dethroned by his subjects.
duced life-like portraits. H is mosaics are reckoned very fine .
H e died at this time,aged 60.
First comet observed whose course is described with exactness,
in June.
Gold florin first struck .
Europe infested with locusts.
France. War with England.
About this time flourished Leo Pilatus,a Greek professor at
Florence,Boccacio and Manuel Chrysoloras,where maybe
fix ed the era of the revival ofGreek l iterature l n Italy .
Gunpowder invented by Swartz,a monk ofCologne.
Denmark . Waldemar III .
Andronicus is succeeded by his son John Paleologus,in the
ninth year of his age. John Cantacuzenewho had beenleft guardian of the young prince assumes the purple.
Petra1ch crowned at Rome.
Hungary . Louis I . the Great Victories in Bulgaria,Servia
and Dalmatia H e carries h l s arms into Italy.
The title Dauph inwas given to the eldest sons of the kingsof France from the province ofDauphine, whichwas cededby its last prince Humbert II . to Philip of Valois on the
condition that the heirs ofthe French th l one should bear thearms and name ofthe province. (Priestley)Silesia 18 made a province ofBohemia.
The first creation to titles by patents used by Edward III .Abulfeda the Syrian geographer dies aged 72 .
Firearms used in battle. The Genoese discover the CanaryIslands.
The battle _of Crecy Aug. 26. French defeated by Edwardand his son the Black Prince.
Bohemia. King John slain at the battle ofCrecy fought withthe English .
Oil painting first made use ofby John Vaneck .
Herald’
s col lege instituted in England.
Seditions of Rienz i at Rome and his elevation to the tribuneshi
Demogracy under Rienzi .David ofScotland taken prisoner by queen Philippa.
University ofPrague.
Calais taken by Edward III. after a yea1 ’s siege Aug. 4,and
held by England 210 years.
Germany . Charles IV . ofLuxemburg .
The empire offered to Edward III .who declines.
Gothland conquered by Denmark .
Jews are massacred in Europe on suspicion ofhavingpoisoned the Springs during a fatal distemper .
The order ofthe Garter instituted in England by Edward III.Louis ofBavaria lost his l ife in a bear hunt near Munich .
The canton ofZur ich joins the Swiss League and becomes itshead
1364
1365
Berne,Glaris and Zug join the following year .
France. John II . ; died at length suddenly in the Savoy inLondon.
Spain. Peter the Cruel ; final ly deposed . Reinstated by Edward the Blaek Prince ofEngland ; afterwards beheaded byhis subjects.
The Turks first enter EuropePope Innocent VI .
The coronation ofInez de Castro ofPortugal .Wi l l iam Tel l one ofthe champ ions ofSwiss l iberty dies.
Cantacuzene abdicates the purple.
The famous edi ct called the Golden Bul l by Charles IV .
France. The battle ofPoictiers,Sept . 19 gained by Edward
the Black Prince,in which king John is defeated and taken
prisoner . Charles the dauphin regent.Portugal . Peter the Severe.
Coal first brought to London .
Edward again invades France.
Arms ofEngland and France first quartered by Edward III.Turkey . Amurath I . son ofOrcham at length assassinated.
Hungary . Conquest ofthe principal ities lying on the Danube.
Gonsalve Martin a Spaniard pretended to be the angel MichaelH ewas burnt by the Inquisition ofSpain at this time.
The Turks penetrate into Thrace and take Adrianop le.
Lawpleadingsmade in Engl ish,by favor ofEdward III . instead
of French,which had continued from the time of the Con
queror.
The Black Prince aids Peter the Cruel ofCastile to recover histhrone.
Pope Urban V . at Awgnon beautifies the city ofRome ; presents the right arm of Thomas Aquinas to Charles V . of
France as an object ofworship .
Amurath I . institutes the Janizaries,a guard composed ofChris
tian slaves bred Mohammedans.
France. Char les V . surnam ed the IVise the first princewhohad the title ofDan; h in . (See
H e founds a college ofmedicine and astrology at Paris.
Phil ip the Bold made Duke of Burgundy .
University of Geneva founded.
Col lection of Peter’s pence forbidden by the English government .
Sweden. Albert ofMecklenburg reigns.
Portugal . Ferdinand I. ; died 1383 an interregnum for 18months.
A striking clock in Westminster .Spain. Henry II . the Gracious
,poisoned by a monk .
John Wick l iffe the Engl ish reformer begins to be publiclyknown by his disputes with the friars.
Rise of Tamerlane to the throne ofSarmacand, and his extensive conquests til l his death
,after a reign of35 years.
1388
1389
Hanseatic League at its height,consisting of 64 cities
,with 44
in alliance.
Poland. Louis ofHungary elected kingLucca becomes an independent republic .A perfect c lock made at Paris by Vick .
Scotland. The Stuart family possess the throne. Robert II.being king .
Treaty with Murad the Ottoman emperor.
Denmark . Olaus III .
Mar aret I . queen ofDenmark andNorwaDeath of the Black Prince. Calais alone left to the English .
The Popes return from Avignon to Rome Jan . 17 .
England. Richard II .was son of the Black Prince and suc
ceeded his grandfather Edward III .Germany . Wenceslaus king ofBohemia.
Schism ofthe West .” Pope Urban VI . acknowledged in theempire and England.
Clement VII . acknowledged in France,Spain and Scotland.
Fruitless invasion of France into EnglandHungary . Louis dies and the history ofHungary nowpresents a frightful catalogue ofcr imes. Charles Duras is murdered ; Elizabeth Queen ofLouis is drowned ,
and king (H ungarian queens reign with the title of king
,) Mary thei rdaughter marries Sigismond
,marquis ofBrandenburg and
causes the rivers ofHungary to flowwith blood.
Spain. John I . he united Biscay to Castile .
Thewar of Chiozza between Venice and Genoa.
France. Charles VI . the beloved.
The unhappy Hungarians call the Turks to'
their assistance.
John Somer’s calendar, written in Oxford.
Wat Tyler’s rebellion .
Bills of exchange first used in England.
Richard II . marries Anne ofBohemia,sister of the emperor
Wenceslaus of Germany ; she died 1395.
Moscow taken by Tamerlane.
Hungary. Mary .
Cannon first used by the Engl ish in the defence of Calais.
The first navigation act in England.
Persia invaded by Tamerlane. Ispahan taken. Pyramids of
human heads.
Battle of Sempach the Austrians defeated.
Portugal . John I.
,natural son to Peter the Severe.
Windsor castle bui lt .A company of l inen weavers from the Netherlands establishedin London .
The battle ofOtterburn or Chevy Chase.
Spain. The infant Don Henriquez , son ofJohn the First ofCastile
,first had the title ofPrince ofAsturias.
Bajaz et I . sul tan of the Turks.
Sultan Bajaz et vanquishes Sigismund in battle.
1406
1409
1410
1411
1413
1414
1415
1416
14171420
1421
1422
Spain . John II . king ofCastile.
Scotland. James I .
D
(SeeThe council of Pisa deposes Gregory and Bened ict and electsAlexander V.
,neither will yield
,so that thereare three popes
at once.
W ickl ifl'
e’
s works burnt at Oxford.
Joan ofArc born,cal led also the Pucelle and the Maid ofOr
leans,a peasant girl ofDomrem i in Lorraine. Shewas sold
to the Engl ish and after the formality of a trialwas burntal ive as a witch in 1431.
Guildhal l,London
,bui l t.
. Germany . Sigismund obtains the crown of Bohemia and is
elected emperor ofGermany .
Turkey . Musa strangled at length by his brother .France. Civilwar between the partiesofOrleansand Burgundy .
University ofSt. Andrew,Scotland
,founded.
Sweden . Eric XIII . abdicated.
Denmark . Eric IX . ; abdicated.
England. Henry V . son and successor of Henry IV.
,a care
less roisterer.Turkey . Mahomet I .
H e claims the French crown . Revolt ofthe Swedes.
Counci l ofConstance deposes the rival Popes.
Henry V . gains the battle ofAgincourt .Ordinary revenue ofHenry V .
Bohem ia. John Huss,aged about 44
,and Jerome ofPrague
two of the first reformers,are burnt for heresy at Constance
which occasionsan insurrection,when Sigismundwho betrayed
them is deposed,and the Imperial ists are driven from the king
dom . Jerome is burnt 1416 .
Portugal . John I . surnamed the Great carries his arms intoAfrica.
Prussia. Frederic IV . ofNuremburg obtains by purchase fromSigismund emperor ofGermany the Margraviate ofBrandenburg . H e is the head ofthe present reigning family .
Owen G lendower,a Welsh princewho opposed Henry IV . and
attempted to dethrone him,dies aged 66 years. The best
view ofhis insurrection is to be found in Shakspeare’
s dra
ma ofH enr IV .
Lord Cobham,Sir Jno . Oldcastle, martyr, dies aged 57 years.
The island ofMadeira discovered by the Portuguese.
Catharine,daughter of the king of France
,married Henry V .
May30.
She outl ived Henry andwas marr ied to Owen Tudor grandfather ofHenry VII .
Paris taken by the Engl ishwho held it fifteen years.
Turkey . Amurath II . Sul tan.
Henry V . died in Paris.
Henry VI . son and successor of the foregoingwas not morethan three-quarters ofayear old when his father died.
1429
1431
France. Death of Charles VI . Henry VI . proclaimed at' Paris king of France and England.
Charles VII . the Victorious atPoictiers.
John Paleologus II . succeeds his father Manuel .The Duke ofBedford defeats the French at Verneuil .James I . of Scotland actual ly began to reign at this time
,hav
ing been prisoner for 18 years.
The court of sessions in Scotland instituted by James I .
Joan ofArc,the Maid ofOrleans compels the English to raise
the siege of that town .
W ickl ilfe’s remains burnt and his ashes thrown into the Swift.Giovanni de Medici
,one of the greatest merchant princes of
Florence died at this time. Cosmo de Medici,his son carried on
the work his father begun and attained to greater honors. H e
induced artists and scholars to take up their abode in F lorence. H e had the title of Pater Patriae and l ived til l 1464.
Joan ofArc raised the siege and entered Orleans with suppl ies,April 29
,and the Engl ishwho were before the place from
Oct. 12 preceding,abandoned the enterprise the fol lowing
May. She captured several towns in possession of the English
,whom she defeated in a battle near Patay
,June 10.
She had Charles VII ofFrance solemnly crowned at Rheims.
Pope C lement VIII . at Avignon,resigns and ends the Schism
of the West .”
Joan ofArcwas taken at the siege of Compeigne, May 25,and to the great disgrace of the Engl ish
,was burnt for a
witch five days after at Rouen in the 22d (some say 29th)year of her age
ThePortucrue8e discover the Azores.
Lisbon made the seat of government .Portugal . Edward.
Cosmo de Medici recalled from banishment and rise of thatfami ly at Florence.
Poland. Uladislaus VI . ki l led in battle.
Naples and Sicily united under Alphonso V .
Death of the Duke ofBedford,fol lowed by the loss of. al l the
Engl ish possessions in France except Calais.
End of the Hussite wars. The Hanseatic League declines.
Holland falls to the crown of Phi l ip the Good duke ofBurgundy .
Scotland. James II .
Albert II .
,duke ofAustria
,marries the daughter of the late
emperor and king,and receives the crowns ofBohemia and
-Hungary .
Germany. Sigism und being driven from the throne,Albert II .
duke ofAustria succeeds. In his family the crown residesfor three centuries.
More than persons died offamine and plague in Paris in1438
, when the hungry wolves entered the city, and comm ittedwe are told great devastation.
1440
1441
1442
1444
1445
1446
Portugal . Alphonsus V . king.
The Pragm atic Sanction for settl ing the empire ofGermany inthe house ofAustria.
Reunion of the Greek and Latin churches.
Denm ark,Norway and Sweden reunited.
Abdication of Eric IX . ofDenmark .
Denmark . Christopher III .
The great invention of printing is due to Guttenbergwhowasassisted in im proving it by Schmfier and Faust .
Bohem iaf Succession of the Austrian house infringed byLadislas
,son of the king ofPoland and George Podiebrad a
protestant chief from t his time to 1458 .
Prussia. Frederick II .
Hungary. Ladislaus IV .
‘ killed in battle with the Turks.
Germany . Frederic III . archduke of Austria.
France. The Dauphin (Louis XI .) rebels but is pardoned .
Sweden. Christopher king,Eric XIII . having abdicated.
John Van Eyckwas born at Maaseyk in 1370 and l ived 71years. H e is supposed to have invented oil painting in 1410.
The beginning of the negro slave trade.
S icily again united to Nap les,and the kings ever since called
king of the Two Sicil ies.
The battle ofVarna gained by the Turks over Ladislaus kingofHungary
,Nov. 10.
Hungary . Ladislaus V . poisoned while an infant .The earliest edition of the Biblewas commenced this year byGuttenburg and finished in 1460.
Cape Verde Islands discovered.
Leonardo da Vinci,the master of the Florentine school of
paintingwas born at the castle ofVinci in the lower vale of
the Arno,and died in 1520.
Margaret,daughter of the duke ofAnjou
,married Henry VI .
of England April 22. She survived the king and died in1482.
The sea broke in at Dort,Hol land
,and over people
were overwhelmed and perished,300 vil lages were overflowed
and the tops ofthei r towers and steepleswerefor ages after tobe seen rising out ofthe water . The inundation arose in thebreaking down ofthe dykes April 17 .
Vatican library founded.
Peter Perugino,the master ofRaphael is born at this time ; he
dies 1524.
Casimir IV . ofPoland assists the natives against the oppressionofthe Teutonic knights.
Constantine XIII . one ofthe sons ofManuel ascends the throneof the East after his brother John . H ewas the last oftheGreek emperors.
Denmark . Accession ofChristian I . ofthe house ofOldenburg,from whom the present royal family Springs.
Sweden. Charles VIII .
1462
1464
1466
1468
1473
Edward IV . succeeded Henry VI . having waged,
against him a
civilwar for six years. Thiswas thewar of the Roses as
the struggle between the houses ofYork and Lancasterwascal led.
France. Louis XI . detested for his atrocious cruel ties.
Mentz taken and p lundered,and the art of printing in the
general ruin is spread to other towns.
Russia. Ivan the Great throws off the Mogul yoke,and takes
the title of Czar .Stages, stage coaches and posts used in France.
Italy . Cosmo de Medici died andwas succeeded by his grandson Lorenzo de Medici
,surnamed the Magnificent .
Lady E l izabeth Grey,daughte1 of Sir Richard Woodsville
and widow of Sir John Grey,married Edward IV . March 1 .
Shewas suspected of favoring the insurrection of LambertSimnel and closed her l ife. in confinement .
Faust dies at Paris,whither he journeys twice to sel l his Latin
Bible.
Epirus annexed to Ottoman empire.
John Guttenburg died aged 68 . H ewas the inventor ofmovable types in printing andwas a partner of the famous Faustat Mentz . (See
Warwick banished by Edward IV .
Prussia. Albert I .
Thomas Wolsey,cardinal
,celebrated statesman born. Died
1530.
Thomas a Kempis a monk of the beginning of the l 6th cen
tury,who wrote works ofdevotion . H e died about this
time.
William Caxton a mercer of London ,set up the first press at
Westminster . H e printed “W il lyam Cax ton’
s Recuyel ofthe H istoryes ofTroy, by Raoul le Feure.
”
Warwick,Richard Nevil
,the “king-maker
,
”was the most distinguished actor in the wars of the Roses. H ewas slain at
the battle ofBarnet,Easter-dayApril 14, over whom Edward
IV . gained a decisive victory .
Richard III . married Anne,daughter of the earl ofWarwick,
and widow of Edward,prince ofWales whom Richard had
murdered.
The hapless k1ng Henry VI . is murdered in the Tower, aged50 years
,during almost al l ofwhich he had been a titular
kin r
Six tuséIV. Pope . Power of the Medici increases. Learning
flourishes.
Ladislas VI . king of Poland elected king ofBohemia on the
death ofPodieb1ad.
First printed A lman LC publ ished atBuda.
Russia. Ivan marries Sophia,niece of the Greek emperor.
Armenia again made a Persian province under Ufi'
an Cassanes.
Greek language first stud ied in France.
1481
1483
Matthias ofHungary patronizes literature and the arts.
Nicolas Copernicus the reviver ofthe ancient Pythagorean theory of the solar system is born at this time died 1543 .
The foundation ofthe present monarchy ofRussia laid.
Spain. Ferdinand V . the Cathol ic in whom by his marriagewith Isabel la
,the kingdoms of Castile and Arragon are
afterward united.
Louis Ariosto,the celebrated Italian poet born. H e died 1533 .
Michael Angelo Buonarotti,the second in time of the great
masters ofthe F lorentine school ofpainters,em inenta l ike in
painting,architecture and sculpture
,was born in the terri
tory ofArezzo in Tuscany._H e died in 1564.
Khondem is or Mirkhond Persian historian to this time.
War between Louis and Charles ofBurgundy .
Who is defeated at Grauson and Morat.Prussia. John.
Certain persons obtain license from Edward IV . to make go ldand silver from mercury.Charles of Burgundy slain at Nancy . Artois and Burgundyunited to the French crown.
Watches are said to have been first invented at Nuremberg .
Belgium passed under the dynasty ofthe empire ofAustria.
University ofAberdeen founded.
Hungary . War with Frederi c.Burgundy accrues to Austria by the marriage ofMaximil ianwith the heiress of that province.
Inquisition set up in Spain .
Lorenzo the Magnificent escapes from the attempt ofthe Pazzi .Union of Castile and Arragon under Ferdinand II . and Isa
bella.
Swiss soldiers first enter the pay of France under Louis XI .
The Turks penetrate into Italy and take Otranto, which diffuses terror throughout Europe.
End ofthe domination ofthe Tartars in Russia. The Helveticconfederation extended. Venice makes fresh acquisitionsam ong the Greek islands
,and in Italy .
Denmark . John partially acknowledged in Sweden.
Portugal . John II .
Turkey . Cortacus, grandson to Mahomet II . succeeded by hisfather Xem in
,whowas obliged to abdicate in favor ofhis
brother Bajaz et II . hewas at length deposed by his son .
Raphael Sanz io da Urbino,the third and last of the great
triumvirate ofItal ian painterswas born in the city ofUrbinoon Good Friday
,March 28th
,and died at Rome on Good
Friday,April 7 , 1520, when he had just completed his 37th
year . H ewas son ofGiovanni Sanzio.
The Severn overflowed during ten days,and carried away men
women and children in their beds “
and covered the tops of“
many mountains the waters settled upon the"
lands and werecalled The Great Waters for 100 years.
1484
1485
1486
1490
England. Edward V . son ofEdward IV . on whose death hewas merely proclaimed king . H is uncle Duke ofG loucester,
his guardian,was bel ieved to have murdered him with his
brother in the Tower . Richard III. succeeds.
France. Charles VIII . the Affable.
Martin Luther,the great German Reformer
,was born at Eisle
ben. Died at the same vi l lage m 1546,aged 63 .
JESOp’
s Fables,printed by Caxton
,is supposed to be the first
book with its leaves numberedInnocent VIII . Pope.
Richard III . king of England and last of the Plantagenetsdefeated and ki l l ed at the battle ofBosworth
,Aug. 22
,by
Henry (Tudor) VII . which puts an end to the civil warsbetween the houses ofYork and Lancaster
,after a contest
of thirty years. The crown ofRichardwas found in a hawthorn bush on the plain where the battlewas fought andHenrywas so impatient to be crowned that he had the ceremony performed on the spot with that- very crown . In the
civil contests between the Roses ” many ofthe most ancientfamilies in the kingdom were entirely extinguished
,and no
less than human beings lost their lives.
Henry establishes fifty yeomen of the guards,the first standing
arm
Vienngtaken by Matthias Corvinus ofHungary.
Elizabeth of York , princess of England,daughter of Edward
IV . Shewas niarried Jan . 18 to Henry VII . ; died Feb.
Bartholomew Diaz reaches the Cape ofGood Hope.
The court of Star Chamberwas instituted for trials by a com
m ittee ofthe privy council .Scotland. James IV.
‘
succeeds James III .who fel l in a brawlwith some ofthe barons.
Maps and sea charts first brought to England by BartholomewColumbus .
Archbishop Thomas Cranmer,one of the most distinguished
agents in bringing about the English Reformation,born at
this t ime hewas burned in 1555.
Lord Thomas Cromwel l,the cel ebrated Mauler ofMonasteries
in Henry the VIII.
’
s reign,born at this tim e. H ewas be
headed in 1540.
Hungary . Ladislaus VI .Martini Behaim ofNuremburg publishes a map ofthe world.
Wil l iam Grocyn introduced the Greek language at Oxford,where he had the honor to teach Erasmus .
France. Bretagne united to the crown by the king’s marriagewith Anne.
San Salvador discovered by Columbus Oct. 12,Cuba Oct 27,
H i spaniola Dec . 6.
The Moors lose Grenada their last possession in Spain.
Poland John Albert
1508
1509
1510
1513
1514
1515
Shill ings first coined 1n England.
Almeida sails to the East Indies,reduces Ceylon
,etc .
War between Persia and the Ottoman empire.
John Knox the great Scottish reformer born lived 67 years.
Spain . Joan alone over both kingdoms.
Columbus died at Val ladolid.
Poland. Sigismund I .
TheNewWorld first cal led America after Amerigo Vespucci byWaldseemu l ler ofFribourg.
Board ofAmerican trade at Sevil le. Cardinal Ximenes.
The Spaniards colonize Cuba, Jamaica and Porto Rico .
Negro slaves imported into H ispaniola.
League ofCambray against the Venetians.
Maximi l ian enters Italy to be crowned by the Pope; joins theLeague ofCambray .
Henry VIII . king ofEngland joins the League ofCambray.
Gardening introduced into England from the Netherlandswhence vegetables were imported hitherto.
Russia. Basil IV . carries his v ictorious army into the East ti ll1534.
Albuquerque military commander ofPortugal begins conquestsin the East Indies. Settlement 0 1Da-rien.
Holy League to expel the French from Italy .
The counci l ofTours to support the king ofFrance against theHoly League.
Cuba conquered by 300 Spaniards.
Counci l ofPisa l n Italy .
Florida discovered by Ponce de Leon .
Turkey . Sel im I . raised to the throne by the Janizaries ; hemurders his father
,brothers and their sons.
Ferdinand conquers the greater part ofthe kingdom ofNavarre.
Maximil ian d ivides the empire ofGermany into ten circles.
Battle ofFlodden in which James IV.was slain.
James V . king ofScotland.
TheHelvetic confederation includesevery canton ofSwitzerland.
Pope Leo X . (de Medic-i) patron ofl iterature and arts.
The buil ding ofSt . Peter’s commenced.
Pacific ocean discovered by Balboa.
Denmark . Christian II . confined 27 years in a dungeonwhere he died.
Cannon bul lets ofstone still in use.
Mesopotamia and.Kurdistan added to the Ottoman empire.
Sel im takes the islands ofthe archipelago from the Christians.
The Persians defeated at Kalderoon.
Francis I . king ofFrance ; invades Italy.
H ungary . Louis II .
Victory ofMarignan. Genoa and Milan submit.Wolsey chancel lor and cardinal .The celebrated tapestry after Raphael . Cartoons woven in theNetherlands.
1518
1519
1520
1521
Concordat with thePepe instead ofpragmatic sanction.
The Swiss confederacy acknowl edged by France.
Spain. Charles I. ; also emperor ofGermany,resigned both
crowns and retired to a monastery.
Cairo taken by storm . Mameluke dominions annexed to the
Ottoman emp i re.
Reformation commences. Luther Opposes indulgences.
Erasmus,Melancthon and other Reformers.
Cairo taken from the Mamelukes and Egypt reduced into a
Turkish province by Sel im I .
Syria conquered by the Turks under Sel im .
The first edition of the whole Biblewas,strictly speaking
,the
Complutensian Polyglot ofCardinal Ximenes.
Europeans first arrive at Canton,China.
Ibrahim Lodi,king ofDelhi in India.
First patent for importing negroes to Americagranted by Spain.
Roger Ascham tutor ofqueen E l izabeth .
Hans Sachs founder ofGerman drama.
Copernicus discovers the true system ofthe Universe.
Cardinal Francis Ximenes,an eminent Spanish statesman died
aged 60.
Mexico discovered byFrancisco Fernandez .Magel lan l n the serv i ce of Spain
,first discovered the straits of
that name in South America.
Portuguese trade with China commences.
Doctrines ofLuther condemned by Leo X .
Luther summoned before the Diet ofAugsburg.
Corsairs in Algiers.
Mexico conquered by the Spanish under Cortez .
Cardinal dc Medici holds rule in F lorence.
The Reformation begins at Basle ; the bishop compel led to te
tire.
Charles V . emperor ofGermany .
Henry VIII . for his writings against Luther receives the titleofDefender of the Faith from the Pope. Luther burns the.pope’s bul l . Magellan enters the Pacific by the strait ofMa
gel lan .
The emperor ofFrance visits England. Meeting ofHenry andFrancis at the “Field of the C loth ofGold.
’
Solyman the Magnificent Turkish emperor .Sweden. Christian II .
,the “Nero oftheNorth
,massacres al l
the Swedish nobil ity to fix his despotism .
Luther at the Diet ofWorms. Gustavus Vasa with his Dalecarl ians
,begins the l iberation of Sweden. Eastern Archi
pelago discovered. Cortez takes the city ofMexico August13 of this year .
John III . king ofPortugal .First F renchwar with Charles V .
Bel grade taken by storm .
Wi l l iam Cecil,Lord Burleigh
,English statesman
,lived 77 years.
1523
1524
1526
The first ship that sailed round the earth and hence determinedits being globular,was Magellan’
s,or Magel hoen
’
s ; hewas anative of Portugal
,in the service of Spain, and by keeping
a westerly course he returned to the same p lace he had setout from in 1519 ; The voyagewas completed in three yearsand twenty-nine days ; but Magellanwas kil led on his homeWard passage at the Phil ippines in this year .
Francis I . laid the foundation ofwhat is nowcalled the OldLouvre at Paris.
Pope Adrian VI .Rhodes taken from the Turksby the Knights ofSt. John,Dec25 . Reformation in Scotland.
John Jewell born ,English prelate and author
,lived 49 years.
Clement VII . pepe denounces Henry VIII . ofEngland.
Denmark . Frederic .Revol t under Gustavus Vasa. The Danes expelled. Union of
Calmar dissolved.
Frederic I . king ofDenmark andNorway .
The Chevalier Bayard ki l led in battle.
Some of the states -
of Europe were alarmed by the‘predictionthat another general deluge would occur
,and arks were every
where buil t to guard against the calamity ; but the season
happened to be a very dry one.
Veraz zani,a Florentine in the service of France
,ex plores the
coast ofAmerica from N. C . to Nova Scotia.
Prussia made an hereditary dukedom by A . de Brandenburg,Grand Master of the Teutonic order . Francis I . taken prisoner at the battle ofPavia.
General insurrection ofthe peasantry ofGermany under ThomasMunzer.
Conquest of India completed by the sultan Baber,founder of
the Mogul empire.
Albert duke of Prussia.
The Ottoman Porte subjugates the Danubian principalities.
Charles ofGermany marries Isabella ofPortugal .Turkish invasion ofHungary .
Lutheranism estab l ished in GermanyLiberation ofFrancis I .Hungary . John Sepusius deposed.
Second Frenchwar with Charles V .
The Medici expel led from Florence.
Bohemia. The emperor Ferdinand I . marries Anne,sister of
Lou is the late king, and obtains the crown ofHungary.
Albert Durer,celebrated German painter and engraver
,dies
aged 57 years.
Andrew Doria makes Genoa independent.Sweden. Gustavus I . Vasa. The conquest ofPeru.
The name ofProtestant given to thosewho protested against theChurch ofRome at the diet ofSpires in Germany. The
ligious peace in Switzerland.
A. D . The Engl ish statesm an Sir Fran c is Wal singham born ;1536. l ived 54years.
The Boul evards commenced at Par is.
1537 . Cosm o de Med i c i duke ofTuscany . Papal bul l de claring0 the Amer i can natives to be rational be ings.
1538 . Suppression ofthe larger m onaster ies in Engl and .
The d iving bel l invented .
Truce ofNice for ten days. Attempt to recover power in Ital y.
Congress ofNi ce between the emperor ofG ermany, the
Pope and the king ofFrance.
1539 . The first Engl ish ed ition ofthe Bibl e authoriz ed.
About th 1s tim e cannon began to be used in ships.
The S ix B loody Arti c les in Engl and .
Pins first used byCatharine Howard queen ofEngland.
Six hundred and forty-five rel ig ious houses suppressedin Engl and and Wal es. Hungary. John II.
1540. Soc iety of the Jesu its establ ished Sept. 27.
Variations ofthe compass d iscovered . Reformation atG eneva.
In Engl and no clo ckwent accuratel y before that set upat Ham pton- court (m aker’
s ini tial sN. O. )Investiture ofM ilan conferred by Charl es V on Phi l ip.
1541 ,D estruction ofan armament l ed by Char l esV. agam etAl giers.
1542,Mary Stuart born and m ade queen ofScotland.
H enry III. assumes the titl e ofking instead ofl ord ofIrel and .
A commercial treaty between Portugal and 'Japan.
Fourth Frenchwar.
D e Soto d ies is buried in the M ississi p p i River, whichhe d iscovered the prev ious year.
1543 . Sil k sto ckings firstworn by the French king .
Copern i cus d ies.
First stand ing army in Sweden.
G ermany and England in al l iance against Fran ce.
1544. Lutheran ism in Sweden.
Sweden . G ustavus Vasa m akes the crown hered itary,and introdu ces the reform ed rel igion .
The G i i son Leaguesjo in the Swiss confede rac y as al l ies .
University ofKon igsburg founded byDukeAl bert ofPrussia .
Peace ofCrespy. Fran ce g ives up Italy.
French fleet gain a vi ctory over the E ngl ish off the IsleofWight.
1540 The general counc il of Trent begins.
Mines ofPotosi d isco vered in South Am eri ca.
Need les first m ade. Vasal ius’ work on anatomy.
Sir Franc is D rake Engl ish c1rcumnavigator born l i ved51 years.
1546. Luther d ies. W ar of the Sm al cal dists.
1547 .First lawin England, establ ishing the interest ofm onev
at 10 per cent.Revival ofSto i c ism byJustus Lipsius.
The Turks invade Persia and capture Ispahan .
1548
1549
1550
1552
Duke Maurice elector ofSaxony.
Henry II. king of France. The famous Catharine de Mediciqueen.
Edward VI . king ofEngland. Somerset invades Scotland ; defeats the Scots at Pinkie.
The Caraccas S . A . formed into a kingdom under a captain-
gen
eral .Poland. Splendid reign ofSigismund.
Formal establ ishment ofProtestantism in England.
Orange trees introdu ced into Europe.
Lord-l ieutenants ofcounties instituted in England.
Telescopes invented. The Engl ish Liturgy comp leted and es
tabl ished by act ofParl iament.
Death ofCardinal Beaton.
Cervantes born,author Don Quixote ; l ived 69 years.
Horse guards instituted in England.
Jul ius III . Pope.
Era ofEngl ish Puritans.
The art of stucco in which the Romans excel led,was revivedby D’
Udine, and is nowexquisitely performed in Italy andFrance
,and is rapidly advancing to perfection in England.
The sect ofUnitarians began at this time.
Treaty of Passau secures rel igious l iberty to the Protestants.
Books of geography and astronomy destroyed in England,as
being infected with magic .The book of common prayer estab l ished in England by act ofParl iament .
The English go by sea to Archangel .Lucas Cranach
,the elder
,a painter of the German schoolwas
born at Cranach in 1472,and died at Wittenberg in 1553 .
H is family namewas Sunder,his second name he took from
the place ofhis birth .
Lady Jane Grey,daughter of the duke of Suffolk
,and wife of
Lord Guilford Dudleywas proclaimed queen of England“
on the death of Edward VI . Ten days afterwards returnedto private life
,was tried Ncv. 13 and beheaded Feb. 12
,
1554,when but seventeenyears ofage,with her husband and
his father .Mary daughter of Henry VIII . ascended the throne July 6
,
married Phi l ip II . of Spain the fol lowing year .Elizabeth Croft
,a
'girl of 18 years ofagewas secreted in a
wal l and with a whistle made for the purpose uttered manyseditious speeches against the queen and prince and also
against the mass and confession,for which shewas sentenced
to stand upon a scaffold at St . Paul’s cross during sermontime and make publ ic confession ofher imposture. Shewascal led the Spirit of the Wal l .
While Servetus the founder ofthe Unitarian sectwas proceeding to Naples through Geneva, Calvin induced the magistrates to arrest him on a charge ofblasphemy and heresy
,
and refusing to retract his Opinions,hewas condemned to
the flames which sentencewas carried into execution Oct.
27
Hol land. Wil liam the Great succeeds his cousin Rene,to
whom the United Provinces owe their foundation and_
glory ;killed at length by an assassin hired by Phi l ip of Spain.
The wearing of silk forbidden to the common peop le ofEngland.
Hans Holbein,an eminent German painter
,celebrated for his
portraits Of royal persons and his “Dance ofDeath,
”.dies
aged 56.
Ridley bishop ofLondon,and Latimer bishop ofWorcester
,
were burned at Oxford,Oct. 16
,and Cranmer archbishop
OfCanterbury March 21 the year fol lowing . 300 Protestantswere burnt al ive and great numbers perished in prison .
Reign of the il lustrious Achar,the greatest prince ofH indos
tan .
Spain. Phil ip II .
The company of stationers of London is ofgreat antiquity andexisted long before printingwas invented
, yet itwas not
incorporated u'
ntil the second year of Phil ip and Mary .
The Russian Company established in England.
Marcel lus IV. Pepe.
Paul IV . Pope.
Charles V . reigning over Germany,Austria
,Bohemia
,Hungary
Spain,the Netherlands and their dependencies abdicated and
retires from the world to the monastery ofSt . Just,in Spain
,
leaving his German dominions to h is brother Ferdinand, andSpain and theNetherlands to his son Phi l ip II . H e died in1558 .
Sweden. Eric XIV . died in prison.
The dietwas transferred to Warsaw,the late metropolis Of
Poland from Cracow .
Portugal . Sebastian kil led in Africa.
England. E l izabeth daughter ofHenry VIII . andAnne Boleynascended the throneNov. 17 Reigned 44 years
,4 months
,
and 7 days, and died unmarried.
France. Francis II . married Mary Stuart afterwards queenofScots ; died the year after his accession.
Duke OfGuise minister .Denmark andNorway . Frederic II .Decrease ofthe influence ofthe H anse towns.
Pius IV . (Medici) pope .
Peace of Chateau Cambresis terminates the French wars inItaly . Tranquil ity for 66 years.
France. Charles IX . Catherine de Medici h is mother Ob
tained the regency,which trust she abused. Minstrels con
tinned til l this time . They owed their orig‘
in’
to the gleemenor har
pers ofthe Saxons.
Queen E l izabethwas presented with a pair ofblack knit silk
Duke Alva of Spain sent to subdue theNetherlands.
Count of Egmont,a F lemish noblemanwho served in the wars
of Charles V . and'Phil ip II . seized by the ferocious monster
A lva,in company with his friend Count Horn and beheaded
aged 40 years.
Battle of Langside,between the forces of the regent of Scot
land,the earl ofMurray and the army ofMary queen of
Scots in which the latter suffered a com plete defeat on May15 . Immediately after this fatal battle
,the unfortunate
Mary fled to England and landed at Workington,in Cum
berland,on May 16, andwas soon after imprisoned by E l iza
beth .
The Huguenots defeated at St . Denis by the Cathol ics.
The Duke ofAlva’
s b loody tribunal ” at Brussels.
Bernardo Tasso,a great poet ofItaly died aged 70 years. H is
chief poemwas on the adventures of Amadis oi Gaul .”
Earls ofNorthumberland and Westmoreland fail to set Maryat l iberty .
Cosmo de Medicimade grand duke ofTuscany by Pius V .
John III . king of Sweden.
The earl ofMo
urray, regent of Scotland assassinated by Hamilton.
Huguenots routed at Jarnac Conde killed.
Rialto a renowned bridge at Venice,mentioned by ShaksPeare
in his Merchant ofVenice,
”was buil t at this time.
Henry ofBearn takes the lead ofthe Huguenots.
Civil wars ofthe Desmonds in Ireland.
Battle of Lepanto. The great naval engagements between thecombined fleets ofSpain
,Venice and Pins V.
,and the whole
maritime for ce of the Turks. Don John ofAustria com
manded the Christian fleet and prostrated for a time the wholenaval power ofTurkey .
The Tartars surprise Moscow,
.slay of the inhabitantsand burn the city .
Prussia. John George elector .The invention oftelescopes is noticed by Leonard Digges.
The island ofCyprus taken by the Turks.
Massacre of St. Bartholomew. Huguenots or FrenchProtestants
,throughout the kingdom of France
,were mur
dered under circumstances of the m ost horrid treachery andcruelty . It began at Paris in the night ofthe festival ofSt.
wBartholomewAug. 24,by scol et orde1s from Chai les l X .
kincr of France. at the i nstigation of the queen dowage1 ,Catherine de Medici
,his mother .
Emp
a
ihatical ly the French Matins imply the massacre ofSt .Bartholomew .
Modern masks and mufi‘
s,fans and false hair for women were
devised by the harlots of Italy and brought to England fromFrance.
Pope Gregory XIII . arranged the present calendar.
The northern states of the Netherlands recognize William of
Orange as Stadtholder .John Knox the great Scottish reformer, educated at Haddington and St . Andrews for the priesthood
,died aged 67 years.
Hungary . Rodolphus.
Wil l iam Laud born,Engl ish prelate
,famed for his tyranny and
superstition ; lived 72 yearsLouis ofZuniga sueceds Alva l n theNetherlands.
France. Henry III . elected king ofPoland ; murdered Aug. 1,
1589 by Jacque C lement a Dominican friar . In this princewas extinguished the H ouse ofValois.
The memorab le siege ofLeyden sustained against the armies ofSpain
,during which of the inhabitants died of pesti
lence and famine.
Turkey . Amurath III . ascends the throne ; strangles his fivebrothers. Dreadful persecution ofthe Christians during thisre1 n.
The Il luminati heretics sprang up in Spain, where they werecal led A lumbrados. After their suppression in Spain theyappeared in France.
A uni versity founded l n commemoration ofthe siege ofLeyden
,
celebrated for its col leges,medicinal gardens and valuab le l i
brary. (SeePoland. Stephen forms a m il itia composed of Cossacks
,a bar
barous race,on whom he bestows the Ukraine.
Pacification ofGhent,November 8 .
Greenlandwas visited by Frobisher .Germany . Rodolph II . king ofBohemia and Hungary .
The Cathol ic league in France against the Protestants.
Tiziano Vecel l i,better known by the name ofTitian
,the great
est of the Venetian school of painting,was born at Cadore
,
in Friul i in 1477 . H e died at this time aged 99 years.
Jerome Cardan,Italian
,celebrated for his eccentricities and fol
lies,starved himsel f to death to fulfil one ofhis own prophe~
cies,aged 75 years.
Sir Francis Drake sailed from Plymouth,Nov 13
,and sailed
round the globe,returned to England after many perilous
adventures,Nov. 3,1580 ; the first Engl ish circumnavigator .
Portugal . Henry the Cardinal .King Sebastian of Spain defeated by the Moors.
Alexander Farnese succeeds Don Juan in theNetherlands.
Seven provinces under Wil l iam,prince ofOrange
,revol t owing
to the tyranny ofPhil ip II . forming the Seven United Pravinces. They met at Utrecht where they signed a treaty formutual defence Jan . 23
,and formed the al l iance known as the
“Union ofUtrecht.
”
Commencement ofthe Repub l ic ofH ol land. They elect William Prince ofOrange Stadtholder .
Louis Camoens,the most eminent poet
’
ofhis country dies aged62 years.
1581
1582
1583
[ 584
1585
[586
1587
Amazonia discovered by Francisco Orellana.
Portugal Anthony,prior of Crato
,son of Emanuel
,deposed
by Ph1l ip II . of Spain,who united Portugal to his other
dominions ti l l 1640.
Dr . James Usher the eminent Irish prelate is born. H ewasmade archbishop ofArmagh . H e died in 1656 andwasburied in Westminster Abbey . H e is most renowned for hisChronology of Scripture.
Charles Emanuel duke of Savoy .
Russia. TheNovorogodians having intrigued with the PolesIvan (John IV .) 0 1ders the chief inhabitants tobe hewn intosmal l p ieces before his eyes.
The UnitedProvinces declare themselves independent .The science ofasti onomy greatly advanced by Tycho Brahe.
Pepe Gregory XIII..introduces the NewStyle in Italy,the
5th ofOct. being counted the 15th .
Hugo Grotius or de Groot,a famous Dutch statesman
,jurist
and theologian,born at this time. H e died in the service of
Sweden in 1645, aged 62 years.
Tobacco first brought from Virginia into England.
Cape Breton discovered by the English .
Holland. The Stadtholder William is assassinated. Succeededby HenryPhil ip Will iam .
Russia. Theodore I .
Virginia discovered by Sir Walter Raleigh .
Miles Standish born a mil itary leader of the Pilgrims in NewEngland. H e died in 1656.
Davis Strait discovered by the English navigator John Davis,
whose name it bears, on his voyage to find a northwest passage.
The Turks driven out of Persia by the famous Schah Abbas.
Cardinal de Richel ieu,Armand Jean du Plessis is born
,an em i
nent statesman and minister of France. H e died in 1642
aged 57 years and left many of his schemes to be comp letedby his successor Cardinal Mazarin.
John Cotton a learned divine ofBoston i s born. Dies 1652.
First Engl ish col ony in America planted at Roanoke.
Cornel ius Jansen bishop ofYpres,founder of the sect ofJan
senists is born . H e dies 111 1638 .
Sixtus V . rose from a shepherd boy to be Pope ; is active andenergetic
,corrects abuses in the church
,and restores the Vat
i can library.
Babington’
s Conspiracy in the cause ofMary against Elizabeth,for which he with thirteen others suffered death .
Sir Phil ip Sidney, the hero and poet narrowly escaped the massacre of St . Bartholomew
,was subsequently made governor
of Flushing, and fel l in an engagement at Zutphen,where
his smal l body of troopswas victorious, aged 32 years.
Maryqueen ofScots whose death 13 an indel ib le stain upon thereign ofElizabeth,was beheaded in Fotheringay Castle, in
1595
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
Edward W inslow governor ofPlymouth colony born ; died in1643 . Bank of England incorporated.
John Hampden celebrated patriotic statesman born ; died 1643Turkey. Bloody reign ofMahomet III .
Torquato , son of Bernardo Tasso,tl 1e great Ital ian poet
,died
aged 51 years. H is immortal poem is Jerusalem del ivered.
Dutch factories’
establ ished in Java.
Rene Descartes the eminent French philosopher born died1650.
Spain . Phi l ip III . son of Phi l ip II . H e drove the Moorsfrom Grenada and the adjacent provinces.
E l izabeth appointed Edmund Spenser poet- laureate.
Joachim Frederick elector ofBrandenburg .
The race of Rurick which had governed Russia 700 years hecomes extinct .
Bovise Godounove becomes emperor ofRussia. C!)Edmund Spenser , one of the great Engl ish poets ; studied at
Cambridge. H e died at this time aged 46 years. H is greatpoem is The Faery Queen .
”
Henry IV . al lows l iberty of conscience to the Cal vinists by theedict ofNantes.
Robert Blake a celebrated English admiral born died 1657 .
Hydrostatics were revived by Gal ileo about this t ime,having
been studied in the Alexandrian school about 300 B . C .
The Engl ish East India Company establ ished.
Birth'
ofCharles I . ofEngland.
Roger Wi l l iams born educated at Oxford,England
,by the
kindness of Sir Edward Coke. H e founded Rhode Island ;died 1683 .
Earl ofEssex beheaded.
The Dutch East India Company founded.
Charles Emanuel of Savoy attempts Geneva by surprise,scal es
the wal ls and penetrates the town but in the end is defeated.
This circumstance gives r ise to an annual festival commemorative oftheir escape from tyranny .
Decimal arithmetic invented at Bruges.
Wil l iam Chil l ingworth , Engl ish theologian and author is born ;dies 1644.
Cape Cod discovered by Bartholomew Gosnold.
Agostino Caracciwas born at Bologna in 1558,and died at this
time aged 44 years. One ofthe Lombard school ofpainters.
persons perished of the plague in London alone,in this
and the fol lowing year . Itwas also fatal in Ireland.
Union of the Engl ish and Scotch crowns under James I . of
England (James VI . of S cotland) son ofMary queen of
Scots.
The celebrated rel igious conference held at Ham pton Courtpalace
,in order to effect a general union between the prelates
of the church ofEngland and the dissenting ministers. Thisconference led to a newtranslation of the Biblewhichwas
A . D.
executed in 1607—1611 and is that nowin general use inEngland and the United States.
The Jesuits were expel led from England by procl amation of
James I . and from Venice two years later .Turkey . Achm et ; succeeded by his brother .John E l iot
,
“the apostle to the Indians born ; died in 1690.
The memorable conspiracy in England,known by the name of
the Gunpowder Plot,for springing a mine under the house
of parl iament,and destroying the three estates of the realm
,
king,lords and commonswas discovered Nov. 5 . This
diabol ical schemewas projected by Robert Catesby and manyhigh persons were leagued in the enterprise. Guy Fauxwasdetected in the vaults under the H ouse ofLords
,preparing
the train for being fired the next day.
Edmund Wal ler an Engl ish poetwas born. H e died in 1687 .
Hugh Calverly, having mu1dered two ofhis childl en and stabbed his wife m a fit of jealousy
,being a1raignedfor his crime
at York assizes,stood mute andwas thereupon pressed to
death in the castle,a large i1on weight being placed upon
his breast .Quebec founded by the French . Leo XI . Pope.
Russia. Theodore II . Demetrius II . assassinated.
Paul V . Pope.
Demetrius Griska Eutropeia,a friar, pretended to be the son of
Basilowitz,czar ofMuscovy
,whom the usurper Boris had
put to death,but he maintained that another chil d had
been substituted in his place,hewas supported by the arms
of Poland ; his success astonished the Russians,who invitedhim to the throne and del ivered into his hands Fedor thereigning czar and al l his family
,whom he cruel ly put to
death ; his imposition being discovered, hewas assassinatedin his palace.
Russia. Chousky.
Sweden. Charles IXGreat fire in Constantl nople.
Dr . Gilbert discoversthe power of electricity and of conductorsand non-conductors.
Oaths of al legiance first adm inistered in England.
Virginia,sometimes "cal led the Old Dominion
,settled in April
,
at Jamestown on James river ; the first white settlement inthe United States.
Forks used in England.
John Sigismund created elector ofBrandenburg and duke of
Prussia.
Arminius propagates his opinions and dies the following year .Removal of the Pilgrims to Leyden.
The Bermudas occupied by the Engl ish .
After a st1uggle of 30 years the king of Spain is obliged to
declare thetD
Batavians free.
H ungary . Matthias II.
1610
Plot of the Indians disclosed byPochahontas.Annibale Caracci
,by far the most distinguished of this familywas born in 1560,and died at this time.
Thermometer invented by Drebbel ofAl cmaer.
Arundel ian marb les contain the chronology of ancient historyfrom 1582 to 355 B . C.
,and are said to have been sculptured
264 B . C . They consist of37 statues,128 busts and 250 ia
scriptions, and were found in the Isle of Paros in the reignof James I . about this date. They were purchased by l ordArundel and given to the university ofOxford 1627 . The
characters are Greek .
Ravil lac assassinated Henry IV . of France,May 14. H ewas
put to the m ost dreadful tortures on record.
France. Louis XIII . the Just. Mary de Medici regent .
Hudson’
s Baydiscovered by Henry Hudson when in search of
a northwest passage to the Pacific ocean.
The satel l ites ofJupiter were discovered by Gali leo.
The Poles place Ladislaus son oftheir own king Sigismund upon the throne ofRussia.
Phil ip III . banishes the Moors and their descendants to the
number of from Spain .
Lucius Carey (Falkland) Engl ish Viscount, pol itician and au4
~ thor born ; died 1643 .
The -Virginia colony reduced from nearly 500 to 60.
persons perished ofa pestilence at Constantinople.
Sweden. Gustavus Adolphus II .Baronets first created in England by James I . May 22.
Moscow burnt by the Poles.
Denmark . Danish East India Company established by Chris.
tian IV.
Germany. Matthias I .
John Baptist Guarini Ital ian poet dies aged 75 years.
Pochahontas married to Mr . John Rolfe.
The Dutch erect some trading posts at the mouth of the H ud
son river .Russia. Michael Theodore Romanefi, ofthe House ofRoman
ofl,ascends the throne.
