Editor Dr. Bapu g. Gholap - Vidyawarta

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ISSN: 2394 5303 01Printing Area May 2021Issue-76, Vol-03

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7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal

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EditorDr. Bapu g. Gholap

(M.A.Mar.& Pol.Sci.,B.Ed.Ph.D.NET.)

“Printed by: Harshwardhan Publication Pvt.Ltd. Published by Ghodke ArchanaRajendra & Printed & published at Harshwardhan Publication Pvt.Ltd.,At.Post.Limbaganesh Dist,Beed -431122 (Maharashtra) and Editor Dr. Gholap Bapu Ganpat.

May 2021, Issue-76, Vol-03



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Impact Factor 3.102 (IIJIF)

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Vidyawarta is peer reviewed research journal. The review committee & editorial board formed/appointedby Harshwardhan Publication scrutinizes the received research papers and articles. Then the recommendedpapers and articles are published. The editor or publisher doesn’t claim that this is UGC CARE approvedjournal or recommended by any university. We publish this journal for creating awareness and aptitude regardingeducational research and literary criticism.

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Chief EditorDr Gholap Bapu GanpatParli_Vaijnath,Dist. Beed Pin-431515 (Maharashtra)9850203295, [email protected]

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Dr. Nilendra LokhandeHead-Department of Commerce,S.N.D.T. College of Arts & S.C.B.College of Comm. &Sci., S. N. D. T. Women’s University,Mumbai-20. Mobile: 98 21 230 230Email: [email protected]

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Editors Message...

Educational Research as nothing but cleansing of educational Research is nothingbut cleaning of educational process. Many experts think Educational Research asunder-According to Mouly, - Educational Research is the systematic application ofscientific method for solving for solving educational problem. Travers thinks, - EducationalResearch is the activity for developing science of behavior in educational situations. Itallows the educator to achieve his goals effectively. According to Whitney, - EducationalResearch aims at finding out solution of educational problems by using scientificphilosophical method. Thus, Educational Research is to solve educational problem insystematic and scientific manner, it is to understand, explain, predict and control humanbehavior.

Name of Educational Research changes with the gradual development occurswith respect to knowledge and technology, so Educational Research needs to extend itshorizon. Being scientific study of educational process, it involves : - individuals (student,teachers, educational managers, parents.) – institutions (Schools, colleges, research –institutes) It discovers facts and relationship in order to make educational process moreeffective. It relates social sciences like education. It includes process like investigation,planning (design) collecting data, processing of data, their analysis, interpretation anddrawing inferences. It covers areas from formal education and conformal educations aswell.

This part locates the research enterprise in several contexts. It commences withpositivist and scientific contexts of research and then proceeds t show the strengthsand weaknesses of such traditions for educational research. As an alternative paradigm,the cluster of approaches that can loosely be termed interpretive, naturalistic,phenomenological , interactions and ethnographic are brought together and theirstrengths and weaknesses for educational research are examined. The rise of criticaltheory as a pardiam in which educational research is conducted has been spectacularand its implications for the research undertaking are addressed in several ways here,resonating with curriculum research and feminist research (this too has been expandedand updated) Indeed critical theory links the conduct of educational research with politicsand policy-making, and this is reflected in the discussions here of research and evaluation,arguing how much educational research has become evaluative in nature. A more recenttrend has been the rise of complexity theory, originally from the natural sciences, butmoving inexorably into social science research. This part introduces the field ofcomplexity theory and steers readers to the accompanying web site for further details.That educational research serves a political agenda is seen in the later sections of thispart. The intention here is to introduce readers to different research traditions, with theadvice that ‘fitness for purpose’ must be the guiding principle: different researchparadigms for different research pruposes.

Dr. Bapug Gholap



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INDEX........................................................................................................................................................................01) Role of Physical Fitness and Emotional Literacy In your Life Style Dr Kunjikannan. R, Trivandrum ||09........................................................................................................................................................................02) INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY ISSUES AND.... MADHAV SETIA, LONDON ||12........................................................................................................................................................................03) EDUCATIONAL AND AGRICULTURAL CRISES IN DR. B. R. AMBEDKAR’S PHILOSOPHY DR. DEEPAK MORE, CHAPOLI, DIST. LATUR ||22........................................................................................................................................................................04) EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION Ms. Shital K. Rawal, Vile Parle (East), Mumbai ||24........................................................................................................................................................................05) Motivational Role of English Literature in Language Learning Dr. Vijaysinh B. Sarvaiya, Gondal, Gujarat ||28........................................................................................................................................................................06) Quality Issues of English Language Teaching in Distance Education..... Dr. V D Satpute, Dr. R T Bedre, Sonpeth Dist. Parbhani. ||33........................................................................................................................................................................07) Analysis of Agrarian unrest in context of land revenue system ..... Sharad Katiyar, Prof. A.S. Arya, Gwalior (M.P.) ||37........................................................................................................................................................................08) Transportation Problem and Solution through Operation Research Dr. Sanjay Kumar Bisen, Madhya Pradesh ||39........................................................................................................................................................................09) STUDY ON DALIT WOMEN IN INDIA Bikram Kishore Patra, Jajpur ||45........................................................................................................................................................................10) Digital Library Advantages and Disadvantages Kanchi Shukla, Gujarat ||49........................................................................................................................................................................11) Defending walls against the Mughals; A Saga of LachitBarphukan.... Dr. Gouri Dey, Siliguri, Darjeeling ||54........................................................................................................................................................................12) efgyk l'kähdj.k 'kS{kf.kd ;kstuk vkf.k dk;ZØe- Jherh iokj rkbZ rqdkjke] 'ksaMxsokMh ||58........................................................................................................................................................................13) yksdlaL—rhrhy yksddyk çk- M‚- fuoÙkh fouk;d felkG] lksubZ] ft- vgenuxj ||63........................................................................................................................................................................14) egkjk”Vªkrhy lgdkjh iriqjoBk % ,d n”Vh{ksi izk- MkW- jRukdj jkejko dkacGs] ijHk.kh ||65........................................................................................................................................................................



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15) cawn vkSj leqnz miU;kl esa O;Dr ukjh ds lkaLÑfrd lanHkZ fnO;k] vYeksM+k] mÙkjk[k.M ||69........................................................................................................................................................................16) vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa fcgkj dh Hkwfedk çksQslj M‚- uUn fd'kksj flag] njHkaxk] fcgkj ||74........................................................................................................................................................................17) cnyrh vknrksa ls cnyrk ifjos’k jsuw ckyk] M‚- fLuX/kk jkor] gY}kuh] uSuhrky ||76.......................................................................................................................................................................18) latho dr ^QkWal* miU;kl esa fpf=r fdlku&foe’kZ izk- Nk;k ‘ks”kjko rksVokM] ft- ukansM ¼egkjk”Vª½ ||89.........................................................................................................................................................................19) cawn vkSj leqnz miU;kl esa O;Dr ukjh ds lkaLÑfrd lanHkZ fnO;k] vYeksM+k] mÙkjk[k.M ||92.........................................................................................................................................................................20) ukxktqZu ds ^ckck cVsljukFk* miU;kl esa ekDlZokn izk- MkW- lqfprk txUukFk xk;dokM] tqys lksykiqj] egkjk”Vª ||97.........................................................................................................................................................................21) okYehfd & jkek;.k esa jke vkSj lhrk dk nkEiR; çse M‚- ohjsUæ dqekj tks'kh] vyoj ||101.........................................................................................................................................................................22) lPps la?k”kZ dk izrhd & Vsipw M‚- dYiuk ikVhy] ft- tyxk¡o ¼egkjk”Vª½ ||105.........................................................................................................................................................................23) jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk vk;ksftr f'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kk ds çfr iq#"k --- js[kk dqekjh] dksVk ¼jktLFkku½ ||107.........................................................................................................................................................................24) fgUnh eqæ.kdyk esa bZLkkbZ fe’kufj; a dk Áns; iVsy luedqekj ,u-] lwjr ||112.........................................................................................................................................................................25) e/;izns’k i;ZVu {ks= esa dksfoM&19 ds izHkko [ktqjkgks] lkWaph o Hkhe csBdk --- MkW- Lefr lqjkfl;k & Jhefr vpZuk lkus] tcyiqj ||119.........................................................................................................................................................................26) A Brief Introduction to the Indo-Arab Relation Dr. Md. Nasir Uddin Mondal, Bamanpukur ||123..........................................................................................................................................................................27) Hkkjrh; laxhr esa ok| oxhZdj.k % ,d voyksdu xqjizhr flag] jksiM+ ||129.........................................................................................................................................................................28) Hkk”kk dh vfLerk vkSj fgUnh dk oSf’od laca/k MkW- nRRkk=; Qqds] ftyk&vkSjaxkckn¼egkjk”Vª½ ||133.........................................................................................................................................................................



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01Role of Physical Fitness and

Emotional Literacy In your LifeStyle

Dr. Kunjikannan. RHod and Associate Professor, Department of

Physical Education,University College Trivandrum

==============***********===============Abstract

Our body and mind is our partner, therole of physical fitness and emotional literacyis a quintessential part of our life. This articledepicts about general perspective for health andfinesses .Fitness gives opulent opportunities topeople in various dimensions and its play pivotalrole in the growth of a nation. The researchershave to spice up the mind thoughts and fitnessof citizens’. Ageing grace fully is a conundrumnow .How our emotional relates to heart andbody to react to the situations and externalstimuli. The researchers have to do a pursuitfor fit India programs. Physical fitness includesthose aspects of physiological function that offerprotection from diseases resulting from asedentary lifestyle. Research in brain-basedlearning suggests that emotional health isfundamental to effective learning. According toa report from the National Center for ClinicalInfant Programs, the most critical element for astudent’s success in school, colleges is anunderstanding of how to learn. A student wholearns to learn is much more apt to succeed.Emotional Intelligence has proven a betterpredictor of future success than traditionalmethods. Hence, the great interest in emotionalIntelligence on the part of corporations,universities, and schools nationwide. Combinationof fitness training and emotional intelligence will

show miracles in our society.Key words: Physical fitness, Emotionalintelligence, ExercisesIntroduction and content :

Physical fitness can be improved and ormaintained through a regular program ofphysical activity that adheres to principles ofexercise. Specific components of Health relatedPhysical fitness include Endurance, Bodycomposition, Strength and Flexibility.Cardiovascular Fitness or Endurance, this is alsoknown as stamina and is the ability of your bodyto continuously provide enough energy tosustain sub maximal levels of exercise. To dothis the circulatory and respiratory systems mustwork together efficiently to provide the workingmuscles with enough oxygen to enable aerobicmetabolism. This type of fitness has enormousbenefits in our lifestyle as it allows us to beactive throughout the day, for example walkingto the shops, climbing stairs or running to catcha bus. It also allows us to get involved in sportsand leisure pursuits. If we have goodcardiovascular fitness then our health is alsogood as it helps with, fat metabolism, improveddelivery of oxygen, faster removal of wasteproducts, decreased levels of stress. Bodycomposition is the amount of muscle, fat, bone,cartilage etc that makes up our bodies. In termsof health, fat is the main point of interest andeverything else is termed lean body tissue. Theamount of fat we carry varies from person toperson and healthy averages vary with genderand age. A healthy amount of fat for a man isbetween 15 to18 percentage and for women ishigher at 20 to 25 percentage. It is important tomaintain a healthy percentage of body fatbecause, excess body fat can contribute todeveloping a number of health problems suchas Heart disease and Diabetes, Strain on thejoints muscles and bones, increasing the risk ofinjury. Strength is vitally important, not only insports but in day-to-day life activities. We needto be strong to perform certain tasks, such as



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lifting heavy bags or using our legs to stand upfrom a chair, climbing stairs, digging the gardenand cleaning and is also important in sports,such as football repeated running and kicking,tennis repeated swinging of the arm to hit theball and swimming repeating the stroke.Strength is defined as the ability of a muscle toexert a force to overcome a resistance. Strengthis important for our health as it enables us toavoid injuries, maintain good posture andremain independent in old age. Flexibility is themovement available at our joints, usuallycontrolled by the length of our muscles. This isoften thought to be important like strength orcardio vascular fitness. However, if we are notflexible our movement decreases and jointsbecome stiff. Flexibility in sports allows us toperform certain skills more efficiently, forexample a gymnast, dancer or diver must behighly flexible, but it is also important in othersports to aid performance and decrease the riskof injury. In daily activities we must be flexibleto reach for something in a cupboard, or off thefloor. It also helps to, prevent injuries, improveposture, reduce low back pain, maintain healthyjoints, improve balance during movement.

Emotional Intelligence “in navigatingour lives, it is our fears and envies, our ragesand depressions, our worries and anxieties thatsteer us day to day. Even the most academicallybrilliant among us are vulnerable to be undoneby unruly emotions. The price we pay foremotional literacy are failed marriages andtroubled families, in stunted social and worklives, in deteriorating physical health and mentalanguish and as a society, in tragedies such askillings. The best remedy for battling ouremotional shortcomings is preventive medicine.In other words, we need to place as muchimportance on teaching our children theessential skills of Emotional Intelligence as wedo on more traditional measures like IQ. Whatexactly is Emotional Intelligence? The termencompasses the following five characteristics

and abilities(i)Self-awareness–knowing youremotions, recognizing feelings as they occur, anddiscriminating between them (ii)Moodmanagement–handling feelings so they’rerelevant to the current situation and you reactappropriately( iii)Self-motivation–”gathering up”your feelings and directing yourself towards agoal, despite self-doubt, inertia, andimpulsiveness (iv)Empathy–recognizing feelingsin others and tuning into their verbal andnonverbal cues (v)Managing relationships–handling interpersonal interaction, conflictresolution, and negotiations. The key ingredientsfor this understanding are 1.Confidence,2.Curiosity, 3.Intentionality, 4.Self-control,5.Relatedness, 6.Capacity to communicate,7.Ability to cooperate. These traits are allaspects of Emotional Intelligence.

The idea of Emotional Intelligence hasinspired research and curriculum developmentthroughout these facilities. So many researchersare building their own packages to developemotional intelligence. As part of my work, I amalso trying to find whether my training will helpto develop emotional intelligence. Researchershave concluded that people who manage theirown feelings well and deal effectively withothers are more likely to live content lives. Inaddition, happy people are more apt to retaininformation and do so more effectively thanunsatisfied people. Building one’s EmotionalIntelligence has a lifelong impact. Many parentsand educators are rushing now to teach studentsthe skills necessary for Emotional Intelligence.In addition, in corporations, the inclusion ofEmotional Intelligence in training programs hashelped employees cooperate better andmotivate more, thereby increasing productivityand profits. “Emotional Intelligence is a masteraptitude, a capacity that profoundly affects allother abilities, either facilitating or interferingwith them. ‘Daniel Goleman’, why do peoplewith high Intelligence Quotients (IQs)sometimes fail and those of modest IQs often



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do surprisingly well? In his book - EmotionalIntelligence,Goleman concludes that our viewof human intelligence is far too narrow. Hestresses that a high score on an IQ test doesnot guarantee future success or determine achild’s ability to be self-disciplined, motivated,or display enthusiasm for life. He postulated thatin recent years we have experienced adegeneration of “emotional literacy” acrossracial and class boundaries, and that the resultshave been an increase in cynicism, socialpathology, violence, and suicide. Golemanbelieves that society has overemphasized in IQand neglect of emotional skills such as empathy,responsibility, persistence, impulse control, andcaring. However, he stated these attributescould be taught. According to him, childhood is“a special window of opportunity for shapingchildren’s emotional habits.” We must helpchildren recognize and understand theiremotions and the emotions of others. If childrenlearn to persevere and accept mistakes as anatural part of learning, they will be better ableto control themselves and handle theirfrustrations in positive ways. Since children needemotional training to grow into productive,satisfied adults, he urges educators and parentsto integrate their emotional and rational minds,which are two different ways of knowing. Hestates that promoting emotional intelligence inchildren is vital to the safety and civility of oursociety. For this, the researcher has selectedteacher trainees as subjects and the informationthey get from the researcher about emotionalintelligence, can be passed on to their students.However, many children suffer from health andfitness problems that interfere with normaldevelopment and functioning. In the U.S., 1 in10 children and adolescents suffer from mentalillness severe enough to cause some level ofimpairment. However, in any given year, it isestimated that less than 1 in 5 of these childrenreceives needed treatment. Recent evidencecompiled by the World Health Organization

indicates that by the year 2020, childhoodneuropsychiatric disorders will rise proportionatelyby over 50 percent, internationally, to become oneof the five most common causes of morbidity,mortality, and disability among children.

Particularly important are the decisionmakers in authorities at local and Nationallevels, whose actions affect health and fitnessin many ways that they may not realize. Theauthorities have to inculcate or emphasis theimportance of martial art training, physicaleducation programme in day to day life as helpsin solving a wide range of problems. In thefield of health the establishment of the WorldHealth Organizations (W.H.O) as a specializedagency of the United Nations organizations isan outstanding achievement. It representsinternationally solidarity in providing a Healthcharter for all people. W.H.O is working withauthorities to promote health in society byproviding technical material and advice toimplement policies, plans and programmesaimed at promoting health and fitness. A Fewsuggestions made by WHO are early childhoodinterventions (e.g. visiting pregnant women, pre-school psycho-social interventions, combinednutritional and psycho-social interventions indisadvantaged populations),Support tochildren(e.g. skills building programmes, childand youth development programmes),Socio-economic empowerment of women (e.g.improving access to education, microcreditschemes),Social support to old age populations(e.g. befriending initiatives, community and daycenters for the aged),Programmes targeted atvulnerable groups, including minorities,indigenous people, migrants and peopleaffected by conflicts and disasters e.g. psycho-social interventions after disasters. Health andfitness promotion activities in schools (e.g.programs supporting ecological changes inschools, child-friendly schools, colleges etc.Health and fitness interventions at work (e.g.stress prevention programmes).Housing policies



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(e.g. housing improvement) Violence preventionprogrammes (e.g. community policing initiatives)and Community development programmes (e.g.Communities that care initiatives, integrated ruraldevelopment).Conclusion

For enhancing the value and visibility ofhealth and fitness promotion, our NationalHealth and fitness Policies should not be solelyconcerned with health and fitness disorders, butalso recognize and address the broader issues,which promote health and fitness. These wouldinclude the socio-economic and environmentalfactors, described above, as well as behavior.This requires mainstreaming health and fitnesspromotion into policies and programmes inauthorities and business sectors includingphysical education, health education, labourjustice, transport, environment, housing, andwelfare, as well as the health sector. Toimplement the above effective interventions,authorities, private sector etc need to adopt ahealth and fitness framework as used to advanceother areas of health and socio-economicdevelopment, and thereby engage all relevantsectors to support and evaluate activitiesdesigned to promote health and fitness. Physicalactivity is very important for health and well-being, as well as for disease prevention andtreatment. The future of our country dependson the health and fitness and strength of theyoung people. The fitness training will influencethe development of emotional intelligence also.The present study is an attempt to investigatethe general thoughts to develop insight towardsemotional intelligence and health and fitness.References

Denniscoon, Coon, Dennis(1995),Introduction to psychology Exploration andapplication. 7th edition. West publishing company.

Singh, Hardayal (1991) Science of sportstraining, New Delhi, D.V.S publication

Gordon Edin,Eric holanty, (1998) Healthand wellness 5th edn, Jones and Barlett publishers

Yuri L. Hanin (2008), Emotions in sport,Library of congress catalogue in Publicationsector, Human kinetics publications.

02INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION

AND PUBLIC POLICY ISSUES ANDPROSPECTS IN THE INDIAN

SUBCONTINENT

MADHAV SETIAPursuing Law,

City Law School, London(Formerly Inns of Court, School of Law)

==============***********===============1. Introduction

Public policy is understood by themodern world in two different contexts, i.e., inthe political context and in the legal context.Public policy in the political context can betermed as ‘Policy of a Government’.

Public policy in the legal context, in legalscholarship and in courts’ opinion, can be termedas a public policy of a State. In the first sense,each government of a country in line with,sometimes in deviation from, the manifesto ofthe ruling political party pursues some policieswhich may include social welfare, promotion ofliteracy and economic wellbeing of the people,etc. In the second sense, the public policy of aState, consists of ‘mandatory rules emanatingfrom law2 – taken either from the legislation orprecedents of courts drawn upon the underlyingcause of the legislation. Only public policy inthis sense can overrule private arrangementreached between the parties, avoid applicabilityof foreign rules, and debar enforcement ofjudgements and awards rendered in a foreigncountry.3 Arbitration law is concerned with publicpolicy in this sense only. In arbitration, thequestion of public policy (including mandatoryrules) arises in following stages of theproceedings: firstly, at the time of thedetermination of a dispute by the court or arbitral



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tribunal; secondly, at the time of challenge toan award before the court of competentjurisdiction; and thirdly, at the time ofenforcement of an award before theenforcement court.4 Thereby, all the arbitralprocess, starting from the determination of adispute to the execution of an award, can beaffected by the public policy.

Public policy is an integral part of almostevery legal system. Similarly, the U.N. Treatydatabase search engine reveals that the phrase‘public policy’ has been found in more than 6805international instruments5 , which unequivocallyreflects concerns of participating states for theprotection of their public policy.

This article will examine the publicpolicy concept in the Indian subcontinent byfocusing on three countries such as India,Pakistan and Bangladesh in the context ofinternational arbitration in light of public policyas it is conceived and applied in the Englishcommon law as well as in internationalarbitration law and practice. The reason forselecting the three countries is their commonheritage derived from the English common law.Sections 2-5 of the article will focus on publicpolicy in the English common law andinternational arbitration law and practice andSection 6 will intensively explore the notion ofpublic policy in the context of internationalarbitration in the three selected countries in theIndian subcontinent. In Section 7, someconclusions and observations will be made.2. Public Policy – A Historical Perspective

Percy H. Winfield asserts that theconcept of public policy existed, irrespective ofthe fact whether it was used unconsciously orconsciously,6 even before the introduction ofequity system in common law. The judges usedto consider the benefit of the public whileresorting to new writs.7 The Dyer’s Case of 14148

is considered to be the first case which referredto the concept ‘encounter common ley’9 whichmeans anything prejudicial to community or

Commonwealth, is a bedrock of the conceptpublic policy. Knight quotes Coke that ‘nihil quodinconveniens est licitum: It is better, saith thelaw, to suffer a mischief that is peculiar to one,than an inconvenience that may prejudicemany.’10 In the same tune, in the case of Mitchelv. Reynolds11 the court (as per Lord Macclesfield),by employing the concept of public policyinvalidated a contract which caused restraint oftrade. The Court held, ‘[T]o obtain the soleexercise of any known trade throughout England,is a complete monopoly, and against the policyof law.’12 This gave rise to an approach, ‘a notiondesigned to guard against violations ofcommunal values and mores.’ In 1750, LordHardwicke offered one of the first definitions ofpublic policy that was illuminating: contractsagainst public policy are of no effect not becauseeither of the parties has been deceived but becausethey are a ‘general mischief’ to the public.

The U.S. Supreme Court has held in Hiltonv. Guyot that a court may refuse to enforce anyforeign judgment that violates a public policyof the court. It has been held that injure[ing]the public health, the public morals, the publicconfidence in the purity of the administrationof law, or ... undermine the sense of security forindividual rights, whether of personal liberty or ofprivate property, which any citizen ought to feel.13

Knight concludes that ancient expressi-ons reappear in modern garb of public policy,which dictates that ‘no one may contract to doanything that ‘may be detrimental to the interestsof his own country, or is “repugnant to the interestsof the State”, or is “injurious to the interests of thepublic”, or is “against the public benefits”.’14

Civil law nations have also since longbeen recognising comparable ‘order public’exceptions to the enforceability of foreignjudgment. In addition to it, most privateinternational law treaties and domesticlegislation contain public policy as a ground ofexception.15 Therefore, public policy incorpora-tion in international arbitration is not a



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contemporary innovative concept, rather animportation and adaptation of already existed concept.In private international law area, public policyalways remained present. Although the HagueConferences on Private International Law of1893 did not contain a public policy exceptionbut with the development of international lawthis concept became more dominant in thetwentieth century. It found place in allsubsequent documents, both international andregional, e.g., the UNIDROIT Principles ofInternational Commercial Contracts and theUNCITRAL Model Law on Procurement of Goods,Construction and Services, Brussel Convention,Rome Convention, etc.16

3. Public Policy And International ConventionsThe Geneva Convention on the Execution

of Foreign Arbitral Awards was concluded underthe auspices of the League of Nations and wassigned in Geneva on 26 September 1927 for thepurpose of recognising as binding and enforcingan arbitral award made in pursuance of anagreement, whether relating to existing or futuredifferences, covered by the Geneva Protocol onArbitration Clauses, 1923.17 This Convention inits very first Article states that in order to obtainrecognition or enforcement, it shall be necessarythat the recognition or enforcement of the awardis not ‘contrary to the public policy or to theprinciples of the law of the country’ in which itis sought to be relied upon.18This Convention,without defining the concept of public policyitself, has put a burden on that party who seeksto recognise and enforce a foreign arbitral awardto show that the recognition and enforcementis not contrary to the public policy and principlesof the law and Secondly, along with public policy,the phrase ‘the principles of the law of thecountry’ has been used which further broadensthe scope of the challenge to enforcement.

Article V (2)(b) of the New YorkConvention 1958 states that the recognition andenforcement of the award may be refused if thecompetent authority in the country where

recognition and enforcement is sought finds thatthe recognition and enforcement would becontrary to the public policy of that country. ThisConvention, in view of its Art. XVI(1), is availablein five equally authentic language versions. TheEnglish term in Article V (b)(2) ‘public policy’appears as ‘ordre public’ in the French text, andas ‘ordine publico’ in the Spanish text. Therefore,terms ‘public policy’ and ‘ordre public’ and‘ordine publico’ are synonyms and are so treatedin this study.

Article IX (1) (a) of the EuropeanConvention on International CommercialArbitration, 1961 (the European Convention,1961) states that an arbitration award may beset aside or its recognition or enforcement maybe refused on the ground that the arbitrationagreement is not valid under the law to whichthe parties have subjected it, or failing anyindication thereon, under the law of the countrywhere the award was made.

The Convention on the Settlement ofInvestment Disputes between States andNationals of other States (the 1965 WashingtonConvention), in Article 54(3), provides thatexecution of the award shall be governed by thelaws concerning the execution of judgments inforce in the State in whose territories suchexecution is sought. So, all the defences againstenforcement of a domestic judgment availablein a country are available against enforcementof an award under this Convention.

The Convention on Jurisdiction andEnforcement of Judgment in Civil andCommercial Matters (The 1968 BrusselsConvention), in Article 27 (1), states that ajudgment shall not be recognised if suchrecognition is ‘contrary to public policy in theState in which recognition is sought’.19

The Governments of the Member Statesof the Organization of American States20

concluded the Convention on InternationalCommercial Arbitration on 30 January 1975 atPanama (the 1975 Panama Convention), whose



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Article 5 (2), reads that the recognition andexecution of an arbitral decision may also berefused if the competent authority of the Statein which the recognition and execution isrequested finds that the recognition or executionof the decision would be contrary to the publicpolicy (‘ordre public’) of that State.

The rules of Inter-American Conventionon Extraterritorial Validity of Foreign Judgmentsand Arbitral Awards, concluded at Montevideoon 8 May 1979 (commonly known as theMontevideo Convention, 1979) states thatforeign judgments, awards and decisions shallhave extraterritorial validity in the States Partiesif they are not ‘manifestly contrary to theprinciples and laws of the public policy’ (ordrepublic) of the State in which recognition orexecution is sought.21

The Riyadh Arab Agreement for JudicialCooperation of 1983 states that recognition ofjudgments shall be refused, inter alia, on thegrounds that if recognition would be incontradiction with the stipulations of the IslamicShari’ah, the provisions of the constitution,public order, or the rules of conduct of therequested party.22

Article 34 (2)(b)(ii) of the UNCITRALModel Law states that an award may be setaside by the designated court of the country onlyif the court finds that the award is in conflictwith the public policy of that State. Similarly,Article 36(1)(b) of the Model Law provides thatthe recognition and enforcement of an awardmay be refused only ‘if the court finds that therecognition and enforcement of the award incontrary to the public policy of the country’. Thewords of the Model Law on the concept of publicpolicy clearly show that it carries the sameconcept as that of the New York Convention.4. Making of Public Policy

There are two approaches with regardto the domain of the authority for the craftingof public policy. One approach asserts that it iswithin the domain and authority of the

legislative to craft a public policy. This approachis also termed as passive approach of the courttowards assessment of public policy.23 Thisapproach is favoured by Justice Burrough whodescribed, in Richardson v. Mellish, public policyas ‘a very unruly horse’ as ‘when you get astrideof it, you never know where it will carry you’.24

Other proponents include Lord Alderson andLord Parke who opined in Egerton v. Brownlow.Lord Parke was of the view that it is thelegislator, not the parties and the courts, whichshould determine public good and public policy.25

Under this view, with the existence of multitudeof statutes, there is no need for judiciary tostructure the building of public policy.

The second, a more active approach ofthe court towards assessment of public policycan be found in an old case of Cooke v. Turner26

wherein it had held a condition void when itabstained a party from doing an act which theState had an interest to be done. This view isfurther buttressed by the opinion of Lord Watsonrendered in Nordenfeldt v. Maxim,27 stating:

A series of decisions based upongrounds of public policy, however eminent thejudges by whom they were delivered, cannotpossess the same binding authority as decisionswhich deal with and formulate principles whichare purely legal. The course of policy pursuedby any country in relation to, and for promotingthe interests of, its commerce must, as timeadvances and as its commerce thrives, undergochange and development from various causeswhich are altogether independent of the actionof its courts.28

Even if public policy falls within the domainof legislature’s powers the courts are required toapply public policy principle on each case havingmost of the time very unique and peculiar facts.Therefore, judges whenever apply this principleon every new case after searching out from thestatutes, precedents and other relevant sources,they intentionally or unintentionally venture intothe area of policy making.29



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Since in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh everyorgan of the state, Legislature, Judiciary andExecutive, have by the Constitution a clearlydefined domain to work within, and theConstitution has some fundamentals whichcannot be infringed even by the Legislature.Therefore, the judiciary does play a very activerole towards defining and crafting public policy ofthe country. In this way, its approach does fall withinthe second category as a matter of course.5. The Nature And Scope Of Public Policy

It is worth noting that in its 2015 Reporton the public policy Exception in the New YorkConvention based on 40 jurisdictions, theInternational Bar Association (IBA) Subcomm-ittee on Recognition and Enforcement on ArbitralAwards noted that ‘whatever the definitionadopted, many courts stress that public policyis an ever-evolving concept.’30 According to theReport, there is a tendency in case law in mostcountries covered in it to construe public policyin a narrow sense when it comes to be a groundfor denying the enforcement of a foreign arbitralaward.31 It notes:

The level of required violation of publicpolicy varies from one jurisdiction to another: theviolation must be “clear”, “concreate”, “evident”or “patent”, “blatant”, “manifest”, “obvious andmanifest”, “flagrant”, “particularly offensive”,“severe”, “intolerable”, “unbearable”, “repugnantto the legal order”, etc.32

It is beyond the scope of this article todiscuss in detail the scope of public policy atthe global level,33 it will suffice to brieflyhighlight certain aspects of public policy whichare pertinent here.

In the context of international arbitrationa distinction is drawn between domestic publicpolicy and international public policy and thelatter is weighed more heavily by courts in mostjurisdictions when it comes to the issue ofrefusal of enforcement of a foreign arbitralaward.34 International public policy or ‘ordrepublic international’ is always narrower in scope

than domestic public policy or ‘ordre publicinterne’ in most jurisdictions. The manner orfashion in which these two public policy variantsare prescribed in various jurisdictions may bedescribed as the monist or the dualist approach.Under the former approach both internationaland domestic public policies are considered oneand the same whereas under the latter twopublic policies are stipulated separately suchas domestic public policy applying to domesticarbitration and international public policy tointernational arbitration. One can thus mentionthe French and Portuguese approaches asdualist35 and the Indian36 and Pakistani37

approaches as monist. Under English law, theapproach appears to have been traditionallymonist as well,38 but recent case law tends toarticulate international public policy distinctly.39

It has to be acknowledged that where there isno clear distinction between domestic publicpolicy and international public policy there is ascope for courts to interpret public policy in abroader sense40, though not always isnecessarily the case.41 There is a view, however,that international public policy isindeed a‘misnomer’ because it is ‘national’ for being asub-category of national public policy. It alwayspertains to a nation and requires its enforcementby the courts of that nation.42

6. Public Policy In The Indian SubcontinentFirst document containing provisions for

arbitration in the colonial British India was theBengal Regulation of 1772.43 In the year 1899,Indian Arbitration Act 1899, modelled on theEnglish Arbitration Act 1899 was enacted. It wasapplied only to the Presidency towns of Bombay,Calcutta and Madras. Later in the year 1908,provisions related to arbitration was introducedin the Code of Civil Procedure. The consolidationof both, Indian Arbitration Act 1899 andprovision related to arbitration in the Code44 ofCivil Procedure, resulted in a new enactmentwith the title of the Arbitration Act 1940. In orderto give effect to the Geneva Protocol on



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Arbitration Clauses of 1923 and the GenevaConvention on the Execution of Foreign Awardsof 1927, an enactment with the short title ‘theArbitration (Protocol and Convention) Act 1937’was enacted. Thus, after partition both India andPakistan inherited from the colonial master,through adaptation, these two legislations, i.e.,The Arbitration Act 1940 and The Arbitration(Protocol and Convention) Act 1937.

Section 30 of the Arbitration Act 1940provided grounds for the setting aside of anaward, which includes inter alia when an awardis ‘otherwise invalid’ – a very wider scope forthe setting aside of an award.45 Section 7 of theAct 1937 required in subsection (e) aprecondition for enforcement of a foreign arbitralaward that its enforcement must not be contraryto public policy of that country.6.1. Public policy of India

As stated above, after independenceIndia inherited from the colonial master, throughadaptation,46 two legislations, i.e., TheArbitration Act 1940 and The Arbitration(Protocol and Convention) Act 1937. On 13 July1960 India ratified the Convention on theRecognition and Enforcement of Foreign ArbitralAwards 1958, therefore, in order to give it effectenacted ‘the Foreign Awards (Recognition andEnforcement) Act 1961 whereby the Arbitration(Protocol and Convention) Act 1937 was alsorepealed. In August 1996 Indian Parliamentenacted the Arbitration and Conciliation Act1996 – an enactment consolidating both thedomestic and international arbitration. It ismodelled upon UNCITRAL Model Law, containingsome historical reflections of English law andpractices.47 It repeals both the Arbitration Act1940 and the Foreign Awards (Recognition andEnforcement) Act 1961. Further, India is not aparty to the ICSID Convention; however, it hasentered into many bilateral investment treatieswhich provide for arbitration for resolution ofinvestment dispute.

Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996

consists of two parts, part 1 whereof deals withdomestic arbitration, and part II providesmechanism for the recognition and enforcementof foreign arbitral awards. Its section 34(2) (b)(ii), falling in part I, applicable to domesticarbitral award, states in relation to public policy:An arbitral award may be set aside by the courtonly if – the Court finds that – the arbitral awardis in conflict with the public policy of India.

Explanation: Without prejudice to thegenerality of sub-clause (ii), it is hereby declared,for the avoidance of any doubt, that an award isin conflict with the public policy of India if themaking of the award was induced or affectedby fraud or corruption or was in violation ofsection 75 or section 81.

Section 48 (2) (b), falling in part II,dealing with enforcement of foreign arbitralaward, states in relation to public policy:

Enforcement of an arbitral award mayalso be refused if the Court finds that –

a. the subject-matter of the differenceis not capable of settlement by arbitration underthe law of India; or

b. the enforcement of the award wouldbe contrary to the public policy of India

Explanation: Without prejudice to thegenerality of clause (b), it is hereby declared,for the avoidance of any doubt, that an award isin conflict with the public policy of India if themaking of the award was induced or affectedby fraud or corruption

The concept of public policy was testedin Renusagar Power Co. Ltd v General ElectricCo.48 wherein the Indian Supreme Court definedthe concept found in the Foreign Awards(Recognition and Enforcement) Act 1961 in thefollowing words:

Since the Foreign Awards Act isconcerned with recognition and enforcement offoreign awards which are governed by theprinciples of private international law, theexpression ‘public policy’ in S. 7(1)(b)(ii) of theForeign Awards Act must necessarily be



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construed in the sense the doctrine of publicpolicy is applied in the field of privateinternational law. Applying the said criteria itmust be held that the enforcement of a foreignaward would be refused on the ground that it iscontrary to public policy if such enforcementwould be contrary to (i) fundamental policy ofIndian law; or (ii) the interests of India; or (iii)justice or morality.6.4. Public Policy in the Indian Subcontinent– A Common History, the Same Concept buta Different Approach6.4.1. A Common history

As stated earlier, arbitration in BritishIndia was introduced through the BengalRegulation of 1772.49 In 1899 Indian ArbitrationAct, modelled on English Arbitration Act 1899was enacted. In 1908, some provisions onarbitration in the Code of Civil Procedure 1908,the 1940 Arbitration Act and the 1927 theArbitration (Protocol and Convention) Act 1937was enacted. Thus, after partition all thecountries of the subcontinent, i.e., India,Pakistan and Bangladesh inherited the samelegacy. India, however, deviated from the restin 1961 when it in order to give effect to theNew York Convention 1958, enacted ‘the ForeignAwards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act 1961and repealed the application of Arbitration(Protocol and Convention) Act 1937. In August1996, its Parliament enacted the Arbitration andConciliation Act 1996 — an enactmentconsolidating both the domestic and internationalarbitration and in 201550 and 201951 tworespective amendments to the 1996 Act wereintroduced. On the other hand, Pakistan took firststep in 2005 when it gave effect to the New YorkConvention 1958 through legislation. It still hasnot consolidated laws dealing with domestic andinternational arbitration. Bangladesh, in 2001,has not only applied the New York Convention1958 on its territory but has also consolidatedboth domestic and international arbitration byan enactment, namely, the Arbitration Act 2001.

7. ConclusionPublic policy, in general, comprises

those principles which a State jealously protectin order to guard its morality; preserve social,political, economic order and discharge itsobligation towards the other states. Public policyand its contours are not defined in any statuteof any country in the Indian subcontinent as isthe case in most countries surveyed by the recentIBA study (2015) mentioned above. In order tounderstand public policy one has to glean it fromthe provisions of the Constitution, laws andprecedents of the courts. However, beforeapplying those principles found in the aforesaidsources, the mandatory principles are neededto be distinguished from those of directory ordispositive ones. Public policy is based upononly those mandatory principles which arefoundational, of substratal values and principlesforming the bedrock of laws.

In the Indian subcontinent, the publicpolicy concept has a common heritage, samemeaning but a different approach (especially,in Pakistan which includes principles of theQur’an and the Sunnah in the domain of publicpolicy). Pakistan and India are among thosecountries which interpret public policy as publicpolicy of the respective countries, as against theconcept of international public policy beingpreached by the International Law Association,thus these follow the conceptual principle of themonist approach. Further, there seems to be themain apparent hurdle to the application of conceptof international public policy in Pakistan, like manyother Muslim countries, in regard to theapplicability of principles of Shari’ah.

In this study, it will be noticed thatthough India, Pakistan and Bangladesh inheritedthe common legal tradition from the English legalsystem, i.e., the English common law, in theirrespective territories the trajectory of theappreciation and application of the concept ofpublic policy in the case law may not be alwaysfound uniform nor, for that matter, within the



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English case law itself from the historical pointof view. It is true that with the change of times,values change, societal expectations evolve, sodoes public policy. It appears often to be thecase that public policy is better understood in agiven time-frame and context at the domesticor the international level. The public policynotion may play different roles in internationalcommercial arbitration and internationalinvestment arbitration though having hadcommonalities occasionally in the two spheres.In the latter, with more scientific advancementand consequent better understanding of theenvironment and climate change issuesforexample, many new rules of public policy mayplay their roles in the foreseeable future bothat the domestic and international levels whichwill have an impact on international arbitration.However, there is an expectation that thevagaries of the notion of public policy shouldnot be allowed to jeopardise the justice of anyform, including arbitral, and there should bealways the restrictive approach to public policyso that it does bolt as an unruly horse.

1. Central Inland Water TransportCorporation Limited and Anr. v. Brojo NathGanguly and Anr, 1986 AIR 1571. In this case,the Indian Supreme Court in an arbitration matterhas held that Public policy, however, is not thepolicy of a particular government. It connotessome matter which concerns the public goodand the public interest. The concept of what isfor the public good or in the public interest orwhat would be injurious or harmful to the publicgood or the public interest has varied from timeto time. Similarly, the US Court of Appeal for theSecond Circuit has also rejected in Parsons andWhittemore Overseas Inc. v. RAKA [508 F.2d969, 975 (2d Cir. 19740)], the argument that theenforcement of arbitral award should be refusedon ground of severance of Egyptian andAmerican relations holding that public policydefence cannot be read as a ‘parochial deviceprotective of national political interests’ or to

enshrine ‘the vagaries of international politicsunder the rubric of public policy’. Thus, it was clearlydistinguished from the ‘policy of a particular ormore governments’ to a policy of a country.

2 Farshad Ghodoosi, ‘The Concept ofPublic Policy in Law: Revisiting the Role of thePublic Policy Doctrine in the Enforcement ofPrivate Legal Arrangements’, Nebraska LawReview, 2015, 94(3): 685-736; See generally,Farshad Ghodoosi, International DisputeResolution and the Public Policy Exception(London & New York: Routledge, 2017);Mohammad Reza Baniassadi, ‘Do MandatoryRules of Public Law Limit Choice of Law inInternational Commercial Arbitration’, Internatio-nal Tax & Business Lawyer, 1992, 10: 59-84;Pierre Mayer, ‘Mandatory Rules of Law inInternational Arbitration’, Arbitration International,1986, 2(4): 274-93.

3 AFM Maniruzzaman, ‘InternationalArbitration and Mandatory Public Law Rules inthe Context of State Contracts: An Overview’,Journal of International Arbitration, 1990, 7(3),at 53-54: Although the party freedom of choiceof law is a general principle of private internationallaw and is to be separated in principle, it shouldoperate within the limit imposed by such equallyimportant principles of law or subject to anyrestraint of public policy.

4 Ibid., at 53.5 https://search.un.org/results.php? tpl=

dist_ search&query= public% 20policy &lang=en&tplfilter= data (accessed 31 January 2019).

6 Percy H. Winfield, ‘Public policy in theEnglish Common Law’, Harvard Law Review,1928, 42(1): 76: One is the unconscious or half-conscious use of it which probably pervaded thewhole legal system when law had to be madein some way or other, and when there was notmuch statute law and practically no case law atall to summon to the judges’ assistance. Theother is the conscious application of publicpolicy to the solution of legal problems, whetherit bore the name by which it is now known or -



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was partly concealed under some otherdesignation which, however, really expressedthe same thing

7 Ibid., at 79: Here we have the paradoxthat public policy pervades our law and thatnobody is aware of its existence. No one talkedabout “public policy” then, yet when a new writwas approved or a new rule laid down, what elsewas it in most cases that the judges had in viewbut the benefit of the public?

8 Y. B. 2 Hen. 5, fol. 5, pl. 26 (1414)9 W. S. W. Knight, ‘Public Policy in English

Law’, Law Quarterly Review, 1922, 38: 20710 Ibid. Knight writes that this maxim is

treated by Pollock C.B. in Egerton v. Brownlow,(1853) 4 E. L. C. p. 144), as an early expressionof the doctrine of public policy

11 (1711) 24 Eng. Rep. 347 (Q.B.).12 Ibid.13 159 U.S. 113, 164-65 (1895).14 Knight, supra note 915 Garry B. Born, International Commercial

Arbitration, commentary and material (The Hague:Kluwer Law International and TransnationalPublishers, 2001).

16 Ghodoosi, 2017, supra note 2.17 Article 1 of The Convention on the

Execution of Foreign arbitral Awards, 1927.18 Ibid., Article 1(e).19 See also Article 50 of the 1968

Brussels Convention.20 Organization of American States was

established on 30 April 1948 when its charterwas signed by the United States and 20 LatinAmerican States. It is headquartered inWashington, DC and 35 independent AmericanStates are its members.

21 Article 2(h) of the Inter-AmericanConvention on Extraterritorial Validity of ForeignJudgments and Arbitral Awards, 1979.

22 There are some other grounds on whichthe recognition and enforcement is refused.However, those grounds are not relevant to thissubject, therefore, are not mentioned.

23 Ghodoosi, 2017, supra note 2, at 25.24 Robert F. Brachtenbach, ‘Public Policy

in Judicial Decisions’ (1985-1986) 21 Gonz. L.Rev. 1, 4.

25 Farshad Ghodoosi, ‘Arbitrating PublicPolicy: Why the Buck Should Not Stop at NationalCourts’, Lewis &Clark Law Review, 2016, 20: 237.It is now common belief that a government’slegislative branch should determine public policy

26 (1846) 15 Messon and Welsby’sReports

27 [1894] AC 535, also available at:www.uniset.ca/other/cs6/1894AC535.html(accessed July 2019).

28 ibid.29 Ghodoosi, supra note 33. Despite

public policy being the legislature’s domain, itinevitably arises in judicial cases. Judges oftengrapple with potential conflicts between privateacts and basic public interests as reflected inprecedents and communal values, andespecially in statutes.

30 Available at: www.ibanet.org/LPD/Dispute_Resolution_Section/Arbitration/Recogntn_Enfrcemnt_Arbitl_Awr d/publicpolicy15. aspx (hereinafter The IBA Report on PublicPolicy 2015) (accessed July 2019).

31 See also the ILA Final Report on PublicPolicy (2002), New Delhi Conference (2002), atpara.22.

32 IBA, supra note 38, at 11. Seegenerally, Anton G. Maurer, The Public PolicyException under the New York Convention(Revised Ed., JurisNet, LLC, 2013.

33 See IBA, supra note 38; Anton G.Maurer, The Public Policy Exception Under theNew York Convention (Revised Ed., JurisNet, LLC,2013); and ILA, Interim Report on Public Policyas a Bar to Enforcement of International ArbitralAwards (London Conference, 2000).

34 Van den Berg, ‘Refusals of Enforce-ment under the New York Convention of 1958: theUnfortunate Few’, in Arbitration in the Next Decade(ICC Bulletin – 1999 Special Supplement at p.86.



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35 See ILA, supra note 41.36 See generally, Nakul Dewan (ed.),

Enforcing Arbitral Awards in India (LexisNexis,2017).

37 See generally, Ijaz A. Chisti,Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Award (Law andPractice of Pakistan) (Manzoor Law Book House,Lahore, 2017).

38 See the ILA, supra note 41, at 13-14,where it has been noted that Although theEnglish courts have not yet expressly mentionedinternational public policy, they have recentlyaffirmed the importance of finality of awardswhen considering the objection to enforcementon grounds of illegality, and effectively endorseda restrictive concept of public policy.

39 Honeywell International Middle EastLtd. v. Meydan Group LLC [2014] EWHC 1344(TCC), 180, where it was noted that fordetermining whether the award is contrary topublic policy under Section 103(3) of the EnglishArbitration Act, the ‘relevant test is Englishinternational public policy.’ Tamil NaduElectricity Board v. ST-CMS Electric CompanyPrivate Ltd. [2008] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 93 at 42: ‘inthe context of an international treaty, “publicpolicy” means international public policy anddiffers from public policy in a domestic context.

40 See the Indian Supreme Court caseOil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd v SAW PipesLtd, AIR 2003 SC 2629.

41 See generally the IBA, supra note 38and the country reports.

42 Winnie (Joe-Mei) Ma, ‘Recommenda-tions on Public Policy in the Enforcement ofArbitral Awards’ (2009) 75 (4) Arbitration; Winnie(Jo-Mei) Ma,‘Public Policy in the JudicialEnforcement of Arbitral Awards: Lessons for andfrom Australia’ (unpublished PhD thesis, 2005,Bond University), available at: https://pure.bond.edu.au/ws/por talfiles/portal/24840462/fulltext.pdf (accessed July 2019).

43 Ben Steinbruck, InternationalCommercial Arbitration – A Handbook (Munich:

Beck, Hart, Nomos, 2015), p. 448.44 Ibid45 Section 30 reads Ground for setting

aside award – An award shall not be set asideexcept on the one or more of the followinggrounds, namely (a) that an arbitrator or umpirehas misconducted himself or the proceedings;(b) that an award has been made after the issueof an order by the Court superseding the arbitrationor after arbitration proceedings have becomeinvalid under section 35; (c) that award has beenimproperly procured or is otherwise invalid.

46 Indian Independence (Adoption ofCentral Acts and Ordinance) Order 1948.

47 S.R. Garimella, ‘Issues of Jurisdiction,Choice of Law and Enforcement in InternationalCommercial Arbitration: An Indian Perspective’, in Sai Ramani Garimella and Stellina Jolly(eds.), Private International Law: South AsianSates’ Practice (Springer, 2017), p. 323.

48 AIR 1994 SC 860.49Ben Steinbruck, International

Commercial Arbitration—A Handbook (Munich:Beck, Hart, Nomos, 2015),p 448

50 The Arbitration and Conciliation(Amendment) Act 2015 (No.3 of 2016) (31December 2015), available at: https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid =AC_CEN_3_46_00004_199626_ 1517807 323 919&type=statute&fil ename=arbi%20amend% 202015.pdf (accessed September 2019).

51 The Arbitration and Conciliation(Amendment) Act, 2019 (No.33 of 2019) (9August 2019), available at: http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210414.pdf (accessedSeptember 2019).



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03EDUCATIONAL AND

AGRICULTURAL CRISES IN DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR’S PHILOSOPHY

DR. DEEPAK MORE,Assistant Professor of English,

Sanjeevanee Mahavidyalaya, Chapoli.Dist. Latur.

==============***********===============Introduction:

Education is one of the most basic andessential needs of human life. Realizing theunique importance of education in thedevelopment of the society and the nation as awhole, Dr. BabasahebAmbedkar saw it as animportant tool. In the present article, Dr.Ambedkar’sconcern on education and their relevance arediscussed. The great man, Bharat Ratna, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar had studied Indianagriculture in depth. Wrote research articles,organized several seminars, conferences and ledthe peasant movement to solve the problems ofagriculture and farmers. His views on agricultureare found in his articles Small Holdings (1917)and States and Minorities (1947).

Dr. Ambedkar was passionate about theuniversal spread and propagation of primaryeducation. The dropout rate in primary educationwas very worrying. 100 students were admittedin the first class, while only 18 studentsremained till the fourth class. What about theeducation of the remaining 82 students? He hadpresented such a prom. Even today, the dropoutrate in primary education is not so low. In 1923,the decision of the Central Government to transferprimary education to local self-governing bodies.For this reason Dr.Ambedkar had strongly opposed it.