Logarithms invented by Sir John Napier an eminent Scotchman.
NewYork city founded by the Dutch .
Last meeting ofthe Statesg eneral in France before the revolation.
1
North Virginia calledNewEngland by prince Charles.
24 natives ofNewEngland carried offand sold by H unt.Sir H ugh Myddleton brings the NewRiver to London .
Richard Baxter,one of the best known nonconformists of this
century born. H e lived til l 1691 . Wrote Saints’ Everlasting Rest .”
Baflin’
s Bay discovered by Wil l iam Baflin an Englishman.
Settlement ofVirginia by Wal ter Raleigh .
1622
1625'
League between Massasoit and the Pilgrims.
Batavia in Java settled by the Dutch .
Gregory XV . Pope.
Turkey . Mustapha I. ; at length deposed again,and succeeded
by his grandson .
Massacre of347 Virginians by the natives March 27 .
Algernon Sidney,Engl ish martyr of liberty and author born ;
died 1683 .
Ernest Von Mansfel d defeats Count de Til ly German militarycommander
,at Wiesloch in Apri l .
ity ofA lbany,capital of the state ofNewYork
,founded by
the Dutch and by them named Beaverwyck.
Pope Urban VIII .
Turkey . Amurath IV .; succeeded by his brother .NewHampshire settled.
The famous l ibrary ofPalatine at Heidleberg sent to Rome.
George Fox born,the founder
l
ofthe Society ofFriends or Quakers. H ewas clad in a perennial suit of leather andwandered in sol itude seeking some l ight to guide him
,studying
the Bible and himself. Cromwel l befriended him . H e diedin 1690.
Richel ieu changes the government in France.
Massacre at Amboyna.
Settlement at Cape Ann.
NewJersey settled.
Charles I.
, son ofJames I.
,king ofEngland from March 27 to
Jan. H e married H enrietta Maria,daughter of
Henry IV . king of France,June 13 . She survived the nu
fortunate king and died in France Aug. 10,1669 .
Buckingham prime minister .Armor ceased to reach below the knee in the early reign of
Charles.
Hol land. Frederick Henry stadtholder .Hungary . Ferdinand III . emperor .The island ofBarbadoes the first English settlement in the WestIndies.
Plague in London destroyed persons.
Death ofJohn F letcher the Engl ish dramatist aged 49 years.
Robert Boyle one ofa distinguished noble Irish family,natural
philosopher ; died in 1691 aged 65 years.
Francis Bacon,Lord Verulam
,Viscount of St . Albans
,one of
the brightest luminaries in the history of Engl ish Literatureand Philosophy
,youngest son of Sir Nicholas Bacon
,lord
keeper of the great seal to queen E l izabeth,died aged 65
ears.
Erhest von Mansfeld and Christian ofBrunswick die.
Victory ofTil ly over Christian IV . ofDenmark at Lutter.Telescopes and other instruments used in astronomy .
The Parian marb les brought to England by the earl ofAr undel
(See
1629
1630
1631
Death ofGiles Fletcher an Engl ish poet aged 47 .
Swedes settle near the Delaware.
The discovery of the c irculation of the b lood by Dr, Harvey,furnished an entirely newsystem of physiological and pathological speculation .
Massachusetts Bay Colony founded.
John Endicott settles at Salem,Massachusetts.
Charlestown founded.
Duke ofBuckingham assassinated.
The val idity of the Petition ofRight acknowledged.
Seven of the Cartoons ofRaphael were purchased in F landersby Rubens for Charles I . of England
,for Ham pton-court
alace.
Deiimark. Christian IV . chosen head ofthe Protestant League.
St . Peter’s church at Rome completed,having been commenced
about the middle ofthe 15th century byNi cholasVI . Original ly erected by Constantine.
First church in Massachusetts formed at Sal em .
First permanent settlement of the Dutch at Manhattan.
Christian IV . recovers his lands by the peace of Lubec .The Edict ofRestitution published by Ferdinand II .
The Palace ofVersail les,was in the reign ofLouis XIII. only
a smal l vil lage in a forest thirty miles in circuit,and here
this prince built a hunting-seat . Itwas finished 1708 .
Boston, Dorchester, Roxbury and Cambridge founded.
Arrival of Governor Winthrop ofMassachusetts,with about
1500 emigrants.
John Flavel born,an eminent Engl ish non-conformist divine ;
died 1691 .
Isaac Barrow born,an eminent Engl ish theologian and mathe
matician died 1677 .
John Kepler the eminent German astronomer died,aged 58
years. H is works were numerous.
Dr . John Til lotson,
'
an Engl ish prelate born ;was ofPuritanorigin and himsel f a Pur itan at first
,but imbibed Episcopal ian
views. Died in 1694 aged 64 years.
Pomerania surrendered to Gustavus Adolphus.
Discoveries ofGal ileo in astronomy were made about this time.
The first newspaper in Francewas the “Gazette de France,
”
estab l ished by Renaudot,and continued with fewinterrup
tions til l 1827 , when it ceased and another paper assumedits name.
The town ofTorre del Greco,with persons and a great
pa1t of the surrounding countrywas destroyed by MountVesuvius.
First vessel built l n Massachusetts cal led the “B lessing of the
Bay,”launched July 4.
Diet of Leipsic FebThe sack ofMagdeburgh by Ti l ly taken May 16.
The imperial army defeated at Leipsic and Breitenfiel d Sept . 7 .
1622
1623
1625'
League between Massasoit and the Pilgrims.
Batavia in Java settled by the Dutch .
Gregory XV . Pope.
Turkey . Mustapha I . at length deposed again,and succeeded
by his grandson .
Massacre of347 Virginians by the natives March 27Algernon Sidney
,Engl ish martyr of l iberty and author born ;
died 1683 .
Ernest Von Mansfel d defeats Count de Til ly German militarycommander
,at Wiesloch in April .
City ofA lbany,capital of the state ofNewYork
,founded by
the Dutch and by them named Beaverwyck.
Pope Urban VIII .
Turkey . Amurath IV ., succeeded by his brother .NewH ampshire settled.
The famous library ofPalatine at Heidleberg sent to Rome.
George Fox born,the founder
“
ofthe Society ofFriends or Quakers. H ewas clad in a perennial su it of leather andwandered in sol itude seeking som e l ight to guide him
,studying
the Bib le and himself.'
Cromwel l befriended him . H e diedin 1690.
Richelieu changes the government in France.
Massacre at Amboyna.
Settlement at Cape Ann .
NewJersey settled.
Charles I.
,son ofJames I.
,king ofEngland from March 27 to
Jan. 30, 1649 . H e married Henrietta Maria,daughter of
H enry IV . king of France,June 13 . She survived the un
fortunate king and died in France Aug. 10,1669 .
Buckingham prime minister.Armor ceased to reach below the knee in the early reign of
Charles.
Hol land. Frederick Henry stadtholder .Hungary . Ferdinand III . emperor .The island ofBarbadoes the first English settlement in theWestIndies.
Plague in London destroyed persons.
Death ofJohn F letcher the Engl ish dramatist aged 49 years.
Robert Boyle one ofa distinguished nobl e Irish family,natural
philosopher ; died in 1691 aged 65 years.
Francis Bacon,Lord Verulam
,Viscount of-St. Albans
,one of
the brightest luminaries in the history of Engl ish Literatureand Philosophy
,youngest son of Sir Nicholas Bacon
,lord
keeper of the great seal to queen E l izabeth,died aged 65
ears.
Bri est von Mansfeld and Christian ofBrunswick die.
Victory ofTi l ly over Christian IV . ofDenmark at Lutter.Telescopes and other instruments used in astronomy .
The Parian marb les brought to England by the earl ofAr undel
(See
l 632
1633
1634
1635
1636
John Dryden born,one ofthe great English poets. H ewas
employed under Cromwell during his protectorate . H e he
came poet-laureate,was deposed at the Revolution. Died in
1700 aged 69 years.
Calicowas first brought to England by the East India Coman
G iistazus Adolphus takes Mayence.
John Smith,celebrated in Virginian History died
,aged 52
ears.
Bast
r
tle of Lutzengen, or Lutzen . Cal led also the battle uf
Lippstadt . In this sanguinary and memorable battle Gustavus Adolphus king of Sweden
,the most i l lustrious hero a-f
his time and the chief support of the Protestant rel igion LI]
Germany,and in al l iance with Charles I . of England
,W i s
foully kil led in the moment of victory .
Sweden. Christina at length resigned her crown to CharlesK .
Defeat and death ofTilly atNuremburg-on-the-Lech .
Marylandwas original ly included in the patent ofVirginia,
granted under charter to Cecil ius Calvert,Lord Bal timore ;
named in honor ofHenrietta Maria.
John Locke born,one ofthe greatest Engl ish philosophers and
men of l etters. H e studied at Westminster school and C r
ford. H e died at the house of his friend Sir Francis Masham
,at Oates in Essex , in 1704, aged 72 years.
Connecticut first settled at Windsor by a colony from Massachusetts .
Pub l ic Intell igencer published in England by Sir Roger L’Es
trange,the first vehicle ofgeneral 1nformation .
Van D iemen’
s Land. This countrywas discovered by Tasman.
The art ofpreserving flowers in sand discovered.
A lbert ofWal lenstein,the general of Ferdinand II . murdered
Feb. 25.
The peace of Prague between the German princes and the em
erer .BaIfitle ofNordl ingen.
The Dutch take Curagoa.
Captains Stone,Norton and eight others murdered by the l ‘e
quot Indians on Connecticut river .Maryland settled by 200 Catholics.
Hol land. The republ ic wars against Spain in the East and inAmerica ; the Dutch admiral Peter H en takes several Spanish gal leons
,value sterling .
Richelieu encourages the Swedes in their undertakings in German
Franceyand Sweden al l ied against Spain and Austria.
Ship-money being i l legal ly imposed by Charles I . about thistime led to the revolution .
Lope de Vega the great Spanish dramatist died,aged 63 years.
Saxony and Thuringia conquered by the Swedes.
Providence settled by Roger Wil l iams.
John H ampden resists the ship -money tax .
Germany . Ferdinand III. king ofH ungary .
Benjamin Jonson a celebrated Engl ish dramatist and poetlaureate died
,aged 64 years.
Rare Ben Jonson stands pre-eminent among his fraternity of
authors.
War with the Pequot Indians in Connecticut .First Synod atNewtown occasioned by Ann Hutchinson.
Troubl e in Scotland occasioned by Char les’ plan -to overthrowthe Scotch Presbyterian church and enforce episcopacy.
The first col lege estab l ished in the United Stateswas H arvard,
at Cambridge,Mass
,by John Harvard.
Solemn league and covenant in Scotland against the episcopalgovernment ofthe church and the regal authority.
The transit ofVenus over the sun’
s disk first observed by H or
rox Nov. 24.
First printing in America at Cambridge,Mass
,when the Free
man’
s Oath and an almanac were printed.
The Turks defeat the Persians and take the city ofBagdad.
Increase Mather American clergyman and author born died in1723 .
Benjamin Church an American mil itary commander and authorborn ; died in 1718 .
Death of Bernhard of IVeimar a German military commander .Phil ip Massinger one ofthe early Engl ish dramatists died aged54 years
Martin Op1tz or Opitius the father of German poetry diedaged 42 years.
The Portuguese throw off the Spanish yoke and place John,
duke of raganza,'
on the throne. H is posterity stil l possessthe crown.
Prussia. Frederick Wil l iam the.
Great .Turkey. Ibrah im ; at l ength strangled by the Janizaries andsucceeded by his son.
Charles I . Stuart,cal ls a parl iament after eleven years’ delay
,
Nov. 3 .
Peter Paul Rubens celebrated painter of the Flemish school,
born at Cologne 1577,died aged 63 years.
The Irish Cathol ics entered into a conspiracy to expel the English and cruel ly massacre the Protestant settlers in Ulster tothe number of persons ; commenced on St. Ignatius
’
day, Oct. 23 .
Star chamber abol ished in the 16th year ofthe reign ofCharlesI
ThomasWentworth,Earl ofStrafl
'
ord,the Curtius ofthe royal
causewas beheaded for high treason .
NewH ampshire united with Massachusetts.
Sir Anthony Van Dyck celebrated painter born at Antwerp in1599 ; died aged 42 years.
Battle ofEdgel . il l,between the royal ists and the parliament
A . D .
army . F irst engagement ofimportance in the great civi lwarwith England. Charles I .was personally present in thisbattle Oct. 23 .
The Swedes defeat the Austrians at Leipsic .Sir IsaacNewton
,England’
s greatest mathematician and natural philosopher born. H is highest honorwas that ofbeingpresident of the royal society ;was knighted by queen Anneand died in 1727 aged 85 years
,receiving at his funeral
honors almost equal to those paid to royalty itself.France. Lou isXIV . the Great
,also styled Dieu Donne
,ascends
the throne.
Confederacy formed under the name of the United Colonies of
NewEngland.
Torricel l i invents the barometer.China. The country is conquered by the Eastern Tartars
,who
establ ish the present reigning house.
July 3 . Battle ofMarston Moor . Thiswas the beginn ing of
the misfortunes and disgrace ofthe unfortunate Charles I. ofEngland. Prince Rupert joined by the Marquis ofNewcastle determined to raise the siege ofYork . They were op
~
posed by Ol iver Cromwel lwho nowfirst came into noticeCromwel lwas victorious
,pushed h is Opponents off the field
,
returned to a second engagement and second victory . The
Prince’
s whole train of artil lerywas taken,
'
and the royalistsnever afterward recovered the blow .
Innocent X . Pope.
Indianwar in Virginia.
Hugo Grotius the famous Dutch statesman,jurist and theologianwas banished
,and died in the service of Sweden
,aged 62
years.
June 14. Battle ofNaseby,between Charles I . and the parl ia
ment army,under Fairfax and Cromwel l . The victorywas
with the parl iamentary forces,andwas decisive ofthe fate of
the unfortunate Charles.
Russia. Alexis.
W ar between Veni ce and the Turks in Candia.
Archbishop Wi l l iam Laud,an Engl ish prelate
,was the type
_of
the churchmen at this time. H ewas imprisoned by the LongParliament
,and after lying in the Tower three yearswas
beheaded,aged 72 years.
Char les I . del ivered prisoner to the parl iament .Act of Massachusetts Legislature for carrying the gospel tothe Indians.
E l iot preaches to the Indians.
Second Synod ofMassachusetts.
Epidemic through America.
Hol land. Wi l l iam II .
Hungary . Ferdinand IV.
The tyranny ofthe Spaniards leads t ) an insurrection atNaplesexcited by Masaniel lo a fishermanwho in fifteen days raises
1652
1653
1654
1656
Navigation Act passed in England.
Fenelon,Francis de Sal ignac de la Motte
,Archbishop of Cam
bray born. H ewas a preacher ofgreat power and eloquence ;H is works are very numerous and interesting
,but the rheto rician and mystic appear in every page. H e died through anoverturn ofhis carriage in 1717 , aged 66 years. H is mostcelebrated work is Telemachus. Sumptuary lawin Massachusetts.
Gorton and Roger Will iams made a decree against slavery inRhode Island
Voluntary subm 1ssion ofMaine to Massachusetts.
Inigo Jones an eminent Engl ish architect died aged 80 years.
Dutch colony estab l ished at Cape ofGood Hope.
The firstwar between the Engl ish and Dutch .
Poor Robin’
s almanac .
Cromwel l declareswar against Hol land and many naval battlesare fought ; B lake signal ly defeats Van Tromp .
July 4. Praise-God-Barebones’ Parliament met ; so called fromone ofthe memberswho had thus fantastically styled himself
,
according to the fashion ofthe times.
The invention of the JEol ian Harp is ascribed to Kircher,but
itwas known before.
April . Long parl iament dissolved by Cromwell .Ol iver Cromwel l Lord Protector ofEngland.
Mil ton private secretary to Cromwel l .Dec . Cromwel l dissol ves by force his second parliament .Mazar in enters Paris in trium ph .
Sweden. Christina resigned her crown to Charles X . Gustavusduke ofDeux Ponts.
Peace ofWestm inster . Al l iance ofEngland with Holland.
Cassini draws h is meridian line in the church of St. Patronius,
Bologna,after Dante.
Turkey. Mahomet IV . deposed and succeeded by his brotherin 1687
Eustace le Sueur ofthe French school ofpainters died,having
been born in Paris in 1617 .
The Engl ish take Jamaica under Penn.
Waldenses persecuted by the Piedmontese.
Lawin Massachusetts requiring that “al l hands not necessarilyemployed on other occasions
,as women
,boys and girls
,shou ld
Spin according to their ski l l and abi l ity .
”
Alexander VII . Pope.
Hungary . Leopold emperor ofGermany .
James Naylor personated our Saviour ; hewas convicted of
b lasphemy,scourged and his tongue bored through with a
hot iron on the p il lory,by sentence ofthe House ofCommons
,
under Cromwel l ’s administration .
The p lague brought from Sardinia to Naples,being introduced
by a transport with soldiers on board raged with such vio
l ence as to carry off ofthe inhabitants i n six months
1658
1659
1660
Portugal . Alphonsus VI .
Tuniswas reduced byAdmiral Blake on the bey’s refusing to
give up the British captives.
The air-gun invented by Guter ofNuremburg.
Ireland. Cromwel l and Ireton reduce the whole island to obe
dicace since 1649 .
Ann H ibbins ofBoston executed for witchcraft .Persecution of the Quakers in Massachusetts.
Battle ofWarsaw in July .
Poland ob l iged to acknowledge Prussia as an independent stateunder Frederic Will iam .
Charles X . of Sweden overruns Poland.
Emperor Leopold takes up arms to secure the crown of Spainfor his son.
Robert Blake the celebrated Engl ish admiral died aged 58 .
C harles Gustavus ofSweden invades Denmark, besieges Copenhagen and makes large conquests.
Germany. Leopold I . king ofHungary .
Cromwel l dies,and is succeeded in the protectorship by his son
Ri chard Sept . 3 .
Dunkirk surrendered to England.
The Dardanelles were buil t by the emperor Mahomet IVand were thus named from the contiguous town ofDardanus.
They are two castles. one cal led Sest-os,seated in Romania
,
the other called Abydos,inNatolia
,commanding the entrance
ofthe strait ofGall ipoli .Peace of the Pyrenees. Marriage ofLouis XIV . to MariaTheresa of Spain.
Richard Cromwel l resigns the protectorship .
Rump parl iament restored,and dissolved by the army in April .
Two Quakers,Robinson and Stephenson
,executed in Boston.
Restoration of the Stuarts in England.
Charles II . May29 .
Hyde,earl of C larendon chancellor and prime minister .
Insurrection ofthe fifth monarchy men against Charles II.Denmark . The c rown made hereditary and absolute.
India. Reign ofAurungz ebe ; his dominions ex tending from10 to 35 degrees in latitude and nearly as much in longitude
,'
and his revenue amounting to sterl ing .
Prussia. Order ofConcord instituted by Christian Ernest dukeofPrussia
,to distinguish the part he had taken in restoring
peace to Europe.
Arts and sciences begin to flourish in Sweden.
Van Ryn Rembrandt a celebrated painter ofthe Dutch school ,born near Leyden in 1604
,died aged 56 years.
NavigationAct confirmed and extended.
Casim i; king ofthe Poles makes peace with Sweden ,
Charles XI . ofSweden .
Diego Valasquez de Silva born at Seville,Spain died aged 66
years. H e belonged to the Spanish school ofpainting .
1662
1663
1664
1665
Anne Hyde, daughter ofEdward Hyde earl ofClarendon, married James II . in Sept. She died before James ascended thethrone.
Julius Mazarin, Cardinal , died aged 59 . H ewas an Ital ian bybirth ; his first publ ic appearancewas in Lombardy . H e af
terward became prime minister of France,and his name is
inseparably connected with the first part of the reign of
Louis XIV .
Charles Rol lin an eminent French historian born. H is chiefwork
,which is not yet superseded in popularity
,18 his an
cient history . H e died at the age of80 years.
Newparl iament 1n England. A l l iance with Portugal .Charles II . is said to have first encouraged the appearance ofwomen on the stage of England
,but
‘
the queen of James I .
had previously performed m a theatre at court.An earthquake throughout China buries 300
,000 persons at
Pekin alone.
The Royal Society estab l ished at London July 15 by Charles II .
Dunkirk sold by Charles II . for £500,000 to Louis XIV. of
France.
Matthew H enry born one of the most popular ofEnglish com
m entators on the Scriptures ; died 17 14 aged 52 years.
Catherine of Portugal , daughter of John IV . and sister of
A lphonso VI .was married to Charles II . ofEngland,May
21 . Survived the king,returned to Portugal and died Dec .
21,1705 .
Blaise Pascal,one of the most eminent of the literary m en of
France died aged 39 years. H is “Provincial Letters” utterlyrouted the Jesuits. H is last and greatest work
,publ ished by
his friends after his death,was in defence of Christianity .
The first idea of a steam-enginewas suggested by the marquisofWorcester in his Century of Inventions as
“away to
drive up water by fire.
”
Bombay taken by the Engl ish .
Charter of Carol ina, and a colony settled soon afterBunyan’
s Pilgrim ’
s Progress,an allegory perfect in 1tsway.
The French Academy of Inscriptions instituted.
The Engl ish wrestNewYork from the Dutch .
NewJerse granted to Lord Berkely and George Carteret.E l iot’s Indian Bib le printed at Cambridge.
French East India Company organized.
Spain . Charles II .
Persecution ofJansenists in France.
Nicholas Poussin died aged 7 1 years. H ewas born at Andelay in Normandy, and m ayrightly be considered as the originator of the French school of painters.
Memorable p lague in London which carried off persons.
Itwas thought the infectionwas not total ly destroyed till thegreat conflagration of the fol lowing year .
Six towns of Christian Indians in Massachusetts.
Denmark . Christian V .
C lement X . Pope.
Conspiracy of B lood and h is associateswho seized the duke of
Ormond,wounded him and would have hanged him ; andwho
afterwards stole the crown. B lood died in disgrace in 1680.
The Austrian government executes the leaders of the insurrection in H ungary .
White slaves were sold in England to be transported to Virginia ; average price for five years
’
service £5,
'
while a negrowas worth £25 .
The memorab le revolt ofMes'
sm 1.
The Poles del iver up Ca'
m eniec with 48 towns and villages inthe territory ofCam eniec to Mahomet IV . the Turkish sul
tan . This is the last victory by which any advantage ao
crued to the Ottoman Turks or any provincewas annexed tothe ancient bounds oftheir empire
Birth ofPeter I . the Great,statesman and warrior .
Louis XIV . carries his arms against H ol land. H is opponentsJohn de Witt and his brother taken and assassinated by themob.
Mary Beatrice princess ofModena,daughter ofAlphonso d’
Este
duke,married James II . Nov. 21 .
-At the revolution in1688 she retired with James II . to France
,and died at St.
Germains in 1718 , having survived her consort 17 years.
Test Act passed in England.
Marquette and Jol iet discover the Mississipp i river .
Salvator Rosa a cel ebrated painter of the Lombard school diedaged 59 years.
Pondicherry,formerly the capital of French India
,first settled
by the French . Spain and Germany Join thewar againstFrance.
John Mil ton one ofthe chief poets and greatest men ofEnglanddies aged 66 years. H is task in writing two “Defences ofthe Peop le of England ” total ly destroyed his al ready impaired vision . H e afterwards fulfil led the prediction utteredin one ofhis former books by bringing out the great Engl ishepic “Paradise Lost .” H e carried his original thought onestep further and wrote Paradise Regained.
” Samson Agonisteswas h is last poem .
In his domestic l ife Mil ton endured much troub le. Desertedfor a whi le by his first wife he sawno rel ief but -in divorce.
H is daughters in his age and b l indness treated him with notorious want oflove. H is universal fame nowrests on his poems,which were hardly known and not at al l appreciated duringhis day.
Poland. John Sobieski .Greenwich Observatory . The Engl ish began to compute longitude from the meridian of this p lace . Some. make the date1679 .
War with Phil ip king ofthe Wampanoogs inNewEngland.
1680
Indianwar in Virginia.
Samuel D . C lark an English theologian and philosopher born ;he died m 1729 .
Motion ofthe sun round its own axis proved by Halley .
Russia. Theodore III.
King Phil ip ki l led ; his tribe destroyed.
Jamestown burned.
Bacon’
s rebel l ion in Virginia.
Innocent XI . Pope.
War between Russia and Tu1key .
The pretended conspiracy ofthe French,Spanish and Engl ish
Jesui ts to assassinate Charles II . revealed by the infamousTitus Oates, Dr . Tongue and others.
The Habeas Corpus Act passed in England.
Ruins of Palmyra in the deserts of Syria discovered by someEnglish travelers from Aleppo. These ru ins
,chiefly ofwhite
marble,prove Palmyra to have been more extensive and
splendid than Rome itself.Statue of Charles I . erected. Thiswas the first equestrianstatue erected l n G1eat Britain .
Meal tub plot l n England.
PeaceofFontaineb leau concluded between Franceand DenmarkNewH ampshire made a royal province.
Peace ofNimeguen .
Charleston,S . C . first settled.
Lord Stafford of England,convicted of high treason as a con
spirato r in the Popish plot to assassinate Charles II .
, be
headed Dec . 29,making on the scaffold the most earnest pro
-t
estations ofhis innocence.
A great comet appeared and from its nearness to the earthalarmed the inhabitants. It continued from Nov. 3 to March9 fol lowing .
Foundation ofthe Prussian monarchy established between 1640and 1680.
Bomb-vessels invented in France.
Penny-post first set up in London aud its suburbs by a Mr.
Murray,upholsterer .
Calderon de la Barca,Don Pedro
,the famed writer ofdramatic
poetry in Spain dies aged 80 years.
Strasburg taken from the Germans by Louis XIV.
Pennsylvania granted to Wil l iam Penn.
Dr . Edward Young Engl ish poet born. Died 1765.
Philadelphia founded by Wil l iam Penn.
Russia. Ivan V .
Robert C . La Sal le French navigator and author sails down theMississippi
Claude Lorraine an Ital ian painter died aged 82.
Rye House Plot. A consp iracy to assassinate Charl es II . andhis brother the duke ofYork afterwards James II.
,at a place
cal led Rye H ouse,on theway to London from NewMarket
1685
1686
1687
This designwas frustrated by the king’s house at NewMarketaccidental ly taking fire
,which hastened the royal party away
eight days before the p lotwas to take place,March 22. The
patriot A lgernon Sidney suffered death on a false charge of
being concerned in this conspiracy Dec . 7 .
James duke ofMonmouth a natural son ofCharles II .
,was ban!
ished from England for a conspiracy known as Monmouth’srebel l ion .
A complete explanation ofthe theory of the tides by Sir IsaacNewton
,who laid hold of this class of phenomena to prove
universal gravitation,about this time.
Vienna seized by Mahomet IV . but 1el ieved by John SobieskiofPoland.
The code ofking Christian ofDenmark publ ished.
Hungary . The duke of Lorraine loses m en in a fruitless attempt to take Buda from the Turks.
The first idea of a tel egraph on the m odern constructionwassuggested by Dr . Robert H ook
,a celebrated Engl ish mathe
matician and philosopher .Peter Corneil le an eminent French dramatic poet died aged 78
cars.
Jagob Ruysdael a celebrated Dutch landscape painter died aged48 years.
Robert Leighton an able Scotch prelatedied aged 71 .
Peace conc luded with France at Regensbu i g.
George Frederic Handel the great musical composer ofGermany born .
'After some years of b l indness he died 1759
aged 75 years.
Oat-eswas tried for perjury and being found guilty hewas fined
put in the pil lory, publ icly whipped from Newgate to Tyburnand sentenced to imprisonment for l ife ; butwas pardonedand a pension granted him in 1689 .
Revocation ofthe Edict ofNantes by Louis XIV .
Massacres and exil es ofthe Protestants.
England. James II . king .
Rebel l ion of the duke ofMonmouth in England and Argyle inScotland. Both defeated and executed.
Bartholomeo Esteven Muril lo a great painter of Spain diedaged 67 years. H e studied under Castil lo and Velasquez ,and carried on his art chiefly at Sevi l le. H is greatestworks are al tar pieces to var ious chu1 ches
The duke ofLorraine car1 ies Buda by storm and del ivers up theMohammedans to the fury ofthe sol diers.
An inundation at Yo1kshir,e when a rock opened and poured
out water to the height of a church steep le.
Air pump invented by Otho Guericke._
TheNewtonian philosophy first pub l ished in England.
The roof of the Acropol is at Athens which had stood 2000years
,was destroyed in the Venetian siege.
The Turks took possession ofAthens.
A. D .
Englandwas settled upon the present royal family by the actofJuneSir Edmund Andros deposed at Boston
,Mass.
Emanuel Swedenborrg,
an eminent philosopher and religiousteacher born ; he nied 1772. H ewas a native of Sweden.
First factory at Calcutta.
Battle ofBoyne gained by William III . over James in Ireland,Jul 1 .
The dfike of Schomberg kil led .
English settlements of Schenectady,N. Y.
,Casco
,Me.
,and
Salmon Fal ls,N. H . destroyed by a party of French . Port
Royal,N. S . reduced by Sir Wi l l iam Phipps. Expedition
against Canada unsuccessful .The horrible Glencoe massacre of the unofiending and nusus
pecting inhabitants, the Macdonal ds, merely for not surrendering in time to king Wi l l iam’
s proclamation. About38 m en were brutally slain
,and women and children were
turned out naked in a dark and freezing night and perishedby cold and hunger . This b lack deedwas perpetrated bythe Earl ofArgyle’s regiment.Turkey . Achmet II .
Innocent XII . Pope.
Earthquake at Jamaica which totally destroyed Port Royal,
whose houses were engulfed 40 fathoms deep,and 300 per
sons perished.
Battle ofLa Hogue between the English and Dutch combinedfleets under admirals Russel and Rooke
,and the French flee‘
commanded by admiral Tourvil le.
ThomasShadwel l poet- laureate died.
The second college in the United Stateswas William and Mary’sin Virginia.
An earthquake in S icily which overturned 54 cities and townsand 300 vil lages. OfCataniaand its inhabitants
,not
a trace remained ; more than l ives were lost.
Syracusewas destroyed by an earthquake with many thousandofits inhabitants
,Jan .
Bayonets first used.
Bank of England originally projected by a merchant namedPatterson .
Bank ofEngland established by king Will iam .
First public lottery drawn.
First institution ofstam p duties.
Francois Mar ie Arouet de Vol tai re the great French wri terborn . Died in 1778 aged 84 years.
The truth ofthe Pythagorean systemwas ful ly demonstrated bySir Isaac Newton.
Turkey . Mustapha II . eldest son ofMahomet IV.
Bartholomew D’
H erbelot,a learned or iental scholar of France
died aged 70 years.
Henry Purcel l English musical composer died aged 37 years.
John de la Fontaine a famous French fable writer died aged 74years.
Plate with the exception of spoonswas prohibited in Englandat pub l ic houses.
Thirty Indian churches inNewEngland.
Kamtschatkawas taken possession of by Russia.
Peace ofRyswick concluded between England,France
,Spain
and Hol land.
Sweden. CharlesXII .
Poland. Death of Sobieski . Frederick Augustus chosen to
succeed him .
Jean la’ Bruyere,a French moral ist died aged 52 years.
Number of Indians in Massachusetts aboutDenmark . Frederic IV .
Germany . Peace of Carlowitz .Great number of Philadelphians died of yel low fever .Sir Wi l l iam Temp le an eminent Engl ish statesman died aged71 years.
C lement XI . Pope.
Rutgers Col lege establ ished atNewBrunswick,N J.
Battle ofNarva in which Peter the Great ofRussrawas total lvdefeated by the renowned Charles XII . of Sweden.
Spain . Phil ip“
V . duke ofAnjou,grandson ofLouis XIV . of
France.
The Dutch and Protestants ofGermany introduce the NewStyle by om itting the last eleven days ofFeb.
Yale College in Connecticut founded.
John Dryden,one of the great Engl ish poets died
,aged 69
years. After the accession ofJames II . he adjured Protestantism
,and avowed himself a Romanist
,and “The Hind
and the Panther ”was written to justify and commend hisconversron.
James Thomson a classic Scotch poet is born ; died in 1748 .
H is greatest poem is The Seasons.
”
Satel l ites of Saturn discovered by Cassini .Frederick III . in an assembly of the states
,puts a crown upon
his own and upon the head ofhis consort,and is proclaimed
king of Prussia bythe title of Frederick I .
War of Succession in Spain.
General Catinat defeated and Savoy and Piedmont made al liesofAustria by prince Eugene.
Society for propagating the gOSpel in foreign parts incorporated.
Hol land. John Wil l iam Frizo .
Prussia. Guelders taken from the Dutch .
Poland dismembered by Russia,Prussia and Austria.
The king of Sweden changes the constitution of that kingdom .
The English and Dutch destroy the F rench fleet at Vigo .
Surrender ofWarsaw to Charles XII .
England. Anne successor to Wil l iam III . Shewas daughterofJames II . and married to Prince George ofDenmark .
1704
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
Simon Frazer,Lord Lovat
,forms a conspiracy against queen
Anne.
The Man of the Iron Mask died after a long 1mprrsonment.
Russia. Peter bui lds St. Petersburg .
Turkey . Achmet III .
Charles XII . deposes Augustus king of Poland.
Gibraltar taken from the Spaniards by admiral Brooke.
ArabianNights’ Entertainmentswas translated into French byGal land.
Germany . Joseph I . king ofHungary andBohemia.
Battle ofRamil ies between the Engl ish under the duke of
Marlborough and the al l ies on one side and the French on
the other . The Engl ish were victorious.
Treaty of Union between England and ScotlandKingdom ofNaples comp letely conquered by pr1nce Eugene.
Portugal . John V .
Prussia. Frederick I . seizesNeufchatel ofNeunburgh , andValengia and purchases the principal ities ofTecklenburgh .
The Scil ly islands,ten in number
,where occurred the memora
ble shipwreck of the British squadron under Sir CloudesleyShovel .
The first British parliament when Scottish representatives are
admitted.
Lisle taken by the Engl ish after three months’ siege.
Versail les finished. The usual residence ofthe king ofFrance.
Sardinia erected into a kingdom and given to the duke of
SavoBattle (
if Oudenardewon by Marlborough and prince Eugene.
Charles XII . made an expedition against Moscow . H is armysuffered greatly from the severe winte rs.
Saybrook Platform .
Sweden . Battle ofPul towa where Charles XII . is defeated bythe czar ofRussia. H e escapes to Bender.
Battle ofMalplaquet.The bul l Unigenitus,
” issued against the Jansenists.
The present edifice of St. Paul ’s cathedral,London, rebuil t by
Sir Christopher Wren completed.
Livonia,Courland
,etc . conquered by Peter the Great .
Germany . Charles VI . emperor ofHungary .
Hol land. Charles H enry Frizo.
Discovery of the ruins of H erculaneum .
Nicholas Boi leau an eminent French poet dies aged 75 years.
John Dom inic Cassini a French astronomer dies aged 87
ears.
On); hundred and thirty-seven people in the vicinity ofRoanoke murdered by the Tuscaroras.
Prussia. Frederic Wil l iam I .
Sicily ceded to VictorAmadeus duke ofSavoy by the treaty of
Utrecht.Acadia nowcalled Nova Scotia settled by the French 1604 and
The Spaniards attacked Gibraltar andwere repulsedwith greatloss.
Sweden. Frederick landgrave ofHesse-Cassel .South Sea bubble in England ; began April 7 ,was at its heightat the end ofJune and qu ite sunk about Sept. 29 .
Innocent XIII . Pope.
Czar,from Caesar a title ofhonor assumed by the sovereigns of
ofRussia.
A hurricane reduced Port Royal the third time to a heap ofrurns.
Poland. Massacre ofthe Protestants at Thorn.
Spain . Lewis I . reigned but a fewmonths.
Spain . Philip V . again .
Benedict XIII . Pope.
The system of botany under Linnaeus a Swedewas commenced.
Russ ia: Catherine I .
Palermo nearly destroyed by an earthquake and personsperished.
The Spanish again attack Gibraltar with a force of men
and lose while the loss ofthe English is only 300.
Russia. Peter II .
Russia formerly a dukedom is nowestablished as an Empire.
The aberration of the stars discovered by Dr . Bradley.
George II . only son ofGeorge I . king of England.
Behring’s Strait exp lored by a Danish navigator in the serviceofRussia whose name it bears.
Copenhagen destroyed by a fire which consumes 1650 houses,5 churches
,the university and 4 colleges.
The Methodists maybe said to have appeared formally if notoriginal ly at Oxford.
North and South Carol ina made separate governments.
Massacre ofFrench at Fort Rosalie (Natches.)Bal timore founded.
Sir Richard Steele Irish essayist and dramatist died,aged 58
ears.
Coisicawas dependent upon the republic ofGenoa unti l this'
time.
Denmark. The peaceful reign of Christian VI .who promotesthe happiness of his subjects.
Russia. Peter II . deposed and the crown given to Anne of
Courland .
Sardinia. Victor Amadeus having the title of king,abdicates
in favor of his son.
Turkey . Mahomet V . succeeded at length by his brother .The large body of Christians cal l ed Wesleyan Methodists
,was
founded by an excel lent and pious man John Wesley.
Augustan Age”of Engl ish l iterature.
Italy . C lement XII . Pope.
Koul i Khan usurps the Persian throne and conquers the Mogulempi re.
1733
1734
1735
1738
1741
Victor Amadeus attempting to recover Sardinia,is taken and
dies in prison.
Frankl in’
s“Poor Richard’
s Almanac,Philadelphia
,was the
first ofany note in the United States.
George Washington born Feb. 22 at Pope’s Creek,Va.
Corsicawas sold to France.
Georgi a,one of the United Stateswas granted by George II .
to Gen. Oglethorpe,who with forty fol lowers founded Savannah Feb. 1 .
Pol ishwar of succession.
Sicily . Both k ingdoms are recovered by the crown of Spain,
under Charles,son of the king of Spain.
Battle ofParma the confederates,England
,France and Spain
against the emperor ofAustria both armies claimed the victory .
Moravian missionary society .
Francis II . marries into the House ofBrunswick .
Naples. Charles the son of Phil ip of Spain reigns.
Stereot ping is said to have been suggested by Wil l iam Ged of
Edin urgh .
Ravages of the throat distemper in NewHampshire and Massachusetts.
Corsicawas erected into a kingdom under Theodore its firstand only king .
Wilhelmina Carol ine Dorothea ofBrandenburgh-Anspach,who
became the wife ofGeorge II . 1704,diesNov 20.
Tuscanyhaving been created into a dukedom In 1530 cameinto the Austrian family .
Herculaneumwas discovered.
Koul i Khan orders a general massacre and people perish .
Nassau Hal l College at Princeton,N. J .
Westminster bridge begun ; finished in 1750.
Inflammable aeriform fluid evolved from coal by Dr. Clayton.
Charles VI . concludes the peace ofBelgrade.
Hungary . Maria Theresa.
Prussia. Frederic II . surnamed the Great.Russia. John or Ivan VI .Italy . Benedict XIV . Pope.
Russia. E l izabeth .
Prussia. Breslau ceded to Prussia.
Royal academy founded in Sweden by Linne afterwards calledLinnaeus.
NewHampshire became a separate state .
Bohemia. Silesia and Glatz ceded to Prussia.
Germany . Charles VII. H is capital Munich taken by theenemy .
French defeated at the battle ofDettingen.
Prague taken by the Prussians.
Germany . Francis I . duke of Lorraine marries the heiress of
Austria, the celebrated Maria Theresa queen ofHungary,
and is elected emperorSpain . Ferdinand VI . surnamed the Wise ; he distinguishedhis reign by acts of l iberal it and beneficence.
Louisburg surrendered to theH. E . troops aided by an Engl ishsquadron .
The all ies lost the battle ofFontenoy April 30.
The rebel l ion breaks out in Scotland in July.
The battle ofPreston Pans Sept . 21.
Battle of Cul loden,in which the English under Wi l l iam
,duke
ofCumberland defeat the Scottish rebels headed by the youngPretender
,the last ofthe Stuarts.
Denmark . Frederick V .
Lima destroyed by an earthquake,whose concussions continued
with short intervals for four months.
Hol land. The office of Stadtholder is made hereditary in theOrange family .
Holland. Wi l l iam IV .
Persia. Ahmed Abdal la founded the kingdom of Candahar .Italy . Milan vested in the house ofAustria by the treaty ofAix- la-Chapel le.
Dr . Isaac Watts an English divine,poet and miscel laneous
writer died aged 74 years.
India. Defeat ofthe last imperial army by the Rohil las.
The Radcliffe library Oxfordwas founded under the will ofDr .John Radcliffe the most eminent physician ofhis time.
The part of Pompei i first clearedwas supposed to be the mainstreet.
Portugal . Joseph .
ZEsthetics,the science ofthe beautiful
,particularly in art. The
term invented by Baumgarten,a German philosopher
,whose
work fEsthetica”was pub l ished at t his time.
Hol land. Wil l iam V .
NewStyle ordered to be adopted in England ; and the next year11 days were left out of the calendar to make it agree withthe Gregorian Calendar .
Sweden. Adolphus Frederic, duke ofHolstein .
Alliance between Maria Theresa and the French king againstthe king ofPrussia.
Corsica. The celebrated Paschal Paol iwas chosen for theirgeneral by the Corsicans.
Benjamin Westwas the first native Am erican artist,born in
Chester County,Pennsylvania
,1708 ; painted his first por
trait in Lancaster at this time.
British Museum begun at Montagu-house.
Gilbert Charles Stuart painter born in Rhode Island.
The Quakers abol ish slavery among themselves.
Turkey . Osman II.Great eruption ofZEtna.
Great earthquake which destroyed Lisbon.
1768
1769
Russia The young prince the rightful heir,till nowimmured.
put to death .
Peace between Britain,France and Spain.
Death ofAugustus III . of Poland.
The Jesuits were put down in France by an edict of the kingand their revenues confiscated.
Charter ofR . I . col lege,nowBrown University .
The parl iam ent ofEngland grants to Mr. Harrison forhis discovery of longitude by his time-piece.
Pontiac’swar with the Indians.
Germany. Joseph II .
The Pretender died at Rome Dec . 30.
The sovereignty of the Isle ofMan annexed to the crown of
Great Britain .
Stamp Act passed at NewYork . Repealed the following year .Denmark . Christian VII.Expul sion ofthe Jesuits from Spain April 2.
Expulsion ofthe Jesuits from Mexico June 25 .
An act passed by the English government taxing tea,glass
, pa
per, &c .
,in the American colonies June 29 .
Expulsion ofthe Jesuits from NaplesNov. 3 .
Petition ofthe Massachusetts Assembly to the king ofEnglandagainst the late tax on tradein the American colonies Jan . 20.
The Confederation ofBar formed by the Roman Cathol icsofPoland with the object of resisting the influence of foreignstates March .
Corsica united to France Aug. 5 .
An Engl ish force lands l n Boston Oct. 1 .
Battle ofChocz im,Russia. Turks severely defeated.
Frederic II . of Prussia and the emperor ofAustria conclude aconvention ofneutral ity atNeisse Aug. 25.
LordNorth Prime Minister ofEngland Feb. 6.
A fatal affray takes place between the Engl ish soldiers and the
people ofBoston March 5 .
Capt . Cook sails along the south-east coast ofAustralia,lands at
a spot which he cal ls Botany Bay and takes possession ofthe
country by the name ofNewSouth Wales Apri l 28 .
Geo. Whitefield founder ofthe Calvinistic Methodists died Sept.30 aged 56 years.
Marriage ofthe dauphin ofFrance with “ Marie Antoinette May30.
Ann Lee im prisoned for her religious belief. Born in Manchester
,Eng. Feb. 29
,1736 . In 1758 “led by vision and in
spiration she joined the society ofJam es and Jane Wadley,
fol lowers ofthe French prophets andwho had been associatedboth with the Friends and Methodists.
She became the founder ofthe Shakerswho claim a real adventofChrist on the earth at thisdate. Died atSweden. Gustavus III . Adolphus.
Falk land Islands ceded to England by Spain Jan. 22
1773
1775
1776
The French Parliament abol ished and six Superior Courts establ ished in its place Feb. 22.
The right to report parl iamentary debates in England establ ished May 8 .
Battle ofAlmansee m which the North Carolinians are defeatedby Gov. Tryon May 16.
Death ofThomas Gray Engl ish poet July 3 .
Caroline Matilda,queen ofChristian VII . ofDenmark
,arrested
on a charge of incontinence and afterwards banished the
kingdom Jan. 16.
Warren Hastings appointed governor ofBengal April 13 .
A treaty for the partition of Poland signed at St. Petersburgby Austria
,Prussia and RussiaAug. 5 .
Revolt ofoppressed natives and negro slaves in Brazil .Cal cutta made the residence of the Governor-General ofIndiaJul 1 .
Ex pul ion ofthe Jesuits from Rome Aug. 16.
The inhabitants ofBoston throw 342 chestsofthe taxed tea into the sea Dec. 16.
Ol iver Goldsmith Irish poet,historian and essayist died April 3
aged 46 years.
Death of Louis XV . of France,and accession ofhis grandson
Louis XVI .
“
May 10.
The first American Continental Congress assembles atPhiladelphia Sept . 5 .
Turkey . Abelham et or Achmet IV .
The French Parliament re-establ ished Dec . 12.
The first action in thewar of American Independence takesplace at Lexington April 19 .
Benares (Hindostan) i s ceded to the East India Company bySubadar ofOude May 21 .
A1rival at Boston of reinforcements from England under Generals H owe
,Burgoyne and Cl inton
‘May 25 .
GeorgeWashington appointed Commander- in-chief ofthe American army June 15.
Battle ofBunker Hill June 17 .
Invasion of Canada by the‘American forces under Gen . Montgomery Sept . 10.
Evacuation ofBoston by the English,it is occupied by Wash
ington March 17 .
Evacuation ofCanada by the Americans June 18
ELEVENTH PERIOD .
FROM THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION TO TH E GREAT REBELLION
84 YEARS.
July 4. America is declared “free,sovereign and indepen
dent ; a declaration which is signed by the fol lowing statesNewHampshire
,Massachusetts
,Rhode Island
,Connecticut
,
Delaware,Maryland
,Virginia
,North Carol ina
,South Caro
l ina,NewYork
,NewJersey
,Pennsylvania and Georgia.
Aug. 25 . David Hume Scottish historian,philosopher and
miscel laneous writer died aged 65 years.
Aug. 27 Battle ofLong Island.
Oct. 13 . Capture and destruction ofan American squadron 01
Lake Champ lain by the Engl ish .
Oct. 28 . Battle ofWhite Plains.
Nov. 16. Capture of Fort Washington.
Nov. 28 . Washington crosses the Delaware.
Dec . 8 . Battle ofRhode Island.
Dec . 26 . Battle of Trenton.
Jan. 3 . Battle ofPrinceton.
July 2. Neckar appointed French Minister of Finance.
July 6 . Ticonderoga taken.
July 3 1 . The Marqu is ofLa Fayette and other French ofli .
cers join the Americans in their struggle for independence.
Aug. 16. Battle of'
Bennington .
Sept . 11 . Battle ofBrandywine.
Sept. 19 . Battle of Stil lwater .Sept. 20. Defeat ofGen . Wayne.
Oct. 4. Battle ofGermantown .
Oct. Capitulation of the British army at Saratoga,United
States.
Surrender of Burgoyne.
Nov. 15 . The American Congress adopts a federal government.Dec. 18 . Constitution ofNorth Carol ina adopted.
Dec. 16 . The independence ofthe United Statesacknowledgedby France.
Portugal . Mary Frances Isabella.
July 3 . Jean Jaques Rousseau, French philosopher and miscel laneous writer died aged 66 years.
The Sandwich Islands discovered by Capt . Cook .
Jan . 10. Carl von Linnaeus,Swedish natural ist and botanist
died aged 71 years. H ewas founder of the botanical sys
tem bearing his name.
David Garrick Engl ish tragedian died aged 63 .
Feb. 6 . Treaties of amity and commerce concluded betweenthe United States and France.
May 27 . Sebastien Nicholas Adams French sculptor died aged73 . H is great work is Prometheus Bound.
”
March 31 . The War between Spain and Portugal (which had
Oct. 19 . Surrender ofa British force consisting of menunder Lord Cornwal l is
,to Gen. Washington at Yorktown.
March 4. Resolution ofthe House ofCommons,
“That the advisers of further prosecution of offensivewar in America areenem ies to their k ing and country .
”
Apri l 1 . Marquis ofRockingham Engl ish Prime Minister .July 13 . Lord Shelburn Engl ish Prime Minister .Sept . 13 . Total defeat ofthe French and Spanish fleets in theBay ofGibraltar by the British .
Oct. 8 . The independence of the United States acknowledgedby Holland
,by a treaty concluded at the Hague.
Nov. 30.\A provisional treaty
,acknowledging the independence
ofthe United States,signed by England at Paris.
The Inquisition abolished inNaples.
Jan. 20. An armistice concluded with Great Britain by theUnited States.
Feb. 5 . TheOrder ofSt . Patrick founded in Ireland by GeorgeIII . It consists of the Sovere ign
,a grand master and 22
knights.
Feb. 5 . The blockade ofGibraltar by the Spaniards discontinued.
The independence of the United States acknowledged by Sweden Feb. 5 ; by Denmark Feb. 25 ; and by Spain March 24.
Apri l 4. Duke ofPortland Engl ish Prime Minister .Aug. 1 . A violent earthquake at Japan destroys 27 towns andthousands ofl ives.
Sept . 3 . Treaty ofVersailles. By this treaty peacewas con
cluded between Great Britain,France and Spain.
Nov. 3 . The American army disbanded.
Nov. 25. The Engl ish evacuateNewYork .
Dec. 26 . Pitt Engl ish Prime Minister .
Jan. 8 . Cession ofthe Crimea to Russia by Turkey . It did notformally take place til l Jan. 9
,1792 .
Mar. 28 . Prince Frederic appointed regent ofDenmark,ow
ing to the insanity ofhis father Christian VII.July 4. The Defenders (Roman Cathol ics) and Peep-’o-DayBoys (Presbyterians) two Irish factiofis organized.
Aug. 10. Allan Ramsay Scottish portrait painter died aged 75cars.
Deir
a. 13 . Samuel Johnson English lexicographer died aged 75cars.
Feb8 . Resignation ofWarren Hastings Governor-General ofIndia; he returns to England.
Feb. 24. Death of Charles Bonaparte Judge of the IslandofCorsica and father ofNapoleon I .
June 1 . John Adams the first accredited minister from the
United States to the Court ofLondon .
July 23 . Conclusion of the Fursten-Bund Al l iance at Berlinand commencement ofthe Germanic Confederation.
Affair ofthe DiamondNecklace.
The guillotine invented.
Aug. 2 . The life ofking George III . ofEngland attempted byMargaretNicholson .
Aug.
’
17 . Death of Frederick II . of Prussia ; succeeded byFrederick Wil l iam II .
Nov. Shay’s insurrection breaks out.
Nov. Major-General Greene dies.
Mar . 4. An Engl ish settlement composed partly of negroes isestablished in Sierra Leone
,Africa.
May 13 . The Engl ish government send to Austral ia 558 maleand 218 female convicts.
July 20. James Whittaker first Shaker preacher died at Eu
field,Conn. aged 36 years. Born at Oldham
,England ; came
to America in com pany with the celebrated “mother Arm
Lee”in 1774. E lder Whittaker ” maybe considered the
John Wesley ofAmerican Shakers.
Aug. 11 . Nova Scotia. The first colonial see ofthe AnglicanChurch erected.
The newConstitution ratified by al l the states except RhodeIsland.
John Ledyard the traveler dies.
Jan . 26. Captain Phi l ip the first governor ofAustralia foundsthe city ofSydney near Port Jackson.
Feb. 13 . Trial ofWarren Hastings Governor-General ofIndiabegins and lasts seven years. H astings is acquitted.
March 3 . Death of Prince Charles Edward the young Pretender
,at Rome.
Aug. 2. Thomas Gainsborough Engl ish landscape and portraitpainter died aged 61 years.
Oct. 12. The mental indisposition ofking George III . is madeknown.
Nov 6. Meeting ofthe second assemb ly ofFrench nobles.
Spain. Charles IV .
Jan. 18 . Poland declares itself 1mdependent ofRussia.
March 3 . The first Congress under the newConstitution meets.
April 14. George Washington declared first President of theUnited States.
John Adams Vice President.June 17 The States-General assume the title oftheNationalAssembly ofFrance.
July 14. Destruction ofthe Bastile by the French populace .
Aug. 13 . The French Assembly adopts the declaration ofthe“Rights ofMan .
”
Sept. 22. Battle ofMartinesti,Wallachia. Turks defeated by
the Austrian and Russian army .
Oct. 5—6. The palace at Versail les attacked by the French
populace and the king and queen compel led to proceed toParis.
Oct. 16. The title King ofFrance altered to the King of theFrench .
13
Nov. 2. The property ofthe French clergy confiscated.
Dec . 22 . France is divided into “
eighty-three departmentsnearly equal in extent
,the departments divided into districts,
the districts into cantons.
Ethan Al len and General Knyphausen died this year .Turkey . Sel im III .
1790 Treaty concluded with the Creeks.
First census taken " population ofthe United StatesThe territory south ofthe Ohio c
‘eded to the United States
,and
a territorial government erected therein .
Jan. 20. John Howard Engl ish phi lanthropist died aged 64years.
Feb. 4. Visit ofthe French king and' queen to the Assembly
they agree to the Revolution .
March 16. Abol ition ofLettres de Cachet in France.
March 29 . An all iance concluded between Poland and Prussiaat Warsaw . Prussiawas induced to enter into this all iancein the hope ofultimately having Thorn and Dantz ic ceded toher by Poland.
April 17 Benjamin Frankl in natural philosopher and pol itician died aged 84 years.
June 20. Abol ition of hereditary nobil ity and titles of honorin France.
July 14. Louis XIV . of France swears fealty to the newconstitution at the fete in Champ de Mars.
Jul 27 . Prussia concludes a convention for the settlement oft eNetherlands with England and Austria.
Germany. Leopold II .
Sept . 30. General Harmar defeated in Indiana.
Nov. 27 Decrees pub l ished for the humiliation of the Frenchclergy by the Assemb ly ofFrance.
March 2 . John Wesley founder ofWesleyan Methodism died.
March 4 The “Quebec Bil l ” proposed by Pitt of England,
by whi ch Canada is divided into the Upper and Lower prominces
,and receives a representative constitution.
April 2 . Honoré Gabriel Riquetti Mirabeau, one of the mostcelebrated characters of the French Revolution dies aged 42years.
May 3 . A newconstitution promulgated in Poland. Its principal articleswere that the Roman Cathol ic religion should bethe religion ofthe State.
May 14. Battle of Seringapatam,South India. Lord Corn-
r
wal l is defeated Tippoo Sahib .
June 21 . Louis XVI .
,his queen and family arrested at Var
ennes in their flight from Paris.
June 25 . Imprisonment ofthe French royal family in the Tui leries by the revolutionists.
Aug. 27 Conference ofPilnitz .
Sept. 15. Louis XVI . assents to the “National Constitutionof France
,which aimed
’
at destroying al l ancient abuses.
March 10. RevolutionaryTribunal established in France.
March 10. Insurrection 1n La Vendee. The final pacificz tionofthe provincewas effected by the treaty ofLugon, Jan . 17 ,1800
,nearly victims having fal len l n the struggle .
March 25. Robespierre and his col leagues invested with dictatorial authority by the French Repub l ic .March 25. An al l iance concluded between England and Russia against France. Russia acquires consuderable territoryby the second partition ofPoland .
July 13 . Assassination ofMarat by Charlotte Corday .
July 22. Treaty between Poland and Russia.
Aug. 16 .
‘The first Engl ish church erected in Austral ia.
Aug. 18 . Battle ofLincel les,France.
Sept . 1 . Battle ofQuesnoy,France.
Sept. 3 . W ar declared by Naples against the French republic .Sept 8 . Battle ofDunkirk
,France.
Sept . 14. Arrival ofLord Macartney’
s embassy at Pekin,Chi
na ; he 18 received by the empe1or
Sept . 25 . Treaty between Poland and Prussia.
Oct. 16 . Execution ofqueen rMarie Antoinette.
Oct. 16 . Battle ofWattignies,France.
Nov. 6 . Execution ofPhil ippe Egal ité duke ofOrleans.
Nov. 8 . Execution ofMadame Roland.
Courts for civil and criminal causes and circuits appointed inIndia by the British government .
John Hancock,ROger Sherman and John Manly died this year .
Jan. 16 . Edward Gibbon Engl ish historian died aged 57 years.
A naval armament fitted out against the A lgerines.
Feb. Invasion ofSpain by the French .
March 24. Execution ofthe leaders ofthe Cordel iers’ club .
March 24. The Russians expel led from Cracow by Kosciusko,
and commencement ofthe Pol ish insurrection .
April 5 . Execution ofDanton and his col leagues.
April 16. Massacre of the Russians in Warsaw by the Polishgarr ison and citizens.
April 24. Battle ofCambray . French defeated.
May 8 . Antoine Laurent Lavoisier French chemist died.
May 10. A national council for the government of the Pol ishrepublic establ ished by the Pol es. The kingwas set aside ;the counci lwas to consist of eight members and Kosciuskoinvested with dictatorial power .
May 12. Execution ofMadame E l izabeth sister ofLouisXVIMay 18
- 22. Battle ofTourcoing .
May 22 Battle ofEspierres. French severely defeated.
May 23 . Suspension of the “H abeas Corpus Act in England
,owing to the seditious state ofthe country.
June 1 . The French fleet defeated offUshant by Lord Howe.
June 15. Cracow surrenders to the Prussian forces ; Austriaunites with Prussia against Poland.
June 26. Battle ofFleurus.
1795
1796
July 27 . The revolution of the Ninth Thermidor and fall ofRobespierre.
Jul y 28 . Execution of Robespierre,St . Just and 70 of their
col leagues termination ofthe Reign of Terror .Aug. 20. Gen . Wayne defeats the Indians at the Miami .Aug. 27 Death ofSir Wi l l iam Jones Engl ish lawyer and ori
ental scholar .Sept . 8 . The Jnechin C lub
,one ofthe numerous pol itical as
sociations that came into existence just before the first Frenchrevolution
,ordered to be closed by the French National Con
vention.
Sept. 14. Battl e ofBois le duc .
Sept . 14 Battle ofBoxtel .Oct. 10. Bat-tle ofMaciejowice.
Nov. 4 Defeat of the Poles at Praga by the Russians underSuwarrow Poles slain .
Nov. 9 . Warsaw taken by Suwarrow .
Nov. 10. Inauguration of the worship of the “Goddess of
Reason in France.
Nov. 19 . A treaty of amity,commerce and navigation con
cluded with Britain by the United States.
Oct. 28—Dec . 5 . Trials of Thomas Hardy,John H orne Tooke
and John Thelwal l in England for treason theyare acquitted.
General Sull ivan,Baron Steuben
,Dr . Witherspoon and Richard
Henry Lee died this year.Apri l 5 . Peace concluded at Bfisle between France and Prussia.
April 8 . Marriage of the prince ofWales with Caroline of
Brunswick .
April 23 . Acquittal ofWarren Hastings.
May 22. Mungo Park starts from the Gambia on his voyageof discovery into Africa. H e traced the Niger to Silla
,ex
plored the intervening countries and returned to England in1797 .
June 8 . Death ofLouis XVII. in the Temple.
June 19 . James Boswel l biographer ofDr . Johnson dies aged55 years.
July 22. Treaty ofBfisle between France and Spain.
Oct 1 . The whole of the island of Ceylon reduced to subjeetion by the British .
Oct. 24. Final partition of Poland between Russia,Austria
and Prussia.
Ncv. 23 . Battle ofLaono. Austrians defeated.
General Francis Marion,and President Ezra Stiles ofYale Col
lege died this year .Jan . 7 . Birth ofthe Princess Charlotte daughter ofthe Prince
ofWales.
Feb. 15 . Al l the fortified stationsofthe Dutch in Ceylon ceded.to the British by the treaty ofColombo.
April 9 . Napoleon commences his Ital ian victories.
1797
April 12. Battle ofMontenotte,Italy.
April 22. Battle ofMondovi,Piedmont.
May 10. Battle ofLodi,North Italy.
May 15 . Savoy and Nice ceded to France by the treaty ofParis.
June 1 . Tennessee admitted into the Union .
Jul y 21 . Robert Burns the national poet of Scotland diedaged 37 years.
Aug. 3 . Battle ofLonato,Lombardy .
Aug. 17 . Surrender ofa Dutch fleet in SaldanhaBay, Africa,to Sir George Keith E lphinstone.
Oct. 7 . ThomasReid Scottish philosopher died aged 87 years.
Oct. 11. Spain declareswar against England.
Oct. 11 . Peace concluded at Paris between France andNaples.
Nap les agrees to be neutral , and to shut her ports against al lvessels ofwar belonging to belligerents that should exceed thenumber offour .
Oct. 16. Death ofKing Victor Amadeus III . ofSardinia.
Nov. 14. Battle ofArcola.
Dec . 4. Napoleon founds the Cispadane Repub l ic in Ital y ; itis merged the fol lowing year .into the Cisalpine Republic.
Russia. Paul .Anthony Wayne
,David Rittenhouse and Samuel Huntington
,
formerly President ofCongress,died this year .
Jan. Treaty concluded with Tripol i .Feb. 14. Naval battle ofCape St. Vincent.Feb. 19 . Peace ofTolentino
,between France and Rome. By
this treaty the Sec ofRome withdrew from al l leagues againstthe French Repub l ic .
Feb. 27 . Commercial panic in England Feb. 20 the Bank ofEngland stops payment .
March 4. John Adams inaugurated President and ThomasJeflerson Vice President .
April 18 . Peace ofLeoben,between France and Austria. By
this peace Austria ceded to France the Austrian Netherlanda~
June 14. The Republic of Genoa assumes the title of the Ligurian Republ ic .
July . Congress declares the treaties with France annulled.
July 9 . Edmund Burke Engl ish s tatesman died aged 68
ars.
July
;i 24. Unsuccessful attempt of the British on Santa Cruz ;Admiral Nelson loses his right arm .
Oct. 11 . Battle ofCamperdown. Dutch fleet defeated.
Prussia. Frederi c Wi l l iam III .
Oct. 17 . The Cisalp ine Repub l ic recognized by the EmperorofGermany . This repub l i cwas formed by the union of the
Cispadane and Transpadane Repub l ics by Napoleon .
Oct. 17 Peace of Campo Formio between Austria and the
French Repub l ic . By this peace the emperor surrenderedthe AustrianNetherlands
,the Ionian Islands
,and extensive
1800
1801
June 22. Second coal ition against France formed by England,
Russia,Germany
,Turkey
,Portugal andNaples.
July 15. Discovery ofMoreton bay, Austral ia, by Flinders.
July 25 . Battle ofAboukir,Egypt .
Aug. 12. The Neapol itans capture Rome.
Aug. 15. Battle ofNovi,Italy .
Aug. 30. Surrender of the Dutch fleet at the Texel to the
British Admiral Mitchel .Sept. 19 . Battle ofBergen.
Nov. 10. The French Directory dissolved and a provisionalgovernment estab l ished.
The American navy consists of42 vessels carrying 950 guns.
The seat ofgovernment ofPennsy lvania removed to LancasterDec . 14. Death of George W ashingtonffirst President oftheUnited States
,aged 67 years.
Dec . 24. Napoleon Bonaparte chosen First Consul ofFrance.
Portugal . John VI .
April 25. Wil l iam Cowper Engl ish poet died aged 69 yearsMay 3 1. Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps into Italy .
Aug. The seat ofthe United States government removed fromPhiladelphia to Washington.
Dec. Battle ofHohenl inden. Austrian loss nearlyDec . 16. The armed neutral ity of 1780 revived. The revival
ofthis confederacywas signed by Russia,Denmark and Swe
den Dec . 16 and by Prussia three days after .Dec . 24. Unsuccessful attempt on the life ofNapoleon Bonaparte by means ofan infernal machine.
Dec . 26 . Battle ofthe Mincio.
Dec . 27 . Hugh B lair D . D . Scotch divine died aged 82 years.
Dec . 30. The czar ofRussia invites the contending sovereignsof Europe to settle their differences by a private combat atSt . Petersburg
Jan. 1 . Legislatwe Union ofGreat Britain with Ireland.
Jan . 22. The United Parl iament ofGreat Britain and Irelandholds its first meeting .
Feb. 9 . Treaty ofLunevil le between Germany and the Frenchrepub l ic . In this peace the course ofthe Rhinewas fixed asthe l imit between France and Germany .
Feb. 18 . Spain declareswar against Portugal at the instigaption ofNapoleon
March . 4. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President and AaronBurr Vice President ofthe United States.
March 21 . Battle ofAlexandria.
March 24. Paul I . ofRussiaassassinated by a party ofnoblemen under Generals Benningsen and Pahlen ; succeeded byAlexander .
March 28 . Peace concluded between France andNaples by thetreaty ofFlo1ence.
April 2. Bombardment )f Copenhagen wh ich puts an end to
the ArmedNeutral ity.
1802
1803
July 1 . Insurrection ofthe negroes ofHayti,West Indies
,un
der the negro general,Toussaint l ’Ouvcrture against the
French they dec lare themselves independent .July 15 . Concordat concluded between Rome and the Frenchrepubl ic
,which re-establ ished the papal authority though in
a modified form in France.
Sept. Re-estab l ishment of the Roman Catholic religion inFrancc .
Oct. 8 . Peace concluded between France and Russia.
Oct. 9 . Peace concluded between France and Turkey .
Louisiana ceded to France by Spain .
NewOrleans closed against the United States.
Ohio adm itted into the Union.
Gen. Daniel Morgan died aged 66 years.
Jan . 25. The Cisalpine republ ic remodeled as the Ital ian re
ubl ic .
Maii'ch 25 . The treaty ofAmiens concluded. The contractingparties were France
,H ol land and Spain on the one side and
Great Britain on the other . Englandwas to cede al l the
French,Spanish and Dutch colonies acquired during thewar
except Trinidad and Ceylon .
May 3 . Invas ion of H ayti,West Indies by the French under
Le Clerc,who compel Toussaint l ’Ouverture to surrender ;
he is taken prisoner to France .
May 19 . Institution ofthe Legion ofHonor .June 4. Abdication ofCharles Emanuel II . king of Sardiniain favor ofhis brother
,the duke ofAosta afterwards Victor
Emanuel I .
Aug. 2. Napoleon Bonaparte appointed First Consul for l ifeSept . 11 . Piedmont incorporated with the French republ ic .March 2. Samuel Adam s a distinguished statesman during theAmerican revolution died aged 8 1 years.
April 30. Lou isiana purchased from the French governmentby the United States.
May 16. Renewal of thewar between England and Franceowing to Napoleon’
s aggressions.
June 12. Battle ofAhmednuggur .
June 24. A massacre of the Engl ish takes place at Kandy,
Ceylon,by the natives.
July 23 . The insurrection of Robert Emmett breaks out in
Ireland.
Aug. 18 . Death ofJames Beattie Scottish poet .Sept. 23 . Battle ofAssaye .
Nov. Another insurrection of the negroes ofHayti,West In
dies,against the French breaks out under Dessal ines a negro
the French qu it the island.
Dec . 17 . Peace concluded between the British and the RajahofBerar
,H indostan
,who cedes Cuttack to the British .
1804 Jan. 30. Mungo Park sets out on his second voyage ofdis'
covery_into Africa from which he never returned.
1805
1806
Feb. 6 . Joseph Priestley English dissenting divine and natural phi losopher died aged 7 1
0
years.
Brown University R . I . estab l ished.
March 8 . Suppression ofthe convents in Prussia.
March 21 . Execution ofthe duke ofEnghien.
May 18 France formed into an emp i re and Napoleon pro
claimed emperor ofthe F1enchJuly 12 . A lexander Ham il ton American soldier and statesmandied aged 47 years.
Aug. Tripoli bombarded by the Americans.
Oct. 8 . The negro Dessal ines is crowned emperor ofHayti,West Indies
,under the title ofJames I .
Dec . 2. Coronation ofNapoleon I . by the Pope atNotre Dame.
Dec . 12. Spain declareswar against England .
March 4. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President and GeorgeC l inton Vice President ofthe United States.
April 11 . Russia again joins the coal ition against FranApri l . France changes the form of the government in H ol
land. Schimmelpenninck is p laced as Grand Pensionary atthe head ofaffairs.
May 9 . Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schil ler Germanpoet
,dramatist and historical writer died aged 46 years.
May 25 . Wil l iam Paley Engl ish divine died ’
aged 62 years.
May 26. Coronation ofNapoleon I . at Milan as king of Italy .
H e includes Sardinia in his kingdom .
June. Treaty ofpeace concluded with Tripoli .June 4. Annexation ofGenoa to France.
Jul y 26 . A terrible earthquake occursat Naples l ivesare destroyed.
The Pennsylvania Academy ofFine Arts founded.
Aug. 9 . Third coal ition against France formed by England,
Russia,Naples and Austria.
Sept. 26. Invasion ofGermany by France.
Oct. 5. Death of Lord Cornwal l is Governor-General of Indiaaged 67 years.
Oct. 20. BattlebfUlm .
Oct. 21 . Naval battle ofTrafalgar .Dec. 2. Battle ofAusterl itz .Dec . 26. The title ofKing conferred on the Elector ofBava
ria by Napoleon I .
Feb. 10. Lord Grenvil le Engl ish Prime Minister .The Townley marb les purchased by the British Museum for
Jan . 23 . Wil l iam Pitt Engl ish statesman and son of the
earl of Chatham died aged 47 years.
Feb. 8 . Entrance of the French intoNapl es. Thiswas owingto Ferdinand IV . having broken faith with France by jo ining the coal ition . TheNeapolitan court is removed to S1( 11v
Feb. 13 . Napoleon I . p oclaims himself Emperor of“Rome andthe Pope his viceroy .
1808 .
May 29 . Selim III . ofTurkey deposed by Mustapha IV .
Jun a14. Battle of Friedland.
July 7—9 . Treaty ofTilsit. This peacewas concluded betweenFrance and Russia July 7 , and two days afterwards betweenFrance and Prussia.
-July 25 . Conspiracy of the Prince'
of Asturias against thel ives ofhis parents the King and Queen of Spain .
Sept . 5 . Bombardment of Copenhagen.
Oct. 6 . War between Russia and Sweden. This arose fromSweden not complying with the request ofRussia to accedeto the princip les of the ArmedNeutral ity .
Oct. 18 . Entrance of the French army into Spain, en routefor Portugal .
Oct. 27 . Treaty between France and Spain for the partitionofPortugal signed at Fontainebleau .
Nov. 8 . Russia declareswar against England,and refuses to
divulge the secret articles of the treaty of Tilsit.Dec . 17 . Pub l ication of the Milan Decree.
Dec . 22. A general embargo imposed by the United StatesGovernment on al l vessels
, (repeal ed March 1,Commodore Barron of the “Chesapeake tried and sentencedto be suspended for five years.
Jan . 1 . The importation ofAfrican slaves into the UnitedStates prohibited by,
Congress.
Jan . 21 . The royal family of Portugal,driven from Lisbon
by the French,reach Brazil .
Feb. 27 Napoleon I . demands the cession of the districtsnorth of the Ebro from Spain
,in exchange for Portugal .
March 19 . Charles IV . of Spain abdicates in favor ofhis sonFerdinand VII .
March 23 . The French under Murat enter Madrid.
May 2. Insurrection of the Spaniards at Madrid,and massa
cre of the French . The insurrection suppressed by Muratwith great barbarity .
May 5 . Charles IV . of Spain renounces the crown in favorofNapoleon I . by the treaty ofBayonne.
May 6. Abdication of Ferdinand VII. of Spain.
May 21. The French enter Rome Feb. 2 ; Napoledn I . annexesthe Papal States to the kingdom of Italy.
June 6. Napoleon I . confers the crown of Spain on h is brother Joseph Bonaparte.
July 15. Joachim Murat elevated to the throne ofNaples.
July 20. Battle ofBaylen .
July 30. Entrance of Joseph Bonaparte into Madrid as kingof Spain July 20. H e i s compel led to retire.
Aug. 21 . Battle ofVimeira.
Aug . 25. Entrance of the Spanish army into Madrid.Sept . 25. A cent1al junta estab l ished at Madrid.
Nov. 22. Bat-tle of Tudela.
D ec . 4. Capture ofMadrid byNapoleon I.
1809
Serfdom abolished in Prussia.
Denmark . Frederic VI.Turkey. Mahmoud II .Jan. 14. Great Britain concludes a treatywith the supremejunta ofSpain,bywhich she engages to assist Spain with al lher forces against the French , and to recognize no other kingof Spain than Ferdinand VII .
Jan. 16 . Battl e ofCorunna.
Jan. 22. Return of Joseph Bonaparte to Madrid.
March 4. James Madison inaugurated President and GeorgeClinton Vice President ofthe United States.
March 13 . Gustavus IV . king of Sweden deposed by his uncle
,who succeeds as Charles XIII .
Jan . 27—March 17 Impeachment and acquittal ofthe DukeofYork .
April 6 .
‘
The fifth coalition against France formed by England and Austria.
April 15 . The'Poles unite with France ; an Austrian army
under the Archduke Ferdinand enters Poland.
April 23 . Warsaw occupied by the Austrians.
May 5. Russia declareswar against Austria.
May 5 . Opening of the Council of State at Madrid by JosephBonaparte.
May 12. Sir Arthur Wellesley crosses the Douro and entersSpain.
May 17 . Napoleon I . declares Rome a free and imperial cityof the French empire.
May 21—22. Battles ofAspern and Essling .
June 1 . The Austrians evacuate Warsaw .
July 5—6. Battle ofWagram .
July 27 . Battle ofTalavera.
Sept. 18 . The “O. P .
”
(Ol d Prices) riot commences at Cov'
ent
Garden Theatre.
Oct. 14. Treaty ofSchonbrunn between France and Austria.
Nov. 19 . Battle ofOcana.
Dec . 6 . Mr . Perceval English Prime Minister .Dec . 15 . Napoleon divorced from his wife Josephine.
March 23 . Publ ication ofthe Rambouil let decree by NapoleonI . which prohibits French vessels from entering the ports ofthe United States
,and orders the seizure ofal l American ves
sels arriving in French waters.
April 1 . Marriage ofNapoleon with Maria Louisa ofAustria.
June 20. The Swedish government prohib its intercourse withGreat Britain
,at the command ofNapoleon I .
July 1 . Louis Bonaparte king ofHol land abdicates his thronein favor ofhis eldest son .
July 9 . Incorporation ofHol land with the French empire.
Aug. 8 . The agitation for the repeal of the Union commencesin Ireland.
Aug. 21. Marshal Bernadette declared Crown PrinceofSweden.
1811
1812
Sept. 17 . A plot for the overthrow of the , Spanish authorityin Mexico formed under Hidalgo .
Sept. 18 . Joachim Murat king ofNaples makes an unsuccessful attempt to take Sicily .
March 5 . Battle ofBarossa.
May. Engagement between the “President and “Little Belt .June 2. H enry Christophe president ofHayti in 1806 crownedking ofthat island by the title ofHenry I .
Nov. 7 . Battle ofTippecanoe,Indians defeated by Gen. H ar
rison.
Jan. 11. Additional force of 10,000 men authorized by the
United States government.March 14. An al liance concluded by Prussia with France andAustria.
April 5 . Russia and Sweden form a coal ition against France.
June 16. Lord Liverpool Engl ish Prime Minister .June 18 . War declared against Great Britain by the UnitedStates.
June 24. The French under Napol eon I . invade Russia.
June 28 . The general diet at Warsaw proclaims the re-establ ishment ofthe kingdom ofPoland.
July 12. Gen. Hul l invades Canada.
July 18 . Treaty of Orebro between Great Britain,Sweden
and Russl a.
July 22. Battle ofSalamanca,Spain.
Aug. 9 . Battl e ofBrownstown .
Aug. 12. The British army enters Madrid.
Aug. 16—17 . Battle ofSmolensko,Russia ; French defeated.
“
Aug. 19 . Capture ofthe British frigate Guerriére” by the
American ship “Constitution .
”
Aug. 27 . Norway guaranteed to Sweden by Russia in ex
change for Finland.
Sept. Gen. Harrison takes command ofthe northwestern army .
Sept . 7 . Battle ofBorodino,Russia.
Sept . 14.
‘
Entrance of the French into Moscow3 the townburnt by the inhabitants.
Sept . 22. Sir A. Wel lesley invested by the Spanish Corteswith the supreme command ofthe Spanish forces.
Oct. 13 . Battle ofQueenstown.
Oct. 17 . Capture ofthe British sloop Frolic by the Ameriican sloop “Wasp .
”
Oct. 19 . The French commence their retreat from Russia. Allthe hopes which Napol eon had bui lt on the possession of
Moscow were disappointed famine and desolation stared himin the face
,and as the Russians gathered round on al l sides
itwas evident that nothing could save his army but a speedyretreat or peace.
Oct. 25 . Capture ofthe British frigate “Macedonia by the
American frigate “United States.
”
Nov. 26. Battle ofBeresina,Russia
,French loss over 20
March 30. Surrender of Paris to the all ied armies. The following day the emperor of Russia and King of Prussiaentered Paris at the head of m en
,amidst the acola
mations of the peop le.
April . 4. Dissolution of the Kingdom of Italy.
April 4. Abdication ofNapoleon in favor ofhis son (bornMarch 20
,
April 10. Battle of Toulouse,France.
April 21 . Un ited States ship “Frol ic taken.
April 28 . Epervier taken by the “Peacock .
May 3 . Bourbon dynasty restored to France in the person of
Louis XVIII . Wearied with the imperial yoke,and with
continualwar,France hailed the return of peace with accla
mations ofjoy and hope.
May4. Arrival ofNapoleon at \Elba.
May 14. Ferdinand VII . of Spain solemnly restored at Mad'
dm
May 29 . Josephine Empress of France died aged 51 years.
Shewas daughter of Count Tacher de la Pagerie.
May 30. Peace of Paris. This important treatywas conclu~
ded between France on the one side and Great Britain,Rus
sia,Austria and Prussia.
June 7 . Visit ofthe Emperor ofRussia and King ofPrussiato England.
July 3 . Fort Erie taken by Gen. Brown.
July 25 . Battle of Chippewa.
July 25 . Battle ofBridgewater .Aug. 1 . A free constitution adopted by Hol land March 28the ten provinces ofBelgium are annexed to H olland .
Aug. 7 . Restoration of the Jesuits and the Inquisition at
Rome by Pope Pius VII.
Aug. 14. Prince Christian,afterwards King ofDenmark
,
elected King ofNorway May 17 he is compelled to abdicate by the Swedes.
Aug. 15 . Battle of Fort Erie.
Aug. 24. The city ofWashington seized by the British , theCapitol and other pub l ic buildings burnt . battle ofBladensbur
Aug 30. Battle ofBel lair . Americans defeated.
Sept . 1 . Avon taken by the “Wasp .
”
Sept . 11 . Capture ofan Engl ish squadron by the Americanson Lake Champlain.
Sept . 12. Battle of Bal timore.
Oct. 2. Congress at Vienna holds its sittings. The Congresswas composed of the Kings of Prussia and Denmark,the
Emperor ofRussia, the King ofBavaria,and other sover
eign pr inces, with the pl enipotentiaries from Great Britain,Austria
,Spain
,France
,Portugal
,etc . After an anxious sus
pense,it stipulated the conditions on which Francewas to
hold her position among the powers ofEurope.
1815
Nov. 4 Charles XIII . King ofSweden accepts the constitutionadopted by the diet of Eidsvold (April which dec laresNorway a free
,independent
,indivisib le
,and inal ienab le state
,
united to Sweden under the same king .
Dec . 14. Victor Emanuel I . of Sardinia restored to his kingdom
,and returns to Turin Geneva is annexed to Sardinia.
Dec 24. Treaty of peace between the United States and GreatBritain signed at Ghent . The articles of this treaty chieflyrelated to the disputes respecting boundaries, for the determination ofwhich itwas agreed that commissioners shoul dbe rec iprocal ly appointed.
Death of Sir Wi l l iam Howe,Commander—in—chief of the Brit
ish forces in America during the r evolution from 1775 to
1778 .
The H eteria,a secret society for the independence of Greece
founded .
Jan 1 . Second repulse ofthe British atNewOrleans.
Jan 8 . Signal defeat of the British atNewOrleans.
Jan 15. United States frigate President taken by a Britishsquadron .
March 1 . Return ofNapoleon from Elba ; he lands at Canneswith men .
March 15 . Newal l iance against Napoleon formed by England,Austria
,Prussia and Russia.
March 16 . Austria cedes m ost ofher Belgian possessions toHol land
,February 23 ; the Prince of Orange assum es the
title ofking ofHol land.
March 19 . Departure ofLou is XVIII . from Paris and restoration ofthe French emp ire.
March 20. The independence ofSwitzerland acknowledged bythe Congress ofVienna.
March 25 . Treaty ofVienna. The chief articles ofthe treatyconcerned Italy
,the Netherlands
,Poland and
.Germany . Asregards Italy the king ofSardiniawas reinstated in his territories according to the boundaries of 1792, with some alterations on the side ofGeneva.
March 29 . Abol ition ofthe slave-trade in FrancebyNapoleonI .
April . Massacreof the American prisoners at Dartmoor,Eng
land.
April 10. W ar declared by Austria against Naples,owing to
the latter having united with Napoleon I .
April 27 The whole ofKemaoon,Hindostan
,ceded to the
British .
’
May. Com . Decatur sai ls with a squadron to Algiers.
May3 . Battle ofTolentino,Italy .
May 16 . Fl ight ofM_urat king ofNaples from Italy .
June 15. Invasion ofBelgium by Napoleon .
June 16 . Battles ofLigny and Qua-tre Bras, Belgium ; dukeofBrunswick kil led.
14
1816
1817
June 17 . Restoration of Ferdinand IV . to the throne ofNapl es under the title ofFerdinand I . king ofthe Two Sicil ies.
June 18 . Battle ofWaterloo,Belgium . Wel l ington defeats
Napoleon with severe l oss.
June 18 . An Algerine frigate of 44 guns captured by theGuerriere.
June 20. Cracow,Poland
,made a free 1epubl ic . The Czar
Al exander I . is proc laimed king ofPoland at Warsaw.
June 22. Second abdication ofNa .poleon
July 6. Return ofLouis XVIII . to Paris.
July 15 . Sui rendei ofNapoleon to Captain Maitland ofH . M .
S . the Bel lerophon .
”
Aug. 8 . Napoleon transferred to H . M . S . Northumberland”
at Torbay and sent to St . H elena.
Sept . 9 . John Singleton COpley American historical painterdied aged 78 years.
Sept . 26 . The Holy A l l iance,a treaty between Russia
,Austria
and Prussia couched in the m ost solemn language,in which
the contracting parties dec lared their resolution to take fortheir sole guide, both in their domestic admin istration and
foreign relations the precepts of the holy rel igion of Christtheir Saviour . Subsequent events seem to indicate that aresolution to support the authority of each other against anyrevolutionary m ovement among their subjectswas the realobject of this mystical combination of princes
,vei led by so
thick a mantle ofrel igion .
Oct. 13 . Murat ex king ofNaples lands in Calabria and at
tempts to recover his:
throne Oct. 8 ..H e 1s captured
,tried
by court-martial and shot .Oct. 16 . Arrival ofNapoleon at St . H elena.
Nov. 20. Second peace of Paris between the French and theall ies. Francewas nowd eprived of part of the territorieswhich the peace of1814 had left her . The sum of
000was to be paid to the al l ies for the expenses ofthewar.
Dec . 7 . Michael Ney executed aged 46 years. H ewas dukeofE lchingen
,prince ofMoskwa and Marshal ofFrance.
Dec 16 . Erection ofBrazil into a kingdom by John,Prince
Regent ofPortugal .The Phigal ian marb les purchased by the British Museum for
Jan . 12. A decree issued by the all ied sovereigns permanentlyexcluding the Bonaparte fam ily from the throne ofFrance.
May 2 . Marriage of the Princess Charlotte of Great Britainwith Prince Leopol d ofSaxe-Coburg .
Oct. A treaty concluded by Gen . Jackson with the Indians.
Dec . 2. Serious riots in London which originate at a meetingheld in Spa Fields.
Jan 1 . United States bank opened for business at Philadelphia.
Feb. 3 . Comm encement ofthe Green,Bag inquiry.
1821
1822
Ncv. King Christophe ofHayti commits suicide and Beycs
becomes president of the whole island.
Maine admitted into the Union as a state.
Feb. 24. John Keats Engl ish poet died aged 24 years.
March 4. James Monroe and Daniel D . Tompkins inauguratedPresident and Vice President for a second term .
March 9 . Portugal adepts a newconstitution. The articlesof this constitution secured freedom of person and property
,
the liberty of the press, legal equal ity, and the abol ition of
privileges, the admission of al l citizens to al l offices and the
sovereignty of the nation.
March . 13 . Abdication ofVictor Emanuel I . King ofSar
dinia,in consequence ofa popular insurrection
,and accession
of his brother Charles Fel ix .
March 20. Invasion ofNaples by the Austrians at Ferdinand'
s
request,March 7 capitulation ofNap les to the Austrians.
March 23 . Naplcs occup ied by the Austrians,and a provis
ional government appointed.
May 1 . The Bank ofEngland resumes cash payments.
May 5 . Death ofNapoleen Bonaparte at Saint Helena.
July 4. The court of Portugal again establ ished at Lisbon .
July 19 . Coronation ofGeorge IV . ofGreat Britain.
Aug. 3 . San Martin proclaims Peru free and independent ofSpanish rule
,July 28 he becomes protector .
Aug. 7 . Death ofQueen Carol ine at Hammersmith .
Aug. 21 . Riots at Lisbon against the newconstitution .
Revolutions in Rio Jameiro and other districts of Brazil .King Jehn VI . ofPortugal returns to Lisbon
,leaving Don
Pedro regent of Braz il .Jan. 1. The Greeks formal ly proclaim their independence of
Turkish sovereignty .
Jan. 25. The independence of Chil i acknowledged by Portual .
March 19 . The independence of the South American governments acknowledged by the United States government.
April 11. Scie taken by the Turks from the Greeks a fearful massacre of the inhabitants ensues.
June 22. The Greeks takeAthens.
July 8 . Percy Bysshe Shel ley,Engl ish poet died aged 30
years.
July 13 . Corinth recaptured by the Turks from the Greeks.
Battle of Thermopy lae.
Aug. 6 . Defeat of the Turks by the Greeks in the passes ofBarbati
,Dervenekai and Thermopylae.
Sept 21 . Braz il declares its independence of Portugal . Don
Pedro,Regent ofBrazil
,refuses to recognize the authori ty
of the King of Portugal,and is proclaimed constitutional
Emperor of Braz il .”
Oct. 2 . Corinth taken by the Greeks from the Tu1ks.
1823 March 8 . Abdication of Iturbide,Emperor ofMr x ice.
1824
1825
April 6. Invasion of Spain by the French to support Ferdinand VII . At no periodwas Spain in amore unsettled statethan new
,and nothing less than a desperate struggle between
despotism and revolution could be cal culated on .
June 11. The Spanish Cortesdepose Ferdinand VII. ofSpain,
and compel him to retire with them to Cadiz .July 15 . The Church of St . Paul at Rome destroyed by fire.
Aug. 3 1. The French obtain the entire mastery of the Peninsula.
Sept . 28 . Dissolution of the Spanish Cortes.
Oct. 1 . Restoration of Ferdinand VII . of Spain .
Nev 7 . Execution ofRaphael del Riego the Spanish patriot.Jan . 10. Death ofVictor Emanuel I . ex -King of Sardinia.
Feb 22. Eugene de Beauharnais,son ofJosephine
,the fiI‘SL
W i fe ofNapoleen I . and of Vicomte Alexander de Beauharnais
,died aged 43 years.
April 19 . Death of Lord Byron at Missolonghi .May 13 . Don Miguel
,son ofJehn VI . of Portugal
,deprived
of the commandership-in-chief of the Portuguese army,for
rebel l ion against the constitution ; he escapes into France.
June 10. The Legislative Counci l ofAustral ia estab l ished.
July 3 . The Turks destroy Ipsara and massacre the Greekinhabitants.
Sept . 16 . Death ofLouis XVIII . ofFrance,and accession of
his brother Charles X .
Oct. 4. A Federal constitution establ ished in Mexico,on the
plan of the United States.
Oct 12. The Greek Provisional Government establ ished.
The Marquis de La Fayette visited the United States.
Jan. 1 . The independence of Colombia,South America
,rec
ogniz ed by Great Britain .
Jan. 4. Death of Ferdinand I . of the Two Sicil ies.
March 4. John Qu incy Adams inaugurated President of the
United States and John C . Calhoun Vice President .April 16 . Henry Fusel i Swiss painter ofthe Engl ish Acad
emy died aged 83 years.
April 17 . The independence of H ayti recognized by France.
The ports of H ayti were thrown epen to al l nations,but
with certain exclusive advantages to the French .
May 13 . The independence ofthe Brazilian empire recognizedby Portugal .
July 24. The provisional government ofGreece seeks aid fromEngland against Turkey.
Dec . 1 . Death ofAlexander I . ofRussia and accession ofhis
brother Nicholas I . hewas crowned Sept . 3 , 1826 . The
Grand Duke Constantine,Nicholas’ eldest brother, had re
signed his right in 1823 .
Dec . 6 . Commercial panic in England commences.
Dec . 29 . Jacques Louis David,French painter and revolution
ist died aged 77 years.
Feb. 13 . American Temperance Society instituted at Boston.
Feb. 18 . Death of John VI . of Portugal ; Don Pedro proclaimed king
,and the Infanta Isabella regent during his ah
sence in Braz il .April 11 . Missolonghi
,Greece
,surrenders to the Turks after
a long siege.
Apri l 26 . Don Pedro grants a constitutional charter based on
l iberal principles and establishes two Chambers for Portugal .May2. King Pedro resigns the Portuguese crown to his
daughter Maria II . on condition that she marries Don Miguel,
and retains the empire ofBrazil .June 15. Massacre ofthe Jani zai i es by theTurks.
July 4. The ex -Presidents JohnAdams and Thomas Jeflersondied.
Sept. 28 . W ar declared by Russia against Persia.
Oct. 4. Don Miguel swears at Vienna to respect the Portu
gusse constitution.
Oct. 29 . Betrothal ofMaria II . ofPortugal to Don MiguelNev. 28 . The Spanish government disclaims any connectionwith the Portuguese revolution .
Dec .. 25. An Engl ish force lands at Lisbon to aid the Portu
guese against the Miguel ites.
March 26. Ludwig ven Beethoven German musical composerdied aged 57 years.
April 30. Canning English Prime Minister .The French National Guard disbanded.
May 17 . Capture ofAthens.
July 6 . A treaty concluded at London,between England
,
France and Russia,for the pacification of Greece
,in which
the three contracting parties engage to equip a fleet for thepurpose of staying the further progress of hostilities, and toerect Greece into a kingdom .
Sept . 8 . Lord Goderich Engl ish Prime Minister .Oct 20. Naval battle ofNavarine naval power ofTurkey
‘an
nihi lated.
Nov. 5. The French Chamber ofDeputies dissolved ; creationof76 newpeers.
Nov. 19—20. E lection riots at Paris.
Dec . 19 . The Infant Don Miguel proclaimed regent ofPortu
gal .
Jan. 26. Duke ofWell ington English Prime Minister .Feb. 2. The Panhel ien or Grand Council' of State in Greece
estab l ished.
Feb. 22. Treaty ofTurkmanshai between Persia and Russia.
March 3 . Pedro I . Emperor of Brazil formally renouncesal l claim to the crown of Portugal .
April 26. Greece is divided into departments.
April 26 . War declared by Russia against Turkey,on account
of the latter refusing to carry out the treaty ofAkierman,
and to acknowledge the independence"
ofGreece.
1831
Nov. 24. Earl Grey EnglishPrimeMinister.
Dec . 17 Simon Bol ivar,a South American and the l iberate!"
of Bolivia from the Spanish yoke died aged 47 years.
Dec . 20. The independence of Belgium recognized by the
conference of the great powers assembled at London,to pre
ventwar between Hol land and Belgium .
Jan . 25 . The Pol ish diet declares Poland independent and proclaims the throne vacant.
Jan . 30. Prince Adam Czartoryski elected president of thePol ish national government .
Feb. 6.»
.A Russian army of men under Diebitsch enter Poland.
Feb. 20. Battle ofGrochow Russians defeated.
April 6. Abdication ofPedro I . emperor ofBrazil in favor ofhis infant son Don Pedro ; he embarks for Europe.
Apri l 10. Battle ofSeidl i ce.
June 27 Death ofConstantine Grand Duke ofRussia.
July 21. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg chosen king ofBelgium .
Sept. 8 . The Russians attack Warsaw Sept. 7 ; the town sur
rendered by the Poles.
Sept. 9 . Coronation ofking William IV . ofGreat Britain .
Oct. 9 . The Greeks rise against the Government of the countCapo d’Istrias their president on account of his servility tothe Russian interest
,and he is assassinated.
Oct. 20. Nicholas I . of Russia announces the termination of
the Pol ishwar.
Oct. 26 . The cholera first appears in England at Sunderland.
Nov. 15 . The great powers conclude a treaty at London withBelgium defining the l imits ofthe newkingdom .
Nov. 17 Venezuela, NewGranadaand Colombia, S . America,
again become separate states.
Dec . 28 . Repeal ofthe hereditary peerage decree in France.
Feb. 8 . Death ofRev. George Crabbe English poet aged 78 .
Feb. 26. An imperial ukase pub l ished by the czar constitutingPoland an integral part ofthe Russian empire.
March 22. Johann Wolfgang Goethe the greatest modern poetofGermany died aged 83 years.
July 9 . Disembarkation ofDon Pedro,ex -Emperor of Braz il
,
at Oporto, July 8 ; he assumes the Regency of Portugal inbehalf ofh is daughter
,Maria II .
Aug. 7 . The Irish Reform Bil l passed.
Aug. 8 The election ofPrince Otho of Bavaria as king of
Greece approved of by the Greeks.
Aug. 26: Adam C larke,LL . D . Engl ish theologian died aged
72 years.
Sept . 9—19 . The troops of Don Miguel defeated in theirattempt to seize Oporto from the royalists with great loss.
Sept . 21 . Sir Wal ter Scott,Scotch novelist and poet died
aged 61 years.
Oct .25. Appointment ofthe Queen ofSpain as regent,owing
to the il lness of the king .
July—Oct. The commercial world ofAmerica agitated by aviolent panic .
Nov. 19 . The l ife of Louis Phil ippe attempted .
Dec . 21 . Battle ofKonieh,Syria. Turkish loss
Dec. 23 . The siege of Antwerp,Nov 30 taken by the
French .
Revolt of Texas from Mexico .
Jan . 4. Ferdinand VII . of Spain re assumes the government.March 4.
'
Andrew Jackson commences his second term as
President of the United States,Martin Van Buren Vice
President.May4. Convention ofKutayah, which ends thewar betweenthe Pasha of Egypt and Turkey .
May 11 . Gen. Santa Anna elected President ofMexico .
July 5 . Admiral Napier ofEngland assumes the command of
Don Pedro’s fleet,June 8 ; he captures the fleet ofDon
Miguel at St . Vincent .Aug. 14. The Court ofDelegates abol ished in France.
Aug. 28 . S lavery abol ished throughout the British Empire,
by Wil l iam IV . which takes eifect from Aug. 1,1834. The
slave owners receive as compensation .
Sept. 22. Entrance ofMaria II . ofPortugal into Lisbon.
Sept . 29 . Death ofFerdinand VII. ofSpain and succession of
his daughter Isabel la II . under the regency of her motherthe queen dowager Christina.
Oct. 4. Don Carlos proclaimed king ofSpain at Bilboa in Bis
Nov. 30. Spain divided into 43 provinces.
Jan . 29 . A treaty for the surrender of Pol ish refugees to theRussian authorities concluded by Russia with Austria and
Prussia.
April 10 The Rajah of Coorg,H indostan
,deposed and his
dom in10ns ceded to the British .
April 21 . G1eat Britain,France and Portugal form the quad
ruple al l iance with Spain for establ ishing Isabel la II . on the
throne .
Don Pedro ofPortugal concludes an al l iance with Great Britain,
France and Spain .
April 22. Termination ofthe East India Company’s monopolyin the trade with China.
June 13 . Don Carlos takes refuge in England having beendriven from Portugal .
July 9 . Return ofDon Carlos to Spain.
July 19 . Lord Melbourne Engl ish Prime Minister .July 25. Death of Samuel Taylor Coleridge
,Engl ish poet,
phi losopher and theologian.
Sept . 20. Maria II . queen of Portugal having attained hermajority swears fidel ity to the constitution.
1835
1836
3
Sept . 24. Death ofDon Pedro ofPortugal .Oct. 25 . Decree of banishment issued against Don Carlos bythe queen ofSpain .
Nov. 3 . The Chinese government interdicts the opium trade.
Nov. 22. Duke ofWel l ington again Engl ish Prime Minister .Dec . 1. Marriage of Maria II . (if Portugal with Augustusduke ofLeuchtenberg .