He said that the basic responsibility ofthe Central Government is to provide equal

education to all. Local self-governing bodiescannot afford to spend on education from theirlow income. As a result, it will be difficult forthe backward class to get an education.Therefore, his role was that the CentralGovernment should make education cheaperand spend more on it. Due to the poor state ofeducation, Dr.Ambedkar was worried. Speakingon the ‘Budget’ in the Legislature on February21, 1939, he had presented the dire state ofeducation with statistics. Only 14.3 percentmen and 2.4 percent women are educated and80 percent men and 98 percent women are out ofeducation. Backward elements are far from it.

The backward classes should pursuehigher education for awareness of their rightsand opportunities in government jobs. His rolewas to provide not only postgraduate but alsoundergraduate education in the university. Hewas of the view that universities and collegesshould work together for the growth ofeducation. He was of the view that the purposeof the university was not only to conductexaminations and distribute degrees, but alsoto provide high quality education to the lastelement of the society along with knowledgegeneration and research. He had a specialinterest in multi-disciplinary courses to get theknowledge of different disciplines to thestudents in one place.

Dr. Ambedkar advocated for women’seducation. He said that knowledge andeducation is necessary not only for boys but alsofor girls. He placed special emphasis on bringingwomen into the mainstream of education for theprogress of the family, society and the nation.Speaking in the seminar at Mangav, Dr.Ambedkarhad said, ‘Boys and girls should be givencompulsory and free primary education withoutany distinction’. He urged the government toprovide financial assistance to studentsstudying in universities in India and abroad byallocating substantial funds for science andtechnology. He also emphasized on imparting



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technical training to the students. He said thatthe curriculum should enhance the scientificapproach in order to enhance the scientificattitude and therapeutic attitude along with thesocial consciousness in the students.

A century ago, Dr.Ambedkar’s ideas oneducation are equally useful in today’s poetry.During that time, Dr.Ambedkar had condemnedthe British Government and their policy ofcommercialization of education. Today thesituation is even worse. The winds of salvationand commercialization are blowing in the fieldof education. The tide of self-financed schools,colleges and universities is flowing. Theresponsibility of imparting the education by theIndian Constitution is being scientificallyavoided. The plight of ZillaParishad schools isbeing ignored. The government is planning tocompletely privatize higher education in thename of autonomy. In reality, education is atool to create future citizens; but this is beinglooked at from the perspective of commerciali-zation. That is why, it is necessary to formulatea policy on education based on the ideas putforward by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. The ideas he putforward in that work will also guide today’seducation system.

Agriculture is a means of subsistenceand farming on a small piece of land is the maincause of agricultural problems. Which hasvarious disadvantages. According to Dr.Ambedkar, there are difficulties in cultivationand utilization and resources, rising prices, lowproductivity, low income and low standard ofliving. Or large size of land becomes unproduc-tive if labour is not available in abundance andquality. On the other hand, if these resourcesare available in abundance, even small land willbe productive.

The Land Retention Act was passed afterindependence due to visionary views onagriculture. Noting that slavery and exploitationof workers in the caste system is very bad foreconomic development, Babasaheb fought to

end the exploitation and slavery of workers. Hesuggested collective farming, economicequitable distribution of land or large scaleindustrialization, credit, provision of water,seeds and farms by the government, allotmentof waste land to landless labourers, minimumwage to labourers, control and regulation ofprivate lenders lending to farmers. Abolition ofKhoti System (1949), MaharWatan (1959) andMumbai Lenders Act Bill (1938).

There are different success stories in theAmbedkar movement. In some parts of theKonkani province, pigs had the right to land, aportion of which was allotted to the governmentby the farmers from whom the pigs collectedtheir revenue. This is called Khoti System andbecause of this the majority of farmers in ruralarea was subject to repressive exploitation. On14th April 1929, at the Agriculture Council atChiplun in Sangli district, Dr. BabasahebAmbedkar started the agitation. In 1936, heformed the Independent Labor Party and themanifesto gave priority to abolishing the KhotiSystem. On September 17, 1937, Dr.Ambedkarintroduced a historic bill in the MumbaiLegislative Council to abolish the Khoti System.After a long struggle, the Khoti System came toan end in 1949. He opined that industrializationand agricultural development could boost theIndian economy. He emphasized investment inagriculture as India’s primary industry. Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar’s vision helped thegovernment achieve its food security goals.

Dr. Ambedkar introduced the concept ofstate socialism.This concept has the idea ofcollective farming. With the abolition of inter-mediaries, the land must belong to this state.The state should distribute these lands to thefarmers. Farmers should cultivate together.Babasaheb was adamant that the state shouldprovide the required capital to the agriculturalsector and distribute the income among thefarmers, which would solve the problem ofagricultural labourers. Dr. Ambedkar provide



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hisrole in land reform and economic develop-ment of the state. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar wasa supporter. He recognized the inequality in thecapitalist economy. His views on land retentionand land revenue system are still applicable atpresent. He was of the view that the governmentshould adopt co-operative farming to increasethe size of the land and ultimately increaseproductivity. Dr. BabasahebAmbedkar makes asincere effort to take various measures toprovide affordable electricity to all powerconsumers in the state.To conclude:

I am confident that this manuscript willhelp us to succeed, Ambedkar’s educationalcrises seem to be the milestones for presentsituation. Whatever changes Dr.Ambedkar hadproposed through his crises about the educationsystem in primary and higher are in the form oflaw in contemporary era. Ambedkar was true insaying when he declaired that his contemporaryeducation system was faulty and at the bottomof degradation of Indian civilization. Not onlythis but also the decisions taken by UniversityGrants Commission about university in it shallbe undoubtedly the products of Ambedkarsthoughts in contemporary era. Relying on asystematic and professional approach, using thebest modern tools, bringing transparency to theaffairs and involving all stakeholders. Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar expressed thefundamental ideas on Education, Agriculture andAgricultural Labour should be enriched.

References:1. Dr.NitinRaut, ‘Dr.Ambedkar’s Views on

Agriculture, Farmer, Agricultural Labour’ DanikLokmat, 14/04/2021 pp. 05.

2. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkars Writingsand Speeches, Vol. 19, Mumbai, 2005. pp. 283.

04EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA IN THE

ERA OF GLOBALIZATION

Ms. Shital K. RawalAssistant Professor and H.O.D.

Dept. of EconomicsL.J. N.J. Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Vile Parle

(East), Mumbai

==============***********===============INTRODUCTION :

Globalization has played an importantrole in the generation of employment in India.Since the economic liberalization policies in the1990s, the employment scenario in the countryhas significantly improved. An analysis of theimpact of globalization on employment in Indiawill bring out a number of factors in this regard.Deregulation and privatisation of stateenterprises have been key components ofstructural adjustment programmes introducedby International Financial Institutions asconditionality’s attached to aid packages todeveloping countries and for the accelerationof economic liberalisation. Labour marketderegulation has been an important feature ofthe structural adjustment programme.

Such deregulation has been based onthe belief that excessive government intervention in the labour market through such measuresas public sector wage and employment policies,minimum wage fixing, and employment securityrules is a serious impediment to adjustment andshould therefore be removed or relaxed. Statesaround the world has felt compelled to easelabour standards, modify tax regulations andgenerally relax standards of security andoversight in the bid to attract more and moreFDI. This progressively lowered labour standards.OBJECTIVES OF THE PAPER :

1. To study the challenges for labour



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market in the phase of LPG.2. To understand the role of Indian

Industries in globalization era.3. To study the areas of challenges

posed due to globalization.The big corporate companies like TNCs

and MNCs have evolved a vendor system ofsubcontracting for their production. Thecompanies give out their work to labourers,through contractors, who in turn deliver theoutput to the company. This results in jobinsecurity of the labourer and worsening oflabour welfare since there is no checking systemfor their welfare. Liberalisation of the economyhas in some sectors caused loss of employmentwithout creation of new employment.

Opening up of the market and free flowof trade and low tariffs encouraged flow offoreign goods lowering the employmentopportunities of Indian labourers. For example,thousands of silk spinners and twisters of Biharhave totally lost their job due to the import ofChina-Korea silk yarn as weavers and consumersprefer this yarn because it is somewhat cheapand shiny. Women have entered the labour forcein large numbers in countries that haveembraced liberal economic policiesThe overalleconomic activity rate of women for the agegroup 20-54 approached 70% in 1996. Thehighest absorption of women has beenwitnessed in the export oriented industrialsector. This is especially the case in the exportprocessing zones and special economic zonesand in those labour intensive industries thathave relocated to developing countries in searchof cheap labour. Investors have demonstrated apreference for women in the soft industries suchas apparel, shoe- and toy-making, dataprocessing, semi-conductor assemblingindustries that require unskilled to semi-skilledlabour. Nevertheless, this did not ensure a betterstatus for women in any way.

The informal sector where women wereabsorbed in large numbers along with

globalisation offer very poor labour conditions.Such industries where women were mostlyengaged happened to be highly labourintensive, service oriented and poorly paid. Inmany countries workers in the export processingzones find unionisation and collective bargainingnearly impossible. In call centres in India womencomprise an estimated 40% of the workforce.Nature of Economic Growth :

The Indian economy turned away fromthree decades (1951-1980) of slow grossdomestic product (GDP) growth of about 3.5%per annum—often referred to as the “Hindugrowth rate”— to a higher growth path in the1980s and the neoliberal reforms gave itsperformance a fillip, especially after the EighthFive-Year Plan (1992-96) There was, however, aslowdown in the Ninth Plan period (1997-2001),but the economy accelerated during the Tenth Planperiod (2002-06), recording an annual averagegrowth rate of 7.7%. The Eleventh Plan period(2007-12) may fall short of its high target of 9%but it could still attain a growth rate of about 8%.What is the effect of globalization on theemployment level?

The importance in studying the effectsof globalization on the labor market

The importance in studying the effectsof globalization on the labor market lies in thefact that earnings from labor represent the mainsource of income for the great majority of theinhabitants of developing nations and especiallyof the poorer groups of workers, who lackownership of any other material assets.

Positive effects can occur as a result of the increased capacity of developing countries to create new opportunities for work andproduction following the alleviation of pricedistortions with respect to both labor andcapital. (ESCWA 1999:24).

FDI has both direct and indirect effectson employment creation in the recipientcountries. This depends on the size and type ofinvestment, the type of technology adopted and



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the ability of the host country to master theimported technology and adapt it to its needs.FDI also has indirect effects on employmentthrough the vertical links to the TNCs, and theremay also be spillover effects of TNCs on localscience, technology, education and training

Most trade liberalization benefits will bereceived by the manufacturing-producingcountries, while the smallest share will be goingto the agricultural-producing countries(developing countries).

In addition policies of structuraladjustment such as privatization imply anincrease in unemployment since privatization isaccompanied usually by a reduction in thedemand for labor.

Finally the theoretical predictions aboutthe employment consequences of tradeliberalization are based on assumptions of fullemployment of resources and flexible labormarkets. These assumptions, might not hold truein developing countries where labor markets areinflexible due to structural factors.

In the unorganized sector as well, therehas been an increase in various sectors whichhas improved the rate of employment in thecountry. As per the recent surveys, there has beena significant increase in the number of peopleworking in the unorganized and allied sectors.

Due to globalization a number ofsegments in various sectors of the industry havegrown over the years. This has led to thesignificant rise in the rate of demand and supply.In the recent years, a number of industrysegments such as information technology, agroproducts, personal and beauty care, health careand other sectors have come into the market.

The introduction of a wide range ofsectors have led to the favourable growth of theeconomy in the country. With more and moreindustries arising there has been a high demandfor quality workforce. As such, lots of youngpeople are taking jobs in all these segments inorder to start a good career.

In the unorganized sector as well, therehas been an increase in various sectors whichhas improved the rate of employment in thecountry. As per the recent surveys, there hasbeen a significant increase in the number ofpeople working in the unorganized and alliedsectors. The pay package in all theseunorganized sectors have also increased to agreat extent.

Some of the prominent benefits ofGlobalization in Indian Economy are:1) Upward shift in standard of living :

As globalization has put a favorableimpact in the economy of the country, there hasbeen an improvement in the standard of livingof the people. Globalization has led to thedevelopment of infrastructure, health carefacilities and services, per capita income andother factors which in turn led to the high growthrate. It is projected that the economy in Indiawill grow by around 6-7% yearly. This growthrate is expected to improve the overallemployment situation in India.2) Development of prominent sectors

Globalization has positively affected thegrowth of various sectors in India. These haveopened up new employment opportunities forthe people. The service industry has a share ofaround 54% of the annual Gross DomesticProduct (GDP). The service industries are doingvery well in the market and large number ofemployment opportunities are taking place.

In the other sectors such as industry andagriculture, the rate of employment hasincreased. The industrial sector contributesaround 29 % while the agricultural sectorcontributes around 17 % to the gross domesticproduct. Exports from India consist of tea, cotton,jute, wheat, sugarcane and so on. Due to thegrowth of customer base in all these sectors,more and more employment opportunities areopening up. Young people and freshers aregetting jobs in all these sectors. In themanufacturing sector, there has been a growth



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of around 12% while the communication andstorage sector has also grown up by around16.64%.3) Extension in Government Programmes:

To keep pace with the favorable effectsof globalization, the government has taken anumber of initiatives. A number of employmentopportunities such as Prime Minister RojgarYojna and the CM Rojgar Yojna have beeninitiated to improve the employment situationin the rural areas. The Minimum Wages schemehas also been successfully implemented. In orderto improve the quality of the workforce, effortis also being given to impact education tovarious sectors of the rural areas. Under theseschemes, new schools are being opened up andthe issue of welfare of the students is taken careof. Likewise in the urban sector too, more andmore employment opportunities are beingopened up for the youth in a number ofgovernment sectors, banks, insurancecompanies, shopping malls and call centres etc.

The government has also developedinfrastructure widelyto foster communication andmigration of workforce to various parts of the countryto cater to the needs,. New roads and highways arebeing constructed to increase connectivity.

The globalisation process has furtherextended with the opening of institutions likethe World Bank and the International MonetaryFund (IMF). India opened up to globalisationmuch later, in 1991, when it was felt importantto liberalise market norms and allowprivatisation to encourage the growth of its long-stagnant economy.

Historically, however, India has long preachedthe ideals of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (the world isone family) and Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah (may all beprosperous and happy), thus, carving out the Indianmodel of globalisation.

To keep pace with the favorable effectsof globalization, the government has taken anumber of initiatives. A number of employmentopportunities such as Prime Minister Rojgar

Yojana and the CM Rojgar Yojana have beeninitiated to improve the employment situationin the rural areas. The Minimum Wages schemehas also been successfully implemented.Conclusion:

Due to globalization and the growth ofthe consumer market, a number of segments invarious sectors of the industry have grown overthe years. This has led to the significant rise inthe rate of demand and supply. In the recentyears, a number of industry segments such asinformation technology, agro products, personaland beauty care, health care and other sectorshave come into market.

Experts say that the introduction of awide range of sectors have led to the favourablegrowth of the economy in the country. With moreand more industry segments coming up, therehas been a high demand for quality workforce.As such, lots of young people are taking jobs inall these segments in order to start a goodcareer. Globalization will bring more positiveand favourable changes in employment areasin coming future.

References :1. E-book, Ministry of labour and

employment2. Statistical yearbook India, 20183. Employmentnews.gov.in



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Motivational Role of EnglishLiterature in Language Learning

Dr. Vijaysinh B. SarvaiyaAssociate Professor,

Department of English,Municipal Mahila College Gondal (Gujarat)

==============***********===============Abstract

This lookup paper investigates thesignificance of motivation in the Englishteaching-learning method for non-nativeEnglish-speaking college students with anexceptional centre of attention on Englishliterature. To attain a conclusion, the researcherstudied the psychological factors of students/novices and more than a few strategies beingadopted for instructing to hold the learners’interest. Motivation has a direct influence onthe conduct of anyone. According to Rayan andDeci, “to be inspired capability to be moved ordo something.” The researcher has analysed anumber motivational psychology theories todecide how a trainer can apprehend hisstudents’ intellectual reputation and resolvetheir troubles associated to gaining knowledgeof via a couple of strategies of motivation. Thislookup paper is an in-depth learn about of thefunction of the usage of motivational theoriesof Educational Psychology for educating Englishliterature & language.I.INTRODUCTION

The roots of Psychology may want to betraced again to Philosophy and Science. WhenPsychotherapists commenced the use ofscientific techniques to learn about the thinkingin the nineteenth century, Psychology grew tobecome an impartial scientific discipline. Thephrase Psychology is derived from Greek rootsPsyche and logia, the place psyche capacity

05‘soul’ and logia skill ‘study of’.

Some psychologist known as psychologya department of education, as James Millimplied in the early nineteenth century.However, some psychologists disagree withthese who have been defending the relationshipbetween training and psychology. The queryarises how Psychology can be efficiently utilizedto a realistic field, like education. EducationalPsychology enhances teachers’ imaginative andprescient to apprehend their students’intellectual status, which helps to consider themto measure their intellect. Therefore, theundergraduate, graduate and postgraduateguides for these involved in taking the job inschooling have an obligatory problem regardedas Educational Psychology.

This lookup paper is an strive to exhibitthe catalytic position of English literature as amotivational device whilst instructing theEnglish language Motivation is an integraldevice in growing pastime in anything. Withoutinterest, no one can focal point on andaccomplish the project to attain the goal. Beingan academician for the previous greater thantwenty-eight years, the current lookup has dealtwith numerous teaching-learning issues. If thecollege students lack interest, the lecturereceives boring, which in addition produces adominos effect. The teacher additionally startsoff evolved dropping activity in teaching, andthe complete manner of educating and gettingto know receives frustrating. Therefore,motivation is one of the most outstandingelements of schooling and has proven a brilliantimpact on the mastering process.II.METHODOLOGY

Educational Psychology is the scientificlearn about of human learning. The learn aboutof an affective-cognitive concept will permit theresearchers to apprehend person variations inbehaviour, personality, intellect, and self-concept. Educational psychology closelydepends on testing, measurement, assessment,



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evaluation, and education processes. This cancontain analysing the academic system insidethe school room setting. The notion ofmotivational psychology has been applied inelement to write this lookup paper. The existingresearcher studied the work of fantasticpsychoanalysts like Freud and Jung for thispurpose. After doing psychoanalysis on thetopics underneath learn about and the idea ofbehaviourism, their thoughts have been used toshow the significance of motivation in theinstructing and getting to know process. To attaina conclusion, the researcher has additionallyused her private ride in the area of educating atthe college level. Various theories ofinstructional psychology have been used to writethis paper.Discussion:

First of all, the writer of this article wouldlike to give an explanation for some primaryideas related to the subject to the readers.Language: Language is a human device of verbalexchange that makes use of arbitrary signals,such as voice sounds, gestures, or writtensymbols. “Language is an only human and non-instinctive technique of speaking ideas, feelingsand needs by using capacity of voluntarilyproduced symbols.” (Edward Sapir, Language: AnIntroduction to the Study of Speech. Harcourt,Brace and Company, 1921). “Languages a gadgetof arbitrary vocal symbols by way of skill ofwhich a social team cooperates.”(B. Bloch andG. Trager, Outline of Linguistic Analysis. WaverlyPress, 1942).

Roman Jacobson described six featuresof language (or verbal exchange functions), inaccordance to which an advantageous act ofverbal verbal exchange can be described. Eachof the features has a related factor. For this work,Jacobson was once influenced by means of KarlBuhler’s Organ on-Model, to which he brought thepoetic, phatic and Meta lingual functions.

The referential feature corresponds tothe element of context and describes a situation,

object or intellectual state. The descriptivedeclaration of the referential characteristic canconsist of each particular descriptions anddeictic phrases e.g. “The autumn leaves haveall fallen now.” The expressive or affectivefeature can be fine defined through interjectionsand different sound modifications that a do nownot alter the denotative which means of anutterance however do add data about thespeaker’s inner kingdom e.g., “Wow! That’sunbelievable!” The cognitive characteristicengages the addressee without delay which canbe fantastic illustrated by using vocatives andimperatives like... “Harry! Where are yougoing?” or “Hi! How are you?” The poeticcharacteristic of a language focuses on themessage for its very own sake and is theoperative feature in poetry as properly asslogans. One greater is the phatic function; itcan be found in greetings specifically withstrangers e.g., “Hey you!”

There are three factors of evolutionarypsychology of a language: language as anadaptation, language as a cognitive by-product,and exaptation. Language as an adaptation:Steven Pinker and Paul Bloom argue that thehuman language college is a complicatedorganic adaptation that developed by usingherbal resolution for conversation in the use ofsocially interdependent lifestyle. Although,Pinker has the same opinion with NoamChomsky (a linguist) in arguing the truth thatyoungsters can analyse any human languagewith no express instruction, suggests thatlanguage inclusive of most of grammar isessentially innate and that it is solely wishes tobe activated by way of interaction, but heargues that the natural nature of languagestrongly suggests that it has an adaptationorigin. Language as a cognitive by-product/Spandrel: As a linguist Noam Chomsky emphasisedon the endless ability of speech and speaking. Hisviews that the cognitive competencies haveadvanced as a quintessential section of human



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language for communication. This view used tobe supported with the aid of Steven Pinker in1990, when he supported Chomsky’s view ofinnate grammatical guidelines of languageinstinct”. But he gave his personal opinion thatthe resolution on their linguistic feature oughtto guide the conditional nature of the rules. In“The Pleasure of Pluralism”, Gould argues thatmost frequent cognitive features are in alllikelihood spandrels: “The human intelligenceis the most complex gadget for reasoning andcalculating, and for expressing emotion, everadvanced on earth. Natural decision made thehuman talent big, however most of ourintellectual homes and potentials can also bespandrels that is, and no adaptive facetpenalties of constructing a gadget with suchstructural complexity. If I put a small pc (no inshape for a brain) in my factory, my adaptivemotives for so doing (to maintain bills anddifficulty Paychex) characterize a tiny subset ofwhat the computer, by way of advantage ofinherent structure, can do (factor-analyse myrecords on land snails, beat or tie anybodyceaselessly in tic-tac-toe). In pure numbers, thespandrels crush the adaptations.Exaptation:

Gould (1991) supplied two associateddefinitions of exaptation’s. First, an exaptationis... “a feature, now beneficial to an organism,that did no longer occur as an adaptation for itsexisting position however was once conseque-ntly co-opted for its modern-day function” (p.43). Second, exaptation’s are... “Features thatnow beautify fitness, however had been now notconstructed through herbal resolution for theircutting-edge role” (p. 47). On the foundation ofthese associated definitions, a mechanism haveto have a feature and should beautify the healthof its bearer to qualify as an exaptation.

“All the above mentioned factors leadto the adaptation with herbal determination asthe species evolves as counselled by means ofCharles Darwin in his e book titled “On the Origin

of Species by way of Means of NaturalSelection” Darwin.1859-1958.Motivational Psychology:

In all sorts of academic field, motivationis regarded as one of the most efficaciousfactors. Crookes and Schmidt (1991) describedmotivation as the learner’s orientation inrelation to the aim of getting to know a 2dlanguage. According to Steers and Porter (1991),“motivation can be characterised as follows:desires or expectations, behaviour, desires andsome structure of feedback.” Rayan and Decistate, “To be influenced potential to be movedto do something.” (2000a, p.54). Dörnyeiexplains that human behaviour has twodimensions -direction and magnitude (intensity).Motivation is associated to these concepts, and“it is accountable for the preference of a specificmotion and the effort extended on it and thepersistence with it.” (Dörnyei, 2001a:7)

Gardener proposes that motivation,alongside with the language aptitude is thepredominant component which determinessuccess in gaining knowledge of some otherlanguage in the lecture room setting.

As per (William and Burden, 1997, p.111)“Interest, curiosity, or a wish to achieve” whichis proper to the educating studying system andthe function of motivation in it. By motivatingthe instructor can evoke the hobby of collegestudents and point out their pastime to acquirethe goal.

According to Shamrock an instructionalpsychologist, “the artwork of instructing is theawakening of the curiosity of younger minds.Arousing pupils’ pastimes is one of the soleelements in the instructing incomes process.”(2001; 401-402)

Motivation can be exceptional definedvia the Attribution principle which primarilystates how people interpret activities and howthis relates to their questioning and behaviour.Weiner and colleagues (e.g., Jones et al, 1972;Weiner, 1974, 1986) developed a theoretical



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framework that has come to be an essentiallookup paradigm of social psychology.Attribution concept assumes that human beingsstrive to decide why humans do what they do,i.e., attribute reasons to behaviour. A characterlooking for to apprehend why any otherindividual did something might also attributeone or extra motives to that behaviour. A three-stage method underlies an attribution: (1) thecharacter ought to become aware of or take alook at the behaviour, (2) then the characterneed to agree with that the behaviour used tobe deliberately performed, and (3) then thecharacter have to decide if they trust thedifferent character was once pressured tooperate the behaviour (in which case thepurpose is attributed to the situation) or nolonger (in which case the motive is attributedto the different person).

The intention of studying can’t beaccomplished except having attention. If a scholarhas interest disease or it the lack of interest, theinstructor has to use quite a number techniquesto put off that boredom. Drawing interest of thenewbies the instructor makes use of exteriortechniques whilst the college students need tohave interior motivation. If exterior element is anystructure of native English literature the learnerwill begin growing photographs in his/her talentof that time, approaches of life, manners, and theway English language was/is spoken. It will beginan operational inside getting to know process. Thisoffers gasoline to the cognitive talent and informationor data carried out is a long-term memory.

According to American psychologistAbraham Maslow in 1943, people are inherentlyprompted to higher themselves and pass towardsexpressing their full potential—self-actualization—by steadily encountering andpleasurable countless stages of want from themost fundamental, such as for meals and safety,to higher-order wishes for love, belonging, andself -esteem. His views concerning impact ofmotivation on the behaviour of a character are

“...behaviour is decided by way of numerouslessons of determinants, of which motivation isone and environmental forces are another... thatmotivation is constant, in no way ending,fluctuating, and complex, and that it is a nearlynormal attribute of virtually each organismicnation of affairs. (Maslow, 1954, p. 11, p. 69)

Literature helps the college students tofocal point their interest on the instructing clothwhich is in the shape of story, poem or an articleand will assist them to provoke their gainingknowledge of ability. The instructor can use thenon-verbal techniques like, audio-visual aids viz.energy factor presentation having pictorialdepiction of the story/poem, use of videos,movies, and regular verbal technique of schoolroom teaching. The major goal is to encouragethe college students and join them to a non-native language with the aid of imbibing theminto the relative literature. It will assist them tostudy the values of any other lifestyle and in away advance a grasp and acceptance for a correctsocial existence in the international world.

Learning entails reception, recognition,perception, semantic encoding, storing inlengthy -term reminiscence and retrieving whenit is needed. Here the researcher would like tosupply two examples to show the significanceof getting to know a language via literature theuse of the later as a motivational tool. Firstinstance is the poem ‘Stopping through theWoods on a Snowy Evening ‘by Robert Frost. Thispoem now not solely describes the geographicalsituation and nature’s splendour howeveradditionally teaches the cost of duty. It offersthe message of ‘Work is worship’. The poet iscaptivated via nature’s splendour whilst touringthru the woods however his responsibility closerto his work is divine, so he strikes in advance infavour of his duty. The poetry starts with theimpressive splendour of nature and ends inimparting the wisdom. It motivates the learnerwith the aid of developing and preserving thepastime and thereby assisting in getting to know



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the language too. Learning to communicatesuited English via the play Pygmalion by meansof George Bernard Shaw is the high-qualityinstance to assist the current paper. This play isa gorgeous amalgamation of British society, theirmannerism and Phonetics to instruct idealspoken English. This play stimulates the collegestudents to search for the suited pronunciationof English language.III. CONCLUSION

There are quite a number fine strategiesof instructing and gaining knowledge of Englishas a 2d language. Reading, writing, listening,and speak me are the 4 abilities that arenormally being taught to non-native Englishspeakers. The necessity to research English asa 2d language turns into in the age ofglobalization when the primary language ofconversation for enterprise and change isEnglish. The incentive principle suggests thathuman beings are stimulated to do matters dueto the fact of exterior rewards. In the locatedview, motivation is considered mostly as an endresult of socio-cultural constructs andinteractions with the surroundings (Pintprosperous 680-681).

As a trainer of English literature, theresearcher feels that instructing the Englishlanguage via the usage of English literature asa device can be extra exciting and will facilitatethe college students to apprehend now not solelythe language however the British subculturealso. It will create activity amongst the collegestudents main them toward accomplishing thegoal. Learning the English language with the aidof the usage of English literature as a devicecan be one of the most tremendous techniquesof motivation. The college students with the know-how of English culture, customs, and life-style thruEnglish literature can higher take in the Englishlanguage like native English speakers.

If an English language learner is studyingthe English language thru English literature, itwill help him/ her in perception the native

culture. The incentive right here is if he/she goesto learn about overseas for in addition studies.The mixing in the nearby surroundings turns intohandy for them. Moreover, it will assist inpresenting a probability in the world job market.The hierarchy of wants concept of Maslowsuggests that these wishes have been frequentto humans, however that they may want to takeplace in myriad approaches primarily based onenvironmental prerequisites and an individual’srecords (Maslow 28-29). It additionally suggeststhat some exterior reward is wished for acharacter to do a positive task. Thus, a congenialenvironment can be mounted with the aid ofinstructing English literature to create students’pastime in language mastering performs anessential role.REFERENCES:

[1] Darwin, C. (1958).On the origin ofspecies by means of natural selection.(NewYork: New American Library. (Original workpublished 1859)

[2] Dörnyei, Z. (2001a). Motivationalstrategies in the language classroom. UK:Cambridge University Press

[3] Gardner, R. ( 2001b) Languagelearning motivation: The student, the teacherand the researcher. Key-note address to theTexas Foreign Language Education Conference,University of Texas, Austin.

[4] Gould, S. J. & Lewontin, R. C. (1979).The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossianparadigm: A critique of the adaptationistprogramme.Proceedings of the Royal Society ofLondon B, 205, 581-598.

[5] Maslow, Abraham H. Motivation andPersonality. 3rd Edition. New York: Longman,1987.

[6] Pintrich, Paul R. “A MotivationalScience Perspective on the Role of StudentMotivation.” Journal of Educational Psychology95.4 (2003): 667-686.

[7] Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985).Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in



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human behavior. New York: Plenum[8] Orr, David. The Road Not Taken:

Finding America in the Poem Everyone Lovesand Almost Everyone Gets Wrong. PenguinBooks, 2015.

[9] Shaw, George Bernard. Pygmalion.Null, CreateSpace Independent PublishingPlatform, 2018.

[10] Steers, R.M., and Porter, L.W. (1991).Motivation and work behavior. New York:McGraw-Hill.Inc. Lincoln.

[11] Santrock J.W. (2001), EducationalPsychology, 1stEd. McGrew-Hill Compnies.inc.

[12] Weiner, B. (1974).Achievementmotivationan dattributiontheory.Morristown,N.J.: General Learning Press.

[13] Weiner, B. (1980). Human Motiva-tion. NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

[14] Weiner, B. (1986). Anattributionaltheory of motivation an demotion. New York:Springer-Verlag.

[15] Williams, M., Burden, R (1997)Psychology for Language Teachers. CambridgeUniversity Press

06Quality Issues of English Language

Teaching in Distance EducationMode in Dual Mode State

Universities of Maharashtra

Dr. V D Satpute Principal and Head, Dept. of English Late Ramesh Warpudkar ACS College, Sonpeth Dist. Parbhani.(MS)

Dr. R T BedreDirector, UGC-HRDC

Raja Harisingh Gour University Sagar (MP).

==============***********===============Abstract:

English language Teaching has alwaysformed the crux of teaching in higher educationparticularly in rural parts of India. Till date, agood number of studies on ELT in school andcolleges in India and Maharashtra have beenundertaken but ELT through distance mode hasremained an unexplored area of research. Oneof the major causes of dropouts in highereducation has been their poor competence inEnglish. It appears that this aspect has beenneither paid attention nor addressed whileframing the courses and Teaching Englishcourses in distance mode also for the distantlearners. The very objective of the paper is tostudy the academic aspect of English LanguageTeaching in the DE mode in State Universities inMaharashtra and to review the achievementsof these universities in respect to ELT throughdistance mode. The present study, being unique,will provide a guideline study for all the stateuniversities in India to develop and improve theirfunctioning for distance learners.Keywords: Distance Education, ELT, DEIs, ICT,



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Introduction:English is the language of political

affairs, trade transactions and employmentopportunities worldwide. Needless to say,mastery over English is passport to the worldemployment market. It is English that makesIndians thrive in the world. Therefore, in the nexttwenty years, India will be the largest Englishspeaking single country in the world. Despitethis significance attached to English in India,Indians approach towards it and its positionremains unsettled even after seventy years ofIndian independence. Today, quite often thannot, one reads/hears slogans that to save mother(regional) languages, English must be banishedaway. On every literary meet, regional political/nonpolitical organization meetings, the sameoutcries/ tunes are harped. It is their generalcomplaint that English is given undueimportance in India, whereas Chinese, Russian,German, and French are very much respectedand are matter of pride in those countries. Theseshow the immaturity of the speakers and betraytheir lack of knowledge. Such one sidedjudgments are found at every nook and cornerin India. Before one has to arrive at someconcrete judgment, one has to take intoconsideration the pros and cons of entry andstay of English in India.a. Dawn of Indian Renaissance

When one looks at the benefits Indiareaped in the long term because of English, itappears that the introduction of Englisheducation in India a boon in guise of curse(temporary), as some moderate leaders of thetimes thought of the British power to be. It waseducation in English that brought India to therenaissance from the darkness of the feudalmedieval ages. The visionary leaders like RajaRammohan Roy insisted on English educationthat became instrumental for the emergence ofIndian renaissance.a. Rise of Indian Nationalism

A prominent leader of the British

parliament had said while opposing the idea ofEnglish education in India, “We have lost ourcolonies in America by imparting our educationthere, we need not do so in India too” (Mukherjeein Krishnaswamy, 14). These fears came truewhen Indians inspired by English educationstudied liberal arts, history and philosophy ofEurope and learnt how the British had foughtagainst their mighty rulers for freedom andrealized the duplicity and hypocrisy of the Britishrulers in India. The rise of Indian Nationalismwas the byproducts of English education. Indiansstarted fighting against their English mastersin English language for freedom and self-government that English education had acquaintedthem. To use Caliban’s words from William’Shakespeare’s The Tempest, “You taught melanguage and my profit on it is that I knew how tocurse; the red plague rid you, for learning (teaching)me your language”. English education openeddoors of education to all irrespective of castes.English education made the caste barriers lessrigid and united the people belonging of variouscastes against the British power.b. Making of a Democratic Nation

English played an important role inmaking India a democratic country. MahatmaGandhi’s practice of non-violence reached to theworld when it was translated in English. PanditJawaharlal Nehru discovered India in English.The architect of the Constitution of India Dr B.R. Ambedkar could prepare the world’s largestwritten constitution for India because some ofbest constitutions of the countries were availablein English and he could have access to them. TheFormer Secretary of State of USA and Nobel winner,Henry Kissinger said, “We know Indian and Indiandemocracy only because Indians speak English”.(India Today, 28 February 1985)c. Cultural and Literary Identity

Today English is the tongue of India’sexpression. Swami Vivekananda and Aurobindointroduced the principles of Hinduism to theworld in English. Dr S. Radhakrishnan spoke on



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Indian theosophy in English. The English translationof Rabindranath Tagore’s Gitanjali brought him theonly Noble Prize for literature in 1913.

When one weighs the losses Englishcaused to India against the benefits heapedupon India, the latter outdo the formers. Themost important of all, English serves India inthe form of a unifying force. It is well said thatonly English (and cricket) binds India together.English has no longer remained language of theerstwhile White Masters; it has become verymuch Indians’ because India has the largestnumber of English speakers. One has todissociate English language from the Englishnationals. Indians must treat English as a meansto an end of making India a super power, acomfortable place to live.

Therefore, Indians need to use Englishas a means to success. They need not be afraidof the western culture, as Indians have had along experience of multicultural co-existencedue to the Indian culture’s heterogeneous andaccommodative nature. And one more thing,Indians need not hate or discard their mother/regional tongue to master and use English. Thefamous dramatist Girish Karnad, during hisinterviews in Mumbai, had refuted the similarfear of diminishing the regional languages inthe wake of the rise of various TV channels inHindi. He had observed that all the leading TVgroups started their services in every regionallanguage of the country. Therefore, whatAlmedia says is true in case of English in India,“we (should) realize the urgent to give therightful place to English in life. One’s (India’s)rightful place in the global village of today muchdepends on it”. (5)ELT in Distance Mode

In the given situation, English languageteaching has acquired a never seen beforesignificance today. The sprouting of Englishmedium schools at the every corner of the Indiantowns and villages speak of the same fact. Thequality of ELT is matter of independent research.

Many incumbent and aspiring employees tend totake recourse to English for better opportunitiesin distance mode of either state dual universitiesor Open University system. Realizing thesignificance of the ELT, with the financialassistance of UGC the researcher undertook astudy of the ELT mechanism and practice in thedistance mode in the state conventionaluniversities (technically known as universitiesfunctioning in dual mode) in Maharashtra.

It was the researcher’s hypothesis thatELT in the distance education in the stateconventional universities has remainedunheeded. Distance Education received a stepmotherly treatment in comparison to regularmode and therefore, to a large scale it seemsto have remained as a neglected activity in stateuniversities in Maharashtra.

The researcher has set followingobjectives of the present study.

1. To study the English LanguageTeaching in the DE mode in State Universities inMaharashtra

2. To study the academic aspect of theEnglish Language Teaching in DE mode in StateUniversities in Maharashtra

3. To review the achievements of theState Universities in Maharashtra in the EnglishLanguage Teaching of distance education

4. To see to what extent ICT is used forELT in distance mode

To seek answers to these objectives,following questions were asked in thequestionnaire prepared for the DE institutes ofthe state universities.The questionnaire prepared is given below:

Quality of ELT in Distance Mode in StateConventional Universities

S r. N o.

Qu est io n R esp on se N u m erica l d a ta i f an y

1 Na m e o f U nive rsi ty /H ig h e r Ed u ca tio n In s ti tu tion

2 Ye ar o f es tab l ish m en t of Un iv ers ity/ H ig h er Edu c ati on In s ti tu tion

3 Ye ar o f Estab li shi n g th e Ex te rn al Edu cat io n U nit

4 No . o f Co u rs es o ffe red i n EL T C erti f ica te D i plom a U G PG

5 Wh et h er th e DE un it h as a cad em ic auton o m y If Y es ,

Y e s N o A c adem i c A d m in is tra tive Fi nanci al



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For the study purpose, the researcher setall the state conventional universities inMaharashtra as its coverage and sought thedata from the officers /key post holders of DEunit in state universities evolving acomprehensive and focused questionnaire.

The questionnaire prepared for thispurpose consists of 15 questions addressingvarious key issues of DE in state conventionaluniversities. The issues are institutional data,administrative setup, academic aspects,infrastructure, evaluation provisions, financialaspects, students’ data, student support servicesand quality issues.

To the surprise of the researcher, he foundthat only 04 universities (University of Mumbai,SNDT Women’s University, Mumbai, ShivajiUniversity, Kolhapur and SRTMU, Nanded) arefunctioning in its capacity as dual mode. Theanalysis of the data collected through thequestionnaire brought the following observations.Observations after the Analysis:

1. No DE units in the state enjoy academicand financial autonomy. Not all the DE units haveappointed a director of the cadre of Professor.

2. The distinction of DE learners is notmaintained in terms of curriculum as there areno Boards of studies for DE courses and thecourse curriculum of Regular mode is offeredfor DE learners.

3. No university offers any special course

in ELT except in Shivaji University where a MAin Language Technology is offered

4. Only University of Mumbai and ShivajiUniversity have appointed faculty to look after theacademic matters of courses offered in English.

5. All the universities provide studymaterial to the learners.

6. Only University of Mumbai and ShivajiUniversity give training to the counselors of ELT butthe records of duration of training is not available.

7. As far as the use of ICT (onlinelearning, video lectures, online syllabus andonline notice board) is concerned, the universityof Mumbai makes the maximum use, second isfollowed by Shivaji University and others areconfined to only online syllabus and notification.Recommendations for ELT

1. These universities functioning in dualmode need to offer more courses (particularlyshort term courses on the line of EFLU (Englishand Foreign Language University Hyderabad) forteachers of the vicinity).

2. The counselors need to be given asufficient training preferably on the line of EFLU.

3. Assignment of these courses be focusingtheir skill achievement of language teaching.

The present study will invite attentionof the state higher education policy makers tothe underdeveloped area for its betterment interms of their administrative and academicmatters. The present study, being unique, willprovide a guideline study for all the stateuniversities in India to develop and improve theirfunctioning for distance learners.Works Cited:

Almedia, Prakash.‘The Story of English in India’.Online Article. www.englishfountain.com. p. 1-5.

David Bevington on William Shakespeare’s,The Tempest, https//www.britannica.com

Krishnaswamy, N & Lalita Krishnaswamy.‘The Story of English in India’. Delhi: FoundationBooks, 2006.

Shastree, Nalin. K. (2002). DistanceEducation: The Third Wave in the HigherEducation. University News. Vol40. No. 4. 3-12.

Singh, R. P. (2002). Social Relevance ofOpen Learning System: the Indian Context.University News. Vol. 40. No. 4. 13-18.

6 Wh ether teach ing faculty appo inted to ELT courses for academic supp ort th e External Education programs: If yes, provid e detai ls

Yes No

Pro fessors Assoc iate Professors Assistan t Professor

7 Wh ether th ere is separate BOS for framin g curric ulum for External Educatio n programs:

Yes No

8 Wh ether th e curriculum is differen t from that of regular mode courses

Yes No

9 Wh ether stu dy material is p rov ided for ELT learners

Yes No

10 Wh ether th e evaluation programs are centralized

Yes No At university lev el District level Study center level

11 Wh ether th e moderation of answer sheets made

Yes No

12 Wh ether th e counselors of ELT are given training If yes, duration of training

Yes No Two- Four day Six day More th an six days

13 No of stu dents admitted in the ELT in the acad emic year 2 017-18

Certificate Diploma UG PG

14 Wh ether feedback mechanism is used for ELT studen ts

Yes No

15 Wh ether any placement mechanism established for DE students, If yes, furnish its nature, functioning an d i ts output

Yes No



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07Analysis of Agrarian unrest in

context of land revenue systemduring colonial era

Sharad KatiyarResearch Scholar

NET Jiwaji Univrsity Gwalior (M.P.)

Prof. A.S. AryaProffesro & HOD (History)

Govt. P.G. Excellent college, Morena (M.P.)

==============***********===============Abstract

The British rule in India brought aboutmany changes in the agrian system in thecountry. The old agrian system collapsed andunder the new system, the owner ship of landwas confereed on the zamindar, who tied toextant as much as they could from the cultivaionof land and new culture to establish by theBrithis colonizer the british has exploited Indianfarmers and depressed community of the village.

The British government has favoured themoney-lenders and grand land ownersparticularly in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and WestBengol. The British has controlled to the agriansystem, natural resources and complete eco-system. Really the Britishers has presented manynew manners on account the peasents andexisting agrian system.Key words: Collapsed, Zamindars. Colonizers,exploited, depressed communities, Netrualresources.Research Paper

In the british period many peasentsmovements and opnion have settled in the 19th

and 20th centuries were in the nature of protestagainst existing conditions and to create

resentments against exploitation rulers. In theBritish period the Santhal rebelllion, the revoltof 1857-88, strike of Bengal Indigo cultivators,disturbanes in east Bengal 1872-76, Maharastra18575, Motra uprising, riots in Assam andPunjab land altenator Act 1900. All these revolutor have against the British depressing policies.

The Santhals belonged to Mahbhumi,Hazaribagh, Birbhum, Midnapur and Bankureareas. They left their anestral have on accountof the oppressive demands of the zamindarsafter permount settlement of Bengal in 1793 andsettled in the plains striking the Rajmehal hills.”1

The Santhal rebellion is very prominent.The money lenders, police. revenue employee,zamindars. where the tools of exploitation, generatedby the colonial administration. The Santhal rebellionwas very primary spontaners uprising against theoutsiders, to establish new reconcillation andcurstomarly new aspects of the Indian.

‘The self-respecting Santhal peasantscould not reconcile themselves to theprespostrous righs conferred by the British Govt.on the zamindans to distrain their properties,including their brought cattle and grain crops.the Santhal peasents revolted against the unjustorder, impored on them by british government,Indian zamindans and money landers.”2

The revolt of 1857-58 has related overand western U.P. forgot their oppression by thelocal zamindars and join hands with themagainst the British government. They bloged aheroic part displayed great military skill,preowess and achieved distant victories. Thesecrolt of 1857-58 has captured differentimporing partiupation in the revolt of 1857-58.

‘The cultivation of indigo was amonoploy of the Europeans. the Europeanplanters complleted the peasants to cultivateindigo and subjected them to untold oppression.In order to force the peasents to produce indigoat uneconomic rates, the planters resented toillegal battings and detentions.”3 the opperssionof the indigo plantes has supported the demand



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of peasanty. In this revolt has resisted thephysical brautality and violence of the cultivatersand asumed retainers so HarischandraMukhopadhyaya, Grish Chandra Basu, SishirChandra Ghosh and many other well knownintellecutal supported the cause of the pearantsand they have related now prieviles to esablishto the uprising else of the West-Bangal.

‘Agrian unrest broke out in East Bangalduring the 1870’s the powerful zamindrs ofBengal were notorious for the oppression of theirtenants and they freely reserted to rejectment,harassment, illegal resume of property meludingcrops and cattle and extortions, and large-scaleuse of force to increase rents and to prevent thepeasents from acquring occupancy requests.”4

The peasants movements and uprisinghas benifited for the expressed and peasantcommunity. In the Maharastra 1875 has resortedlegal or illegal for the social boycott of this time.Maharastra has supported in the other state alsoto co-relate of the agrian movement anduprising revolution.

The peasants of poona and Ahmadnagardistrict organised a social boycott of themonylendes which was transformed into agrianriots. Every where they took forible possessionof their debt bonds, degrees and otherdocuments dealing with their debts and burntthem in public. The police toiled to meet thefury of peasant aware. It was supressed onlywhen the whole military force at poona, horse,foot and artillery, took the filed against them.”5

The moplah pesants, riots in Assam, thePunjab land alienation Act 1900 have relatedthe agrian movements and to relate newdivensions of the uprsing else, money lendersand leech gathers. In the south Indian, manymovments to new grievaness nad determenationof the re-arassing of the system for the tohabilation of the peasants.

The peasants of the Krishna and Godavrideltas and to so of Karnataka and Royalseemarevolted several times from the beging of the

19th centurey to protest against the exorlatant landrevenue exactions, the neglect of irrigation facilitiesand the extosbitant methods of tax-collection.”6

The resent movment and uprsing outcome helce related the revolutionry dimentionaltheories. All the movements have organised bythe uneducated and illetrate cultirators, farmersand plantes of the modern history to create bynew thought makers.

‘In the Punjab, the assessment made bythe British government were lower than thedemands made during the rule of the siksh inthe Punjab. However, the payment of landrevenue was to made in cash and not in form ofa shame of the crops as before th collection ofrevenue was also strict.

It is worthy of notice that the changesto the land revenue system both many changesin village life. The old rural society was brokenup. As population increased, the lands of a familywhere divided among a layer number of persons.The small plots did not produce enough tomaintain ther owners. cottage industriesdisappeared on account of the impart of Britishgoods and the peasents had nothing supplementtheir income. The landless laborness found noemployment for a largepart of the year. Povertycompelled the villages to take loans form moneylanders and high rates of interest nad thatresulted in the exploitation of the villagers. Thezamindar, money landers and laywers exploitedthe poor peasants.”7

References1- Cannon, J., ed. The Oxford Companion

to British History (1997). p.722- Clark, G., ed., The Oxford History of

England (2nd ed., 16 vol., 1937–91). p.513- Fryde, E. B., et al., Handbook of British

Chronology (3rd ed. 1986, repr. 1996). p.394- Graham, G. S., A Concise History of

the British Empire (1971). p.895- Keir, D., The Constitutional History of

Modern Britain since 1485 (9th ed. 1969). p.72



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08Transportation Problem andSolution through Operation

Research

Dr. Sanjay Kumar BisenFaculty of Mathematics

Govt. Gandhi College Balaji Mehona Bhind(Madhya Pradesh) India

==============***********===============ABSTRACT:

We know that in Operation Researchand Linear Programming we can easily solve aspecial type of transport problem. In whichproduction from different source can betransported to different places at minimum cost.Liner programming is well designed to minimizethe cost of transportation in order to create thebest system for transportation.Keyword: Transportation cost, linear programming,Transportation Theory,Introduction:

Transportation problem is an essentialstep for any company, if do the things OperationResearch here, with the help of this. We cansolve the transportation problem to a greatextent. Because the linear programming usedhere is a very good solution because inprogramming here me can shortest path. Somemethod has been used here which northwestcorner and the solution of transportationproblem by least cost method and the solutionof transportation problem by Vogel approvedmethod. In order to find a solution to thisproblem, we are giving the example of a Carcompany which works for making Cars and ithas got three branch for its work Agra, Gwaliorand Bhopal,

Car to three different areas like Jhansi,Mathura, Nagpur, here we have shown the

demand and destination in the matrixrespectively. The linear programming in eachsolution is also shown how we can help withthe help of Operation Research and you canminimize transportation cost.1- Transportation Theory in Operation Research -:

Suppose a company produces a Car andwants to see its produces a Car and want to seeits product in different area. We consider thisthree companies here such as Companies-1,Companies-2 and Companies-3

Here we consider three cities such asCity-1, City-2 and City-3m, when the Companywants to sell its work. The Companies who’s Carare available here, we are known as the sourceand where Car is be transported and sold, andit is called the destinations.Suppose

Company-1 is Production a1 unit



City wise demand here,City A is Demand b

1 unit

City B is Demand b2 unit

City C is Demand b3

unitThe cost of transportation from each

source to the destinations is show source to thedestinations is show in the following table,DESTINATIONS

Here the transportation of should bedone in such way that are cost of transport isminimum to minimum.

But there are two type of transportproblem face here



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Balance transport problem -:The sum of supply and the sum of

demand should both be equalSupply = Demand

Unbalanced transport problem.Here the sum of supply and the sum of

demand are different.Supply DemandHere is a solution presented by some

transport models to understand the transportmodel. .1.1- North west Conner TransportationTheory in Operation Research-:

The method of getting northwest is thebest way to get the basic possible solution tothe transportation problem. By this method wecan get the solution of the transportationproblem in simple way.Use method :

According to Agra, Gwalior and Bhopal,a Car company has three branches in threedifferent regions. The company has to delivercar to three destinations for Jhansi, Mumbai andNagpur with availability of 50, 70, and 80 unitsfrom Agra, Gwalior, and Bhopal, respectivelyJhansi, Bombay, and Nagpur is demand 80, 50, and70 transport cost is shown in the Matrix below

Here to get a definite solution (BFS“basic feasible solution’’) we use the methodof northwest corner as follows

DESTINATIONS

Let’s use the following steps hereStep-1 :

The first thing is to balance the problem,that is we need to check that,

If it is said that a balance asked for thegiven problems and if not balance,

Step-2 -Starting allocation from North West

Corner Cell We will start the allocation fromthe North West Corner Cell, which is the top lefthand in the matriculation here, and will makethe allocation based on availability and demand

Now the availability for this cell willverify the (supply) smallest among the(Demand). The smallest value will be allocatedto cell and will examine the difference in supplyand demand that represents supply and demandas shown in the matrix below. Two is smallestvalue in matrix

DESTINATIONS

Step-3 -Remove the rows column whose supply

and demand are met and create a new matrix.Delete the row or column and create a newmatrix as shown below, as we have satisfied theavailability or Requirement for that row and Colum.

DESTINATIONS

Step-4-Repeat this process till all the allocations

are finished and check the base of the smallestvalue shown below till all the allocations areexhausted

∑ ∑

∑ ∑ ≠



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DESTINATIONS

DESTINATIONS

DESTINATIONS

Step-5-After the all allocation is finished, the

allocation has to be written and the transporta-tion cost has to be calculated.

Once all the allocations are finished,create a new table with all the allocationsmarked and the transport cost is to be calcu-lated following according

DESTINATIONS

1.2- Least Cost Transportation Theory in Op-eration Research-:

A car company has three branches whichare located in the three different areas like Agra,Gwalior, and Bhopal, company has to deliver thecar to three destinations for Jhansi, Bombay, andNagpur, 50,70,and 80 unit are available for Agra,Gwalior and Bhopal respectively whereas 80,50and 70 are available in Jhansi , Bombay, andNagpur

Least Cost Method Transportation ProblemUnder standing the transportation prob-

lem is essential to get the least cost methodpossible solution to the transportation problem.Here some examples are trying to explain it,Numerical method -

The above transportation costs areshown in the matrix below. Here one can usethe least cost method to find a basic possiblesolution as follows.Step-1-

The first thing is to balance the prob-lem, that is we need to check that,

If it is said that a balance asked for the givenproblems and if not balance,

DESTINATIONS

Step-2-Select the low cost in the entire matrix

and allocate the minimum supply or demand.Here we are using least cost method so

we will identify the least value in this wholematrix, here in this matrix we have Agra, andNagpur lowest value for a cell

DESTINATIONS

That is why if we want to go ahead withthat cell then allotment of minimum demand orsupply are to be 50 and demand here 70,

Here the row is to be checked not the lestcolumn, here where allocating 50 out of the entirematriculation because it is the lowest subtractedoriginal from allocated supply and demand



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Step-3-Remove the above Colum and Row

whose supply or demand have been fulfilledand create a new matrix.

As we have met the demand or supplyfor that row and column respectively, removethat row or column and create a new matrix asshown below

DESTINATIONS

Step-4-this process has to be repeated repeat-

edly until all allocations are exhausted.In the newly created one has to repeat

the same process of the allocation of the small-est value and check the supply agreed on thebasis of the small demand as shown below allthe allocation is finished.

DESTINATIONS

DESTINATIONS

Step-5-After all the allocation is finished write

the allocation and calculate the transportationcost.

All allocation is finished, table has to be

prepared with all the allotment marked and sometransportation cost is to be calculated as follows.

DESTINATIONS

1.3- Vogel Approval Method -:One of the approaches to get a poten-

tial answer for the transportation issue is Vogelendorsement technique that deals with the ideaof chance or punishment costs.Use method:

According to Agra, Gwalior and Bhopal,a Car company has three branches in three dif-ferent regions. The company has to deliver carto three destinations for Jhansi, Mumbai andNagpur with availability of 50, 70, and 80 unitsfrom Agra, Gwalior, and Bhopal, respectively

Jhansi, Bombay, and Nagpur are demand80, 50, and 70 transport cost is shown in theMatrix below.

To find a basic feasible solution [BFS],we the method of Vogel as follows.

DESTINATIONS

Step-1-The first thing is to balance the prob-

lem, that is we need to check that,

If it is said that a balance asked for the givenproblems and if not balance,



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Step-2-Discover the distinction among section

and Row We will discover the distinction of lineand section in the grid given here.

The distinction among line and segmentis consistently know as punishment cost, con-sequently by finding the contrast between eachline and section we discover the chance expensehere. As the distinction in the network is bigger,there will be a punishment for designation tothe second littlest expense cell of that specific lineand section in the higher framework. Demonstratespunishments for example or on the other handwrong distribution So we solve it as follows

DESTINATIONS

In this matrix you can see in the first row,we need to find the cell with the smallest value(which we can also cost less). Then find thesmallest in the remaining two values.In this matriculation, we find 2 and 5, as thesmallest value, so the difference between thenthe will be called different

[5-2]=3 or and so on[3-3]=2[6-2]=4

Also, we will follow the same procedure for thecolumn, then for the first column you will get.

[5-4]=1 or and so on[5-3]=2[4-2]=2

Step-3-Selecting row and column with highest

spacing.DESTINATIONS

If the value of the highest difference for

the last row is above 4, then will select that rowand find the minimum cost for that row. Herewe will find that the minimum cost is 3

Now we compare supply and demand forthis row and column, here we have a supply of80 in matrix and a demand of 50 in our matrix.For cell all allocation both have to be comparedand the minimum is selected in it, as shown inthe matrix.

Matrix column has been identifiedwhose demand has been met.Step-4:

Remove the row and column whose sup-ply or demand has been met and create a newmatrix. and repeat this processDESTINATIONS

As you are seeing, we now have a newcolumn in which the second column has beenremoved as it was 50 and the demand has beenfulfilled.

Now we repeat this process until all theallocation is done

DESTINATIONS

Step-5:After all the allocation is done, write all

the allocations in the matrix and calculate the



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transportation cost.DESTINATIONS

After all cell allocation is done, the trans-portation cost is as follows.

Conclusion -The study of this paper highlights the

minimization of transportation cost with the helpof Operation Research, with the help of thispaper; an attempt has been made to show howOperation Research can minimize our transpi-ration cost. This paper depicts the same demandand supply of goods in which three differenttypes of transportation theory. These three theo-ries highlight different type of transportationcost. And by incorporating linear programmingin it ,an attempt has been made to make thetransportation cost more successful.

Reference:1. Operation Research principles and

practice by Don T. Phillips and James S. Solberg(WILEY STUDEN EDITION 2010)

2. Operation Research BY Er. Prem KumarGupta and Dr. D. S. Hira (S. Chand & CompanyPvt. Ltd. 2016)

3. Operation Research by Dr. H. K. Pathak(Siksha Sahitya Prakashan, Meerut 2013)

4. Operation Research by S. D. Sharma(Kedar nath ,Ram nath publication2015)

5. Operation Research by J. K. Sharma(Gautam Budha Technical University andMacmillan Publications India 2012)

6. Air Transportation Planning is design

by Virendra Kumar, Satish Chandra (Galgotia Pub-lications Pvt. Ltd. 2015)

7. Application of Graph theory opera-tions research by Sanjay Kumar Bisen. (Interna-tional journal of innovative science and Re-search ISSN No. 2456 – 2165, Vol. 2, Issue 5,May 2017)

8. Graph Theory use in TransportationProblems and Railway Network by Sanjay KumarBisen (International Journal of Science & Research,ISSN No. 2319-7064, Vol. 6 Issue 5, May 2017)

9. Operation Research an introductionby Hamdy A. Taha(Pearson publication)

10. Operation Research BusinessAnalytics by Rahul Saxena (Springer publication

11. Operation Research In space And Airby Titocriani (Springer publication)

12. Operation Research algorithm and ap-plication by Rathindra P. Sen (Springer publication)

13. Linear programming to operations re-search by George B. Dantzig (Springer publication)

14. Operations Research by AbhilashaS. Mager (Himalya Publising House 2012)

15. Advance operations research by A.K.Bhumia (Asian Books Pvt. Ltd. 2011)

16. Operations Research by S. Guruswamy(Vijay Nicole Imprints Pvt. Ltd. 2015)



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09STUDY ON DALIT WOMEN IN

INDIA

Bikram Kishore PatraLecturer in Sociology

K.C. Mohavidyalaya Korai Jajpur

==============***********===============Abstract

Empowerment is the expansion ofasserts and capabilities of poor people toparticipate in negotiate with influence,controland hold accountable institutions that affect theirlives. Education is one of the important sourcesofempowering women with the knowledge, skilland self confidence necessary to participate fullyin developmentprocess. It enhances bettersocio-economic development. Womenempowerment in India is highly dependentonseveral variables that include caste, class,family background and culture, Geographicallocation it may be urbanor rural and age. Thebarriers of Dalit women empowerment arediscrimination in the society, economicdi-sadvantages, religious practices, social believesand violence against women. They are unableto access healthand educational services, lackdecision making power and face higher level ofviolence. There is an immediateneed forempowering Dalit women in present scenario.Keywords:Dalit women empowerment,education, socio-economic development.Introduction

Jawaharlal Nehru said that “educationof a boy is education of one person but educationof one girl isthe education of entire family.Thewomen of any country has an importantcontribution in the progress of thatcountry. It isthe women who are capable of building suchchildren who may lead the country to the pathof progressand prosperity. An educated woman

makes the family, society and culture. Manu hastherefore rightly remarkedthat God resides atthe places where women are worshiped .Byworship of women we do not mean theworshipthrough conventional means but wemean where women are respected properprovision of education made forthem and theyare given freedom equal to those of men in thesociety. The out most expansion of womeneducationis necessary for the achievement ofall side development of India.

The idea of women empowerment wasintroduced at the world women’s conference in1985.In Indiathe empowering women wasfocused in the eighth five year plan(1992-1997)at the grass root level and empoweringwomenthrough translating the recently adoptednational policy for empowerment of women(2001) into action andsurvival, protection anddevelopment of women and children throughright based approach was taken care in tenthfive year plan(2002-2007).The government ofIndia launched and implemented a number ofschemes towards poverty,allegation and womenempowerment but it was observed that womenin rural areas especially from the poorfamiliescould not be benefited. This led to the countryto launch mother pregame called Swarna-Jayanthi GramSwarozgarYojana (SJGSY). It waslaunched to provide economic empowerment tothe rural especially the women.It was decidedin national conference in June2001 to raise thenumber of SHGS in the country from5.11lakhsto10lakhs.METHOD

We collected the data through the studyof their literature from the online journals,publications and books.DISCUSSION

In India and other countries in South Asia,people have been systematically discriminatedagainst on the basis of their work and descentfor centuries. Over 200 million people are Dalits,also known as untouchables or outcastes. They



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experience violence, discrimination, and socialexclusion on a daily basis. Economic growth inIndia has been strong over the past decade.However, the caste disparities are increasing.Dalit women

The situation of Dalit women in Indianeeds special attention. They are one of thelargest socially segregated groups anywhere inthe world, and make up 2% of the world’s totalpopulation. Dalit women are discriminatedagainst three times over: they are poor, they arewomen, and they are Dalits. Dalit womenconstitute half of the ca. 200 million Dalitpopulation, and 16.3 of the total Indian femalepopulation. The traditional taboos are the samefor Dalit men and Dalit women.

However, Dalit women have to deal withthem more often. Dalit women are discriminatedagainst not only by people of higher castes, butalso within their own communities. Men aredominant in Dalit communities. Dalit womenalso have less power within the Dalit movementitself. Women are active in large numbers in themovement but most leadership positions in theorganisations, local bodies and associationshave until now been held by men.Human rights of Dalit women

India is a democracy and is a Party tomost of the major human rights treaties.

These treaties provide the same rightsfor men and for women. Because India is also aParty to the Convention on the Elimination ofAll Forms of Discrimination Against Women(CEDAW), the Government has an extraobligation to make sure that women can realisetheir rights. It is generally accepted ininternational law that governments have to domore than just pass legislation to protect humanrights. The Government of India has anobligation to take all measures, including policyand budgetary measures, to make sure thatwomen can fulfil their rights. It also has anobligation to punish those who engage in caste-based violence and discrimination. The

government of India, as a modern country with agrowing economy, has the means to fulfil itsobligations.Civil and political rights

India is a Party to the InternationalCovenant on Civil and Political Rights. Based onthis treaty, the Government of India has anobligation to make sure that Dalit women canenjoy a whole range of human rights, such asthe right to life, freedom from torture or cruel,inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment,freedom from slavery, the right to be equalbefore the court, the right to recognition as aperson before the law, the right to privacy, theright to marry only with free and full consent,and the right to take part in public affairs. Thelife and dignity of Dalit women depends on therealisation of these human rights. However, theyare breached systematically. An essentialprecondition for the realisation of civil andpolitical rights of Dalit women is registration.Article 24 (2) of the Covenant provides thatevery child shall be registered immediately afterbirth. In India, 46 % of all children are notregistered. There is also no system ofregistration of marriages. This is not only abarrier for the realisation of civil and politicalrights; it also prevents the protection of Dalitgirls from sexual exploitation and trafficking,child labour and forced and early marriages.Economic, social, and cultural rights

India is also a Party to the InternationalCovenant on Economic, Social and CulturalRights (ICESCR). This treaty not only identifiesa range of economic, social and cultural rights,but it also requires that all people have theserights, without discrimination. The treaty alsodiscusses the ways in which states must workto realise the rights. The rights outlined in theICESCR include the right to work and to just andfavourable conditions of work, and to form tradeunions, the right to social security, protectionof the family, the right to an adequate standardof living, including food, housing and clothing,



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and the right to health.Dalit women hardly enjoy any of these

human rights.Millennium Development Goals and Dalitwomen

In 2000, 189 countries accepted theMillennium Declaration and agreed to take thenecessary action in order to attain eight specificgoals: the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs). The realisation of human rights of Dalitwomen will have a major positive effect on therealisation of the MDGs. Dalit women areextremely poor, and make up 2% of the world’spopulation. In India, 60 million children do notattend primary school; the majority of thesechildren are Dalit girls. India’s child mortalityrate is one of the highest in the world and withits vast population and a rate of 540 maternaldeaths per 100,000 live births, India accountsfor more than 20 % of all global maternal deaths.A greater availability and accessibility ofhealthcare for women, including Dalit women,is needed.Violence against Dalit women – impunity

Certain kinds of violence are traditionallyreserved for Dalit women: extreme filthy verbalabuse and sexual epithets, naked parading,dismemberment, being forced to drink urine andeat faeces, branding, pulling out of teeth, tongueand nails, and violence including murder afterproclaiming witchcraft, are only experienced byDalit women. Dalit women are threatened byrape as part of collective violence by the highercastes. However, sexual assault and rape of Dalitwomen and girls also occur within their owncommunities. For Dalit men, the suppressionand rape of women could be a way tocompensate for their own lack of power insociety. The Devadasi system of templeprostitution is the most extreme form ofexploitation of Dalit women. Dalit girl childrenare forced to prostitution. The majority of casesof violence against Dalit women are notregistered. The lack of law enforcement leaves

many Dalit women unable to approach the legalsystem to seek redress. Women are often alsounaware of the laws and their ignorance isexploited by their opponents, by the police, andby the judiciary system. Even when cases areregistered, the lack of appropriate investigation,or the judge’s own caste and gender biases, canlead to acquittal.Action by Dalit women

Dalit women have been activethroughout history, though often this has notbeen recorded. They were actively involved inthe anti-caste and anti-untouchabilitymovements in the 1920s. Today they are thestrongholds of the Dalit movements inthousands of Indian villages. They continue toplay a critical role in the movements for landrights. They are making their mark asindependent thinkers and writers in the literaryworld and visionary leaders in the PanchayatiRaj institutions. However, they are unable to putan end to the structural discrimination andexclusion. Violence and impunity are used tokeep them in their place.Getting organised as Dalit women

Since the late 1980s, therefore, Dalitwomen have increasingly felt and articulated theneed for a separate platform – created,developed and controlled by themselves –through which they could forge their ownidentity, fight for their rights and find solutionsto their particular problems as Dalits and aswomen. Conscious that the call for a separateplatform could be interpreted as a divisive moveby both Dalit men and non-Dalit women, theproponents of such a special forum emphasisethat their initiative must not be mistaken for aseparatist movement. Rather they assert thatthere is need for strong alliances between theDalit movement, the women’s movement andthe Dalit women’s movement if their commonvision of social, economic and political equalityand justice for all is to be realised. The NationalFederation of Dalit Women (NFDW) was



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launched by Dalit womenthemselves andcommitted itself to undertake several tasks tobring about positive changes in the lives of Dalitwomen, such as legal action against castebasedatrocities, political empowerment of Dalitwomen, economic empowermentagainstgrowing pauperisation, building self-confidenceand leadership.CONCLUSION

Dalit women empowered are achallenging issue in the present scenario. Theyare economically, educationallyand sociallybackward when compared to other social groups.The literacy rate of Dalit women is verylowcompare to the general population.Suggestions

Suggestions and recommendations tostrengthen and empower Dalit women’s arefollowing

1. Establishment of new residentialinstitutes like schools junior and degree collegesfor girls students.

2. Supporting the Dalit students withspecial scholarships, fellowships, hostelfacilities, and remedial coaching.

3. The central government, stategovernment and voluntary organizations shouldframe programs and policies fortheempowerment of Dalit women.

4. Government should strengthen thelaws particularly for Dalit women with specialreservations.

5. Government has to bring awarenessamong Dalit women about their rights andprovisions in the law.

6. Government has to frame strict lawsagainst discrimination and violence.

References1. Sivakami. (2000). Dalit paintings. In P.

M. Larbeer& V. Alexandar (Eds.), The coloursofliberation (pp. 15-17). Madurai: Dalit ResourceCentre, Tamilnadu TheologicalSeminary.

2. Scruggs, T. M. (2005). (Re) Indigeni-

zation?: Post-Vatican II Catholic ritual and “folkmasses” in Nicaragua. The World of Music,47(1), 91-123.

3. Sebastian, J. J. (2003a). Believing andbelonging: Secularism and religion in India.International Review of Mission, 92(365), 204-211.

4. Sebastian, J. J. (2005). Toward aChristological missiology today with the guide-whostands-aside. Theology Today, 62(1), 18-28.

5. Rajawat, M. (Ed.). (2004b).Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India: History of Dalits(Vol. 1).New Delhi: Anmol Publications PVT. Ltd.

6. S.K.Kocchar, Pivotal Issues in IndianEducation, p.225.

7. Rowland, Jo. (1997), QuestioningEmpowerment, Oxford: Oxfam.

8. History of Indian education andproblems by B.C.Rai, chapter37.

9. Raj, M. C. (2006b). Editorial. UnbrokenPeople, 2(4), 2-3.

10. Panandiker, V. A. P. (Ed.). (1997). Thepolitics of backwardness: Reservation policyinIndia. Delhi: Konark Publishers.



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10Digital Library Advantages and

Disadvantages(Women and Children Public Library )

Kanchi ShuklaAnand (Gujarat)

==============***********===============Introduction

Public Library has to play a vital role inmodern society. The library is the heart ofeducation system quality equation is impossiblewithout a good library and J-Gate is a premierresearch platform, helping to find, analyze, andshare information in the sciences, socialsciences, arts, and humanities. Public library is considered an essentialpart of modern society and plays a veryimportant role in the community. It serves as acultural center of the community, bringingtogether people having similar interests throughextension services. It should be regarded as asocial force, which can greatly influence thesociety being served. It can help in safe guardingdemocracy, creating political awakening,bringing social awareness and fostering creativeleisure activities. A public library can play animportant role in helping different sectors of thecommunity. It can help farmers to improveproduction. It can enable a businessman toimprove business prospects. A Public Library cancreate in children a love of reading, which canlead to formation of reading habit at an earlyage. It can help students of all ages. It canprovide job information, helping people lookingfor better prospects or those who areunemployed. In case a member of the societyintends to pursue self-education, then publiclibrary might be the only institution accessibleto him. Similarly elderly, poor and handicapped

persons can also be served by it.Digital library

A digital library is a special library witha collection of digital objects that can includetext, visual material, audio material, videomaterial, stored as electronic media formats (asopposed to print, or other media. ), along withmeans for organizing, storing, and retrieving thefiles and media contained in the librarycollection. Digital libraries can vary immenselyin size and scope, and can be maintained byindividuals, organizations, or affiliated withestablished physical library buildings orinstitutions, or with academic institutions

The digital content may be stored locally,or accessed remotely via computer networks.An electronic library is a type of informationretrieval system. These information retrievalsystems are able to exchange information witheach other through interoperability andsustainabilityReview of Related Literature

Kale Vilas A., Deshmukh Rahul K. &Khiste Gajanan P. (2017) discusses the“Consortia” as reflected in Web of Science forthe period from 1989–2016. This studyinvestigates the highly productive authors,Document Type wise, Country wise, Languagewise, Publication year wise, Research area wise,Source Title or Journal wise. Khiste G.P. (2017)discusses the “Consortia” as reflected in Scopusfor the period from 1989-2016. Khiste G.P. (2018)discusses the “Total Quality Management” asreflected in J-Gate for the period from 2003–2017. Khiste G.P., Deshmukh R.K. & Kale V.A.(2017) discusses the “Bibliometric” as reflectedin J-Gate for the period from 2005 to 2016. KhisteG.P., Maske D.B.& Deshmukh R.K. (2018)discusses the “Knowledge Management” asreflected in Scopus for the period from 2007–2016. The result indicates that there were total7996 documents on Knowledge Managementduring 2007 to 2016. At the international front,India’s contribution to Knowledge Management



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is 298 documents during 2007 to 2016 which isrank on tenth. Khiste G.P.& PaithankarR.R.(2017) explained “Bibliometric” as reflectedin SCOPUS for the period from 2008–2016.Khiste G.P.& Paithankar R.R.(2017) discusses the“Bibliometric” as reflected in Web of Sciencefor the period from 1989–2016. Khiste G.P.&Paithankar R.R.(2017) discusses the“Bibliometric” as reflected in Science Direct forthe period from 2005 to 2016. MaskeDnyaneshwar B, Deshmukh Rahul K & KhisteGajanan P.(2018) analysed the items on“Information Literacy” as reflected in J-Gate forthe period from 2007 to 2016. Tekale K.U.,VeerD.K & Kadam Santosh D.(2017) discuss theproductivity of popular articles made by thefaculty of agriculture VNMKV, Parbhani fordissemination of agriculture information amongthe farmers. Tekale K.U., Veer D.K & KadamSantosh D. (2017) discussed on the annualgrowth and distribution of documents , year wisecitation analysis of documents published byfaculty of Vasantrao Naik Marathwada KrishiVidyapeeth (VNMKV), Parbhani . Veer Chaitanya, Veer D. K. & Khiste Gajanan P.(2018) discussesthe “Big Data” as reflected in Scopus for theperiod from 2012–2016 and investigates thehighly productive authors, document types andh-index. The result indicates that there weretotal 9191 documents with 54129 citations onBig Data during 2012 to 2016. Veer D.K. & KhisteG.P.(2017) explained about the publisheddocuments and its citation from AgriculturalUniversities in Maharashtra during the periodfrom 2004 to 2016 by Indian Citation Index (ICI)database. Veer D.K. & Khiste Gajanan P. (2017)discusses the “Digital Library” as reflected inScopus for the period from 1995–2016. Veer D.K.& Khiste Gajanan P. (2018) discusses theInformation Literacy as reflected in Web ofScience for the period from 1989–2016. VeerD.K., Khiste Gajanan P. & Deshmukh Rahul(2018) explained the term Information Literacyas reflected in SCOPUS during the period during

2007 to 2016.Digital Libraries in India:

1. Electronics Theses and Dissertation(ETD) funded by NISSAT

2. Digital Library of India (www.digitallibrary.edu.pk)

3. Child Trafficking Digital library(www.Childtrafficking.com)

4. Archives of India Labor : IntegratedLabor History Research Program (www.indianlabourarchieves.org)

5. Indian National Digital Library inEngineering Science and Technology(INDEST)Consortium (http://indest.iitc.ac.in)

6. Vigyan Prasar Digital Library (www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/diglib/)

7. Vidyanidhi digital library and eScholarship portal (www.vidyanidhi.org.in)

8. CSIR Explorations (http://csirexplorations.com)

9. Traditional knowledge digitallibrary(TKDL) http://www//tkdl.res.in

10. India Education Digital Library(www.edudl.gov.in)

11. Cultural Heritage Digital Library inHindi (http://mobilelibrary.cdacnoida.in)

12. Digital e- library (Dware gyansampada providing books at your doorsteps)(www.new.dli.ernet.in, http://dli.iiit.ac.in)Libraries Consortia in India:

1. INDEST-AICTE Consortium (Govt-funded)2. CSIR E-Journals Consortium (Govt-funded)3. UGC Infonet Consortium (Govt-funded)4. DAE Consortium (Govt-funded)5. MCIT Consortium (Govt-funded) 6. IIM

Libraries Consortium 7. FORSA ConsortiumNational Digital Library of IndiaImplementation Digital library

Planning is followed by implementation.That is getting down to the actual steps requiredto set up the collection. This means that theremust be a need to obtain the managementapproval for the plan and the required resourcesbefore proceeding with the implementation.



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There is a need to identify and designatea project manager to lead the implementationof the digital project. For large digital libraryprojects, it is essential to have a full time projectmanager for the project period. TheImplementation of a digital library projectinvolves the following activities.

i. Establish the project teamii. Set up the Information Technology (IT)

infrastructureiii. Procure and install digital library

softwareiv. Finalize policies and specificationsv. Complete arrangement of workflow for

digitizationvi. Set up the digital library collection site

in case of Internet distributionvii. Obtain copyright permissions andviii. Release the digital library collection

for use.Challenge of Digital library The staffs of the National Digital LibraryProgram at the Library of Congress haveidentified ten challenges that must be met iflarge and effective digital libraries are to becreated during the 21st century. In some cases,there may be no technology solution to thechallenge, but through sharing of ideas, newthinking may emerge to help institutions suchas the Library of Congress formulate policy onthese important issues. The challenges may begrouped under the following broad categoriesbuilding the resource, interoperability,intellectual property, providing effective access,and sustaining the resource.

We are in the age of a networked societywhere IT in addition to its use in all spheres ofhuman activity has been used extensively torecord, store, and disseminate the informationthe digital form. IT has almost converted theworld into global village. The revolution in theIT sector is influencing the. It we consider thatthe information is for use and for all then whynot libraries for all? Why not libraries become

universal open for all those who seek forinformation. By considering this view a numberof large organizations in USA and Europe havealready more or less switched over to digitalmode. They are making digital images ofperiodicals, which are not available in electronicform, and thee after no new procurement arebeing made on print media if a digital version isavailable. Example of such organization isUniversity Micrographic Inc. (UMI of USA),National Institute of Scientific and Technicalinformation (INIST of France) etc.The digital Library is :

1. Organized collection of Multimediaand other types of resources.

2. Resources are available in computerprocess able form

3. The function of acquisition, storage,preservation, retrieval is carried out through theuse of digital technology.

4. Access to the entire collection isglobally available directly or indirectly Network.

5. Support users in dealing withinformation objects.

6. Helps in the organization andpresentation of the above objects via Electronic/digital means etc.

Time is a major factor for each modernuser of the library and digitization is the onlysolution to the problem. Digital libraries areneeded to provide quality-based service at theuser doorstep. In general digital libraries areneeded for the following reasons.1. Easy to understand:

The visual or graphical informationsystem of digital libraries is more popular ascompared to text based information system.2. Shifting of the environment:

The new generation user becomes onlyHappy when they will be able to read from thecomputer screen.3. Multiple function of same information:

In case of digital libraries by Usinghypertext it is possible to structure and



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organized the same digital information in avariety of ways, which serve multiple functions.Library services in new technologyenvironment:1. Repository service:

The DL Repository provides a centralaccess point for scholarly information createdacross the district, state. By aggregating resourcesfrom the many member institutions, the DLRepository presents a broad cross-section ofacademic publications, course materials, andresearch data, and makes it available to researchersaround the world for browsing and download.2. Electronic thesis and Dissertationsubmission and management system:

With Vireo, the DL’s electronic thesis anddissertation (ETD) submission and managementsystem, students at member institutions cansubmit digital theses and dissertations via asimple online interface, while graduate officescan manage the ETD submission and approvalprocess behind the scenes.3. Digital library electronic journals

Support for publishing fully online, peer-reviewed journals is offered by the DL. Thisservice includes a complete workflow systemfor article submission, peer review, and editingthat is fully web-based and designed to facilitatethe de-centralized collaboration of the peerreview process.4. Digital library research Wikis

For those needing a tool to shareinformation among groups such as projectteams or discipline specialists, the DL offers awikis service. With shared editing capability andan easy-to-use interface, wikis provide a quickway to publish information to the group or tothe world.10 Library

This study provides concepts of libraryservices in the environment of ICT, web 2.0,other new technologies and implications ICTapplications in libraries in order to enhance theirservices in a more efficient manner. No doubt,libraries are moving towards new technology in

present time and taking advantages of Newtechnology based services especially in buildingdigital libraries, social networking andinformation communication with manifoldflexibilities but some issues related to security,privacy, trustworthiness and legal issues werestill not fully resolved. Therefore it is time forlibraries think seriously before clubbing librariesservices with ICT based technologies and providereliable and rapid services to their users.

Libraries are among the most ancientsocial and cultural institutions in existence.Ancient libraries as well as modern ones haveone thing in common: all of them have a bodyof information recorded on some type of mediumand that information could be retrieved whenneeded. The accessibility of information requiresgood organizational ability from those who arein charge. The basic concern is to create astructure of the organizations where desiredinformation is retrieved and made accessibleefficiently and in a timely manner to the users.Creation and maintenance of such a structurerequires an effective management process thatfacilitates work toward that goal.

Over many centuries libraries haveadopted many different management principlesfrom business, industry, religion, andgovernment. A library is a business that mustbe operated efficiently and well. A majordifference is that most libraries are non-profitorganizations. Management of vast amounts ofinformation stored in different formats- printed,electronic, audio, video-requites use of the mostmodern management techniques.

The management of quality in libraries,as a management method that allows theimprovement of performance, has been theobject of interest for the managers of theseservices. In this context, the identification ofindicators that may take into account the social-economical and political context that permeate thereality of the information services is essential tobetter adequate the quality proposal.



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6. Benefits of TQM in Libraries:* If implemented carefully, quality

management principal yield positive benefitslibraries such as Incremental changes lead tocontinuous improvement- quick solutions mayyield only partial results.

* Forces library managers to developleadership skill interested of replaying on powerwithin position to obtain results.

* Increase staff participation in decision-making, thus increasing the feeling of “ownership”of decisions and directions once charted.

* Improves the level of training given tostaff, thus increasing skills.Advantages of the Digital Library

A digital library is not confined to aparticular location or so called building it isvirtually Distributed all over the world. The usercan get his/her information on his own computerScreen by using the Internet. Actually it is anetwork of multimedia system, which providesFingertip access. The spoken words or thegraphical display of a digital library is Againhaving a different impact from the words thatare printed. In the new environment Owing adocument will not be problem for the librarybecause the user will pay for its Uses.1. No physical boundary:

The use of a digital library need not to goto the library Physically, people from all over theworld could gain access to the same Information,as long as an Internet connection is available.2. Round the clock availability:

Digital libraries can be accessed at anytime, 24 Hours a day and 365 days of the year.3. Multiple accesses:

The same resources can be used at thesame time by a number of users.4. Structure approach:

Digital Library provides access to muchricher content in a more structured manner i.e.we can easily move from the catalogue to theparticular Book then to a particular chapter andso on.

5. Information retrievalThe user is able to use any search term

bellowing to the word or phrase of the entirecollection. Digital library will Provide very userfriendly interfaces, giving click able access toits Resources.6. Preservation and Conservation:

An exact copy of the original can beMade any number of times without anydegradation in quality.Disadvantages of the Digital Library

The computer viruses, lack ofstandardization for digitized information, quickDegrading properties of digitized material,different display standard of digital Product andits associated problem, health hazard nature ofthe radiation from monitor etc. makes digitallibraries at times handicap.1. Copy right:

Digitization violates the copyright law asthe thought content of one author can be freelytransfer by other without his acknowledgement.So one difficulty to overcome for digital librariesare the way to distribute information. How doesa digital library distribute information at willwhile protecting the copyright of the author?2. Speed of access:

As more and more computer areconnected to the internet its speed of accessreasonably decreasing. If new technology willnot evolve to solve the problem then in nearfuture Internet will be full of error Messages.3. Initial cost is high:

The infrastructure cost of digital library i.e.the Cost of hardware, software, leasingcommunication circuit is generally Very high.4. Band width:

Digital library will need high band for transferof multimedia Resources but the band width isdecreasing day by day due to its over Utilization.5.Efficiency:

With the much larger volume of digitalinformation. Finding the right material for aspecific task becomes increasingly difficult.



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6.Environment:Digital libraries cannot reproduce the

environment of a Traditional library. Manypeople also find dreading printed material to beeasier than reading material on a computerscreen.

References https://www.inflibnet.ac.in/ess/

eres.php?memID=68 / accessed on dated 30/12/2017

https:// jgateplus .com/search/accessed on dated 28/1/2018

Kale Vilas A., Deshmukh Rahul K. &Khiste Gajanan P. (2017) A Bibliometric Surveyof the Literature Published by Web of Scienceon ‘Consortia’ From 1989-2016. New ManInternational Journal of MultidisciplinaryStudies, 4(10),

Khanna, J.K. (1997) Library andSociety, Kurukshetra: Research Publication

Khiste G.P.(2016) FinancialManagement of public Library, LAP LambertAcademic Publishing

Allahawiah, Al-Mobaideen, H.Nawaiseh,K.A. (2012). The Impact of InformationTechnology on Knowledge ManagementProcesses: An Empirical Study in the Arab PotashCompany. International Business Research, 6(1.

Bhattacherjee, A. (2012). SocialScience Research: Principles, Methods, andPractices. 2nd Edition: USF Open AccessTextbooks Collection.

Chan, S. L. (2002). InformationTechnology in Business Processes. BusinessProcess Management Journal, 2002, Vol 6. no. 3.

11Defending walls against the

Mughals; A Saga ofLachitBarphukan the hero of the

battle of Saraighat

Dr. Gouri DeyAssistant Professor, Dept of HistorySalesian College, Siliguri, Darjeeling

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Battle of SaraighatAbstract-

The History of India is full of saga of greatwarriors who fought and resistance against theforeign powers to Save the Motherland itsculture and dharma. Such saga is ofLachitBarphukan of Ahom Dynasty who foughtvaliantly to save his land from the Mughals. Hisheroic activities boost each and every Indianswhich shows if you love your motherland, youcan defeat any big power with one’s will power.The battle of Sarighat gives an example how theAhom dynasty resisted and fought for theirMatrubhumi.Keywords-Saraighat, Ahoms, Matrubhumi,Dharma, Buranjis

Many Historians while writing theMedieval Indian history especially the MughalPeriod has neglected the history of Assam andhow a Hindu Kingdom under the leadership ofLachitBarphukan routed the Mughal Invasion inthe Battle of Saraighat. Historians generallyhighlighted the battle which was won by theMughals and they gave enough evidence to back



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it but they did not write about the battles wherethe Mughals were defeated.The battle ofSaraighatwhich is as important as of otherbattles shows the courage and valour of theAhoms who fought bravely against the so-calledMighty Mughals. Although some of the sourcesof Mughal periodtalk about the Mughalsrelations with the Ahoms, but it seen that theportion of Ahom History was lost, however wehave Buranjis which gives ample evidence andcorrect data for the Ahoms and howLachitBarphukan defeatedthe invading Mughalsand ended their dreams of conquering Assam.From 13th to the Early 19th century Assam wasruled by the mighty Ahoms. The reign boughtpolitical, cultural and economic stability.EARLY HISTORY OF AHOM

The Ahoms belonged to the Shan branchof great tai or Thai family. They ruled the Ahomkingdoms almost for 600 years. According to thegreat historian Dr. S. K BhuyanAhoms belongsto Tai race from the gulf of Siam northwards intoYunnan and thence Westwards to Assam. TheAhom kingdom was established in 1228 AD bya Tai Prince Sukapa,his name means a tiger fromheaven. In the year Sukhapa left his homelandwith 8 nobles, 9000 infantry, 300 cavalry andfor about 13 years he wandered in the Patkaihills defeating the Nagas who tried to resistthem. Sukapha entered towards Daikaorang,Khamnangnangpu and Namruk and to Tipam till1230. He found the place unsuitable for stayingbecause of overflooded, he then left forAbhoypur in 1234 and stayed there for 5 yearsand in 1238 he arrived in Habung and againbeing unsuitable to stay at that place headvanced towards the valley of Jakunpak andthen to Silpani and to Simalguri and then toTiman and to Timak and then again toMungtinamao and finally selected Charaideo assuitable place for his royal city and Palace. heselected this place for his settlement as theplace is at the high elevated and also for warstrategy. Sukhapa led a series of campaigns

against the neighboring Kingdoms ruled byChutias, Morans, Borahis, Nagas and Kacharisand among them the Kacharis were the mostpowerful kingdom of Kamrupa. Sukhapa defeatedall of them and allowed them to remain as theyare by paying the tribute. Sukhapa conqueredwhole of Upper Assam from south west to eastof Kacharis to the Patkai range to the border ofUpper Burma with its Capital Charaideo (presentday Sibsagar) making a great empire Ahom andhe died in 1268 AD. Sukhapa the founder ofAhom dynasty in Assam was a very brave and agood administrator. He started his career bywars and conquests and embrace appeasingmeasures towards the native people of Assamby showing respect to their sentiments andculture. He was not a raider rather he respectedthe local people and assimilated with the cultureof the local people. The Ahoms adopted theHindu religion, culture life style and the languagereplacing their Tai culture.RISE OF LACHIT BARPHUKAN

LachitBarphukan was the youngest sonof MomaiTamuliBarbarua the ablest general ofAhom dynasty. Mamaitamuli is a name given bythe people of the place where he lives, hisoriginal name was Sukuti. MamaiTamuli was anordinary person dedicated to his work and oneday he was being noticed by the king PratapSingha while working in the field with dedicationand appointed him at Tipamia, Rajkhowa andafterwards as Bartamuli superintendent of royalgardens he rose from one office to another tillhe was appointed as Barbura. During Mughalaggression in Assam MomaiTamuli was thecommander in chief of the Ahom army. It washis diplomatic and far sight approaches that heenacted atreaty with Allah Yas Khan in 1639.MomaiTamuli sense of duty and extreme loyaltyto his king and devotion towards the kingdomwas inherited by his ablest son LachitBarphukan.Lachit got his all-formal education and the artof warfare from his father’s court room and allfrom the officials who came to his father’s



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official residence. For sastras and literaturesPandits were assign to teach him and at sametime military training was also given to him.During his early days he got the opportunity tovisit the courtroom of the king. It is also recordedthat Lachit was made the scarf bearer of thePremier, a position equivalent to that of a privatesecretary. Lachit was assign with three officesbefore becoming Barphukan or supremecommander of the army. He first worked asGhoraBarua or superintendent of the Royalhorses then Dulia BaruaHe also served for sometime as the Dulia Barua or Commander of Levy,later to be made the DolakashariaBarua, orSuperintendent of the Guards, accompanyingthe king. equivalent to that of a present-dayInspector General Police. His unstoppablecourage devotion towards his duty love for hismotherland and giving away his personal easeand comfort and consideration for his own kithand kin made him the general or Barphukan ofthe Ahom army.

For almost four centuries the Ahomsruled Assam without any intervention and it wasaround 17th century that the Mughals came intoa conflict with Ahoms. Although the Mughalsattacked Assam seventeen times but neversucceeded.However,under MirJumla carryingAurangzeb’s banner in 1663 the Mughals madea deep inroad into the Ahom empire andcaptured its capital in Garhgaon (present daySibsagar) where the Ahom forces was led byKing Jaydhwaja Singha. Though King JaydhawajaSingha lost the capital, he was forced to sign anembarrassing treaty with the Mughals where hehad to offer his daughter to the imperial Haremof Aurangzeb and also war indemnity in the formof gold, silver and elephants. The terms andconditions of the treaty was so harsh andinsulting that the Ahoms decided to fight backto reclaim their lost territories which was takenaway by the Mughals and to regain their lostglory and pride. They did not accept the treatynor came into any alliance with the Mughals

rather chose to fight and die for the motherland.After the death of king Jaydhwaja

Singha,Chakradhwaja Singha (Supangmung)took hold of the Ahom throne and started hiswork of reclaiming the glory of Ahom dynasty.His blood boil thinking of subordination to theMughals. In Ahom dynasty the administrationis based on council of ministers or Patra Mantriconsisted of five great ministers known asBorgohain, Burhagohain, Barpatrogohain,Barbarua and the Barphukan, who wereappointed by the king.LachitBarphukan whobecame the commander in chief andBarphukan(one of the mantri of five Councilorsin Ahom dynasty) under Chakradhwaja Singha.The work of regaining the lost glory of Ahomkingdom was given to LachitBarphukan whofaithfully took it in his hands. The main strike toconquer Assam came during Aurangzeb’s reign,Aurangzeb had an imperialistic attitude andbeing a staunch follower of Islam, hisintolerance towards Hindus, destruction oftemples open hatred towards Hindus, he wantedto convert India as Islamic State. The Mughalswanted to pushed its boundaries to the furthest.To bring Ahoms into subordination under MughalEmpire he sent huge army to take back the AhomKingdom, but the thunderbolt army generalLachitBarphukan gave a decisive blow to theMughal forces in the Battle of Saraighatin 1671.The Mughals lost the battle as they were notexpert in guerrilla warfare neither knew aboutthe jungle warfarenor they were expertise inNavy as that of Ahoms.

The story of Ahom dynasty of Assam vsMughals is incomplete without the story ofLachitBorphukan.The history of Lachit Barphu-kanis knownas a master of strategist and as asavior of Hindu dynasty in Assam from the handsof Mughals, theresistance marks the spirit whichanimated them to fight for the freedom. He isconsidered a hero and an inspiration forgenerations and as an example of bravery,courage and statesmanship. The history of



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LachitBarphukan and Ahom dynasty whichresisted Mughal Invasion was less mentionexcept in the syllabus of history in Assam. Thehistory of LachitBarphukan who fought bravelyagainst the Mughals should be taught in thesyllabus of Schools as well as in colleges andUniversities where our young generations couldunderstand the bravery of this great mightywarrior who fought for the motherland.Let usgive a place to the unsung hero the recognitionthat he deserves, by writing his story of valorcourage and love for his motherland so that thenew generation could derive inspiration fromhim. It will give a new history to the newgeneration that how strong and powerful theopponents may be if one has the love for themotherland, he will win. LachitBarphukan savedAssam and his people from the hands of Mughals.Bibliography

1. Lila Gogoi, The Buranjis, HistoricalLiterature of Assam: A critical Survey, OmsonsPublications, 1986

2. Jeewan Darshan, LachitBorphukan,SuruchiPrakashan, New Delhi, 2018.

3. Nitul Kumar Gogoi, Continuity andChange among the Ahom, Concept PublishingCompany, New Delhi, 2006.

4. Sita Ram Goel, Story of Islamic-Imperialism in India, Voice of India, 1982.

5. Suryya Kumar Bhuyan,LachitBarphukan and his Times: A History of theAssam-Mogul Conflicts of the Period 1667 to1671 A.D. Lawyers Book Stall, 1994.

6. Swarna Lata Barauh, Last days of AhomMonarchy; A History of Assam from 1769-1826,MunshiramManoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 1993.

7. Assam Buranji, Edited by S.K Dutta,D.H.A.S, Guahati, 1938.

8. Jesse Russell, Ronald Cohn,LachitBorphukan, Book on demand,2012.

9. MaheswarNeog, LachitBarphukan, thevictor of the battle of Saraighat, PublicationsDivisions, Ministry of Information andBroadcasting, Government of India, 1983.

10. Rajat Sethi, Shubhrastha, The LastBattle of Saraighat: The Story of the BJP’s Risein the North-East, Penguin Random House IndiaPrivate Limited, New Delhi, 2017.