Dec 27 . Charles Lamb,Engl ish humorist
,poet and m iscel la
meous writer died aged 59 years.
Dec . 31. Sir RobertO
Peel Engl ish Prime Minister .March 2. Death ofFrancis I . ofAustria and access1on ofFerdinand I .
April 20. Lord Melbourne’s second administration .
May 16. Mrs. Felicia Dorothea Hemans,Engl ish poetess died
aged 41 years.
June 18 . Death ofWill iam Cobbett Engl ish writer .June 28 . Total abolition ofthe slave-trade on the part ofSpain.
Aug. 27 The queen ofMadagascar prohibits the teaching ofthe Bible in her island
,Feb. 6
,and the missionar ieswho
came in 1818 are obl iged to depart.Nov. 20. James Hogg the Ettrick Shepherd
,Scottish poet
died aged 63 .
Sept . 23 . Vincenzo Bell ini,Italian musical composer diedaged
33 years.
Marriage of Maria II . ofPortugal with Ferdinand Augustus ofSaxe Coburg Gotha.
Aug. 13 . Owing to the rapid spread of the Carlist juntas inSaragossa
,Val encia
,Sevi l le
,Malaga
,and Cadiz
,and finally
in Madrid,the Queen Regent of Spain proclaims the consti
tution of 1812.
Aug. 21» Defeat of Carlists by Spanish loyal ists at Lodosa.
Oct. 29 . Attempt of LouisNapoleon Bonaparte to create an
insurrection at Strasbourg signal ly fai ls.
Nov. 6 . Death of Charles X . ex -king of France.
Dec . 28 . Spain recognizes the independence ofMexico.
March 4. Martin Van Buren inaugurated President andRichard M . Johnson Vice President of the United States.
May 9 . An amnesty for political offenders pub l ished in
France.
June 20. Death of king Wil l iam IV . ofGreat Britain,and
accession ofQueen Victoria. Separation ofHanover fromGreat Britain .
Sept. 4. Martial lawprocl aimed in Catalonia, Spain.
Oct. 5 . Hortense de Beauharnais,sister of Eugene de Beau
harnais,and queen ofHol land died aged 54 years.
Oct. 13 . Capture of Constantina by the French .
Dec . 14. Battl e of St . Eustace.
Dec 29 . The American steamer “Carol ine burnt by theCanadian royal ists for having brought assistance to the rebels.
Rebell ion of the “Sons ofLiberty under Papineau,at Mon
May. H ostilities commenced between Great BritainandNaplesowing to the refusal of Ferdinand II . to discontinue the mon0poly of Sicil ian sulphur
,Apri l 17 the monopoly is abol
ished and peace restored.
Ju
f
ne
l. Attempt on queen Victor ia’s life by Edward Ox
or
June 29 . Lucien Bonaparte brother ofNapoleon died aged 65years.
July 15 . Russia,England
,Austria
,Prussia and Turkey con
c lude a treaty at London for the expulsion of Ibrahim Pashafrom Syria.
July 23 . The coup d’etat in Brazil the emperor is declaredofage and assumes the head ofaffairs.
Aug. 6 . Descent of Prince Louis Napoleon and 50 fol lowersat Vimeroux near Boulogne. H e is repulsed by the troopsand taken pr isoner.
Sept. 16. General Espartero Prime Minister ofSpain.
Oct. 6. Louis Napoleon sentenced to imprisonment for. life atH am .
Oct. 11 . Abdication of the queen regent ofSpain. This stepwas not taken entirely on pol itical groundOct 15. Life ofLouis Phil ippe of France attempted by Darmes.
Oct 29 . M . Guizot F rench Minister ofForeign Affairs.
Nov. 21. Birth ofthe Princess Royal ofGreat Britain.
England,Austria
,Russia and Prussia undertake to expel the
Egyptians from Syria ; Beyrout bombarded Sept . 10 ; Acretaken by the British and Austrian fleets Nov. 3 the Egyptians quit Syria.
Dec. 15. The remains ofNapoleon I . (which had been transferred from St . H elena by the consent of England) re- interred in the Hotel des Inval ides
,Paris.
Prussia. Frederic Wil l iam IV .
Jan 20. Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain by the Chinesecommissioner Keshin
,and an indemnity of dol lars
agreed to be paid to the Engl ish before 1846. The Emperordisavowed the treaty January 27 , and hostil ities again com
menced Feb. 22.
Feb. 10. Upper and Lower Canada united into one province.
March 4. Wi l l iam Henry Harrison inaugurated Presidentand John Tyler Vice President of the United States.
April 4. President Harrison died and John Tyler becamePresident ofthe United States.
Apri l 6 . Jerusalem p laced under the protection of the Turkish government .
April . NewZealand becomes an independent colony .
Ma 8 . Gen. Espartero declared sole regent of Spain du. ingt e queen of Spain
’
s minority .
May 30. The Br itish under Sir Le F leming Senhouse, attackCanton
,and gain the heights behind the city
,May 25 the
attack on Canton abandonded by the British,and a ransom
of dol lars paid to the British Government.June 1 . Death of Sir David IVilkie
,Scottish artist.
July 11. Peace restored between Egypt and Turkey; Me
hemet Al i,Pasha of Egypt
,made hereditary viceroy of
Egypt, but deprived of Syria.
Sept. 8 . Sir Robert Peel Engl ish Prime Minister .Oct. 2. Gen. O
’
Donnel l heads an insurrection in favor of theregency of the queen dowager of Spain at Pampeluna.
Oct. 13 . Capture of Chinhae,Oct 9 , andNingpo by the Brit
ish from the Chinese.
Nov. 7 . The Protestant bishopric ofJerusalem erected underthe protection ofGreat Britain and Prussia ; the Rev. S . M .
Alexander consecrated first bishop,the queen of England
assigning to his jurisdiction Syria,Chaldaea
,Egypt and Abys
sm ia.
Nov. 9 . Birth of the Prince ofWales.
Nov. Dec. Affair ofthe United States brig Creole,which
leads to a dispute with England. This vessel,an American
,was on her voyage to NewOrleans with a cargo ofslaves ;they mutinied
,murdered the owner
,wounded the captain
,
and compel led the crew to take the ship to Nassau,New
Providence,where the Governor
,considering them as passen
gers,allowed them
,against the protest of the American con
sul,to go at l iberty .
Jan . 6- 13 . Evacuation ofCabul,Afghanistan
,by the British
hostages are p laced in the hands of'
Akbar Khan a dreadful massacre ensues ofabout m en
,women and chil
dren.
May 30. Attempt of John Francis to shoot queen Victoria.
June 12. Rev. Thomas Arnold,D . D .
,head master of
.Rugbyschool died
,aged 47 years.
July 13 . Death of the duke ofOrleans,heir to the throne of
France.
Aug. 9 . Arrival ofLord Ashburton atNewYork as specialambassador from the British Government to the UnitedStates.
“
April 1. Sign ing of the treaty of Washington,
better known as the Ashburton treaty,by the Am erican and
Engl ish p lenipotentiaries. It defined the boundaries between the United States and the British American possess1ons.
Aug. 29 . Treaty ofNankin between China and Great Britain.
Oct. 11 . Cabul evacuated by the British after destroying thefortifications and the Afghanwar conc luded.
Oct. 20. Grace Darl ing, Engl ish hei oine died aged 27 years ;celebrated for rescu ing the
D
crew and passengers ofthe Forfarshi1e steamboat when it struck on the Hawker’s rocks
,
Sept .Oct. 29 . Death of Allan Cunningham Scotch poet
,novelist
and miscellaneous writer.
Nov. 13 . An insurrection breaks out at Barcel ona agaiii st theSpanish government .
Wil l iam Bromley English l ine engraver died aged 73 years.
H e engraved the E lgin marb les fer the Brit ish Museum .
March 21 . Robert Southey,Engl ish poet
,biographer and mis
cel laneous writer died aged 69 years.
March 24. Scinde annexed to the British empire in India,
March 12 Sir CharlesNapier appointed the governor .May 18 . The Free Church establ ished in Scotland. In thisyear occurred the memorab le disruption of the Church of
Scotland.
May 26 . A revolution breaks out at Malaga,Spain
,against. the
Spanish government.June 9 . Washington Al lston painter
,born in South Carolina
,
died at Cambridge,Mass
,aged 64 years.
June 12. An i nsurrection again b1eaks out at Barcelona,and a
revolutionary junta estab l ished.
June 26 . Hong—Kong made the British seat ofGovernmentin China
,and placed under the governorship of Sir H . Pot
tin er.
July2. Samuel Hahnemann,German physician and founder
of the H omo pathic school died,aged 88 years.
July 27 . Canton opened to the British under the regulationsof the treaty ofNankin .
Aug. 16 . Gen. Espartero deprived ofal l histitles by the newSpanish government .
Sept . 14. A revolution at Athens establishes a newministry ;a newconstitution for Greece prepared by the-National Assembly, enforces ministerial responsibil ity and national represen
tation.
Sept 20. Nicholas,heir to the throne ofRussia born.
Nov. 8 . Isabel la II . the young queen of Spain,declared by
the Cortes to be of age . General Narvaez appointed l ieutenant-general of the kingdom .
Nov. 10. John Trumbul l painter , born in Connecticut,died
inNewYm k,aged 87 yea1s.
Nov. 20. Barcelona surrenders to the Spanish royal ists.
Nov. 28 . The independence ofthe Sandwich Islands recognizedby England and France by a treaty signed at London .
Exp loration ofWestern Austral ia by Landor and Lefray.
Jan . 15—Feb. 12. Trial of Daniel O’
Connel l at Dub l in for
sedition ; he is found gui lty and sentenced to a year’
s impris
onment and a fine of H ewas released Sept . 5 the
same year .
Feb. St. Domingo de’clares itself an independent republic .
March 8 . Death of Charles John XIV . king of Sweden and
accession ofhis son Oscar .March 23 . Return of Christina queen dowager of Spain to
Madrid.
April 12. The Texans concludea treaty with the United States
18 47
May 8 . Battle of Palo Alto. Gen . Taylor defeats the Mexicans.
May 9 . Battle ofResaca de la Palma,Mexico .
May 25. Escape of LouisNapoleon f1om the fort1ess ofH am .
June 12. A treaty for the settlement of the Oregon boundary
%uestion conc luded between the United States and Greatritain the Uni ted States possessing territory up to 49
°
N. Latitude,l eaving free to England the navigation of the
Columbia.
June 16 . Ca1dinal Mastai Ferreti raised to the popedom,by
the title of Pius IX .
June 22. Death ofBenjamin Robert Haydon,English histor
i cal painter .June 26 . Repeal of the Corn Laws by Sir Robert Peel .July 6 . Loi d John Russel Engl ish Prime Minister .Commodore S loat takes possession ofCal ifornia.
NewTariff bi l l passed establish ing ad valorem duties.
July 8 . Christian VIII . ofDenmark declares by letters patenthis intention to extend the Danish lawof female successionto the whole ofh is dominions.
July 25 . Louis Bonaparte,father of the present emperor of
the French died aged 68 years.
July 29 . Life ofLouis Phi l ippe ofFrance again attemptedby Joseph Henri .
Aug. 22. Annexation ofNewMexico to the United States.
Sept . 13 . Don Carlos escapes from France,and removes to
LondonSept . 23 . Battle ofMonterey
,Mexico . Captured by Gen. Tay
lor after a siege of three days.
Oct. 10. Marriage of the queen of Spain to her cousin DonFrancisco d’
Assiz,Duke of Cadiz .
Oct. 12. A provisional government estab l ished at Oporto,Por
tugal,under Count das Artas l eader of the insurgents.
Oct. 17 An amnesty pronounced by the Spanish Governmentin favor of Spanish pol itical offenders.
Oct. 3 1. Defeat of the Portuguese insurgents by the royaltr00ps at Evora
,Portugal . An English fleet
,under Admiral
Parker anchors in the Tagus, to aid the Portuguese Government against the Miguel ites.
Nov. 14. Tampico,Mexico
,occupied by the United States
troo s.
Jan . 18. Massacre of the American inhabitants ofNewMex
ico by the Mexican population .
Feb. 17 . Death ofWill iam Col l ins, Engl ish landscape painter .
Feb. 22. Battle ofBuena Vista ; Mexicans severely defeated.
Feb. 28 . Battle of Sacramento. Col . Doniphan defeats theMexicans.
March 29 . Vera Cruz,Mexico
,surrenders to G en. Scott .
April 18 . Battle of Cerro Gordo Mexicans defeated by Gen .
Scott.
l 848
Apr il 27 Death of Lord H enry Wellesley diplomatist .May4. The l ife of the queen ofSpain attempted by La RivaMay15. Death ofDaniel O Connel
,the leader for the eman
c ipation of the Irish Cathol ics.
May 15 . Fearful destitution p1evails in Ireland owing to thefam ine
,which had been steadily increasing since 1845 the
Engl ish government app l ies for the rel ief ofthe people.
May 3 1. Death of Thomas Chalmers,Scottish divine aged
67 years.
May. Poland created a RussianProvince ; Russian laws, taxesand language introduced.
June 15 . Maria II . of Portugal publ ishes a concil iatory proclamation to the insurgents June 9 ; the Portuguese insurgentgeneral
,Sa-da—Bandeira
,and a large number of his officers
submit .June 30. Capitulation of the revolutionary junta at Oporto,Portugal
,to the Spanish tr00ps.
Aug. 20. Battles of Contreras and Churubusco ; Mexicanarmy defeated with great slaughter .Sept 3 . A resolution of the Swiss diet declares the Sonderbund il legal
,July 20 the Sonderbund resists the decree
,and
civilwar ensues.
Sept. 8 . Bloody batt le ofMol ino del Rey,Mexicans defeated
by Gen . Worth .
Sept . 12—14. Chepul tepec stormed and the city of Mexicotaken by assault by the American army under Gen . Scott .
Nov. 24. The army of the Sonderbund defeated at Freiburgby the confede1ate SwissNov. 13
,and afterwards at Lucerne .
The struggle ended in the submission ofthe Sondei bund,the
suppression of the monasteries,and the expulsion of the
Jesuits from Switzerland.
Dec . 18 . Death ofMaria Louisa,widow of Napoleon Bona
arte.
Jaizi. 12. Insurrections arise at Palermo,Sici ly
,against the
Neapolitan Government ; a provisional government pro
claimed.
Feb. 2. Upper Cal ifornia ceded to the United States.
Feb. 8 . A newconstitution granted by Charles A lbert,king
of Sardinia to his kingdom,estab l ishing a free press and
two legislative chambers.
Feb. 21 . Suppression of the proposed grand Reform banquetat Paris.
Feb. 22. Treaty of peace with Mexico signed at Guadaloupe,
H idalgo.
Commencement of the French revolution'
of1848,and resigna
tion ofM . Guizot . The reign ofLouis Phi l ippewas without anyfixed principles
,and a continued system oft rimming,
both in his foreign and domestic pol icy,combined with his
insatiab le avarice, led to great discontent in. France
15
Feb. 24. Abdication of Louis Phi l ippe in favor ofhis grandson
,the count of Paris ; he escapes with h is family from
Paris.
Feb. 26 . France proclaimed a republ ic ; a provisional government appointed,
consisting ofDupont de l ’Eure,Lam artine
,
Arago,Marie
,Garnier Pages, Ledru Rol l in, and Crém ieux .
March 3 . Arrival of the ex -king and queen of the French inEngland.
March 4. Grand funeral procession in Paris in honor of the
victims of the revolution .
March 13 . Insurrection at Vienna,and fl ight of prince Met
ternich . The revolutionary spirit that had long been smoul
dering in Germany at last appeared in Vienna. Kossuthcarried
,in the Diet at Pesth
,an address to the Em peror
,
demanding a national government purged from al l foreigninfluence.
March . 14. An insurrection breaks out at Berl in against thegovernment .
March 18 . Lombardy revol ts against the Austrians.
March 21 . Abdication of Louis Charles,king ofBavaria
,in
favor ofMaximi l ian Joseph II .
March 22. Venice unites with Lombardy against the Austrians.
An insurrection breaks out in Venice und'
er Daniel Manin,
against the Austrians and the Repub l ic proclaimed. Aftera long siege
,the city surrendered Aug. 22
,1849 .
March 23 Charles Albert k1ng of Sardinia aids Mi lan and
Venice in their insurrection against Austria.
April 22. The Pope declareswar against AustriaApril 23 . The Prussians defeat the Danes and take possession
of Schleswig .
May 7 . An executive commission,consisting of Lamartine
,
Arago, Garnier Pages, Marie, and Ledra Roll in, elected bytheNational Assembly to govern France.
May 15. Riots in Nap les,owing to the offensive government
of Ferdinand II .May 19 . The treaty between Mexico and the‘United Statesratified
,by which Mexico cedes Cal ifornia and NewMexico
to the United States.
May 30. Louis Phi l ippe and his family condemned to perpetual banishment by theNational Assemb ly.
June 13 . Louis Napoleon el ected a member of the FrenchNational Assembly .
June 28 . Gen. Cavaignac elected President of the FrenchCouncil .
June 29 . Lombardy annexed to Sardinia.
July 4. The Venetian assembly votes the incorporation ofVenice with Sardinia.
July 11. E lection of the Duke ofGenoa'
by the Sicilians asking of Sicily .
March 25. Hosti l ities recommence between the Danes and thearmy ofSchleswig-Holstein .
April 14. The Hungarian Chambers assert the national inde
pendence ofHungary and proclaim Kossuth governor .April 25 . D isturbances arise in Canada owing to the Rebell ionLosses Indemn ity Bil l ; the insurgents burn the Parl iamenthouse at Montreal .
April 26 . A French army under Marshal Oudinot occupiesCivita Vecchia in support ofthe papacy .
April 27 . Russia supports Austria against the Hungarians.
May 101° Martial lawproclaimed in Prussia.
May 13 . Capture of Syracuse by the Neapolitans Apri l 23and ofPalermo
,Sici ly .
May Death ofMaria Edgeworth,Irish novel ist aged 82.
July 3 . The French commence the siege ofRome June 3 it
surrenders June 30 Marshal Oudinot enters the city .
July 15 . Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly at RomeJuly 4; the papal authority restored.
Aug. 6 . A peace concluded between Austria and Sardinia atMilan .
Aug. 11 . The President of the United States publ ishes a
proc lam ation against the m arauding expedition ofGen. Lopezto Cuba. Notwithstanding this proc lamation Lopez landed600 men at Cuba
,and after a short struggle took the town
of Cardenas from the Spaniards.
Sept . 8 . Frederic Wil l iam IV . of Prussia declared head of
the Bavarian Imperial constitution by the Frankfort assembl
SeptiY
12. Pope Pius IX . pub l ishes an amnesty,and promises
judicial and ‘
adm inistrative reforms.
Oct. 6 . Execution ofCount Batthyanyi, Hungarian statesman .
Denmark . Frederic VII .
Feb. 6 . The king of Prussia swears fidelity to the constitu
tion .
Feb 8 . Offer of the intervention of the French governmentin the Anglo-Greek question accepted by Lord Palmerston.
Feb. 23 . Sir Wil l iam Al lan,celebrated Scotch historical painter
died aged 68 years.
Feb. 27 . Treaty signed at Munich between Austria,Bavaria
,
Saxony and W urtemberg to maintain the German union.
April 12. Return of Pope Pius IX . to Rome.
April .18 . Dip lomatic relations between England and Spainrestored.
April 19 . The Bulwer-Clayton treaty . This treaty betweenEngland and the United States
,relative to the estab l ishment
ofa communication by ship canal between the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans,was signed at Washington April 19
,and rati
fications were exchanged there July 4,1850.
Anri l 23 . Will iam Wordsworth,Engl ish poet-laureate died
aged 80years.
1851
April -26 . The Greek government agrees to the demands of
Great Britain .
May 17 . Gen . Lopez conductsx
another marauding expeditionagainst Cuba for the purpose of annexing that island to the
United States,but is repulsed at Cardenas by the Spanish
authorities.
June 22. An American Squadron enters the Tagus,to enforce
certain claims of the United States.
July 2 . Death of Sir Robert Peel aged 62 years.
July 9 . President Taylor died ; Mil lard Fil lmore becamePresident .
Aug. 15 . Admission of Cal ifornia into the United States as a
free state .
Aug. 17 Denmark cedes her possessions on the coast ofAfricato Great Britain .
Aug. 26 . Death ofLouis Phi l ippe,ex -king of France.
Sept. 18 . The Fugitive S lave Bil l passed by the AmericanCongress. This bi l l imposed a fine of and si x months’
imprisonment on any person harboring fugitive slaves,or aid
ing in their escape. Repealed June 13,1864.
Sept. 30. Papal bul l estab l ishing a Roman Cathol ic h ierarchy‘
in England .
Oct. 3 . First battle of the Taeping rebel l ion in China.
Oct 20. Destruction of a Chinese p iratical fleet in the Bay of
Tonquin,China
,by the three British vessels
,Columbine
,
Fury,
”and Phlegethon .
”
Nov. 29 . Convention ofOlmutz for the pacification ofGer
man
Lord Francis Jeflrey, Scottish judge and editor of the Edinburgh Review died aged 77 years.
Texas boundary settled by the payment of to Texas.
NewMexico and Utah adm itted as Territories.
S lave trade in the District of Co lumbia abol ished.
Jan . 10. Resignation ofGen . Narvaez the Spanish Minister .Jan . 27 . John James Audubon
,American natural ist died aged
7 1 years.
March 16 . A concordat signed by Spain with Rome.
Apri l 16 . Minot’s Ledge l ighthouse,Boston Harbor
,carried
away . Itwas last seen standing about 3 o’clock P . M .
April 25 . A concordat with Tuscany signed by Rome .
May 1 . Opening of the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park byqueen Victoria.
May 8 . A Southern Rights convention assemb lesat Charleston
,S . C. Resolutions passed for a dissolution ofthe Union .
July 4. Ecc lesiastical Titles Bi l l introduced by Lord JohnRussel l
,which declares the Papal Bul l establ ishing a Roman
Cathol ic hierarchy in England nul l and void,and imposes a
fine of£100 on al lwho shal l endeavor to carry it into effect .July 10. Louis Jacques Maude Daguerre
,inventor ofthe da
guerreotypevi rocess died aged 72 years.
Aug. 12. Nicaragua route’
opened betweenNewYork and SanFrancisco .
Aug. 21 . Great riot in NewOrleans growing out ofthe Cubanexpedition . The Spanish Consul seeks protection and is
placed in the city prison for safety .
Sept. 27 Telegraphic communication established betweenFrance and England.
Aug—Sept. Failure of the third expedition of Gen. Lopez
against -Cuba ; he and his fol lowers taken prisoners ; Lopezgarotted and the rest sent prisoners to Spain where they wereset at l iberty after some negotiation .
Oct. 4. Death ofDon Manuel de Godoy the Prince of PeaceatParis.
Oct. 29 . Arrival of a British fleet at Rangoon owing to dis
putes having arisen between Great Britain and the Burmeseemp i re.
Oct. 31 . Princess Louisa heiress to the throne ofSweden born .
Nov. 4. Proposal of the French President to restore universalsuffrage ; rejected by theNational Assemb lyNov. 13 .
Nov. United States steam frigate Mississippi sent to Turkeyfor Kossuth receives him in the Dardanell es. Kossuth re
fused a passage through France arrives in NewYork Dec . 5.
Dec . 2. The “coup d’
etat .” Louis Napol eon dissolves the
Legislative Assemb ly,estab l ishes universal s
'
uflrage, proposesthe election ofa French President for ten years and declaresParis in a state ofsiege.
Dec . 3—4. Sanguinary confl icts in Paris ; the troops victorious.
Dec. 19 . Joseph Wil l iam Mal lord Turner,Engl ish landscape
painter died aged 76 years.
Dec . 21—22. Voting throughout France for the election of a
President of the republic for ten years takes p lace ; aflirmative votes negative votes
Dec . 14. Principal room of the l ibrary of Congress destroyedb fire.
Jany1 . Roman Catholic clergy prohibited from holding of
fice l n the Queen’
s Col leges in Ireland by the statutes of:
the
synod ofThur les.
LouisNapoleon instal led atNotre Dame as President ofFrancehe takes up his ofli cial residence at the Tu ileries.
Jan . 10. Transportation of 575 persons to Cayenne by the
French government for having opposed the coup d’
état.
Jan . 12. The king ofPrussia revives the council ofstate.
Jan . 15. The French President promulgates a newconstitution ; the whole executive power to be vested in the President
,who is to be advised by a state counci l
,a senate ofno
bles and a completely powerless legislative assembly,whose
transactions at the demand offive members maybe secret .Jan .
’
23 . Decree compel l ing the Orleans family to sel l al l theirreal and personal property in France within a year .
The Ohio State House entirely consumed by fire.
1854.
Jan . 29 . Marriage ofNapoleon III . with Eugenie de MontlJO,
Countess ofc a,at the church ofNotre Dame.
Feb. 4. Pardon of French pol itical offenders.
Feb. 18 . Attempt to assassinate the emperor of Austria byLibney.
March 4. Frank l in Pierce inaugurated President oftheUnitedStates. W . R . King sworn in as Vice President at Cumbre
,
Island of Cuba,Mar . 24; he died April 18 .
March 9 . The Caflrewar in Africa ends.
March 12. Re-establ ishment ofa Roman Cathol ic hierarchyin Holland announced.
The Dubl in Industrial Exhibition opened.
May 30. The ship Advance ”_commanded by Dr . Kane
,sai ls
on an Arctic expedition she returns Oct. 11,1856.
June 28 . The income tax extended to Ireland.
June 30. Conclusion of the Burmesewar.
July 2. A Russian army ofoccupation under the commandof Prince Gortschakofl
,enters the Danubian principal ities.
July 8 . American expedition under Com . Perry arrives at
Japan.
July 14. The Porte protests against the occupation of the
principal ities by Russia.
The Exhibition of the Industry ofal l Nations opened at NewYork .
Aug. 22. Marriage of the duke of Brabant heir apparent ofBelgium with the archduchess Maria ofAustria.
Sept. 7 . The Taeping rebels, China, take VVoochang Jan . 12,
Amoy March 18,Naukin March 19
,and Shanghai .
Sept. 9 . Remaining portion of “Table Rock ” at the fal ls of
Niagara breaks off.
Sept . 26. A grand national council of the Turkish nations insists On the evacuation ofthe principal ities by Russia.
Oct. 5 . Turkey declareswar against Russia.
Oct. 30. The British fleet enters the Bosphorus.
Nov. 9 . Inauguration ofthe Washington aqueduct.
Nov. 15 . Death ofMaria II . of Portugal and accession ofher
son Pedro V . under the regency ofhis father .Treaty concluded between France and Spain for the protection
ofl iterary property.
Nov. 20. Reconcil iation of the two branches of the Bourbonsat Fohrsdorf.
Dec . 16 . Gen. Santa Anna el ected dictator ofMexico for l ife.
H e had formerly been President from 1833—1845 .
Dec . 19 . King-consort recogni zed as regent ofPedro V .
Jan 2. Silvio Pel l ico Ital ian patriot died a victim to Austriantyranny aged 65 years.
Jan . 4. Entrance ofthe al l ied fleets into the Black Sea at therequest ofthe Porte.
Jan . 6 . The Turks victorious at Citate with a loss to the Bussians of men.
Feb. 17 John Martin Engl ish artist died aged 66 years.
Feb. 22. The queen ofSpain dec lares her whole kingdom in a
state ofsiege owing to the hated interference ofqueen Christina.
Feb. 27 . U ltimatum ofEngland and France sent to St. Petersburg.
March 8 . A commercial treaty concludedwith the UnitedStates by Japan.
Mar ch 12. Treaty ofal l iance signed at Constantinople betweenGreat Britain
,France and Turkey .
March 19 . The Czar “did not judge it suitab le to give an an
swer .”
March 23 . The Russians under Gortschakoifpass the Danubeand occupy the Dobrudscha ; severe conflict ; the Turks retire.
March 28 . Declaration ofwar by England and France againstRussia.
The Porte demands the Greek government to prevent its sub
jects from aiding the A lbanian rebels,March 19 the de
mand rejected andwar declared.
Apri l 20. Miss Dix’s bi l l am eliorating the condition ofthe in
digent insane vetoed.
Apri l 22. Bombardment ofOdessa by the Engl ish and Frenchfleets.
April 23 . Manifesto ofNicholas I . of Russia,asserting that
his only object in thewar with Turkey is the defence of the
Christian faith .
Apri l 24. Marriage ofthe Emperor ofAustria to the PrincessE l izabeth ofBavar ia.
April 28 . The Government of the United States announcesits neutral ity in the Eastern question .
Apri l 30. James Montgomery,Scottish poet died aged 83
cars.
n 18 . The al l ied Powers declare Greece in a state ofb lockade.
June 7 . A reciprocity treaty between the United States and
Great Britain conc luded atWashington respectingNewfoundland fishery
,international t-radc
,etc .
June 10. The Crystal Palace opened at London .
June 28 . A mil itary insurrection,headed by Gen . O
’
Donnel l
breaks out in Spain Madrid declared in a state of siege.
July 13 . Bombardment ofGreytown,Central Ameri ca
,by a
United States man-of-war,in retal iation for an insul t offered
to the American Consul by the Spaniards.
July 17 . An insurrection breaks out at Madrid,in couse
quence of the unpopularity of the Queen-mother she is
compel led to leave the kingdom .
July 19 . Espartero, Duke ofVictory,placed at the head of
affairs by the Queen of Spain ; end ofthe Spanish rebel l ionJuly 24. An amnesty published by the queen of Spain.
1855
Sept . 6. The Prussian government after much vacillation declares its intention to remain neutral in the Eastern question
Sept. 14. The A l l ies land at Old Fort in the Crimea.
British,
French and Turks.
Sept. 20. Battle ofA lma,Crimea ; A l l ies victorious.
Evacuation ofthe Danubian Principal ities by the Russians.
Sept. 23 . The Russian fleet sunk in the harbor of Sebastopo lby Menschikofl
'
.
Sept . 26 . Balac lava occupied by the British.
Sept. 29 . Death ofMarshal St. Arnaud,the French comman
der- ia-ch ief,in the Crim ea.
Oct. 17 Siege of Sebastopol commences.
Oct 25. Battle ofBalaclava,Crimea.
Nov. 5 . Battle of Inkermann,Russian loss
Nov. 18 . Edward Forbes,Engl ish natural ist died aged 39
years.
Nov. 25 . John Kitto,Engl ish bibl ical scholar died aged 50
years.
Dec . 2 . Austria enters into an al l iance with Great Britain andFrance.
Dec . 8 . The Immacul ate Conception ofthe Virgin Mary madean article of faith by the Roman Cathol ic Church
,by a bul l
promulgated.
Dec . 30. Al l the slaves ofthe Portuguese crown declared free.
Death of J . Harrington,last survivor of the battle ofLexing
ton .
Jan . 26 . Sardinia joins England and France against Russia.
Jan . 29 . England Resignation of the Aberdeen Ministry .
Feb. 3 . The Spam sh Cortes declare the peop le the sole sourceof power .
Feb. 8 . Liberty ofworship denied in Spain .
Feb. 12. Lord Palmerston English Prime Minister .Feb. 17 . Battle ofEupatoria
,Crimea.
Feb. 28 . The Roman Cathol ic rel igion estab l ished by lawinSpain
,but al l creeds tolerated.
March 2. Death ofthe Emperor Ni cholas ofRussia ; accession of Alexander II .
_no change of pol icy.
March 10. Death ofDon Car los at Trieste.
March 15. The Conference of the four great Powers on the
Eastern question commenced at Vienna. The conferenceterminated without producing anysatisfactory resul t, June 4.
March 21 . General fast day throughout England in conse
quence of the Russianwar.
March 31 . Charlotte Bronte, Engl ish novel ist died aged 39ears.
n 9 . A Sardinian army of men lands in the Crimea,under General La Marmora.
May 15. The Industrial Exhibition Opened at Par is .
June 6 . Sebastopol a third time bombarded.
June 17 Sebastopol a fourth t ime bombarded.
A . D .
1856 Mar ch 30. Treaty ofParis between Russia and Turkey, Great
Britain , France and Sardinia. This treaty consisted ofthirtyfour articles. Turkeywas admitted into the European sys
tem and the contracting parties guaranteed its independence.
The freedom of the Danubewas secured,the rectification of
the Russian frontier in Bessarabia promised and the “statusquo ante bel lum in Asia determined upon .
March 31 . The property ofthe ecclesiastics in Mexico sequestrated.
Apri l 17 Quebec made the seat of the Canadian government.May 22. Senator Sumner ofMass. assaul ted in the U . S . Sen
ate byPreston S . Brooks ofSouth Carol ina.
May 27 A pol itical amnesty granted to the Poles by Alexander II . ofRussia.
May 28 . The British envoy to the United States ordered to
quit Washington.
June 24. The President of the United States recognizes thefi l ibuster Gen . Walker as President ofNicaragua
July 9 . The Crim ea evacuated. The Engl ish lost : killed inaction and died ofwounds about died of cholera
,4,
244; ofother diseases nearly total loss nearly 24,
000 (including 270 officers) ; 873 were disabled. Thewaradded to the national debt The French lostabout men the Russians about The armysuffered greatly by sickness.
July 12. A decree of amnesty for the Hungarian pol iticaloffenders of 1848 and 1849 publ ished by the Austrian government.
July 14. Resignationof the Espartero m inistry,which is suc
ceeded by that ofG en . O’
Donnel l ; tumul ts at Madrid.
Sept. 1 . Sir Richard W estmacott,Engl ish scu lptor died aged
81 years.
Sept . 7 . Coronation ofA lexander II. ofRussia at Moscow .
Oct. 12. Resignation of the O’
Donnel l administration in
Spain ; Gen . Narvaez placed at the head ofaffairs.
Nov. 1 . Comm encement ofwar between England and Persia.
Nov. 4. James Buchanan,the pro
-slavery candidate,elected
to the presidency of the United States,after a severe contest
with Col . Fremont,the representative of the anti-slavery
art
Dec . A treaty defining the frontier line between Spain and
France signed at Bayonne.
Dec 24. Death ofHugh Mi l ler Scottish geologist.1857 . Jan 2. Andrew Ure M . D . , Scottish chemist and writer on
chemistry died aged 7 9 years.
Feb. 12. George Peabody gives to establish a freel iterary and scientific institute at Bal timore.
March 4. James Buchanan inaugurated President and JohnC . Breckenridge Vi ce President of the Un ited States.
Atreaty of peace between England and Persia signed at Paris.
Diplomatic relations between Austria and Sardinia broken off.
March 6 . The Dred Scott decision del ivered by Chief JusticeTaney . It is proclaimed that negroes have no rightswhich white men are bound to respect.
April 11. First intel ligence of the Indian mutiny received inEngland.
May 2 . Louis Charles Alfred de Musset,one of the m ost cel
ebrated ofmodern French poets died aged 47 years.
May 5 . The Art Treasures Exhibition opened at Manchesterby Prince Albert.
May 12. The Sepoy mutineers estab l ish their head-quarters atDelhi
,and proclaim the king ofDelhi. Emperor .
May 27 The British troops under Gen. Anson advance on
Delhi .Martial lawproclaimed in India.
June 1 . Total destruction of the Chinese fleet in Cantonwaters by the Engl ish under Commodore E l l iot
,May 25 and
27 and by Sir M . Seymour .June 8 . Douglas Jerrold
,Engl ish humorist
,novel ist and dra
matic writer d ied aged 54 years.
June 14. A commercial treaty signed by Russia with France.
June 25 . Surrender ofthe British at Cawnpore,India
,toNa
na Sahib,by whom they are nearly al l murdered the fol lowing
da
June!.
7
The Indian mutiny spreads throughout Bengal .July 4. The Indian rebels commence the siege ofthe residencyat Lucknow July 1 death ofSir H enry Lawrence.
June 17 Cawnpore recaptured by General H avelock.
July 19 . Battle ofBithoor Sepoy rebels defeated byHavel ock .
July 25. Revolt at Dinapore British repulsed at Arrah,H in
dostan.
Aug. 3 . Eugene Sue French novelist died aged 53 years.
Aug. 6—10. Visit. ofNapoleon III . and Empress to England.
Aug. 24. General financial panic begins in the United States.
Sept . 8 . Loss ofthe “Central America and 450 l ives.
Sept . 14—20. Storming and capture of Delhi,India
,by the
British . The king ofDelhi captured Sept . 21 his son and
grandson slain by Co]. H odson Se
pt. 22.
Sept . 23 . Commencement ofthe re igious revival in the UnitedStates.
Sept . 25 . Meeting of the emperors of France and Russia atStuttgardt .
Sept . 26 . The besieged residency at'
Lucknow rel ieved by SirHenry Havelock
,Sept . 25 Sir James Outram left in com
mand.
Sept . Religious riots break out at Belfast,owing to the Roman
Cathol ics opposing the attempt of some Protestant ministersto introduce epen-air preaching .
Oct. 13 . Commercial panic inNewYork .
Oct. 26. A newministry formed in Spain under Admiral Armero.
Oct. 29 . Death ofthe French general Cavaignac .Nov. 9 . Lecompton Constitution adopted by the Kansasconvention.
Nov. 12. Great commercial panic in England ; suspension of
the Bank Charter Act'
of1844.
Nov.
'
17 The besieged residency at Lucknow rescued from theIndian rebels by the British forces under Sir Colin Campbell ,Sir James Outram and Sir Henry Havelock .
Nov. 22. Lucknow evacuated by the British .
Nov. 25 . Death of Sir Henry Havelock a distinguished British general .Nov. 28 . Birth ofthe Prince ofAsturias
,heir to the throne of
S ain.
Dee.p 6 . Battle of Cawnpore. On the breaking out of the
Sepoy rebellion in 1857,the Engl ish residents including
women and children about 900 persons,were besieged within
a narrow entrenchment by the native soldierswho had te
volted. After a heroic but unsuccessful defence,the rebel
leader Nana Sahib,
”on the 24th of June consented to let
them proceed unmolested to Allahabad if they surrenderedtheir treasury andwar material . But no sooner had theyembarked than they were fired upon by the rebels and al lwho were not kil led were taken back to Cawnpore. Otherprisoners were brought in and al l barbarously slaughteredJuly 15 . Havelock defeated the rebels July 16 and nextday entered the town
,when the horrors that had been enacted
became known. On the 6th of Dec . Sir John Campbel larrived with a force of strong and comp letely rented
the rebels.
Dec. 8 . Theobald Matthew,Irish Roman Cathol ic died aged
67 years. Better known as Father Matthew the Apostle of
Temperance.
Dec . Commercial fai lures in one year ending Dec . 25,1857
amount to LiabilitiesJan. 5 . Canton bombarded and taken by the English and
French Dec . 28—29,1857 entrance of the victorswho
capture Commissioner Yeh and other authorities.
Jan . 14. Xavier d’
l sturitz is placed at the head of Spanishaflairs.
Jan . 25. Marriage ofPrince Frederick Wil l iam,eldest son of
the Crown Prince of Prussia,with the Princess Royal of
England.
Feb. Benito Juarez declared Constitutional President ofMex
ico at Vera Cruz civ ilwar ensues.
Feb. 14. The United States army defeat the Mormons in an
engagement at Eco-Cannians,Utah .
Jan 274March 19 . Trial of the king ofDelhi,who is '
sen
tenced to transportation.
April 25. A French force disembarks at Genoa to the assistance ofthe Sardinians.
April 29 . Victor Emanuel II . of Sardinia takes command of
his army in person having confided his government to princeEugene ofSavoy
,his cousin.
April 30. Victor Emanuel II . decl ines the dictatorship ofTuscany
,but accepts the command ofthe Tuscan forces.
May 3 . France declareswar against Austria.
May 5 . Charles Robert Lesl ie Engl ish painter died aged 65 .
May 6 . Friedrich Heinrich A lexander Von Humbol dt,Prus
sian natural ist and traveler died aged 96 years.
May 10 . Napoleon III . l eaves Paris to assume the commandof the army in Italy 5 the empress appointed regent in hisabsence.
May 20. Battle ofMontebel lo,Piedmont Austrians defeated .
May 22. Death ofFerdinand II . king ofthe two Sicil ies.
May 25 . Tuscany j oins France and Sardinia against Austria.
May 30—31 . Battle ofPalestro ; Austrians defeated.
June 4. Battle ofMagenta ; the French and Sardinian armycommanded by LouisNapoleon defeats the Austrians.
June 5 . Death ofPrince Metternich,Austrian statesman .
June 7 . David Cox ,Engl ish water-color landscape painter died
aged 76 years.
June 8 . LouisNapoleon III . and Victor Emanuel enter Milanand proclaim the annexation ofLombardy to Sardinia.
June 11 . The Austrian army crosses the Adda and enters theQuadrilateral .
June 18 . The Derby Ministry ofEngland defeated on the Re~
form Bil l,Parl iament dissolved Apri l 23 ; resignation ofthe
Ministry June 11 ; formation of the Palmerston-Russel l adm inistration .
June 24. Battle ofSol ferino,Lombardy Austrians defeated.
Armistice agreed upon to July 6June—July . Great rel igious revival in Ireland.
July 8 . Death of king Oscar of Sweden, and accession ofhis
son Charles XV .
July 11 . Treaty ofVil lafranca. Prel iminaries of peace weresigned here between the Emperor ofAustria and the Emperor of the French .
July 13 . Jua1ez constitutional President ofMexico,confiscates
the ecclesiastical property of his kingdom .
July 14. Denmark connectedwith Great Britain by submarinetelegraph .
July 16 . Napoleon III . returns to Paris.
July 17 . Death of Queen Consort of Portugal .July 21 . Abdication ofLeopol d II . Grand Duke of Tuscanyin favor ofh is son Ferdinand IV .
July 31 . Persecution ofthe Christians in Candia by Turkey .
Aug. 8 . The tribes of the Caucasus reduced to subjection byRussia.
[860
Aug. 16. Tuscany declares in favor of a united kingdom of
Italy under the sceptre ofVictor Emanuel .Aug. 28 . Leigh H unt
,Engl ish poet
,essayist and miscel lane
ous writer died aged 75 years.
Sept . 7 . Capture of the Circassian leader Schamyl . Undertheir leader Schamyl the Circassians strenuously resistedRussian domination til l his. capture Sept. 7 , 1859 . Vaidar
,
their last stronghold,capitulated to the Russians in 1864.
The C ircassians now, to the number ofnearly lefttheir country for Turkey
,and manv died from privation on
the shores of the B lack Sea.
Sept. 28 . Carl Ritter,Prussian geographer died aged 80 years.
Oct. 3 . J . Y . Mason U . S . Minister to France died at Paris.
Oct. 17 . A negro insurrection breaks out at H arper’s Ferry .
John Brown with a score of fol lowers crossed the Potomac at
Harper’s Ferry and entered Virginia,where he incited the
slaves to take up arms against their masters. After a shorttime Brownwas captured and formal ly tried for treasonfound gu ilty, he bore his m isfortune with the greatest com
posure and when asked upon the scaffold to give a sign whenhewas ready he answered “ I am always ready .
”H e died
in the midst of slaves and slave owners— his countrymen ;and nowno countryman ofhis can look at his place ofex ecution and cal l himself a slave owner or a slave .
Oct. 22. Spain declareswar against Morocco.
Oct. 23 . Indecisive battle between the forces oftheArgentineRepublic and of Buenos Ayres near the city of BuenosAyres.
Nov 28 . Death ofWashington Irving,American novelist and
historical writer .Dec . 8 . Thomas de Quincey
,Engl ish writer died aged 74.
Dec . 28 . Death of Lord Macaulay .
Deaths in the United States this year . GeorgeW . Doane Episcopal bishop ofNewJersey
,poet
,etc . aged 60 years. Rufus
Choate,jurist
,advocate and senator aged 60 years. Horace
Mann,statesman and educationist aged 63 years.
Jan 15. Count Cavou1 again placed at the head of Sardinianaffairs.
Jan. 16. Count Cavour undertakes the formation ofa newItal ian ministry .
Jan. 20. Sir W il l iam Ross,Engl ish portrait painter died agi d
66 years.
Feb. 1 . Pennington ofN. J . elected speaker ofthe House ofRepresentatives after bal loting nearly two months.
Feb. 25 . The French government demands the cession ofSa
voy from ItalyMarch 18 . fEm l l ia annexed to Sardinia.
March 22. The annexation ofTuscany to Sardinia effected.
March 26 . Pope Pius IX . excommunicates al lwho have takenanypart in the rebel l ion ofh1s provinces.
16
April 3 . Count ofMontemol in eldest son ofthe late Don Carflos proclaimed king ofSpain at Tortosa by Gen. Ortega ; therebel l ion Opposed by his own troops.
April 23 . A democratic convention in the United States assemb les at Charleston to secure the election of Stephen A .
Douglas as President.
April 25 . Admission ofJews to judicial appointments in Prussia.
Apri l 26. Peace definitively concluded between Spain and Mo
rocco.
May 1 . Appeal of Pope Pius IX . to the Roman Catholics ofevery nation for a loan of francs.
May 2 . An amnesty proclaimed by the Spanish governmentin favor of pol itical offenders.
May 9 . Gen . Zuloaga deposes Miramon,and assumes the pres
idency ofMexico May 1 arrested by Miramon .
May 14. Embarkation of Ga1 ibaldi for Sicily at Genoa May5,lands at Marsala May 10 and assumes the dictatorship
of the island 1n the name ofKing Victor Emanuel II .
May 15 . Battle of Calatifim i , Neapol itans defeated by Garibal di .
May 16. The Republ ican convention of the United Statesassembles at Chicago
,and nominates Abraham Lincoln of
Il l . for the Presidency,Hannibal H aml in ofMaine for Vice
President .May27 Capture ofPalermo by Garibaldi .May 28 . Massacre of the Maronites in the neighborhood of
Beyrout and the Lebanon by the Druses.
June 3 . Terrib le tornado in Iowa and Il l inois.
June 8 . Evacuation ofUpper Italy by the French troops.
June 9 . George Payne Rainsford James,English novelist and
miscel laneous writer died .aged 59 years.
June 14. The French take possession of thei r Piedmonteseacquisitions.
Battle ofMelaz zo,Italy Neapolitans defeated by Garibaldi .
June 21 . Another massacre of the Maronites takes p lace nearBeyrout and the Lebanon .
June 24. Death of Prince Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte.
June 26 . Francis II . king of the Two Sicil ies pro c laims a
general amnesty,and promises a l iberal m inistry .
July 7 . Dr . Hayes’ Arctic expedition sai ls from Boston.
July 9,&c. Massacre ofnumerous Christians at Damascus.
July 28 . Garibaldi concludes a truce with the Neapol itanswho agree to evacuate Sici ly,retaining the castle ofMessina.
Aug. 3 . A convention entered into between the five greatpowers to restore order in Syria and to revenge the late massacres ofthe Christians.
Aug. 4. A French force sent to Syria to protect the Christians.
Aug. 12 . The second Chinesewar begins.
Aug. 19 . Departure ofGaribaldi from Sicily for Italy.
TWELFTH PERIOD .
FROM TH E GREAT REBELLIONTO MAY 1891.
Nov. 6 . Abraham Lincoln of I l l inois,and Hannibal Ham l i l
ofMaine,elected President and Vice President ofthe U . S .
by the votes of al l the northern states except NewJersey,
which chose 4 electors for Douglas and 3 for Lincoln.
This election rs made the pretext for rebell ion and secession of
the cotton states.
Nov. 7 .
\The news ofMr . Lincoln’
s election received at Charleston
,South Carol ina
,with cheers for a Southern Confeder
acy. The Palmetto F lag hoisted on the vessels in theharbor.
Nov. 9 . An attempt to seize the arms in Fort Moultrie.
Nov. 10. A bil lwas introduced into the South Carol ina Legislature to raise and equ ip men. The Legislaturealso ordered the election of a convention
,to consider the
question of secession. Jas. Chester , United States Senatorfrom South Carol ina
,resigned.
Nov. 11 . Senator Hammond,ofSouth Carol ina
,resigned.
Nov. 18 . Georgia Legislature appropriated to arm
the state. Major Anderson sent to Fort Moultrie to rel ieveColonel Gardner .
Dec . 1 . Florida Legislature ordered the election of a conven
tion . Great secession meeting in Memphis.
Dec . 3 . Congress met. The President denied the right of astate to secede
,and asserted the right ofthe general govern
ment to coerce a seceding state.
Dec . 10. Howel l Cobb,Secretary ofthe Treasury
,resigned.
Senator C lay,ofA labama
,resigned.
Dec . 13 . An extra session ofthe Cabinetwas held to considerthe question ofreinforcing Fort Moultrie ; the President opposed i t
,and reinforcements were not sent .
Dec . 14. General Cass,Secretary ofState
,resigned.