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dks.krkgh lekt vkf.k jk"Vª fdrh lqlaL—rvkf.k le) vkgs- ;kpk vankt rsFkhy efgykaP;kikrGho:u ;sÅ 'kdrks dkj.k Hkkoh fi<îkauk fn'kkns.;klkBh vkf.k rks ekxZ nk[kfo.;klkBh efgykais{kkdks.khgh pkaxys dkghgh d: 'kdr ukgh] ijarq v'khvV vkgs dh çR;sd Lrjkoj R;kaph dkefxjhnk[ko.;kph leku la/kh R;kauk ekGk;yk goh- Lokehfoosdkuan Eg.kkys gksrs dh dks.kR;kgh ns'kkP;k çxrhpkloksZR—"V FkekZehVj] rsFkhy efgykaP;k ifjfLFkrhrvkgs- vki.k efgykauk v'kh ifjfLFkrh fnyh ikfgts-vki.k fL=;kauk v'kk ifjfLFkrhr mHks dsys ikfgtstsFks R;kaP;k leL;k R;kaP;k Lor% P;k ekxkZus lksMork;srhy- vki.k efgykaps m)kjd u curk efgyklgk¸;d cuk;yk gos-

egkRek xka/khauh lkafxrys vkgs dh-tj rqEgh,[kk|k ek.klkyk f'kf{kr dsys rj eqGkr rqEg Qä,dk ek.klkyk f'kf{kr djrk- ijarq tsOgk vki.k,[kk|k L=hyk f'kf{kr djrk rsOgk vki.k laiw.kZdqVqac vkf.k lekt rlsp ns'kkl f'kf{kr djrk-iafMr tokgjyky usg: vkf.k jk/kk—".ku ;kauh eqyhapsf'k{k.k gs dqVwackps f'k{k.k ekuys gksrs- eqyhaP;k lokaZxh.kfodklklkBh f'k{k.k gs ,d 'kfä'kkyh ek/;e ekuwudksBkjh vk;ksxkus 1964&1966 e/;s gh dYiukO;ä dsyh xsyh] f'kf{kr efgysf'kok; lqf'kf{kriq#"kkph dYiukgh dsyh tkÅ 'kdr ukgh vkf.k iq<svls o.kZu dsys vkgs dh tj lkekU; f'k{k.k iq#"k

fdaok fL=;kaiqjrs e;kZfnr jgk;ps vlsy rj efgykaukgh la/kh fnyh ikfgts-dkj.k gs f'k{k.k iq<P;k fi<hi;aZriksgkspork ;srs- vkeph jkT;?kVukgh lokaZuk f'k{k.kkpkleku gDd ns.;kps vk'oklu nsrs- fo'ks"kr% 'kS{kf.kdgDdkae/;s lekurk lqfuf'pr dj.;klkBh ?kVuse/;srjrqn dsyh xsyh vkgs- rlsp vkiyh ?kVuk /keZ]o.kZ] tkr] fyax ;ko#u HksnHkko d# 'kdr ukgh-Hkkjrkr efgyk l{kehdj.kklkBh fofo/k ;kstuk vkf.kdk;ZØe&Hkkjr ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj vkf.k Lo;alsohlaLFkkauh f'k{k.kk}kjs efgyk lcyhdj.kklkBh osxosxG~;k;kstuk gkrh ?ksrY;k R;kps Qk;ns fnlwu vkys vkgsr-laLFkk dBksji.ks ikBiqjkok djrkr vkf.k ;k ç;Rukaukvkuannk;h ifj.kke fnlw ykxys vkgsr- efgykl{kehdj.kklkBh fofo/k ;kstuk o dk;ZØe egÙoiw.kZHkwfedk ctkor vkgsr-efgyk l{kehdj.kklkBh fofo/k ;kstuk odk;ZØe &

1- ,dkfRed cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk¼1975½ & eqykaP;k vkjksX;klkBh vkf.k lokaZxh.kfodklklkBh v'kh ,d O;kid ;kstuk txkr dqBsghukgh- ;k ;kstusr 'kkys; f'k{k.kkiwohZ eqykauk vax.kokMhdsaækaP;k ek/;ekrwu [ksGk}kjs f'kdoys tkrs vkf.kçkFkfed f'k{k.kkph r;kjh dsyh tkrs- rlsp] R;kaukylhdj.k vkf.k iwjd iks"k.k fnys tkrs- eqyhalkBh;k ;kstusps egÙo vf/kd ok<rs dkj.k eqyhv'käi.kk] çfrdkj'käh vkf.k dqiks"k.kkP;k cGhyodj iMrkr

2] v‚ijs'ku CyWd cksMZ ;kstuk ¼1987&88½& jk"Vªh; 'kS{kf.kd /kksj.k 1986 uqlkj Hkkjr ljdkjusçkFkfed 'kkGkaph fn'kk o fLFkrh lq/kkj.;klkBh gh;kstuk ykxw dsyh- ;k ;kstusps eq[; míh"V çR;sd'kkGsr 2 f'k{kd] vko';d v/;kiu lkfgR; vkf.knksu lqfLFkrhrhy oxZ[kksY;k miyC/k dj.ks gs gksrs-;kstuk lq: >kY;kuarj] fofo/k jkT; ljdkjkauhçkFkfed f'k{k.kklkBh ewyHkwr lalk/kus ,df=r dsyhvkf.k f'k{kdkaph Hkjrh dsyh] T;ke/;s toGikl50%efgyk f'k{kdkaph use.kwd dsyh xsyh-

3- jk"Vªh; lk{kjrk vfHk;ku ¼1988½ &



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;k vfHk;kukarxZr 15 rs 35 o;ksxVkrhy vf'kf{kryksdkauk dk;Z{ke lk{kjrk ns.;kph O;oLFkk dj.;krvkyh- R;kp osGh] ySafxd vlekurk vkf.k 'kS{kf.kdvlekurk nwj dj.;klkBh ns[khy ç;Ru dsys xsys-xzkeh.k Hkkxkr gs vfHk;ku vf/kd çHkkoh gksrs- rsFksdkS'kY;&vk/kkfjr çf'k{k.k nsÅu] eksBîk çek.kkr]fuj{kjrk dk<wu Vkd.;kr ;'kLoh >kyh- fe'kue/khy oafpr ?kVd] vuqlwfpr tkrh] vuqlwfpr tekrhvkf.k ekxkl tkrhae/khy loZ yksdkalg efgyklk{kjrsoj fo'ks"k Hkj fnyk-

4- efgyk yksdla[;k ¼1988½&& gkdk;ZØe ngk jkT;karhy ekxklysY;k fodkl xVkrhyefgykaP;k mRd"kkZlkBh vkf.k lekurslkBh lq: >kykgksrk- ;ke/;s f'k{k.kk}kjs lkekftd vkf.k vkfFkZd–"Vîk ekxklysY;k efgykauk l{ke cufo.;klkBh ç;Rudsys xsys- eqyhaps 'kS{kf.kd lcyhdj.k dj.ks] 'kkGsreqDdke dj.ks vkf.k 'kkGsrY;k eqyhauk rsFkhy 'kkGs'khtksM.ks gs R;kps míh"V vkgs- ;k dk;ZØekuqlkj eqyhaukeksQr x.kos'k ]eksQr iqLrds o eqyhauk lk;dyhokVi dj.;kr vkY;k- vls dj.;kekxhy mís'kEg.kts ikydkauk R;kaP;k f'k{k.kkiklwu eqä dj.ksvkf.k eqyhauk l{ke cufo.ks-

5- e/;kUg Hkkstu ;kstuk ¼1995½&&&ekxkloxhZ; jkT;kaP;k xzkeh.k fodklklkBh gh ;kstuk15 v‚xLV 1995 iklwu çkFkfed 'kkGkae/khy eqyhaphukos ok<fo.ks o mifLFkrh ok<fo.ks ;k mís'kkusjkcfo.;kr vkyh- l/;k ;k ;kstusr 'kgjh oek/;fed Lrjkojhy 'kkGkagh lgHkkxh vkgsr- 28uksOgsacj 2001 jksth] loksZPp U;k;ky;kus vkiY;k,dk fu.kZ;ke/;s jkT; ljdkjkauk e/;kUg Hkkstu ;kstukykxw dj.;kps vkns'k fnys- çkFkfed Lrjkoj vUukphxq.koÙkk vkf.k çek.k y{kkr ?ksrk] çR;sd ewykykçkFkfed Lrjkoj çR;sd fo|kFkZ~;klkBh 100 xzWe[kk|kUu 150 feyhxzke nw/k vkf.k esuwuqlkj mPpçkFkfed Lrjkoj 150 xzWe [kk|kUu vkf.k 200 xzWenw/k ns.;kr vkys- xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy dqVqackr Lo;aikdldkGhp djkok ykxrks R;krgh [kwi pkaxys [kk.ksfeGr ukgh- v'kk dqVqackae/;s] eqyhauk vkiY;k vkgkjkr

nqX/ktU; iksfLVd lkexzh Dofprp feGrs- ;k;kstusP;k vaeyctko.khP;k ifj.kkeh 'kkGsr eqyhaphukouksan.kh] vkjksX; vkf.k mifLFkrh lq/kkjyh vkgs-

6- loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku ¼2001&2010½;k vfHk;kukps míh"V gs vkgs dh 100 VDds ukouksan.kh]100% mifLFkrh] 100% ;'k] HkkSfrd lqfo/kk vkf.kçkFkfed f'k{k.kke/;s xq.kkRed lq/kkj.kk dj.ks-lq#okrhyk gh eksghe Lora=i.ks jkcfo.;kr vkyh]i.k uarj f'k{k.k geh ;kstuk ¼2001½] v‚ijs'kuCyWd cksMZ ;kstuk ¼1987&88½] ftYgk çkFkfedf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ¼1994½] e/;e ;kstuk ¼1995½vkf.k dLrwjck xka/kh ckfydk fo|ky; 2004 ;k;kstukapk ;kr lekos'k gksrk- loZ f'k{kk vfHk;kukarxZrçkFkfed Lrjkoj eqyhaP;k f'k{k.kkyk çksRlkgu nsÅu-jk"Vªh; dk;ZØekr tksM.;kr vkyk T;ke/;s eqyhadMsfo'ks"kr% vuqlwfpr tkrh o tekrhrhy eqyhadMsfo'ks"k y{k ns.;kr vkys- [kklxh 'kkGk egkxMîkvlwu ljdkjh 'kkGk nwj vlY;kus eqyh 'kkGsr tkrukghr- ;k eksfgesvarxZr] çkFkfed 'kkGk 1 fdehvarjkoj vkf.k mPp çkFkfed 'kkGk 3 fdeh varjkrm?kMY;k xsY;k vkf.k ifj.kkeh f'k{k.k foukewY;vkf.k lokaZlkBh miyC/k >kys-

8- bafnjk xka/kh vkf.k Lokeh foosdkuan ,desodU;k f'k";oÙkh ;kstuk ¼2006½ & gh ;kstuke;kZfnr dkSVqafcd lektkr ,dVîk eqyhP;k ladYiusykçksRlkgu ns.;klkBh vkf.k ,e -fQy] ih-,p-Mhvkf.k ih-,p-Mh uarjP;k la'kks/kuklkBh f'k";oÙkhçnku djrs- bafnjk xka/kh gh ,deso v'kh f'k";oÙkhvkgs th lgkoh rs ckjkohi;aZr eksQr f'k";oÙkhphO;oLFkk djrs- Lokeh foosdkuan f'k";oÙkhl ik=vkgsr ts lkekftd foKku vkf.k vfHk;kaf=dh vkf.kra=KkukP;k {ks=kr ih-,p-Mh vkgs vkf.k vtwughcsjkstxkj vkgs- f'k";oÙkhP;k Lo:ikr çFke o f}rh;o"kZ- ekxhy 2 o"kkZr njegk 35 gtkj #i;s vkf.kekfxy nksu o"kkZr 48 gtkj 500 #i;s njegk fnystkrkr-fnO;kax ykHkkFkZ~;kauk njegk vfrfjä 2000#i;s fnys tkrs- ;k fo|kFkZ~;kauk fnysyh jDdevkf.k lqfo/kk osGksosGh cnyr vlrkr- R;kauk



ImpactFactor


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9- jktho xka/kh fd'kksjh l'kähdj.k ;kstuk¼2010&11½ & ;k ;kstuspk gsrw fd'kksj eqyhapsvkjksX;] iks"k.k] çtuu] eqykaph dkGth] dqVqacdY;k.k] fd'kksjo;hu eqyhauk O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.kvkf.k eqyhauk oafpr fdaok 'kkGscká vkSipkfjdf'k{k.kkcíy ekfgrh ns.ks gh vkgs- ;k çdkjph loZO;oLFkk vax.kokMh o çFkeksipkj dsaækaoj lksifo.;krvkyh vkgs- ;sFks BjysY;k fnolkae/;s 'kkGsr f'kd.kk;kZeqyh vkf.k ckgsj iMY;krj R;kauk iqUgk f'kd.;klkBhçsfjr dsys tkrs -11 rs 15 o"kkZP;k eqyhauk vkSipkfjdf'k{k.kk'kh tksM.;klkBh iqUgk 'kkGsr ços'k ?ks.;klçksRlkfgr dsys tkrs- 16 o"kkaZojhy eqyhauk ?kjdkevkf.k thou dkS'kY;kaoj vk/kkfjr çf'k{k.k fnystkrs- fu%la'k;i.ks] xjhc vkf.k oafpr eqyhauk ;k;kstusrwu iks"k.k vkf.k pkaxys vkjksX; feGsy- rlsplk{kjrsps çek.k ok<sy- dkekpk lgHkkxgh ok<sy-

10] LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku && LoPNHkkjr vfHk;kukarxZr f'k{k.k o çf'k{k.k dk;ZØekreqyhapk lgHkkx ok<fo.;klkBh ç;Ru lq: vkgsr-'kkldh; çkFkfed o ek/;fed 'kkGkae/;s rlspvax.kokMh dsaækae/;s 'kkSpky; cka/k.;koj Hkj fnyktkr vkgs- m?kMîkoj 'kkSpkl tk.;kph eqyh o fL=;kaphfLFkrh vkeP;klkBh ykftjok.kh vkgs- m?kMîkoj 'kkSpdsY;kus eqyhapk vdkyh eR;w] lalxZtU; jksxkapkçlkj vkf.k eq[; Eg.kts cykRdkj ;kalkj[;k leL;k;srkr- 'kkGsr eqyhaph deh mifLFkrh vkf.k gtsjh;kyk dkj.khHkwr Bj.kk;kZ fofo/k dkj.kkaiSdh ,degÙokps dkj.k Eg.kts eqyhaps 'kkSpky; vkf.kR;ke/;s ik.kh o LoPNrsph O;oLFkk ukgh- 'kkSpky;kpkvHkko eqyhauk f'k{k.k lksM.;kl Hkkx ikMrkr vkf.kvkfFkZd dk;kZr gkrHkkj yko.;kl vleFkZ Bjrkrvls iarç/kkukapsgh er vkgs- iarç/kku eksnhauh d‚iksZjsV

{ks=kr vkokgu dsys vkgs dh eqyhauh 'kkGkae/;s'kkSpky; cufo.;klkBh iq<s ;kos-

11- fe'ku esd bu bafM;k ¼2014½ & ;kdk;ZØekarxZr v'kh mRiknus r;kj dsyh tkrhy thtkxfrd ntkZph vkf.k i;kZoj.kiwjd vlrhy- eksBîkçek.kkr jkstxkj fuekZ.k gksbZy- ;k dkekr ns'kkarxZrdqVhj y?kq o e/;e m|ksxgh ns'kkP;k mHkkj.khregÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ctkor vkgsr- ns'kkrhyyksdla[;sP;k fuEE;k Hkkxkrhy efgyk- R;kaP;kekQZrpkyoysys O;olk; Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk etcwrdjhr vkgsr- ns'kkrhy 14% O;olk; fL=;k pkyforvkgsr- vuqlwfpr tkrh] vuqlwfpr tekrh vkf.kefgykae/;s m|kstdrsyk çksRlkgu ns.;klkBh LV¡Mvi bafM;k- ¼2015½ ;kstuk ns[khy lq: dsyh xsyhvkgs- ;k eksfgesvarxZr efgyk çR;sd {ks=kr vkiyh{kerk nk[korhy- ijarq ?kjxqrh m|ksxkae/khy efgykapsuqdlku gksr ukgh- lqekjs 50-5 efgyk gLrdykvkf.k oL=ks|ksxkr xqarY;k vkgsr- 23 yk[kfo.kdj.kkiSdh 80% efgyk vkgsr- Hkkjr mHkkj.khrefgykaps ;ksX; ;ksxnku vkgs- tsOgk rh f'k{k.k ?ksbZyf'k{k.k ?ksrY;kuarjp rh eqyxh LV¡M vi bafM;kpkHkkx cusy- uarj LV¡M vi bafM;kP;k enrhusLor%ps dke lq: djsy vkf.k LV¡M vi bafM;kP;kek/;ekrwu O;olk; ok<osy- fe'ku esd bu bafM;ktsOgk vls gksbZy rsOgkp ;'kLoh gksbZy -tj Hkkjrkpsmíh"V vFkZiw.kZ vlrhy rj rsFks ts m|ksx vlrhy]dqVhj y?kq m|ksx vlks vkf.k jkstxkj feGfo.;kojikyd dsoG eqyhauk f'k{k.k ns.;kojp uOgs rjmPp çrhps f'k{k.k ns.;koj Hkj nsrhy-

12- jk"Vªh; ikSxaMkoLFksrhy vkjksX; dk;ZØe¼2014½ & ;k dk;ZØekr] 10 rs 19 o"ksZo;ksxVkrhy eqys o eqyhauk iks"k.k vkf.k çtuuvkjksX;kfo"k;h bR;knh] lalxZtU; jksx] eknd æO;kaP;knq[kkirh vkf.k fyax vk/kkfjr fgalk vkf.k ekufldvkjksX;klg fgalk ;kcíy tkx:d dsys tkrs- rlspyksg] Q‚fyd v?flM] vYcsaMk>ksy xksG~;k] lWfuVjhuWifdUl bR;knh vko';d lqfo/kk ns[khy iqjfoY;kvkgsr- ikSxaMkoLFksrhy eqyhaps vkjksX; y{kkr ?ksÅu



ImpactFactor


®

ljdkjus fd'kk sj&fd'kk sjh&eS=hiw.k Z vkjk sX;fpfdRlky;kaph LFkkiuk dsyh- ekfld ikGhP;knjE;ku LoPNrk] dkiGth vkf.k ;ksX; lYyk vkf.klsok çnku djrs-

13- fe'ku baæ/kuq"k ¼2014½ & Hkkjrtxkrhy lokZr eksBk ylhdj.k dk;ZØe jkcforvkgs- 2 o"kkZi;aZrP;k eqykauk vkf.k xHkZorh efgykaukiw.kZ gDd feGkosr ;klkBh gk dk;ZØe lq: dj.;krvkyk gksrk- R;kiklwu oafpr jkfgysY;k loZ eqysvkf.k xHkZorh efgykaps ylhdj.k dj.ks gk ;kekxhygsrw vkgs- ;klg xaHkhj vktkjkaiklwu cpko dj.;klkBhylns[khy fnyh tkrs] fMIFkhfj;k] MkaX;k [kksdyk]fVVWul] iksfyvks] Vh- ch] xksoj vkf.k fgiWVk;Vhlch jksx vkf.k fOgVWfeu , vkf.k iwjd vkgkj ns[khyfnyk tkrks-

14] csVh cpkvks csVh i<kvks vkf.k lqdU;klef) ;kstuk ¼ 2015 ½ & gh ;kstuk eqyhauklkekftd&vkfFkZd vkf.k 'kS{kf.kd–"Vhus Lora=dj.;klkBh jkcfo.;kr vkyh vkgs-fof'k"V oxkZrhyeqyhafo"k;hph ç[;kr euksoÙkh lekIr dj.ks] R;kapsthoukr lqj{kk] f'k{k.k vkf.k ;ksX; iks"k.k çnkudj.ks gs R;kps míh"V vkgs- vf'kf{kr yksdkauk ;kiwohZiq=kP;k bPNsl tckcnkj /kjys tkr vls] ijarq v'khbPNk dsoG vkf'kf{krp ukgh rj T;kauk ckSf)d]f'kf{kr EgVys tkrs rs ns[khy deh ukghr- tj rlsulsy rj mPp lk{kjrsps çek.k vlysY;k jkT;kae/;sflz;kaps çek.k deh dk vkgs rsFks iq#"kkais{kk fL=;kapsçek.k deh vkgs- dkj.k rsFksgh ySafxd pkp.kh gksrs-ySafxd pkp.kh ?ksrkr vkf.k eksckby Qksulkj[;kvYVªk lkÅaM flLVepk okij dj.ks] xjhc vkf.kvf'kf{kr O;ähps dke ukgh- vktgh fujfujkG~;kçdkjP;k vkS"k/ks feGfo.;klkBh cktkjkr ;sr vkgsr]R;ke/;s xzkgd f'kf{kr oxZ vf/kd vkgsr- yksdkauklqf'kf{kr lwu ?kjkr vk.kk;ph vkgs i.k eqyxh tUekyk;srs rsOgk okbZV okVrs frP;k f'k{k.kkps vks>s okVrs-csVh cpkvks csVh i<kvks ;kstuspk ,d Hkkx lqdU;klef) ;kstuk gh vkgs -gh ,d NksVh cpr ;kstukvkgs th eqyhauk vkfFkZd vkf.k 'kS{kf.kd lcyhdj.k

çnku djrs- T;k vkbZyk nksu eqyh vkgsr R;kaP;klkBhgs Qk;ns'khj Bjsy

15- fLdy bafM;k fe'ku¼2015 ½ uW'kuyfLdy MsOgyiesaV fe'kups míh"V iq#"k vkf.k fL=;kaukbPNqd dkS'kY; çf'k{k.k nsÅu ok< vkf.k fodklkP;kf'k[kjkoj iksgkspfo.ks vkgs- ts.ksd#u efgyk R;kaP;klaHkkO; vkf.k 'kS{kf.kd jkstxkjkpk leku] osru vkf.klkekftd lqj{kspk iqjsiwj okij d: 'kdrhy- R;kpkiw.kZ Qk;nk ?ksÅ 'kdrhy- fLdy bafM;k fe'kuvarxZr c¡fdax dkslZ] f'ko.kdke] Hkjrdke fo.kdke]lax.kd] ujflax] C;qVh ikyZj o gLrdysps çf'k{k.kfnys tkrs- ;ke/;s T;k 'kkGsus fu%'kqYd 'kkys;f'k{k.k vkf.k gLrdyk lksMyh vkgs R;kauk çf'k{k.kvkf.k jkstxkjkP;k leku la/kh feGrhy- rFkkfi]xzkeh.k Lrjkoj —"kh QyksRiknu] [kk| çfØ;k] gkrekx]ikjaikfjd dyk o lax.kd bR;knh {ks=kr efgykaukçf'k{k.k o jkstxkj miyC/k d#u ns.;klkBh efgykçf'k{k.k o jkstxkj dk;ZØe iwoZ dk;Zjr vkgs- eqyhapsokpu vkf.k fy[kk.kklg mi;qä dkS'kY;kaps çf'k{k.kfdaok ts R;kauk dks.kR;kgh uksdjhlkBh fdaok R;kaP;kLor% P;k dks.kR;kgh dkeklkBh r;kj djrs- ;wuksLdksus 2005 e/;s mÙke thouklkBh] m|kstdrsP;kdkS'kY;kapk fodkl b- ek/;fed Lrjkoj oafprdkS'kY;s] çk;ksfxd dkS'kY;s] ekfgrh vkf.k laçs"k.kra=Kkukpk lekos'k egRokpk ekuyk xsyk vkgs- ;keksfgesvarxZr] eqyhaP;k nSuafnu xjtk y{kkr ?ksÅunqikjP;k lqêhr vH;kl dj.;kph vkf.k 2022i;aZr dkgh dkS'kY;s vkRelkr dj.ks 'kD; gksbZy -;k ;kstusuqlkj 40 dksVhgwu vf/kd yksdkauk dkS'kY;feGfo.;kph ;kstuk vkgs-

16- fMthVy bafM;k fe'ku ¼2015½ & gheksghe ts dq.kkleksj cksyw 'kdr ukghr fdaok nMiysxsys vkgsr R;kaukgh vkokt nsbZy- ;qusLdksP;k vaMjfØ,fVOg Mk;OgflZVh vgokykr vlsgh uewn dsysvkgs dh eqykauk ra=Kkukiklwu nwj Bsoys rj R;kO;ähph Kku{kerk vkf.k lekt ;kaP;kiklwu varjok<ors vkf.k rs e;kZfnr gksrs- eqyhapk çxrh vgoky]Vkbe Vscy] ikVhZ ;kstuk] 'kS{kf.kd fnunf'kZdk]



ImpactFactor


®

f'k";oÙkhP;k iqLrdkps Lok/;k;] yk;czjh] dksfpax]f'k{k.kkr bR;knh loZ ekfgrh- eksckby vWIl vkf.kosclkbV}kjs feGork ;sÅ 'kdrs- eqyh ?kjclY;kgksvkiyh ;ksX;rk ok<ow 'kdrkr-vki.k ?kjh clwuvkiyh {kerk vkf.k dkS'kY;s ok<ow 'kdrks- egkjk"Vªkrvgenuxj ftYákr] eqyh vkiY;k f'k{kdkyk eksckbyQksuoj ,l ,e ,l ikBowu ejkBh okpukpk ljkodjrkr- eqyh lrr vkeP;kr fMftVy f'k{k.k e/;s lkehy gksr vkgsr- ts ikyd eqyhauk xq.kkRedf'k{k.k nsÅ bfPNr vkgsr] ijarq fHkUu lkekftdouokl vkf.k lqj{kk- ;keqGs] R;kauk fu;fer 'kkGsrfdaok laLFksr ikBfo.ks vlqjf{kr okVr vkgs-R;kP;klkBh gs vfHk;ku ,d ojnku vkgs- fMftVyvksG[ki=s vkf.k ck;ksesfVªd gtsjh ç.kkyh ns[khyf'k{kd vkf.k ikydkaph fpark deh dj.;kl enrdjr vkgsr- gh eksghe ekfgrh ra=Kkuk'kh çfrHksphtksM nsÅu ckfydsP;k Kkukl vuqdwy djrs- gsvfHk;ku eqyhauk R;kaps l'kä djsy vkf.k xGrhpsçek.k deh dj.;kps ç;Ru gGwgGw ijarq vkuannk;dvkf.k eSykps nxM Bjrhy-

17- ç/kku ea=h eqæk ;kstuk & T;k dks.kkykghvkiyk O;olk; lq: djk;pk vlsy fdaok O;olk;pkyw Bsok;pk vlsy rj ;k ;kstusvarxZr dks.kR;kghdkj.kkLro ekyeÙkk lacaf/kr dkxni=kaf'kok; dtZ?ks.;kl ik= vkgs- v'kk 75% yksdkauk vtZ dsysY;kfL=;kauk fnys tkrs- gh ;kstuk NksVk O;olk;] C;qVhikyZj] cqVhd lsaVj f'kdo.kh dsaæ] tjh] tjnksth b-vkf.k efgyk xV pkyfo.;kr enr djrs- R;kvarxZrf'k'kq fd'kksj vkf.k r#.k ;kstuk vuqØes 50 gtkj]50 gtkj rs 5 yk[k] vkf.k 10 yk[k #i;kapkO;olk; lq: dj.;klkBh fdaok O;lk; fodflrvkf.k foLrkfjr dj.;klkBh iqjoys tkrkr-

18- mTToyk ;kstuk ¼ 2016½ ;k ;kstusarxZrxjhc efgykauk pqyhojhy Lo;aikdkP;k jkstP;k o/kksdknk;d çfØ;siklwu LokraR;Z feGowu ?kjxqrh,yihth x?lP;k okijkl pkyuk fnyh tkr vkgs-nkfj|Zjs"ks[kkyhy dqVqackrhy efgykauk dusD'ku [kjsnhdj.;klkBh 1600 #i;kaph vkfFkZd enr fnyh

tkrs- rlsp] ifgys flysaMj Hkj.;klkBh enr fnyhtkrs- ifgY;kankp flfyaMj Hkj.;klkBh gIR;kphlqfo/kk vkgs- tqyS 2018 i;aZr efgyk vkf.kR;kaP;k eqykaps vkjksX; pkaxys Bso.;kP;k –"Vhus 8dksVh dusD'ku ns.;kr vkys vkgsr-

19] lqjf{kr ekrRo vfHk;ku ¼2016½&;k ;kstusarxZr] loZ xHkZorh efgykauk çR;sd efgU;kP;kuÅ rkj[ksl loZlekos'kd vkf.k çloiwoZ dkGthlacaf/kr lqfo/kk iqjfoY;k tkrkr- xHkZorh efgykaukxHkZ/kkj.ksP;k 4 efgU;kaurj] xHkZ/kkj… xHkZorh efgykaukxHkZ/kkj.ksP;k 4 efgU;kaurj] xHkZ/kkj.ksP;k nql;k vkf.kfrl;kZ frekgh dkyko/khr] 'kkldh; vkjksX; dsaækaojtUeiwoZ dkGth lsokaps fdeku iWdst fnys tkrs- R;kifjljkrhy rTK M‚DVjkauk R;kaP;k ftYákrhyljdkjh M‚DVjkaP;k ç;Rukrwu nj efgU;kP;k 9rkj[ksyk ,sfPNd lsok ns.;kl çksRlkfgr dsys tkrs-xjksnji.kkr fu;fer- rikl.kh vko';d vkgs- ;klg]xHkkZ'k;kr dks.kR;kgh çdkjph xqarkxqar vk<Gwu ;srsvkf.k vko';d iks"kd] yksg] Q‚fyd vflM]dfY'k;e vkf.k vko';d vkS"k/ks iqjoyh tkrkr-lqjf{kr ekrRo gs çR;sd L=hps LoIu vlrs-R;klkBhgh vR;ar mi;qä ;kstuk vkgs -

20- ,dyO; e‚Msy Ldwy ¼2018½ &&uoksn; fo|ky;kP;k /krhZoj] v'kk 'kkGk vuqlwfprtekrhP;k fo|kFkZ~;kalkBh lgkoh rs ckjkohi;aZrpsf'k{k.k iw.kZ dj.;klkBh 2022 i;aZr lq: dsY;ktkrhy- 50% is{kk tkLr tekrh vkf.k 20]000is{kk tkLr vkfnoklh vl.kk;kZ çR;sd xVkr ntsZnkjf'k{k.k feGkos ;k mís'kkus ;k 'kkGk LFkkiu dsY;kvkgsr- ;k 'kkGkae/;s 50 VDD;kagwu vf/kd eqyhaukços'k ns.;kr ;sbZy- ;k 'kkGsr [ksG o dkS'kY;fodklkps çf'k{k.k miyC/k vlrhy- vls çf'k{k.keqyhauk vkRefuHkZj cuo.;kl enr djrhy-lanHkZ

1] dq#{ks= ckfydk l{kehdj.k fo'ks"kkad]uoh fnYyh o"kZ 62- vad & 3] tkusokjh 2013]

2] ;kstuk efgyk l'kähdj.k ;kf'kok;LFkkfud dyk o laL—rh lao/kZuklkBhgh fo'ks"klqfo/kk fo'ks"kkad ekfgrh o çlkj.k ea=ky;] uohfnYyh lIVsacj & 2016-

3] ;kstuk efgyk l'kähdj.k fo'ks"kkadekfgrh o çlkj.k ea=ky;] uoh fnYyh v‚DVkscj 2017



ImpactFactor


®

13yksdlaL—rhrhy yksddyk

çk- M‚- fuoÙkh fouk;d felkGejkBh foHkkx çeq[k]

dyk okf.kT; o foKku egkfo|ky;eq lksubZ] rk- usoklk] ft- vgenuxj

==============***********===============ejkBh laL—rhrhy tuekulP;k leqgekukpk xhr ]uR; ukVîe;] vkfo"dkj] Eg.kts yksddyk ç;ksxkRerkgk yksddykapk ewG ç—rh /keZ vkgs- yksddyk gsyksdthou vkf.k yksdlaL—rhps ,d vfoHkkT;vax vkgs- lewgou vkfo"—r gksrs rs yksddykyksddFkk yksdxhrke/kwu yksddyk dkylaoknhlgtLQwrhZ vkf.k mLQwrZ vlrkr- ikjaifjd gk ;kdykapk xq.kfo'ks"k vlrks R;keqGsp lexz yksdlkfgR;kyklk;Ul v‚Q VªsMs'ku vls EgaVys tkrkr-

Hkkjrh laL—rh bZ'ojykp eksBk jax dehZekuys vkgs- cgw:is uVyk ukjk;.kA lksax laiknwutSlk rSlkAA bZ'ojkps ngk vorkj vFkok R;kaphfofo/k lksaxs fofo/k:is gh yksdlaL—rh vkf.k ukxjlaL—rhr ladhrZukpk fo"k; >kyh vkgsr gs ladhrZudsoG xhr xk;ukrwup ulrs] rj uR; o ukR;krwugh–IVksRiÙkhl ;srs- /keZJ)k gk yksdukVdkpk ewyk/kkjgksrks gs y{kkr ?ksrY;kf'kok; vki.kkyk ç;ksxkRedyksddykpk fopkj djrkp ;s.kkj ukgh- yksdukVdkr/keZJ/kk nsonsorkauk çk/kkU; vlrs] fdacgquk nsonsorkaps,dhdj.k gs yksdukVdkps çeq[k vax vlrs-

egkjk"Vªkrhy Hkählaçnk}kjs vfo"—r >kysY;kHkähukVîiwohZ vki.kkl ;krqfØ;k fdaok ;kokRedfØ;ke/kwu vfo"—r >kysY;k fo/khaukVîkpk fopkjdjkok ykxsy- vkfnok'kh la—rh vkf.k xzkelaL—rhr ;k fo/kh fo/kukps vkiys ,d fo'o vlwucksgMk] pkSrhvk[kkMh] iapeh] tkxj.k xksa/kG] HkjkM]vkfnfo/khaukV~Vîkauh ejkBh yksd/kekZr vkiyk Lora= Blk

meVfoY;kps fun'kZukl ;srs- nsorkju nsorspk lapkjnsorsP;k yhyk nsorsps fuxZeu ;k yksdlÙksrwufo/khaukVîkph fufeZrh gksrs- fo/khaukVîkRe vlrks Eg.kwuR;kyk fo/khaukV~Vî Eg.kk;ps dksd.kkrhy n'kkorkj[ksGs ukf'kd ekysxko rlsp [kkans'kkrhy dkfgHkkxrhyHkokMk ejkBoMîkrhy iapeh gh fo/khaukV~V;s Eg.ktsnsork vorjph fofo/k #is gks; -

çfro"khZ xkokr nso vorjrks gk nsoeq[kksV;kaP;k :ikus iwtuh; vlrks xkokrwu ;keq[kksV;kaph okí~;kaP;k xtjkr fejo.kwd fu?krs dkghfBd.kh R;kyk Nfc.kk Eg.krkr- yksd eksBîk J)susR;k vorjysY;k nsoP;k ik;k iMrkr- R;kaP;k iq<snaMor ?kkyrkr R;kyk lkdMs ?kkyrkr nsokpk dksivkf.k nsokpk larks"k ;k /keZJ)siksVh yksd ek.klkr;k vorjysY;k nsokcíy ,d fHkfr;qä J)k vlrs-vk[kkMh iapeh pkSrh v'kk ukekfHk/kaukauh yksdekulkrLora= Blk meVfoysY;k ;k fo/khuVîkr nsorsps lksaxs]nsorsps eq[kksVs iqatuh; vlrkr- fonHkZ ejkBokMkif'pe egkjk"Vª] dksd.k vkf.k mÙkj egkjk"Vªkrhyvusd xkokr lksaxs dk<.;kph ijaijk vkgs- ;kxzkeksRlokrhy vfoHkkT; vax Eg.kwu lksaxkdMs ifgystkrs gh lksaxs loZ xkokyk iwtuh; vlrs- Bk.ksftYákrhy tOgkj] eks[kkMk] okMk] vknh vkfnoklhcgqy rkyok|ke/;s cksgMîkaph ijaijk vkgs- gs cksgMsEg.kts fofo/k nsorkaps lksaxs gksr-

[kaMksck] vack Hkokuh js.kqdk vknh f'koHkäh:ikrhy fofo/k {ks=iky nsorkaps ,d osxGsp laL—rh ifjeaMG vlwu ;k nsonsorkP;k fo/khaukV~Vîkauhvktoj yksdlaL—rhP;k pkyukrwu vkiyk psgjkeksgjkfVdwu Bsoyk vkgs- xksa/kG] tkxj.k] HkjkM vkfnfo/khukV~V;s vktgh [ksMîkikMîkrwu o 'kgjkrwughdqykpkjklkscr xksa/kG o HkSjoukFkkps HkjkM yXueqathlkj[;k eaxyçlaxh dj.;kps dqykpkj xq.k/keZvkgs- ikp mlkaP;k e[kjkr çfrdkRed nsorkaphLFkkiuk d:u nhi fnoVh iktGwu jk=Hkj [kaMksckphladhrZu tkxj.kkP;k :ikus vack js.kqdkps ladhrZu:ikus gksrs- ok?ks o eqjkG~;k gs [kaMksckps mikld rjdnejkbZ js.kqdkjkbZ xksa/kGh gs vack Hkokuh o js.kqdsps



ImpactFactor


®

mikld vlrs-ejkBh yksd/kekZr ok?;k eqjG~;kapk mYys[k

'ks[k egEen ckck Jhxksansdj ek/;equh'oj fujatuj?kqukFk pkSrU; egkçHkw clos'oj vknh larkauhvar%ifrr yksdfnf{krkaP;k Lo#ikr dsyk vlyk oejkBh Eg.kts vukpkjkps ?kj pkyfo.kkjh vls EgaVysvlys] rjh yksdlaL—rhps mikld Eg.kwu [kaMksckP;kHkäkauh oanuh; ekuys vkgs- ^^mXxe** ;k dkuMh'kCnkiklwu ok?;k 'kCnkph mRiÙkh >kyh vlwudq=kçek.ks Hkqd.kkjk vFkok O;FkZ cMcM dj.kkjk vlkR;kpk vFkZ ykoyk tkrks- [kaMksckyk dq=k fç; Eg.kwuok?;kusgh Lorgkyk 'oku:i ekuys rj R;kr dkghuoy ukgh- iwoZjax o mIrjjaxkr v'kk nksu Hkkxkrtkxj.k jk=Hkj lq: vlrs iwoZ jaxkr x.k] ueu]nsonsorkauk jax LFkGh ;s.;kps vkokgu xkSG.k LQqVinsv'kk ç;ksxkRed vfo"dkj vlwu mÙkjjaxkr [kaMksckvFkok [kaMksckP;k ifjokj nsorkaps vk[;ku ykoystkrs- ukVVî:ik.ks lknj gks.kkjs vLFkku jk= ljrkljrk lairs- igkVs igkVs yaxMrksM vkjrh gs fo/khgksÅu tkxj.k lairs- yXu eqathlkj[;k eaxy çlaxhtkxj.k ?kkyk;pk dqG/keZ vkgs-

tkxj.k xksa/kGlkj[ksp ^HkjkM* gs fo/khaukVîkghif'pe egkjk"Vª gh ejkBokMîkr loZifjfpr vlwuHkSjoukFkkaps mikld gs fo/khaukVî lknj djrkauk i.kR;kaps Lo:i fof/kxhrkaps vlrs ukV~Vîkpk Hkkx vYi'kkusvlrks HkSjoukFk] dkfuQukFk vknh f'ko laçnk;krhynsorkaps ladhrZu HkjkMk }kjs gksrs Me: MkSj HkjMkphf'ko laçnk;k'kh lkaxM ?kky.kkjh vkgs-

yksddyk o LFkydyk laoknh vkf.kifjorZu'khy vlY;kus LFkydky Lian.ks ,[kk|kfVidkxnklkj[kh fViwu ?ksr yksddykvk'k; vkf.k'kSyhr ƒ‹ˆå P;k uarj vkti;aZr vusd çdkjphifjorZ.ks >kyh vkgsr- yksddysps fo'o cnyrsR;kaP;krhy LokHkkfod vfo"dkjkaph tkxk fu;kstuc)dk;ZØekus ?ksryh vkgs- ewGps ,[kk|k yksdnSorkpsmikld vl.kkjs vkrk vFkZtu dj.kkjs yksddykoar>kys vkgs- yksdlaxhr] ykSfdd laxhr vkf.k yksdfç;laxhr >kys vkgs o rek'kkps yksdukV;s >kys vkgsr

tkxfrdhdj.k vkS|ksfxdhdj.k euksjatu ek/;ekapkçokr ;k eqGs yksddykaps varjax cnyys vkgs-ifjorZu gk tj xq.k/keZ vlsy rj R;krwu yksdlkfgR;ysddyk rjh d'kk lqV.kkj-

lanHkZ %&1½ jk-ph- <sjs yksdlaL—rhps mikld

enexa/kk çdk'ku iq.ks-2½ yksdlaL—rh % Lo:i vkf.k fo'ks"k ene

xa/kk çdk'ku iq.ks-3½ j‚; jatu % vuqoknd vkiVs fo- vk-

Hkkjrh; vkfno'kh dy egkjk"Vªkrhy vkfno'khla'kks/ku o çf'k{k.k laLFkk iq.ks jkSI;kegksRloh fo'ks"kkad-

4½ lkBs lqfp=k % vkfnoklhdy fopkjegkjk"Vªkrhy vkfnoklh laL—rh leL;k o fodkl]laik M‚- xksjs xksfoan-



ImpactFactor


®

14egkjk”Vªkrhy lgdkjh iriqjoBk %

,d n”Vh{ksi

izk- MkW- jRukdj jkejko dkacGslg;ksxh izk/;kid] vFkZ’kkL= foHkkx]

‘kkjnk egkfo|ky;] ijHk.kh

==============***********===============izkLrkfod %

^^lgdkj** ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ ijLij lgdk;Zdj.ks] ijLijkaP;k dkekr enr dj.ks] fdaok lokZaP;kfgrklkBh ,df=ri.ks dke dj.ks vlk gksrks- lgdkjhIkz;Ru Eg.kts ekuokph v’kh var%izsj.kk dh] T;keqGsvMp.k o vkiRrhP;k osGh ,d= jkg.ks] ,d=dke dj.ks vkf.k ,desdkl lkgk¸; dj.ks gks;-ekuoh laLFks,o<sp lgdkjkps gs rRo izkphu vkgs-;k rRokeqGsp ekuo tkrhpk fodkl >kyk- ,[kknsdk;Z Lora=i.ks fdaok Lor% dj.;kis{kk R;kr brjkaphenr ?ksrY;kl vf/kd pkaxY;k izdkjs vkf.k yodjo osGsr iw.kZ gksrs ;kph tk.kho ekuokyk vxnhlq:okrhP;k dkGkr >kyh- R;krwup R;kP;k vkfFkZdo lkekftd thoukr iq<s dzkafrdkjd cny ?kMwuvkys- ekuoh thoukP;k f’kdkjh voLFksiklwu vktP;kizxr voLFksi;ZarP;k thoukpk fopkj dsyk rj vlsvk<Gwu ;srs dh] ,df=r dke dj.ks] ,df=r fopkjdj.ks gh ekuokph lgt] mitr vkf.k uSlfxZdizoRrh vlwu R;krwup R;kyk lq[kh vk;q”; tx.;kphvkf.k iz;Rukrwu lq[kh thou fuekZ.k dj.;kph izsj.kkfeGkyh- lgdkj gh ekuoh thoukP;k izsj.ksph v’khizxr voLFkk gks; dh] T;ke/;s ekuokl vkfFkZd]lkekftd o lkaLdfrd fodklklkBh vkf.k vU;k;fuokj.kklkBh ,d= ;s.;kph izcG bPNk fuekZ.kgksrs- vkWfjLVkWVy ;k txizfl/n rRoosR;kusEgVY;kizek.ks euq”; gk lektfiz; izk.kh vlwuekuokph lektfiz;rk] /keZ] dqVwac] O;olk; b-

ek/;ekrwu ok<rkuk fnlrs- ekuoh thoukr ekuohlgoklkl vf/kd egRo vkgs- vusd O;Drh ,d=;s.ks] rlsp ,desdkaP;k vMp.kh lksMfo.ks] ,desdklenr dj.ks ;k fdz;k ekuo lgt d: ykxyk-ekuokizek.ksp gRrh] eaqX;k] e/kek”kk] gjh.k b- dGid:up jkgrkr gh fulxkZph lgt izoRrh vkgs-lgdkjkph dkl /kjY;kf’kok; lqlaLdri.kkph HkjHkjkVgksÅ ‘kdr ukgh- vk/kqfud laLdrhpk bfrgkl Eg.kts[kÚ;k vFkkZus lgdkjkpk bfrgkl gks;- dkj.klgdkjkf’kok; vkt th lkekftd o vkfFkZd izxrhfnlrs rh v’kD; >kyh vlrh- ;ko:u vlsEg.krk ;sbZy dh] ^^fouk lgdkj ugh m/nkj-**egkjk”Vª gs HkkjrkP;k lgdkjh pGoGhrhy ,dvxzslj jkT; vkgs- ^^,desdk lká d: vo?ksph/k: lqiaFk** ;k Eg.khizek.ks egkjk’Vªkrhy lgdkjhpGoGhpk fodkl >kyk vkgs- lgdkj pGoGEg.kts egkjk”Vªkps Hkw”k.k vkgs- lnjhy ‘kks/kfuca/kke/;slgdkjkP;k ek/;ekrwu dsyk tk.kkjk iriqjoBk xkoikrGhoj] ftYgk ikrGhoj vkf.k jkT; ikrGhojd’kk i/nrhus dsyk tkrks- vkf.k lgdkjkP;kek/;ekrwu xzkeh.k Hkkxkpk dlk fodkl >kyk vkgs;kpk vH;kl dsyk vkgs-1-1 ‘kks/k fuca/kkph mn~nh”V;s %

1- ^^lgdkj** gh ladYiuk vH;kl.ks-2- lgdkjh iriqjoBk lajpuk vH;kl.ks-3- izkFkfed d”kh iriqjoBk laLFkkpk vH;kl

dj.ks-1-2 ‘kks/k fuca/kkph xfgrds %

1- lokZaP;k fgrklkBh ,df=ri.ks dke dj.ksEg.kts lgdkj gks;

2- lgdkjh iriqjoB;kph jpuk f=Lrjh;vkgs-

3- xzkeh.k HkkxkP;k fodklkr izkFkfed d”khiriqjoBk laLFkkaph egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vkgs-1-3 la’kks/ku i/nrh%

izLrqr ‘kks/kfuca/kklkBh nq ;e lk/kulkeqxzhpkvk/kkj ?ksryk vkgs- fofo/k ys[kdkauh fyghysys lanHkZxzaFk] iqLrds] fu;rdkfyds] orZekui=s] ‘kkldh;



ImpactFactor


®

izdk’kus ;kapk vk/kkj ?ksowu lnjhy dk;Z iw.kZ dsysvkgs- rlsp xfgrkyk vuql:u la’kks/kukRedv/;;ukrwu gkrh vkysY;k fu”d”kkZpk vk<kok ;k‘kks/kfuca/kkrwu ?ksrysyk vkgs-1-4 lgdkj vFkZ Ok O;k[;k %

lgdkj gh ,d O;kid Lo:ikph ladYiukvkgs- lgdkjkph fuf’pr v’kh O;k[;k dj.ks vo?kMvkgs- T;k vFkkZus gh laKk okijyh tkrs R;k laKsphvpwd O;k[;k dj.ks dBh.k vkgs- vls vlys rjhlgdkjkP;k dkgh O;k[;k [kkyhyizek.ks nsrk ;srhy-Ogh-,y-esgrk ;kaP;k ers] ^^leku vkfFkZd mfí”V;slk/; dj.;klkBh leku xjtk vl.kkÚ;k O;Drhauh,sfPNdfjR;k LFkkiu dsysyh la?kVuk Eg.kts lgdkj gks;-

,p- dyOgVZ ;kaP;k ers] ^^lekursP;kHkwfedsrwu o Lor%P;k vkfFkZd dY;k.kkP;k gsrwusLosPNsus ,d= dk;Z dj.kkÚ;k la?kVuspk izdkj Eg.ktslgdkj gks;-**

izks- ikWy yWECkVZ ;kaP;k ers] ^^ Lor%P;kmUurhlkBh O;Drh leqgkus LFkkiu dsysyh vkf.kfu;af=r dsysyh] yksd’kkghP;k fu;ekuqlkj pkyfoysyhvkf.k lHkklnkaP;k o lektkP;k lsoslkBh fuekZ.kdsysyh] yksd’kkgh P;k fu;ekuqlkj pkyfoysyhvkf.k lHkklnkaP;k o lektkP;k lsoslkBh fuekZ.kdsysyh la?kVuk Eg.kts lgdkjh laLFkk gks;-** dS-oSdqaByky esgrk ;kaP;k ers] ^^lgdkj gh yksdkauhyksdkaP;k lkekftd o vkfFkZd m/nkjklkBh pkyfoysyh,d pGoG vkgs-**

FkksMD;kr] lgdkj Eg.kts leku xjtkvl.kkÚ;k O;Drhauh Lo[kq”khus leku Hkqfedso:uxjtk iw.kZ dj.;klkBh ,d= ;s.ks gks;-**1-5 Ekgkjk”Vªkrhy lgdkjh irlaLFksph jpuk %

Ekgkjk”Vªkr lgdkjh rRokoj iriqjoBkdj.kkÚ;k lgdkjh laLFksph jpuk nksu izdkjph vkgsrh Eg.kts] v- d”kh iriqjoBk lgdkjh laLFkk c- vd”kh iriqjoBk dj.kkÚ;k lgdkjh laLFkk-v- d”kh iriqjoBk lgdkjh laLFkk %

Ekgkjk”Vªkr d”kh {ks=kyk iriqjoBk dj.kkÚ;klgdkjh laLFkkph jpuk f=Lrjh; Lo:ikph vkgs-

d”kh iriqjoBk lgdkjh laLFkk

lokZr [kkyP;k Lrjkoj Eg.kts xzkeikrGhojizkFkfed lgdkjh iriqjoBk laLFkk] e/;e Lrj Eg.ktsftYgk ikrGhoj ftYgk e/;orhZ lgdkjh cWadk vkf.kf’k[kj ikrGhoj Eg.ktsp jkT; ikrGhoj jkT; lgdkjhcWad dk;Zjr vlrs- jkT; lgdkjh cWadsykp ^^f’k[kjcaaaWad** vlsgh Eg.krkr-1-6 f’k[kj o ftYgk e/;orhZ lgdkjh cWadkaphizxrh %

jkT;kr Ekgkjk”Vª jkT; lgdkjh cWad gh f”k[kjcWad vlwu ftYgk Lrjkoj 31 ftYgk e/;orhZ lgdkjhcWadk dk;Zjr vkgsr- f’k[kj o ftYgk e/;orhZ lgdkjhcWadkaph ekfgrh rDrk dza 1-1 e/;s fnyh vkgs-

rDrk daz- 1-1jkT; lgdkjh cWad o ftYgk e/;orhZ lgdkjhcWadkph izxrh

¼vk/kkj % lgdkj vk;qDr o fuca/kd lgdkjhlaLFkk ;kaps dk;kZy;] egkjk”Vª ‘kklu½1-7 izkFkfed d”kh iriqjoBk laLFkk %

vYi eqnrhlkBh d”kh iriqjoBk eq[;r%“ksrhP;k gaxkekrhy dkekadfjrk izkFkfed d”kh iriqjoBk

ri'khy

31 ekpZ 2017

31 ekpZ 2018

31 ekpZ 2019

2018 P;k rqyusr 2019 e/khy “ksdMk

cny

egkjk"Vª jkT; lgdkjh cWaad e;kZfnr lHkkln la[;k [ksGrs HkkaMoy Bsoh forjhr dtZ ;s.ks dtZ Fkdhr dtZ

2000 29421 16377 15521 16336 1269

2000 25021 14106 14094 15992 1650

2000 27949 15840 21677 19600 1416

0-0 11-7 12-3 53-8 22-6

¼&½ 14-2

ftYgk e/;orhZ lgdkjh cWadk ¼31½ lHkkln ¼yk[kkr½ [ksGrs HkkaMoy Bsoh forjhr dtZ ;s.ks dtZ Fkdhr dtZ

1-98

101205 71427 43368 48946 16163

2-00

104006 75091 36325 50978 14432

2-01

113306 83458 37176 50442 13554

0-5 8-9 11-1 2-3

¼&½ 1-1 ¼&½ 5-9



ImpactFactor


®

laLFkk}kjs dsyk tkrks- jkT;kr 31 ekpZ 2019 jksth20]747 izkFkfed d”kh iriqjoBk laLFkk gksR;k ;ke/;s 21 d”kd lsok laLFkk o 889 vkfnoklh lgdkjhlaLFkkapk lekos”k vlwu R;kaph lHkkln la[;k vuqdzelqekjs 0-56 yk[k o 6-88 yk[k gksrh- izkFkfedd”kh iriqjoBk laLFkkaph ekfgrh rDrk daz- 1-2 e/;sfnyh vkgs-

rDrk daz- 1-2izkFkfed d”kh iriqjoBk laLFkkaph izxrh

¼vk/kkj % lgdkj vk;qDr o fuca/kd lgdkjhlaLFkk ;kaps dk;kZy;] egkjk”Vª ‘kklu½

ojhy vkdMsokjho:u vls fnlwu ;srs dh31 ekpZ 2017 e/;s izkFkfed d”kh iriqjoBklgdkjh laLFkkaph la[;k 21089 gksrh rh 31 ekpZ2019 e/;s 20747 ,o<h deh >kyh vkgs-lHkklnla[;k lq/nk 154 yk[kko:u 147 yk[kki;Zardeh >kyh vkgs- dtZnkj lHkkln T;ke/;s vR;YiHkw/kkjd vkf.k vYiHkw/kkjd v’kk nksUgh lHkklnkae/;sok< >kyh vkgs- ;ko:u vki.kkal vls fnlwu ;srsdh] lgdkjh laLFkkaph la[;kRed izxrh [kwi >kyhvkgs- rFkkfi] gh izxrh xq.kkRed n”Vhus fdrir>kyh vkgs ;kpkgh fopkj dj.ks vko’;d vkgs-d”kh iriqjoBk laLFkkP;k dk;Zi/nrhr HkkaMoykphderjrk] Bsohps vYi izek.k] rksV;kr pky.kkÚ;k

laLFkk] Fkdckdhps eksBs izek.k] leUo;kpk vHkkov’kkizdkjps nks’k vk<Gwu ;srkr-lkjka’k %

lgdkjh rRokoj dk;Zjr vl.kkÚ;kiriqjoB;kph jpuk f=Lrjh; i/nrhph vkgs- vxnh[kkyP;k Lrjkoj fdaok ikrGhoj xzkeh.k HkkxkrhyizkFkfed lgdkjh iriqjoBk laLFkk vkgsr- e/kY;kLrjkoj ftYgk e/;orhZ lgdkjh cWadk dk;Zjr vkgsr-rj jkT; ikrGhoj jkT; lgdkjh cWad gh jkT;krhylgdkjh jpusrhy lokZsPp lgdkjh laLFkk vkgs- R;keqGs;k cWadsyk ^f’k[kj cWad** vlsgh EgVys tkrs- lgdkjhpGoG gh egkjk”Vªkps Hkw”k.k Bjyh vkgs- ;kpGoGheqGsp vkfFkZd] lkekftd o jktdh; {ks=krcny ?kMwu vkys vkgsr- egkjk’VªkP;k fodklkr ;kpGoGhus egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ctkoyh vkgs- vlsvlys rjh dkagh izfrdwy rj dkagh vuqdwy ifj.kkeegkjk”VªkP;k xzkeh.k fodklkoj >kys vkgsr- lgdkjhpGoGhP;k vuqdwy ifj.kkekpk fopkj djrk dehO;ktnjkus dtZiqjoBk] deh mRiUu xVkrhy yksdkaukenr] jkstxkj la/khr ok<] ‘ksrh dj.;kP;k i/nrhrlq/kkj.kk] xzkeh.k usrRokr ok<] xzkeh.k cprhl izksRlkguv”kk fofo/k vaxkauh vuqdwy ifj.kke >kysys fnlwu;srkr- rj izfrdwy ifj.kkekapk fopkj djrk] yksdkaP;klgdk;kZpk vHkko] Hkz”Vkpkj izoRrhr ok<] ,dkaxhfodkl] lnks’k O;oLFkkiu] Fkdckdhr ok<v’kkizdkjps nks’k fnlwu ;srkr- ojhy izdkjP;knks’kkeqGs lgdkjh pGoG eksMhl fu?kkyh v’kkizdkjph ppkZ ,sdko;kl feGr ;sr vlyh rjhlgdkjh laLFkkf’kok; yksdkapk o jkT;kpk vkfFkZdfodkl gk lgdkjh pGoGhojp voyacwu vkgs-

lanHkZ xzaFk %1- Jh Hkqtaxjko dqyd.khZ] ejkBokM;kpk

fodkl] vH;kl o fparu2- izk-jk;[ksydj] [ksMdj] vkS|ksfxd

vFkZ’kkL=] fo|k cqd ifCy’klZ] vkSjaxkckn ¼1999½3- MkW-ch-Mh-baxGs] egkjk”Vªkph vFkZO;oLFkk]

v:.kk izdk’ku] ykrwj- 2009

ri'khy

31 ekpZ 2017

31 ekpZ 2018

31 ekpZ 2019

2018 P;k rqyusr 2019 e/khy “ksdMk

cny

laLFkk ¼la[;k½ lHkkln ¼yk[k½ [ksGrs HkkaMoy Lofu/kh Hkkx HkkaMoy iSdh] jkT; “ kklukps dtZnkj lHkkln ¼yk[k½ iSdh] 1-vR;Yi Hkw/kkjd¼,d gsDVj Ik;Zar½ 2-vYi Hkw/kkjd¼,d rs nksu gsDVj Ik;Zar½ forjhr dtZ iSdh] vYi o vR;Yi Hkw/kkjdkauk fnyssys ;s.ks dtZ dtZ olwyh Fkdhr dtZ u¶;krhy laLFkk ¼la[;k½ rksV;krhy laLFkk ¼la[;k½

21089 154 19393 3744 2445 6

36-39 9-95 9-18 15289 6223 13764 10915 5737 &&& 12105

21102 150 20766 3823 2462 6-6

31-26 9-85 8-35 15662 6432 13406 11061 6214 8939 11870

20747 147 19418 3557 2369 6-4

32-69 9-90 8-76 14922 6102 13819 10841 5685 8729 11759

¼&½ 1-7 ¼&½ 2-0 ¼&½ 6-5 ¼&½ 7-0 ¼&½ 3-8 ¼&½ 3-0 4-6 0-5 4-9 ¼&½ 4-7 ¼&½ 5-2 3-1 ¼&½ 2-0 ¼&½ 8-5 ¼&½ 2-3 ¼&½ 0-9



ImpactFactor


®

4- MkW-vkj-,l-lksG q ads] egkjk”V ªkphvFkZO;oLFkk] dSyk’k ifCyds’ku] vkSjaxkckn- 1999

5- j-iq-dq:ydj] egkjk”Vªkph vFkZO;oLFkk]fo|k izdk’ku ukxiwj- 2006

6- Lejf.kdk] ‘kks/kfuca/k] ejkBokMk vFkZ’kkL=ifj”kn] laiknd] MkW-ih-bZ-foHkwrs] izk-jke ns’keq[k] ;’koaregkfo|ky;] ukansM] 2005

7- egkjk”Vªkph vkfFkZd ikg.kh] vFkZ olkaf[;dh lapkyuky;] fu;kstu foHkkx] egkjk”Vª‘kklu] eqacbZ 2015&16-






ImpactFactor


®

15cawn vkSj leqnz miU;kl esa O;Dr

ukjh ds lkaLÑfrd lanHkZ

fnO;k'kks/kkFkhZ] ih-,p-Mh-]

dqekÅ¡ fo'ofo|ky;] ,l-,l-ts- ifjlj]vYeksM+k] mÙkjk[k.M

==============***********==============='kks/k lkjka'k

fgUnh lkfgR; ds dkyt;h jpukdkj Jhveryky ukxj] ftUgksaus ^cwan vkSj leqnz* miU;klesa ekuoh; tu:f<+;ksa o ijaijkxr fopkj/kkjkvksa dk;qxkuqdwy ifjorZu dj y[kuoh /kjkry dh laLÑfrdk leUo; vius miU;kl esa fpf=r djus dk lqUnjiz;kl fd;k gS tks fd thou dk lexz n'kZu djkusesa vH;qn; fl) gqvk gSA jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd]/kkfeZd] lkekftd o oSKkfud xfrfof/k;ksa dks vkRelkrdj laLÑfr vius ml Lo:i dks iznf'kZr djrh gStks oS;fDrd O;ogkj ls tqM+k gksrk gS ftldks ekuovius vanj lekfgr dj tuuh] ns'kdyk o ns'kHkwfedk fodkl djrk gS vkSj viuh igpku o vfLerkdks dk;e j[krk gSA ,slh ykSfdd o vykSfddlaLÑfr dks ukxjth us vius miU;kl ^cwan vkSjleqnz* esa ifjikVhr djus dk lqanj mYys[k fd;k gSAftldk LoHkkfodiw.kZ rjhds ls bl 'kks/k&i= dsekè;e ls izdk'k Mkyk tk,xkA

izR;sd lekt dh viuh ,d laLÑfr gksrhgS] ftlesa og viuk thou O;rhr djrk gSA /keZ]mikluk] vè;kRe] jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd O;oLFkk]jgu&lgu ,oe~ thou dh leLr xfrfof/k;k¡ mllekt dks ,d fof'k"Vrk iznku djrh gS vkSj okLroesa bu lHkh dh uhao loZizFke L=h ds n~okjk gh Mkyhtkrh gSA blfy, fdlh Hkh lkfgR; esa lkaLÑfrdn'kkvksa ds o.kZu gsrq L=h pfj= vkSj psruk] eq[;

:i ls lkeus mHkj dj vkrk gSA cwan vkSj leqnz esaL=h dks lkaLÑfrd igpku ds :i eas izLrqr fd;kx;k gS] tks ,d lekt dh mu lHkh n'kkvkas dksizdV djrh gS tgk¡ fofHkUu oxks± ds yksxksa dh thou'kSyh] lksp&fopkj o vfHkO;fDr mudh ifjfLFkfr;ksads vuqlkj lkeus vkrh gSA L=h dks lekt vkSjlaLÑfr dh izFke dM+h ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;ktkrk gSA veryky ukxj dh bl jpuk esa Hkkjrh;ijEijk dhy[kuoh laLÑfr dk okLrfod izfrfcacifjyf{kr gksrk gSA

^ûkxj th us thou dks tSlk le>k gS]ftrus izdkj ds pfj=ksa ds lEidZ esa vk, gS] ftu:f<+;ksa] jhfr&fjoktksa] laLdkjksa vkSj ijEijkvksa lsmuds pkjksa vksj dk ifjos'k fufeZr gqvk gS] ftuleL;kvksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, lek/kku ds tksfn'kk&ladsr muds fpUru dks izHkkfor dj lds gSa&mu lcdks ,d gh dSuol ij vafdr djus dkiz;kl dk ifj.kke gS& ;g cgqpfpZr miU;klA**1veryky ukxj ds ^cw¡n vkSj leqnz* miU;kl dkvkdkj ogn gS ftlesa y[kuÅ egkuxj ds thoudk thoUr fp=.k gqvk gSA bl miU;kl esa y[kuÅds lkaLÑfr lanHkZ esa ukjh thou ls laca/k laLÑfr dksfo'ks"k :i ls foosfpr vkSj fo'ysf"kr djus dk iz;klfd;k x;k gS] tks fd fuEu rF;ksa ls iznf'kZr gksrk gS&

vfHkO;fDr O;fDr dh i"BHkwfe] {ks= ,oalkekftd oxZ dh igpku dks izdV djrk gSA ckrphrdh 'kSyh] Hkko&O;atuk euq"; ds lkekftd olkaLÑfrd ifjos'k dh igpku djkrh gSA bl miU;klesa fofHkUu oxZ dh L=h&iq#"kksa dh lkaLÑfrd fLFkfrdks fuEu :iksa esa ns[k ldrs gSaA

bu ukjh pfj=ksa esa oudU;k] 'khyk] duZylkgc dh iRuh izeq[k gSaA ;s ukjh pfj= vkfFkZd nf"Vls laiUu vkSj lqf'kf{kr gSaA vr% buds vfHkHkk"k.k'kfDr vkSj ckrphr dh 'kSyh ,d lPpfjr ,oacqf)eku L=h ds :i esa iznf'kZr gqbZ gSA ;g muvk/kqfud fopkjksa ls ifjiw.kZ L=h ds pfj= dks iznf'kZrdjrk gSA ftlesa fuHkhZdrk] [kqykiu] csckdh vkSj xgjhoSpkfjdrk gSA blds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj ls gSa&



ImpactFactor


®

1- ^MkW- 'khyk fLoax us efgiky dh ckag ijeqDdk ekj] eqLdjkrs gq, dgk& ^^vius lhØsV LoxZdk irk bu nqfu;k okyksa dks er crykvks] ;w Qwy]ojuk ;s ogka Hkh [kqnk ds ckx dk lsc yxk nsaxsA**

2- ^'khyk Vkge Vw oh bDtSDV X;kjg&chl*vHkh dksbZ T;knk nsj ugha gqbZA vkvks nqtZu ge yksxrqEgsa vksCykbt djsaxs**

3- efgiky us 'khyk ls dgk% ^^,a ch ukblVq ;ksj felst Mkfy±x ckt okdbZ cgqr nsj gks xbZrqEgsaA** vkSj Hkh ,d mnkgj.k vkSj n"VO; gS% ^nqtZu]vkSjr vkSj enZ ds fj'rs dks ysdj eSaus viuh ftnaxhls ,d ckr lh[kh gS& izse F;ksjh ugha] izSfDVl gS] ftrukT;knk izse djks] fj'rk mruk xgjk cSBrk gSA**

,sls fopkj ,d ikjaifjd ukjh es ugha iyldrk gS tks fofHkUu izdkj dh lkekftd ijaijkvksavkSj :f<+okfnrk dh csM+h esa tdM+h gksA ;g fuf'pr:i ls LoPNan thou thus okyh L=h dk fopkj gksldrk gS tks L=h&iq#"k dh cjkcjh ds ne ij fj'rksadks eglwl djrh gSA

bl miU;kl esa oudU;k ukjh pfj= ,dLokfHkekuh] lp] U;k; vkSj vR;ar fopkj 'khy gSAog ftl rjg dk dFku djrh gS mlls mPp oxhZ;laLÑfr dk mn~?kkVu gksrk gS% ^^/U;okn! Ikj eq>slgkuqHkwfr dh t:jr ugha gSA eSa viuh yM+kbZ viusvki yM+ ysrh gw¡A**6 blh izdkj ,d mnkgj.k vkSjn"VO; gS ftlls f'kf{kr vkSj mPp oxZ dh laLÑfrO;Dr gqbZ gS%& ^^vki ,d esgjckuh djsaxsA iqfylokys ls dg nsa tYnh gh ;gka ls pys tk,A ge yksxksadks QwV&QwV dj jksus ds fy, Hkh vkodk'k ughafey jgk gSA** vkSj Hkh ,d mnkgj.k vkSj n"VO; gSftlesa mldk fopkj'khy gksuk O;Dr gqvk gS% ^fL=;ksaij ;g vR;kpkj gksrs gSa] fL=k;ka blds fy, foo'kgSa] tx tkurk gS fQj--- dqN Hkh gks eSa blds fy,izek.k ,d= dq:¡xhA eSa dqN Hkh d:axh] bl vU;k;dk izfrdkj d:axhA**

blh izdkj duZy dh iRuh Hkh ,d mPPkoxhZ;ukjh gS tks bl ckr dks Lohdkj djrh gS fd iq#"kviuh ethZ pykrs gSa ysfdu ;g mlds f[kykQ

vkokt ugha mBkrhA miU;kl esa duZy dh iRUkhdY;k.kh ls cksyrh gS% ^^gka cgu th] vPNk rks ughagksrkA ij enks± dh tSlh ethZ gks oSlk pyuk eSa rksvkSjr dk lcls cM+k /keZ ekurh gw¡] vc ?kj&?kj easrks u;k tekuk vk x;k gS] Hkyk crykvksa] dksbZdgka rd bu lc ckrksa ls vyx jg ldrk gS\ vkSjvius vkneh dks nq[k nsdj /kje fuHkk;k rks eSa /kjeugha ekurhA HkkbZ lPPkh ckr dgrh gw¡A**

bl miU;kl dh rkjk] cM+h ¼eksfguh½] NksVh¼Lo:i½] uanksa dh ?kjokyh] larks] dSyklks dh cgw]dY;k.kh HkkHkh] 'kdqaryk] jkT;Jh ukjh pfj= eè;oxZ ls lac) gSA buds laHkk"k.kksa vkSj okrkZykiksa ds

ekè;e ls eè;e oxhZ; ukjh lekt dhlaLÑfr O;Dr gqbZ gS% ^gesa rkjk&rkjk iqdkjuk vPNkugha yxrkA ns[kks Hkb] cqjk u ekuukA ^rkjk* rks cl,d mUkds eqag ls gh ehBk yxrk gS gesaA**

^cwan vkSj leqnz* miU;kl esa eè;oxhZ; ukjhpfj= ls lac) dfri; m)j.k n"VO; vkSj mn/kr gSaftueas eè;e oxhZ; laLÑfr O;Dr gqbZ gSa&

^^cM+h& ^^,s rks vc ge rqEgsa vkSj D;kdgds iqdkjsaxs\**

^ feflt oekZ dgk djksA ge Hkh rqedks ,slsgh dgk djsaxsA**

Nk sV h ck syh& ^^r qe gedk s D;kiqdkjksxh&feflt lqukj\**

cM+h cksyh& ^^blesa dkgs dk cqjk ekuuk\tks ftldh tkr gksxh] dgh tk,xh] vkSj fQj geyksx dksbZ uhp dkSe FkksM+h gSa] oS'; gSA**

bl rjg ls dqN vU; eè;eoxhZ; ukjhpfj= Hkh gSa tks fd viuh laHkk"k.kksa vkSj vkilhckrphr ls ,d ,sls yksd&O;ogkj dks izdV djrhgS ftleas ekSfydrk] vkapfydrk] Hkko vkSj d#.kkds lkFk&lkFk muds lekt dh laLÑfr dk mn~?kkVugqvk gSA bu pfj=ksa esa dY;k.kh] rkbZ vkSj nkarsykydh ?kjokyh us viuh BsB Hkk"kk ds }kjk eè;e oxhZ;laLÑfr ds n'kZu djk,a gSaA blds vykok rkbZ]dY;k.kh vkSj nkarsyky dh ?kjokyh BsB eè;oxhZ;ukjh pfj= dks iznf'kZr djrhgS] ftuds laizs"k.k ls ;g



ImpactFactor


®

fl) gksrk gS fd vktknh ds iwoZ dk yksd O;ogkjdgha&u&dgha vkt Hkh dk;e gSA ftldks gefuEu mnkgj.kksa ls le> ldrs gS%

1- ^ fctyh okys blVksm iS xje fdgk gSvcgha---A**

2- ^^rqe lcsjs Fkfj;k ljdkj; ds pys x,Agekjk fnu dbl chrk gS---A**

^cwan vkSj leqn* miU;kl dh yksdkfHkO;fDrdks izLrqr djrh ukjh pfj= rkbZ vkSj nkarsyky dh?kjokyh dk Li"V vkSj dBksj okrkZyki n"VO; gS%&

1- ^^rkbZ ejks dks ekSr Hkh ugha vkrhAlkr tue ds nq'eu fuxksM+s] tgka cSBks ogha

gk;&gk;A**2- rkbZ uanks dks ns[kdj cksyh& ^ûanks] rw Nw

xbZ jk¡MA tkds ugkA**3- ^^rw tks jkepanj dh yM+dh ls C;kg

djus dks jkth gksos rkS eSa lks rksys lksus p<+kÅ¡xh rsjhcgw dksA**

4- ^^mlh gfÙk;kjh ds dqucs iS xkt fxjh gSAvkS rb;k fuxksM+h dks rks tye chrk ,gh lcyPNuu esaA**

miU;kl dh ukjh pfj= uanks viuh HkkHkh dsnkaiR; thou esa fo?kVu iSnk djrh gSA HkkHkh dsÑR;ksa dks HkkbZ ds lkeus j[kdj mudh xgLFkh esavkx yxkrh gS% ^^ge dkgs dh dksbZ dks >wB&>wByxkoSaxsA geus viuh vkaf[ku ls ns[kk gSxk fd ,dcM+s&cM+s cky okyk vkneh gSaxk vkSj HkkHkh Nr ijFkSyk yVdk; ds mlesa fpV~Bh&i=h Hksth gSaxhA mldhfpfV~B;ka vkmr gSaxhA**

nwljh vksj /kuorh efgyk&lsok&eaMy dsuke ij dke ØhM+k tSls vukSipkfjd dk;Z dks yxkensrh gSA /kuorh lTtu ij u'khyh nf"V Mkydjdgrh gS% ^^mYQr dk tc etk gS fd nksuksa gkscsdjkjA N% N%] vkb,&vkb, dykdkj th] tjkbudh dyk ds tkSgj Hkh nsf[k,A**

bl miU;kl esa fuEu oxhZ; ukjh pfj= Hkh gSaftuds ekè;e ls fuEu oxZ dh laLÑfr dk mn~?kkVu gqvkgSA bl nf"V ls fuEuoxZ dh ,d dFku mn~/kr gS

ftlesa ikoZrh dh eka tks dY;k.kh ls ftl izdkj dkdFku djrh gS mlds ekè;e ls fuEu oxZ dhlaLÑfr O;Dr gqbZ gS% ^^vjs] vcdh ru[kk; D;kjpkdq MCcy ukgha fnfgl gS ?kj ek¡A ikjcrh dhvEek QQfd&QQfd dS jkSoSa] dgSa fd cguth] lcdg ldrs gSa] ij cPpksa dks nqb&nqbZ jkst ryd Hkw[kksafpYykrs ns[kdj dSls th lEgkyw¡ viuk\**

os'kHkw"kk vFkok ifj/kku Hkh laLÑfr dks O;Drdjrs gS( D;ksafd buds }kjk O;fDr fo'ks"k dh laLÑfrdk mn~?kkVu gksrk gSA cqan vkSj leqnz miU;kl esa Hkhukjh pfj=ksa ds ifj/kkuksa ds }kjk y[kuÅ egkuxj dhlaLÑfr O;Dr gqbZ gSA bl miU;kl esa L=h dhos'kHkw"kk ,oa izlk/ku lkexzh o vkHkw"k.kksa ds }kjkvxzafdr 'kh"kZdksa ds varxZr fn;k tk jgk gS%&

^cwan vkSj leqnz* miU;kl esa L=h ifj/kku dsvarxZr /kksrh21] dksV22] lkM+h]23 dksjk]24 lky]25dslfj;k pqujh26 vkfn L=h ifj/kku vk, gSaA

bl miU;kl esa L=h vkHkw"k.kksa ds varxZrdj/kuh] rkSd] tkslu] panuekyk27] ykSax28] ghjsdh rjfd;k29 vkfn L=h vkHkw"k.k iz;qDr gq, gSaAbl miU;kl esa L=h izlk/ku lkexzh ds varxZr lsanqj]lkgh] pqujh] dkykMksjk] lqbZ30] fyfifLVd31]IykfLVd dh pwfM+;k¡] lsafMy32 vkfn dk fu#i.kgqvk gSA ^cwan vkSj leqnz* miU;kl y[kuÅ dsifjos'k ij fy[kk x;k gSA blfy, bl miU;kl esaîku] lqikjh dk cgqr egRo gSA bl miU;kl esa[kku&iku esa iz;qDr lkexzh ds varxZr ^nky] pwju33]dkys fry34] feBkbZ uedhu35] pk;36] fMªad37]rsy38] tysch&uedhu39] eqxhZ40] lksMk41]latouh cwVh42] yM~Mw43] flxjsV44] pwyh] ik;'k]nky&Hkkr] 'kkd&rjdkjh45] nw/k46] pkV]ewaxQyh47] 'kjkc48] fepZ elkyk foghu'kkd&lCth] [khj] Qy49] xw>s50] tysch&dpkSM+hls ysdj eD[ku&VksLV51] 'kjcr52 vkfn dk fu#i.kgqvk gSA

lekt esa iz;qDr xkyh&xykSp ds ekè;e lsHkh fdlh lekt vkSj ns'k dh laLÑfr dk mn~?kkVugksrk gSA bl miU;kl esa xkyh&xykSp ds 'kCnksa ds



ImpactFactor


®

varxZr fuxksfM+;k] fuxksM+s] HkkM+ esa tk,] jk¡M+53]uklihVh54] fuxksM+k&uklihVk55] pksj&fNuky56]fNuV~Vh57] pkSV~Vh58] lfr;kukl59] dqVk¡V60]jaMh&iqrfj;k] dqVyh&fNukys61] lky62 vkfniz;qDr gq, gSaA

[ksydwn Hkh laLÑfr dk ,d vfHkUu vaxgSA bl miU;kl esa [ksydwy esa irax mM+kuk63fn[kk;kx;k gSA

yksd laLÑfr ds okLrfod n'kZu yksd thouesa O;kIr rht&R;kSgkjksa ,oa ioksZRloksa }kjk fd;k tkldrk gSA bl miU;kl esa ioZ ds :i esa ^^rhjFk]cjr64] lar&lEesyu65] lrujkbu Lokeh dFkk66]fØlel Ms67] NBh68] gksyh69] jk/kkÑ".k dkfookg70 vkfn vk, gSaA

cawn vkSj leqnz miU;kl vktknh ds iwoZ vkSjckn ds y[kuÅ ds ifjos'k ls lac) gSA blfy,blesa Hkkjrh; lekt eas izpfyr yksd fo'oklksa vkSj:f<+;ksa dk fp=.k gksuk LokHkkfod gh gSA bl miU;kldh vf'kf{kr ukjk pfj= vR;ar /keZHkh:] :f<+xzLrvkSj yksd fo'oklksa esa vkdaB Mwch fpf=r gqbZ gSaA blnf"V ls rkbZ] uanks= dY;k.kh] cHkwrh lqukj dh cgq,avkSj Jherh yky mYys[kuh; ukjh pfj= gSaA blmiU;kl esa bUgha pfj=ksa ds ekè;e ls tkfr71]map&uhp vkSj uqL[kk72] dqy y{eh vkSj yM+dhds tUe gksus ij gkSlys B.M+s gksus73] Vksguh] eugwl]tknw&Vksus vkSj dkyk Mksjk fijksdj lqbZ [kksalus vkSjlkgh dk dkaVk [kksalus74] fcYyh dh Nw ekuus75]tknw ds iqrys76] dkys fryksa dh iqfM+;k77]vaM+k&eNyh ls ijgst cjrus78 vkfn yksd fo'ooklvkSj :f<+;ka dk fp=.k gqvk gSA

^^laLÑfr ekuo thou dk ,d fo'kky fp=iV gSA lkfgR; mldh vkykspuk ,oe~ O;k[;k gSAfdlh Hkh lekt vFkok jk"Vª ds lkfgR; esa ml ns'kdh laLÑfr laink :i esa lqjf{kr jgrh gSA vr%lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr dk laca/k vU;ksU;kfJr gSA**79^^lkekU;r;k thou&;kiu dh i)fr gh laLÑfrdh okpd gksrh gSA i)fr vius vki esa thoulEcU/kh fHkUu vo/kkj.kkvksa dk izfrfcEc gksrh gSA

ge thou ds fdlh i{k ds ckjs esa tks lkspsaxs] tksvo/kkj.kk j[ksaxs mlh ds vuqlkj O;ogkj djsaxsA**80^^;g ukxj th dk rhljk lkekftd miU;kl gSAbldk ltu lu~ 1956 esa gqvkA blesa y[kuÅ dspkSd eqgYys dks {ks= cuk;k x;k gSA ogha ls dFkkoLrqdk p;u fd;k x;k gSA ukxjth us bl miU;kl esaftu ik=ksa dh jpuk dh gS] os lHkh ik= mudstkus&igpkus ,oe~ vklikl ds gh ik= gSaA blfy,;g miU;kl iw.kZr% lQy ,oe~ ;FkkFkZijd culdk gSA**

mijksDr lanHkZ veryky ukxj ds bl egkuÑfr] cwan vkSj leqnz* esa Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj laLÑfresa L=h ds okLrfod :i dks fpf=r djrk gS] ftlesagj oxZ dh ukfj;ksa dh pkfjf=d fp=.k dk ,d csgrjuewuk izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA y[kuoh vkapfydrk esaefgykvksa dh lksp] mlds O;ogkj vkSj fofHkUulkekftd n'kk dks gw&cgq mlh :i esa izdV djuk]ltukRedrk dk vuwBk mnkgj.k gSA

vr% fu"d"kZ% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fdlkfgfR;d ijaijk esa lekt vkSj L=h ds vVwV fj'rksadks thoUrrk ds lkFk izdV djuk ver yky ukxjds bl dkyt;h miU;kl cwan vkSj leqnz dks ,dfo'ks"k LFkku iznku djrk gS] tgk¡ y[kuoh laLÑfrvkSj lekt dh >yd phjifjfpr vankt esa fn[kkbZiM+rk gSaAlanHkZ&

1 veryky ukxj ds miU;klksa esa uj&ukjhlaca/k] 2016] i"B 17

2 cawn vkSj leqnz] i"B 2423 ogh] i"B 2424 ogh] i"B 2475 ogh] i"B 3576 ogh] i"B 2807 ogh] i"B 2288 ogh] i"B 5289 ogh] i"B 512&51310 ogh] i"B 19311 ogh] i"B 193



ImpactFactor


®

12 ogh] i"B 25213 ogh] i"B 25414 ogh] i"B 19815 ogh] i"B 20816 ogh] i"B 30617 ogh] i"B 20918 ogh] i"B 40819 ogh] i"B 54320 ogh] i"B 25521 ogh] i"B 20722 ogh] i"B 23523 ogh] i"B 28324 ogh] i"B 19425 ogh] i"B 37626 ogh] i"B 20627 ogh] i"B 19328 ogh] i"B 33929 ogh] i"B 19730 ogh] i"B 23531 ogh] i"B 28332 ogh] i"B 19833 ogh] i"B 20734 ogh] i"B 23135 ogh] i"B 23536 ogh] i"B 34037 ogh] i"B 28338 ogh] i"B 27139 ogh] i"B 34040 ogh] i"B 28341 ogh] i"B 35142 ogh] i"B 35243 ogh] i"B 39244 ogh] i"B 39545 ogh] i"B 41346 ogh] i"B 45847 ogh] i"B 46348 ogh] i"B 49249 ogh] i"B 502

50 ogh] i"B 54851 ogh] i"B 58552 ogh] i"B 19753 ogh] i"B 20054 ogh] i"B 20355 ogh] i"B 20656 ogh] i"B 20957 ogh] i"B 20958 ogh] i"B 21059 ogh] i"B 21260 ogh] i"B 40261 ogh] i"B 40262 ogh] i"B 41563 ogh] i"B 19364 ogh] i"B 19765 ogh] i"B 19566 ogh] i"B 20967 ogh] i"B 27268 ogh] i"B 46169 ogh] i"B 47670 ogh] i"B 56171 ogh] i"B 19372 ogh] i"B 19473 ogh] i"B 19674 ogh] i"B 19775 ogh] i"B 19876 ogh] i"B 20577 ogh] i"B 20778 ogh] i"B 19979 veryky ukxj ds miU;klksa esa ;qx

psruk] 2007] i"B 11880 veryky ukxj Hkkjrh; miU;kldkj]

1987] i"B 2981 veryky ukxj ds miU;klksa esa ;FkkFkZ

cks/k vkSj xk¡/kh&n'kZu( 2004] i"B 60



ImpactFactor


®

16vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa fcgkj dh

Hkwfedk

çksQslj M‚- uUn fd'kksj flagiwoZ foHkkxk/;{k] LukrdksÙkj bfrgkl foHkkx]

yfyr ukjk;.k fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;] njHkaxk]fcgkj

==============***********==============='kks/k&lkjka'k%

vlg;ksx vkanksyu dk çLrko dkaxzsl dsukxiqj vf/kos'ku esa 1920 dks çLrko ikfjr gqvkFkkA 1920 esa vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa fcgkj us egRoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkk;k FkkA 1 vxLr 1920 esa vlg;ksxvkanksyu fcgkj esa 'kq: gqvk AM‚å jktsaæ çlkn çeq[kusrk FksA ;g vkanksyu vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ijpyk;k x;k FkkA egkRek xka/kh ds usrRo esa pyk;ktkus okyk ;g çFke tu vkanksyu FkkA bl vkanksyudk O;kid tuk/kkj FkkA vlg;ksx vkanksyu dklcls O;kid çHkko fcgkj ds eqt¶Qjiqj ij iM+kFkk vkSj bl vkanksyu dk çeq[k dsaæ iVuk FkkA

fnlEcj] 1921 esa vgenkckn esa dkaxzsl dkvf/kos'ku gqvkA ;gk¡ ij vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dksrst djus ,oa lfou; voKk vkUnksyu pykus dh;kstuk cuhAfcgkj esa vyh ca/kqvksa us 1919 esavlg;ksx vkanksyu esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;kAegkRek xka/kh us vyh ca/kqvksa dh fjgkbZ u fd, tkusds dkj.k fçal v‚Q osYl ds Hkkjr vkxeu dkcfg"dkj fd;k FkkA vlg;ksx vkanksyu iVuk]eqt¶Qjiqj] njHkaxk] Hkkxyiqj] lkj.k vkSj paikj.kvkfn ds {ks= esa vf/kd lfØ; gks x;kA xk¡/kh th usdgk fd ;fn vlg;ksx vkanksyu dk Bhd <ax lsikyu fd;k tk, rks Hkkjr ,d o"kZ ds Hkhrj LojktçkIr dj ysxkA 6 Qjojh 1921 dks jk"Vªh; fo|kihB[kksyk x;k ftldk mn~?kkVu eksgunkl djepan xka/kh

us fd;k FkkA [ks: fe;ka us iVuk& ohgVk jksM ds lehidqN Hkwfe nku esa fn;kA ftl ij lnkdr vkJe dhLFkkiuk dj fn;k x;kA vlg;ksx vkanksyu dk eq[;dkj.k çkSysV ,DV]tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaM FkkAeq[;&'kCn% vlg;ksx vkanksyu; fcgkj ; jkSysV,DV ;tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaM; pkSjh pkSjk dkaMAi`"BHkwfe%

vlg;ksx vkanksyu ,d ugha cfYd vusddk;ksaZ dk ifj.kke Fkk blesa çFke fo'o ;q) us Hkhlg;ksx çnku fd;k FkkA blds lkFk 1919 dk jkSysV,DV Hkh FkkA blhfy, ;g vkanksyu vkjaHk fd;kx;k FkkA

jkSysV ,DV dh LFkkiuk tuojh 1919 dksgqbZ FkhA jkSysV ,DV Hkkjr dh fczfV'k ljdkj }kjkHkkjr esa mHkj jgs jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dks jksdus dsmís'; ls cuk;k x;k ;g dkuwu FkkA jkSysV ,DV dksdky k dkuwu dgk tkrk FkkA jkSysV ,DV dk ljdkjhuke The A narchical and Revolutionary Crime A ctof 1919 FkkA jkSysV ,DV dk iwjs ns'k esa fojks/k gksusyxk FkkA enu eksgu ekyoh; us blds çfrokn esadsaæh; O;oLFkkfidk ds lnL;rk ls bLrhQk ns fn;kFkkA jkSysV ,DV ds fojks/k esa tqywl] çn'kZu vkSjgM+rky gksus yxh FkhA egkRek xka/kh us paikj.k] [ksM+kvkSj vgenkckn esa viuk, x, lR;kxzg :ih gfFk;kjdk ç;ksx ,d ckj fQj mUgksaus jkSyV ,DV dsfojks/k esa djus dk fu'p; fd;kAjkSysV ,DV xka/khthds }kjk fd;k x;k jk"Vªh; ysoy dk çFke vkanksyuFkkA xka/khth ds bl lR; vkSj vfgalk ds ekxZ dkfojks/k Hkh dqN lq/kkjoknh usrkvksa dh vksj ls fd;kx;k Fkk] ftlesa Jh fuokl 'kkL=h vkSj lqjsaæukFkcuthZ tSls usrk 'kkfey FksA egkRek xka/kh dks gkse:yyhx ds lnL;ksa dk Hkh leFkZu fey x;k FkkA

vçSy 1919 esa gh QkSth dekaMj tujyekbdy vkj Mk;j us verlj esa ml HkhM+ ijva/kk/kqa/k xksfy;ka pyokbZ vkSj tfy;kaokyk ckxgR;kdkaM dks vatke fn;k vkSj bl gR;kdkaM esayxHkx ,d gtkj ls T;knk yksx ekjs x, Fks vkSjyxHkx l=g lkS ls T;knk yksx ?kk;y gq, FksA



ImpactFactor


®

tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaM fczfV'k gqdwer ds dkysv/;k;ks dk esa ls ,d gS tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaMds esa ekjs tkus okys yksxksa ds Hkhj esa efgyk,a vkSjcPps Hkh FksA tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaM ds dkj.kegkRek xka/kh us vlg;ksx vkanksyu dks 'kq: djfn;k] ftldk çHkko fcgkj ij Hkh iM+k FkkA fcgkj esa vyh ca/kqvksa us 1919 esavlg;ksx vkanksyu esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;kAvf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij f[kykQr vkanksyu 'kq:fd;k x;k tks vlg;ksx vkanksyu dk vk/kkj FkkAgeu beke ds usrRo esa iVuk esa ,d lEesyu dkvk;kstu fd;k x;k FkkA vaxzsth ljdkj us rqdhZ vkSjogka ds [kyhQk ds lkFk viekutud O;ogkjfd;k Fkk] ftldk ifj.kke f[kykQr vkanksyu ds:i esa lkeus vk;kA etg:y gd vkSj ekSykukvcqy dyke vktkn ds usrRo esa bl vkanksyu usfcgkj esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;k FkkA egkRek xka/khus bl vkanksyu dks viuk iwjk leFkZu çnku djfn;k FkkA xk¡/kh th us dgk fd ;fn vlg;ksxvkanksyu dk Bhd <ax ls ikyu fd;k tk, rks Hkkjr,d o"kZ ds Hkhrj Lojkt çkIr dj ysxkA vius la?k"kZdk vkSj foLrkj djrs efgykvksa esa dknafcuh vkSjveyk çeq[k FkhA 1921 Nijk esa ckck jkeksnj nklvlg;ksx vkanksyu esa egkRek xka/kh dk lkFk ns jgsFksA ckck jkeksnj nkl 1922 esa Nijk MhMhlh ds v/;{k Hkh cus FksA

vlg;ksx vkanksyu dh rS;kjh esa egkRekxka/kh us ;g lkspk Fkk fd vlg;ksx vkanksyu dksf[kykQr vkanksyu ds lkFk feykus ls Hkkjr ds nksçeq[k leqnk;& fganw vkSj eqlyeku feydj bl'kklu dk var dj nsaxsA bl vkanksyu esa odhyksa usvnkyr tkuk NksM+ fn;k vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa us ljdkjhLdwy vkSj d‚ystksa esa tkuk NksM+ fn;kA ljdkjhvkadM+ksa ds eqrkfcd 1921 esa 6 yk[k ls T;knkJfedksa us feydj 396 ls gM+rkys dh Fkh blls70 yk[k ls T;knk dk uqdlku gqvk FkkA

1 vxLr 1920 esa vlg;ksx vkanksyufcgkj esa 'kq: gqvk AM‚å jktsaæ çlkn çeq[k usrk Fks A

1920 esa Hkkxyiqj esa M‚å jktsaæ çlkn ds usrRo esafcgkj çksrh; jktuhfrd lEesyu dk vk;kstu fd;kx;k Fkk ftlesa egkRek xka/kh ds çLrko dks Hkh ikfjrfd;k x;kA t; çdk'k ukjk;.k us ljdkjh d‚ystls ukekadu okil ys fy;kA vlg;ksx vkanksyu dsnkSjku M‚å jktsaæ çlkn] czt fd'kksj çlkn] eksgEenlQh vkSj etg:y gd tSls usrkvksa us fo/kkf;dkpquko ls mEehnokjh okil ys yhA vuqxzg ukjk;.kflUgk] Jh —".k flag vkSj eqå tqcSj gqlSu bu yksxksadk islk odkyr Fkk bUgksaus vius isls dk R;kx djfn;kA iVuk d‚yst ls eqå 'ksjr us ukekadu okil ysfy;kA jk; lkgsc dh mikf/k jk; lkgc egsaæ çlknus okil dj fn;k vkSj lkFk esa eftLVªsV ds in lsbLrhQk Hkh ns fn;kA

ch- ,u- d‚yst ls eqå 'kQh vkSj vCnqyckjh us ukekadu okil ys fy;kA 'kkg cn#íhu us'kElqy mysek dh mikf/k NksM+ fn;k rFkk 'kkg lqysekuus naMkf/kdkjh dh mikf/k NksM+ fn;k vkSj vlg;ksxvkanksyu esa lg;ksx fd;kA

6 Qjojh 1921 dks jk"Vªh; fo|kihB [kksykx;k ftldk mn~?kkVu eksgunkl djepan xka/kh usfd;k FkkA ekSykuk et#y gd bl ds dqykf/kifrvkSj czt fd'kksj çlkn blds dqyifr cuk, x, FksAiVuk esa gh LFkkfir ,d jk"Vªh; egkfo|ky; esa M‚åjktsaæ çlkn dks çkpk;Z cuk;k x;k FkkA bl fcgkjjk"Vªh; egkfo|ky; dh LFkkiuk eksgEen Qtyqyjgeku ,oa M‚å jktsaæ çlkn ds }kjk dh xbZA M‚åjktsaæ çlkn ds usrRo esa ns'k^ uked ys[k lpZykbZV^çdk'ku ds ek/;e ls çdkf'kr fd;k x;kA

[ks: fe;ka us iVuk& ohgVk jksM ds lehidqN Hkwfe nku esa fn;kA ftl ij lnkdr vkJe dhLFkkiuk dj fn;k x;k AM‚å jktsaæ çlkn dk fuoklLFky fQj ckn esa dkaxzsl ds dk;kZy; ds :i esaLFkkfir gqvkA lnkdr vkJe jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dkdsaæ cukA Nk=ksa }kjk pj[kk cukus dk dk;Z fd;kx;kA fcgkj esa dkSeh lsod ny dh LFkkiuk 1921esa fcgkj çkarh; dkaxzsl desVh us lfUr cuk, j[kus dsfy, dhA



ImpactFactor


®

egkRek xka/kh us vyh ca/kqvksa dh fjgkbZ ufd, tkus ds dkj.k fçal v‚Q osYl ds Hkkjrvkxeu dk cfg"dkj fd;k FkkA tc fçal v‚Q osYlvçSy 1921 dks Hkkjr vk, rks mudk Lokxrdkyk >aMk fn[kkdj fd;k x;kA tc fçal v‚QosYl uoacj 1921 dks cEcbZ igqaps rks mudk Lokxrjk"VªO;kih gM+rky ls fd;k x;kA

vusd lHkkvks ds }kjk fcgkj esa yksxksa dksvlg;ksx vkanksyu ds fy, tkx:d fd;k x;kAjksgrkl] vkjk] cDlj ls vusd Nk=&f'k{kk blvlg;ksx vkanksyu ls tqM+sA paikj.k vkfn LFkkuksa ijfdlkuksa }kjk vlg;ksx vkanksyu dks leFkZu fn;kx;kA e/kqcuh vkSj eksfrgkjh esa vkfFkZd etcwrh gsrqvukt bdëk fd;k x;kA

;g vkanksyu iVuk] eqt¶Qjiqj] njHkaxkHkkxyiqj] lkj.k vkSj paikj.k vkfn ds {ks= esa vf/kdlfØ; gks x;kA

bl vkanksyu esa lcls O;kid çHkkoeqt¶Qjiqj ij iM+k Fkk eqt¶Qjiqj esa eksgEen lQhds usrRo esa ;g vkanksyu gks jgk FkkA bl vkanksyudk çeq[k dsaæ iVuk FkkAfu"d"k%Z

;g vkanksyu tc rst xfr ls c<+ jgk Fkkrc mÙkj çns'k ds pkSjh pkSjk uked LFkku ij 5Qjojh 1922 dks 22 iqfyldfeZ;ksa dks thfortyk fn;k x;k ftlesa 1 Fkkusnkj ,oa 21 flikfg;ksadh eR;q gks xbZA 12 Qjojh 1922 esa ckjnksyh esagqbZ dkaxzsl dh cSBd esa xka/kh th us vlg;ksxvkanksyu dks lekIr dj fn;kA ysfdu ftl esa fcgkjdh turk us Li"V dj fn;k fd fdlh Hkh vkanksyuesa iwjh rjhds ls lg;ksx djsaxs] ftldk çHkko lfou;voKk vkanksyu ij iM+kAlanHk%Z

1-çks ¼M‚½ uUn fd'kksj flag] egkRek xka/khvkSj vlg;ksx vkanksyu]vuqiek ifCyds'ku fnYyh]1992A

2-ver cktkj if=dk] dksydkrk] 1905A3-U;w bafM;k] 4 vçSy 1917] i-2A4-n bafM;u us'kuy dkaxzsl] 2nd ,fM'ku]

1917] ikVZ- 2] i-180A5- çkslhfMaXl v‚Q n bafM;u fgLVªh dkaxzsl]

64th ls'ku] 2003A

17

cnyrh vknrksa ls cnyrk ifjos’k

jsuw ckykih-,p-Mh-] fjlpZ Ld‚yj

M‚- fLuX/kk jkorxkbM

vfl-çks- lekt’kkL= foHkkx,e-ch-jk-ih-th-d‚-] gY}kuh ¼uSuhrky½

==============***********===============lkjka’k%

çLrqr lkjka’k orZeku le; esa gksus okysifjorZu vkSj mlds çHkkoksa ds fopkj&eaFku lslacaf/kr gSA vk/kqfud ;qx O;Lrrk dk ;qx gS fdarqvk/kqfud cuus vkSj vkxs c<+us dh gksM+ us] gelsgekjk cgqr dqN Nhuk gSA {k.k Hkj ds fy, le;fudkydj ;fn vrhr ds iUus iyVs tk, rks fn[kkbZnsxk fd orZeku le; dh ifjfLFkfr;ka fdruh cnypqdh gSa] u dsoy gekjh thou ‘kSyh] cfYd laiw.kZvknrsa Hkh cny pqdh gSa vkSj bu cnyrh vknrksa usgekjs ifjos’k dks Hkh çHkkfor fd;k gSA i;kZoj.k dkgj i{k bl ifjorZu ls çHkkfor gqvk gS & vkfFkZd]lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkaL—frd] /kkfeZd gh ughaoju~ LokLF; rd Hkh blls vNwrk ugha jg ldkA

vktdy gj rhljk O;fä dgrk gS fdtekuk cny jgk gS D;k bu dFkuksa esa dksbZ okLrfodrkgS] D;k okLro esa ifjfLFkfr;ka ifjofrZr gqbZ gSa] ;fngk¡] rks dgk¡ vkSj vkf[kj D;k otg jgh bu ifjorZuksadh\ bUgha dqN ?kwers&fQjrs fopkjksa dks fcyksuk rFkkmudk vkadyu djuk gh bl lkjka’k dk mís’; gSAtks ifjorZu fodkl ds fy, fd, tk,a vPNs gksrs gSaD;ksafd os ldkjkRed çHkko okys gksrs gSa fdarq ftuifjorZuksa dk LoHkko gh udkjkRed gks os Hkyk vPNsdSls gks ldrs gSaA os lekt esa udkjkRed pØO;wg



ImpactFactor


®

jp dj ekuo –f”Vdks.k dks Hkh udkjkRed cukrs gSa vkSjvarr% ;gh fouk’k dk dkj.k Hkh curs gSaA bl v/;;uesa ,sls gh dqN udkjkRed cnykoksa] muds dkj.kksa oçHkkoksa dh O;k[;k djus dk ç;kl fd;k tk,xkAladsr ‘kCn% fopkj&eaFku] ifjos’k] fcyksuk] pØO;wg]vkadyuAçLrkouk

lk/kq&larksa ds }kjk orZeku ;qx dks dy;qxdgk x;k] fdarq foKku dh utj esa ;g ;qx vkfo”dkjksals Hkjk gqvk vk/kqfud ;qx dgk x;kA ;g ;qxvkfo”dkjksa dk tud gSA l‘f”V ds ‘kq#vkr esa ekuo,d vcks/k ckyd tSlk Fkk ftls Hkyk&cqjk]viuk&ijk;k] L=h&iq#”k] LokFkZ vkfn ds fo”k; esadksbZ Kku ugha FkkA tc mlus vfXu dh [kkst dh rksHkkstu dks idkdj [kkus yxk fQj ifg, dk vkfo”dkjfd;k rks Hkze.k djus yxk] blh çdkj ls /khjs&/khjsmlus ç—fr esa ikbZ tkus okyh çR;sd oLrq pkgstSfod gks ;k vtSfod dks lalk/ku cuk fy;k ijarqog brus ij gh ugha #dk cfYd iwoZ vfo”dkjksa dhvkykspuk dj mudk ewY;kadu fd;k vkSj iqu% [kkstdhA bu lc esa mlus Lo;a dks bruk O;Lr djfy;k fd mlds ikl vius o vius fç;tuksa dsfy, Hkh le; ugha cpkA fnu chrs] o”kZ chrs vkSjfQj ;w¡ gh ‘krkCnh;k¡ chrrh pyh xbZ fdarq bulcesa ge fujarj gksus okys ifjorZu dh vka/kh dksutj vankt dj x,A ge ;g rks Hkwy gh x, fdbl vk/kqfudrk ds cnyrs ;qx esa gekjk cgqr dqNihNs gh jg x;kA vkt ifjokj] iM+ksl] fj’rsnkj]ijaijk] laL—fr] R;ksgkj bu lcdk vFkZ gh gekjsfy, fHkUu gks x;k gSA vc ;s cl ,sls dk;ZØe ek=jg x, gSa ftlesa FkksM+h nsj ds fy, ifjokj]fj’rs&ukrsnkj] vFkok iM+kslh ,dlkFk feyrs gSa vkSjb/kj&m/kj dh ckrsa djrs gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd gekjhjk”Vªh; lekjksg dks eukus dk rjhdk rd iwjh rjg lscny pqdk gSA O;Lrrk ds dkj.k gekjh lksp cgqrgh {kf.kd vkSj jsMhesM gks xbZ gSA

vc ;s rks ge le> pqds gSa dh ifjorZudh bl vka/kh ;k ;w¡ dgsa fd bl ifjofrZr ;qx ds

ftEesnkj ge gh gSa fdarq Jhen~Hkkxor xhrk esa çHkqJh—”.k us ;q) {ks= esa vtqZu dks mins’k nsrs gq, Lo;agh rks dgk Fkk] ^îfjorZu gh lalkj dk fu;e gSA^^fQj ;s udkjkRed dSls gq,\

okLro esa] ifjorZu lalkj ds fy, vko’;dgS vkSj ;gh vfo”dkjksa dk tud Hkh gSA ifjorZudjrs le; geus flQZ viuh vko’;drkvksa ijxkSj fd;k ifj.kkeksa ij xkSj djuk Hkwy x,A ftuifjorZuksa us lalkj esa ldkjkRedrk QSykbZ mlus fo’odks ,d Lora= o ldkjkRed Økafr ds çdk’k lsvksr&çksr dj fn;kA udkjkRed ifjorZuksa us gekjs–f”Vdks.k] LoHkko] ekuork dk O;ogkj] fe=rk] f’k”Vkpkj]HkkbZpkjk] vkRek dh vfHkO;fä] vkRe&’kq)rk vkfntSls fopkjksa dks [kaM&[kaM dj MkykAleL;k dk egRo

ldkjkRed ifjorZu lekt dks fodkl]fof/k o mUufr dh vksj vxzlj djrs gSaA jk”Vª dhuhao dks vkSj vf/kd ‘kfä’kkyh cukus dk dk;Zdjrs gSaA jk”Vª dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrddfM+;ksa dks tksM+dj muds chp e/;LFkrk dk dk;Zdjrs gSaA ISRO o mlds }kjk fd, x, vfo”dkjldkjkRed ifjorZu ds gh mnkgj.k gSaA ISRO dsvkfo”dkjksa us u dsoy jk”Vª dk eku c<+k;k] cfYdvesfjdk o tkiku tSls fodflr ns’k vc Hkkjr dsbl çfl) laLFkku ds }kjk vius lSVsykbV varfj{k esafHktokus dk dk;Z djok jgs gSa] ftlls Hkkjr dhvkfFkZd fLFkfr Hkh çHkkfor gksrh gSA ekuuh;ç/kkuea=h Jh ujsaæ eksnh tSls LoPN pfj=] lkQ ân;]jk”VªHkä rFkk deZB usrk us ns’k dh jktuhfr dksfQYVj djus dk dke fd;k gS ftlls ns’k dks feyusokys ckdh usrk Hkh lkQ jktuhfr djsa vkSj ns’koklhHkh ;kstukvksa dk çR;{k ykHk mBk ldsa] mudsvFkd ç;kl gh gSa tks vkt gj fodflr ns’k] Hkkjrls eS=h laca/k LFkkfir djuk pkgrk gS vkfn&vkfnA;s Fks ifjorZu ds ldkjkRed igyw] fdarq mijksäv/;;u ifjorZuksa ls mRiUu mu i{kksa ls gS ftlusHkkjr dh çkphu laL—fr] ijaijk] ifjokj] HkkbZpkjk]fj’rsnkjh] iM+ksl] lektokn] pfj=] ukrsnkjh] /keZ



ImpactFactor


®

vkfn dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA blus u dsoy vk/kqfudlH;rk ds uke ij lekt dks [kks[kyk cuk fn;kcfYd] ;qokih<+h dks vk/kqfud thou’kSyh ds uke ijvf’k”V o vyxko ds ekxZ ij [kM+k dj fn;k vkSjT;knkrj ;qok vyxko dh fLFkfr esa vius ifjokj ofe=ksa ls vyx gksdj vdsysiu dk f’kdkj gks tkrsgSa ;k fQj u’ks ds lgkjs thou thus yxrs gSaA vkb,]tkuus dh dksf’k’k djrs gSa mu ifjorZuksa vFkok rRoksa dhtks lekt esa udkjkRedrk QSykus dk dk;Z djrs gSaAcnyko okys {ks=

ifjorZu D;ksa vkSj dSls gks jgs gSa bl fo”k;esa tkuus ls iwoZ ifjofrZr {ks=ksa dks tku ysuk T;knkvko’;d gS fd fdu {ks=ksa ij /;ku nsus dh T;knkvko’;drk gS& 1- jlksbZ?kj&

vk/kqfud jlksbZ vkSj çkphu jlksbZ ?kj esa tehuvkleku dk varj gS ;g QdZ vki viuh jlksbZ esa?kqlrs gh eglwl dj ldrs gSaA çkphu jlksbZ ?kj esadPps o [kjs elkys] nslh?kh rFkk gjh lfCt;ksa dhHkjekj gksrh Fkh fdarq vk/kqfud jlksbZ esa ;g lc phtsadjhus ls unkjn feysaxh D;ksafd elkys ihlus esale; vf/kd yxrk gS blfy, iSDM elkys] gjhlfCt;ka cPps T;knk ilan ugha djrs vkSj rks vkSj VekVj]yglqu] vnjd isLV Hkh vc ?kj ij ugha ihls tkrs gSa]bUgsa Hkh iSDM gh bLrseky fd;k tkrkgSaA2- igukok&