Dec . 18 . The Crittenden Compromise introduced inthe UnitedStates Senate.
Dec . 20. South Carol ina Convention adopted a secession ordinance the vote unanimous.
Dec . 22. The Crittenden Compromise voted down in the Senate committee of thirteen .
Dec. 24. South Carolina members ofCongress resigned.
Dec . 26 . Major Anderson left Fort Moultrie and took possession of Fort Sum ter . H e had with him only 111 men.
South Carolina Commissioners arrived l nWashington. The
President refused to see themDec . 27 . Revenue cutter
,Will iam Aiken
,surrendered to the
South Carol ina authorities.
Dec . 28 . South Carol ina seized the Government property inCharleston,took possessionofCastlePinckneyandFt.Moul trie.
Dec . 29 . John B . Floyd,Secretary ofW ar
,resigned.
Dec . 3 1 . South Carol ina sent comm issioners to the slave statesto make arrangements for a Southern Confederacy .
Deaths during the year in the U . S .
J . A . A lexander,W . E . Burton
,C . A . Goodrich
,S . G . Good
rich,Theodore Parker
,J . K . Paulding
,W . C . Preston .
Deaths in Europe during the same yearSir C . Barry
,LadyNoel Byron
,G . P . R . James
,Anna Jame
son,
'
Jul l ien,S ir W . Napier , Baden Powel l , H . H . Wilson .
Jan . 2 . Governor E l l is ofNorth Carol ina took possession of
Fort Macon. Georgia troops seized Forts Pulaski and Jackson
,and the United States arsenal at Savannah .
Jan . 4. Governor Moore ofA labama seized Fort Morgan and
the United States arsenal at Mobile.
Fast day, by proc lamation ofthe President.Jan . 8 . Jacob Thompson
,Secretary of the Interior
,resigned.
Jan. 9 . The steamer,Star of the West
,fired on by rebel bat
teries in Charleston harbor,and driven back .
Mississippi Convention passed secession ordinance by vote of
84 to 15 .
Jan . 10 F lorida Convention adopted an ordinance ofsecessionby a vote of62 to 7 F lorida seized Fort McRae.
Jan. 11 . Alabama seceded vote in Convention,ayes 61
noes 39 . P . B . Thomas,Secretary ofthe Treasury
,resigned
andwas succeeded by John A . Dix ofNewYorkJan. 13 . Florida troops take possession ofthe PensacolaNavyYard and Fort Barancas.
Jan. 18 . The Legislature ofVirginiaappropriatedfor the defense ofthe state.
Jan. 19 . Georgia adopted a secession ordinance by vote of208to 89 .
Jan. 21. Members ofCongress from Alabama resigned. Jef
ferson Davis resigned his seat in the Senate.
Jan . 23 . Georgia members ofCongress resigned.
Jan. 24. The rebels seized the U . S . arsenal at Augusta,
Georgia.
Jan. 26. Louisiana Legislature passed secession ordinance byvote of113 to 17 .
Jan. 30. North Carol ina Legislature submitted the conven
tion question to the peop le. Thiswas the first instanceof the wi l l of the people being consul ted in regard to the
question ofsecession .
The revenue cutters Cass,at Mobile
,and McLel land
,atNew
Orleans,surrendered to the rebel authorities.
Feb. 1 . Texas Convention passed an ordinance of secessionby vote of166 to 7
,to be subm itted to the peop le.
The Louisiana authorities seized the Mint and Custom Houseat
'
NewOrleans.
Feb. 4. Del egates from the seceded states met at Montgom
ery, Alabama, to organize a confederate government .Peace Congress met at Washington; ex -President Tylerwas'
chosen President . A stormy session fol lowed,accomplishing
no good resul t .Feb. 8 . The U . S . arsenal at Little Rock surrendered to Arkansas.
Feb.
'
9 . Jefierson Davis and A . H . Stevens elected provisionalPresident and Vice President ofthe Southern Confederacy .
Feb. 13 . The electoral vote counted. Abraham Lincoln re
ceived 180 votes,Stephen A . Douglas 12
,John C . Brecken
ridge 72, and John Bel l 39 .
Gaeta surrenders to Victor Emanuel’s troops.
The king ofNap les escapes on board a French frigate.
END OFTH E BOURBONRULE IN ITALY .
Feb. The Italian Parliament declares VICTOR EMANUELKING OF ITALY .
Feb. 19 . Fort Kearney,Kansas
,seized by the rebels.
Feb. 23 . General Twiggs surrendered Government propertyin Texas
,valued at to the rebels.
March 1 . General Twiggs expel led from the army .
Peace Congress adjourned.
March 4. INAUGURATION OF LINCOLN,Presiden t U . S .
The ordinance ofsecession passed by the Texas Convention andsubmitted to the peop le
,having been adopted by a majority
of about the Convention declared the state out of
the Union .
March 5 . General Beauregard took command ofthe troops atCharleston .
March 6 . Fort Brown on the Rio Grandewas surrendered bySpecial agreement . The Federal troops evacuated the fortand sailed for KeyWest and Tortugas.
March 28 . Vote of Lou isiana on secession made public . Forsecession against itMarch 30. Mississipp i Convention ratified the ConfederateConstitution by a vote of78 to 7 .
March 31 . ITALY recognized by England.
April 3 . South Carol ina Convention ratified the ConfederateConstitution by a vote of114 to 16.
April 7 . Al l intercourse between Fort Sumter and Charlestonstopped by order ofBeauregard.
The steamer Atlantic sai led from NewYork with troops andsupplies.
April 12. Bombardment of Fort Sumter commenced by therebels.
April 13 . The bombardment ofFort Sumter continued ; earlyin the daythe ofiicers
’ quarterswere fired by a shel l by noonmost ofthe wood workwas on fire ; Sumter’sfirewas almostsilenced when General Wigfal l came with aflag oftruce andarrangements were made for evacuating the fort.
Apri l 14. Major Anderson and h is men sailed for NewYork .
April 15 . The President issued a proclamation commandingal l persons in arms against the Government to disperse ‘with
April 29 . The Maryland l l ouse oflh~lege tes voted against as
May 1 . North Car ol ina Legislature passed a bill cal ling a
State Convention to meet on the 23tl th of May. The Legis
latur o ofTennessee passed an act, in secret session, authoriz
ing the Governor to f orm a leaguewith the Southern Confederacy .
Pres ident Lincoln cal led for three years volunteers ;tro ops for the regular army and seamen.
May4. Gen. McClel lan placed in command ofthe department.ofOhio , comprising the statrs ofOhio . Indiana and Ill inois.
May 5 . Gen. Butler took pessrs s ion of the Relay House ,
Maryland.
May 6 . Arkansas Convention pass
ed an ordinance ofsecession.
by vote of69 to 1 . Tennessee Legislature adopted secessio nordinance in secr e t sess ion, t o be submitted to a vote of tne
May 11 . Blockade of Charleston,S. C.
, established by the
steamer Niagara.
Ma 13 . Queen Victoria'
s proclamation Of“NEUTRAL1TY”in
t e American confl ict.May 16. General S cott ordered the fortification of Arlington
May 18 . Mil itary Department of Virginia created,compris
ing Eastern Virginia, North and South Carol ina headquarters at Fortness Monroe
,commander
, General Butler .
May 20. Telegraphic dispatches throughout the North seizedby order of the Government. North Carol ina secession or
dinance adopted. Governor Magofiin proclaimed the neu
tral ity ofKentucky .
May 21 . Tennessee secedes .
May 22. Fortifications of Ship Island destroyed to keep themfrom the enemy .
May 24. Thirteen thousand troops crossed the Potomac intoVirginia. A lexandria o c cupied byFederal troops. ColonelE l lsworth shot.by Jackson the murdererwas instantly killed .
Arlington Hights occupied by Union troops.
May 26 . The port ofNewOrleanswas blockaded by the sl eepofwar Brook lyn . All postal service in the seceded statessuspended.
June 1 . Lieutenant Tompkins,with 47 men
,attacked the
rebels at Fai rfax Court House, ki l l ing Captain Marr and env
eral others. Union loss, two killed.
The steam ers Freeborn and Anacosta engaged the batteries at
Aquia Creek,the second time.
June 3 . Colonel Kel ly defeated the rebels at Phillippi, I'
m,
killing 15 Colonel Kel lywas severelywounded.
H on. S . A . Douglas died at Chicago .
General Beauregard arrived and assumed command ofthe Confederate forces at Manassas Junction
,Va.
Junc 10. Battle of Big'
Bethel . Thrce regiments ofUniontro ops, under the command of Gen . Pierce
,were dcf
‘
eatedwith a loss of 16 ki l led,among them Major‘Vinthrop, and
41woundc d.
Neutral ity in the American confl ict proclaimed by Nap ole on
June 14. Rebels evacuated Harper’
s Ferry afte r dcstroyingal l avai lab le property .
Jone 15 . Brig Perry arrived atNcw York with the privateerSavannah .
June 17 . Wheel ing Convention unanimously declared West
ern Virginia independent of the rebel p ortion of the state .
Gcn. Lyon defeated the rebels at Boonville,Mo.
,with a
loss ofabout 30 ki l led and 50 wounded ; Union loss 2 killedand 9 wounded.
Junc 20 Gen. McClel lan assumed c ommand in person of the
army i n Western Virginia.
June 23 Forty-eight locomotives belonging to the Baltimoreand Ohio Rai l road
,valued at were destroyed by
the rebels.
Jone 24. The Unitcd States gunboat, Pawnee, attacked the
rebel battery at Mathias Point . A spy arrested at Washingt on with ful l detai ls ofthe number oftro ops and batteries ,and the best plan ofattack on the city .
ITALY rec ognizer] by Faanca.
June 26 . The President acknowledged the Wheeling government ofVirginia.
Jnos 27 . The steamersPawnee,Res olute
,and Freeborn made
asc cond attack on the rebel batte ry at Mathias Point ; Captain Ward
,commanding the Federal force
,was ki l led.
June 29 . The rebel privateer, Sumter, escape d from NewOrleans. The rebels made a dash at Harper
’
s Ferry,destroy
ing several boats and a rai lroad bridge.
July First WarLoan oftheU . 8 . Government,
July 2. General Patterson defeated the Confederates at Fal ling Water
,Va. ; Union loss, 3 ki l led and 10 wounded.
July 4. Congress met in extra session .
July 5 . Battle of Carthage,Mo . Confederates were com
manded by Gov. Jackson,the Federal tro ops numbering
1600,by Col . Sigel . Col . Sigel retreated to Springfield.
Union loss 13 ki l led and 3 1 wounded.
July 6 . Gen. Fremont/ appointed t o the command ofthe Western Department
,consisting of the state of I l l inois and the
states and territ ories west of the Mississippi and east of the
Rocky Mountains. Headquarters at St . Louis .
July 10. Skirmishing at Laurel H il l,Virgin ia ; rebels defeat
ed. Union loss 2 ki l led and 2 wounded.
July 11 . J . M . Mason and B. M . Hunter ofVa.
,T . L . C l ing
ham and Thomas Bragg ofNorth Carolina, L . T . Wigfal land J . U . Hemphill ofTexas
,C . B . Mitchel l and W . K . Se
bastian of Arkansas and" O . A . S . Nicholson of Tennessee,
expel led from the U . S . Senate.
July 12. Battle of Rich Mountain. The Federal troops,‘
un
der command of Col . Rosecrans,defeated the enemy under
Col . Pegram . Rebel loss 150 killed and wounded,and 800
pr i soners.
July 13 . The Confederates under Gen . Garnett,were defeat
ed at Carrick’s Ford,Virginia. The rebel General Garnettwas killed . Union loss 2 ki l led and 10 wounded .
Battle of Screytown, Va. The Federals under Colonel Lowe,
were defeated with a loss of 9 killed and 40 wounded and
m issing.
July 16 . Tilgham ,a negro, killed three of a rebel prize crew
on the S . J . Warring, and brought the vessel intoNewYork .
President Lincoln authorized to call out the m il itia and aocept the services of men .
July 18 . Fight at B lackburn Ford . The Federal troops nuder comman d ofGen . Ty ler made the attack
,but after three
hours”fighting were ordered back to Centerville their losswas 19 kil led and 64wounded and m issing.
The Departm ent ofMaryland created,and General John A .
Dix placed in command,headquarters at Baltimore .
July 19 . Gen . Banks superseded Gen. Patterson,headquarters
in the field .
July 20. The Confederate Congressm et at Richmond .
July 21. Battle of Bul l Run. The army of the Potomac,about strong, under command ofBrig. Gen. McDowel l
,which left Washington July 17 attacked the rebels
about equal in numbers,at Manassas
,Va.
,where they occu
pied a strong position . The chances at firstwere in favor ofthe Federals
,but the rebels receiving large reinforcements
under General Johnston,the scalewas turned . Panic seized
upon the Union tr0 0ps, and they commenced a disorderly retreat towardsWashington. The Union loss
,481 ki l led 1011
wounded,1216 m issing. Rebel loss
,as reported by General
Beauregard, 269 kil led and 1483 wounded .
July 22. General McClel lan took command of the army ofthe Potomac .
Three months Volunteers began to return home.
Aug. 1 . The rebels retreated from Harper’s Ferry to Lees
bur
Aug.B. General Lyon defeated the Confederates at DugSpring, Missouri . Union losswas 8 killed and 30 wounded .
The vessels engaged in a contraband trade with the rebels ofVirginia and North Carolina were destroyed in PocomokeSound .
Aug. 3 . Congress passed a bi l l for raising by direct taxation, and the Confiscation bil l .
Aug. 5 . Commodore A lden bombarded Galveston, Texas.
Aug. 6. The extra session of Congress closed .
appearance within sight of Fortress Monroe.
Oct. 9 . Confederates made an attack on Santa Rosa Island,
but were defeated . Union losswas 13 kil led and 21wounded.
Col . Geary,with 400 Pennsylvanian troops, crossed the Poto
mac at Harper’
s Ferry and captured bushels of
wheat .Oct. 11 . Rebel steamer Theodore escaped from Charleston.
South Carol ina,with Mason and S l idel l on board .
Oct. 18 . Coronation ofWill iam I . of Prussia and Queen Augusta at Konigsberg.
Oct. 21 . Fight at Frederictown, Missouri The confederatesdefeated . Union loss
_6 kil led and about 60 wounded .
Canton restored to the Chinese by the Br itish .
Battle ofBal l’s Bluff. Union forces commanded byC01. Baker .Gen . Stone fai led to cross the Potomac to his support, andafter a severe fight, in which Col . Bakerwas killed, the Federals retreated . Union losswas 223 kil led
,266wounded
,and
455 prisoners, including 100 wounded .
Gen. Zol l icoifer, with Confederates attacked the Unionistsat Camp Wi ld Cat, Laurel county, Ky.
,andwas repulsed .
Union loss 4 kil led and 21 wounded .
Oct. 22. Skirm ish at Buffalo Mills,Mo . Rebels lost 17 kil led
and 90 prisoners.
Oct 25. Gen. Kelley defeated the enemy at Romney,Vir
inia.
Thgechurches in Warsaw closed by the priests Oct. 17 de
parture of Count Lambert,the governor ofWarsaw
,from
that town Oct. 23 ; assassination of the m ilitary governor,Gen. Gerstenzweig, by the Poles.
Oct . 26 . Gallant charge ofMaj. Zagonyi, with 150 ofFremont’s body guard on a large force ofrebels near Springfield,MO. The enemywas routed with a loss of 106 killed and
27 prisoners. Union loss 52 ki l led andwounded .
Oct. 26. Gen. Lane captured a rebel transportation train nearButler
,Mo.
Oct. 29 . The second naval expedition, consisting of80 vesselsand m en sailed from fortress Monroe. The navalforcewas commanded by Commodore Dupont the landforces were commanded by Gen. Sherman.
Nov. 1 . General Scott resigned as commander-in-chief of the
arm ies ofthe United States. Gen. McClel lanwas appo intedin his place. Gen. Benham defeated the rebels at GauleyBridge, Va.
Nov. 2. Gen . Hunter superseded Gen. Fremont in the com
mand ofthe Western departm ent . The Confederate schooner Bermuda ran the b lockade at Savannah .
Nov. 6 . The kingdom ofItaly recogni zed by the Belgian government.
Nov. 7 . The naval and m ilitary forces under the command of
Commodore Dupont and Gen.
' Sherman,captured Forts
Walker and Beauregard at Port Royal entrance. They alsotook possession of the town ofBeaufort and Hilton Island.
The Union losswas 8 ki l led and 25 wounded.
Gen . Grant with a force of attacked a rebel camp at Belmont
,Mo. driving the enemy out
,destroying the camp and
taking a quantity of arm s ; but reinforcements arriving at
Columbus the Federalswere compel led to retreat ; their losswas 84 kil led,288wounded and 235 m issing.
Nov; 11. Death ofPedro V . king ofPortugal and accession ofhis brother Louis Ph il ippe duke of Oporto Ferdinand II .
husband ofthe late queen Maria II . acting as regent .Guyandotte,Va. burned by the Unionists. Gen . Hal leck takescommand ofthe Western department.Nov. 15 . The U . S . frigate San Jacinto, Capt .Wilkes, arrivedat Fortress Monroewith Mason and S l idel l the rebel comm issioners to Europe, taken from the British mail steamer TrentNov. 8 .
Nov. 18 . Confederate Congress met.
Nov. 21 . The U . S . vessel Santee captured the privateer RoyalYacht offGalveston
,Texas.
Nov. 23 . Fort Pickens and the U . S .war vessels Niagara andColorado bombarded the rebel fortifications at Pensacola.
Port ofWarrenton burnt .Nov. 27 Gen. McClel lan directed the observance of the Sab
bath in al l the camps ofthe U . S . army .
Nov. 30. Lord Lyons the British m inister at Washington re
ceives instructions from Ear l Russel l to leave Am erica within seven days unless the United States government consentto the
_unconditional l iberation ofMessrs. Mason and S l idell .
Jefferson Davis elected President ofthe Confederate States.
Dec . 3 . Congress met.
Dec . 4. John C . Breckenridge expel led from the U . S . Senate.
Dec . 5 . Engagement between the rebel gunboats and the Federal vessels at Cape Hatteras. According to the reports ofthe Secretaries ofWar and Navy the Union forces numbered
volunteers,
regular sol diers, and sea- ff
men.
Dec . 9. The Confederate Congress passed a bi l l adm ittingKentucky into the Southern Confederacy
,Freestone Point .
Va. shelled by the National gunboats and captured.
Dec . 13 . Engagement at Camp Alleghany, Va. inwhich Gen.
Mil roy defeated the rebels under Col . Johnson . Union loss21 ki l led and 107wounded .
Dec . 16 . The Engl ish and French governments despatch an
u ltimatum to Mexico Nov. 24. Departure of the Engl ishambassador from the city ofMexico ; of the French ambassador Dec . 7 .
Dec . 17 Fight at Munfordsvil le,Ky . Drawn battle. Union
loss 10 ki l led and 17 wounded . Gen. Pope captured 360 seeessionists at Osceola, Mo.
Dec . 18 . Gen. Pope captured rebels,a number ofhorses
and wagons, and stand ofarms atMil lford,Mo. Union
loss 2 kil led and 17 wounded . Stone fleet sunk 1n Charlestonharbor .
Dec 20. Battle ofDrainsvil le,Va. in which the rebelswere
defeated by the Union tr0 0ps under Gen. McCal l . Unionloss 7 kil led and 61 wounded.
Dec. 23 . Troops despatched to Canada by the British government as a precaution against aggression by the United States.
Death of Prince Albert ofEngland Dec -14 : his funeral takes
place 1n the vaults of St. George’
s Chapel , Windsor .Dec . 30. TheNewYork banks suspend cash payments.
Death of Stephen A . Douglas, U . S . Senator aged 48 years.
Jan . 1 . Mason and Sl idel l left Fort Warren for England inthe British steamer Rinaldo .
Jan. 4. Gen . Mi l roy defeated the rebels at Huntersville,Va.
and captured worth of stores.
Jan . 6. Pope Pius IX . pronounces an all ocution at Rome infavor ofthe temporal power .
Jan 7 . Rebels defeated at Romney .
Jan . 8 . Gen. Palmer defeated the rebels at Silver Creek, Mo .
Union loss 4 kil led and 18 wounded .
Jan . 10. C01. Garfield defeated the rebels under HumphreyMarshall atPrestonburg, Ky .
Jan . 11 . The Burnside expedition sai led from Fortress Mon
roe. Naval engagement on the Mississippi between the
Union steamers Essex and St . Lou is,and four rebel boats ;
the latter were compel led to seek protection under the batteries at Columbus. Simon Cameron resigned his positionas Secretary ofW ar and E . M . Stanton appointed
’ in his
place.
Jan . 18 The newLegislative Counci l of India meets for the
first t1me.
Jan . 19 . Battle ofMil l Spring, Ky . This battlewas foughtbetween Union troops under Gen . Schoep, and rebelsunder Gen. Zol l icoffer . The enemywere defeated and Gen .
Zol l icofier kil led . Union loss 39 kil led and 127 wounded .
Jan . 27 . Death of Thomas Hartwel l Horne,English divine
aged 82 years.
Jan. 29 . Arrival ofa British naval and French m ilitary ex pedition at Vera Cruz Jan . 7 ; the Al l ies address a proclamation to the Mexican peOple.
'
Jan. 10 ; discontentedwith thereply of the Mexican government they march towards the
c i ty ofMexico .
Feb. 3 . The Federal governm ent decided that the crews ofthecaptured privateerswere to be considered as prisoners ofwar.
Feb. 4. Terrible inundation of the Danube causing great distress.
Feb. 5 . Jessc D . Bright expel led from the U . S . Senate .
Feb. 6. Com . Foote with 7 gunboats attacked Fort Henry 011
March 11 . Gen. McClel lan took command of the army ofthePotomac
, Gen. Fremont of the Mountain department and
Gen. Halleck ofthe department ofthe Mississippi .Manassas occupied by Union troops.
March 12. Com . Dupont took possession of Jacksonville,Fla.
The rebels driven from their works at Paris,Tenn.
March 13 . The Confederates evacuated theirworks at NewMadrid
,Mo. in such haste as to leave 25 pieces of artil lery
and a large quantity of m i litary stores,valued at
000.
March 14. Gen . Burnside attacked the rebels in their fortification at Newbern
,N . C . After afight offour hours the enemy
retreated,leaving a large quantity ofamunition,provisionsand
stores in the hands of the victors. The Union losswas 9 1kil led and 466 wounded .
March 16. Commodore Foote commenced the attack on IslandNo . 10. Rebels defeated at Cumber land Mountain
,Ky .
March 18. Rebel fortifications at Acquia Creek evacuated .
Confederates defeated at Salem,Ark .
March 23 . Battle of Winchester,Va. The rebels were de
feated and retreated to Strasburg, leaving their dead andwounded upon the field . The Union losswas 103 kil led and440 wounded .
March 27 The Ital ian government ordersthe amalgamationofGaribaldi’s volunteers with the regular army.
March 28 . Fight at Pigeon Ranch ,NewMexico,between 3
,
000 Union tr00ps under Col . Hough and Texans. The
battlewas a drawn one.
April 3 . Adm iral James Clark Ross,English arctic navigator
died aged 62 years.
April 6 . Battle of Shiloh . The rebels under Gens. Johnsonand Beauregard attacked Gen . G rant’s army at PittsburgLanding. The Union forces were driven back to the riverand a number ofprisoners captured .
April 7 . The battle of Shiloh renewed . Gen . Buel arrivedduring the night with reinforcements. The battle lastedthroughout the daywith _varied success
,but the rebelswere
final ly defeated and driven to their fortifications at Corinth .
The Federal losswas kil led,
wounded andm issing. The rebel general Johnsonwas ki l led .
April 8 . Island No. 10 captured ; prisoners, 100 siege
guns, 24pieces of field artil lery,
stands of smal l arms,
hogsheads of sugar and a large quantity of clothing,tents and ammunition .
April 9 . England and Spain decline to commence hostilitieswith Mexico. France insists on the necessity ofhostile measures.
April 11 . Fort Pulaski commanding the entrance to Savannahsurrendered after a bombardment of thirty hours. Gen .
Mitchell occupied Huntsvil le Ala ,taking 200 prisoners, 15
locomotives and a large number of cars. Congress passedthe bi l l abol ishing slavery in the District ofColumbia
April 12. Gen. Mitchel l captured prisoners at Chattanoo a.
April516 . The French in Mexico declarewar against PresidentJuarez .
April 18 . The rebels attacked Gen. Sm ith’s division at Yorktown but were repulsed.
April 19 . Fight between Gen. Burnside’s troops and the ene
my near El izabeth City,N . C . The latterwere defeated.
Union loss 11 ki l led . Gen. Reno with Union‘
troops de
feated the enem y at Cam den,N. C .
April 25. Com . Farragut arrived at NewOrleans and took
possession ofthe c ity . Fort Macon,Georgia, surrendered af
ter a bombardment of eleven hours. Gen . C . F . Sm ith diedat Savannah
,Tenn.
Apri l 28 . Forts Jackson and St . Ph il ip surrendered .
Defeat of the Mexicans by the French in the mountains ofCoimbres near Acul cingo, Mexico.
Apri l 29 . Gen . Mitchel l defeated the rebels at Bridgeport,Ala.
May 1 . The International Exhibition Opened at London bythe duke ofCambridge.
May 3 . The rebels evacuated Yorktown,Jamestown and Mul
berry and G loucester islands, leaving ammunition, camp equi
page and 100 guns behind.
May 5 . Battle of W i l l iamsburgh , Va. The Union troopswere commanded by Gens. Hancock and Hooker . The rebelswere defeated and retreated in the night towards Richmond .
The French severely repulsed by the Mexicans in their at
tempted assaul t upon the hights around Pueb la.
May 7 . Battle ofWest Point,Va. Gens. Frank l in and Sedgwick
,with a force of m enwere attacked by Gen .
Lee. The rebels were defeated . Union loss about 300killed and wounded .
May 8 . Gen. Mi lroy attacked the enemy at McDowel l ’s,Va.
After a fight offive hours hewas forced towithdraw .
May 9 . The rebels evacuated Pensacola,and destroyed the
Navy Yard .
May 10. The Federal forces took possession ofNorfolk,Va
Gosport Navy Yard destroyed by the rebels.
‘
Gunboat fighton the Mississippi , near Fort Wright ; the rebels were re
pulsed, losing two vessels.
May 11 . The rebels blow up their iron-clad Merrimac to prevent its capture by the enemy .
May 12. Natchez,Miss. surrendered to Com . Farragut .
May 16. The Union gunboats repulsed at Fort Darl ing.
May 17 Rebels driven across the Chickahom iny at BottomBridge.
May23 . Rebels defeated at Lewisburgh, Va.
17
May 24. Col . Kenley,commanding the Federal troops at Front
Royal,Va.was attacked by a large force of the enemy and
defeatedwith a heavy loss.
May 25 . Gen . Banks defeated at Winchester,Va. and driven
across the Potomac .
May 27 . Rebels defeated at Hanover,Va. Union loss 35
kil led and 220 wounded.
May 29 . Rebels evacuated Corinth,Miss.
May 31 . The rebels under Gen. Johnson attacked the l eftwing of the army ofthe Potomac commanded by Gen. Caseyat Fair Oaks. Union forces were driven back .
Corinth taken .
June 1 . Battle of Fair Oakswas renewed . Rebels repulsed .
Union loss 890 kil led and wounded.
June 3 . Visit of the Viceroy ofEgypt to England .
June 6 . After a naval battle Memphis surrendered to the
Union troops.
June 8 . Battle of Cross Keys,Va. between Gen . Fremont’s
army and the Confederate army,commanded by Gen. Jack»
son . The latterweredefeated .
June 8 . The Grand duke Constantine appointed governor ofPoland .
June 9 . The United States Senate decrees the abol ition of
slavery in al l the territories of the Uni’on .
June 16. Fight on James Island near Charleston,S . C . Fed
erals defeated .
June 17 . C01. Fitch destroyed a rebel battery at St. Charles,
Ark . 125 were ki l led by an explosion on one of the Federal gunboats.
June 18 . Union tr0 0ps occupied Cumberland Gap.
June 26. Gen. Pope assigned to the command of the army ofVirginia. Comm encem ent ofthe six days’ fight before Rich~mond. The rebels attacked McClel lan
’
s right wing at Me
chanicsvil le. Battle undecided .
June 27 . Bombardment ofVicksburg commenced . Gen. Fremont relieved of his command . Battle before Richmondrenewed ; the Federals were driven back loss heavy on bothsides. White House evacuated by the Union troops.
June 28 . Incessant fighting al l daybetween the right wing of
the Union army on the Chickahom iny,and the leftwing of
the rebels ; the enemy were repulsed. In the evening theUn ionists were ordered to fall back .
June 29 . Battle before Richmond renewed by an attack on
the Union forces at Peach Orchard the rebels were drivenback
,but late in the evening made another attack at Savage
’
s
Station. The fight continued until n ine at night. The
wounded fel l into the hands of the enemy .
June 30. Battle ofWhite'
Oak Swamp ; heavy loss on bothsides.
‘uly 1 . Battle ofMalvern Hill and last ofthe Richmondbat
Aug. 28 . Battle ofReggio . Garibal di defeats the Sardinians.
Aug. 29 . Battle of Gainsvil le or Groveton,Va. The battlewas Opened by Gen . Sigel ear ly in the morning. Gens. Reno
and Kearney arr ivedwith reinforcem ents. The fight continued until 6 P. M .when the enemy retired .
Battle ofAspromonte. Garibaldi taken prisoner .Aug. 30. Battle ofRichmond
,Ky . Union tr00ps under Gen .
Manson defeated with a loss ofabout 200 kil led,700wounded
and prisoners. Rebels defeated at Bol ivar,Tenn .
Aug. 30. Second Battle ofBul l Run . The Federal forces_
under Gen . Pope defeated .
Sept 1 . Fight at Britton’
s Lane,Tenn .
, rebels retired leav ingtheir dead on the field . Union loss 5 kil led
,78wounded
and 92 m issing.
Fight at Chanti l ly, Va. The Union troopswere commanded
by Gens. Hooker,Reno and Kearney . The rebels retired
leaving thei r dead andwounded on the field. Thiswas thelast fight in which Gen . Pope
’
s armywas engaged .
Sept . 2. Gen. McClel lan appointed to the command of the
tr00ps for the defense ofWash ington .
Sept. 5 . Confederates began crossing the Potomac into Maryland .
Sept . 7 . Gen . Banks assigned to the command ofthe fortifications in and around Wash ington . Gen : McClel lan took the
field—at the head ofthe army ofthe Potomac .
Sept . 12. Fight at Middletown, Md . Union loss 80 ki l led andwounded .
Sept . 14. Gen . McClel lan overtook the enemy at South Moun
tain,Md. A general engagement took place. The fightwas
severe and the loss heavy on both sides,the Unionists losing
443 ki l led and wounded . Gen . Renowas among the
kil led . The rebels retreated towards the Potomac .
Sept . 15. Harper’
s Ferry surrendered after -two days’ fightingto the enemywith al l the garrison, consisting of m
Sept . 17 Battle ofAntietam,Md. This battlewas fought on
Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg it began early in the
morning and continued unti l evening. Arm ies each numbering nearly m en . During the night the rebels retreated leaving prisoners, 39 stand of colors and 13
guns in the hands ofthe victors. The Union losswaskil led
,wounded and m issing. Rebel loss
Cumberland Gap evacuated by the Federals.
Sept . 18 . The rebels recrossed the Potomac into Virginia havingbeen in Maryland twoweeks. Evacuated Harper
’
s Ferry .
Sept . 19 . Gen . Rosecrans commenced an attack on the rebelforces at Iuka
,Miss. Rebels evacuated the placed uring the
night. The Union losswas 135 kil led and 527wounded.
Sept . 21 . Gen. McCook recaptured Munfordsvi l le,Ky .
Sept. 22. Proclamation of Gen. Forcy commander of the
French m ilitary expedition in Mexico, prom ising the Mexi'
cans entire freedom m the choice ofa newgovernment.President Lincoln’
8 Emancipation Proclamation issued .
Sept . 25. Habeas corpus suspended by the United States go rernment.
Sept . 27 Fight at Augusta, Ky . The Union garrison 120
strong surrendered after a gal lant defense.
Sept. 29 . Gen . Nelsonwas shot by Gen. Jeff. C . Davis at
Louisville,Ky.
Oct. 2. Marriage ofLouis I. king ofPortugal toPia. youngestdaughter ofVictor Emanuel I . king of Italy . H e had beenmarried by proxy at Turin Sept. 27 .
Oct. 4. Battle of Corinth,M iss.
‘The rebels were defeated
with heavy loss. The Union losswas 315 killed andwounded .
Oct. 6. The rebels attacked Gen. Palmer’s brigade at Lavergne,Tenn. but were defeated.
Oct. 8 . Battle of Perryvil le,Ky . The advance of Buel l’s
armywas attacked at Perryv il le,Ky . by a superior force of
the enemy under Gens. Jackson and Terrell . The rebelsretreated during the night . Union l osswas over ki l ledand wounded .
Oct . 10. The rebel cavalry under Gen. Stuart entered Chambersburg, Penn . and captured a quantity of smal l arms and
clothing.
Oct. 18 . The rebel Gen . Morgan occupied Lexington, Ky .
Oct. 19 . The rebel Gen . Forrest defeatednear Gal latin, Tenn .
Oct. 22. Rebel sal t works in Florida destroyed. Gen. Bluntdefeated the rebels at Maysvil le
,Ark .
,captur ing al l their
artil lery . Fight at Pocotal igo, S . C .
Oct. 22. An insurrection against Otho I . breaks out in the
western prov ince ofG reece, and extends to Athens.
Oct. 23 . A provisional governm ent form ed in Greece,and a
newm inistry appointedOct. 24. Manifesto ofOtho I . ofGreece
,declaring that to
prevent b loodshed hewi l l at once qu it his kingdom ,he em .
barks on board a British m an-of-war.
Oct. 28 . Gen. Herron defeated the rebels near Fayettev il le,
Ark .
Oct. 30. Gen . Rosecrans assumed command of the army ofthe Cumberland . Gen. Mitchel l died at Port Royal
,S . C .
Nov. 5 . Gen . McClel lan rel ieved of the command ofthe armyof the Potomac and Gen . Burnside succeeds him .
Nov. 11 . Gen . Ransom defeated the rebels under Woodward,near Garrettsburg, Ky .
Nov. 16 . President Lincoln enjoined 0 11 the United Statesforces the orderly observance of the Sgbbath .
Nov. 17 . A caval ry fight took place near K ingston, N . C .
Nov. 18 . An amnesty granted by the emperor ofAustria,to
pol itical offenders condemned by m i l itary tribunals in H un
ga-ry.
A . D.
1862 Nov. 22. All pol itical State prisoners released .
Nov. 28 . Battle of Cane Hil l,Ark . The Union army
,num ~
bering men,was commanded by Gen. B lunt. The
rebels were defeatedwith a heavy loss,and retreated to Van
Buren.
Dec . 1 . The provisional government ofG reece decrees theelection of a newking by universal suffrage.
Dec . 6. Gen. Banks’ expedition sai led forNewOrleans.
Dec. 7 . Battle of Prairie G rove,Ark . The Union armywas
commanded by Gens. B lunt and Herron . The rebels weredefeatedwith heavy loss and retreated during the night .
Dec . 11 . The c ity ofFredericksburg bombarded by the Uniontroops, under cover of which they crossed the Rappahannock .
Dec . 13 . Battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Rebelworkswereattacked by the Union tr00ps in three div isions, under Sum :
ner,Hooker and Frank l inwhowere repulsed. Federals lostki l led
,wounded
,and 100 prisoners.
Dec . 14. Gen . Banks superseded Gen . Butler atNewOrleans.
Dec . 16 . Gen. Burnside’s army removed to the north side of
the Rappahannock. Gen. Foster defeated the rebels at
White Hal l,N. 0 .
Dec . 17 . The Union troops occupied BatonRouge, La. Gen .
Foster defeated the rebels at Goldsboro,N . C . destroying the
rail road bridge.
Dec . 19 . The rebels recaptured Holly Springs, Miss ,taking
the garrison prisoners.
Dec . 23 . The rebels repulsed by Gen . Sigel at Dumfries, Va.
Dec . 27 Gen . Sherman attacked the advancedworks of the
enemy about 6 m iles from Vicksburg, at the same time the
gunboats attacked the rebel batteries on Haines’
Blufi'
.
Dec . 28 . Second attack on Vicksburg. The Federals drovethe rebels from the first and second l ines ofdefense and ad
vanced to within two and a halfm iles ofVicksburg. Gen .
Blunt entered Van Buren,Ark .
,capturing four steamboats
ladenwith provisions.
Dec . 29 . The rebels attacked Gen. Shermanwith thei rwholeforce
,and drove him back to the first l ine of defense.
Dec . 31. Battle of Murfreesboro,
or Stone River . The
Union army numbered men under Gen . Rosecrans.
Gen . McCook’
s divisionwas driven back four m iles and lost26 guns ; but reinforcem ents being sent from the left andcenter
,the enemywas in turn repulsed and the lost ground
regained. West Va. adm itted into the Union as a State.
Dec . G reat distress in the French manufacturing districtsthrough the cotton fam ine and the c ivi lwar in Am erica.
\861—1862. Stuart,McKinlay, and Landsborough cross Austral ia
from sea to sea.
Deaths in the United S tates in 1862. Cornel ius C . Felton,
scholar and critic, president ofHarvard University, aged 55
Feb. 3 . The national assembly ofGreece declares the throne:rightly vacant .and announces that Prince Alfred ofEnglandhas been elected king. H e is proclaim ed but is not perm itted by the Engl ish government to accept the crown.
Feb. 23 . The insurgent leader ofthe Pol ish insurrection LouisMieroslawski defeated and put to flight by the Russians.
Feb. 27 The rebel steamer Nashv il le while attempting to run
the blockade got aground near Fort McAl l ister andwas destroyed by the blockading fleet .
Porto Novo,Western Africa
,received under French protection.
March 7 . Gen. M inty attacked a rebel cavalry force at Unionville, Tenn ,
capturing their wagons, horses and tents,and
about 60 prisoners.
March 9 . A band of rebel cavalry passed through the Univnlines
,entered Fairfax
,Va. and captured Gen. S toughton and
a fewprivates.
March 10. Marriage ofthe Prince ofWales and the PrincessA lexandra ofDenmark in St . George
’s chapel , Windsor .
March 17 Two hundred cavalry under command of Gen.
Averil l crossed the Rappahannoek near Kel ly ’
s Ford wherebut a single horseman could cross at once
,and in the face of
a m ost te1 r1ble fire from sharpshooters charged the rebels in
their intrenchments,kil l ing or capturing nearly the who le
force. They then encountered Stuart’s caval ry,and after a
desperate hand to hand encounter of five hours routed themwith great slaughter, capturing 80 prisoners.
March 20. John Morganwith 4,000 m enwas total ly defeatednear Mi l ton
,Tenn . by Col . Hal lwith mounted men.
The negro brigade took Jacksonv il le, Fla. Major GeneralBurnside appointed to command the department ofthe Oh-0 .
March 22. Rebels under C larke captured Mt. Sterl ing, Ky.
March 24. The Pol ish insurgent leaders address an appeal toEurope for help.
April 6. Gen . Mitchel l with 300 cavalry dashed into a rebelcamp near Nashvil le on a sabre charge, capturing 5, kil ling15 and capturing al l their tents
,arms
,horses and equip
ments.
April 7 . Attack on Charleston . The Federal fleetwas com
posed of nine iron-clad vessels under the command ofCom .
Dupont . The fight began in the afternoon ofApril 7th and
lasted about two hours. The Keokukwas so badly damagedthat she sunk in a fewhours. Several other vessels weretemporarily disab led . The fleetwas thenwithdrawn.
Apri l 10. Gen . Van Dorn’
s forces attacked Gen . Granger atFrank l in
,Tenn . and were driven backwith loss.
April 17 . Gen . Banks’ command left Baton Rouge, foughtthree battles
,two on land and one on Grand Lake
,capturing
2.000 prisoners. Our losswas 700 Six vessels ofPorter’sfleet ran by the rebel batteries at Vicksburg.
April 18 . Fayettevil le,Ark . attacked by 3 000 rebels with
four pieces ofartillery ; Union forces n ambered but
The rebelswere repulsed . Our losswas 5 kil led and 17wounded .
April 22. The ram Queen ofthe Westwas“ captured in GrandLakewith Capt . Ful ler and al l her officers and crew
,num
bering 90.
Apri l 30. Colonel Mul l igan repulsed by the rebels at,
Fai rmont , Western Va.
,and the B . O . R . R . bridges blown up
at Fairmont and Cheat r iver.May 1 . Gen . Carter with m en attacked the rebel forcesat Monticel lo
,under Pegram ,
driving them from the fiel d.
Battle ofPort G ibson . G en . G rant defeated Gen . Bowen witha loss of m en and 5 pieces ofartil lery .
May2. On the morning of the 17th ofApril , 1863 , the 6thand 7th Ill inois caval ry , 900 strong, under command ofCol .
Grierson,of the 6th I l l inois
,set out from Lagrange, Tenn ,
marched through the center ofMiss. destroying as theywentrail roads bridges and stores of al l kinds belonging to the
rebels,in immense quantities. They reached Baton Rouge,
La. on the evening of the 2d ofMay. They had travelednearly 800 m iles in 16 days. At several points the enemymade great attempts to capture them but failed. Theybrought into Baton Rouge over horses and a largenumber of cattle 500 negroes followed them .
May 3 . Battle of Fredericksburg. The second attempt tocapture the rebel fortifications at Fredericksburg, Va.wasmade by the army of the Potomac under Gen. Hooker andfai led. Severe skirm ishing took place on Friday and SaturdayMay 1st and 2d, but the main battlewas fought on SundayMay3d, resul ting in the defeat ofthe Federal troops. In
the m eantime Gen. Sedgwick had crossed the Rappahannockand occupied Fredericksburg. H e
‘toowasdefeated and com
pel led to retire to the northern bank of the river . Hooker’sarmy recrossed the r iver on the night ofMay 5th. The loss
on each sidewas about kil ledwounded and prisoners.
Stonewal l ” Jackson m ortal lywounded.
While the fightwas going on near Fredericksburg, Gen. Stonemanwith a large caval ry force crossed the Rapidan east ofOrange Court House, and made a bold and partial ly successful raid into the enemy ’
s country .
May 8 . Col . Streight’
s command of men captured byForrest’s caval ry two m i lesfrom Cedar Blufl'
, Ga. after severefighting. The rebel general Van Dorn kil led by Dr . Petersin Manny county
,Tenn .
May 9 . Col . Jacobs routed a guerri l la force near Horse ShoeBend on the Cumberland river .
May 10. The rebel general Stonewal l (Thos. J Jackson diedat Richmond
,Va. ofwounds and pneumonia.
May 12. Gen . McPherson attacked Raymond,Miss. and took
the town after a hard fight.
Assassination ofBadama II . king ofMadagascar and accessionofhiswidowas queen Radobo .
May 13 . Grant defeated Joseph S . Johnston and capturedJackson
,Miss. with 7 cannon and large quantities ofm i l itary
stores,besides 400 prisoners. The state capitolwas destroyed
b fire.
Mayy 15 . Battle ofBaker’s Creek,Miss. The rebel army nu
der Gen . Pemberton and the Union forces under Gen. G rant .About menwere engaged upon each side. The reb
els m etwith a disastrous defeat l osing in ki l led and
wounded, m en prisoners and 29 pieces ofarti l lery .
May Battle ofBig B lack River . Grant again attackedPemberton and defeated him with a total loss of m en
and 17 cannon .
May 18 . Surrender of Pueb la,Mexico
,to the French after a
siege oftwo m onths.
Investment ofVicksburg by the Federals under Gen. Grantand Adm iral Porter .
May 25. Rebel navy yard destroyed at Yazoo City .
May 27 Gen . Banks comm ences the siege ofthe forts at PortHudson
,Mississippi .
May 31 . President Juarez transfers his government from Mex
ico to San Louis de Potosi .June 1 . Gen . Hunter removed from the command of the de
partment ofthe South . Gen . G i lmore succeeds him .
June 6 . Denmark declares that prince Wil l iam wil l accept thecrown of Greece provided that the Ionian Islands are unitedto G reece
June 11 . Forrestwith caval ry and two batteries ofartil lery attacked the Union caval ry at Triune
,Tenn .
,under
command of Col . R . B . Mitchel l . The rebels were defeated .
June 14. Gen . Ewel l defeated Gen . Mi lroy at Winchester,
Va. with a loss of m en,and drove h im to Harper
’
s
FerrJune 1
57 . The ram Atlanta captured off the coast
_
of S . C.
,
after a brief fight by the Weehawken,commanded byC apt .
John Rodgers. A div ision of our caval ry under Col . Kil
patrick , encountered Gen . Fitzhugh Lee’
s caval ry brigadenear Aldie, Va. and a desperate hand to hand encounter fo llowed
,ending in a hasty retreat on the part of the rebel
forces. 100 prisonerswere captured .
June 21 . Gen. McClernand removed by Grant, and Gen. Ordsucceeds h im .
June 23 . Battle ofBig Black River, Miss. Rebels underJohnston attacked Osterhaus’ division andwere defeated withgreat slaughter .
June 24. The Japanese ports c losed against foreign traders.
June 25. Another fight at Liberty Gap between a rebel division under C laiborne
,and Wi l l ich
,Wi lder and Carter’s brig
ades. The rebels fled in disorder .
July 22. C01. Wilder ofRosecrans’ advance shel led Chattamooga. Brashear C ity
,La. recaptured by the Union gun
boat Sachem .
July 23 . A gallant fight occured near Manassas Gap in which800 men ofGen Spinola
’
s brigade utterly routed twice theirnumber ofGeorgia and North Carol ina trJops with 17 can
non .
Kentucky again invaded . K it Carson,with a part ofthe First
NewMexico regiment defeated the Navajoe Indians in a se
vere fight beyond Fort Canby .
July 31 . The Union forces 1n Kentucky under Col . Saundersthoroughlyrouted the rebel tr00ps under Scott and Pegram .
Martial lawi n Kentucky .
Aug. 2. A severe though indecisive cavalry fight occurred at
Culpepper,Va. between Buford and Stuart in which 100 prisoners were captured by the Union troops.
Aug. 4. Wil l iam I . of Prussia decl ines to attend the congressofGerman sovereigns at Frankfort .
Aug. 7 President Lincoln rejects the demand for the sup
pressron ofthe conscription in the state ofNewYork .
Aug. 17 Lieut . Col . Phi l lips of the 9th I l l inois Mounted Infantry attacked the rebel forces at Grenada
,Miss. consisting
of m en under command of Gen. S l immer and drovethem from the place. H e then destroyed al l the ordnanceand comm issary stores
,burnt the depot and machine shop,
tore up the rail road track and destroyed 57 locomotives andmore than 400 cars.
Aug. 20. The townofLawrence,Kansas
,was surprised in the
m iddle ofthe night by 300 guerril las under the leadership of
Quantrel l . The townwas set 0 11 fire and 182 bu il dingsburned to the g round and worth ofproperty destroyed . 191 persons were kil led , many ofwhom were helpl ess women and ch i ldren ; 58 1werewounded, many of themm ortal ly . About 80 ofthe m urdererswere ki l led .
Aug. 22. Gen . B luntwith men attacked Gen . Cooperwith rebel tr00ps i n the Indian Territory and com
pel led him to retreat to Red River .Aug. 29 . The rebel army in Arkansas under Gen. Price se
verely pushed by the Union forces under Gen. Steele.
Sept . 1 . Gen . B lunt defeated the rebel forces in Arkansasunder Couper and Cobel l and captured Fort Sm ith . The
rebels evacuate Little Rock .
Sept . 4. Burnside occupied Knoxv il le,Tenn. andwas hailedwith del ight by the inhabitants.
Sept . 9 . Go
es Crittenden’
s division ofRosecrans’ army enteredChattanooga.
Sept . 10. Gen . Burnside captured Cumberland Gap with 2,000
prisoners and 14 pieces of artil lery under command ofMaj.Gen. Frazer . Gwen Steele took possession of Little Rock,Ark .
1864
Sept. 15 . President Lincoln suspends the Habeas Corpus Act.
Sept. 19 . Chickamauga. The battlewas comm enced by Gen.
Bragg in the m orningand continued al l day. At n ight both
arm ies occupied near y the sam e position that they did in themorning. On the next day the battlewas renewed by therebels and lasted until dark . The Union armywas defeatedand driven back to Chattanooga. The Federal losswas about
kil led,wounded and prisoners.
Oct. 8 . Richard W hateley, archbishop ofDubl in and distin—guished theological writer died aged 76 years.