Hkkjrh; ifj/kkuksa dh lk[k o [kwclwjrh dhckuxh ¼rkjhQsa½] fonsf’k;ksa ls iwNks rks ‘kk;n os T;knkcrk ldsa D;ksafd vkt ds le; esa T;knkrj Hkkjrh;yksx fons’kh flaFksfVd diM+ksa dk ç;ksx djuk ghilan djrs gSa] otg&QS’ku vkSj jaxksa dh Hkjekj ij;gh vankt mu esa fofHkUu peZ jksxksa dk dkj.k Hkhcurk tk jgk gSA3- rht&R;kSgkj&

fnokyh tSls cM+s R;kSgkj ij ?kj rks D;kcktkj Hkh jks’kuh ls Hkj tk;k djrs Fks] feBkbZ;k¡]ltkoVh lkeku] diM+s] nhi] eksecfÙk;ka vkSj u tkusD;k&D;kA ij vkt O;Lrrk ds dkj.k ‘k‚fiax ds

fy, Hkh le; ugha] ?kj cSBs v‚uykbu ‘k‚fiax djksvkSj cl gks x;kA igys nh, dh txg eksecfÙk;kavkSj vc fctyh ds jaxhu cYcksa o pkbuht yfM+;ksaus ys yhA ge R;kSgkj eukrs jg x, vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk viuh phu us lq/kkj yhA R;ksgkjksa ij cuusokyh jaxksyh rd jsMhesM rS;kj gSA ;kuh R;ksgkjgekjs vkSj vFkZ O;oLFkk phu us pedk yhA R;ksgkjeukus dk rjhdk D;k cnyk iwjh vFkZ O;oLFkk ghcny xbZA4- O;k;ke&

Hkkjr çkphu le; ls gh ;ksx lk/kuk dsfy, fo’o dk xq# ekuk tkrk gS blfy, rekefons’kh yksx ;gka vkdj ;ksx lk/kuk lh[krs gSa fQjvius oru tkdj ;ksx&lk/kuk&çf’k{k.k LFkyksa dkfuekZ.k djrs gSaA vkt dh ih<+h rks bl fo”k; dksHkwy gh pqdh gS og rks tc ekuuh; ç/kkuea=h Jhujsaæ eksnh th us 21 twu 2015 dks varjjk”Vªh;;ksx fnol dh O;oLFkk] jktiFk ubZ fnYyh esa dhrc dgha tkdj gesa /;ku vk;k vU;Fkk ge rks cl^Ê;wftdy ,jksfcDl vkSj fte^^ esa gh elYl cukusesa yxs FksA5-cnyrk laxhr&

le; cnyk vkSj mlds lkFk cgqr dqNcnyk vkSj blh cnyko esa gekjs Hkkjrh; laxhr dhe/kqjrk dks Hkh cny MkykA Hkkjrh; xhr ds cksy+ik’pkR; laxhr ;k Hkkjrh; laxhr +y; o laxhrik’pkR;] cl blh tqxycanh us laxhr dh yqfV;kMqcks MkyhA vc 40 ds n’kd ds jk”Vªoknh xhr]60 esa 70 ds n’kd tSls jksekafVd l‚Ux utj ghugha vkrsA cl laxhr ds uke ij ,d vthc&lkdksykgy gS tks /ofu çnw”k.k dk dkj.k curk tk jgkgSA jgh ckr yksd laxhr dh rks tjk xkSj Qjek, ogrks vc xkao esa Hkh de gh lqukbZ iM+rs gSaA6-u`R;&

tc laxhr cnyk rks Hkyk uR; dSls vNwrkjg tkrk ifjorZu lsA ;gk¡ ij Hkh ik’pkR; dk ghcksyckyk gSA Hkkjrh; cPpksa dks dFkddyh] dqfpiqM+h]vksMhlh u‘R;] Hkjr ukVîke vkfn ds uke Hkys gh



ImpactFactor


®

vulqus yxs ysfdu y‚fdax&i‚fiax] czsdMkal] daVsaijsjhvkSj fgi&g‚i tSls Mkal LVkby ftudh dksbZ ‘kSyhgh ugha gS og t:j irk gSA7- u’ks dh vf/kdrk&

igys dksbZ Hkh ;qok vius ?kj ds cM+ksa dslkeus u’kk djuk vlH;rk@vf’k”Vrk ekurk Fkkysfdu vk/kqfud thou ‘kSyh esa u’ks dks e‚MuZykbQ LVkby dk ,d ekud ekuk tkrk gS vkSj tksbl vknr ls ijs gS og fiNM+s o QwgM+] iqjkus tekusesa thus okys dgykrs gSaA8-ikfjokfjd f’k”Vkpkj esa cnyko&

f’k’kq dk lkekthdj.k dSlk gksxk] igys ;giwjh rjg ls ifjokj ds lnL; o ikfjokfjd ekgkSyij fuHkZj djrk Fkk fdarq tcls la;qä ifjokj U;wfDy;jQSfeyh esa cnys ;g lk[k Hkh VwVdj fxj iM+hA igyslqcg mBrs gh lHkh cM+ksa dks pj.k Li’kZ dj vk’khokZnfy;k tkrk Fkk] cPpksa esa rks tSls gksM+&lh jgrh Fkhfd dkSu lcls igys nknkth dk vk’khokZn ysxkysfdu vc rks nknk th gh ?kj ls ckgj ^vksYMgkse^êsa vius vkf[kjh fnu dkV jgs gSa os Hkyk cPpksa dklkekthdj.k dgk¡ ls vkSj dSls f’k”Vkpkj fl[kk,aA;fn la;qä ifjokj dk opZLo fQj ls LFkkfir gks ldsrks ‘kk;n lekt dh dbZ lkjh leL;k,a ¼i‚dsVekj]jsidsl] psu>iVekj] NsM+[kkuh dh okjnkr vkfn½ HkhLor% gh lekIr gks tk,A9-cnyrk fo|ky; okrkoj.k&

jk”Vªfirk egkRek xka/kh dgrs Fks fd cPpksa dksfo|ky;ksa esa ç;ksxkRed ;k ,slh vkS|ksfxd f’k{kknsuh pkfg, ftlls fd fo|ky; [kRe gksrs gh ogvius ifjokj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus esa enndj ldsaA jfoaæukFk VSxksj us ‘kkafrfudsru dh LFkkiukdhA ;gka¡ ij muds fopkjksa ds vuqlkj f’k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks[kqys okrkoj.k esa ç—fr ds chp jgdj gh f’k{kk nhtkrh gSA vkt dh f’k{kk ls tjk gVdj gS can dejsesa dqlhZ&estksa ij cSBdj f’k{kk nh tkrh gS v/;kid[kM+s jgrs gSa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lkgc&lk vkjke]fdrkch Kku ij vf/kd tksj fn;k tkrk gS] gkykafd]rLohj esa FkksM+k lk lq/kkj gqvk gS ¼LekVZ Dykl ds

lkFk½ fdarq vHkh cgqr dqN cnyuk ckdh gSA10-jktuhfrd okrkoj.k&

igys jktuhfr fojys gh fd;k djrs Fkstksfd vkxk/k jk”VªHkä ls Hkjk ân; j[krs Fks fdarqvkt dh jktuhfr rks etkd cudj jg xbZ gS] tcethZ pkgs lnL; ikVhZ cny ysrs gSa D;ksafd mUgsaviuh jktuhfr pedkus ls eryc gS] og viuhlÙkk dh Hkw[k dks feVkuk pkgrs gSaA blfy, vki ns[kldrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd nyksa esa dghaHkkbZ&Hkrhtk okn] cqvk&Hkrhtk okn rFkk ifjokjoknfn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA [kSj] ‘kqØ gS bZ’oj dk ,sls esa Jhujsaæ eksnh th tSls –<+& fu’p;h vkSj deZB usrk HkhgSa tks gekjh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dh ckxMksj dks laHkkys gq,gSaA ;g mUgha dh jktuhfr dk çHkko gS tks mUgksaus /kkjk370 dks gVkdj d’ehj dk bfrgkl gh cny MkykA11-ewyHkwr vko’;drk esa ifjorZu&

,d xjhc O;fä ds fy, ftldh vk;çfrO;fä vk; ls Hkh fuEu gS mldh ewyHkwrvko’;drk vkt Hkh jksVh diM+k vkSj edku gh gSAmPpoxhZ; ifjokjksa esa ykbQ LVkby ds uke ijvko’;drkvksa dh dksbZ lhek gh ugha] [kSj tks /kuoku oxZ ds gSa mUgsa bldh fpark djus dh t:jrugha fdarq e/;eoxhZ; O;fä viuh ykbQ LVkbylq/kkjus dh gksM+ esa ewyHkwr vko’;drkvksa dks NksM+QS’ku ds vkMacj ;qä ;qx esa ?kqldj [kqn dks dtsZdk f’kdkj cuk ysrk gSA12- oSokfgd lekjksg&

chrs dqN o”kksaZ esa oSokfgd lekjksg ds vk;kstuesa Hkh <sj lkjs ifjorZu ns[kus dks feyrs gSa] iwoZ esangst dks o/kw i{k dh vksj ls fn;k x;k migkj ekuktkrk Fkk fdarq vc ngst o/kwi{k ds fy, ck/;rk cux;k gSA 4&5 yk[k esa ‘kknh rks D;k lxkbZ HkhlaHko ughaA oSokfgd

fj’rs vc v‚uykbu gh r; dj fn, tkrsgSaA iwoZ esa ifjokj ds cM+s fj’rs&ukrs r; fd;k djrsFksA vc dksVZ eSfjt] yoeSfjt] vFkok fyo bufjys’kuf’ki dk tekuk vk pqdk gS tgk¡ ?kj ds cM+ksadk dksbZ LFkku ughaA ;s vk/kqfud fj’rs ftruh tYnh



ImpactFactor


®

tqM+rs gSa] mruh gh tYnh VwV Hkh tkrs gSa] ‘kk;nblfy;s vktdy U;k;ky; esa rykd ds eqdnesaT;knk ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA13- cnyk vfHkoknu&

gk;! gsyks! ds ik’pkR; dYpj us vfHkoknudh lwjr gh cny MkyhA iwoZ esa] cM+ksa dks pj.k&Li’kZrFkk gkFk tksM+dj ç.kke fd;k djrs Fks ijarq blfgIih&dYpj esa rks gkFk feykus dk pyu brukQS’ku esa vk x;k gS fd u djus okys dks yksx rikdls vksYM QS’ku dg nsrs gSaA bl dYpj ds çlkj dkcgqr vf/kd Js; Hkkjrh; flusek dks tkrk gSA14- vkfrF;&Hkko esa ifjorZu&

vfrfFknsoksHko%A ;g dFku Hkkjr dsvkfrF;&Hkko dh fo’ks”krk dks ns[krs gq, dgh xbZgSa fdarq vc u rks vfrfFk esa vkSj u gh vkfrF; esaigys tSlh dksbZ Hkkouk jg xbZ gSA esgeku ,d ckjvk tk, rks cl ogha cl tkrs gSa] ifjokj ds gjdk;Z esa viuh n[ky&vankth djrs gSa] ;gh lcdqN,sls dkj.k gSa tks estcku esgekuksa dk vkuk ilanugha djrsA15- cnyrk cktkj&

cktkj ds fo”k; esa dgk tk ldrk gS fdvkt dh laL—fr miHkksäkoknh gS D;ksafd cktkj esamiHkksäk vkd”kZd foKkiuksa ds }kjk ,sls eksgikl esacka/k j[kk gS fd og dksbZ Hkh oLrq [kjhnus ls igysviuh lksp&le> dk fcYdqy Hkh /;ku ugha nsrkAgekjh jsMhesM lksp ds ihNs ,d dkj.k cnyrkcktkj Hkh gSA iwoZ le; esa O;kikj fcuk foKkiu dsgksrk Fkk] oLrq&fofue; ds pyrs O;kikj djukT;knk vklku FkkA16- i=dkfjrk dh lksp esa cnyko&

iwoZ le; esa i=dkfjrk us Hkkjr ds Lora=rklaxzke esa viuh iw.kZ lgHkkfxrk ntZ dhA vius ‘kq)laiknu ls ns’k dks vkxs ys tkus vkSj ns’kh&fons’kh[kcjksa ds çpkj&çlkj dk dk;Z fd;k] v[kckj dsdkVwZu d‚uZj us jktuhfrKksa dh vkykspuk dh vkSjmu ij O;ax dls fdarq vk/kqfud ;qx ds i=dkjksa usbls ek= #i, dekus dk ,d tfj;k eku fy;k gSA

[kcjksa dh lR;rk dks fcuk tkaps v[kckj ij] VhohpSuyksa ij çlkfjr dj fn;k tkrk gS] dsoy viuspSuyksa dh Vh-vkj-ih c<+kus ds fy, ,d NksVh&lhlk/kkj.k [kcj dks elkyk yxk dj xjek&xje [kcjesa cny nsrs gSaA17-vk/kqfud [ksrh&

rduhdh foKku us [ksrh ds mRiknu dksc<+kus esa fdlkuksa dh cgqr lgk;rk dh fdarq vf/kdykHk ikus ds ykyp esa fdlkuksa us vius [ksrksa esavf/kd jklk;fud moZjdksa o dhVuk’kd nokvksa dkç;ksx fd;k ftlds dkj.k [ksrksa dh moZjd {kerk/khjs&/khjs u”V gksus yxh vkSj dbZ LFkkuksa ij rks catjgh gks xbZ vFkok e#LFky esa cny xbZA ifjofrZr{ks=ksa o muds dkj.kksa dks tku ysus ds i’pkr ;gewY;kadu djuk Hkh vko’;d gks tkrk gS fd lektij bldk dSlk çHkko iM+rk gS vFkok lekt dkdkSu&lk oxZ bu ifjofrZr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls çHkkfor;k çrkfM+r gqvk gS\mís’;&

1- ifjos’k esa O;kIr cnykoksa dks tkuukA2- muds }kjk lekt ij gksus okys çHkkoksa ij

çdk’k MkyukA3- udkjkRed çHkkoksa gsrq lekt dks tkx:d

djus dh igyAleL;k ds dkj.k1-tad QwM dk c<+rk pyu&

tad QwM ds çpyu ds nks dkj.k lkeusvkrs gSa≤ dh deh vkSj

vkrqjrkA geus vkt Lo;a dks bruk O;Lrdj fy;k gS fd ifjokj og nksLr D;k] ge [kqnvius vkidks Hkh le; ugha ns ikrs] dke djrs&djrstc ;g ;kn vkrk gS fd vjs! FkksM+h lh Hkw[k yxhgS py dqN [kk ysrk gw¡] ckgj ls dqN vkMZj djysrs gSa] vkt ?kj ij [kkus dk ewM ugha gS] vkfn ,slsdbZ cgkus gS tks vki [kqn ls djds ckgj ds tadQwM dks viuh fnup;kZ cuk ysrs gSaA vkidh ;sNksVh&lh Hkw[k dks feVk ysus okyh vknr gh vkidkscM+h Hkw[k o [kqydj Hkw[k yxus gh ugha nsrh vkSj



ImpactFactor


®

cPps rks tSls ?kj ds [kkus dks Hkwy gh x, gSa mUgsa rkscl cxZj] fiTtk] ekseks vkfn gh pkfg,] ifj.kke&Hk;adj chekfj;k¡A2- U;wDyh;j QSfeyh dk pyu&

le; dh deh ds ifj.kkeLo#i gh gevius la;qä ifjokjksa dk yxkrkj fo[kaMu djrs tkjgs gSaA dqN lkyksa igys tc dksbZ iwNrk ifjokj] rksbldk vFkZ Fkk&nknk] nknh] pkpk] pkph] rkÅ] rkbZ]cqvk] cM+s HkS;k] NksVs HkS;k] nhnh] cgus o vU;ikfjokfjd lnL; fdarq vkt ifjokj dk vFkZ gS&ekrk&firk o muds vfookfgr cPps ek= ;kfuudkjkRed –f”Vdks.k us ifjokj dh ifjHkk”kk gh cnyMkyhA la;qä ifjokj tks fd Hkkjrh; lekt ds fy,ijaijkvksa o laL—fr dk |ksrd ekuk tkrk Fkk] vktds le; esa mldk vfLrRo yxHkx feVrk gh tkjgk gSA ,dkadh ifjokjksa dks U;wfDy;j QSfeyh dhlaKk nh xbZ gSaA3- R;ksgkjksa ds Lo:i esa ifjorZu&

Hkkjr fofo/krkvksa ls Hkjk gqvk ns’k gS] fons’khi;ZVd bUgha rht R;ksgkjksa ls vkdf”kZr gksdj buesalgHkkfxrk djus Hkkjr vkrs gSa D;ksafd os bu lcdkçR;{k vkuan ysuk pkgrs gSaA tjk 30 lky igyspyrs gSa vkSj le>us dh dksf’k’k djrs gSa fd vktvkSj rcds R;ksgkjksa esa D;k ifjorZu vk;k gS\gksyh&ns’k gks ;k fons’k vktdy ,slk ‘kk;n ghvkidks dksbZ feys tks gksyh ds ckjs esa u tkurk gks]bls jaxksa dk R;ksgkj] HkkbZpkjk c<+kusokyk] lkSgknZ og”kksZYykl dk R;ksgkj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA gksyh dsfo”k; esa ,d dFku cgqr çpfyr gS ^ bl fnunq’eu Hkh fxys&f’kdos Hkqykdj xys fey tkrs gSaA^^lqçfl) fQYe ‘kksys esa gksyh ds R;kSgkj ij tks xkukfQYek;k x;k gS og blhdk mnkgj.k gSA [kSj tks Hkhgks] gksyh esa ftu jaxksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk oksT;knkrj çk—frd jax gqvk djrs Fks tSls&cqjka’k ds Qwyksals yky jax] iyk’k ds Qwyksa ls ihyk jax vkfnA

gksyh ls dbZ fnu igys gh ?kj dh fL=;kadpjh] ikiM+] vkyw fpIl] eaxksM+h tSlh phtksa dks/kwi esa lq[kkrh Fkh vkSj R;kSgkj okys fnu bUgsa rydj

esgeku o gj ?kj ds lnL;ksa dks f[kykrh Fkh rFkkiM+ksl esa Hkh ck¡Vk tkrk Fkk] fdarq tks jax vkt dsle; ç;ksx esa yk, tkrs gSa muesa [krjukd ‘kh’kktSls jklk;fud inkFkZ gksrs gSa tks Ropk dSalj tSlh?kkrd chekjh dks nkor nsrs gSa] R;ksgkjksa ij tks Hkhidoku vkrs gSa os lHkh jsMhesM gksrs gSa rkfd dksbZesgur u djuh iM+s cl iSdsV [kksyks vkSj [kkyks] tksidoku igys R;ksgkjksa esa cuk, tkrs Fks muesa Lokn dslkFk esgur o I;kj Hkh gksrk Fkk tks fd bu jsMhesM[kkuksa esa dHkh ugha fey ldrk] u [kkus okyk larq”Vgksrk gS vkSj u gh f[kykus okykA4-cnyrh fnup;kZ&

çkr% dky mBuk] “kksp vkfn ls fuoÙk gksdjLuku djuk] iwtk&ikB djuk] ,d Hkkjh lk uk’rk¼ijkBs pk; ;k nw/k vkfn½ djuk rc dgha vius dkeij fudyuk] ;g fnup;kZ Fkh 25&30 o”kZ igysdhA vkt dh ih<+h ds fy, çkr% dky dk vFkZdsoy tkxus ek= ls gS] dgha tkus ls ek= ,d&vk/ks ?kaVs igys mBuk] Ýs’k gksuk] Luku djuk] gYdk&lkuk’rk ¼nw/k] czsM] vaMk] tSe vkfn½ vkSj uk’rs dsle; ;k rks Vhoh ns[kuk ;k fQj b/kj&m/kj dh ckrsadjuk D;ksafd blds ckn ifjokj ds lHkh lnL;‘kk;n jkr ds [kkus ;k fQj vxyh lqcg uk’rs ijgh feyrs gSaA igys tc Hkkjh uk’rk [kk;k tkrk Fkkrks tYnh ls Hkw[k ugha yxrh Fkh ij vc gYds uk’rsds dkj.k FkksM+h gh nsj esa Hkw[k yx tkrh gS vkSj NksVh&lhHkw[k dks feVkus dk ljy mik;&tad QwMA5-ik’pkR; laxhr o uR;&

vkt cgqr ls fons’kh fo|kFkhZ Hkkjr esaHkkjrh;&laxhr o uR; dh f’k{kk ys jgs gSaA Hkkjrdk ‘kkL=h; laxhr lHkh çdkj ds laxhr dk tUenkrko u‘R; dks lHkh uR; ds çdkjksa dh tUe nk=h ekuktkrk gSA ;g dksjh dYiuk ugha gS] fdlh Hkh ?kjkus;k ‘kSyh ds laxhr dks mBk yhft, rks irk pysxkfd lHkh xhr bu lkr lqjksa ds Hkhrj gh ca/ks gSa] ftlHkh uR; ‘kSyh ls rqyuk dhft, rks irk pyrk gSfd nqfu;k ds gj u‘R; esa tks Hkko&Hkafxek gS] ogHkkjr ukVîe ls gh çsfjr gSA mLrkn fcfLeYykg



ImpactFactor


®

[kku] iafMr jfo’kadj] tkfdj gqlSu tSls laxhr dsegkjfFk;ksa us bls cqyafn;ksa rd igqapk;k gSA fcjtwegkjkt dk rks thou gh uR; gS fdarq gekjh ;qokih<+h laxhr o uR; ds uke ij ik’pkR; laxhr ouR; dh vksj vkdf”kZr gks jgh gS vkSj viuhikSjkf.kd laxhr] u`R;] ukVd] yksd&dFkk oyksd&uR; vkfn dykvksa dks rqPN ekurh gSA6- flusek&` flusek ds fo”k; esa vDlj dgk tkrk gS fd;g gekjs lekt dh Nfo dks insZ ij mrkjus dkdk;Z djrk gSA 40 ls 60 ds n’kd esa flusek dstfj, nqfu;k dks crk;k x;k fd Hkkjr Lora=rk dsla?k”kksaZ ls fdl çdkj tw> jgk Fkk] vkt Hkh tc gemu iqjkuh fQYeksa dks ns[krs gSa rks jksekap vkSj tks’k lsHkj tkrs gSa fdarq vk/kqfud le; dk flusek dsoyubZ ykbQ LVkby dks n’kkZrk gS] NksVs insZ ij lkl&cgwlhfj;yksa dh Hkjekj gS] ftuesa cl ikfjokfjd jaft’kksao “kM+;a=ksa dk cksy&ckyk gksrk gS] cM+s ijns ij rkscl XySej] dwVuhfr] vfHkusrk us fdl çdkj ‘k‚VZdVesa lQyrk vkSj /ku ik;k] vkfn gh vk/kkj gSaA ;gkard fd muesa ç;ksx dh tkus okyh Hkk”kk Hkh f’k”Vugha gksrh gSA7- ’kh?kz /ku ikus o vkxs c<+us dk ‘k‚VZdV&

vkt gj dksbZ vf/kd ls vf/kd /kuokucuuk pkgrk gS] de le; esa dSls vf/kd /kudek;k tk,] fcuk esgur fdl rjg lcls Åijigqaps] ,sls gh dbZ lkjs cs&cqfu;knh lius ftudhuhao gh xk;c gksrh gS] Hkyk ftl edku dh uhao ghetcwr uk gks og ?kjkSank dSls vkSj dc rd fVdik,xkA gj dke esa ;qok vkxs c<+uk pkgrs gSa fQjpkgs blds fy, dksbZ Hkh dher nsuh iM+sA gj dkeesa ‘k‚VZdV <wa<uk vc mudh vknr cu pqdh gS]vDlj ,sls ;qok lgh ekxZ ls fQlydj cqjkbZ dsnyny esa bruk Qal tkrs gSa fd ckgj fudyus dslkjs jkLrs can gks tkrs gSaA d’ehj ds ;qokvksa dk ek=500 ds fy, lsuk ds tokuksa ij iFkjko djuk]vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa dks vatke nsus okys T;knkrj;qok de mez ds gh feyrs gSaA gkykafd] Hkkjr ljdkj

,sls HkVds gq, ;qokvksa dks Hkkjr dh ;qok ‘kfä ds:i esa iqu% cnyus dh Hkjld dksf’k’k dj jgh gSA8-cnyrh fe= laxfr&

f’k’kq voLFkk esa ?kj ij pkgs ckydksa dksftruh Hkh f’k”Vrk ls ikyk tk, fdarq ;qokoLFkk dsfe=ksa dh Nki muds pfj= O;O;ogkj ij lcls xgjhgksrh gSA blfy, thou esa fe= vPNs gksus cgqrt:jh gSaA cqjh fe=eaMyh ges’kk dqpky esa fo’oklj[krh gS] xyr dk;ksaZ tSls ‘kjkc ihuk] vU; u’ksdjuk] v’yhy ohfM;ks ns[kuk] nwljksa dk etkdcukuk vkfn dks djus ds fy, mdlkrs gSaA9- baVjusV dk pyu&

rduhdh foKku us gekjs thou dksvk/kqfud o lqfo/kktud rks vo’; cuk;k gS fdarqdqN gn rd ;g gesa uqdlku Hkh igqapkrh gSa&baVjusV]eksckby] OgkV~l,i] fV~oVj] xwxy] Qslcqd vkfn uslans’k Hkstuk vius fe=ksa vkSj fj’rsnkjksa dk gky&pkyiwNuk vklku cuk fn;k gS fdarq blh rduhd dkç;ksx dqN dks mxz o lekt ds fy, xanh lksp j[kusokyksa us vius futh LokFkZ ds fy, fd;k gS vkSjdHkh&dHkh vutkus gh lgh ij ,d vke balku]ftls bu lcls dksbZ eryc ugha og Hkh bldh pisVesa vk tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ewfrZdknw/kihuk]vkywesax.ks’kthfn[kuk] L=h ds xHkZ ls gkFkh dk tUe]tSlh dbZ cs flj&iSj okyh [kcjsa vkids OgkV~l,i;k Qslcqd ij vkbZ gksaxh vkSj vkius fcuk lR;rkdh iqf”V fd, mls ‘ks;j dj Mkyk cl ;gh Q¡ltkrk gS cspkjk vke vknehA cPps eksckby] VscysV]ySiV‚i ds brus vknh gks pqds gSa fd vkmV Mksj xserks tSls Hkwy gh x, gSa] yxkrkj LØhu ns[kus ls vka[kksaij vkSj maxfy;ka yxkrkj Qksu ij Vkbfiax esa baxst jgusls Ropk ij cqjk vlj iM+rk gSA blh ds ifj.kkeLo:idbZ lkjs u, jksx iSnk gks pqds gSa] tks fd ejht dksiSjkykbfll tSlh daMh’ku esa igq¡pk nsrs gSaAifjorZuksa dk lekt ij nq”çHkko1-ofj”B ,oa ;qok ih<+h ds laca/kksa esa [kVkl&

la;qä ifjokjksa dk fo[kaMu gksus ls ifjokj ijvkfJr lnL;ksa ¼fo/kok L=h] vfookfgr cPps] o)



ImpactFactor


®

vkfn½ dh fLFkfr vf/kd n;uh; gks xbZ gSA iwoZ esa ?kjds eqf[k;k ds vykok fdlh esa bruh fgEer u gksrhFkh fd og dqN cksy ik, vFkok fdlh fo”k; esavius fopkj çdV djsa] tSls&tSls uxjhdj.k vkSjvkS|ksxhdj.k esa o‘f) gqbZ xk¡o ds yksxksa us dke dhryk’k esa ‘kgjksa dh rjQ #[k fd;k] c<+rh egaxkbZds dkj.k os vius cw<+s eka cki dks cks> ekuus yxsvkSj mudh ewyHkwr vko’;drkvksa dks vfrfjä[kpsZ esa fxuus yxs] ifj.kkeLo:i ekrk&firk usviuh larku dks ;ksX; rks cuk fn;k fdarq oghlarku mls vafre {k.kksa esa cks> ekudj ^vksYM ,tgkse^ esa igqapk vkbZA ,dkadh ifjokjksa ds cPps T;knkrjfcuk nknk&nknh ds iyrs gSa] ;gk¡ rd fd eka&ckidk;kZy; esa gksrs gSa vkSj cPps T;knkrj vc Øsp esaiyrs gSa rks le> yhft, vc mudk lkekthdj.kdSlk gksxk\ 1997 esa funsZ’kd lqHkk”k vxzoky dhfQYe dgkuh ys[kd Jh panfd’kksj ds u‚osy ijvk/kkfjr gS ^^:bZ dk cks>^^ ftlesa iadt diwj us ?kjds o‘)tu ds :i esa csgrjhu vnkdkjh ls ;gfQYen’kkZbZ xbZ gS] ek¡&cki fdl çdkj cPps dstUe ls iwoZ gh yk[kksa lius vk¡[kksa esa ltkdj mlsHkfo”;fuf/k ds :i esa rS;kj djrs gSa vkSj cw<+l&dkyesa ;gh larku dSls eka&cki dks viuk fiNys tUedk iki ekuus yxrh gS\ bu lcls o‘) tuks ao;qokih<+h ds e/; xgjh [kkbZ curh pyh tkrh gSA2-Mwcrh laL—fr&

ifjokjksa ds Lo:i esa ifjorZu gksus ls laL—frij xgjk çHkko iM+k gS] jhfr&fjokt] ijaijk] rhtR;kSgkj]yksdlaL—fr] vfHkoknu] vkfrF; vkfn ds rjhds esacgqr lkjs ifjorZu ns[kus dks feyrs gSa vktdy yksxviuh lqfo/kkuqlkj jhfr&fjoktksa ;k ijaijkvksa esa ifjorZudj nsrs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i laL—fr iru dh vksjvxzlj gSA3-o`)kJe] vukFkky;ksa] fo/kok vkJeksa dhvf/kdrk&

tSls&tSls la;qä ifjokjksa dk VwVu gqvk o‘)kvkJe] vukFkky;ksa] fo/kok vkJeksa dh la[;k vpkudc<+ xbZ] vkJeksa esa lqfo/kk Hkys gh feyrh gks fdarq

vius ifjokj ls fcNM+us dk tks nq[k gS og rkmezmudks pSu ls thus ugha nsrkA4-’kkjhfjd o ekufld nq”çHkko&

tadQwM] deuhan] ekufld ruko o vyxkodh fLFkfr us ‘kjhj dks ‘kkjhfjd o ekufld jksxksa lsHkj fn;k gSA vk;qosZn esa dgk tkrk gS ^ ftl O;fäds okr] fiÙk] dQ mÙke fLFkfr esa jgrs gSa og dk;kfujksxh gSA^^ vc rks ;s foKku us Hkh çekf.kr djfn;k gSA O;Lr gksuk vPNk gS fdarq vfr fdlh dhvPNh ugha gksrhA QS’ku oyZ~M us Hkh lekt dksdSalj tSlh [krjukd chekjh ck¡Vus esa viuh lgHkkfxrkfuHkkbZ gSA5-lkekftd vyxko&

iwoZ esa ?kj ds cM+s lnL; ifjokj ds vfrfjä]iM+ksl] fj’rs&ukrsnkjh dks fuHkkuk ugha Hkwyrs Fks]ftl dkj.k lekt esa var% laca/k LFkkfir jgrk Fkk]iM+ksl esa fdlh dh yM+dh dh ‘kknh gksrh rks u tkusdgk¡&dgk¡ ls iM+kslh gkFk cVkus vk tk;k djrs FksAvc rks fookg lekjksg dks cSadV g‚y esa j[kk fn;ktkrk gS] ‘kqHkfnu ds volj ij ?kj dks rkyk ekjdjlkjs lnL; dgha vkSj dh ‘kksHkk c<+krs gSaA bl QS’kuus lkekftd fj’rks esa njkj Mkyus dk dk;Z fd;k gSvkSj ;gh ifjfLFkfr lkekftd laca/kksa ds vyxko dkeq[; dkj.k Hkh gSA6-firk dh cnyrh Hkwfedk&

iwoZ fLFkfr esa firk ij u dsoy vius cPpksadk gh] cfYd viuh /keZiRuh dh lqj{kk dk Hkh Hkkjgksrk Fkk] firk ?kj dk eqf[k;k gksrk Fkk] blfy, ?kjds lHkh dk;Z fcuk mldh

lgHkkfxrk og fopkj&foe’kZ ds laHko ughaFksA vk/kqfud le; esa firk vius dk;kZy; esa brusO;Lr gks tkrs gSa fd mUgsa mudh larku ds fo”k; esadqN Hkh irk ugha gksrk] os cl muds lHkh [kpksaZ dksle; ls iwjk djus esa yxs jgrs gSa] ifj.kkeLo:i]larku vkSj firk ds e/; vge dh ,d nhokj cutkrh gS tks ,d nwljs ls vDlj Vdjkrh jgrh gSA7-egaxkbZ esa of)&

ewyHkwr vko’;drkvksa dks NksM+dj tc



ImpactFactor


®

miHkksäk cktkj dh vksj vkdf”kZr gksus yxk] QS’kuscyykbQ thus yxk rks miHkksäkoknh laL—fr dks tUensus okys lewgksa us bu lc [kpksaZ dks t:jh lkekuksa dslkFk fpidkdj miHkksäk ds gkFk esa Fkek fn;k] clblhdk Qk;nk gqvk cktkj dks] cktkj çfr;ksfxrkc<+rh pyh xbZA QyLo:i] egaxkbZ us vius iSj ilkjfy, gSa] fdarq oLrq fofue; çfØ;k esa eqæk dk pyu ugksus ls ,slh dksbZ ifjfLFkfr dh vk’kadk ugha jgrh FkhA8- /keZ o vkLFkk &

cnyrs ;qx esa lcls vf/kd vk?kkr /keZ ovkLFkk ij gqvk gSA /keZ o vkLFkk rks cl vkt tSls/kuokuksa ds ?kj gh ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA eafnj esa tkusij uacj yxkuk iM+rk gS ftldh iphZ 20 ls ‘kq:gksrh gS] ;g fuHkZj djrk gS fd eafnj fdruk çfl)gS iqjh esa Hkxoku txUukFk dk eafnj bldk mnkgj.kgS ftldh iphZ T;knk #i;ksa dh gks mls ykbu esa [kM+sgksdj Hkxoku ds n’kZu ds fy, bartkj ugha djuk iM+rkAeafnj] efLtn] fxjtk?kj vkfn /kkfeZd LFky rks ek=dekbZ dk ,d tfj;k cu pqds gSa] vki fdlh Hkh /kkfeZdLFky ij tkdj ns[k yhft, vkl&ikl dh nqdkuksa esafeyus okyk çlkn lkekU; nqdku ls dgha T;knk nkedk feysxk ogk¡ gj dksbZ /keZ ds uke ij viuk O;olk;pedkus esa yxk gksrk gSA9- jk”Vªh; Hkkouk&

vk/kqfud ;qx dh ;qok ih<+h ds fy, jk”VªoknHkh volj ds vuqlkj ek= ,d fnu ds fy, gksrk gS]tSls&Lora=rk fnol] x.kra= fnol] >aMk fnol]‘kghn fnol vkfnA ckiw vkSj muds fopkjksa dh ;kncl 2 vDVwcj dks gh vkrh gSA ;kfu] ge iwjh rjgls ekSdk&ijLr cu pqds gSa vkSj iy&iy viuspfj= vkSj O;ogkj dks cnyrs jgrs gSa fQj pkgs ckrjk”Vª dh gh D;ksa uk gksA10- çnw”k.k dk çlkj&

yxkrkj çk—frd vkinkvksa esa of) gksukvkSj iFoh dk rkieku c<+uk] bl ckr dh vksjladsr djrk gS fd çnw”k.k viuh lhekvksa dks yk¡?kdji‘Foh dks /oLr dj jgk gS fdarq nks”k bl fo”kSysokrkoj.k dk ugha] cfYd gekjh gh dqN xyr

vknrsa bldks uqdlku igq¡pk jgh gSa& ?kj dk lkjkdpjk ,d dwM+s nku esa Mkyuk] dwM+k [kqys esa MkyukvFkok tykuk] lhoj dk xank ty ufn;ksa esa cgkuk]QSfDVª;ksa ls fudyus okys jklk;fud inkFkksaZ dks fcukVªhV fd, ufn;ksa ;k ugjksa esa çokfgr djukA çnw”k.kdh bl c<+rh j¶rkj us vusd laØked jksxksa dks iSnkfd;k&lk¡l laca/kh] dSalj] Ropk jksx] ty tfur jksxvkfnA ysfdu lHkh çnw”kdksa esa ls IykfLVd lcls [krjukddkjd cudj lkeus vkbZ gS] ftlus ty] ok;q rFkk Hkwferhuksa dks gh viuk f’kdkj cuk fy;k gSAlq>ko

ftu udkjkRed ifjorZuksa ds fo”k; esa vkys[kuçLrqr fd;k x;k gS] oks vc lekt ds fy, ,dcM+h leL;k cu pqds gSa ;fn ge pkgs rks nSfuddk;ksaZ esa FkksM+h&lh ldkjkRedrk ykdj vius ughalekt ds fgr esa lkspsa rks /khjs&/khjs ;g leL;k,a Hkhde dh tk ldrh gSaA fuEufyf[kr lq>koksa ds ç;ksxHkh lekt esa dbZ lkjs ldkjkRed vkSj LFkkbZ ifjorZudj ldrs gSa&1-vk;qosZn&

orZeku le; esa Lo;a foKku Hkh vk;qosZndk yksgk eku pqdk gS ;g lkfcr gks pqdk gS fddSalj ds lkeku Hk;adj jksxksa dks Hkh ;ksx vkSj vk;qosZnls dk;k dks jksx eqä fd;k tk ldrk gSA2- jlksbZ?kj&

jk stejkZ ds NksVs&eksVs laØfer jksxk s a¼vka=’kks/k] lnhZ&tqdke] [kkalh] th fepykuk] ekSlehToj vkfn½ dk bykt gekjh jlksbZ esa gh miyC/kgksrk gSA t:jr gS FkksM+h&lh tkx:drk vkSj vk;qosZnv/;;u dhA gYnh&,aVhlsfIVd] dkyh fepZ& xysdh [kjk’k] ykSax& nkar nnZ] rqylh& ekSleh cq[kkjo lnhZ tqdke] vtokbu vkSj thjk& ikpd laca/khvkfn jksxksa esa ç;ksx gsrq mfpr o ?kjsyw mik; gSaA pk;o yLlh tSls is; inkFkksaZ ds fy, feêh ds crZuksa dkç;ksx fd;s tk ldrs gSaA3-ikjaifjd Hkkstu&

tad QwM dk R;kx dj ikjaifjd Hkkstu dksviuk,a] budh fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd ;g ekSle vkSj



ImpactFactor


®

ekg ds vuqlkj rS;kj fd, tkrs gSa] tks fd fujksxhdk;k cuk, j[kus esa lgk;d gSa] mnkgj.kkFkZ&edj&laØkafr ds R;kSgkj ij vnjd vkSj nslh ?kh HkhMkydj xjek&xje f[kpM+h dk lsouA4- ikjaifjd ifj/kku&

;gk¡ ikjaifjd ifj/kkuksa ds fo”k; esa ckr djusdk ;g vFkZ fcYdqy ugha dh QS’kuscy Mªslsl uigus cfYd dgus dk rkRi;Z flQZ bruk gS fd oL=og igus ftuesa vkidks lqfo/kk gks] dqN o”kksaZ igys?kj ds cqtqxZ diM+ksa ds fo”k; esa lykg nsrs Fks fd xehZesa lwrh oL= o lnhZ esa Åuh oL= lcls mÙke gksrs gSaD;ksafd os ekSle ds vuqdwy gksrs gSaA5- cqtqxksaZ dk lEeku&

cqtqxZ pkgs ifjokj ds gks ;k iM+ksl ds] lHkhlEeku ds vf/kdkjh gSa D;ksafd gesa bl nqfu;k dhpdkpkSa/k esa ykus okys vkSj bl lekt ls ifjfprdjkus okys Lkzksr ogh gSaA fQYe ^:bZ dk cks>^ dsvafre Hkkx esa irk pyrk gS fd ifjokj ds lnL;ksavkSj cqtqxZ firk ds e/; Dys’k dk dkj.k cl dqNxyrQgfe;k¡ Fkha tks vkilh ckr djus ls feV xbZAgekjs cqtqxZ gels cl bruk gh pkgrs gSa fd ge muij Hkh /;ku nsa] muls ckr djsa] mudh t:jrksa dk /;ku j[ksa vkSj cl FkksM+k lk lEekuA6-ifjokj dks le; nsa&

thou esa pkgs ftruh Hkh O;Lrrk gks fdarqFkksM+k gh lgh ij ifjokj ds lHkh lnL;ksa ds fy,le; vo’; fudkysa] blls vkil esa ,d var%laca/k cuk jgrk gS vkSj gj fj’rs dks vius fy,lEeku eglwl gksus yxrk gSA ^ckr djus ls gh ckrcurh gSA^7- LoPNrk dk /;ku j[ksa&

LoPNrk dk vFkZ ek= ?kj ds vanj dhLoPNrk gh ugha cfYd] vius vkl ikl ds okrkoj.kdks Hkh LoPN cuk,a] ;fn vkids vkl ikl ikdZvkfn gS rks isM +yxkdj okrkoj.k dks Hkh ‘kq)cuk,a] yksxksa dks lkQ&lQkbZ ds çfr tkx:d djsa]bldh igy lcls igys vius ?kj ls gh djsaAFkksM+h&lh LoPNrk ls ge yk[kksa laØfer chekfj;ksa

dks vius o viuksa ls nwj dj ldrs gSaA8- /;ku ;ksx dh ‘kj.k ysa&

çR;sd o”kZ 21 twu dks varjjk”Vªh; ;ksxkfnol euk;k tkrk gS ftlesa Hkkjr ds lkFk&lkFk iwjsfo’o esa vla[; yksx ,d le; ij Hkkx ysrs ofofHkUu ;ksxkluksa dks djrs gSaA jkst dsoy 15 feuV/;ku yxkus ls ekufld ruko de fd;k tk ldrkgSA fu/kkZfjr o fujarj le; ij /;ku ;ksx ls dk;kdks fujksxh j[kk tk ldrk gSA9-larqfyr vkgkj dk lsou &

/;ku ;ksx ds vykok larqfyr vkgkj dklsou Hkh vR;ar vko’;d gSA Hkkstu dh Fkkyhftlesa ikSf”Vd rRo ¼çksVhu] foVkfeu o [kfutyo.k½ çpqj ek=k esa ik, tk,a] larqfyr vkgkjdgykrk gSA Hkkjrh; Hkkstu dh Fkkyh dks larqfyrvkgkj dh laKk nh tkrh gSA ;fn vki fu;fer :ils ¼nky] pkoy] jksVh&lCth] ngh vkSj lykn½larqfyr vkgkj dk lsou djrs gSa] lkFk esa lgh fuækHkh ysrs gSa rks okr] fiÙk] dQ Hkh larqfyr jgrk gSAmilagkj

jk”Vª dh mUufr ,oa fodkl ds fy, ifjorZuvko’;d gS fdarq ifjorZu ekuo fgrS”kh gksus pkfg,Amnkgj.kkFkZ] ijek.kq foLQksVd dk vkfo”dkj ns’k dhj{kk dks ysdj fd;k x;k gS ;g ldkjkRed igyw gSfdarq ijek.kq foLQksVd dk fgjksf’kek ukxklkdh] tkikuij fxjk;k tkuk fdlh Hkh :i ls ekuo fgrS”kh ughaFkk] blfy, ;g ifjorZu dk udkjkRed igyw gqvkAorZeku le; esa uxjhdj.k vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k ekuofgrs”kh gS fdarq ifjokj dk fo[kaMu o o)tuksa dksutjvankt djuk] muls f’k”Vkpkj dk O;ogkj udjuk ekuo fgrS”kh ugha gSA

mijksä vkys[ku ds }kjk gekjs ifjos’k esagksus okys ifjorZu ds {ks=] dkj.k] çHkko vkfn dko.kZu fd;k x;k gS] oSls rks ifjofrZr {ks= vR;f/kdfoLrr gS fdarq le;kHkko o vkys[ku dh lhek dks/;ku esa j[krs gq, yxHkx lHkh {ks=ksa dks laf{kIr :ils of.kZr djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA vkys[ku esaçLrqr lq>ko i{k tkx:drk ls lacaf/kr gSa tksfd



ImpactFactor


®

fnup;kZ esa ljyrk ls viuk, tk ldrs gSaA ek=dqN ifjorZu ls gh vki Lo;a ifjos’k esa ldkjkRedrkdk dqat vius vkl&ikl çLQqfVr gksrs vo’;ns[k ldrs gSaA udkjkRed ifjorZuksa ds çfr lektdks tkx:d djuk gh bl vkys[ku dk eq[; mís’;gSA gj flDds ds nks igyw gksrs gSa] mlds lgh igywdks pqudj vey esa ysus dh t:jr gSA ^ge cnysaxsrks lekt o leqnk; cnysxk] ;s cnys rks jk”Vª Lo;acny tk,xkA t:jr gS –<+ fu’p;ksa ds lkFk dksf’k’kdk igyk dne vkxs j[kus dhA^^lanHkZ xzaFk lwph

ajms.co.inbusinessinsider.combrainy.inhttp://gadyakosh.orghindi.indiawaterportal.orghornbydenmanhealth.comhttp://m.bharatdiscovery.orghttp://m.dw.comhttps://healthyagingcore.cahttps://sciencemaples.orghttps://sites.google.comm.bharatdiscovery.orgmchatterjee.acem.dailyhunt.inm-hindi.webdunia.comm.patrika.commyindiamake.compinterest.nzseniorcarecorner.comshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.intheaffiliatelifestyle.comunicef.orgvisual.lywww.essayinhindi.comwww.mehtvta.comwww.jagrantoday.comwww. lifeline.cawww.kaavpublications.orgwww. sciencedirect.comwww.caregiverstress.comwww.consumer.ftc.gov

www.degruyter.comwww.easyclimber.comwww.economist.comwww.lifeline24.co.uk (1st March, 2019

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iq”ik] ofj”B ukxfjdksa dh LokLF; fLFkfr ,oaleL;k,a] vol&5] Issue 6 June] 2017

cnyrk ifjos’k] 5 May] 2012 m.jagran.com

cnyrk Hkkjr] 30 July] 2007]navbharattimes.indiatimes

cnyrs ifj–’; esa f’k{kd fjiqlwnu flag23] Jan] 2016 www.jansatta.com

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^QkWal* miU;kl ok.kh izdk’ku] u;h fnYyhls lu~ 2015 esa izdkf’kr gqvk gSA tks fdlku vkSjfdlkuh thou dh =klnh dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gSAlatho th us izLrqr miU;kl esa egkjk”Vª ds ejkBokMkizns’k ds fonHkZ {ksf=; fofHkUu ftyksa ds vkRegR;kxzLrfdlkuksa ds ifjokjksa dk lk{kkRdkj ysdj vkSj ogkWa dsfdlku vkSj fdlkuh ds dbZ okLro rF;ksa dk ckfjdhls v/;;u djdj gh izLrqr miU;kl fy[kdjmUgksaus og lcdk isV Hkjus vkSj ru <+dusokys ns’kds yk[kksa fdlkuksa vkSj muds ifjokjksa dks ftudh^gR;k* ;k ^vkRegR;k* dks ge jksd ugha ik jgs mUgsaleiZ.k fd;k gSA eSustj ik.Ms; dk ekuuk gS fd] ^--Hkkjr esa vc rd rhu yk[k ls vkf/kd la[;k esafdlkuksa us vkRegR;k dh gSA ;g ekuork ds bfrgkldh ,d Hk;kog =klnh gS vkSj vekuoh; lekt&O;oLFkk dk Hkh”k.k mijk/k HkhA bl =klnh vkSjvijk/k ds izfrjks/k dh izofRr iSnk djusokyk ;gmiU;kl QkWal* izsepan ds dFkk&lkfgR; dh izxfr’khyijaijk dk vkt dh fLFkfr esa fodkl djsxkA lathous blls igys Hkh ,slh dgkfu;kWa vkSj miU;kl fy[ksgSaA ;g miU;kl latho dh ewyxkeh vkSj vxzxkehdFkk&nf”V dk ,d izek.k gSA**3

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fy,] ?kj ds ejEerh ds fy, ;k fdlh vkSj dk;Z dsfy,&ge tkudj dîk djsxk&tehu dk dkxttek djksa] Vhi nks vkSj ys tkvksaA gkWa] jsV Vsu ijlsaVgSA**6 gkykr ds ekjs fdlku etcwjh ls nl izfr’krksals dtZ ysdj viuh t:jrksa dks iqjk djrs gSaA nslhegktuksa] lkgwdkjksa ls dtZ ysus ds ckotwn fdlkufd fdlkuh mUgsa /kksdk nsrh gSA dtZ pwdk ugha ldsrks fdlku isM+ ls yVddj QkWalh yxk ysrs gSaA QkWalhyxkdj vkRegR;k djus ds ckn lhQZ ppkZ gh gksrhgS] tSls dkSu Fkk\ D;ks QkWalh yxk;h\ dtZ fy;k FkkD;k\ ,sls dbZ lokyksa dh dsoy ppkZ gh gksrh gSA^^nks&nks ckj Qly ekjh x;h] dtZ fy;k] u nsik;k] ekj fy;k [kqn dks] lks ogh yksx yk”k dksphj&QkM+dj ^vUR;ksaf”V* eukdj Hkwyus yxsaxsA**5

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eD[kh ekjksA**8

^êSa rks ;kj ?kj ls vks<us ds fy, Hkh ughayk;k dqNA jkr dqdM+krk jgk Bal ls%A ckjg ds cknBal lgh ugha tkrhA /kksrh [kksydj vks<+h exj dgkWa--\ ,slk gh jgk rks eSa rks cfu;ksa dks cspdj pyktkÅWaxkA tc ns’k dk gj QSlyk nslh&fonslh cfu;ksadks gh djuk gS rks ljdkj D;ksa gesa pwfr;k cuk jghgS !**9 vkSj var esa fdlkuksa dks viuk eky doMheksy gh cspus dh ukScr vkrh gSA ;gh fdlkuhcktkjokn dh okLrfod gfddr gSA blh ifjfLFkfrls tq>rs&tq>rs fdlku var esa vkRegR;k dks ghLohdfr nsdj viuk izrkfM+r thou lekIr djrs gSaAf’kacw Hkh blh ifjfLFkfr ds pyrs xys esa QkWalyxkdj ekSr dks yxs yxkdj viuh nks csfV;ksa vkSjiRuh dks xeksa ds va/ksjksa esa NksM+dj pyk tkrk gSAvkRegR;k ds ckotwn Hkh fdlkuksa dh mis{kk Fkacrhugha gSA ljdkj }kjk vkRegR;kxzLr ifjokjksa dkseqvkotk dh jDde ds fy, dbZ leL;kvksa dklkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA vkRegR;k ds izek.kksa dksysdj ljdkj uhfr dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA D;ksafd^^ljdkj us eku fy;k gS fd “ksrdjh rks ejsaxs gh ejsaxs]bUgsa ik= ls vik= cukus ds fy, dksbZ izek.k nsusokyk rks gksA iksLVekVZl esa D;k feysxk&tgj! Ukykpkjh fudysxh] u Vsa”ku] u dtZ!**10 ljdkj dsea=hxu fdlku vkRegR;k ij dsoy [kksdyh ckrsdjrs gSa] mUgsa fdlku vkSj muds ifjokj ds nq%[k nnZdk dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gksrk gSA ^^dkiwl NksM+djÅl dh [ksrh djksa] rkfd Åudh phuh dh feysapyrh jgsaA nwljs gSa fnYyh ds df”k ea=h] cMs nq%[khjgrs gSa fdlkuksa ds fy, tc T;knk nq%[kh gksrs gS rksfdzdsV ds /ka/kksa esa eu yxkus yxrs gSaA**11 ,sls ljdkjhea=h Hkh fdlkuksa dh Hkkoukvksa ds lkFk [ksyus yxrsgSaA vkSj nq%[k dh ckr ;g gS fd ,slh gh ea=hxuljdkj dh d”kd uhfr cukrs gSa] tks fdlku dhihM+k dk dkj.k curh gSA

fdlku ds thou dh foMacuk ;g gS fdftl tehu dk og ekfyd gksrs gq, Hkh dtZ dsHkqxnku ds dkj.k ogh fdlku ekfyd viuh gh

tehu esa etnwj cudj etnwjh djus dh ukScrvkrh gSA f’kacw dh iRuh “kadqu ifr dh ekSr ds cknvkfoftdk pykus ds fy, og vius gh [ksr esadikl pwuusa ds fy, etnwju curh gSA latho ds‘kCnksa esa&^^vius gh [ksr esa etnwju cudj diklpqu jgh gS ‘kdaaryk vflafpr Hkwfe ds [ksr lw[kdjBu&Bu cuts yxs gSaA njkjs fn[kus yxh gSA diklrS;kj gS ij etwj feys rc u ! vflafpr Hkwfe dsdikl gYds gksrs gSaA nsjh dk eryc gS ?kkVs dkc<+rk tkukA 8 :Ik;s izfr fdyks ;kuh 120 :Ik;siM+ jgh gS etnwjh flafpr dkiwl dh vkSj 6 :Ik;sizfr fdyksa dk Hkko vkflafpr dkA ‘kdaaqryk tSlhetwjus ,d fnu esa rhu&rhu eu pqu ysrh gSA ;kuh360 :i;s dh dekbZA tc rd ekSdk gS] dek yksv[kjrk gS fdlkuksa dksA ekfyd ls rks etwj HkysA**12

fdlkuh dh ,slh chek: gkykrksa ds dkj.k gh vktfdlku fdlkuh NksM+uk pkgrk gSA bl ij Hkh ^QkWal*miU;kl izdk’k Mkydj ml dkj.kksa dks ;FkkFkZ :Ik esacrykus dh dksf’k’k Hkh djrk gSA fdlku viuhcsVh dh ‘kknh fdlku ifjokj esa djus ds cktk; ogetnwj ifjokj esa djuk pkgrk gSA blfy, fdlkudks fookg ds fy, yM+dh ugha feyrh] ysfdu [ksrhcspdj I;wu dh ukSdjh feyus ij gjdksbZ I;wu dksyM+dh nsuk pkgrk gSA D;ksafd fdlku dk eryc gSekSrA ^^cfYd ejuk ,d eqfDr gS vkSj thuk ,dca/kuA vk;s fnu rks vkRegR;k dh [kcjsa lqurs jgrsgSaA ft/kj ns[kksa m/kj] dksbZ isM dh Mky ij yVdkiM+k gS] dksbZ dq,Wa esa fxjk iM+k gS rks dksbz dhVduk’kd[kkdj eqWag ls >kx Qsad jgk gSA**13 blfy, fdlkuvkt fdlkuh NksM+dj etnwjh djuk pkgrk gS ;kdksbZ tehu cspdj I;wu dh ukSdjh djdj fdlkuhthou ls eqDr gks jgk gSA D;ksafd fdlku gksdjfdlkuh djuk ekuksa xys esa QkWal yxkdj ekSr dksxys yxkuk gSAlkjka’k % latho us ^QkWal* miU;kl esa fdl izdkjvUunkuk fdlku] ljdkj uhfr] cSad] lkgqdkjh dtZls ijs’kku gksus ds ckotwn izkdfrd vkinkvksa ls Hkhrax vkdj ikfjokfjd ftEesnkfj;ksa dks fdl izdkj ls



ImpactFactor


®

fuHkk;k tk; vkSj dtZ dk Hkwxrku dSls djs\ ,slsiz’uksa ls >w>dj var esa fdlku vkRegR;k dk QkWalxys esa yxkdj bl izrkfM+r] misf{kr thou lsNqMdkjk ikrs gSaA ljdkjh uhfr ds [kksdys oknsfdlkuksa dh fdlkuh cpk ugha ldrs bl ij Hkhys[kd /;ku vkdf”kZr djrs gSa rks fdlkuksa ds Qlydks lgh nke feyuk pkfg, ;g lw>ko Hkh ys[kdnsrs gSa rkfd fdlku vkRegR;k Fke ldsA

vr% fdlku dh izrkfM+r thou mldhfdlkuh ls fdl izdkj gksrk gS vkSj mldk var Hkhmlh esa gksrk gS ;g QkWal miU;kl ;FkkFkZ :Ik esacrykrk gSA

lanHkZ lwph %1- Research Review Journal, Volume-03,

Issue-12,Dec. 20182- MkW- fxfjtk dqekjh vkj] MkW- latho ds

miU;klksa esa ifjfLFkfrd vocks/k] i- la- 113- QkWal latho ey i”B ls4- Okgh i”B la- 155- Okgh i”B la- 976- Okgh i”B la- 987- Okgh i”B la- 148- Okgh i”B la- 629- Okgh i”B la- 13910- Okgh i”B la- 5411- Okgh i”B la- 14512- Okgh i”B la- 127-12813- Okgh i”B la- 43

cawn vkSj leqnz miU;kl esa O;Drukjh ds lkaLÑfrd lanHkZ

fnO;k‘kks/kkFkhZ] ih-,p-Mh-]

dqekÅ¡ fo’ofo|ky;],l-,l-ts- ifjlj] vYeksM+k]mÙkjk[k.M

==============***********===============‘kks/k lkjka’k

fgUnh lkfgR; ds dkyt;h jpukdkj Jhveryky ukxj] ftUgksaus ^cwan vkSj leqnz* miU;klesa ekuoh; tu:f<+;ksa o ijaijkxr fopkj/kkjkvksa dk;qxkuqdwy ifjorZu dj y[kuoh /kjkry dh laLÑfrdk leUo; vius miU;kl esa fpf=r djus dk lqUnjiz;kl fd;k gS tks fd thou dk lexz n’kZu djkusesa vH;qn; fl) gqvk gSA jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd]/kkfeZd] lkekftd o oSKkfud xfrfof/k;ksa dks vkRelkrdj laLÑfr vius ml Lo:i dks iznf’kZr djrh gStks oS;fDrd O;ogkj ls tqM+k gksrk gS ftldks ekuovius vanj lekfgr dj tuuh] ns’kdyk o ns’kHkwfedk fodkl djrk gS vkSj viuh igpku o vfLerkdks dk;e j[krk gSA ,slh ykSfdd o vykSfddlaLÑfr dks ukxjth us vius miU;kl ^cwan vkSjleqnz* esa ifjikVhr djus dk lqanj mYys[k fd;k gSAftldk LoHkkfodiw.kZ rjhds ls bl ‘kks/k&i= dsekè;e ls izdk’k Mkyk tk,xkA izR;sd lekt dhviuh ,d laLÑfr gksrh gS] ftlesa og viukthou O;rhr djrk gSA /keZ] mikluk] vè;kRe]jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd O;oLFkk] jgu&lgu ,oe~thou dh leLr xfrfof/k;k¡ ml lekt dks ,dfof’k”Vrk iznku djrh gS vkSj okLro esa bu lHkh dhuhao loZizFke L=h ds n~okjk gh Mkyh tkrh gSAblfy, fdlh Hkh lkfgR; esa lkaLÑfrd n’kkvksa ds

19



ImpactFactor


®

o.kZu gsrq L=h pfj= vkSj psruk] eq[; :i ls lkeusmHkj dj vkrk gSA cwan vkSj leqnz esa L=h dks lkaLÑfrdigpku ds :i eas izLrqr fd;k x;k gS] tks ,dlekt dh mu lHkh n’kkvkas dks izdV djrh gS tgk¡fofHkUu oxks± ds yksxksa dh thou ‘kSyh] lksp&fopkjo vfHkO;fDr mudh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj lkeusvkrh gSA L=h dks lekt vkSj laLÑfr dh izFke dM+hds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA veryky ukxjdh bl jpuk esa Hkkjrh; ijEijk dhy[kuoh laLÑfrdk okLrfod izfrfcac ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA

^ûkxj th us thou dks tSlk le>k gS]ftrus izdkj ds pfj=ksa ds lEidZ esa vk, gS] ftu:f<+;ksa] jhfr&fjoktksa] laLdkjksa vkSj ijEijkvksa lsmuds pkjksa vksj dk ifjos’k fufeZr gqvk gS] ftuleL;kvksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, lek/kku ds tksfn’kk&ladsr muds fpUru dks izHkkfor dj lds gSa&mu lcdks ,d gh dSuol ij vafdr djus dkiz;kl dk ifj.kke gS& ;g cgqpfpZr miU;klA**1

veryky ukxj ds cw¡n vkSj leqnz* miU;kldk vkdkj ogn gS ftlesa y[kuÅ egkuxj dsthou dk thoUr fp=.k gqvk gSA bl miU;kl esay[kuÅ ds lkaLÑfr lanHkZ esa ukjh thou ls laca/klaLÑfr dks fo’ks”k :i ls foosfpr vkSj fo’ysf”krdjus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS] tks fd fuEu rF;ksa lsiznf’kZr gksrk gS&

vfHkO;fDr O;fDr dh i“BHkwfe] {ks= ,oalkekftd oxZ dh igpku dks izdV djrk gSA ckrphrdh ‘kSyh] Hkko&O;atuk euq”; ds lkekftd olkaLÑfrd ifjos’k dh igpku djkrh gSA bl miU;klesa fofHkUu oxZ dh L=h&iq#”kksa dh lkaLÑfrd fLFkfrdks fuEu :iksa esa ns[k ldrs gSaA

bu ukjh pfj=ksa esa oudU;k] ‘khyk] duZylkgc dh iRuh izeq[k gSaA ;s ukjh pfj= vkfFkZd nf”Vls laiUu vkSj lqf’kf{kr gSaA vr% buds vfHkHkk”k.k‘kfDr vkSj ckrphr dh ‘kSyh ,d lPpfjr ,oacqf)eku L=h ds :i esa iznf’kZr gqbZ gSA ;g muvk/kqfud fopkjksa ls ifjiw.kZ L=h ds pfj= dks iznf’kZrdjrk gSA ftlesa fuHkhZdrk] [kqykiu] csckdh vkSj

xgjh oSpkfjdrk gSA blds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj lsgSa&

1- MkW- ‘khyk fLoax us efgiky dh ckag ijeqDdk ekj] eqLdjkrs gq, dgk& ^^vius lhØsV LoxZdk irk bu nqfu;k okyksa dks er crykvks] ;w Qwy]ojuk ;s ogka Hkh [kqnk ds ckx dk lsc yxk nsaxsA**2

2- ^’khyk Vkge Vw oh bDtSDV X;kjg&chl*vHkh dksbZ T;knk nsj ugha gqbZA vkvks nqtZu ge yksxrqEgsa vksCykbt djsaxs**3

3- efgiky us ‘khyk ls dgk% ^^,a ch ukblVq ;ksj felst Mkfy±x ckt okdbZ cgqr nsj gks xbZrqEgsaA**4 vkSj Hkh ,d mnkgj.k vkSj n”VO; gS%^^nqtZu] vkSjr vkSj enZ ds fj’rs dks ysdj eSaus viuhftnaxh ls ,d ckr lh[kh gS& izse F;ksjh ugha]izSfDVl gS] ftruk T;knk izse djks] fj’rk mruk xgjkcSBrk gSA**5

,sls fopkj ,d ikjaifjd ukjh es ugha iyldrk gS tks fofHkUu izdkj dh lkekftd ijaijkvksavkSj :f<+okfnrk dh csM+h esa tdM+h gksA ;g fuf’pr:i ls LoPNan thou thus okyh L=h dk fopkj gksldrk gS tks L=h&iq#”k dh cjkcjh ds ne ij fj’rksadks eglwl djrh gSA

bl miU;kl esa oudU;k ukjh pfj= ,dLokfHkekuh] lp] U;k; vkSj vR;ar fopkj ‘khy gSAog ftl rjg dk dFku djrh gS mlls mPp oxhZ;laLÑfr dk mn~?kkVu gksrk gS% ^^/kU;okn! Ikj eq>slgkuqHkwfr dh t:jr ugha gSA eSa viuh yM+kbZ viusvki yM+ ysrh gw¡A**6 blh izdkj ,d mnkgj.k vkSjn”VO; gS ftlls f’kf{kr vkSj mPp oxZ dh laLÑfrO;Dr gqbZ gS%& ^^vki ,d esgjckuh djsaxsA iqfylokys ls dg nsa tYnh gh ;gka ls pys tk,A ge yksxksadks QwV&QwV dj jksus ds fy, Hkh vkodk’k ughafey jgk gSA**7 vkSj Hkh ,d mnkgj.k vkSj n”VO;gS ftlesa mldk fopkj’khy gksuk O;Dr gqvk gS%^ fL=;ksa ij ;g vR;kpkj gksrs gSa] fL=k;ka blds fy,foo’k gSa] tx tkurk gS fQj— dqN Hkh gks eSa bldsfy, izek.k ,d= dq:¡xhA eSa dqN Hkh d:axh] blvU;k; dk izfrdkj d:axhA**8



ImpactFactor


®

blh izdkj duZy dh iRuh Hkh ,d mPPkoxhZ;ukjh gS tks bl ckr dks Lohdkj djrh gS fd iq#”kviuh ethZ pykrs gSa ysfdu ;g mlds f[kykQvkokt ugha mBkrhA miU;kl esa duZy dh iRUkhdY;k.kh ls cksyrh gS% ^^gka cgu th] vPNk rks ughagksrkA ij enks± dh tSlh ethZ gks oSlk pyuk eSa rksvkSjr dk lcls cM+k /keZ ekurh gw¡] vc ?kj&?kj easrks u;k tekuk vk x;k gS] Hkyk crykvksa] dksbZdgka rd bu lc ckrksa ls vyx jg ldrk gS\ vkSjvius vkneh dks nq[k nsdj /kje fuHkk;k rks eSa /kjeugha ekurhA HkkbZ lPPkh ckr dgrh gw¡A**9

bl miU;kl dh rkjk] cM+h ¼eksfguh½] NksVh¼Lo:i½] uanksa dh ?kjokyh] larks] dSyklks dh cgw]dY;k.kh HkkHkh] ‘kdqaryk] jkT;Jh ukjh pfj= eè;oxZ ls lac) gSA buds laHkk”k.kksa vkSj okrkZykiksa dsekè;e ls eè;e oxhZ; ukjh lekt dh laLÑfrO;Dr gqbZ gS% ^^gesa rkjk&rkjk iqdkjuk vPNk ughayxrkA ns[kks Hkb] cqjk u ekuukA ^rkjk* rks cl ,dmUkds eqag ls gh ehBk yxrk gS gesaA**10

^cwan vkSj leqnz* miU;kl esa eè;oxhZ; ukjhpfj= ls lac) dfri; m)j.k n“VO; vkSj mn/kr gSaftueas eè;e oxhZ; laLÑfr O;Dr gqbZ gSa&^^cM+h& ^^,s rks vc ge rqEgsa vkSj D;k dgdsiqdkjsaxs\**^ feflt oekZ dgk djksA ge Hkh rqedks ,sls gh dgkdjsaxsA**NksVh cksyh& ^^rqe gedks D;k iqdkjksxh&fefltlqukj\**cM+h cksyh& ^blesa dkgs dk cqjk ekuuk\ tks ftldhtkr gksxh] dgh tk,xh] vkSj fQj ge yksx dksbZuhp dkSe FkksM+h gSa] oS’; gSA**11

bl rjg ls dqN vU; eè;eoxhZ; ukjhpfj= Hkh gSa tks fd viuh laHkk”k.kksa vkSj vkilhckrphr ls ,d ,sls yksd&O;ogkj dks izdV djrhgS ftleas ekSfydrk] vkapfydrk] Hkko vkSj d#.kkds lkFk&lkFk muds lekt dh laLÑfr dk mn~?kkVugqvk gSA bu pfj=ksa esa dY;k.kh] rkbZ vkSj nkarsykydh ?kjokyh us viuh BsB Hkk”kk ds }kjk eè;e oxhZ;

laLÑfr ds n’kZu djk,a gSaA blds vykok rkbZ]dY;k.kh vkSj nkarsyky dh ?kjokyh BsB eè;oxhZ;ukjh pfj= dks iznf’kZr djrhgS] ftuds laizs”k.k ls ;gfl) gksrk gS fd vktknh ds iwoZ dk yksd O;ogkjdgha&u&dgha vkt Hkh dk;e gSA ftldks gefuEu mnkgj.kksa ls le> ldrs gS%1- ^ fctyh okys blVksm iS xje fdgk gS vcgha—A**122- ^^rqe lcsjs Fkfj;k ljdkj; ds pys x,A gekjkfnu dbl chrk gS—A**13^cwan vkSj leqn* miU;kl dh yksdkfHkO;fDr dksizLrqr djrh ukjh pfj= rkbZ vkSj nkarsyky dh?kjokyh dk Li”V vkSj dBksj okrkZyki n“VO; gS%&1- ^^rkbZ ejks dks ekSr Hkh ugha vkrhAlkr tue ds nq’eu fuxksM+s] tgka cSBks oghagk;&gk;A**142- rkbZ uanks dks ns[kdj cksyh& ûanks] rw Nw xbZ jk¡MAtkds ugkA**153- ^^rw tks jkepanj dh yM+dh ls C;kg djus dksjkth gksos rkS eSa lks rksys lksus p<+kÅ¡xh rsjh cgwdksA**164- ^^mlh gfÙk;kjh ds dqucs iS xkt fxjh gSA vkSrb;k fuxksM+h dks rks tye chrk ,gh lc yPNuuesaA**17 miU;kl dh ukjh pfj= uanks viuh HkkHkh dsnkaiR; thou esa fo?kVu iSnk djrh gSA HkkHkh dsÑR;ksa dks HkkbZ ds lkeus j[kdj mudh x‘gLFkh esavkx yxkrh gS% ^^ge dkgs dh dksbZ dks >wB&>wByxkoSaxsA geus viuh vkaf[ku ls ns[kk gSxk fd ,dcM+s&cM+s cky okyk vkneh gSaxk vkSj HkkHkh Nr ijFkSyk yVdk; ds mlesa fpV~Bh&i=h Hksth gSaxhA mldhfpfV~B;ka vkmr gSaxhA**18

nwljh vksj /kuorh efgyk&lsok&eaMy dsuke ij dke ØhM+k tSls vukSipkfjd dk;Z dks yxkensrh gSA /kuorh lTtu ij u’khyh nf”V Mkydjdgrh gS% ^^mYQr dk tc etk gS fd nksuksa gkscsdjkjA N% N%] vkb,&vkb, dykdkj th] tjkbudh dyk ds tkSgj Hkh nsf[k,A**19

bl miU;kl esa fuEu oxhZ; ukjh pfj= Hkh gSa



ImpactFactor


®

ftuds ekè;e ls fuEu oxZ dh laLÑfr dk mn~?kkVugqvk gSA bl nf”V ls fuEuoxZ dh ,d dFku mn~/krgS

ftlesa ikoZrh dh eka tks dY;k.kh ls ftlizdkj dk dFku djrh gS mlds ekè;e ls fuEu oxZdh laLÑfr O;Dr gqbZ gS% ^^vjs] vcdh ru[kk;D;kj pkdq MCcy ukgha fnfgl gS ?kj ek¡A ikjcrh dhvEek QQfd&QQfd dS jkSoSa] dgSa fd cguth] lcdg ldrs gSa] ij cPpksa dks nqb&nqbZ jkst ryd Hkw[kksafpYykrs ns[kdj dSls th lEgkyw¡ viuk\**20

os’kHkw”kk vFkok ifj/kku Hkh laLÑfr dks O;Drdjrs gS( D;ksafd buds }kjk O;fDr fo’ks”k dh laLÑfrdk mn~?kkVu gksrk gSA cqan vkSj leqnz miU;kl esa Hkhukjh pfj=ksa ds ifj/kkuksa ds }kjk y[kuÅ egkuxj dhlaLÑfr O;Dr gqbZ gSA bl miU;kl esa L=h dhos’kHkw”kk ,oa izlk/ku lkexzh o vkHkw”k.kksa ds }kjkvxzafdr ‘kh”kZdksa ds varxZr fn;k tk jgk gS%&

^cwan vkSj leqnz* miU;kl esa L=h ifj/kku dsvarxZr /kksrh21] dksV22] lkM+h]23

dksjk]24 lky]25 dslfj;k pqujh26 vkfnL=h ifj/kku vk, gSaA

bl miU;kl esa L=h vkHkw”k.kksa ds varxZrdj/kuh] rkSd] tkslu] panuekyk27] ykSax28] ghjsdh rjfd;k29 vkfn L=h vkHkw”k.k iz;qDr gq, gSaAbl miU;kl esa L=h izlk/ku lkexzh ds varxZr lsanqj]lkgh] pqujh] dkykMksjk] lqbZ30] fyfifLVd31]IykfLVd dh pwfM+;k¡] lsafMy32 vkfn dk fu#i.kgqvk gSA

^cwan vkSj leqnz* miU;kl y[kuÅ ds ifjos’kij fy[kk x;k gSA blfy, bl miU;kl esa îku]lqikjh dk cgqr egRo gSA bl miU;kl esa [kku&ikuesa iz;qDr lkexzh ds varxZr ^^nky] pwju33] dkysfry34] feBkbZ uedhu35] pk;36] fMªad37]rsy38] tysch&uedhu39] eqxhZ40] lksMk41]latouh cwVh42] yM~Mw43] flxjsV44] pwyh] ik;’k]nky&Hkkr] ‘kkd&rjdkjh45] nw/k46] pkV]ewaxQyh47] ‘kjkc48] fepZ elkyk foghu‘kkd&lCth] [khj] Qy49] xw>s50] tysch&dpkSM+h

ls ysdj eD[ku&VksLV51] ‘kjcr52 vkfn dk fu#i.kgqvk gSA lekt esa iz;qDr xkyh&xykSp ds ekè;e lsHkh fdlh lekt vkSj ns’k dh laLÑfr dk mn~?kkVugksrk gSA bl miU;kl esa xkyh&xykSp ds ‘kCnksa dsvarxZr fuxksfM+;k] fuxksM+s] HkkM+ esa tk,] jk¡M+53]uklihVh54] fuxksM+k&uklihVk55] pksj&fNuky56]fNuV~Vh57] pkSV~Vh58] lfr;kukl59] dqVk¡V60]jaMh&iqrfj;k] dqVyh&fNukys61] lky62 vkfniz;qDr gq, gSaA

[ksydwn Hkh laLÑfr dk ,d vfHkUu vaxgSA bl miU;kl esa [ksydwy esa irax mM+kuk63fn[kk;kx;k gSA

yksd laLÑfr ds okLrfod n’kZu yksd thouesa O;kIr rht&R;kSgkjksa ,oa ioksZRloksa }kjk fd;k tkldrk gSA bl miU;kl esa ioZ ds :i esa ^^rhjFk]cjr64] lar&lEesyu65] lrujkbu Lokeh dFkk66]fØlel Ms67] NBh68] gksyh69] jk/kkÑ”.k dkfookg70 vkfn vk, gSaA

cawn vkSj leqnz miU;kl vktknh ds iwoZ vkSjckn ds y[kuÅ ds ifjos’k ls lac) gSA blfy,blesa Hkkjrh; lekt eas izpfyr yksd fo’oklksa vkSj:f<+;ksa dk fp=.k gksuk LokHkkfod gh gSA bl miU;kldh vf’kf{kr ukjk pfj= vR;ar /keZHkh:] :f<+xzLrvkSj yksd fo’oklksa esa vkdaB Mwch fpf=r gqbZ gSaA bln‘f”V ls rkbZ] uanks= dY;k.kh] cHkwrh lqukj dh cgq,avkSj Jherh yky mYys[kuh; ukjh pfj= gSaA blmiU;kl esa bUgha pfj=ksa ds ekè;e ls tkfr71]map&uhp vkSj uqL[kk72] dqy y{eh vkSj yM+dhds tUe gksus ij gkSlys B.M+s gksus73] Vksguh] eugwl]tknw&Vksus vkSj dkyk Mksjk fijksdj lqbZ [kksalus vkSjlkgh dk dkaVk [kksalus74] fcYyh dh Nw ekuus75]tknw ds iqrys76] dkys fryksa dh iqfM+;k77]vaM+k&eNyh ls ijgst cjrus78 vkfn yksd fo’ooklvkSj :f<+;ka dk fp=.k gqvk gSA

^^laLÑfr ekuo thou dk ,d fo’kky fp=iV gSA lkfgR; mldh vkykspuk ,oe~ O;k[;k gSAfdlh Hkh lekt vFkok jk”Vª ds lkfgR; esa ml ns’kdh laLÑfr laink :i esa lqjf{kr jgrh gSA vr%



ImpactFactor


®

lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr dk laca/k vU;ksU;kfJr gSA**79^^lkekU;r;k thou&;kiu dh i)fr gh laLÑfrdh okpd gksrh gSA i)fr vius vki esa thoulEcU/kh fHkUu vo/kkj.kkvksa dk izfrfcEc gksrh gSAge thou ds fdlh i{k ds ckjs esa tks lkspsaxs] tksvo/kkj.kk j[ksaxs mlh ds vuqlkj O;ogkj djsaxsA**80^^;g ukxj th dk rhljk lkekftd miU;kl gSAbldk ltu lu~ 1956 esa gqvkA blesa y[kuÅ dspkSd eqgYys dks {ks= cuk;k x;k gSA ogha ls dFkkoLrqdk p;u fd;k x;k gSA ukxjth us bl miU;kl esaftu ik=ksa dh jpuk dh gS] os lHkh ik= mudstkus&igpkus ,oe~ vklikl ds gh ik= gSaA blfy,;g miU;kl iw.kZr% lQy ,oe~ ;FkkFkZijd culdk gSA**81

mijksDr lanHkZ veryky ukxj ds bl egkuÑfr] cwan vkSj leqnz* esa Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj laLÑfresa L=h ds okLrfod :i dks fpf=r djrk gS] ftlesagj oxZ dh ukfj;ksa dh pkfjf=d fp=.k dk ,d csgrjuewuk izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA y[kuoh vkapfydrk esaefgykvksa dh lksp] mlds O;ogkj vkSj fofHkUulkekftd n’kk dks gw&cgq mlh :i esa izdV djuk]ltukRedrk dk vuwBk mnkgj.k gSA

vr% fu”d”kZ% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fdlkfgfR;d ijaijk esa lekt vkSj L=h ds vVwV fj’rksadks thoUrrk ds lkFk izdV djuk ver yky ukxjds bl dkyt;h miU;kl cwan vkSj leqnz dks ,dfo’ks”k LFkku iznku djrk gS] tgk¡ y[kuoh laLÑfrvkSj lekt dh >yd phjifjfpr vankt esa fn[kkbZiM+rk gSaAlanHkZ&

1 veryky ukxj ds miU;klksa esa uj&ukjhlaca/k] 2016] i“B 17

2 cawn vkSj leqnz] i“B 2423 ogh] i“B 2424 ogh] i“B 2475 ogh] i“B 3576 ogh] i“B 2807 ogh] i“B 228

8 ogh] i“B 5289 ogh] i“B 512&51310 ogh] i“B 19311 ogh] i“B 19312 ogh] i“B 25213 ogh] i“B 25414 ogh] i“B 19815 ogh] i“B 20816 ogh] i“B 30617 ogh] i“B 20918 ogh] i“B 40819 ogh] i“B 54320 ogh] i“B 25521 ogh] i“B 20722 ogh] i“B 23523 ogh] i“B 28324 ogh] i“B 194 25 ogh] i“B 37626 ogh] i“B 20627 ogh] i“B 19328 ogh] i“B 33929 ogh] i“B 19730 ogh] i“B 23531 ogh] i“B 28332 ogh] i“B 19833 ogh] i“B 20734 ogh] i“B 23135 ogh] i“B 23536 ogh] i“B 34037 ogh] i“B 28338 ogh] i“B 27139 ogh] i“B 34040 ogh] i“B 28341 ogh] i“B 35142 ogh] i“B 35243 ogh] i“B 39244 ogh] i“B 39545 ogh] i“B 41346 ogh] i“B 458



ImpactFactor


®

47 ogh] i“B 46348 ogh] i“B 49249 ogh] i“B 50250 ogh] i“B 54851 ogh] i“B 58552 ogh] i“B 19753 ogh] i“B 200 54 ogh] i“B 20355 ogh] i“B 20656 ogh] i“B 20957 ogh] i“B 20958 ogh] i“B 21059 ogh] i“B 21260 ogh] i“B 40261 ogh] i“B 40262 ogh] i“B 41563 ogh] i“B 19364 ogh] i“B 19765 ogh] i“B 19566 ogh] i“B 20967 ogh] i“B 27268 ogh] i“B 46169 ogh] i“B 47670 ogh] i“B 56171 ogh] i“B 19372 ogh] i“B 19473 ogh] i“B 19674 ogh] i“B 19775 ogh] i“B 19876 ogh] i“B 20577 ogh] i“B 20778 ogh] i“B 19979 veryky ukxj ds miU;klksa esa ;qx

psruk] 2007] i“B 11880 veryky ukxj Hkkjrh; miU;kldkj]

1987] i“B 2981 ve`ryky ukxj ds miU;klksa esa

;FkkFkZcks/k vkSj xk¡/kh&n’kZu( 2004] i“B 60

ukxktqZu ds ^ckck cVsljukFk*miU;kl esa ekDlZokn

izk- MkW- lqfprk txUukFk xk;dokMv/;{kk ,oa ‘kks/k funsZf’kdk] fganh foHkkx]

olqa/kjk dyk egkfo|ky;] tqys lksykiqj] egkjk”Vªª

==============***********===============izLrkouk %

1936 ls 1943 ds chp lkekftd psrukdk laogu djusokys fganh lkfgR; dks izxfroknhlkfgR; dgk tkrk gSA lkE;oknh psruk dk ogudjusokyk lkfgR; ekDlZoknh fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDrdjrk gSA ekDLkZoknh fopkjksa ls izHkkfor lkfgR;dkjekDlZ ds fl/nkarksa ds vuqlkj lekt dk fo’ys”k.kdjrs gaSA ekDlZokn ;FkkFkZoknh nf”V ls lekt dhvksj ns[krk gSA og dksjs vkn’kZ dh vis{kk ;FkkFkZ esafo’okl djrk gSA fo”ke lekt dh fLFkfr dk lw{efp=.k djrs gq, lekt ifjorZu djus dh ek¡x djrkgSA ekDlZoknh fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj dbZ :f<+;k¡ vkSjijaijkvksa dh uhao ‘kks”k.k ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA og:<h+ vkSj ijaijkvksa ij izgkj djrs gq, mudk lewyuk’k djrk gSA ekDlZokn ‘kksf”kr] misf{kr] izrkfM+r]nfyr lekt dk i{k/kj gSA bl fopkj/kkjk ls izHkkforlkfgR;dkj ‘kksf”kr lekt dh n;uh; vkSj d:.kn’kk dk fp=.k djrs gq, mlds izfr lgkuqHkwfr izdVdjrk gSA ekDlZokn ’kks”k.kfojfgr lekt dh fufeZfrds fy, lkekftd dzakfr dh Hkkouk esa fo’oklj[krk gSA ekDlZoknh lkfgR;dkj ns’k&fons’k dhlkef;d ifjos’k vkSj leL;kvksa ds izfr ltx jgrsgSaA ekDlZoknh fopkkj/kkjk ls izsfjr lkfgR;dkj dkyZekDlZ rFkk :l dk xq.kxku djrs gq, vius J/ns;ds izfr lJ/n vfHkO;fDr djrs gSaA

ukxktqZu ekDlZoknh fopkj/kkjk ls izHkkfor

20



ImpactFactor


®

lkfgR;dkj FksA muds lkfgR; esa lkezkT;okn rFkklkeUrokn ds fojks/k dk ewy Loj lquk;h nsrk gSAmUgksaus vius miU;klksa esa fdlku&etnwj la?k”kZ dksO;kid vfHkO;fDr nh gSA mUgksaus vius lkfgR; dsek/;e ls vU;k; vkSj ‘kks”k.k ds f[kykQ vkoktmBk;h gSA ,d izxfr’khy jpukdkj ds :Ik esaukxktqZu dh ‘kfDr dk izeq[k Jksr gS Hkkjrh; turkds lkFk] mlds ihfM+r&nfyr va’k ds lkFk mudhxgjh vkReh;rk] mudk okLrfod rknkRE;A os nfyrtu ds lkFk dsoy lgkuqHkwfr ugha j[krs FksA viusokLrfod thou&dze esa os mlh ds vax FksA1

ckck cVsljukFk ;g ukxktZqu dk ekDlZoknhfopkj/kkjk ls izHkkfor miU;kl gSA izLrqr miU;kl esabZLV bafM;k daiuh dk Hkkjr izos’k] 1920 bZ- dkvlg;ksx vkanksyu] lfou; voKk vkanksyu] 1942bZ- dk Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu] ckck cVsljukFk dhdgkuh vkfn izeq[k ?kVukvksa dk fp=.k djrs gq,ekDlZoknh fopkj/kkjk dh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSAmiU;kldkj ukxktZqu ekDlZokn ls izzHkkfor gSA ‘kks”kdksadk var djds os Hkkjr esa Hkh fdlku&etnwjksa dk‘kklu ns[kuk pkgrs gSaA vr% mUgksaus ‘kks”kdksa ds izfrfueZe izgkj dh Hkkouk dks izcy fd;k gSA os ekuolekt dh lkewfgd izxfr ds fy, lkearh vo’ks”kksa]tkfrokn vkSj iw¡thokn nksuksa dks lekIr djuk pkgrsgSaA2

miU;kl esa vfHkO;Dr ckck cVsljukFk ;g:Ikmyh xk¡o dk ,d lkS rhu lky iqjkuk oVo{k gSAbl o{k dks lHkh xk¡ooklh ckck cVslljukFk dgrsgSaA og :Ikmyh xk¡o dh laLdfr vkSj thou dkizrhd gSA Hkkjr esa bZLV bafM;k daiuh dh LFkkiuk lsysdj 1942 bZ- rd dh lHkh jktuhfrd] lkekftd]lkaLdfrd rFkk vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dk izR;{kn’khZgSA ckck cVslljukFk miU;kl ds uk;d tSfdlqu dslius esa vkdj mls vrhr dh lkjh ?kVukvksa dhdgkuh lqukrk gSA ukxktqZu dh thou nf”V lektoknhokLro ls izsfjr gSA fdlku] etnwj rFkk fuEu oxZvkSj fuEu e/; oxZ dh O;Fkk dks mUgksus ekDlZZoknhnf”V ls vafdr fd;k gSA fefFkyk vapy ds izfr

?kfu”B izse gksus ds dkj.k muds fp=.k esa lektoknhmiU;klksa esa ekuork dh iqdkj dk Loj xw¡t mBk gSA3

oxZ la?k”kZ ekDlZoknh fopkj/kkjk dk ewyfl/nkar gSA ukxktqZu us ckck cVsljukFk miU;kl esa‘kks”k.k vkSj oxZ la?k”kZ dk ltho vadu djrs gq,lkekftd dzakfr dk lans’k fn;k gSA mUgksaus vkfFkZd]lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkfn vusd {ks=ksa esa O;kIrfo”kerk dks u”V djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA ukxktqZuvius miU;klksa esa lkekftd la?k”kZ dk izeq[k dkj.kvkfFkZd fo”kerk ekurs gSaA miU;kl dk izkjaHk ‘kks”kdvkSj ‘kksf”krksa ds chp py jgs la?k”kZ ls gksrk gSAukxktqZu :imyh xk¡o ds fdlku vkSj tehankjksa dhyM+kbZ dk O;kid fp=.k djrs gq, miU;kl ds varesa fdlkuksa dh fot; n’kkZrs gaSA

izLrqr miU;kl ds izkjaHk esa :imyh xk¡o dsfdlku vkSj tehankjkssa ds chp la?k”kZ dh fLFkfr dkfp=.k gqvk gSA ukxktqZu crkrs gSa fd jkT; dkjksckjds fy, vaxzstksa n~okjk tehankjh izFkk dk fuekZ.k fd;kx;k Fkk A fdarq bl izFkk ds dkj.k tehankj fdlkuksadk ‘kkss”k.k djrs jgs gSaA ns’k Lora= gksus ds ckn dk¡xzsldh igyh ljdkj us tehankjh izFkk dk mUewyu djukizkjaHk fd;k A :imyh xk¡o ds VqukbZ ikBd fdlkuvkSj tSujk;u >k jktk cgknqjls cjxn dh tehuvkSj vkSj iks[kj pqids ls cUnkscLr esa ysdj cjxn dsisM dks dkVus dh lkft’k djus yxrs gaSA tSfdlquvkSj :imyh xk¡o ds lHkh yksx cjxn ds isM+ dkscpkus dh gj laHko dksf’k’k djus yxrs gSaA tSfdlquds ijnknk us cjxn dk isM+ yxk;k Fkk blfy, oglokZf/kd fpafrr gksrk gSA tSfdlqu vkSj xk¡o ds ;qokFkkuk] vnkyr] dpgjh tkdj cjxn ds isM+ dkscpkus dk iz;kl djrs gaSA fdarq mUgsa flQZ vk’oklugh feyrs gSa A bl izlax ds ek/;e ls ukxktqZu Hkz”Viz’kkldh; O;oLFkk dk inkZ Qk’k djrs gaSA tSfdlqu]thoukFk vkSj n;kukFk tSls ;qod xzke la?kVu djvU;k; vkSj vR;kpkj ds f[kykQ yM+rs gSaA ukxktqZudgrs gSa fd esgur&etnwjh djusokys fdlkuksa dktehankj vkSj iw¡thifr;ksa n~okjk fujarj ‘kks”k.k gksrkjgk gSA lkearoknh lekt O;oLFkk esa fdlku &



ImpactFactor


®

etnwjksa dks la?kfBr gksdj vius vf/kdkjksa ds fy,la?k”kZ djus ij gh U;k; dh izkfIr gks ldrh gSA xk¡odk loZgkjk oxZZ ‘kks”k.k ds f[kykQ la?k”kZ dj jgk gS;g ns[kdj cjxn ckck xk¡ookfl;ksa dks vk’khokZnnsrs gq, lcds lq[ke; thou dh dkeuk djrk gSAfdlku& etnwj lkekftd psruk ls izsfjr gksdjvius vius vf/kdkjksa ds fy, la?k”kZ djrs gSaA

iw¡thoknh lekt O;oLFkk loZgkjk oxZ ds‘kks”k.k ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA ekDlZokn iw¡thokn dkdM+k fojks/k djrk gSA vkyksP; miU;kl esa lkgwdkjksan~okjk xjhc yksxksa dks lwn ij iSls nsdj mudk ‘kks”k.kfd;k tkrk gSA Jfed oxZ tehankj& lkgwdkjksa dstqYe lgrk jgk gSA xjhc rFkk fuEu tkfr ds yksxiw¡thifr oxZ ds fy, dhMs+& edksM+ksa ds leku gSaAmiU;kl esa ukxktqZu n’kkZrs gSa fd vc loZgkjk oxZ esalkekftd psruk tkx mBh gSA ‘kksf”kr oxZ dksvU;k;&vR;kpkj ds f[kykQ fonzksg djus ls viusvf/kdkjksa dh izkfIr gks ldrh gSA miU;kl esa vfHkO;Dr‘k=qenZu dk firk lkgwdkj ls lwn ij rhl :Ik, dtZysrk gSA lwn ds dkj.k dtZ dh jde eksVh gks tkrhgSA ‘k=qenZu dk firk dtZ dh iwjh jde pqdk ughaikrk gS A C;kt ds iSlksa ds dkj.k tehankj jktkcgknqj‘k=qenZu dk ‘kks”k.k djrk jgrk gSA mlds ‘kjhj ijgtkjksa dh rknkn esa phaVs QSykrk gSA LokfHkekuh‘k=qenZu brus vR;kpkj lgdj Hkh tehankj ls ekQhugha ek¡xrk gSA miU;kldkj dh fdlku& etnwjksa dsizfr vkLFkk] lgkuqHwfr gSA mu ij gksusokys vR;kpkjksals os O;fFkr gSaA vr% ‘kks”kdksa ds izfr {kqC/k gksdj osph<+ vkSj uQjr txkrs gSaA bldk dkj.k ys[kd dhekDlZokn esa vkLFkk gS vkSj lektoknh lekt O;oLFkkfuekZ.k djuk pkgrs gSa D;ksafd ukxktqZu vius dksloZgkjk oxZ esa ls ,d ekurs gSaA vr% mUgksaus i¡wthoknhvfHktkr oxZ ,oa fuEu oxZ ds la?k”kZ ds lkFk ‘kks”kdksavkSj ‘kksf”krksa ds la?k”kZ dks vfHkO;fDr nh gSA4

ekDlZokn ‘kks”kdksa dh HkRlZuk&izrkM+uk djrkgSA ‘kks”kdksa ds izfr rhoz vkdzks’k O;Dr djrk gSAukxktqZu us fdlku& etnwjksa ds nksgjs ‘kks”k.k dksmtkxj fd;k gSA tehankj& lkgwdkj rFkk vaxzst

vf/kdkfj;ksa n~okjk fdlku&etnwjksa ds gks jgs ‘kks”k.kdk inkZ Qk’k fd;k gSA xksjs tehankj Hkkjrh; fdlkuksadks uhy dh [ksrh djus ds fy, foo’k djrs gSa A osuhy dh [ksrh esa dke djusokys etnwjksa dh esgurvkSj eky ds ekfyd cudj mudk ‘kks”k.k djrs gSaAeTknwjksa ds lkFk vU;k; & vR;kpkj djlkjk vkfFkZdykHk mBkrs gSaA fdlku la?kfBr gksdj vius vf/kdkjksads fy, xksjs tehankj ds f[kykQ fonzksg djrs gSaA varesa tehankj dks xk¡o NksM+dj Hkkx tkuk iM+rk gSA

izLrqr miU;kl esa ukxktqZu crkrs gSa fdtehankj oxZ fujarj fdlkuksa dk ‘kks”k.k djrk vk jgkgSA tehankjksa n~okjk gq, ‘kks”k.k ds dkj.k fdlkuksa dhn;uh; voLFkk esa thou thrs gSaA tehankj fdlku& etnwjksa dks NksVh&NksVh ckrksa ds dkj.k ijs’kkudjrs gSaA ekj&ekjdj mudh peM+h m/ksM+ nsrs gSaA tkSulkgc dks lyke u djus ds dkj.k tSfdlqu ds nknkvf/kdyky jkÅr dks viuh ihB ij gaVjksa dhckSNkj lguh iM+rh gSA bl rjg dh dbZ ?kVukvksa dsek/;e ls ukxktqZu us ‘kks”kdksa ds ?k.kkRed :i dkinkZ Qk’k fd;k gSA tehankj vkSj vaxzst xjhc yksxksads lkFk vR;ar vekuh; O;ogkj djrs gSaA :imyhxk¡o dk i<+k&fy[kk ;qod ohjHknz vaxzstksa us fd,caxky ds foHkktu dk fojks/k djrk gSA yksx xka/khthds lR;kxzg rFkk vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa lafEefyrgksrs gSaA Lok/khurk vkanksyu fojkV :Ik /kkj.k djysrk gSA vaxzst Hkkjrh; turk ij vf/kd tqYe djusyxrs gSaA Ldwyh Nk= Hkh vaxzstksa dk fojks/k djrs gSaAHkkjr dk fuEu oxZ ‘kks”kdksa ls vR;ar ?k.kk djusyxrk gSA tehankj oxZ ds tqyeksa ds f[kykQ JegkjkoxZ la?kfBr gksrk gSA VqukbZ ikBd vkSj tSujk;u dsfojks/k esa lHkh [kM+s gksrs gSaA lkE;oknh fopkj/kkjk ds;qod ‘kks”kdksa ds fo:/n vkokt mBkras gSaA tehankjksads lkFk iqfyl Hkh ‘kkfey gkssrs gSaA ysfdu lks’kfyLV,e- ,y- ,- ckcw ykspu Bkdqj vkSj ljdkjh odhyckcw jkepUnz flag ds dkj.k thoukFk vkSj tSfdlqujktkcgknqj d”.knRr flag ds ?kj pksjh dj pkj yksxksadk dRy djus ds vkjksi esa tsy tkus ls cp tkrsgSaA



ImpactFactor


®

ljdkjh vf/kdkjh vkSj iqfyl tehankj dh lkft’k esa‘kkfey gksus ds dkj.k VqukbZ ikBd cjxnokyh tehun[ky dj ysrk gSA ysfdu thoukFk vkSj tSfdlqutSls ;qod bl vU;k; ds f[kykQ la?k”kZ djrs gSaAikBd thoukFk jk; ljtqx egrks] tSfdlqu ;knoyNeuflag vkSj lqrjh >k dks xwaxs pekj ds dRy ds>wBs vfHk;ksx esa Q¡lkus dh dksf’k’k djrk gSA ijarqpekjksa esa psruk tkxr gksus ds dkj.k nks pekjvnkyr esa xwaxs ckSM+e ds dRy dk HkaM+kQksM+ djfunksZ”k xjhc fdlkuksa dks tsy dh ltk gksus ls cpkysrs gSaA ukxktqZu ds vuqlkj ‘kksf”kr oxZ viusvf/kdkjksa ds izfr lpsr gqvk gSA vxj ‘kks”kd izyksHkunsdj ‘kksf”krksa dks muds vkanksyu ls nwj djus dkiz;kl djrs gSa rks mUgsa vc lQyrk ugha feyldrh gSA ukxktqZu oxZ la?k”kZ ds fl/nkar ij fo’oklj[krs gSaA iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dk var dj lektokndh LFkkiuk ds fy, oxZla?k”kZ vfuok;Z gSA ckckcVsljukFk esa fpf=r oxZla?k”kZ xzkeh.k vkSj ;FkkFkZoknhgSA fcgkj ds fiNMs+ gq, fefFkyk vk¡py ds xzkeh.kHkkx dks vk/kkj cukdj mUgksaus ‘kks”kd&’kksf”kr la?k”kZdks eq[kfjr fd;k gSA bl miU;kl esa mUgksaus eq[;:Ik ls fdlku&tehankj la?k”kZ dks vfHkO;Dr fd;kgSA lektokn n<+ vkLFkk gksus ds dkj.k ukxktqZu usoxhZ; psruk dk iz;kl fd;k gSA5 ukxktqZu JfedoxZ ds ‘kks”k.k dk var djuk pkgrs FksA lektonhvFkZ O;oLFkk ds ek/;e ls Hkkjr dk fodkl djukpkgrs FksA

vaxzstksa dh neu uhfr dk o.kZu djrs gq,ckck cVsljukFk tSfdlqu dks crkrs gq, dgrs gSa]lkezkT;’kkgh neu dhdksbZ lhek ugha Fkh A vkWfMusUlfudy jgk FkkA dk¡xzsl vkSj mlls lacaf/kr la?kBu xSjdkuwuh djkj fn, x, A nl eghus ds vUnj uCcsgtkj ejnksa] vkSjrksa vkSj cPpksa dks dSn dh ltk nhx;hA tsys BlkBl Hkj pqdh FkhaA csrksa] gaVjksa] ykfB;ksavkSj xksfy;ksa dk flyflyk pyk ysfdu turk dhfgEer ugha VwVh A [kcjksa ij l[r lsUlj Fkh] v[kckjT;knkrj cUn dj fn, x, FksA6 ukxktZqu ‘kksf”kr oxZdks vR;kpkj ds f[kykQ la?kfBr gksdj la?k”kZ djus

lans’k nsrs gSaAukxktqZu lkekftd dzkafr esa ;qodksa ds ;ksxnku

dks egRoiw.kZ ekurs gSaA miU;kl esa ckck cVsljukFkizkphu ;qx ds vrhr dh dVw vkykspuk djrk gSAmls uohu ;qx ls izse gSA og tehankjksa ds vekuoh;O;Okgkj dk rhoz fojks/k djrk gSA miU;kl esa ckckcVsljukFk tSfdlqu ls dgrk gS] eSa cw<+k t:j gks x;kgw¡ ysfdu chrs ;qxksa dh lM+ka/k dk leFkZu fdlh Hkhdher ij ugha dj ldw¡xk A Hkfo”; rsjs&tSls r:.kksads gkFkksa esa gSA7 ckck cVsljukFk dgrs gSa] igys tekusesa Kku&foKku vkSj i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ cM+h tkrokyksadh cikSrh Fkh A vc ikB’kkykvksa vkSj Ldwyksa dsnjokts lHkh tkfr;ksa ds cPpksa ds fy, [kqy x, gSaaaAexj m¡ph tkrokyksa dk vkilh i{kikr vkSj ‘kqHk&ykHkds fy, mudh vkik/kkih tc rd ekStwn jgsaxh rcrd ekuo lekt dh lkewfgd izxfr ugha gksxhA8

ukxktqZu tkfrfoghu& /keZfoghu lekt dsi{k/kj FksA os lkekftd dzakfr ds fy, lekt ds lHkhtkfr] /keZ] laiznk; ds yksxksa dk la?kfBr gksuk vko’;dekurs gSaA vkyksP; miU;kl esa Hkh tehankj n~okjk gksjgs ‘kks”k.k ds f[kykQ lHkh tkfr&/keZ ds yksxlafEefyr gksrs gSaA iafMr ‘kf’kukFk Bkdqj gSa] gkthdjhe cDl gS] ekslEekr >qfu;k gS] vghjksa dhfcjknjh ds xksumM egrks vkSj lgnso jkor gSa] HkqV~Vwikloku gS] fot; cgknwj flag fllksfn;k gS] tgnyhtksygk gS] lksue <kfy;k gS] vpdefu ekslEekrgS& [ksfrgj gaS] cfugkj gSa gyokgs&pjokgs gSa & dkSuugha gS\9 ukxktqZu us fdlkuksa ds fodkl ds fy,lkE;oknh fopkjksa dks egRo fn;k gSA miU;kldkjvius mn~ns’; esa lQy jgk gSA ys[kd ftl dzkafrdks pkgrs gSaA mldh lwpdrk dE;wfuLV izHkkforxk¡o dh fot; esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA10 izLrqr miU;klds var esa dE;qfuLV fopkjksa ls izHkkfor xk¡o dhfot; gksrh gSAfu”d”kZ &

ukxktqZu lkE;okn ls izHkkfor vk¡pfydmiU;kl ds tUenkrk gSaA mUgksaus ckck cVsljukFkmiU;kl esa fefFkyk ds fdlku] etnwj vkfn loZgkjk