Oct. 9 . Wheeler’
s rebel caval ry defeated with considerable lossat Farm ington, Tenn . and again near Shelbyvil le.
Oct. 20. The departments of the Cumberland and Mississippiwere consol idated and placed under the command ofGen.
Grant . Gen. Rosecrans removed and Gen. Thomas ap
pointed in his place.
Nov. 4. Napoleon III. invites the sovereigns of Europe to a
general congress.
Nov. 5 . Brownsvil le,Texas captured .
Nov. 12. Gen . Comonfort,-President ofMexico surprised and
shot by a band of“
Mexicans at Chamacuero,Mexico.
Nov. 15. Death of Frederick VII. ofDenmark and accessionofChristian IX .
Ncv. 18 . The king ofDenmark signs a newconstitution forDenmark and Schleswig.
Nov. 25. The rebel army under Braggwas badlywhippednear Chattanooga losing about prisoners and 52 guns.
The Union,
losswas between and in killed andwounded .
The invitation to the general congress at Paris declined byEngland .
Ncv. 29 . An unsuccessful attempt of the rebels to carryKnoxvil le by storm .
Nov. The first Fenian convention assembles at Chicago. Aocording to tradition the Fenians or Finianswere a nationalm i litia established in Ireland by Fin or Fionn the son of
Cumbal .Dec . 4. Gen. Longstreet commenced the siege ofKnoxvil le
,
Nov. 17th . On the 29th therewas a severe fight, in whichhewas defeated. This
,with the defeat ofBragg at Chatta
nooga, compel led Longstreet to raise the siege.
Dec . 23 . The Saxon and Hanoverian troops enter Holstein.
Dec . 24. Successful advance ofthe al l ied French and MexicanImperial ist forces in Mexico ; Juarez retires from San Louisde-Potosi Dec . 18 ; it is entered by the al l ies.
Dec . Death ofWil l iam M . Thackeray .
Jan . 7 . Garibaldi resigns h is seat in the Italian Chamber ofDeputies.
‘
Jan . 8 . Birth ofAlbert Victor Prince ofWales.
Jan. 28 . Terrible calam ity at Santiago ; two thousand persona
burnt to death owing to the church ofLa Compan ia takingfire during the celebration of the Immaculate Conception.
Feb. 1 . President Lincoln orders a draft for m en .
Feb. 9 . A large number ofprisoners, including Col . Streight,escaped from Libby Prison ,
Richm ond .
Feb. 10. Denmark declares Schleswig-Holstein in a state of
b lockade.
Feb. 15 . Gen W . T . Sherman with his command arrived at
Meridian,MISS. on h is great raid into the heart of the ene
my’
s country. Returned to,Vicksburg with immense booty .
Feb. 20 . The advance into Florida of the Union forces aboutstrong under Gen . Seymour
,was repulsed near O lustee
with‘a loss of Rebel loss about the sam e.
Feb. 22. A heavy reconnoitering force sent out from Chattamooga by Gen . G rant
,met and defeated the enemy at Tunnel
Hil l .Feb. K ilpatrick and Dahlgren
’
s raid on Richmond .
March 8 . Gen . G rantwas formal ly presented bythe Presidentwith his comm ission as Lieutenant General and on the 12thwas assigned to the command of the arm ies of the UnitedStates.
March 15 . The Union forces under Gen. A . J . Sm ith captured Fort De Russey
,La.
,on Red river
,with 325 prisoners
and an immense amount ofammunition and stores.
March 25. About rebels under Forrest captured Paducah
,Ky . and fired the place .
Garibaldi visits England .
Apri l 8 . The advance of Gen . Banks’ expedition up Redriver
,under the direction of G en . Stonewas repulsed near
Shreveport, La. ; but on the fol lowing day our men defeatedthe enemy . Our losswas about and the enemy’s thesam e.
Apri l 10.
i
The Archduke Ferdinand Maxim i l ian of Austriaconsents to accept the imperial dignity under the title of
Maxim il ian I . Emperor ofMexico.
April 12. Gen . Forrest captured Fort Pil low, and imm ediatelyafter comm enced an indiscrim inate massacre of our woundedsoldiers
,both colored andwh ite
,not excepting women and
childrenwho had taken refuge in the fort.Apri l 23 . The governors ofOhio
,Il l inois
,Iowa
,Wisconsin
and Indiana offer to raise for the general governmentmen for one hundred days.
Apri l 26. Government accepted service of one hundred daym en
,and appropriated for thei r paym ent .
May 1 . Death ofJacobMeyerbeer,German musical composer .
May 5 . Draft ordered in Massachusetts,NewJersey
,Ohio
,
Minnesota,Kentucky and Mary land .
Gen . Butler lands on the south side of the James.
May 6 . Gen . G rant crossed the Rapidan, and Lee fel l backtowards Richmond . Battle of the Wilderness.
July 15 . Edward John Eyre appointed governor ofthe islandofJamaica.
July 17T The rebel armywas driven within the fortificationsat Atlanta.
July 20. The enemy assaul ted, Gen. Sherman’
s l ines 3 times
but were repulsed each time with severe loss. Gen . Averil ldefeated the enemy near Winchester
,Va.
July 22. A great battlewas fought before Atlanta resultingin the complete defeat ofthe Confederates.
July 30. A m ine containing 6 tons of powder under a rebelfort at Petersburg exploded destroying the fort and garrison.
Chambersburg, Penn. burned.
Aug. 5: Corn . Farragut’
s fleet passed FortsMorgan and Gaines.
The rebel ram Tennesseewas captured and several other vessels destroyed. Shortly after Fort Gaines surrendered and
Fort Powel lwas evacuated.
Romuald Traugott the head of the Pol ish prov isional government and five other insurgent leaders hanged at Warsaw.
Aug. 7 . Gen Averil l defeated the enemy at Morefield,Va.
Aug. 15 . The rebel general Wheeler repulsed at Dalton, Ga.
Aug. 18 . The Weldon rail road sei zed by Gen. Grant .Aug. 23 . Fort Morgan surrendered .
Aug. 25 . Gen . Hancockwho,
held the Weldon rai lroad southofReams’ stationwas attacked several times,but repulsed theenemy each time.
Sept . 1. Gen . Sherman defeated the enemy at Jonesboro, Ga.
Sept. 2. The Federal troops took possession ofAtlanta.
Sept . 7 . The rebel general John Morganwas killed near
G reenvil le,Tenn.
Sept . 7 . A force of rebels defeated at Readyv i l le,Tenn.
Sept. 15 . John H annin Speke, Engl ish traveler in Africa andexplorer ofthe sources ofthe Ni le died aged 37 years.
Sept . 17 . Wal ter Savage Landor, English poet and m iscel la
neous writer d ied aged 89 years.
Sept. 19 . Gen . She1 idan gained a complete victory over theenemy in the Shenandoah val ley .
Sept . 22 . Battle at Fisher ’s Hi l l ; the rebel army defeated .
Sept . 28 . Gem. Grant advanced his l ines on the north side of
the James river to within 7 m iles ofRichmond. The rebelsunder Gen. Price invade Missouri .
Oct. 5 .
'
The rebels attacked Al latoona, Ga. but were repulsed
with severe loss.
Oct. 7 . The pirate vessel F lorida captured by theU S . steamer Wachusett .
Oct. 8 . The rebels in Shenandoah val ley are again defeated bySheridan .
Oct. 19 . Gen. Sheridan gained hisfourth victory over the reb
els under Ear ly at Cedar Creek,Va.
Oct. 23. The rebel general Price defeated at BlueRiver,MO.
Oct. 27 Engagement at Hatcher’
s Run.
1865
Oct. 28. Gen. Blunt defeated the rebels under Price atNeosho,
Mo.
Oct. 29 . John Leach,the artist of Punch died aged 47
years.
Oct. 30. Gen . Hood made three attacks on Decatur,Ala. butwas repulsed each time.
Oct. 31 . Union tr00ps recapture Plymouth, N . C .
Nov.
_
3 . The rebel ram Al bemarle destroyed by Lieut. Cushmg.
Nov. 8 . The Presidential election took place. Lincol n and
Johnson received 212,McClel lan and Pend leton 21 electoral
votes.
McClel lan resigns his command in the army .
Nov. 16 . Gen. Sherman left Atlanta and began his great marchto the Atlantic .
Nov. 30. Gen. Hood attacked the Union tr00ps under Gen.
Schofield at Frankl in,Tenn . butwas repulsedwith great loss.
Dec . 13 . Fort McAl l ister captured by Gen . Sherman’
s army .
Dec . 16. Gen. Thomas defeated the enemy at Nashvil le,Tenn.
with heavy loss,capturing a large number of guns and pris
oners.
Dec . 20. The rebels under Gen. Breckenridge defeated insouthwestern Virginia and the sal t works destroyed.
Dec . 21. Gen. Sherman entered the city ofSavannah captur
ing 150 cannon,
bales of cotton and a large amountofmunitions ofwar.
Dec . 24. First bombardment ofFort Fisher .Dec . 29 . Hood’s army crossed the Tennessee river
,thus end
ing the Tennessee campaign.
Jan. 1 . President Juarez issues a proclamation call ing uponthe people ofMexico to resist foreign invasion .
Jan. 3 . Massachusetts ratified the constitutional amendment.
Jan. 8 . Gen . Butler rem oved from the command of the armyofthe James and succeeded by Gen . Ord.
Jan . 11 . Bever ly,Va.was attacked by a rebel force under
Gen. Rosser. The town and a large portion of the force defendingit were captured .
Jan. 15. Edward Everett, American statesman and distin
guished orator died aged 71 years.
Jan. 16 . Fort Fisher near Wilm ington, N . C . captured withal l its equipm ents.
Jan. 20. Rebels evacuate Corinth .
Jan . 27 Rebel incendiaries set fire to the city ofSavannah .
Feb. 1 . Il l inois ratified the constitutional am endm ent .Feb. 2. Maryland
,Mich igan,
NewYork and Rhode Islandratified the constitutional am endment.
Feb. 4. Il l inois black laws repealedFeb. 7 . Maine ratified the constitut1onal amendment .Feb. 12. Gen Sherman occupied Branchv il le, S . C. ,
Feb. 13 . Indiana ratified the constitutional amendment.18
Feb. 15. Death ofCardinal Wiseman aged 63 years.
Feb. 17 Louisiana ratified the constitutional amendment.Gen . Sherman’
s v ictorious columns entered Columbia,S . C . and
burned the c ity .
Feb. 18 . Charleston,S . C . evacuated and taken possession of
by Gen . G ilmore . Six thousand bales of 00 tton destroyed .
Ammunition stored in the rai lroad depot exploded, and manyliveswere lost . Gen. G ilm ore hoisted the o ld flag over FortSum ter .
Feb. 19 . Fort Anderson,N . C . taken .
Feb. 21 . Wisconsin ratified the constitutional am endment .Fort Armstrong, N . C . taken.
Feb. 22. Wilm ington captured by Gen . Schofiel d .
Feb. 13 . .Raleigh ,N . C . captured. Gov. Vance captured .
March 2 . Gen . Sheridan fought and captured the rebel Gen.
Earlywith m en between Staunton and Charlottesvil le .
March 4. Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln and AndrewJohnson as President and Vice-President of the UnitedStates.
March 10. Gen . Bragg attacked Gen. Cox near K ingston, NC .
,hutwas defeated . Gen. Sherman occupied Fayettevi l le
March 13 . Gen . Schofiel d occupied K ingston .
March 16 . Rebel Gen. Hardee defeated at Averysboro, N . C .
March 17 . Rebel Congress adjourned,“sine die.
”
March 19 . Rebel Gen . Johnson defeated at Bentonvi l le,N . C .
March 21 . Goldsboro,N . C.
'
occupied.
March 25 . Rebels attack Gen . G rant and get severely defeated.
April 1 . Victory of Five Forks,Va.
April 2 . Lee’
s l ines at Petersburg carried .
Death of Richard Cobden,Engl ish pol itic ian and econom ist .
April 3 . Richmond taken.
April 9 . Gen . Lee surrenderedwith h is whole army .
April 14. President Lincoln shot by J .Wi lkes Booth in Ford’
s
Theatre,Washington Mr. Seward and his son wounded .
April 15 . Death of President Lincoln Vice-President Johnson sworn in as President of the United States.
Mr. Stanton’
s letter to Charles FrancisAdams,Minister to Eng
land . Washington, April 15th . Sir,It has become my
distressingduty toannounce toyou that last night hisEx cel lency Abraham Lincol nwas assassinated about the hour of half
past ten o’
clock , in his private box at.Ford’
s Theatre,in this
c ity . The President about eight o’
clock accompanied Mrs.
Lincoln to the theatre. Another lady and gentleman werewith them in the box . About half-past ten,
during a pause
in the performance, the assassin entered the box,the door of
whichwas unguarded, hastily approached the President frombehind
,and discharged a pistol at his head . The bul let
entered the back ofhis head and penetrated nearly through .
The assassin then leaped from the box upon the stage, brand
1866
Oct. 24. Capture and execution of Paul Bogle, the Jamaicanegro and leader ofthe late insurrection in the island.
Nov. 1. John Lindley,Engl ish botanist died aged 66 years.
Nov. 2 . National Thanksgiving.
Nov. 9 . Rebel privateer Shenandoah surrenders at Liverpool,having destroyed about 30 vessels crewreleased.
Nov. 10. Execution ofWirz the rebel prison keeper for cru
elty to U . S . prisoners.
Nov. 12 Mrs. El izabeth C. Gaskell, English novelist diedaged 55 years.
Nov. 24.
- Arrest and imprisonment of Jam es Stephens“head
centre” of the Irish Fenians,in Richmond Bridewel l
,Dub
l in Nov. 11 he escapes.
Dec . 4. President Johnson delivers his message to Congress.
Dec . 6 . The union ofHungary and Transylvania aflirm ed bythe Transylvania Diet.
Dec . 9 . Death ofLeopold I . king ofthe Belgians.
Dec . 11 Sir Henry Storks appointed temporary governor ofJamalca.
Dec . 18 . Sir Henry Storks leaves England as special comm issioner to exam ine into the c ircumstances attending the re
vol t ofJamaica.
Jan . 4.
.
Mi l itary insurrection in Spain, headed by Gen. Primmartial lawin Madrid.
Feb. 14. A general amnesty issued by Austria to those con
demned in the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom ,Jan . 1 ex
tended to the Tyrol .Feb. 17 . Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act in Ireland .
Feb. 23 . W ar declared between Spain and Peru,owing -to the
former having seized the Chincha Islands off the coast of
Peru .
March 24. Death ofMarie Amel ie,ex -queen of the French
at Claremont .March 25. Capture ofChihuahua
,Mexico
,by the Juar1sts
April 2. President Johnson issues a proclamation declaringthat the insurrection which heretofore existed in the States
ofGeorgia, South Carol ina,N0 1 th Carol ina, Virginia, Tennessee
,A labama
,Louisiana
,Arkansas
,M ississippi and Flor
ida IS at an end and henceforth to be so regarded.
”
April 16 . Unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Alexander II .ofRussia by Karakasow.
May 7 . Count Bismarck’s l ife attempted by B lind.
May 12. Prussia concludes a conditional treaty ofalliancewith Italy .
May 29 . Death ofGen . Winfield Scott,aged 80 years.
June 2 . Fort Erie,in Canada
,occupied by a party of Feni
ans under Col . O’Neil May 3 1 they are defeated and O’Neilkil led.
June 6 . Inflammatory addresses issued to the Hungarians byKossuth.
June 7 . President Johnson issues a proclamation against theFenian movem ent in the United States.
June 11 Napoleon III . expresses h is desire to avoid partic i
pation in a continentalwar and states his opinion that Austria for an equitable compensation should cede Venetia to
ItalJuneI2. The Prussians enter Holstein June 7 and Al tonaJune 12. the Austrian ambassador leaves Berl in.
June 12 Marriage ofPrincessMary ofCambridge with PrinceFranms Lewis Paul Alexander von Teck.
June 15 . An ul timatum forwarded by Prussia to the governm ents ofSaxony , H anover
,Hesse Cassel and Nassau rejected
by al l ;war declared against Saxony .
June 16 . Austria declares her intention to support Saxonyagainst Prussia.
June 17 ThePrussians enter Hanover and occupy Dresdenwar formal ly declared by Prussia against Austria.
June 20. Italy declareswar against Austria.
June 23 . Matamoras,Mexico surrendered to the Juarists by
the Imperial ists.
June 24. Repulse of the Prussians in Galicia.
June 27 . Defeat of the Austrians at Nachod ; defeat of the
Prussians again in Galicia defeat of the Hanoverians atLangensal za.
July 3 . Battle of Sadowa or K6nigsgratz ;'
Prussians victori
ous.
Battle ofMontesuel lo, Italy ; Garibal di defeated .
July 5 . Marriage ofPrincess Helena ofGreat Britain withPrince Christian Charles Augustus of Schleswig-HolsteinSonderburg-Augustenburg.
July 16 . Sir J . P . G rant appointed governor of Jamac ia,
“vice J ohn Edward Eyre.
July 26. A prelim inary treaty ofpeace signed at Nikolsburgbetween Austria and Prussia battle ofWurzburg.
July 13—27 . The Atlantic telegraph successful ly laid betweenGreat Britain and Am erica.
July 28 . Congress adjourns.
The queen Dowager of the Sandwich Islands,Emma
,returns
to her kingdom after a year’s visit to England .
Aug. 9 . Revolt in Candia breaks out against Turkish dom ini on.
Aug. 23 . Peace between Prussia and Austria signed at
Prague.
Sept . 8 . Recovery and completion of the Atlantic cable of
1865
Sept. 24. Great reform demonstration at Manchester .Sept . Diplomatic relations between Prussia and Austria re
sumed .
Arrival of the Empress ofMexico in Europe.
Oct -3 . The treaty ofpeace between Austria and Italy signed
at Vienna ; Austria consents to the union ofVenetia to Italyand cedes the Quadri lateral .
Oct. 21. Peace between Prussia and Saxony signed at Berl in.
Ncv. 5 . The king of Italy declares that the provinces ofVe
netia henceforth form an integral part of the kingdom of
Italy .
Nov. 19 . All the Diets ofthe Austrian empire meet, with theexception ofHungary .
Opening of the Hungarian Diet at Pesth .
Dec . 8 . Pope Pius. IX . addresses an invitation to Roman Cathol ic bishops to assemb le at Rome in June, 1867 , to celebratethe 18th century of the martyrdom of the apostles Peterand Paul
,and the canoni zation of several of the faithful .
Dec . 2- 11 . Departure of the French garrison from Rom e .
Dec . 13 . Suffrage given to colored men in the District ofColumbia
,by act of Congress.
Jan . 24. Sch leswig-Holstein formal ly incorporated with the
Prussian monarchy .
Feb. 5 . Parliament opened by queen Victoria.
Feb. 8 . The treaty between the states of the newNorth German Confederation signed at Berl in .
Feb. 10. Baron Beust succeeds count Bel credi as Prime Minister for Austria.
Feb. 14. The French Chambers opened by the emperor .Feb. 16. Announcement of the reconstruction of the Ital ianm inistry .
Feb. 18 . Imperial rescript read in the Hungarian Diet announcing the restoration ofthe Hungarian constitution .
Feb. 20. The Princess ofWales gives birth to a son.
Feb. 26. The British North American Confederation B ill
passed by the House ofLords.
Feb. Nebraska adm itted into the Union as a state.
March 2.
“Tenure ofOffice bi l l passed .
M i l itary government for the South .
March 6. Great earthquake at Mitylene ; half the town destroyed .
March 16 . The evacuation ofMexico by the French expeditionaryforce completed .
March 22. TheNewItal ian Parl iament opened by the king.
March 30. The sale of Russian America to the United Statesannounced inNewYork .
Despatch addressed by lord Stanley to the Spanish governmentdemanding compensation and an apology for the seizure ofthe“Queen Victoria.
”
Apri l 1 . The Paris International Exhibition opened by theemperor .
Apri l 8 . Special comm ission for the trial of Fenian prisonersopened at Dub l in .
April 10. Treaty for the purchase of Russian America ap
proved by the senate.
1867 July 15. Berezowski sentenced to transportation for l ife forattempting to assassinate the Czar ofRussia.
Juarez makes a triumphal entry into the city ofMexico.
July 19 . Supplementary Reconstruction B il l passed by Congress, over the President
’
s vetoJuly 20. Congress adjourned nut-11November .July 23 . The Sul tan leaves London for the continent.Aug. 5 . Demonstration in Hyde Park against
'
the Parks Billand the Lords’ am endment to the Reform B il l .
Aug. 19 . The Ital ian Chambers prorogued .
Aug. Parliament prorogued ,byRoyal Comm ission ; reso
lutien to despatch an expedition to Abyssinia announced inthe queen’
s speech .
Aug. 25. Michael Faraday, professor of chem istry died.
Sept . 13 . The first session of the North German Parl iamentopened by the king of Prussia.
Sept. 16. Pioneer force of the Abyssinian expedition underthe command of Col . Merewether
,despatched from Bombay .
Sept. 21 . Great battle in Affghanistan ; the tr00ps of ShereAli Khan defeated and their General
,Fyz Mohammed Khan
killed .
Sept. 23 . Garibaldi arrested at Sinalunga by the Italian Government.
Sept. 23 . The Prussian Chambers dissolved by royal decree.
Oct. 4. Col . Merewether’s exploring force lands at Zul la,in
Abyssinia.
Oct. 5 . Bagnorre recaptured by the Papal Zouaves.
Oct. 8 . Russian Am erica formally transferred to the UnitedS tates atNewArchangel .
Oct. 13 . Engagem ent between the Papal tr0 0ps and the Gar ibal dians at Monte Libretto
Oct. 14. The Papal Zouaves repulsed in an attack on the Garibal dians at Nerola.
Oct. 19 . Garibal di escapes from Caprera at night.Oct. 21. The advance brigade of the Abyssinian expedition,
under Col . Field, lands at Zul la.
Oct. 22. Unsuccessful insurrectionary outbreak in Rome.
Oct. 22. Garibaldi,after two days’ stay in Florence leaves for
the Roman frontier .Oct. 26. A French squadron of iron-clads leaves Toulon forCivita Vecchia with tr00ps.
Oct. 26. Monte Rotondo captured by Garibaldi .Oct. 27 . Proclamation issued by the king of Italy cal l ing up
on the Garibaldians to desist from their invasion ofthe papalstates.
Oct. 29 . The French troops disembark at Civita Vecchia.
Fearful hurricane in the West Indies, sixty vesselswrecked
and 500 l ives lost at St. Thomas.
Oct 30. French troops enter Rome.
Ital ian tr00ps cross the Roman frontier.
A. D1867 Ncv. 1. Five ofthe Fenian prisonersatManchester sentenced
to death .
Destructive cyclone at Cal cutta and throughout Bengal ; up:
wards of l ives lost.Nov. 3 . Garibaldi attacked and
"
defeated by the French and
papal troops at Mentana.
Nov. 3 . The Paris Exhibition closes.
Nov. 4. Garibaldi arrested on hisway to Leghorn to embarkfor Caprera.
Nov. 5 . The Italian troopswithdrawn from the papal territory.
Death ofMarshal O’
Donnel l at Biarritz.
Nov. 7 . The first session of the Canadian United Parliament
opened by lord Monck .
Nov. 12. Adm iral Tegethoffleaves Mexico with the late Em
peror Maxim il ian’
s body .
Nov. 15. The newPrussian parl iament opened .
Nov. 18 . The French Chambers opened by the Emperor .St. Thomas and the neighboring islands visited by severe shocks
of earthquake and vol canic eruptioNov. 19 . British Parliament Opened by Royal Comm ission.
Nov. 23 . Al len,Larkin and Gould executed at Manchester
for the murder ofSergeant Brett.Nov. 26. Garibaldi released and sent to Caprera.
Dec . 3 . The French flag formal ly lowered at Rome .
The President’s m essage sent to Congress.
Dec . 5 . Amnesty issued by the king of Italy to al l engagedin the invasion of the Papal States.
Dec . 6 . The advance brigade of the Abyssinian expeditionreaches Senafe.
Dec . 12. Proclamation issued by the Irish government forbidding further contemplated funeral processions.
Dec . 13 . Thewal l of the C lerkenwel l House ofDetentionblown down by Fenians
,causing the death of six persons
and seriously injuring m ore than forty .
Dec 17 . Terribie explosion of nitro-
glycerine at Newcastle,
England, causing seven deaths.
Dec. Mr. John Martin and other leaders of the Dubl infuneral procession comm itted for trial for m isdemeanor .
Dec. 21 . Sir Robert Napier sails from Bombay for Abyssina.
Dec . 22. The resignation of the Ital ian m inistry announcedby Gen . Menabrea in the Chambers. Gen. Menabrea com
m issioned to form a newcabinet .Dec . 31 . Appointment of the newAustr ian m inistry for the
countries represented in the Reichsrath .
1868 Jan . 1 . Gen . A . D . McCook succeeds Gen . McKenz ie in the
sub-district of the Rio Grande.
The Austrian government forbade recruiting for the Papalarmy in the Empire.
Japan. The Ports ofHioge and Osaka definitely opened toforeign commerce
Mexico . Serious revolution in Yucatan .
Jan. 2. Gov. F landers of Louisiana resigned and JoshuaBakerwas appointed his successor by Gen. Hancock .
Jan . 4. The Captain-General of Cuba placed the island underm ilitary governm ent .
Jan . 5 . United States Mil itary Asylum at Augusta, Maine,
destroyed by fire.
A larm ing eruption ofMt. Vesuv ius.
Jan. 6 . Congress met. The President censured in the Housefor removing Gen. Sheridan . Gen . Meade assumed commandof.the third Mil itary District
,consisting ofAlabama
,Georgia
andFlorida.
Jan. 6—8 . Peru . Insurrection at Lima. The whole countryunder control of the revolutionists
,under Canseco .
Jan . 10. Secretary Seward announced to the House that 21States had ratified the 14th article of the am endment to the
Constitution .
Jan. 11 . The Chinese Government appointed Anson Burl in
game, form erly U . S . Minister in Pekin,its special envoy to
al l the treaty powers, at a salary of
Japan . Adm iral Bell,Flag-Lieut . Reed
,and ten seamen of
the Flagship Hartford drowned while crossing the Osakaar.
Jan . 13 . The U . S . House ofRepresentatives passed a bil ldeclaring that five m embers shal l constitute a quorum of the
Supreme Court, and that a concurrence of two-thirds ofal lthe m embers shal l be necessary to a decision adverse to the
val idity of any lawpassed by Congress.
Ecuador . Dr . Xavie r Espinosa elected President of the Re
pub l ic.
Jan . 14. The Virginia Constitutional Convention declared thatVirginia shal l forever remain in the Union
,and that slavery
is forever abol ished in the State.
Jan . 15. Gen. Pope assigned to the command of the Departm ent of the Lakes with headquarters at Detroit .
China. Envoy Burl ingame and suite beset by robbers whileen-route from Pekin to Shanghai .
Austria. Arrival at Trieste of the remains ofEmperor Max im i l ian .
Jan. 16. Hayti . Salnave refused to perm it anymore Frenchclergymen to enter the island .
Jan . 19 . Japan. Severe fighting at Yeddo,between the Ty
coon and Mikado’s arm ies.
Jan. 21 . The House ofRepresentatives passed the supple
ment to the reconstruction bi l l by 123 to 45.
Mexico . Revol t in Sonora. The town ofMazatlan threatened by rebels. The revolutionary attempts in Yucatan sup
pressed.
Jan . 24. Fifty thousand American breech-loading rifles orderedby the Spanish Minister ofWar.
Feb. 17 Count Bismark serio 1sly il l .Feb. 18 Senate bil l passed for the reduction ofthe army.
Paraguay . The all ied arm ies of Brazil, Uruguay and the A1
gentine Confederation attacked the fortress of HumaitaLoss of the Paraguayans, about men .
Feb. 19 . Defeat of the Turks near the town of Canea.
Newrevol t in Uruguay . Ex -Governor V . F lores assassinatedat Montevideo ; his murderers shot and order restored .
Feb. 20. Italy creates the order of the Crown.
Feb. 21 . The President ordered the removal of SecretaryStanton from the W ar ofli ce and authorized Gen . Thomas toact as Secretary ofWar ad interim .
” Stanton decided toretain personal possession of the office unti l action in the
matter be taken by the Senate. The Senate disapprove the
action of the President,dec laring it to be unconstitutional .
Feb. 21 . The port ofAmapola, Guatemala opened to foreigncommerce for twenty years.
Feb. 22 . Adjutant Gen. Thomas arrested for violation of the
tenure of office bil l on complaint of Secretary Stanton. H e
is released on bai l .Hayti . Salnave defeated near Cape Haytien. Gen . Salomon
proclaimed President .Feb. 23 . Conclusion ofa treaty between
,the North German
Confederation and the United States,concerning the nation
al ity ofpersons em igrating from one of the two countries tothe other .
Feb. 24. The United States House ofRepresentatives resolveby a vote of126 to 47 , that
“‘AndrewJohnson,President of
the Unite d States,be impeached of high crimes and m isde
meanors.
”The President sent a message to the
“ Senate vin
dicating his position.
Feb. 25 . The Comm ittee of the House“
appointed Boutwel l,Stevens
,B ingham and Wilson a sub-comm ittee to take evi
deuce s and prepare articles of impeachment. The Houseinform ed the Senate and presented thei r action in regard toimpeachment of President Johnson .
The Florida Convention adopted the newConstitution.
England. Count Derby resigned on account of i l l health ;Disrael i charged with the formation of a newcabinet
Feb. 26. Gen . L . Thomas discharged from arrest and began a
suit against Secretary Stanton for false imprisonment andmal icious prosecution, setting his damages at
An am endatory,reconstruction bi l l passed Congress, providing
that any election in the Southern States shoul d be decidedby a majority of the votes actual ly cast .
Feb. 28 . Ex-king Lou is I . ofBavaria died.
Feb. 29 . The impeachment articles presented to the House.
Feb. Severe earthquakes at La Union,Nicaragua.
Santos Gutierrez proclaimed President of the Republic ofColombia
,S . A .
The government ofPortugal authorized the laying ofa telegraphic cab le across the Atlantic .
Rear Adm iral Frederick Engle died at Philadelphia aged 68years.
March 1 . Uruguay. Gen. Battle unanimously elected Presudent of the Republic .
Italy . Adm iral Farragut addressed by the workingmen of
Genoa and the American people compl imented for theirl iberal feel ing.
March 2. The Senate adopted a code of procedure for an im
peachment trial . The House adopted nine articles of im
pea
ghment and appointed sevenmanagers of the impeachment
triaConfiscation of the property of ex -king George ofHanover .Forty-eight Paraguayan boats carrying men repulsed intheir attempt to board the Brazil ian iron-clads in the Paranaabove Humaita.
March 4. Prince Lucien Bonaparte created a cardinal .March 5 . The Senate organizes a court for the trial of Pi ssident Johnson on the . articles of impeachment. Chief Justice Chase took the requ ired oath .
March 5 . Bal l 'H ughes, American sculptor died aged 62 yearsMarch 6 . President Johnson summ oned to appear before the
courts of impeachment on the 18th ofMarch .
March 7 . The National Assemb ly of Crete sent an appeal tothe United States.
March 12. The House passed the bill to abolish the tax on
manufactures,yeas 122
,nays 2.
Trial of Jeff. Davis postponed til l April 14th .
Prince Alfred ofEnglandwounded by. a pistol shot by the
Fenian O’
Farrel l atPort Jackson,Austral
'
March 13 . The President asked forty days’ time to preparehis answer to the artic les of impeachment. The Senate ex
tended the time ti l l March 23 .
f The Grand Vizier declared official ly that thewar in Cretewasat an end.
March 14. Gen . Grant directed Gen . Thomas to call for al l
the troops necessary to preserve order in Tennessee. E lectionheld in Arkansas.
Peru . A plot to reinstate Prado discovered among the soldiery .
The leaders were imprisoned .
March 17 The pope rej ected Napoleon’
s plan'
for a settlementwith Italy .
March 18 . The House passed the bil l providing that in case
of the death or removal of the ChiefJustice,the senior
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court shal l perform the
duties of ChiefJustice.
Adm iral Farragut received by the Pope ofRome.
March 23 . The High Court of Impeachment opened for thetrial ofPresident Johnson. The President filed his answer
to the articl es ofimpeachment . H is counsel asksfor furtherdelay .
The king of Prussia l n his speech at the Openingof theNorthGerman parl iament refers hopeful ly to the probab le effect ofthe Amer ican natural ization treaty .
Austria. The newlawon marriage, in opposition to the Concordat adopted by the Upper Housewith only 17 dissentingvotes.
March 24. Vienna i l lum inated am idst general rejoicing on
account of the virtual repeal ofthe Concordatwith Rome.
Gen . Buchanan succeeded Gen . Hancock in the command of
the,5th Mil itary District .
Colombia. The revolutionary party in Tol ima defeated.
March 26. The Senate passed the Habeas Corpus appeal bi l lover theP1 eS1dent s veto . They also ratified the treatywiththe N0 1th Gei man confederation recognizing the rights of
natural i zed c itizens.
March 27 The H ouse-
passed the Supreme Court bil l over thePresident’s veto“.
March 28 . A newindictment found against Jeff. Dav is by theUnited States G rand Jury at Richmond .
March 30. G . A . Ashburn,a member of the Constitutional
Convention assassinated at Columbus, Ga.
Gen. B . F . Butler ofMass,opened in the Court of Impeach
ment,the prosecution on the part of the managers.
Spain . The government excluded al l American newspapers.
Abyssinia. K ing Theodorus at Magdala ready for the siege onthe arrival of the Engl ish army .
April 1 . The Reichsrath,Austria
, passed the bil l for a generalsystem of education by pub l ic schools.
April 4. The case for the prosecution in the Court ofImpeachment closed .
Gen. Schofield appointed Henry H . Wells,Governor ofVir
gwia.
April 7 . Thomas D’
ArcyMcGee,Canadian statesman
,assassi
nated at Ottawa,aged 43 years.
April 9 . The counsel for President Johnson opened the argum ent for the defence in the Court of Impeachment.
April 10. Gen . Napier defeated the Emperor Theodorus at
Magdala.
Theodorus sent the European prisoners to the British campand attempted to negotiate. Gen. Napier demanded an un~
conditional surrender .
Apri l 13 . The Fortress ofMagdala carried by storm and empe
ror Theodorus ki l led .
Gen . Meade ordered a newelection in Georgia.
April 15 . Impeachm ent trial resumed .
April 17 Magdala burned down by order ofGen . Napier .Apri l 18 . The British army began its march from Abyssinia.April 20. The evidence in the Impeachment trial closed .
May 29 . The Grand Army of the Republic decorated withflowers the graves oftheUnion sol diers in cemeteries th1ou0
‘h
out the country .
Levi Lincoln,Ex—Governm of Massachusetts
,died aged 75
years.
Heavy shocks of earthquake at Sacram ento .
May 30. A treaty between the U . S . Government and theOsage Nation .
May. Chil i rescinded the free trade treaty with the ArgentineConfederation .
Paraguay . Lopez repulsed the combined attack on his positionat H umaitzi , after a desperate battle
Venezuela. Comprom ise between the bel l igerents by which theexisting governmentwas acknowledged .
Pekin seriously m enaced by the rebels of the North .
June 1 . Another great battle between the Russians and
Bokharians. Russians victorious.
June 2. The Chinese Embassy formally received by the Secretary of State.
June 3 . Trial ofJefl. Davis again postponed til l November .June 4. EEK-President Buchanan buried at Wheatland
,Penn.
June 5 . Burlingam e and the Chinese Embassy received byPresident Johnson .
June 6 . Russia. The Emperor m itigated the sentence of
many exiles in Siberia and publ ished an amnesty for political crimes.
June 9 . The Mount Cenis railway opened across the Alps.
June 10. The Senate passed the bil l for the adm ission of the
Southern Stateswith only five negative votes.
June 12. Reverdy Johnson confirmed as M inister to England .
June 16. Gov. Humphreys ofMississippi removed by Gen.
McDowel l,and Gen . Ames appointed m i l itary governor in
his stead .
June 19 . The House passed the Senate bil l , giving thanks toSecretary Stanton .
June 20. The House passed the bil l for the adm ission ofArkansas over the President’s veto without debate.
Beginning of difficulties between Mr . Washburn,U . S . Ambas
sador and the governm ent ofParaguay . Gumecindo Benitez,
Minister of Foreign aflairs,al leged that certain foreigners
charged with conspi racy against President Lopez ,were sheltered m the Legation of the United States.
June 23 . The French General Dumont announced in CivitaVecchia that Napoleonwould not abandon the pope.
The Alaska appropriation bi l l passed by Congress.
June 24. The Senate ratified the Chinese treaty . The House
passed a bil l for the immediate reorganization of the statesof Virginia, Mississippi and Texas.
June 25. The Freedmen’
s Bureau bil l passed over the President
’
s veto
June 25 . Portugal . A general amnesty for pol itical crimes.
Germany. The Luther monum ent inaugurated at Worms inpresence of the king of Prussia and other sovereigns.
England . The Irish Reform bi l l passed by the House ofCommons.
June 26. Revolution in Venezuela; the government troopsdefeated by the insurgents near Caracas on the 22d.
Gen. Monagas demanded the surrender of the c ity . The gov
ernm ent tr00ps surrendered on the 26th after having foughtfor 75 hours l n the streets and houses. President Falconfled from the country . The leader of the revolutionaryforces proclaimed a newgovernment whichwas recognizedby the foreign representatives.
June 28 . Gov. Baker and Lieut . Gov. Voorhies of Louisianaremoved by order ofG en . Grant .
June 30. Japan . The Foreign Ministers issued aunited protest against the Mikado
’
s persecution of native Christians.
June. Sarm iento elected President of the Argentine Repubo
l ic .
Hayti . Desperate battle near Port-au-Prince. The rebelsdefeated by Salnave.
The Foreign Ministers in Athens protested against the adm ission of Candia members to the Legislature ofGreece.
July 2. British Parl iament passed a vote of thanks to SirRobert Napier and the army ofAbyssinia.
July 4. President Johnson issued a proclamation ofgeneralamnesty and pardon to al l engaged in the late rebel l ion ex
cept those al ready indicted for treason or other felony .
July 5 . The Prime Minister ofAustria declared the intermeddling ofthe pope with the dom estic legislation a violationof the independence and dignity of the Empire.
Turkey . Bloody confl ict between the Christians and Turks atScutari .
One-half ofYeddo,Japan destroyed by fire.
July 7 . Thaddeus Stevens presented articles of impeachmentagainst President Johnson .
July 10. The Paraguayans defeated the Braz il ian forcesunderGen . Osorio near Humaita. The al l ies lost men.
July 11 . Comm odore James F . Mil ler died at Charlestown,
Mass. aged 76 years.
July 13 . Mr. Washburn,the U . S . Ambassador decl ined to
deliver up Messrs. B l iss an American,and Masterman
,an
Englishman, as requested by the Paraguayan governmentand demanded his passports.
July 15 . Wil l iam M . Evarts ofNewYork confirmedas AtterneyGeneral .
Commodore Guert Gansevoort died at Schenectady ,NewYorkaged 56 years.
July 16. The Senate passed abill to ex tend the laws OftheUnited States overAlaska.
19
Riot at Mil lican,Texas which continued four days. For ty-five
personswere kil led.
July 17 . The Senate passed the bi l l appropriatingin coin for the payment ofAlaska.
July 18 . Paraguay. The al l ies again repulsed at Humaita’with a loss of m en.
July 19 . The Emperor Napoleon made a pacific Speech at
Paris.
Moses Yale Beach , American journal ist, for many years propri~etor of the “NewYork Sun
,
”died aged 68 years.
July 21 . Congress passed a resolution declaring the 14th article ratified . The Senate passed a resolution appeal ing to theTurkish governm ent in behalf of the Cretans.
June 22.
’1he House passed the bil l organiz ing Wyom ing
Terr itory .
July 25 . The forti ess Humaita abandoned . The al l ies took
possession of it . The 1emnant of the garrison surroundedon its retreat and after a desperate struggle of ten days surrendered.
July 27 Greece. Mr Tuckerman,U . S . Minister
,thanked
by the Metropolitan of Athens for the sympathy of the
United States with the Greek nation .
Gen. Rosecrans confirm ed as Minister to Mexico .
July 31 . Mr. Washburn charged with co nspiracywith ExMinister Berges against President Lopez of Paraguay .
July Dr . Amador (conservative) elected P1esident of the
state of Panama. A revolution broke out ; the acting Presidentwas an ested and Gen. Ponce commander of the statetroopswas inaugurated Provisional President.
Violent shocks of earthquake l n St . Thomas.
The government ofGermany stopped al l prosecutions againstadopted c i tizens ofAmerica, ofGerman birth .
Arrival of the first cargo ofJapanese em igrants at the Sandwich Islands.
Aug. 1 . Gen . Jefl. C . Dav is assigned to the command of the
M il itary District ofAlaska.
Col . Bal ta took the oath of oflice as President ofPeru.
Aug. 3 . Mr. Washburn indignantly denied the charge ofcon
Spiracy against President Lopez .
Failure of the Atlantic cable of 1866.
Charles G . Halpine, better known as“Miles O’
Riley, died at
NewYork aged 39 years.
Aug. 6 . Queen Victoria in Paris.
The first colored jury impaneled in Tenn. at Nashvi l le.
Aug. 11 . Thaddeus Stevens,M . C . from Penn . died at'Wash
ington aged 75 years.
Gen. Gil lem assumed the command of the department ofMississippi .
Aug. 13 . Terrible earthquake in South America. A larg e num
ber of towns in Ecuador and Peru entirely destroyed . Great
Spain . Sept . 29. Madoz declared President ofthe provisionaljunta. The deposition of the queen official ly proclaimed.
Sept . 30. Queen Isabel la of Spain flees to France.
Sept . The siege of Port-au-Prince raised,Gen. Faubert being
short ofammunition .
Rev. Phineas D . Gu1 ley,D . D .
,Presbyterian clergyman died at
Washington aged 52 years.
Death of Seba Sm ith author of“Major Jack Downing’
8 Let
ters,
aged 76.
Oct. 7 . Death ofGen. Adam J . Slemmer at Fort Laram ie.
Oct. 16 . The newSpanish government introduced many im
portant reforms, such as universal Suffrage, rel igious l iberty,trial by jury
,and equal ity ofal l men before the law.
Oct. 21 . Serious earthquakes in California.
Randolph , a negro preacher and a m ember of the South Carol ina Senate assassinated at Cokesvil le.
James Hind,member of Congress from Arkansas assassinated .
Oat. 25 . Col . Carpenter defeated the Cheyennes and Arrapahoes
,at Buffalo station
,Kansas .
Nov. 14. Death ofRossini,the great m usical composer .
Nov. 15 . Death ofBaron Rothschild .
Nov. 23 . Gen . Howard issued an order for the discontinuanceof the Freedmen
’
s Bureau after Jan . l st,except the educa
tional department and the col lection ofmoney due to soldiers.
Nov. 25 . Hiram Mattison,D. D .
,a distinguished Methodist
clergyman died aged 54 years.
Nov. 28 . Death of Laban C lark,D . D .
,a distingu ished Meth
odist Episcopal clergyman aged 90 years.
Nov. 29 . Death ofCom . Lawrence Kearney aged 79 years.
Death of President Monagas ofVenez uela.
Dec . 6. Ku-klux outrages in Tennessee.
Dec . 7 . Congress met . Death ofGen . Wil l iam Crates.
Dec . 9 . Risingofthe republicans in Spain. A b loody confl ict .
Dec . 14. The House agreed to a resolution to sustain the publ ic credit .
Dec . 20. Aug ustus S . Mitchel l,American geographer died .
Dec . 25 . President Johnson issued a universal am nesty proclamatien.
Dec . 27 . Garibaldi issued an encouraging manifesto to the
Cretans.
Dec . 29 . Mosby C larke,a revolutionary sol dier died at Rich
mond,Va.
,at the advanced age of 121 years.
Dec . 30. Gen . Sheridan captured the Indian chiefs,Santanta
and Lone Wolf.
The Grec ian government refused the demands of the Sultan.
The republ ican party in Spain developed great strength .
The Russian flag burned in the streets of Constantinople.
Pulgar confirmed as provisional President of Venezuela.
Missionaries discovered evidences ofgreat m ineral weal th inChina.
Dec . On the overthrowof Lopez the Gran Chacowas fullyincorpo rated into the Argentine Republ ic .
Gen . McMahon,the ambassador to Paraguay , having received
instructions to proceed to Asuncionwith Rear Adm iral Davis and a naval squadron and redreSSx thewrongs comm ittedon Am erican c»itizens
,arrived at his destination and presented
h is demand to President Lopez,who had estab l ished hisheadquarters at Luque. President Lopez so far acceded tothis demand as to release the prisoners, B liss and Mastermanto Adm iral Davis, on condition that they shoul d be tried inthe United States. Lopezwas soon after compel led to fleewith a portion ofhis caval ry and final ly completely defeatedand the al l ied army entered Asuncion.
St. Marc , H ayti , effectual ly b lockaded . A Haytien gunboatcaptured several coasters loadedwith suppl ies for the rebels.
An unsuccessful attack made on the garrison at Jackm el se
vere loss on both sides.
The inlandwaters of Peru declared free to al l vessels ofwhatever class or country .
The Turkish government placed sh ips ofwar offthe coast ofCortize to prevent G reek vo lunteers going to Crete. The
Porte decl ined to sel l or transfer Crete to Egypt or to yieldits independence. Al l Greek subjects ordered to leave Turkey immediately . The American Minister oflered them his
protection .
The Foreign Minister of Greece declared that the kingdomwould make any sacrifice to maintain its rights.
The Greek Minister left Constantinople.
A Turko-Grecian conference having been proposed,Russia askedthat hosti l ities be suspended unti l it had completed its del iberations
,and urged the United States to take part in the con
ference.
The insurrection in Cuba becom ing more form idable. Volun
teers arriving on the south side of the island to help the Cubans.
Gen . Orgando, the leader of the revolution in San Dom ingo,joined by other revolutionary ch iefs. Gen. Adgu crossed thefrontier and j oined the insurgents. Theywere defeated byPresident Baez’s troops at Las Matas.
Espartero having been asked to becom e temporary dictator ofSpain, Gen. Prim declared the Spanish government wouldhave nothing to do with the Bourbons.
The U . S . House of Representatives passed a resolution relative to amendments to the natural i zation laws by a vote of125 to 32 the bi l l regulating the duties on imported copperand copper ores by a vote of105 to 51 also a bil l providingfor the transfer ofthe Indian Bureau from the department ofthe Interior to the W ar departm ent
,by 116 to 33 .
The House passed the bzl l repealing an act prohibiting the or
ganization of m il itia in al l the reconstructed states except
A. D .
1868 .
1869 .
G eo rg ia ; also a resolution allowingwomen in the governm ent em p l o y thewages ofm en for the sam ewo rk .
The Senate denounced the v iews of Presiden t Johnsonon the nat ional debt al so passed a reso lution disapp roving the Presiden t
’
s financ ial recom m endations.
The Senate passed a reso lut ion ofsympathywith Spainby a. vo te of41 to 5.
The c iv i lwar in Japan at an end .
Jan . Ab dul Rahm an , Am eer of Afighanistan,is de
feated by Shere Al i , aided by the B ri tish .
Jan . 14. Alabam a C laim s Comm ission signed for the
U . S . A. , and G reat Br itain .
Jan . 24. Ch ineseEm bassy 1Burl ingham e’
s) rece ived byEmpero r ofF rench at Paris.
The G overno r of Bu rgos m u rde red in the presence of
pr iests while taking i nven to ry ofthe Cathedral treasu res.
Feb. The S . W . Ind ianwar ended.
Feb. 6 . Jefferson Davis’ Prosecution d ropped.
Feb. 18 . Senate Comm i ttee rejec t the Alabam aTreaty.
Feb. 20. Austr ian Frigate Radetsky b lows up,340 l i ves
l ost .Feb. 21. Suffrage B i l l passed , abo l ish ing d istinct ions ofrace, co lo r and p roper ty.
March 3 . Schenck’s B i l l passed , for co in paym ent of
al l National obl igatio ns by Senate, 15th .
March 4. Congress adjourns M eet ing ofthe 4l st Con
gress G eneral G rant takes office .
Apr i l . J. L . M o tl ey appo inted M inister to England ;rec al l ed, July,wh ich act he styles an
Apr i l 13 . The Senate rejects the Alabama C laim s
Conven tion .
April 15. The Senate ratifies Natural i zation Treatywi th G reat Br itain .
May 12. Pac ific R . R! com p leted.
June 6. NewConstitu tion prom u lgated in Spain .
June 9 . Ser ious elect ion r io ts, Par is.
June 15. Peace Jubi l ee at Boston, vo ices.
June 17 . Wi lhelm shafen ,fi rst G erm an m i l i tary pert,
inaugurated byK ing W i l l iam of Prussia.
June etc . Marked Opposi tion to the Em p i re augm en ts in Par is.
Jul y 26. Royal assen t to Ir ish Chu rch Bil l in Br i tishHouse of Comm ons.
Sept. 8 . D eath ofWm . P i tt Fessenden,financ ier .
Oct. 23. Death ofthe Ear l ofDerby, aged 70.
Oct. 27 S teamboat Stonewal l b urnt on the M ississipp i .200 l i ves lost .
Oct. Free Trade Agi tation.
A. D .
1870.
1871.
Sept. 4. French Assembly proc laim s a Repub l ic ; fl ightof the Emp ress -Regen t to England. 8 and 9. The
Un ited S tates, Spain and Swi tzerland recogn i ze theRep ubl ic . 17 . Fo re ign M inister Ju les Favre ae
knowl edges the wrong ofin vad ing G erm any , ofiers reparation , asks peace since l i ves have beenlost, but France wi l l notbe disgraced.
”The co untry
is pleased at the resump tion ofthewar .
Sept . 7 . Brit ish i ronc lad tur ret-ship,Cap /ain, capsi zes
in Bay ofBiscay nearl y al l l ives l ost .Sept . 28 . Bal l oon m ai ls sent out ofPar is over the G er
m an l ines.
Floods‘in Vi rginia and Maryland cause great l osses.
Oct. 1. National Debt, G reat reduet ion of internal taxation .
Oct. 4. Southern Po l i tical- Com m erc ial Con vent ion at
C inc innat i .Oct. 7 . M in ister ofInter io r G ambetta escapes from Par i sby bal loon and o rgani zes the provinc ial res istance tothe G erm ans.
Oct. 12. G ar ibaldi appo in ted l eader of the Ir regularfo rces of F rance.
G eneral Rober t Lee d ied , aged 62.
Oct. 13 . President G rant issues p roc lamation againstFen ian ism .
Oct. 27 . Marshal Bazaine su rrenders M etz,wi th al l his
arm y. Riots at Par is on the news arr iv ing ; Comm une attem pted, but o r der resto red .
Nov. Arm istice refused by G erm ans, thewar proceeds.
D ee. Census returns, to tal Population U . S . A. ,
987 .
D ec . 10. Death ofAl ex . Dum as,French D ram atist and
novel ist, aged 67 .
D ec . 21 . Mr . Mo rton dec l in ing the embassy to London,
G eneral Schenck replaces Mr. M ot ley.
Jan . 1. Newtar iff in Operation .
Jan. 9—10. G erm ans bombard Par is.
Jan . 13 . G ermans repu lse French so r ties in fo rce.
Jan . 28 . Par is cap itu l ates, from scarc i ty offoo d .
D ec . 26. Death of G eo rge Tickno r, histo r ian, aged
80.
Feb. 16. Franco -Prussian W ar ended .
Al ber t G revy e lec ted Presiden t ofthe F rench Republ ie,wi th a Th iers Cab inet.
Feb. 18 . Treaty signed : Al sace and Lo r raine to be G erman and the G erm ans to be pai d five m i l l iards of
francs : revised, signed May, sam e year : final instalm ent paid, S ept ,
1873 .
March 4. Meeting ofthe fo rty- second Congress.
March 5. Eu-K l ux K lan proc laim ed in No rth Carol ina.
A.D . March 28 to May 1. Revo lution ists rule Paris as the
1871. Comm une. Put down by the m i l i tary , the l eaders aresho t.
Ap r i l 7 . Austr ian Adm i ral Tegethoffd ied .
May 26. Comm ission rat ified to settl e d isputes betweenU . S . A. and G reat Br i tain by arbi tration .
May 11 . Death of S i r John F . Hersc he l , astronom er,
aged 79 .
June . Coreans attack Am ericanwar fleet, accompan iedby French , Engl ish and G erm an vessels, and the i rfo r ts are destroyed .
NewDepartu re OfDem oc rats : Al l m al es to vo te, Free- Trade, and Po l i tical Resto rat ion of the SouthernS tates .
Aug. 21 . G reat cyc lone in West Ind ies.
This and Sept ,Reve lations inNewYo rk ofco rruption
in the late C i ty go vernm ent , the Tweed Ring .
”
Sept The G erm an Arm y ofOccupation begin to evac
uate French terri to ry, the operation taking one
year.Oct. 8 , 9 ,
10, 11 . Chicago near ly destroyed by fire .
N . W . fo rest fi res, l ives l ost.Oct. 18 . European and N . A. R . R . opened at Bango r,
Me . ,by Presiden t G ran t.
Nov. Defalcat ing U . S . A. Paym aster Hodges imprisoned .
Confl ic t between M inister F ish and Russian EnvoyKatakasy,who is d ism issed .
Co rd ial reception atNewYo rk ofRussian G rand DukeAl exis.
Nov. 10. H . M . S tanl ey fin dsDavid Livingstone atUj ij i,Central Africa.
D ec . 4. Congress Opens. The Incom e Tax exp i red byl im itation .
Tay Br i dge, Sco tland, b egun ; seven years in bui ldm g .
Bri t ish Co lumbia un i ted to the Dom in ion of Canada.
1872. Jan . Death OfG eneral Hal l eck .
Jan . 12. K ing John II . OfAbyssin ia c rowned .
Jan. 16. G eneral Amnesty B il l passed .
Edwin Fo rrest Am ei ican traged ian , diedMarch . Yel lowstone National Pai k author l z ed.
March 10. Joseph M az z ini,Ital ian patrio t, died .
March 29 . Engl ish Agr icul tural Labo rers’ League
star ted .
June .
“ S traigh t out Dem oc ratic par ty fo rm ed .
F irst rai l roao
'
d in Japan Opened .
June 4. NewTai ifi to red uce i ates at August, passed.
June 17—Ju ly 4. Peace Jub i l ee at Boston .
Jul y 10. D em . and Lib.-Republ ican C oal ition to sup
A. D . po r t Ho race G reeley for Presi dent : fai led : he d iedNOV.
1872. 29 , 1872.
Jul y 18 . Death ofEx-Presi den t B . Juarez OfMexico .
Aug. 10. Br igh ton, Eng., Aquar ium opened .
Aug. 15—21 . Rel igio us rio ts at Belfast.Aug. 16—26. Conv ic t ion of the Bank of England forgers, Am eri can c r im inals, after obtain ing over
Sep t. G ra dual Emanc ipation ofS laves in B raz i l .G eneva Arbi trat ion ofth e Alabama. C laim s awards theU . S . A. over $16
Oct. Horse influenza (Ep i zoo ty) prevalent in Easternand M idd le S tates.
Oct. 10. Death ofWm . H . Seward, aged 70.
Oct. 19 . Death ofM er l e D ’
Aubigny, Rel igious H istorian, aged . 78 .
Oct. 23 . San Juan Island awarded to the U . S . A. byEm pero r ofG erm any
, arbi trato r .Nov. 5. G eneral G ran t re-e lec ted President.NOV 29, etc . Sergeant Bates m arches through Engl an dW i th Am er ican flag.
1873 . From fail ure OfJay Cooke CO., pan ic in business.
Jan. 9 . Death ofEmpero r Napo leon ,aged exi l e in
Engl and .
Jan . 17 to June 1 . Modoc Ind ian W ar ; G eneral Canbyand o thers m assac red .
Jan . 18 . Death Of Lord Ly tton (Bul wer), nove li st,aged 70.
Feb. Vice-Presi dent Co lfax accused ofperju ry .
Civi l str ife atNewOr l eans.
March . To 1889 . Tonquin attacked and conquered bythe F rench .
Ap r i l 18 . Whi te Star S.S. Atlantic sunk , 500 l i ves l ost.May 1 to Nov. ViennaExh ibi tion .
Death ofDavi d L ivingstone, at Ilal a, Central Afr ica,
aged 58 bur ied in Westm inste r Abbey, Apr i l .May 30. G reat fire at Boston .
Krach,or financ ial pan ic in Austr ia.
June 5. Death ofRattaz z i , It al ian statesm an, aged 65 .
June 10. Russians take Khiva, nowRussian p rov ince .
June 27 . Death ofHiram Powers, Am e r ican sculpto r .Aug . 8 . S teamboat Wawassey burn t on th e Po tomac,70 l i ves l ost.
Aug . 20. Neapo l itan b rigands destroved by Ital ian so l
d iers.
Oct. 1 . Death ofSi r Edwin Landseer,Engl ish painter ,
aged 70.
Oct. 6. Marshal Bazaine tr ied for treason condem nedto death ; sentenc e comm u ted to 20 years prison es
capes Aug. 9 , 1874 death , Sept. 23, 1888 .
Oc t 28 . Cash paym ent in si l ver resum ed .
A. D .
1875 .
1876
Feb. 24. Engl ish survey ing party m assacred bynat ivesin Assam .
Feb. 28 . Ant i-Jesui t riots in Buenos Ay res.
May 20. Metr ic system adopted by U . S . A.
Jul y 2. Beecher-Til ton tr ial : jury d isagreeJuly 31. Ex-President Andrew Johnson d ied, aged 67 .
Aug. 25. Bank ofCal iforn ia suspends . (supposed) suic ide Ofits Manager , W . C . Ral ston.
Sept. Rel ig ious r io ts in Montreal .Sept. 16. Dem oc ratic Convention reso lves on Har dCash and Resum pt ion ofspec ie paym ent.
S ept . 30. Archbishop John McCl oskeym ade first Am erican Car d inal .
Oct. 26. Vi rg in ia C ity, Nevada, bu rnt.N )V. 26. Engl and blN S the Khed ive’
s Suez Canalshares, m aking hermistress ofthat route to Ind ia.
D ec . 11. Ter1 ific dynam ite exp l osion at Brem erhaven .
Nares’ (Bri tish ) Arctic Exped i tion, to Oct , 1876.
S tan ley’
s secon d Afr ican Exped i tion, into 1876.
Jan . 1. Cen tenn ial celebration at Philadelphia.
Feb.~G o vernm ent Ofii c ial s ac cused ofcor r upt ion : Pres
iden t’s Sec retary, G eneral Bab cock , acqu i tted : W ar
Secretary Belknap im peached : G eneral Schenck, Minister at London,
resigns 0 11 being chargedwi thcom pl ic i ty in the “Emm a M ine "
frauds ; succeededby John Walsh .
Feb. 10. Death ofReverdy Johnson ,aged 80.
Feb. 18 . Death of Char lo tte Cushm an, Am erican act
ress, aged 60.
Feb. 17 . Death of Ho race Bushnel l, theo logian, aged
74.
Feb. 29 . Russians annex Khokand .
Extrad ition d isputewi th G reat B ri tain about a for
ger, Winslow.Apr i l 10. Death ofA. T . S tewar t, m erchant.Apr i l 19. The Presiden t vetoes the bil l reduc ing hi s
salary by one-half.Apr il 26. Battl e ofBatoum , fi rst ofthe Russo -TurkishW ar .
May 1. Queen Victo ria proc laim ed Empress ofInd ia.
May to Sept. Bul gar ian Insurrec tion c ruel l y repressedby Tu rks.
May 10. Earthquake in Peru , 600 l ives lost.S i l ver issued for smal l notes.
Philade lph ia Exh ibi t ion Opened ; c losed Nov. 10.
May 16. Buenos Ayres Nat ional Bank suspends : spec ie
paym ent stopped .
May 29 . Death ofJ. L . Motley , histo r ian, aged 62.
June 4. Assassinat ion OfS ultan Abdul Assi z .June. Ant i-Cathol ic riots in Belgium .
A. D. June 20. Death ofEx -Presi den t SantaAnna, ofMexico .
1876. June 24. Death ofRobt. Dale Owen,aged 42.
June 25. G eneral Custer ki l led and fo rces defeated byS ioux.
Aug. 1. Co lo rado adm i tted as a S tate.
Aug. 13—17 . Wagner Festival at Bay reuth, Bavar ia.
Aug. 30. Death of Com m ander R . Semm es, ofAlabama
c ru1ser .S ept . Venezuel a renounces Papal author ity . Death of
Confede rate G eneral Braxton Bragg.
Sep t. 5. Death ofJefi. Thompson .
Sept . 11 . Death ofEx-Governo r H . A. Wise .
Sept . 24. Hel lgate Rock , East River, NewYo rk, bl ownu
Oct.PRevo l t ofnegroes in Barbadoes ; suppressed and
leaders punished in 1882. Pan ic in trade and am ongwhite population .
Oct. 31. G reat cyc lone and floods in Ind1a; l ivesl ost. Al ex inatz taken from Turks by the Serv ians.
'Nov. 6 . Death ofCard inal Antonel l i, Ital ian statesman,
aged 70.
Nov. 16. Porfirio D iaz elected Presi dent ofMexico .
D ec. Hoosac T unne l compl eted .
Rac ing poo l-sel l ing p roh ib ited inNewYo rk .
Lopez Jourdan’
s rebel l ion ended in Buenos A; res.
D ec . 5. Brooklyn theatre burnt, over 300 l ives l ost.D ec . 6. D isputed e l ect ion of President by delegates,Hayes vs. Ti l den.
D ec . 29. Express train run through b r idge, Ashtabu la,O.
,80 l ives lost.
1877 Jan. El ect0 1al tribunal confi rm s Presiden t Hayes, e l ect ion .
Jan . 4. Death of Co rnelius Vanderbi l t,rail road m ag
nate and cap ital ist .Jan . 9 . Rising l n NewOrleans against the Carpetbaggers.
"
Feb. 10. Death ofAdm i ral Theo do re Bai l ey .
March 14. Death ofManuel Rosas, Ex-D ic tato r ofBuenos Ay1 es
March 23 . Mo rm on B ishop Lee shot, for theMountainMeadowMassac re.
Ap1 i1 3 . Death ofLahrbush, Po l ish so l d ier, 111 yearso l d, in NewYo1k.
May. G en. G rant v isits Europe.
Buffalo B i l l Cody opens the“Wil d West Showin
London, Eng land.
June.
“Mo l l y Magu i re mu rders and r iots in Pennsylvan ian coalfiel ds; convicted l eaders executed .
G reat opposition in Engl an d to the Ri tual ists and Auricul ar Confession.
A. D . July 13. Russians c ross the Bal kans to attack Turks.
1877 . Jul y 16. Bal t im o re and Ohio R. R. m en’
s‘
riots in W.
Vi rgin ia m i l i t ia repul sed ; G eneral Sheridan sent20th inst ; pac ified , Aug.
Jul y 26 . Anarch ist r io t in Chicago ; 15 ki l led by them i l i tary .
July 28 -30. Turks repul sed Russians befo re Plevna.
Aug. 11—18 . Professo r Hal l, Washington, d iscovers twosatel l i tes ofMars.
Aug. 20—27 . Russians gain the Schipka Pass from theT urks.
Aug. 29 . Death ofBr igham Young, Head of the Mor
m ons, aged 76.
Sept. 3 . Death ofL . A. Thiers, aged 80, Presi dent of
French Repub l ic, Aug . 31, 1871 to h is resignation,
May 24, 18 73 .
Oct. Prosecut ion ofS . Caro l inian Ofi‘i cial Ring for
em bez z lem ent.Oc t. 15. NewCongress m eets. Dem oc ratic m ajo r ity inHouse ofRep resen tatives ; Randal l re -elected Speaker.Russians total ly defeat the Turks at Aladja Dagh, Arm en i a.
Nov. 6. B r igandage suppressed in S ic i ly.
Nov. 18 . Kars sto rm ed by the Russians.
Nov. 23 . An t i- Resumption bil l passed’
by House ofRe
presentatives.
D ec . Insurrec t ion in Crete . Edison’
s Phonograph inti oduced.
D ec . 10. Plevna sur rendered by Turk ish Com m ander,Osm an Pash 1.
Final dec ision in the G aines case, in favor ofthe c laimant to N . 0 . property.
Roum ania dec lared independent Nez Perces Ind ian W ar in Idaho . U. S. m ih tary occupation of
Alaska ceases.
1878 ,Jan . 9 . Death ofK ing V icto r-Emm anuel, ofItaly, aged50 ; succeeded by his son H um ber t.
Feb. 16. President Hayes vetoes the Bland Si lve rstandar d b i l l .
May 11 . Attem p ted assassinat ion of Em pero r Will iamofG erm any by Hodel .
May 3 1. Germ an i ronc lad Grosser Kurfurst sunk byco l l ision with ano ther of her fleet ofi Engl ish coast;300 l ives lost.
June 2.
'
Attem pted assassination of Emperor Wil l iamofG erm any b y D r Nobi l ing,
who c omm i tted su ic i de toavo id pun ishm en t .
June 13—Jul y 13 . Congress atBer l in to settl e the Russ1an- Turk ish si tuation . Itwas dec i ded that Austr iashoul d occupy Bosnia; onwh ich theBosnians resistedwi th arm s.
.1 D .
1879 .
1880.
1881.
Oct. 8 .
‘
H uascar captur d .
Oct. 12. Cabu l re~entered by the B ritish .
Nov. The Peruvian-Bo l iv ian army defeated at Iquiq ui,butwar con tinues th rough the next year.
D ec . 23 . Defeat ofAffghans at Sherpu r , by Br i tish .
S tan ley ’
s Congo Exped i tion , and fo l l owing year.The great Fo r th (Sco tland ) Br idge begun, comple ted1889 .
Jan . D istress am ong the freed negroes in the m id-s
West,where they had settl ed .
National debt reduced to l ess thanFeb. 18 . G radual em anc ipat ion of sl aves in Cuba pro
c laim ed'
by Spain .
March 21. H atfiel d-McCoy feud in W est Vi rg in iaended after twen ty years.
March 30. Jesu its d isso l ved and expe l led in F rance.
Apr i l . Alban ian so l d iers revo l t against Turks.
Apr i l . G ladstone M in istry fo rm ed in England .
Ap r il 5. The Farm ers’ Al l iance insti tu ted fo rm al introduction Oc tober 15, sam e year.
June. Kel l v, Aust ral ian “ Ironc lad Bushranger, captured .
Jul y 17 . Defeat ofAfi'
ghans at Maiwand by Bri tish .
Jul y 22. Abdu l Rahm an recogn i zed by Br i tish as' Am eer .S ept . 1. Defeat ofAfghans by B r i t ish at Maz ra.
Nov. 2. G en. G arfie ld elec ted Presid en t .
Nov. 8 . Edwin Boo th,Am er ican traged ian, plays
Ham let in London .
Nov. 11 . Rev ision ofNewTestam ent compl eted .
Nov. 17 . Treaty with Ch ina.
D ec . Judenhetz . (Jew- bai ting) or Ant i -Jewm ovem entin M id -Eu rope.
Jan . 28 . Laing’
s Nek,Feb. 8 , Ingogo River and 26
27, B ri tish defeat by the Boers in the Transvaal .Peace, March 24.
March . K ingdom ofRoum an ia establ ished . Systematic persecu tion of the Jews in Russia beg ins and
c on tin ues in to 1891.
March 13 .-Empero r Al exan der II. , of Russia, assassi
nated by a bombshel l .Apr il . 13 . Anti - Sem i tic League fo rm ed in G ermany .
Ap r i l 19 .
“ Prim rose D ay.
” Death of Benjam in D israel i, fi rst Jewish Prem ier ofG reat Br i tain,
aged 76.
June 1 . Iroquo is, Am er ican ho rse, wins the Derbyrace. First train run through th e S t. G othardAlpine tunne l ; fo rm al opening in on e m o re year.
June 22. Su rv ivo rs of the Lieu t. G reel v Arc tic ex pe
d ition found .
June 29 . Mrs. Fletcher, American Spi r itualist, 00 11
A. D.
1881.
1882.
victed of defraud ing an o l d l ady of of j ewel s,etc . , at London , Eng.
July 2. President G arfield sho t b y one G ui teau ,a luna
tic , and died Sep t. 19 .
July. The Mahd i, Arab fanatic, raises a Ho l y W ar
against the B rit ish al l ies ofthe Egyp tians and m aintains i t to h is death , June 22 . 1885.
Sep t. 5. M ich igan fo rest fi res, 800 deaths, hom e
l ess.
Sep t. 16. Ce lebrat ion ofCen tenn ial of Yo rktown Sur
render : salute to the Br i tish flag.
Oct. 25. U . S . A. pro test to European p owers againstt rying to acqu i re a ho ld atPanam a.
Nov. 14. Trial ofG u i teau : a so l d ier shoo ts at h im ,Nov.
18 .
Russians c onquer the Tu rkom ans.
Jan . 25. G u iteau found gu i l ty : executed ,June 30.
(See Jul y 2,Feb. 25. Austrl ans defeated by Christian Insurgents atCettinje .
March . Lower M ississipp i Val ley floods,
hom e
less.
March 23 . Po l ygam y abo l ished in the U . S . A.
Chinese Imm ig ration suspended for twenty years.
June. The Arab i Pasha Revo l ution in Egypt againstthe
'
British -Khed ival al l iance. After seve ral encoun
ters, the rebels are defeated at Tel - el -Kebir , Sept. 13.
June 2. G ar ibald i d ied, aged 75.
July 11—13 . Bom bardm ent ofAl ' rx andria, Egypt, byBri t ish .
Aug. 4. Chinese exc l usion ac t in fo rce .
Sept , from June . Term ination of the Pennsy l vaniaIronworkers’ str ike .
Sept. 9 . Steamboat Robert E. Lee burnt,on the M iss
issippi , 20 l i ves lost.Oct. 23- 24. Charles Soutar im prisoned fo r five yearsfor steal ing co rpse ofthe Earl of Crawfo rd, at Ed inburgh .
Nov. 22. Death ofThur l owWeed , pol it ic ian, aged 85.
D ec . 27 . C ivi l Serv ice Reform b i l l adopted by the
Senate.
D ec . 20. Overdank, the sol d ierwho attempted the l ifeofEm pero r ofAustria, execu ted .
(Brit ish ) Nat ional African Com pany inco rpo rated .
Buenos Ayres Exhib ition .
E rnest Mo rr ison walks across Austral ia from G ulf of
Carpen taria to Me lbou rne.
D ec . 31.Death ofLou is G am betta, French o rato r and
statesm an, Prim e M in ister of the French Republ ic ,acci dental ly shot, aged 42.
A. D .
1883 .
Jan. 9 . Presiden tial Successm n bi l l passed.
National deb t,Jan. 19. Ham burg steam ship Cimbr ia sunk off H o l
land by co l l isionwi th Engl ish steam sh ip Sultan. 450
hves lost.
Feb. 7 . The Hom e Ru le Assoc iat ion changes to the
National L eague, Ireland .
March . Reduc tion oftaxat ion and revision oftarifi bybo th Houses.
Apr i l 4. Death ofPeter Cooper, ph i lanthrop ist, aged 92.
Ber l in National Theatre, burnt.Apr il . To rnado 1n the South ; 1 50 l ives lost .May 18 .
— June 91 . Brussel s Ex hibitwn .
May 24 NewY0 1k and B1o oklyn Br idge o ver EastR11 e1 opened .
Jun e 9 . Phoenix Park (Dub l in) Fenian m u rderersex ecu ted .
June 13 . The French suppress the Bou Am eem a
nat ive r ising in Alger ia.
June 14. Dynam i te p lo tters, D r . G al l agher , Wi l son,
Curtin and Wh itehead , sentenced to l ife im pr isonm ent, at B irm ingham .
June 20. Death ofB ishop Co l enso .
June. Rai l road from Mel bou rne to Sydney.
Am er ican F ree Trade L eague fo rm ed at Detro it.Jul y . N . \V. Canad ian Terr i tory beyond Mani toba di
vided into fou r newterr ito ries : Assin ibo ia, Al be r ta,Saskatchewan and Athabasca.
Jul y and August . G eneral strike in U . S . A. of te legraph c l erks.
July 15. Death of Char l es S . S tratton; dwarf, “G en.
Tom Thum b .
”
July 23 . Drowning ofseventy excursionists on Patapsco River ,Maryland .
Ju l y 24. Drown ing of Captain Web b , Engl ish in
Niagai awhi1 l poo l rap ids.
Jul y. A t1 icyc l e boat c rosses th e Engl ish Channel .Aug . 24. Death of Count de Chm abord
,aged 83, last
ofElder Branch ofthe Bourbons.
Aug. 25. French assum e p rotec to rate ofAnnam .
Sept, 9. Death ofHendr ik Conscience,Fl em ish novel:ist, aged 73 .
Sept. 29 . The King of Spain hoo ted in Paris as thepuppe t ofthe G erm ans.
Oc t.'
31. G en. Sheridan succeeds G en . Sherman as
Com m ander- in - Chief.Nov. Pecu l iar red after - glow , attr ibuted to Java vo l
can io erupt ion .
Nov. 3 5. Co l . Hicks’ Egyptian arm y defeated by Sou.
danese Arabs atEl Obeid
A. D. Batoche (great execution by a Gatl ing gun under
1885. charge ofa U . S . ofl‘i cer engaged by i ts inventor . )
May 9 . Riel captu1 ed ; executed Nov. 16.
Apri l 2. Cen tral Am er icanwar : G uatem al an Presi den tBarr ios ki l led in battle ofChal cuapa
May. G reat ear th quake in Java : 500 hves lost.Antwerp Exh ibition .
No rth Bo rneo taken unde r B rit ish protec to rate.
May 22. Death ofVicto r Hugo, F rench poet, dramat istand nove l ist, aged 83 .
Jul y 24. Cur rency c risis the banks oppose the B landb i l l and compu l so ry co inage ofsi l ver .
Jul y . The F rench defeat the Regent of Annam and a
patr io t ic outb reak .
July 15. Niagara International Park opened .
Jul y 28 . Death of S i r Moses Montefiore, aged 100
years.
Aug. 8 ,Death ofG en. G rant, aged 63 .
Sept . Ant i-G erman r iots in Mad r i d , Spain .
Sept. 3 . U . S . troops que l l attacks “
on Ch inese in
W vom i ng Terr i tory.
Sept . 22. Cyc lone on the Orissa, E . I . coast l iveslost.
Sep t .’
29 . Rio ts against c om pulso ry vacc ination at
Montreal .Oct. 8 . Bechuanaland, South Afr ica, proc laimed British terri to ry .
Oct. 23 . Edi to r S tead, of the Pal l Mal l Gazette, and
Bramwel l Boo th , ofthe Sal vation Arm y, convic ted atLondon of ki dnapp ing,
h av ing comm i tted the act to
p rove the fac i l ity ofc r im inal outrages.
Oct. 28 . Death ofG en. G . B. M cCl el lan, aged 59 .
Nov. Total defeat of the Servians by Bulgarians
peace m ade the fo l lowing March .
Nov. 16. Execution of Rie l, French - Canadian patr io t.Nov. 25. Death ofVice-Presiden t Hendricks, . aged 66 ;
succeeded by G en . Sherm an.
Death ofK ing Alfonso XII. ofSpain .
Nov. 27 . The K ing of Burm ah surrenders to theBritish .
D ec . Federat ion of the B r it ish Austral ian Col oniesless N. S . Wal es and NewZealand.
D ec . 2. The Ital ians assum e G overnm en t ofMassowah,Red Sea.
D ec . 8 . Death ofWm . H. Vanderb i l t, aged 64.
Congress m eets.
D ec . 30. F rance ob tains par tial control by treaty offo re ign affai rs in Madagascar.
Nocturnal outrages in Ireland
,cal led “Moonlight
ing.
A . D .
1886.
Jan . 9. Edm unds’ b il l suppressing Mo rmon Chu1 ch
passes the Senate.
Jan. 13. Order of the K ing’
s Daugh ters fo rm ed in
U. S . A.
Feb. Vo l apuk, a un iversal language, introduc ed .
Feb. 26. G l adstone-Mo r ley M in istry form ed in England .
March .
,
Long, severewinter in England.
March to May. Coal M iners’
strike in Belgium‘
de
vel op in to c ivi lwar.
March 14. Cunard steam ship Oregon founders afterco l l ision. No l i ves lost.
Ap ri l . Ex-President (Confederate) Jefferson Davis receives an ovat ion in Sou thern States.
Apr i l 17 -18 . Ice-
go rge floods at Montreal .May
-June Or l eans Pr inces expel led from France.
May4. G erm an Soc ial ist r io ts at Ch icago ; dynam iteused .
May 5. G erman Social ist r io ts at M ilwaukee ; ten
ki l led .
Herr Most, agi tator, expel led from England, imprisoued for inc i t ing above Ch icago r iot.
May 6-Oct. 31. Ed inburgh Exhibi tion .
M ay 13 . Hur r icane at Madr id, Spain ; th i rty l ives l ost .May 15. Al l Burm ah inc luded i n Bri tish Ind ia.
June. Spec ial train, Je rsey Ci ty to San Franc iscotim e, 3 days, 7 hours, 13 m inu tes ,
16 seconds.
June 9 -10. Erupt ion ofTarawara vo lcano, N . Z. ; 100
l ives l ost.June 13 . K ing Ludwig II. , of Bavar ia, d rowns h im se lfin insane fi t.
Jul y . G l adstone m inistry resigns ; d efeated on IrishHom e Rule Question . Repl aced by Lo r d Sal isbury.
Aug. Al ien Land lo rd bi l l passed for the Terr i to r ies.
Rel ig ious r io ts at Bel fast.Aug. 20. Death of Mrs. Ann S . Stephens, Am ericannovel ist, aged 73 .
Aug. 28 . Earthquake in G reece ; towns desti oyed and
600 l i ves l ost.Aug. 31. Ear thquake in U . S . A.
, east of the M ississippi ; severe in the South ; Char l eston damaged,near ly 100 l ives l ost there.
Aug . 21. Princ e Al exander, of Bulgar ia, fo rced to ah
dicate and depart ; retu rn ing on over th ro w ’
ofProvisional G overnm ent ; he abd icates again Sept. 4,under Russian pressure.
Passenger steam er Vera, burnt on Rive r Vo lga, 200l ives l ost.
Aug. 23 . Am erican c i ti zen Cutting rel eased fromMexican pr ison from w ithdrawal of prosecution for
A . D . l ibel ; the Mexican Governm ent ho ld ing to its r ight to1886. try an Am er ican for a c r im e comm i tted in its coun try.
Sept. 4. ChiefG eronim o’
s Apaches surrender afterwarto G en . M i ll s in Arizona.
Sept. 7—11. International yach t race between BostonMayflower and B ri tish Galatea the fo rm er w ins the
America’
s Cup .
Death of Sam uel Mo rley, m erchant and phi l anthro
p ist, aged 77 .
Oct. 6. Last of slavery in Cuba.
Oct. 12. Destruc t ive gal es in Texas.
Oct. 24. Death ofCount F . von Beust, Austrian states‘m an ,
\aged 77 .
Oct. P l an of campaign’’
p roposed in Ireland to prevent l andl o rds obtain ing rent.Nov. 8 . Su ic ide ofFred . Ar
,cher noted Engl ish jockey .
Nov. 18 . Death of ex -President C hester A. A1 thuraged 56.
Ag i tat ion o ver the Hen ry G eo rge Lan d National iz at ion schem e.
Sacc har in, a sweeten ing substance, m ade ; 300 tim es
stronger than sugar .D ec . 8 . The Fen ian B ro therhoo d expel s O
’
D onovan
Rossa.
D ec . 15. Merl atti, Ital ian. fasts at Paris ' 50 days, butdr inkswate r.
1887 . Jan . The jubi lee year of Queen Vic to r ia’
s re ign ; inEngland the weatherwas finer than usual , so - cal l ed“Queen’
s Weather . ”
Jan . 1. Infan t K ing of Spain c rowned .
Jan . Rel ig io us r io ts in Belfast.Abyssin ians dest roy Ital ian supp ly train at Massowah ,
Feb. Earthquake in Ital y and Sou thern France .
Feb. 4. Woodstock, Vt , rai l road d isaster ; 45 l i veslost .
March 7 . Lon don Time.» publ ishes under “ Parnel l ismand Crim e,
”do cum ents fo rged by Richard Pigott ,
journal ist ,wh o comm i tted su ic ide under ar rest at
Madr id, March 1 ,
’
89 .
March 8 . Death ofRev. H . \V. Beecher , age d 73 .
May 9 . Amer ican Exh ibit ion opened in L ondon .
June. Death of Herm ann,fam ous m agic ian, aged 71.
June 24. Holbrook -Rowan feud in Kentucky c losed bythe sher iffkil l ing th e hom ic i des.
Ju11e -Aug. Drough t in England .
Ju ly. G reat floods in Southern S tates.
July 7 . P1 ince Fer d inand ,of Saxe- Coburg, el ected
rul er ofBul gai ia.
Ju ly 14 Death of Krupp, ironmaste1 and cannon
founder, aged 77 .
A. D .
1888 .
1889 .
July. Boshway, Burm ese patriotic leader, defeated andki l led by Br i tish .
Jul y 1 -3 . Nat ional Monum ent inaugurated at G ettysbu rg.
Aug . 5. Death ofG en . P . H . Sheridan,Commander- ia
Ch iefU . S . A. ; succeeded by G en. Schofie l d .
Aug. Abyssin ians defeat the Ital ians near Massowah .
Aug . 23 . Treaty wi th China proh ib i ts im m igrat ion fortwenty years.
Sept . 4. Cyc l one in Cuba lives lost.Sept .\8 . Canad ian Retal i at ion bi l l passed .
Ag itati on against synd icates, trusts and “combines.
Sept. 19 . Beauty showat Spa, Belgium .
Resen tm ent at a Sal t Trust in England .
Oct: 19 . T h ree Ital ians m u rdered a paym aster in Pennsy l vania and took onewas executed , the
o thers fled to I taly, where thei r G overnm ent fai led toapp rehend them .
Sept. 22 -Oct. 23 . Succ i , Ital ian, fasted th ir ty days at
Barcel ona.
Oct. 21. M rs. Annie F rost,al ias M rs. G o rdon-Bai l l ie,
no to r io us swind l er, im pr isoned for five years for
cheating at London .
The H . C . F r iend El ec trical Sugar F raud exposed inEngl and and U . S . A.
The Lick Observato ry erected in Cal ifo rn ia.
Yel lowfever rages in Flor ida.
Nw. 5. E lection ofG en . B . Har r ison and Levi P. Mor
ton as Presiden t and Vice-President.Jan. NewYo rk dec ides on cap ital pun ishm en t by e lectric itv.
Jan . 22. McK in l ey Tarifi bi l l passed by S enateJan. 30. Archduke Rodol ph ofAustr ia com m i ts sui c1de.
Feb. Panama Canal works g i ven up.
Feb. 7 . Nicaragua Canal bi l l passed by bo th Houses.
Feb. 18 . Ex p l osion at the Park Central Ho tel , Hartfo rd ; 40 ki l l ed .
March 6. Abd ication ofK ing M ilan of Servia.
March 16. Three U ._S. N. sh ipswrecked in sto rm at
Sam oa,with loss of fou r offi ce rs and fo r ty-sixm en .
Mar ch 27 . John Br igh t, Engl ish statesm an, d ied, aged78 .
March 30. E iffe l Tower e rected at Par is.
Ap r i l 4. Negus John,ofAbyssin ia, defeated and killed
by Dervishes.
Ap ri l 6. Co l l apse of the French Comptier d'
Escompte,en tai l ing sm ash ofthe “
copper r ing and panic .
Apri l 9 . D eath ofChevreul, chem ist, aged 102.
A. D . Apr i l 22. Rush of settlers in to Oklahoma; two towns1889 . founded ; r iots.
French subdue Cambod ia.
Ap ri l 30. Death of Car l Rosa, musical m anager, aged46.
May 6. Par is (the greatest.) Exh ibition Opens.
May10. S to rm from Mar yl and to Connec ticu t .May 13 . Irv ing B ishop , mind reader, dies in a trance
atNewYo rk .
May 1-16. G reat fire at Quebec .
May 22. Robert T . Linco ln appo inted M inister to London .
Ir ish Nat ional ist, Dr . Cronin, d iscovered m ur dered atChicago ; the Clan-na-Gael accused .
May 30. Connemaugh Valley, Johnstown,floods ;
l ives l ost .Other floods in the Atl ant ic S tates
,Harper
’
s Fer ry,Co r ning, N . Y. , etc .
June 26. Death of S im on Cam eron,ex -VVar Sec retary,
aged 90.
July 31 -Aug. 7 . Trial and conv ict ion to pr ison of
Mrs. Maybrick, Am erican, at Liverpoo l, of po ison ingher husband .
Ju ly and Aug. G en . Bo ulanger, French aspirant to thePresidency, is ind ic ted for insub o rd ination , triedand sentenced ; escapes by fl igh t and final l y co l lapses.
Aug. Sioux and Chippewa Reservat ion land sol d w i ththei r consent .
Aug . 16 . G reat strike of Lo ndon Dock labo rers,whowin bette rwages as the pub l ic app roved .
Aug. 16. The C retan Insurre c tion subdued by Turkey .
Nov. 3 . No rth and So uth Dako ta adm i tted as S tates.
Nov. 9 . Montana adm i tted as a S tate .
Nov. 11. W ash ington adm itted as a S tate.
Nov. Manchester S hip Canal begun, to make it a
po r t for m id -Engl and .
D ec . Fam ine in China.
D ec . 10. Wom an Suffrage author i zed in Wyom ingTerritory.
1890. Jan . 2. Death ofG . A. Boker, p oet, aged 66.
Jan . 7 . Death ofDowager -Emp ress Augusta of G erm any, aged 79 .
Jan . 14. Death of Lo rd Nap ier ofMagdala, Eng l ishG eneral , aged 79 .
Jan . 19 . Death of Prince Amadeo of Italy, ex -K ing of
Spain,aged 54.
Jan. 26. M iss Bl y . Am er ican,travel s round the wo r ld
in 72 days, 6 ho urs, 11 m inutes and 14seconds.
Feb. 3 . S enato r Tracv'
swife and daugh ter burnt at
Wash ington.
A . D . Feb. 7 . The 1 ou 11g Duke of O1 leans ar rested and 1111‘
1890. pr isoned 1 11France for enter ing against p1ohibition ;expe l led June4
Feb. 16. Mo rmons defeated for the first t im e at Sal tLake Ci tyMunic ipal el ec t ions.
Feb. 18 . Death ofCount J. Andrassy, Austr ian statesm an ,
aged 76.
Feb. 22.
- Death ofJohn Jacob Asto r,aged 66:
Feb. 24. Chicago chosen for the si te of the Wo r ld’
s
Fai r in 1893 .
Ma1 ch 17 . P1 ince B ismarck resigns the G erman Chanc el l orship .
Ma1 ch 27 -28 . Death ofG en . Schenck , aged 80.
Mar. 27 . Par t ofLou isvi l le,Ky.
,ravaged by a cyc lone.
Apr i l 12. Death ofMarquis Tseng,Chinese statesm an ,
aged 50.
Ap ri l 13 . Death of ex - Speaker S . J. Randal l, aged 61 .
Apr i l 25 -30. Death of C . H . Vandenho if, ac tor, aged
40.
May 1 . Fai lure of Bank of Am er ica at Ph i ladelph ia,and pan ic .
May 2. Oklahoma o rgani zed as 11 Terr i tory .
May 6. Longue Po inte Lunat ic Asylum at Quebecburnt ,
100 l ives lost.May 12. McKinl ey bi l l passes House ofRepresentati ves.
May 24. G . F . Train ti avel s round the wo r ld i n 67
days, 13 hou rs, 3 m inu tes and 3 secon ds.
May 30. Wash ington Arch cornerstone laid, NewYork C ity .
June 2. Death ofMatt Mo rgan,Engl ish ar t ist, cai ica
tu.1 ist in L ondon Tomahawk, and scene painter i n theU . S . A. aged 51.
June 18 . Anglo -G erm an treaty agreeing about d iv i d_
ing Afi ica and t1ansferr1ng H el igo l andD
to G er .m anyJune 23. NewConst itut ion 1n Braz i l .Jul y 3 . Idaho adm itted as a S tate.
Ju ly 11. Wyom ing adm i tted as a State .
Jul y 13 . To rnado on Lake Pep in ,M inn 100 d rowned .
Death ofG en . Frem ont, aged 77 .
Jul y 15. NewCro ton Aqueduct, NewYo rk Citv,Opened.
Jul y 16 . National L ine steam ship Egypt b urnt at sea.
Aug . Troubl es, financ ial and po l it ical , in the Argentin eS tates, break o ut and con t inue, wi th ser ious resu l ts.
Aug. 6,Kemm l er executed by e lec tric i ty, NewYo rk
S tate .
Aug. 8 . S tr ike 0 11 the NewYo rk Central and HudsonRive r Rai l road
, end ing Septembe r 1 .
Aug. 10. Death of John Boyle O’
Rei l ly, Ir ish patriot,poet and ed i t0 1 , aged 46.
A . D . Jan. 31. Revo lt ofpar t of the Oporto gar r ison, Spain ;1891. attemp t to se t up a republ ic .
Death of J. L . E . Meisson ier, French ar tist, aged 76.
Pro jec ts publ ished of Baron Hirsch , Jewish cap iatal ist, to co l on i ze the exi l ed Russian Jews in
Am er ica and Austral ia.
Feb. 3 . F uneral “witho ut m ou rn ing,
”ofCharles B rad
laugh , M .P.,soc ial refo rm er .
Feb. 7 . Ce lebrat ion at Odessa of 117 th bi rthday of
Co l . G ritz enka.
Feb. 15 -21. Exp losion in Spr inghi l l coal m ines, NovaSco t ia; loss of70 l i ves.
Feb: 22, And again at alm ost regul ar interval s, fires 1ntenem ent houses in Brook l yn, N. Y. ,
forwh ich one
person is ar rested and tried ; they cease.
March . French G overnm en t Inqui ry Comm ission de
m ands the suppression ofbett ing—m en at rac es.
Marc h 3 . Coeur D’
Al ene Ind ian Reservation in Idahoopened to hom estead settlem ent .
Mar. 4. The D i rec t Tax ”m o ney returned to each
State by the U . S . A. G overnm ent.Internatio nal Copyrigh t bi l l m ade l aw.Intercon tinen tal Rai l road Comm ission m eet atWashington to survey N. and S. from a central po int inCo lombia.
Fifty-first Congress c losesMarch 12. D eath ofTheodo re de Banvi l le, French poet,aged 68 .
March 14. E leven Ital ians acqu i tted by ‘
the courts,lynched in pr ison atNewO rleans, as m em bers of the
Mafia, m u rdero us sec ret soc iety .
Fl oo ds in Arizona and Cal ifo rn ia, where rain rarelyfel l .La G r ippe,
” influenza, ranges in the West, M i d d leand Eastern S tates.
Trans-African Rai l road com pleted 100 m i les fromLoando .
March 17 . By co l l ision wi th B r i t ish i ronc l ad Rodney,sinking ofB r i tish steam sh ip Utopia in G ibral ta Bay,wi th l oss of560 Ital ian em igrants.
March 21 . Death of (Confederate) G en. Joseph E .
Johnston, aged 84.
March 24. First paym ent of French Spo l iation Claim s,
W ar of 1799 - 1800.
Bombardm ent by Chi l ian rebe ls of Iquiqui loss of200 l ives and
March 25. Costa Rica Rail road term inated from the At-1
lan tic to San Jose.
March 26. B l i z zard in Dakotas, Nebraska and the
South ‘Vest.
March 28 Capt. Gat ley, U. S. A., acquitted by cour t
m arti al on charge of coward ice d ur1pg l ate Ind iantroubl es.
Wo rst snowstorm s known for years in Vi rgin ia,Maryl and and Pennsyl van ia.
Bulgar ian M inister ofFinance assassinated.
March 30. Parnel l r io ts at S l igo , Ireland .
Death ofRev. Dr. Crosby, at NewYo rk .
March 31. Ital ian M in ister Baron Fava del ivers to thePresident his l ette r ofrecal l , in consequence ofdelayin sat isfac tion for the NewOrleans lynching .
Death of Lawrence Bar rett, Am er ican traged ian .
Apri l 1 . Sea post- offices establ ished on the G erm ana
Am er ican steam sh ip l ine to NewYo rk .
The Engl ish Co urt of Appeal s dec ides that a husband has no r ight to imp rison hiswife o r com pelher to l ivewith him . (Jackson
’
s case . ) Public sena
tim ent against it ; r iotswhere thewifewas takingrefuge.
Ap r il . Disturbances at Sco ttdal e, Penn ; the Huns(Hungar ian ) m iners or Cokers,
” r io t ing ; the m il i t iashoot seven in one conflic t exp losives usedwho le‘sal e evictions of the str ikers from th e company
’
s
dwel l ings the company em p l oy a fo rce ofPinkertondetecti ves ; a Hungarian m iner ’swifewas ki l l eddur ing d isturbances.
Ap r il . Financ ial troubles in Ital y fai lures of bankersand m erchants rio ts in Sic i ly against the newtaxes.
Apri l 1. Wm . Rockafel ler, C . Depew and other d irecto rs ofNewYo rk ,NewHaven and Hartfo rd Rail road
,
in dic ted in consequence ofacc ident in tunnel inNewYo rk C i ty,when several l ives were l ost.
Apr i l 7 . A negro adm itted to the bar at Savannah ,G a.
Tue NewYo rk Senato rial Investigation Com m itteecharac ter i ze ac ts of Sugar T rust as reprehensible,and apply to the Senate for increased powers to
sei ze books and compe l unrestr ic ted repl ies.
Influenz 1 rages in and abou t London .
Apri l 7 . Death of Showm an , P . T . Barnum , aged 81.
Ap r i l 11. Trial in Italy of the Mala Vi ta (Evi l L ife) ,m urderous sec ret soc iety.
Ap ri l 12. Fi re in Chicago w i th loss of near ly a m i l l iondo l lars.
Apri l 14 -May 15. Presi dential tour South , to San
Franc isco and re turn by theway of Kansas City, etc .
Heavy snows in Co l o rado destroy stock .
April 14. Death ofG en. F . B . Sp ino la, aged 70.
F i rst Western _ S tates Comm erc ial Congress hel d atKansas Ci ty.
A. D .
1891.
Apr i l 15. E . Lo leta D iss Debar, Sp i ri tualist m ed iumand ac tress, anno unces by letters her intention to
comm i t suicide, and d isappears.
Trial at London, Eng , of a c l aim ror dam ages for
breach ofprom ise by one G ladys Eve lyn, ac tress,against W. H . Hur l be r t , Am er ican ed i to r ’
and ch iefof the Cen tral News Assoc iation ; her c l aim re.
jected defen ce, that Hurlber twas personatedby another ; dem and for a p rosec ut ion for
perjury.
Apr il 18 . Cessat ion t hrough arbitration of the C larkTh read M i l ls strike.
Ap r i l 19 . Death at Denver, ofMrs. Barnaby,wi dow of
theProv i dence m i l l ionai re, po isoned by a bo ttl e of
whiskey m ai l ed by an unknown assassin from Boston .
Convul sionnaires in S . W . Ind iana rel igiousfanat ics shake and fal l in swoons slain by thePower .”
Ded icat ion at Brooklvn ,of Rev. D r . Talmage
’
s Tab
srnac l e .
Mutiny ofAr til l erym en at Po r tsm outh , England .
Ap ri l 20. Po r tuguese se i ze two Br it ish co l oni zationvessel s on Pungwe River , South Afr ica B r i tish G ov
ernm ent p rotests ; Po r tuguese gran t free passage.
Apr i l 21. Delaware passes bil l to have execut ions in
pri vate .
Apri l 22. Mutiny ofG renadie r Guards at London .
Ap r i l 23 . Exp losion ofG overnm ent powder m agaz ineat Rom e, Italy,wi th loss of l ife and dam age to the
Vatican and o ther pub l ic bu i l d ings.
Apr i l 23 . Murder ofa wom an in NewYo rk, attr ibutedto the London assassin styl ed Jack the Ripper,
”an
Arab -F renchy, held for tr ial .Apri l 23—25. G reat strike in Detro it of street-car em
p loyés ; supported by the pub l ic ; theywin on the i rown term s.
Apr i l 23 . Chi l ian rebel flagship sunk by torpedoesin Cal dera Bay.
Apr i l 24. The Bri tish G overnm ent Budge t recomm ends
free educat ion.
Apr i l 24. U . S . so l d iers at Wal la-Wal la, Wash ington ,
lynched the slayer ofa com rade in the jai l .Death ofFiel d -Marshal H . K . B . von Mo l tke
,aged 91.
Apr i l 25. A wed ding par ty po isoned ; five deaths ; atLouisvi l le, Ky .
Apr i l . Iron Mountain and Pi lot Knob exhausted of
the i r ore.
Minneso ta Leg islat i ve Comm ittee d iscover a“Big
Wheat Steal atDuluth.
May 16. International E l ec tro - Techn ical Exhibi tionat F rankfo rt-on - l l i e -M ain
, G e rm any .
May 17 . The N . 0 . G rand Jury repo r t that the lynching of the Ital ian (Mafia) prisoners,was the ac t of
the Peopl e,who canno t be p rosec uted .
Snow in England .
May 19 . Dynam i te explosion at Tarrytown,N. Y. ;
seventeen ki l led .
May 24. Sec retary ofAgricul ture repo rts seven m il
l ions ofac res ac tual l y under i rr igat ion , and twic e thatarea in p reparation .
May 26. Par is stage/
drivers’
strike.
May 31. N. Y . Metropo l itan Ar t Museum opened on
Sunday.
Revo l t at Hay t i b loo dy m i l itary execut ions.
Turk ish b r igan ds derai l a train near Constant inopl e, andbear ofi
'
G erm an and Eng l ish tou r ists, ransom ed
by thei r G overnm ents ; Turkey c onstrained to re
paywith in dem n i ty .
June. Pan i c am ong Bri t ish m anufac tu rers from the
Ope rat ion ofthe McK in l ey T ar iff.
Marqu is Tcheng, Ch i nese Ambassado r to L ondon and
Par is, cal l ed hom e is sen tenced to death for m al
versat ion .
Erup tions ofM o un t Vesuvius.
June 1 . Brook l yn -NewYo rk Br i dge Opened free tofoo t passengers.
June 1 to 9 . Act ion for dam ages for sl ander at London,
“The Tranby C roft Baccarat Scandal S i r W . G or
don- Cumm ing fo rced to sign an agreem en t in September last, not to play cards under a threat ofcharge of
cheating at play, sues the \Vilson fam i ly and o thers for
publishing the charge case notab l e from the Princeof Wal es be ing awitness and the gam ing too l s h is
p ri vate p roper ty . Judgm en t for the defendants.
Popu lar feel ing for the p l aint iff. H e m arr ies M issG arner, of NewYo rk, and is g reeted at h is hom e in
Sco tl and ,wi th en thusiasm .
June 3 . Inauguration at Jackson,M iss ofConfederate
Monum ent .June 6. Death of Canad ian Prem ier, S i r John Mac
donal d, aged, 76.
Departure from NewYo rk of Lieut . Peary’
s No r thG reen land Exped ition .
June 10. Ser ious Red River floo ds in Indian Terr ito ry .
S treet- car emp loyés’
strike at G rand Rapi ds culm inates in rio t three r ioters sho t fatal ly .
Death ofRefo rm ing Rabb i, Samue l Adl er, aged , 82.
June 13 . The Itata, in charge of the Charleston, l eavesIquiquijor San Franc isco . (See above, May5,
BIOGRAPH ICAL INDEX TABLE.
*Abantidas.
Abbas, Viceroy .
Abbas Schah .
Abbo.
Abbot, Charl es.
Abd- el -kader.Abdal lah .
Abdal l ah Sharfaddin.
Abdu lmel ek.
*Abednego.
Abercrombie.
Abercrombie, John.
Aberdeen, Lord.
*Abel .Abel ard.
*Abiathar .*Abim el ech .
*Abiram .
*Abner.
*Absal om .
Abu-Bekir.Acacius.
Achar .*Acc ius Lucius.
*Ach il l es.
*Acrisius.
*Acron.
Adal bert, St.Adam s, Samuel .Adams, Sebastien Nichol as.
Adam s, Charl es Francis.
Addison, Joseph .
Adel ais.
Adel a.
Adhelm .
*Adherbal .*Admetus.
*Adonijah .
Adrian, Pope.
Adrian II . , Pope.
Adrian IV . , Pope.
Adrian VI Pepe.
*JEm i l ius, L .
*JEm i l ius, Macer .
*JEm il ius, Paulus.
*E neas.
*ZEschines.*JEschyl us.
* iEsop .
*ZEtius.
Agathias.
*Agathocl es.
*Agesil aus.
*Agesipol is.
*Agis.
*Agis.
Agricol a.
*Agrippa.
Agrippina.
Ahmed .
Ahm ed , Abdal lah .
Albert, Prince.
Albert ofWal l enstein.
Albert ofPrussiaAlbategni .Al bert the BearAl bumasar .
Alboin.
Al binusAlbinusAl birunius.
Albuquerque.
*Al caeus.
Al cuin .
*Al c ibiades.
*Al cimus.
Al den,Comm odore.
Al ex ander I. , Pope.
Al exander III .
, Pope.
Al exander IV . , Pope.
Al exander V. , Pope.
Al ex ander VI . , Pope.
Al ex ander VII ., Pope.
Al exander VIII . , Pope.
Al exander, J . Addison.
Al ex ander, Rev. S . M .
*Al exander.*Al ex ander .Al exander.
Al exander Tiberius.
Al fred,Pr1nce.
Al fraganus.
Al fred the Wise.
Al ison, Rev. Archibal dA l ice. PrincessAl i Mehemet.
Al latorre, Gen .
A l l en,Sir Wil l iam
Al l ston, Wash ingtonA l l en,
E thanA lmagro.
Almam on .
Almanz or .
Alm eida.
Al phonzo d’ Este
Alva.
A lvarez .*Al yattez .
Amadeus III . , Victor '
Amador, Dr .Amadeus, VictorAmbivius, MarcusAmbrose, St.*Amera Sinka.
Ambrosius.
Am ero, Adm iral*Amm on .
Amm onius.
*Am ram .
*Amul ius.
*Anacreon*Anacharsm.
Anacl etus, PopeAnafesto.
Ananias.
Ananus.
Anastatius.
*Anaxagoras.
*Anaximander .*Anaxim enes.
*Andronicus, LiviusAnderson.
Andros, EdmundAndragathius.*Andronicus.
*Andron icus.
André, Major John*Anicius.
An icetus, PopeAnianus.
Angel o, MichaelAnkerstrom , CountAnnas.
Annius Rufus.
Anobius.
Anna Comnena.
Anna Santa.
Anne ofBohem ia.
Anne, queen ofRichardAnne ofDenmark .
Anson, Gen .
Anthony de Bourbon.
*Antal cidas.
*Antias.
*Antisthenes.
*Antigone.
*Anthem on.
*Antipas or Ant ipater .
*Antony .
*Apel l es.
Apel l icon .
*Apol l o.
*Apol l odorus.
*Apol l odorus.
Apol l os.
Apol l onius.
*Apol l onius.
*Apol l onius.
Appian.
Appion .
“Apul eius.
Aqu il a.
Aquinas, St. ThomasArago.
*Aratus.
Arbogastes.
*Arch il ochus.
*Archagathus.
*Arch ias.
*Arch imedes.
*Ardysus.
Ardoin .
Aretino, 'Guido*Argon.
Ariadne.
*Ariarathes.
*Ariobarzanes.
*Aristaeus.
*Aristogiton .
*Aristagoras.
*Aristippus.
*Aristophanes.
*‘Aristotl e*Aristides.
*Ar istides.
*Ariam thes VIII.*Ariarathes IX .
*Ariarathes X.
*Ariobarzanes.
Arius.
Ariosto.
Ariosto, Lewis*Aristippus.
*Aristobul us.
*Aristobul us.
*Ar istotimus.
*Aristomedes.
Aristides.
Arm el l ini .Arm in ius.
Arm inius.
Arnaud . Marshal St.Arnol d de Brescia.
Arnol d, Rev. Thomas
Bernard. St.Bernhard ofWeimar .
Bernadette, MarshalBertha.
*Besens.
Benet, Baron*Bigtha.
B ingham .
*Bion .
B ismark, Count*Bius.
Black Kettl e.
Bl ackstone, Sir Wil l iamBl ake, RobertBl ake, Adm iralBl air
,Hugh
Bl iss, Porter C .
Bl ois, Count ofBl ood, ThomasBl ucher, Lebrecht VonBlunt
, Gen.
Boccacio.
Boeth ius.
Bohemond.
Boi l eau , NicholasBol and, Gen.
Bol esl aus.
Bol esl aus II .Bol eyn
,Anne
Bol ivar,Sim on
Boniface III . , PopeBon iface IV . , PopeBonaparte, Charl esBonaparte, “Napol eonBonaparte, LucienBonaparte, JosephBonaparte, LouisBonaparte, Prince Jer . Nap .
Bonaparte, Prince LucienBooth , J . Wil kesBoswel l , James
"
Bothwel l .Boutwel l .Boyes, PresidentBoyl e, RobertBradbury, Wil l iam B.
Braddock, EdwardBradl ey, Dr. ThomasBradford , Wil l iamBragg, ThomasBrahe, TychoBrahe, CountBranett, SebastianBrasidas.
Breakspeare, Nicholas*Brennus.
Brett, SergeantBretwal da II .Bretwal da V.
Bright, Jesse D .
Brian-Boriomhe.
Britanicus.
Brown, JohnBrooks, Preston S .
Brooke, Adm iralBrom l ey , Wil l iamBronte, Charl otteBrownl ow.*Brutus.
*Brutus.
Bruyere, Jean 19.Buchanan, Gen.
Buckner , Gen .
Buel , Gen .
Bul as.
Burgoyne, Gen . .John
Burl ingam e,Anson
Burke .
Burke,Edm und
Burnet,Dr. Thomas
Burns, RobertBurnside, Gen . A . E .
Burr,Aaron
Burton , W . C .
Butl er, B . F .
Byron, LordByron , Lady Noel*Byzas.
Cabot, SebastianCabral .Cabral , PresidentCade, Jack*Cadmus.
Caesar, Cains*Caius Gracchus.
*Cain .
Caiaphas, JosephCaius, PopeCal deron de l a Caren*Cal eb.
*Cal ippus.
*Cal petus.
*Cal isthenes.
*Cal imanchus.
Cal ixtus I. ,Pope
Cal l inicus*Cal l icratidas.
Calm et, AugustineCalverly, HughCalvert, Cec il iusCal vin,
JohnCam eron, SimonCam ides.
*Cam il lus.
Campbel l , Sir Col inCampbel l , Sir JohnCam ith .
Campbel l , ThomasCam oens, LouisCampanes.
Canby, Gen.
*Candau l es.
Canning, LordCantharus, Simon.
Canseco .
*Capitel inus, M . Manl iusCap itol inus, J .
*Capys.
Caracci , AgostinoCaracci, Annibal eCaracc i LudovicoCardan, Jerom e
Carey, LuciusCarl os, DonCartier .*Carn iades.
*Carneades.
Caractacus.
*Carvil ius, SpuriusCarausius.
Carbades.
Carol ine Matil da.
Carol ine ofBrunswick .
Carpenter , Col .Carrera, MartinCarson, KitCassiodorus.
*Cassius.
Casim ir .
Cassanes, Ufl'
an
Casim ir, JohnCasey, Gen .
Cassini, John Dom inicCass, LewisCassini .Casti l l o.
Casim ir IV .
*Castor .*Castor.Catherine ofPortugal .Cather ine.
Catesby, RobertCatinat, Gen .
*Catil ine.
*Cato .
*Cato.
*Catul l us.
*Catul l us.
Cavaignac , Gen.
Cavour, CountCax ton , Wil l iamCecil , Wil l iam*Cecrops.
Cedrenus, GeorgeCel sus, Cornel ius*Cendebeus.
Censorinus.
Cervantes.
*Chabrias.
Chaereas.
Chalm ers, ThomasCharl es Augustus, Prince
Charl es, Al bertCharl es ofAnjou .
Charl otte Soph ia .
*Charm idas.
*Charon .
*Charondas.
Charl otte, PrincessChaucer , GeoffreyChase, Salmon P .
Chester, James.
Ch i l deric I.*Ch i l o.
Ch i l l ingworth, Wil l i am*Ch ing Hong.
Choate, Rufus.
Chosroes.
Christina.
Chr istophe, HenryChristian ofBrunswickChristian , ErnestChrysostom , St.Chrysol oras, ManuelChurch , Benjam inChurch il l , JohnCibber
,Col l ey
*Cicero.
Cid .
Cimabue, Giovanni*Cim on.
Cincinnatus.
Cinna.
Cl ay,C . C .
Cl ay,Henry
C l ay, Gen.
Cl ayton , Gov.
Cl ayton, Dr .C larke, AdamCl ark, Samuel D .
C l ark,Mosby
C l ark, Laban , D . D.
C l aude Lorraine.
Cl audian .
*Cl aud ius Pul cher .
*Cl eanthus.
Cl em ens.
C l ement, Pope.
Cl em ent VII . , PopeC l em ent VIII . , PopeC l ement IX . , PopeCl em ent X. , PopeC l em ent XI . , PopeC l em ent XII . PopeC lem ent XIII . , PopeCl em ent, Jacque*Cl eobulus.
Cl eodamus.
*Cl eombrotus.
*Cl eom enes.
*Cl eosthenes.
*Cl eopatra.
*Cl eopatra.
Cl erc, LeC l etus, Pope St.C l ifford, Sir Thomas*Ol inias.
C l inton,Gen.
Cl ingham ,T . L .
*Cl itamachus.*C l itus.
C l ive, Col .C lod ion.
*Cl odine.
C lontarf.
Cl oti l de, PrincessCobb, Howel lCobbett, \W i l l iamCobden , RichardCobham ,
LordCockburn, Adm iral* l ius, L .
Coke, Sir EdwardCol chester, Lord*Col atinus.
Col eridge, S Tayl orCol l ins, Wi l l i amCol umbus, Christopher.
Col umbi .
Col umbus, Barthol omewColum el la.
Comonfort.*Confucius.
*Conon .
Conradin .
Constantine, Grand DukeConstant ine, PopeCook, Capt.Copernicus, Nichol asCopl ey ,
John Singl etonCoponius.
Corday, Charl otte*Coroebus.
Corbul o.
*Corinna.
*Coriol anus.
Correoso, Gen.
Cortereal .
Corteret, GeorgeCortez .
Corneil l e, PeterCornwal l is, LordCorregio.
*Costobarus.
*Cottar .Cotton,
JohnCowper, Wil l iamCox , D avidCox , Gen
Crabbe, Rev. GeorgeCranach , LucasCranm er, Thomas* Crassus.
*Crates.
*Craterus.
*Cratinus.
Crem ieux.
*Critolaus.
*Croesus.
Croft, El izabethCromwel l , ThomasCrozer, Capt.*Ctesias.
Cumanus, VentidiusCunn ingham , Al lan*Curetes.
*Curins Dentatus.
Curtis, Gen .
*Curtius.
Curtius, Quintius*Cushanrishathaim .
Custar, Gen.
*Cybel e.
Cyprian, St.Cyprus.
*Cyrenius.
Cyril .Cyril .Cyril lus.
*Cyrus.
Czartoryski, Adam
Daedal us.
Daguerre, Louis*Damascenus.
Dam ien.
*Damon.
*Daniel .Dan iel , SamuelDante, Al igh ieri*Dardanus.
Darl ing, GraceDarm es.
Darnl ey, Lord*Datam es.
Dathan .
*Datis.
Davenant, Sir Wi l l iamDavid, Jac ues LouisDavy
, Sir umphreyDavis, JohnDavis, Adm iralDavis, JeffersonDavis, Jefferson 0 .
Decatur, Commodore*Decius.
*Dem etrius.
Dem etrius.
*Dem ocr itus.
*Dem osthenes.
De Quincey , ThomasDerby, LordDercebal .
Descartes, RéneDe Soto, Fernando
*Euctemon.
*Eucl id.
*Eudoxus.
Eugene, PrinceEugene, Pr inceEugenius II . , PopeEul ogius.
*Eumenes.
*Eum enes.
*Eumenes.
*Eum ol pus.
Eunapius.
*Eupol is.
Eure, Dupont de l ’*Euripides.
*Euryd ic e.
*Eusebius.
Eusebius.
Eusebius.
Eustace ofBoul ogne.
Eutropius.
Eutropeia, Demetrius GriskaEutyches*Evagoras.
Evagrius.
*Evander .*Evander.Evarts, Wi l l iam M .
Everett, EdwardEwel l , Gen .
Eyre, John Edward*Ezekiel .*Ezra.
*Fabius Cunctator.*Fabius Pictor .Fabus.
Fadus, CuspiusEairfax , ThomasFaraday , MichaelFarragut, Adm iralFarnese, Al exanderFaubert, Gen.
Faustin I .Fausu JohnFaustus.
Faux, GuyFel icitas.
Fel ix,Charl es
Fel ix .
Fel ix I. , PopeFel ix II . , PopeFel ix III . , PopeFel ton, C . C .
Fenel on,Francis de
Ferdinand I .Ferdinand II .Ferdinand IV.
Ferdusi .Fernandez Franc iscoFerreti , Cardinal Mastai
FestusPoreius.
Fischart, JohnFisher, BishopFitch , Col .
Fitzgeral d, Lord EdwardFitzjam es, Capt.*F lacons.
*Fl acons, Horatius QuintusFl acons, Val erius*F lam in ius.
F l anders, Gov.
Flarus, GessiusFl avel , JohnF lavian .
Flavio de Gioja.
F l etcher, JohnF l etcher , Gi l esFl inders, MatthewF l ores. Gen. VenancioFl orus.
F l oyd, J B .
F l umenti us:
Fontaine, John de laFoote, Adm iralForbes, EdwardPorey, G en.
Forrest, Gen.
Foster , Gen.
Fox ,Char l es James
Fox , GeorgeFrancis I I .Francis, JohnFrancesco, DukeFrancoFrankl i n,
Benjam inFrankl in, Sir JohnFrankl in, Gen.
Frazer, SimonFrederic ofAustria.
Fredegaire.
Freder ic Henry .
Frederick Augustus.
Freder ick Wil l iam .
Frem ont, Gen. John C .
Fre l inghuysen, Theodore
Fri z o, John Wil l iamFr i z o, Charl es HenryFroissart, JohnFuad Pasha*Fulvius.
Fusel i, Henry
*Gabinius.
*Galba.
Gal en.
Gal gacus.
Gal il eo, Gali l eiGal l and .
*Gal l us, Q . S .
*Gal lus.
Gal lus, Cestine
Gainsborough, ThomasGansevoort, GuertGar ibal di, GuiseppeGarcia.
Garfiel d, Col .Gardner, Col .Garnett, -Gen
Garr ick, Davi dGaskel l , Mrs. E l izabeth C .
Gazni,Mahmud .
Gerry, Col .Geber .
Ged, Wil l iaml" Gedal iah .
Gefi‘
rard, PresidentGel l ius.
*Gel on.
*Gem inus.
Genseric .
Godfrey Pl antaganet.George, Pr ince*Germanicus.
Gerstenzweig, Gen.
Gesl er .
Gibbon, Edward*Gibeon.
Gil bert, Dr.
Gil das.
Gil do.
Gi l l em , Gem ,
Gilmore, Gen.
Giotto .
Girardin, FrancisGl aber Rad.
Glanvi l l e.
Gl endower , Owen*Gobryas.
Goderich , LordGodwin, Gen.
Godeschal cus.
Godoy, Don Manuel deGodfrey ofBoul ogne.
Godwin, EarlGoethe, Johann Wolfgang*Gol iath .
Gol dsm ith , Ol iverGonzaga, Lou isGoodrich, S . G.
Goodrich , Chauncey A .
Gordon, Lord George*Gorgias.
*Gorgias.
Gortschakofl‘
, PrinceGorton, Sam uel
Gosl in, ArchbishopGonold , Barthol omewGorz , Baron deGower , JohnGrant, Sir J . P.
G rammaticus.
Gratian.
Gray , ThomasGreenough , HoratioGreene, Maj. Gen . NathanielGregory Thaumaturgus.
Gregory .
G regory ofTours.
G regory I .Gregory II . , PopeGregory III . , PopeGregory IV . , PopeGregory VII . , PopeGregory
'Xl ., Pope
Gregory XII. , Pope.
Gregory XIV PopeGregory XV . ,
PopeGrenvi l l e, LordGrey, Sir JohnGrey, Lady E l izabethGrey, Lady JaneGrey, EarlGrim oal d.
Grocyn, Wil l iamGrotius, HugoGrosvenor, LordGuar ini , John BaptistGuericke, OthoGui zot, M . Franc is*Gul o.
Guiscard, RobertGunderic .
Gundicar .
Gurl ey, Ph ineas D.
Guter.Gutierrez , SantosGuttenburg, John*Gyl f.
*HabakkukHackett, Wi l l iamHaco.
*Hagar*Haggai .Hahnemann, SamuelHair i .Hal l eck, Gen.
Halpine, Charl es G .
Ham il ton, Al exanderHal l ey, Edmund*H am .
*Haman .
*Ham il car .
*Ham il car.Hamm ond, J . H .
Hampden, JohnHancock, JohnHancock, Gen .
Handel , George Frederic*Hannibal .*Hanno.
*Haran.
Hardy, Thomas
Hardee, Gen.
Harmar, Gen.
*H armodius.
Harol d H arfager .
Haroun ai Raschid .
Harrington, J .
*Harpalus.
Harvard, JohnHarvey, Dr.Hastings, WarrenHawkins, Sir JohnHawks, Rev. Cicero S .
Havel ock, Sir HenryHaydon, Benj . Robert*Hazael .~Hayes, Dr . Isaac*H ecataeus
Hel ena, PrincessHel ena.
Hel ena.
‘Hel en .
*Hel enus.
*H el iodorus.
Hemph il l , J . U.
*H el l anicus.
Hemans, Fel icia DorotheaH en, PeterHenr ietta Maria.
Henriquez , DonHenri, JosephHenry I . ofHayti .Henry the Lion .
Henry ofHuntington.
Henry ofThuringia.
Henry, MatthewHenry ofBearne.
Henry ofGuise.
*H ephsestion.
H eracl eonas.
*Herac l itus.
Herbel et, Barthol omewD’
*Hercul es.
*Hercul es.
H erm anric .
H ermannus Contractus.
Hermogenes.
Herm ogenes.
*H ermachus.
*Herm ias.
* H erm ocrates.
*H erm ippus.
Herodian.
Herodias.
*H erodicus.*H erodicus.
l'H erod Antipas.
*Herodotus.
Herron, Gen.
*Hesiod.
B ibbins, Ann*H iempsal .
*H ierax .
*H iero.
*H iero.
H ieroc l es.
H il debrand .
H ien-fung.
H ind, James.
*H ipparchus.
*Hipparchus.
*Hippias.
l" H ippocrates.
*H ippocrates ofCos.
*H iram .
Hodson, Col .
Hogg, JamesHol bein , Hans*Hol ofernes.
Holywood, John*Hom er.Homeric.
Honorius I. , PopeHonorius II. , PopeHood, Gen.
Hood, ThomasHooker, Si r Wil l iam JacksonHook, Dr . RobertHooker, Gen . JosephHopkins, John Henry*Horatius, Q . F .
Horm isdas II.*Hortensius.
*Hortensius, Q.
Horn, CountH orrox .
Horne, CountHorne, Thomas Hartwel l*H osea.
Hough , Col .
Howard , CatherineHoward, JohnHoward, Charl esHoward, Gen. 0 . O.
Howe, Sir Wil l iamHudson, HenryHughes, Bal lHugh ofVermandois.
Hugo de St. Charo.
*Hul dah .
Hu l l , G en . Wil l iamHumbert II .Hum e, DavidHumbol dt, Al exander VonH uniades.
Huntington, SamuelHunt, LeighHunter, G en .
Hunter . R . M .
Huss, JohnHutch inson, Ann* Hyganis.
Hyde, Anne
*Kal idasa.
Kahn AkbarKane, El isha KentKarakasow.Keats, JohnKearney, Com . LawrenceKearney, Gen . Phi l ipKel l ey , Col .Kempis, Thomas aKenl ey, Col .Kepl er, JohnKhan, GenghisKhan, Kubl aiKhan, Koul i .Khondem is.
King, ThomasKircher, Father AthanasiusKitto, JohnKnox, JohnKnyphausen, Gen.
*Korah .
Kosciusko, ThaddeusKossuth, Louis
*Laban.
*Lacedaemon.
Lactautius.
Ladislas.
Ladislas VI .Ladi slaus.
*Lael ius.
Laetus.
Lafayette, Marquis deLamartine.
Lamb, Char l esLambert
,Count
Lane, Gen.
Landor.Landor, Wal ter SavageLandsborough .
*Laodice.
*Laomedon.
*Lartius.
La Sal l e, Robert C .
Lascar is TheodoreLascaris, Theodore II .Lascaris, JohnLatim er, Hugh‘Latinus.
Laud, Wi l l iamLavo isier, Antoine LaurentLawrence, Sir ThomasLawrence, Sir Henry*Layam on.
Leach, John*Leah .
Lecompte.
Ledyard, JohnLee, AnnLee, R ichard Henry .
Lee, Gen. Robert E .
Leighton, RobertLeo, grammarian.
Leo II . , PopeLeo III . , PopeLeo VIII . , PopeLeo IX. , PopeLeo X. , PopeLeo XL , PopeLeon, Ponce deLeonardo.
*Leonidas.
Leonidas.
Leontine.
Leopol d.
Leopol d, PrinceLeopol d I .*Lepidus.
Lescus V.
Lesl ie, Charl es RobertL
’Estrange, Sir RogerLetcher, Gov.
*Levi.Lewel lyn.
Libby, MajorLic inius.
Lin.
Lincol n, LeviLinna.
Linnaeus, Carl von*Linus.
Lipsius, Justus.
Livingstone, Dr.*Livius.
*Livy.
Locke, JohnLodi , Ibrah im*Lol l ius.
Lone Wolf.
Lopez , Gen.
Lorm e, Ph il ibert deLorraine, Claude*Lot.
Louis, PrinceLouis ofHungary .
Louis ofZuniga.
Louis, Charl esLouis I . ofBavaria.
Low, Col .Loyola, IgnatiusLucian .
Luc ian.
*Lucil ius.
*Lucius.
*Luc ius Sex tus.
*Lucretius.
*Lucul lus.
Luke.
Luperon.
Lupus.
*Lutatius.
Luther, MartinLutiprand.
*Lycon.
*Lycophron.
*Lycurgus, Ibis*Lycurgus.
Lyon, Gen. N.
Lyons, Lord*Lysander.Lysias.
*Lysiades.
*Lysias.
*Lysimachus.
*Lysippus.
Macartney .
Macaul ay, Thomas B.
*Machanidas.
Mach iavel l i .Macrobius.
Magel lan .
*Magdalus.
*Mago.
Magoflin, Gov.
*Magus.
Magnentius.Mahmud Gazni .Mahomet.
Maimonides.
‘Mal achi .Mal ebranche, Nicholas*Mal chus.
Mal ek al Salek'
.
Mamun.
*Manasseh .
*Maneinus.
*Mandane.
Manes.Mann, HoraceManjaca, RanavolanaManly, John*Manil ius.
Mansfel d, Ernest Von*Manl ius.
Marat, Jean PaulMarcel l inus, PopeMarcel l inus.
Marcel lus.
Marcel l us IV. , PopeMarcion .
Marcus, Pope*Mardonl us.
Margaret.Margaret.Margaret ofAnjou.
Margaret ofEngland.
Mar ia Louisa.
Maria ofAustria.
*Mariamne.
Marie Amel ie.
Maria Theresa.
Marie.
Marie Antoinette.
Marion, Gen. Francis*Marius.Mark, JohnMarmora, Gen. La
Marquez , Gen.
Marquette, JacquesMarr, Capt.Marshal l , HumphreyMartia.
Martial .Martin, GonsalveMartin I. , PopeMartin, St.Martina.
Martin, SanMartin, JohnMartin,
JohnMartyr, Justin*Mary .
Mary , PrincessMary, queen ofHenry IVMasaniel l o.
*MasinissaMasham , Si r FrancisMason , J . M.
Mason, J. Y.
Massasoit.Massinger , Ph il ipMasterman, GeorgeMathe'
r, Increase
Matil da.
Matilda.
*Mattathias.
Matthi as.
Mattison, H iram D. D.
Matthew, Theobal dMaud .
*Mausolus.
Maurice.
Max entius.
Max im ianus.
Maxim il ian, Joseph II.Maximus.
Max imus.
Maxim il ian, EmperorMazarin, _Car’dinalMazarin, Jul iusMaz z ini .McDowel l , IrwinMcCal l , Gen .
McCook, Gen. RobertMcCook, Gen. A. D.
McClernand, Gen.
McGee, Thomas' D
’ArcyMcKinl ay.
McKenz ie,'
Gen.
McMahon, Gen.
Mead, L . G .
Meade, Gen. George G.
*Mecaanas.
Mec isl aus I .Medic i, Giovanni deMedici , Cosmo de
Medici, Lorenzo deMedici, Piero deMed ici, Cosm o de
Medic i, Cathar ine deMedic i , Mary de*Megabyzus.
Mehem et Al i .Mej ia.
Mel ancthon, Phi l ip.
Melbourne, Lord*Mel chisedek
Mel ek Shah .
Menabria, Gen .
*Menander.*Menecrates.
*Menel a'
us.
*Menelaus.
Mentieth; Sir JohnMerewether, Col .Merovaeus I .*Meshach .
Mesue.
*Meton.
Metternich, Prince*Micipsa.
Miecisl aus IV.
Michael .*Mil o.
Mil l er, Hugh*Mil tiades.
Mil l er, James F .
Milman, H . H . , D . D .
Mil ton,John
Mi l roy, Gen.
*Minos.
Minutius, Fel ixMiramon, Gen. MiguelMirabeau, Riquetti*Miriam .
Mitchel l , C . B .
Mitchel l , Gen . 0 . M.
Mitchel l , Adm iralMitchel l , Augustus*Mithridates IV .
*Mithridates V .
*Mithridates VI .Mitre, PresidentMolay.
*Mol on.
Monagas, President.Monmouth , Duke ofMontague, Lady Mary Wortl eyMonserrat.Montanas.
Montague, Mrs.
Montaigne, Michael deMontgomery, James.
Montijo, Eugenie deMontcal m , LouisMoore, ThomasMoore, Gov.
*Mordecai .More, Sir ThomasMore, HenryMorgan, John H .
Morgan, DanielMortim er.Mozart, Johann WolfgangMuca.
*Mumm ius
Munzer, Thomas*Mursena.
Murat, Joach imMuril l o, Barthol omeo EstevenMurphy .
*Musa.
Musset, LouisMustal i .Myddl eton, Sir Hugh*Myron.
*Myson.
*Naamah .
*Nabis .
*Naboth .
*Nahum .
WNapier, SirNapier, Sir JohnNapier, Sir RobertNapier, Sir Charl esNapol eon, Prince.
Narses.
Narses.
Narvaez, Gen.
Nayl or, James*Nearchus.
Nebedeus.
*Nebuzaradan.
Neckar, James*Nehem iah .
Nel son, Adm iralNel son, Gen.
*Nero.
Nestorius.
Newton, Sir IsaacNey, Michael*Ni cander .
*Nicator .
*Nicias.
Nicholas I. , PopeNichol as IV. ,
PopeNichol s, RichardNichol son,
MargaretNichol son, O. A . F.
*Nicomedes.
*Nicocl es.
Niger .*Niobe.
*Pharez .*Pharnabasus.
*Pharnaces.
Phavorinus.
*Phazael .Phelps, John S .
*Pheroras.
*Ph idias*Phidon .
Ph il ip the Bol d.
‘Phi l etwrus.
*Ph ila.
*Ph il ip.
*Ph il ip, (Herod)Ph il ip, Capt.Ph il ip the Good.
Ph il ip, king ofWampanoogs.
*Ph i l opoemen.
*Phi lom el us.
*Ph i l ox enus.
*Ph il otas.
*Ph il o.
*Ph il o.
Ph il o.
Phi l ostratus.
Ph il ippa.
Ph ipps, Sir Wil l iamPh l egon.
*Phocion.
*Phocyl ides.
*Phoebidas.
Photius.
*Physcon.
Pierce, Gen.
Pil atus, LeoPilpay.
*Pindar.
Pionices.
*Pisistratus.
Piso.
*Pisuthnes.
Pitt,Wi l l iam
Pitt, Wil l iam (Chatham )*Pittacus.
Pius I., Pope
Pius III . , PopePius IV . , PopePius V. , PopePius VII .
, Pope.
Pius IX . , Pope.
Pizarro, Francis*Pl ato.
*Pl autus.
Pl autius.
Pl iny the el der.Pl iny the younger.Pl otianus.
*Pl otins.
‘Pl otinus.
Plutarch .
Pochahontas.
Podiebrad, George*Pol emon.
Pol lard .
Pol l i o, Trebel l ius*Pol l io.
fPol lux .
Pol o, MarcoPolyaenus.
*Polybius.
*Pol ycaon.
Polycl etus.
*Polycrates.
Polycarp.
*Polygnotus.
*Polysperchon.
*Pompey .
Ponce Gen.
Pontiac .
Pontius Pilate.
Pope, Gen. JohnPope, Al exander*Ponthinus.
*Popil ius.
Porphyry .
*Porsenna.
*Porus.
*Posidonius.
*Posthum ius.
Poussin , NicholasPowel l , BadenPrado, Col .*Praetus:Prescott, Wil l iam Hickl ingPreston, W . C.
*Pr iam .
Pr ice, Gen.
Prideaux, HumphreyPriestly, JosephPrim
, Gen.
Pr0 00pia.
Procopius.
*Procas.
Proclus.
Prodicus.
*Propertius.
*Protagoras.*Protogenes.
Prudentius.
*Prusias.
Pryor, Gen.
Psel lus, MichaelPtol emy.
*Ptol emy Apion.
*Ptol emy Evergetes.Pul cheria.
Pul gar .Purcel l , Henry*Pylades.
*Pyrrho.
*Pyrrhus.I"Pythagoras.
*Pythias.
Quadratus.
Queretaro.
Quintil ian.
Quirinius.
Babanus.
Rabel ais, Francis*Rachel .Badama the Great.Radbertus, Paschasias.
Radcl iffe, JohnRaglan, LordRajah ofCoarg.
Ral eigh, Sir Wal terRaimond VI .Ram say, Al lanRansom , Gen
Raphael Sanz i o.
Rattaz z i, SignorRavil l ac.
Read, Gen.
*Rebekah .
Red C loud.
Reginon.
*Regulus.
Reid, ThomasRembrandt, Van RynRenaudot.
Reno, Gen. J. F.
Reynol ds, Gen. John F.
Reynol ds, Sir Joshua*Rez in.
Rhazes.
*Rhaz is.
Richel ieu, CardinalRid ley, Nichol asRiego, Raphael delRienz i .Rinuccini , OctavioRittenhouse, DavidRitter, CarlRizz io, DavidRobespierre, FrancoisRoberts, Gen .
Robert the Good.
Robert ofApul ia.
Robert ofNormandy.
Robert ofF landers.
Robert ofGl oucester.Robinson.
Rogers, SamuelRoger the Norman.
Roger de F l or.
Rol fe, JohnRol l o.
Rol l in, LedruRol l in, Charl esRol and, MadameRooke, Admiral
Rosecrans, Gen. W. 8 .
Ross, Adj. Jam es Cl arkRosser, Gen.
Ross, Sir Wil l iamRossini , Gioacch inoRosa, SalvatorRose, Sir HughRothsch il d, BaronRousseau, Jean JaquezRousseau.
*Roxana.
Rubens, Peter PaulRubruquis.
Rudol ph .
Rupert, PrinceRussel , Lord JohnRussel , Adm iralRuysdael , Jacob
Sabert.Sabinianus.
Sachs, HansSe-da-bandeira.
*Sadok .
*Sadyattes.
Said. ViceroySah ib, Tippoo
Sah ib, NanaSal adin .
Sahi .Saget, Nissage*Sal lust .
*Sal om e.
Salvius, Jul ianSal nave.
Sal om on .
Sam o .
Sam osatenus, Paulus*Sanbal lat*Sandrocottus.
Santanta.
Sanz io, RaphaelSanz io, Giovanni*Sappho.
* Sarai .Sarm iento.
*Satyrus.
Saul ofTarsus.
Savonarol a.
*Scamander.Scapul a, Ostorius*Scaurus.
Schamyl .
Scheel e, Charl es Wi l l iamSchimmelpenninck.
Schoep, Gen.
Schofiel d, Gen .
*Sciol d .
““Scipio .
*Scipio Africanus.
*Scipio Nascia.
‘Scipio,P.
*Scopas.
*Scopas.
Scot-t, Sir Wal terScotus, JohnScotus, Marianus*Scyl l is.
Sebastian, W. K.
Secundus.
Sedgwick, JohnSejanus.
*Sematz in.
Senhouse, Sir Le F l em ingSeneca.
Sergius III. , Pope*Sertorius.
Servetus.
Severus, J.
Servius.
Seward, Wi l l iam '
H .
‘SextusPompeius.
Seym our, JaneSeymour, Sir M .
*Shadrach .
Shadwel l , ThomasShakspeare, Wi l l iamSharp, Granvil l eShel burn.
Shel ly, Percy ByssheSherman, RogerSherman
,Wil l iam T.
Sheridan, Ph il ipShovel , Sir Cl oudesl eySi‘ckl es, ‘
Gen. Daniel E .
Sidney,Algernon
Sidney,Sir Ph il ip
Sidonia, MedinaSigebert.
Sigel , FranzSigismond.
Sigismund I.Sigismund II.*Sihon.
*Simonides.
*Simon the Just.Simon.
Simnel , Lambert‘Sirach .
*Sisenna, L .
Sissineus, PopeSiward.
Sixtus I., Pope
Sixtus IV. ,PepeSixtus V. , PopeS l emm er, Adam J.
S l idel l .S l oat, CommodoreSm ith , JohnSm ith , JosephSm ith , Rev. SydneySmith, Benjam inF.
Sm ith , SebaSm ith , Gen. C . F.
Sm ith , Ki rbySobieski, JohnSocinus, Laal ius*Socrates.
Socrates.
Sel inus.
*Sol on.
Somer, JohnSophia, DorotheaSoph ia.
*Sosigines.
*Sostratus.
*Sotion .
Southey, Robert*Sophocl es.
Soz omen.
*Spartacus.
*Spartacus.
Spartianus, JEl ius
Speke, John HanniuSpenser, EdmundStafford , LordStandish , Mi l esStanl ey, LordStanton, E . M.
*Statira.
Statius.
Steel e, Sir RichardStephenson .
Stephen I II . , PopeStephen IV. , PopeStephen V. , PopeStephen ofChartresStephen, BattoryStephens, James
Stephens, ThaddeusStephens, Al exander H .
Steuben, BaronStephanus.
*Stesichorus.
Stil es, EzraStil icho.
Stobeeus.
Stone, Capt.Stone
,Gen .
Storks, Henry*Strabo .
I"Stratonice.
Stuart, Gilbert Charl esStuart.Stuart, Gen J . E . Bturgis, MajorSue, Eugene
Sueur, Eustace l eSuetonius.
Sugar, AbbeSuidas.
Suidae.
Sul l ivan, Gea
Urban VIII . , PopeUrbicus, Lol l iusUre, Andrew*Uriah .
Urquiza, Gen .
Usher, Dr . James
Vacarius.
Val ent ine.
Val erius Maximus.
Val er ius Gratus.
*Val erius, Q.
Val igfort, RicoardVance, Gov.
Vaneck, ‘John
Van Dyck, Sir AnthonyVan Dorn*Vararuche.
*Varro, Terentius‘Varrus.
*Varrus, Q .
Vasco de Gama.
l’Vashti .Vasal ius.
Vataces, John DucasVega, Lope deVelasquez , Diego*Ventidius.
Veraz zani .Veronese, PaulVespucci , AmerigoV ick .
Victor I PopeVictor II . , PopeVictor Amadeus.
Victor .Victor Aurel ius.
Vigil antia.
*Vikram odityV i l l e Hardouin.
*Vil l icus.
Vinci, Leonardo da*Virgil .Virgi l ius.
*Vir iathus.
Vital ian, PopeVital ianus.
*Vitruvius.
Vol taire, FrancoisVoorh ies, Lieut. Gov.
Vopiscus.
Wace, RobertWadl ey, JamesWadl ey, JaneWal do, PeterWal dseemul l er.
Wal ker, G en .
Wal l ace, Wil l iamWal lace, Gen.
Wal l er,Edmund
Wal l enstein, Albert ofWal singham , Sir FrancisWaiter the Pennil ess.
Wamba.
Warbeck, PerkinWard, Capt.Warefredus, PaulWarm outh , H . C .
Warwick, Richard Nevilwashburne.
Wash ington, GeorgeWash ington, Col . J . A.
Watts, Dr. IsaacWatts, Gov.
Wayne, Gen. AnthonyWebb, Gen .
Webster, DanielWel l esl ey, S ir ArthurWel l s, Henry H .
Wencesl aus III .Wenceslaus.
Wentworth , Sir ThomasWesl ey, JohnWestbury , Lord Chancel l orWest, Benjam inWestmacott, Sir RichardWheel er, G en .
Wh itefiel d, GeorgeWh ittaker, James
W ickl ifie, JohnWigfal l , Gen . L . T .
Wi l helm ina,Carol ine Dorothea
Wil kes, Com .
Wil l iam the Great.Wi l l iam II .Wil l iam III .Wil l iam IV.
Wil l iam V .
Wi l l iam ofPoitou.
Wil l iam ofArques.
Wil l iam ofSpires.
Wil l iam ofMalm sbury.
Wil l iam ofNewbury.
Wil l iam ofHol land.
Wil l iams, RogerWi l l iam s, Gen.
Wil l iamson, PassmoreWil son .
Wil son, H . H .
W incesl as, IV.
Winifred .
Winsl ow, EdwardWinthrop, JohnWinthrop, Maj. Theodor eWirz .Wiseman,
CardinalWitherspoon, Dr.Witt, John deWolfe, Gen . JamesWol sey , ThomasWoodvi l l e, Sir Richard
Wool , Gen . John E .
Wren, Sir ChristopherWright, Gen.
*Xanthippus.*Xenophanes.
*Xenophon.
Xim enes, Cardinal
Yeh , Comm issionerYez id , Cal iphYolanda.
Young, Dr. EdwardZabdiel .Zadoc.
Zagonyi , Maj.
‘Zechariah.
*Zechariah .
*Zecharias.
Zenobia.
*Zeno ofSidon.
*Zeno ofTarsus.*Zeno.
*Zephan iah .
Zephyrinus, Pope*Zerah .
*Zerah .
*Zerubbabel .*Zeuxis.
Zol l icoifer, Gen.
Zoz imus.
Zuingl ius, Ul rich
Zul oaga.
Zurbano.
Champl ain , naval .Chancel l orsvil l e.
Chang-kia-wan.
Chantil ly .
Charl eston, S . C .
Cheat Mountain.
Chepul tepec.
Cheronea.
Cheronea.
Chickahom iny.
Ch ickamauga.
Chi l l ianwal l ah .
Chinhoe.
Ch ippewa.
Chocz im .
Churubusco.
C l ontarf.Coal Harbor.
Constantina.
Contreras.
Corinth .
Corunna.
Cowpens.
Craonne.
Crecy.
Crete;Cross Keys.Cul l oden .
Cul pepper.
Cumberland Gap.
Cumberland Mountain.
Cynoscephalaa.
Dal las.
Dal ton.
Decatur.Del h i .Dettingen.
Doggerbank.
Dorylmum .
Drainsvil le.
Dresden.
Dug Spring.
Dunbar.
Dunkirk.
Edgehil l .El k Creek, Ark.
Erie, naval .Espierre.
Essl ing.
Ethandune.
Eupatoria.
EutawSprings.
Evora, Portugal .Eylau.
Fairfax Court H ouse.
Fair Oaks.
Fal l ing Water .
Fayettevil l e, Ark.
Fesulm.
F l eurus.
F l odden .
Five Forks.
Fisher’
s H il l .Fontainebl eau.
Fontenoy .
Fort Craig.
Fort Darl ing.
Fort Donel son.
Fort Erie.
Fort Fisher .
Fort Hatteras.
Fort Henry .
’
Fort Macon.
Fort Pil l ow.Fort PulaskiFort De Russey.
Fort Sm ith .
Fort Sumter.Frankl in, Tenn.
Fredericksburg.
Fredericktown.
Freiburg.
Friedland.
Front Royal .
Gaeta.
Gainsvil l e.
Gal icia.
Garrettsburg.
Germantown.
Gettysburg.
Gol dsboro.
Granicus.
Granicus.
Granson.
Grochow.Guildford.
Hampton Roads.Harper’s Ferry.
Hastings.
Hatcher’s Run.
Hohenl inden.
H umarta, Paraguay.
Huntersvil l e.
Hunt’s CrossRoads, Tenn
Isl and N0 . 10.
Ingour.
Inkermann.
Ipsus.
Issus.Iuka.
Jackson, MissJemmappes.Jena.
Jhansi .Jonesboro.
Katzbach .
Kel ly’s Ford.
Kil cul l en.
King’
s Mountainl .
Kingston, N C .
Knox vi l l e.
Konieh .
Kotah .
La Hogue.
Langside.Laone.
Largs.
Legnano.
Leipsic.
Leon.
Lepan‘
to .
Leucopetra.
Leuctra.
Lex ingtonLexington, M6.
Ligny .
Lincel l es.
Lincol n.
Lodi .Lonato.
Long Island.
Lost Mountain.
Lucknow.Lucerne.
Lutter.
Lutzengen.
Magnesia.
Malpl aquet.Maciejowice.
Magdala, Abyssinia.
Magenta.
Maida.
Mal akhofi'
.
Malvern Hil l .Mantinea.
Mantinea.
Manassas Gap.
Marathon.
Marignan.
Marston Moor.
Martinesti .Math ias Point.Maysvil l
'
e, Ark.
Mazatlan.
McDowel l ’s.
Mel atzo.
Memphis.
Menin.
Mentana.
Mincio .
Mil l Spring.
Minden.
Mohrungen.
Mol ino del Rey.
Montebel l o.
Montereau .,
Monterey.
Montesuel lo.
Mondovi .Montenotte.
Monmouth .
Morgarten.
More’s H il l .
Munda.
Munfordsvi l l e.
Murfreesboro.
Mutina.
Naas.
NarvaNashvi l l e.
Naseby .
Navarino, naval .Neosho.
Nerol a.
Newbern.
Nil e.
Nordlingen.
Novara.
Novi .
Ocana.
O lustee, Fla.
Oporto.
Orchomenos.
Otterburn.
Otranto.
Oudenarde.Oul art.
Paducah .
Pal estro.
Pal o Al to.
Parma.
Patay.
Pavia.
Pea Ridge.
Perryvil l e.
Petersburg.
Pharsal ia.
Ph il ippi .Ph il ippi.Pittsburg Landing.Plataea.
Poictiers.
Port nu Prince.
Port Gibson.
Port Hudson.
Port Royal .Prairie Grove, Ark.
Prague.
Prague.
Prescott.Preston Pans.
Princeton.
1862
1709*168
1798
1813
1815
1759
1812
1793
1706
1868*219
1863
1862
1864
1846
1776
1778
1862
1861
1862
1861
1757
1847
1866*480
1812
1868
1864
1861
1862
1861
1868*223
1831
1386
1791
1799
1862
1715
1862
1864
1862
l 812
485
1859
1862
1864
1780
1455
183717771862
1863
Puebl a.
Pul towa.
Pydna.
Pyram ids.
Pyrenees.
Quatre Bras.Quebec.
Queenstown.
Quesnoy .
Ram i l ies.
Rangoon.
Raphia.
Raymond, Miss.
Reggio,Resaca.
Resaca de l aPalms .
Rhode Island.
Rhode Island.
Richmond, Ky.
Richm ond, Va.
R ich Mountain.
Roanoke Isl and.
Romney .
Rossbach .
Sacramento.
Sadowa.
Sal am is.Sal amanca.
Samarcand.
San Pedro.
Santa Rosa.
Savage Station.
Screytown, Va,Scutari .Sel asia.
Seidl ice.
Sempach .
Seringapatam .
Seringapatam.
ShanghaL
Sherifl‘
mui r.
Sh il oh .
Shreveport.Silver Creek.
Sinnaca.
Smol enskc
Soissons.
Solferino.
South Mountain.
Spottsyl vania.
Spr ingfiel d.
St. Al bans.
St. Eustace.
Stil lwater.
Stone River.Suffol k, Va.
‘Bet‘ore Christ.
Valmy.
Verna.
Varossa.
Vicksburg.
Vi l l eta.
Vimeira.
Vittor ia.
Vol turno.
Wagram .
Wakefield .
Warsaw.Warsaw.Wash ington. (Bum et
‘
Wattignies.
Waterl oo.
Wel don Rail road.
West Point.Wh ite Oak Swamp.
Wh ite Hal l , N . C.
White Plains.
Wi ld Cat.Wil derness.Winchester.
Wil l iamsburg.
Wil l iamsburg.
Wilm ington .
Wil son Creek.
Worcester.
Yeddo.
Zama.
Zurich .
Zutphen.