ImpactFactor


®

oxZ dh xjhch] Hkw[k] ihM+k tSlh leL;kvksa dkthoar fp=.k fd;k gSA vkyksP; miU;kl esa ekuoh;laosnuk dh ;FkkFkZ vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSA misf{kr lektds i{k/kj gksus ds dkj.k ukxktqZu us Jfedksa dsnq%[k&nnZ dh ;FkkFkZ vfHkO;fDr djrs gq, ‘kks”kdksads f[kykQ rhoz vkdzks”k dh vfHkO;fDr dh gSAmiU;kl esa xjhc] “kksf’kr] nq%[kh] ihfM+r turk dhnqjkoLFkk dk o.kZu djrs gq, mPp oxZ n~okjk gksusokys‘kks”k.k ,oa vU;k; dk rhoz fojks/k djrs gSaA ukxktqZu‘kks”k.k fojfgr lekt dk fuekZ.k djuk pkgrs FksAmUgksaus lkekftd thou dh folaxfr;ksa dk mn~?kkVudjrs gq, ubZ lkekftd lajpuk dh dYiuk dh gSAmiU;kl ds ek/;e ls ukxktZqu ‘kks”kdksa dks cqjh rjgls QVdkjrs gSaA iqjkus cjxn ds isM dh txg u,cjxn ds ikS/ks dk isM+ yxkuk ;g uolekt dhfufeZfr dks n’kkZrk gS A oxZHksn ds ;FkkFkZ :Ik dk inkZQk’k djrs gq, lkekftd lekurk dh ek¡x dh gSA

lanHkZ ladsr %&1- fgUnh ds izxfr’khy vkSj ledkyhu

dfo & MkW- j.kftr] i- 882- dFkkdkj ukxktqZu ,oa ckck cVs’ojukFk

& izk- vtqZu tkuw ?kjkr] i- 1343- ogh] i- 1104- ogh] i- 136&1375- ogh] i- 1416- ckck cVsljukFk & ukxktqZu] i- 1007- ogh] i- 528- ogh] i- 849- ogh] i- 13410- dFkkdkj ukxktqZu ,oa ckck cVs’ojukFk

& izk- vtqZu tkuw ?kjkr] i- 143

okYehfd & jkek;.k esa jke vkSjlhrk dk nkEiR; çse

M‚- ohjsUæ dqekj tks'khlg vkpk;Z laL—r]

xkSjh nsoh jktdh; efgyk egkfo|ky;] vyoj

==============***********===============nkEiR; çse dh l?ku ekfeZd vuqHkwfr jkek;.k

esa feyrh gS A jke vkSj lhrk dk nkEiR; çsejkek;.k ds fp=iV ij cgqr gh LQqVrk ds lkFkvfHkO;fä ikrk gS A jke ds O;fäRo ds fodkl esalokZf/kd ;ksxnku lhrk dk gS A okYehfd vkn'kZnkEiR; çse ds i{kikrh gSa A

nkEiR; çse esa ifr&iRuh ,d nwljs dsfç;& fe= ,oa lPps cU/kq gksrs gSa A nksuksa dh Hkkouk;sa]lef) ,oa thou ,d nwljs ds fy, gksrk gS A blçdkj nkEiR; çse esa iq#"k dk viuk lc dqN L=hdk gksrk gS vkSj L=h dk loZLo iq#"k dk gksrk gS Anksuksa gh ,d nwljs ds iwjd vkSj lgk;d gksrs gSaAblfy, nksuksa gh ,d nwljs ds lq[k&nq%[k esalq[kh&nq%[kh gksrs gSaA ;g nkEiR; çse yksxksa ds thoudks lq[k nsrk gSA mUgsa la?k"kZ djus dh 'kfä çnkudjrk gSA lkekU; tu ds fy, mudh iRuh gh 'kfägksrh gSA ogh da/ks ls da/kk feykdj pyus okyhlkFkh gksrh gSA xgLFk thou esa ftrus Hkh lq[k gSa oslc nkEiR; thou dh lQyrk ij lfUufgr gSaAnkEiR; thou ;fn lq[kh ugha gqvk rks fQj fofHkUulq[k lqfo/kkvksa ds gksus ij Hkh euq"; lq[kh] lUrq"VrFkk fLFkj fpÙk ugha jg ldrkA okYehfd ds vuqlkjHkk;kZ /keZ] vFkZ vkSj dke rhuksa dh lk/ku gksrh gSAog ifr ds vuqdwy jgdj vfrfFk&lRdkj vkfn/keZ ds ikyu esa lgk;d gksrh gSA çs;lh :i ls dkedk lk/ku curh gS vkSj iq=orh gksdj mÙke yksddh

21



ImpactFactor


®

çkfIr:i vFkZ dh lkf/kdk gksrh gS&/kekZFkZdkek% [kyq thoyksdslehf{krk /keZQyksn;s"kq A;s r= losZ L;qjla'k;a esHkk;sZo o';kfHkerk liq=kAA

lhrk jke dh lq;ksX; iRuh FkhA nksuksa dklkgp;Z vVwV FkkA ,d ds fcuk nwljs dh dYiukugha dh tk ldrhA tSls lw;Z ls mldh çHkk vyxugha dh tk ldrh] oSls gh jke ls lhrkA jksfg.khvkSj pUæek vFkok y{eh vkSj fo".kq dk & lkmudk la;ksx FkkA fookg ds i'pkr mudk çseikjLifjd lgkuqHkwfr vkSj fujUrj lkgp;Z ds lgkjslaof/kZr ,oa çxk<+ gqvk FkkA jke vkSj lhrk dk ,dnwljs ds çfr iw.kZ leiZ.k vkSj R;kx muds nkEiR;lEcU/k dks e/kqj cukus esa lgk;d FkkA os thou dsmrkj&p<+ko esa] lq[k& nq%[k esa g"kZ vkSj 'kksd ds}U}ksa esa ,d nwljs ds laxh&lkFkh jgsA firk ds ;gka dsvH;Lr okrkoj.k dks NksM+dj ,d vifjfpr ?kj esavkus okyh uoks<+k lhrk ds fy, ;g ije lq[kn Fkkfd jke us LokHkkfod lkSgknZ vkSj çse ls vius blçsfey lEcU/k dks lq/kk&jl ls lhapk FkkA jke vkSjlhrk nksuksa dk xkgZLF; thou fookg dh yksdksÙkjdYiuk ,oa çse ds loksZPp vkn'kksaZ ls vuqçkf.kr FkkAl–'k vFkok vuq:i ifr&iRuh esa gh çse dhçxk<rk gksrh gSA tSlk fd egf"kZ okYehfd us dgk gS& lhrk ds ân;& efUnj esa jke gh fojkteku jgrsFks & jke] tks fLFkjfpÙk Fks vkSj ftudk eu Hkh lhrkesa gh yhu Fkk&jke'p lhr;k lk/kaZ fotgkj cgwurwu~ AeuLoh rn~xreukLrL;k âfn lefiZr%AA

lhrk ds ikfroR; vkfn xq.k ls rFkk mudslkSUn;Zxq.k ls Hkh Jh jke dk muds çfr vf/kdkf/kdçse c<+rk jgrk FkkA blh çdkj jke ds çfr lhrk dknqxuk çse Fkk&fç;k rq lhrk jkeL; nkjk% fir—rk bfrAxq.kkæwixq.kkPpkfi çhfrHkwZ;ks·fHko/kZrs AArL;k'p HkrkZ f}xq.ka ân;s ifjorZrs A

jke vkSj lhrk ds chp laosnukvksa dk xgjk

fj'rk FkkA nksuksa fcuk dgs lqus ,d nwljs dh eu dhckr le> tkrs FksA jke lhrk ds ân~xr Hkkoksa dks] udgus ij Hkh] vius ân; ls Li"Vr;k i<+ ysrs FksvkSj lhrk jke ds Hkkoksa dks mlls Hkh vf/kd Li"Vrkls tku ysrh Fkh&vUrxZrefi O;äek[;kfr ân;a ânkArL; Hkw;ks fo'ks"ks.k eSfFkyh tudkRetk AA

firk }kjk ouokl dh vkKk ds i'pkr jketc vUr%iqj esa vk, rks fpUrk ls O;kdqy vkSj 'kksdlarIr ifr dks ,slh fLFkfr esa ns[kdj lhrk nq%[k lslarIr gks mBh vkSj jke Hkh lhrk dks ns[kdj viusekufld 'kksd dk osx lgu u dj ldsA jke dkeq[k mnkl gks x;k vkSj vaxksa ls ilhuk fudyusyxkA ;g jke vkSj lhrk dk çxk<+ vuqjkx gh rksgS&rka –"V~ok l fg /kekZRek u 'k'kkd euksxre~ Ara 'kksda jk?ko% lks<qa rrks foorrka xr%AAfoo.kZonua –"V~ok ra çfLoUuee"kZ.ke~ Avkg nq%[kkfHklarIrk fdfenkuhfena çHkks AŠA

iRuh ds çfr lân; vkSj lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ O;ogkjgh ifr ds çfr mldh vknj ,oa Hkfä dh Hkkoukdks txk ldrk gSA lhrk lqdqekjh] dkseyân;k gS]blfy, jke ouokl esa vkus okys nq%[kks] d"Vksa vkSjladVksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, lhrk dks v;ks/;k esa ghjgus ds fy, dgrs gSaA fdUrq lhrk lq[k& nq%[k esaifr dk gh vuqxeu djuk pkgrh gSA blfy, ogjke ls vius dks Hkh ou esa lkFk ys pyus ds fy,çkFkZuk djrs gq, dgrh gS fd ekrk&firk] HkkbZ vkSjiq= & o/kw ;g lc iq.;kfn deksaZ dk Qy Hkksxrs gq,vius&vius HkkX; ds vuqlkj thou fuokZg djrsgSaA dsoy iRuh gh vius ifr ds HkkX; dk vuqlj.kdjrh gS vkSj ukfj;ksa ds fy, bl yksd esa] ijyksdesa ,dek= ifr gh lnk vkJ; nsus okyk gS&HkrqZHkkZX;a rq uk;sZdk çkIuksfr iq#"k"kZHk Avr'pkSokgekfn"Vk ous oLrO;feR;fiu firk ukRetks okRek u ekrk u l[khtu% Abg çsR; p ukjh.kka ifrjsdks xfr% lnk

lhrk dgrh gSa fd vki eq>s Hkh vius lkFk



ImpactFactor


®

ou esa ys pysa A ukuk çdkj ds oU; i'kqvksa ls O;kIrrFkk flagksa vkSj O;k?kzksa ls lsfor ml futZu ,oa nqxZeou esa eSa jkLrs ds dq'k vkSj dkaVks dks dqpyrh gqbZvkids vkxs&vkxs pywaxh&;fn Roa çfLFkrks nqxaZ oue|So jk?ko AvxzrLrs xfe";kfe en~xUrh dq'kd.Vdku~

eSa rks tSls vius firk ds ?kj esa jgrh Fkh]mlh çdkj ml ou esa Hkh lq[kiwoZd fuokl d:axhAogka rhuksa yksdksa ds ,s'o;Z dks Hkh dqN u le>rhgqbZ eSa lnk ifrozr /keZ dk fpUru djrh gqbZ vkidhlsok esa yxh jgwaxhA lnSo vkids lkFk gh jgwaxh vkSjçfrfnu Qy ewy [kkdj gh fuokZg d:axhAblls gheq>s ije vkuan dk vuqHko gksxkAjke ds fcuk rkslhrk dks LoxZyksd dh çkfIr Hkh vHkh"V ugha gSA osdgrh gSa fd esjs ân; dk lEiw.kZ çse ,dek=vkidks gh vfiZr gS] vkids flok vkSj dgha esjk euugha tkrk A jke ds fo;ksx esa lhrk thfor ughajgsxh&vuU;HkkokeuqjäpsrlaRo;k fo;qäka ej.kk; fuf'prke~ Au;Lo eka lk/kq dq#"o ;kpukaukrks e;k rs xq#rk Hkfo";fr

lhrk tgka jke ds çfr vR;f/kd vuqjäFkh] ogka jke Hkh mldh lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa dk cM+k/;ku j[krs FksA nksuksa ,d nwljs ds vuU; çseh Fks&ef; Hkkoks fg oSnsákLÙorks fofuosf'kr% Aeekfi Hkko% lhrk;ka loZFkk fofuosf'kr%AA

jke vkSj lhrk ds nkEiR; esa cgqr gh la;evkSj çse FkkA os dgha Hkh ekufld ;k 'kkjhfjd :ils vfu;fU=r ugha gq, cfYd ,d nwljs ds lkFk jgrsgq, le; vkSj ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj tks Hkh lq[k&lqfo/kk feyh mlh esa mUgksaus lUrks"k fd;kA

egkdfo okYehfd us bl rF; dks fNikusdh dksbZ ps"Vk ugha dh gS fd ifr vkSj iRuh dh çseesa 'kkjhfjd vkd"kZ.k vkSj dke psruk dk Hkh çeq[k;ksx gksrk gSA jke ds fy, Hkh lhrk ds 'kksHkkfr'kk;hvax&çR;ax dk çcy vkd"kZ.k FkkA jke vkSj lhrkdk ;g çse ykSfdd /kjkry ij gh çkjHk gksrk gS

vkSj /khjs&/khjs vius lq[k& nq%[k esa le jgdj] ,dnwljs dk lkFk nsrs gq, vius vykSfdd Lo:i dksçkIr dj mPpre f'k[kj ij igqap tkrk gSA bl yksdds uk;d & ukf;dk ds çse dh Hkkafr jke vkSj lhrkdk çse Hkh gSA jke yadk&;q) ds le; y{e.k lsdgrs gSa fd nsodU;k ds leku lk/oh lhrkmRd.BkiwoZd esjs xys yx dj dc vkuUn ds vkalwcgk;sxh!

fp=dwV ij jke lhrk dk /;ku dkfe;ksa dh'k ;kvksa dh vksj vkdf"kZr djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd ;sfoykfl;ksa ds fcLrj gSa] ftu ij mRiy] iq=thod]iqUukx vkSj Hkksti=&buds iÙks gh pknj dk dke nsrsgSaA buds Åij uje& uje deyksa ds iÙks fcNs gq,gSa&dq"BLFkxjiqaukxHkwtZi=ksÙkjPNnkUk~Adkfeuka LokLrjku~ i'; dq'ks'k;nyk;qrkUk~AA

vius ouokl dky esa jke vkSj lhrk us ruvkSj eu dks vkºykfnr djus okys okrkoj.k esai;kZIr fogkj fd;k FkkA çse ds vykSfdd vkn'kZ lsvuqçkf.kr gksrs gq, Hkh os nksuksa çseh vkSj çsfedk dhHkkafr ijLij vuqjä Fks] muds thou esa jfldRo ;klân;Ro dh deh ugha FkhA n'k:id ds vuqlkjlaHkksx Jaxkj esa nks foyklhtu vuqdwy gksdj ijLijn'kZu] Li'kZu vkfn dk miHkksx djrs gSa] oSls gh jkevkSj lhrk Hkh gSaA tSls mÙkjjkepfjr esa jke lhrk lsdg jgs gSa fd gs lhrk] rqEgak ;kn gS ;g ogh LFkygS tgk¡ ,d&nwljs ds lkFk diksyksa dks lVk;s /khjs&/khjs fouk fdlh Øe ds dqN ckrsa djrs gq,] vius,d&,d ckgq dks xk< vkfy³~xu esa yxk;s gq;s genksuksa dh og jkf= chr xbZ Fkh] mlds chrrs gq, çgjksadk irk gh u pyk Fkk&fdefi fdefi eUna eUneklfä;ksxk&nfojfyrdiksya tYirksjØes.k Avf'kfFkyifjjEHkO;kirdSDnks".kksjfofnrxr;kekjkf=jso O;jalhr~

;gka iw.kZ la;ksx Jaxkj dk o.kZu gksrs gq, Hkhokluk dk ys'kek= Hkh ugha gSA HkoHkwfr nkEiR; çseesa dke okluk dks egÙo ugha nsrsA



ImpactFactor


®

jke vkSj lhrk ds çse esa fo;ksx Hkh gSA fo;ksxkoLFkkesa çse vkSj vf/kd c<+ tkrk gS vkSj ,d nwljs dksçkIr djus ds fy, os vkrqj gks tkrs gSaA ekY;oku~ioZr ij o"kkZ dky esa es?kksa dks ns[kdj jke dkekrqjgks tkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa lhrk dh cgqr T;knk ;knvkrh gSA fojgh jke dks lc dqN lhrke; fn[kkbZ nsjgk gS&,"kk ?keZifjfDy"Vk uookfjifjIyqrk Alhrso 'kksdlarIrk egh ck"ia foeq¥~pfruhyes?kkfJrk fo|qr~ LQqjUrh çfrHkkfr esALQqjUrh jko.kL;k³~ds oSnsgho rifLouhAA

Lo;a jke dgrs gSa fd çs;lh nwj gksus ijdqN Hkh vPNk ugha yxrkAcknyksa dk xzg] u{k=]pUæek vkfn dks <d ysuk dkfe;ksa ds fy, fgrdkjhgS] og esjs tSls fojgh ds fy, nq%[k ns jgk gS&bekLrk eUeFkorka fgrk% çfrgrk fn'k%vuqfyIrk bo ?kuSuZ"Vxzgfu'kkdjk%A

eSa rks fç;k &fojg ds 'kksd ls ihfM+r gwa vkSj;s dqVt iq"i esjh çsekfXu dks míhIr dj jgs gSa&dqVtku~ i'; lkSfe=s iqf"irku~ fxfjlkuq"kq Aee 'kksdkfHkHkwrL; dkelanhiuku~ fLFkrku~

v'kksd okfVdk esa cSBh lhrk jke dh fot;dh çkFkZuk dj jgh gS rks lhrk dh ;g çkFkZuk vkSjmldk xgjk fo'okl jke dks fodV ifjfLFkfr;ksa esaHkh ;q) {ks= esa yM+us dh 'kfä vkSj lQy gksus dhvk'kk ns jgk gS] ;gh gS nEifr thou dh 'kfäA jkeds thou esa iRuh dh çsj.kk vkSj vk'kk gh gS]blfy, [kqn ds ?kk;y vkSj y{e.k ds ewfNZr gksusij Hkh eu ugha gkjrk vkSj os çk.kfç;k lhrk dksçkIr djus ds fy, jko.k ls Hk;adj ;q) djrs gSavkSj fot;h gksrs gSaA

bl çdkj jke vkSj lhrk dk nkEiR; çselEiw.kZ thou dks vkufUnr djrk gS] lq[k& nq%[k esanksuksa dks cka/ks j[krk gSA ;g çse gh tu lkekU; dsfy, vkn'kZ nkEiR; çse gSA bl çdkj ftudsnkEiR;&thou esa fdlh rjg dk Dys'k] dVqrkla?k"kZ ugha gksrk os gh cy] mRlkg vkSj lkgl ls ;qäcus jgrs gSaA nEifr vFkkZr~ ifr&iRuh nksuksa ds

lg;ksx ls 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] ikfjokfjd] HkkSfrd,oa vk/;kfRed lQyrk vklkuh ls çkIr dh tkldrh gSA

lUnHkZ& xzUFk& lwph1- jkek;.k&dkyhu lekt & 'kkafr dqekj]

ukuwjke O;kl2- laL—r lkfgR; dk vfHkuo bfrgkl &

M‚- jk/kkoYyHk f=ikBh3- laL—r ok³~e; dk cgn~ bfrgkl &

vkpk;Z Jh cynso mik/;k;4- laL—r lkfgR; dk leh{kkRed bfrgkl

& M‚- dfiynso f}osnh vkpk;Z5- lkfgR; laL—fr fpUru& M‚- dSyk'k

ukFk f}osnh6- çkphu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh lkaL—frd

Hkwfedk & M‚- jketh mik/;k;7- HkoHkwfr vkSj mudh ukVîkdyk&

v;ks/;k çlkn flag8- mÙkjjkepfjrEk~& M‚- Jhfuokl feJ] M‚-

ckcwjke f=ikBhA9- Jhe}kYehdh; jkek;.k& xhrkçsl

xksj[kiqjA



ImpactFactor


®

lPps la?k”kZ dk izrhd & Vsipw

M‚- dYiuk ikVhyLukrdksRrj Çgnh foÒkxk/;{k]

/kukth ukuk egkfo|ky;] QStiwj]ft- tyxk¡o ¼egkjk”Vª½

==============***********===============fnueku ds lEiknd ^mn; izdk’k* th dk

uke dgkuh rFkk miU;kl {ks= esa pfpZr gSaA mUgksausv[kckjksa rFkk fQYeksa ds fy, ys[ku fd;kA Ñfr;kWa& nfj;kbZ ?kksMk] eksgunkl esxksfyl] Vsipw dgkfu;k¡& lquks dkjhxj] vcwrj&dcwrj] jkr esa gkeksfuZ;eAdforklaxzg & bZ’oj dh vk¡[k] fuca/k] vkykspukvusd /kkjkokfgdksa vkSj Vh- Ogh- fQYeksa ds fy,ys[ku fd;kA izkFkZuk ikWYk xksejk dk LdwVj] ihyhNrjhokyh yMdh vkfn jpuk,¡ pfpZr gSaA

^Vsipw* mn; izdk’k dh pfpZr dgkuh gSAbDdhloha lnh foe’kksZa ds fy, izfl/n gSaA xjhc]etnwj vkSj fdlku] nfyr] L=h] vYila[;d foe’kZesa cny x, gSaA foe’kZ dk nkSj fnu&c&fnu c<+ jgkgSA lkfgR;dkjksa dh dgkfu;k¡ ikBdksa ds fnyksa ijvehV Nki NksM+ tkrh gSaA ^Vsipw* mn;izdk’k dhdgkuh dk ik= gSa] ;g dgkuh 1980 ds vkliklizdkf’kr gqbZ FkhA mn; izdk’k ds igys dgkuhladyu ^nfj;kbZ ?kksMk* esa bls ladfyr fd;k x;kFkkA tks 1982 esa igyh ckj Nik FkkA ^Vsipw* lksuunh ds fdukjs ij ,d xk¡o esa jgrk gSaA xk¡o eM+j esavCch uke dk ,d eqlyeku jgrk FkkA vCchvkokjk vkSj QDdM fdLe dk vkneh FkkA mlusnks&nks vkSjrksa ds lkFk ‘kknh dj j[kh FkhA ckn esa,d vkSjr tks T;knk [kwclwjr Fkh] dLcs ds nthZ ds?kj tkdj cSB xbZA vCch us xe u djrs gq, iapk;rds dgus ij iSls Hkj fn,A gkjeksfu;e [kjhn yk;k

FkkA vCch ij yMfd;k¡ fQnk Fkh] ^^fQj Hkh mlesatkus D;k xq.k Fkk yM+fd;k¡ ml ij fQnk gks tkrhFkhaA ‘kk;n bldk ,d dkj.k ;g jgk gks fd nwj&njkt‘kgj esa pyusokys QS’ku lcls igys xk¡o esa mlh ds}kjk igq¡prs FksA ts ch da?kh] /kwiokyk p’ek] tks ckgjls vkbZus dh rjg pedrk Fkk] ysfdu Hkhrj lsvkjikj fn[kkbZ nsrk FkkA** 1

^Vsipw* vCch dk yM+dk Fkk] og nks lkydk gqvk] rHkh vCch dh vpkud ekSr gks xbZAvCch dh ekSr Hkh vthc xjhc nq?kZVuk esa gqbZA lksuunh dh ck<+ esa og vius nksLr ds lkFk vk jgk FkkdqN fL=;k¡ ikuh jgh Fkh] xys esa gkeksZfu;e fy,xkuk xkrs unh ds xM~<+s esa fxj x;kA ysfdu uk rksvCch dk irk pyk vkSj uk gh gkjeksfu;e dkA

vCch dh iRuh fQjkstk toku Fkh] [ksrks esaetnwjh dj nks oDr dh jksVh dekus yxh ?kj esa ,dcdjh vkSj lkjs dkeksa ds nkSjku ,d iqjkuh lkM+h esaca/kk gqvk pexknM+ dh rjg >wyrk Vsipw mlds isVij jgrk FkkA Vsipw* gj iy viuh ek¡ ds ikl dopgh rjg jgrk FkkA yksx Vsipw ds ejus dh jkg ns[krsFks] ^ôg bruk f?kukSuk Fkk fd fQjkstk dh tokuh ijxkscj dh rjg fyFkMk gqvk yxrk FkkA irys&iryslw[ks gq, >qjhZnkj gkFk&iSj] dn~nw dh rjg QwVk gqvkisV] QksMks ls Hkjk gqvk ‘kjhjA yksx Vsipw ds ejus dkbartkj djrs jgsA**2

mlh xk¡o esa eqf[k;kth dk cxhpk Fkk] yksxksadk dguk Fkk] ogk¡ fdlh L=h ds jksus dh vkoktlqukbZ nsrh gS jkr dksA Vsipw viuh ek¡ dks yw yxrhgS] rks jkr ds oDr u Mjrs gq, dPph vfe;k ysustkrk gS] mls Hkwr&Mkbu dk Mj ugha yxrkA flQZlkr Fkk vkB lky dh mez esa Vsipw ;g djrk gSaAVsipw ejrk ugha cfYd thus ds fy, ,sls miØejprk gSa fd] yksxksa dk fo’okl gks x;k fd] gks u gksVsipw lkyk ftUu gSa] og dHkh ugha ej ldrkA Vsipwtc ek¡ mls tyrh ydMh ls ekjrh gS rc ?kj lsHkkx tkrk gSa] ysfdu ckn esa Hkw[k yxrh gSa] rc ogHkw[k dks ijkLr djus ds fy, rkykc esa dey xV~VsrksM+us xgjs ikuh esa mrj ldrk gSa] ek¡ ds fy, Hkwrgkcxhps esa vk/kh jkr dPph vfe;k rksM+us tk ldrkgSa vkSj vykSfdd Lokn dh vkdka{kk Hkh mlesa ekStwngSaA blds fy, rkM+h ds vkleku Vaxs eVds rdigq¡pus dk tksf[ke mBkrk gSa] Hkys yV~Bckt enuk

22



ImpactFactor


®

flag dk igjk gks] Hkys eVds esa Qfu;y djSr gksvkSj pkgs blds fy, mls xh/k dh rjg mM+uk iM+sA

thou dh =klnh ds lkFk thou thus dhvnE; ykylk Vsipw dks u dsoy ftank j[krh gSacfYd mls le; ds lkFk ^Hkjiwj vkneh* cuk nsrhgSaA ys[kd ds ‘kCnksa esa] îlhus] esgur] Hkw[k] vieku]nq?kZVukvksa vkSj eqlhcrksa dh fodV /kkj dks phjdjog fudy vk;k FkkA dHkh mlds psgjs ij iLr gksus]VwVus ;k gkj tkus dk xe ugha mHkjkA**3

fQjkstk Vsipw ls cgqr I;kj djrh Fkh mlusnwljk fudkg ugha fd;k FkkA mlus iafMr Hkxokunhuds ;gk¡ pjokgs ds fy, ianzg :i, eghuk vkSj[kkus&ihus ij j[k fn;kA cspkjk Vsipw lqcg pkj ctsls jkr ds ckjk cts rd dke djrk FkkA Vsipwgksf’k;kj Fkk iafMrkbu mldks tyk&Hkwuk cpk&dqqpk[kkuk nsrh Fkh] og HkSlksa dk rktk nw/k nqgdj ih ysrkFkkA Vsipw dks iafMr us ekj&ekjdj dkSe ls fudkyfn;kA

Vsipw ckn esa ih- MCYkw- Mh- esa dke djusyxkA ogk¡ jk[kM eqje] ctjh fcNkus dk dke lM+dij Mkej fcNkus okys enhZ ds dke Vsipw dks ilanFksA Vsipw th&thu yxkdj esgur djrk gSaA viuslkfFk;ksa ls iwjh rjg ?kwy fey x;k Fkk] og fuMj]cs/kMd vkneh Fkk] ^êSus oSlk cs/kM+d] fuMj vkSjeq¡gQV vkneh vkSj ugha ns[kkA ,d fnu mlus dgkFkk] dkdk] eSaus vdsys yM+kb;k¡ yM+h gSaA gj ckj eSafiVk gw¡] gj ckjk gkjk gw¡A vc vdsys ugha] lcdslkFk feydj ns[kw¡xk fd lkyksa esa fdruk tksj gSA**4

dkj[kkus esa etnwjh djrs gq, vius ,d dsfy, yM+uk lh[k x;k gSaA gk¡] gd ds fy, yM+ukmls] cpiu ls vkrk Fkk ysfdu vdsys yM+us ls oggj ckj fiVk vkSj gkjk FkkA vdjku ugha fd mls fiVusls l[r uQ+jr FkhA

tgk¡ Vsipw ukSdjh djrk Fkk ogk¡ cM+h rknknesa N¡Vuh djus dk ljdkjh Qjeku tkjh gqvkA etnwjksaus nqljh ukSdjh dh ek¡x dhA lkjs etnwj viuh>qfXXk;ksa esa cSB x,A ;wfu;u vkWfQl ij iqfyl usNkik ekjkA rHkh Vsipw flikfg;ksa dks /kfd;krs vanjigq¡pk vkSj ph[kk fd] dkxt&iÙkj dk gkFk eryxkuk] ml chp gqbZ eqB+HksM esa dbZ flikfg;ksa ds fljQwVsA vxys fnu >qXxh ls ckgj fudyrs gh iqfyl usVsipw dks fxj¶rkj dj fy;kA Vsipw dks thi ds ihNs

jLlh ls ck¡/k dj M+s< ehy rd ?klhVk x;kA lM+dij fcNMh gqbZ ctM+h vkSj eqje us mldh ihB dhirZ fudky nhA Vsipw dks nl ehy ckn taxy esa:dokdj mls dgk¡ nl rd fxurh gksxh rqe tgk¡rd Hkkx ld+rs HkkxksA nl dgrs gh rqQkuh flag usVsipw ij xksyh py nhA ckn esa ml ij dbZ xksfy;k¡pykbZA mldh yk’k dks taxy ds Hkhrj egq, dh,d Mky ls ck¡/k dj yVdk fn;k x;k FkkA Vsipw mQZvykc[‘k dks ekjdj isM+ esa yVdk fn;k x;k FkkA

lqcg Vsipw dh yk’k dks iksLVekVZe ds fy,ftyk vLirky Hkstk x;kA

MkW- ,Mfou ofxZl vkWijs’ku fFk,Vj esa FksA os/kkfeZd fdLe ds bZlkbZ FksA yk’k dh gkyr ns[kh FkzhukWV Fkzh dh xksfy;k¡ /k¡lh gqbZ Fkh] iwjs ‘kjhj ij pksV ghFkh] >qds rHkh Vsipw us vkWa[ks [kksyh vkSj djkgrs gq,/khjs ls cksyk MkW- lkgc ;s lkjh xksfy;kWa fudky nksAVsipw dks fdruh Hkh ekjus dh dksf’k’k djks ogcxkor dj nsrs gSA dgkuh dk f’kYi vkSj dF;izxrh’khy dgkfu;ksa ls cnyk gqvk gSA dgkuhdkjdh lgkuqHkwfr Vsipw ds lkFk ,d gn rd gSA Vsipwxjhch Hkw[k vkSj vU;k; ls yM+ jgh bUlkfu;r dkftUu gS] tks ekjs ugha ejsxkA Vsipw ds ftUu ckj&ckjizdV gksrs jgsaxs vkSj viuk fgLlk ekaxsxsA ;s Vsipw ughaejrsAfu”d”kZ %& dgkuh esa xjhc vkneh dk dSls ‘kks”k.kfd;k tkrk gSa] mlds fojks/k ds pfj= dks Hkh ughle>k tkrk] mldh lquusokyk dksbZ ugha gSaA lektdk vlyh psgjk iwjh foHkRlrk ds lkFk lkeus vktkrk gSaA Vsipw gekjs vklikl dk gh gSa] oSls Vsipwdh izofÙk;k¡ ge lcds Hkhrj gSA O;oLFkk dh lPpkbZgS] xjhc vkneh O;oLFkk ds dkj.k psruk izkIrdjrk gS O;oLFkk ds fy, pqukSrh curk gSa VsipwAVsipw fdlh Hkh rjg ls ejrk ugh mls fdruk Hkhekjks fiVks og gj ckj mB [kM+k gksrk gS] fdruh ghckj gknlksa dk f’kdkj gksrk gSa ysfdu varr% vk¡[ks[kksy nsrk gSA Vsipw xjhch Hkw[k vkSj vU;k; ls yM+jgh bUlkfu;r dk ftUu gS] tks ekjs ugha ejsxkALkanÒZ &

1½ Vsipw] v{kjioZ & ekpZ 2017] i- 622½ iwoZor~ & i- 623½ iwoZor~ & i- 654½ iwoZor~ & i- 66



ImpactFactor


®

jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjkvk;ksftr f'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kk ds çfriq#"k ,oa efgyk vH;FkhZ nqf'park

,oa vfHkofÙk dk v/;;u

js[kk dqekjhlgk;d çksQsllj] fgUnh ¼,sfPNd½]

fgrdkjh lgdkjh efgyk f'k{kk egkfo|ky;vkjkeiqjk /kkdM[ksM+h] dksVk ¼jktLFkku½

==============***********===============lkjka'k

bl çdkj f'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kk ds çfr dbZvH;FkhZ mRlkfgr jgrs gS A bruh rjg rjg dhijh{kkvks ds cks> vkSj ruko ls yns Nk= & Nk=kvksdh nqnZ'kk ij xgjh fpark trkrs gq, fd Hkkjr esamfpr f'k{kk O;oLFkk ugha gS A ij gk¡ ijh{kk O;oLFkkt:j gS A fo|kFkhZ rjg & rjg dh ijh{kkvksa esamy>s jgrs gS fd dksbZ vU; lkFkZd dke ugha djikrs gSA mudh ÅtkZ ,oa ltZukRedrk ,d rjg lsu"V gks tkrh gSA ijh{kkvksa ds edMtky ls fo|kfFkZ;ksadks eqä djkus dh vkt ges t:jr gS A

vkt ns'k es f'k{kk çkfIr ds i'pkr O;olk;dk p;u ,d tfVy leL;k cuh gqbZ gS A lkekU;r%ijh{kk vkt Nk= ds ekufld Lrj dks ij[kus dk,d lgt ek/;e Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gS A blhrjg vkj-ih-,l-lh-Hkh dbZ xojesaV ijh{kk, vk;ksftrdjokrh gSA ;s lHkh ijh{kk, i= & if=dkvks rFkkoSclkbV ij uksfVl dj nh tkrh gS A lHkh vkosndijh{kk Q‚eZ v‚uykbu ds tfj;s Hkj ldrs gS AjktLFkku ifCyd lfoZl dfe'ku }kjk vk;ksftrijh{kkvks dh lwph bl çdkj gS %&

1- jktLFkku jkT; ,oa micksMZ lsok, la;qä

çfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk2- jktLFkku U;kf;d lsok çfr;ksxh ijh{kk3- jktLFkku ou @{ks=h; oukf/kdkjh oxZ 1

la;qä çfr;ksxh ijh{kk4- jktLFkku bathU;fjax lsok la;qä çfr;ksxh

ijh{kk5- twfu;j vdkmaV@rglhy ,oa jktLo

çfr;ksxh ijh{kk6- lc baLisDVj v‚Q iqfyl la;qä çfr;ksxh

ijh{kk7- vkj-ih-,l-lh- I, II , III xzsM f'k{kd

çfr;ksxh HkrhZ ijh{kk8- L.D.C-¼lower division clerk½ la;qä

çfr;ksxh ijh{kk9- ysDpjf'ki ijh{kk10- LVsuksxzkQj çfr;ksxh ijh{kk11- lgk;d tsyj çfr;ksxh ijh{kkbl çdkj f'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kk ds çfr dbZ

vH;FkhZ mRlkfgr jgrs gS A bruh rjg rjg dhijh{kkvks ds cks> vkSj ruko ls yns Nk= & Nk=kvksdh nqnZ'kk ij xgjh fpark trkrs gq, fd Hkkjr esamfpr f'k{kk O;oLFkk ugha gS A ij gk¡ ijh{kk O;oLFkkt:j gS A fo|kFkhZ rjg & rjg dh ijh{kkvksa esamy>s jgrs gS fd dksbZ vU; lkFkZd dke ugha djikrs gSA mudh ÅtkZ ,oa ltZukRedrk ,d rjg lsu"V gks tkrh gSA ijh{kkvksa ds edMtky ls fo|kfFkZ;ksadks eqä djkus dh vkt ges t:jr gS A

çkphu Hkkjr esa fdlh Hkh çdkj fd ijh{kkugha gksrh Fkh vkSj u dksbZ mikf/k nh tkrh Fkh A fuR;ikB i<+kus ds iwoZ czãpkjh us i<+k;s gq, ikB dksle>k gS vkSj mldk vH;kl fu;e ls fd;k gS ;kugha] bldk irk vkpk;Z yxk ysrs Fks A ml le;vkpk;Z dk LFkku cM+k gh xkSjo dk Fkk A çkphule; esa ikBîkØe ds foLrkj ds lkFk osnks vkSj osnkaxksds vfrfjä lkfgR;] n'kZu T;ksfr"k O;kdj.k vkSjfpfdRlk 'kkL= bR;kfn fo"k;ksa dk v/;kiu gksusyxk A tcfd e/;dky esa edrc] enjls çkjafHkdf'k{kk ds dsaæ Fks A tgk¡ enjls mPp f'k{kk daBLFk

23



ImpactFactor


®

djus dh ijaijk Fkh A ç'uksÙkj O;k[;k vkSj mnkgj.kksa}kjk ikB i<+k;s tkrs Fks A ij dksbZ f'k{kk ç.kkyh ughFkhA

vk/kqfud dy esa f'k{kk dh fu;ferrk lu1854 oqM ds ?kks"k.kk i= ls vuqHko dh xbZ vkSjblds i'pkr dfe'kuksa dk nkSj & nkSjk vkjaHk gqvkA ljdkj us fe'kufj;ksa ds leku gh dbZ Ldwyh f'k{kkdh tk¡p ds fy, gaVj deh'ku dh fu;qfä gqbZ A

lj fofy;e gaVj us ljdkjh ç;Ru dksek/;fed f'k{kk ls gVkdj çkFkfed f'k{kk ds la?kVuesa yxkus dh flQkfj'k dhA ljdkjh ek/;fed LdwyçR;sd ftys esa ,d ls vf/kd u gks A f'k{kk dkek/;e Lrj v¡xzsth Hkk"kk jgh A /khjs & /khjs 1870esa iwuk esa QxZ~;qlu d‚yst] 1886 n;kuUn ,aXyksoSfndrFkk 1898 esa ,uh cslsaV }kjk lsaVªy fgUnw d‚ystLFkkfir fd;s x;s A lu 1902 esa ykMZ dtZu dk usfo'ofo|ky; vkSj mPp f'k{kk dh mUufr ds fy,Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx fu;qä fd;k A blvk;ksx esa dksbZ Hkh Hkkjrh; ugha Fkk A bles dtZu dker Fkk Fkk fd çkFkfed f'k{kk ekrHkk"kk ds ek/;e lsnh tkuh pkfg, A blds ckn dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky;vk;ksx 1917 ds v/;{k ,e- bZ- lSMyj midqyifryhM~l fo'ofo|ky; Fks]ftUgksus ikl dkslZ ,oavksudkslZ dh O;oLFkk dhA bl deh'ku usfo'ofo|ky;ksa ds iqujla?kVu ij cy fn;kA lu1937 esa f'k{kk dh ,d ;kstuk rS;kj dh xbZ tks1938 esa cqfu;knh f'k{kk ds uke ls çfl) gqbZ Af'k{kk dk ek/;e ekrHkk"kk gks] pj[kk]dj?kk] —f"k]ydM+h dk dke gh f'k{kk dk dsaæ gks]ftlesa lkfgR;]Hkwxksy] bfrgkl xf.kr dh i<+kbZ gks A

fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx 1948 dk ;gmís'; Fkk thou vkSj Kku dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa esaleUo; djuk gSA blfy, vko';d gS fdfo'ofo|ky;ksa esa tks fo"k; i<+k;s tk;s os thou lslacf/kr gks ,oa mles lHkh rÙoksa dk lekos'k gksa Aek/;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx 1952&53 M‚- ,- y{ehLokeh eqnkfy;j us ek/;fed f'k{kk ds iqujla?kVuvkSj lq/kkj ds fy, lq>ko fn;s A bl çdkj ikBîkiqLrd

ds jk"Vªh;dj.k dk lq>ko bl deh'ku us fn;k AdksBkjh deh'ku fd fu;qfä lu 1964 dks gqbZ AnkSyr flag dksBkjh us f'k{kk lca/kh çfreku] f'k{kklacU/kh uhfr;‚]f'k{kk ds gj {ks= esa fodkl dh laHkkoukij fopkj djus rFkk viuh lykg ljdkj dks nsus dsfy, xfBr fd;k x;k A iaplw=h dk;ZØe ds }kjkf'k{kk ds mRiknu esa of) gks] lkekftd ,oa jk"Vªh;,drk dks cy fn;k] çtkrU= dks laxfBr fd;k AftKklk]euksofrZ rFkk ewY;ksa ds }kjk dkS'ky dk fodkldjrs gq, lekt dk vk/kqfudhdj.k djuk A

jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx blh çdkj dkvHkwriwoZ bfrgkl gS A lu 1923 esa yh deh'ku usHkkjr esa ,d yksd lsok vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dhflQkfj'k dh Fkh fdUrq bl deh'ku us çkarks esa yksdlsok vk;ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ds ckjs esa dksbZ fopkj ughaj[kk Fkk ]ij jktLFkku jkT; ds xBu ds le; dqy22 çkarks esa ls 3 çkar t;iqj]tks/kiqj]chdkusj esa ghyksd lsok dk;Zjr Fks A fQj fj;klrksa ds ,dhdj.kds ckn jktLFkku jkT; ds rRdkyhu çca/ku us 16vxLr 1949 dks ,d xfBr jktLFkku yksd lsokvk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dhA ,l v/;kns'k dk çdk'kujktLFkku ds jkti= esa 20 vxLr 1949 dks gqvkA ,l v/;kns'k ds }kjk jkT; esa dk;Zjr vU; yksdlsok vk;ksx dh rjg vU; laLFkk, can dj nh A ,lxBu] fu;e 'krsZ deZpkjhx.k lacfU/kr dk;Z fd,x, A jktLFkku ds rRdkyhu eq[;U;k/kh'k lj ,l-ds- ?kks"k dks v/;{k fu;qä fd;k x;k A rRi'pkr~Jh nsoh'kadj frokjh ,oa Jh ,u- vkj- panksjdj dhfu;qfä lnL;ksa ds :i esa ,oa la?k yksd lsok vk;ksxds iwoZ lnL; Jh ,l- lh- f=ikBh] vkbZ- ,- ,l-dh fu;qfä v/;{k ds :i esa dh x;h A jktLFkkuyksd lsok vk;ksx ds dk;ksZdks fu;fer djus dsmís'; ls jktçeq[k }kjk Hkkjr ds çeq[k lafo/kku dsvuqlkj fuEu fu;e ikfjr fd, %&jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx lsok dh 'krsZfu;e 1951

jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx ds dk;ksZ dhlhek fu;e 1931vuqPNsn la[;k 16]234] 315



ImpactFactor


®

ls 323 rd fo'ks"k :i ls yksd lsok vk;ksx dsdk;Z ,oa vf/kdkj {ks= ds laca/k esa gS AleL;k dk vkSfpR; %&

bruh rjg dh ijh{kkvksa ds cks> vkSj rukols yM+s Nk=ksa dh nqnZ'kk ij xgjh fpark trkrs gq,Hkkjr esa mfpr f'k{kk O;oLFkk ugha gS] ij gk¡ ijh{kkO;oLFkk t:j gS A vH;FkhZ rjg & rjg dh bruhijh{kkvksa esa my>s jgrs gSa fd dksbZ vU; lkFkZd dkeugha dj ikrs gSa A mudh ÅtkZ ,oa ltZukReäk ,drjg ls u"V gks tkrh gS A ijh{kkvksa ds edntky lsvH;fFkZ;ksa dks eqä djkus fd t:jr gS A ,d ghrjg ds ikBîØe esa ntZuksa vyx –vyx ijh{kk,¡gksrh gSa A vH;FkhZ bruh rjg fd ijh{kk,¡ nsrs & nsrsiLr gks tkrk gSa ] ftlls le;]/ku]ÅtkZ] fd cjcknhvyx rks vfHkHkkod vyx ijs'kku A çns'k esa HkrhZijh{kkvksa ds isij vkmV gksus ls csjkstxkjksa esa ?kksjfujk'kk gS A mudk fo'okl buds çfr ?kVrk tk jgkgS A ijh{kk ,d m/kksx dk :i ys jgh gS ] ftUgs isijvkmV djuk gksrk gSa muls eksVh jde ,sBh tkrh gSftu yksaxksa dks ijh{kk nsuh gksrh gSa os Qksje Hkjrs gS]ikl gksus ds fy, uksV~l Hkh [kjhnrs gSa A bl çdkju tkus fdrus iSlksa fd [kir gksrh gSa A isij vkmVdjkus okys ;k udy fxjksg ds vkxs ljdkjh O;oLFkkvlgk; rc yxrh tc lkjs bartke Qsy gks tkrsgSa] blls csjkstxkj ;qokvksa esa fujk'kk c<+rh gSa Avolkn esa vkdj dksbZ vugksuh ij mrk: gh tkrsgS] xqugxkjksa dks ltk feys ;k u feys mu esgurhçfrHkkvksa dks t:j fey tkrh gS A tks fnu jkr ,ddj ijh{kk esa cSBrs gSa A os xjhc vfHkHkkod Hkhfujk'k gksrs gS tks viuh xk<+h dekbZ ls mUgs rS;kjhdjokrs gSaA ijh{kk ç.kkyh bruh lq–<+ vkSj çkekf.kdgks fd ftlls ;qokFkZ dk mRlkg de u gks] vfHkHkkodksaesa vius cPpksa ds çfr fo'okl tkxzr gks vkSjfu;kstdks dks fo'oluh; Øepkjh fey lds vkSjjk"Vª dks f'kf{kr Lokoyach ukxfjd A çfrLi/kkZ ds bl;qx esa vH;fFkZ;ksa dks vius Kku çfrHkk dks çnf'kZrdjus dk ekSdk feys vkSj NhaVeqä gks A vadks vkSjJsf.k;ksa ds lkFk xzsM ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx djds lekt

ds ;qokvksa esa c<+rh gqbZ dqaBk] fujk'kk] ghurk]volkndks feVk;k tk ldsAleL;k dFku %&

bl v/;;u dh leL;k dks fuEuor çLrqrfd;k tk ldrk gS A

vkj-ih-,l-lh- }kjk vk;ksftr f'k{kd HkrhZijh{kk ds çfr iq#"k ,oa efgyk vH;FkhZ nqf'park ,oavfHkofÙk dk v/;;u A'kks/k ds mís';%&

çLrqr 'kks/kdk;Z fuEufyf[kr mís'; dks/;ku esa j[kdj fd;k x;k gS &

1- jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx f'k{kd HkrhZijh{kk ds çfr 'kgjh iq#"k ,oa efgyk vH;fFkZ;ks dhnqf'park dk v/;;u djuk A

2- jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx f'k{kd HkrhZijh{kk ds çfr xzkeh.k iq#"k ,oa efgyk vH;fFkZ;ksdh nqf'park dk v/;;u djuk A

3- jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx f'k{kd HkrhZijh{kk ds çfr 'kgjh iq#"k ,oa efgyk vH;fFkZ;ks dhvfHkofÙk dk v/;;u djuk A

4- jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx f'k{kd HkrhZijh{kk ds çfr xzkeh.k iq#"k ,oa efgyk vH;fFkZ;ksdh vfHkofÙk dk v/;;u djuk A

5- jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx f'k{kd HkrhZijh{kk ds çfr 'kgjh iq#"k ,oa xzkeh.k iq#"k vH;fFkZ;ksdh nqf'park dk rqyukRed v/;;u djuk A

6- jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx f'k{kd HkrhZijh{kk ds çfr 'kgjh efgyk ,oa xzkeh.k efgykvH;fFkZ;ks dh nqf'park dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA

7- jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx f'k{kd HkrhZijh{kk ds çfr 'kgjh iq#"k ,oa xzkeh.kiq#"k vH;fFkZ;ksdh vfHkofÙk dk v/;;u djuk A

8- jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx f'k{kd HkrhZijh{kk ds çfr 'kgjh efgyk ,oa xzkeh.k efgykvH;fFkZ;ks dh vfHkofÙk dk v/;;u djuk A'kks/k dh ifjdYiuk %& çLrqr 'kks/kdk;Z fuEufyf[kr ifjdYiuk dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k x;k gS &



ImpactFactor


®

1- jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx f'k{kd HkrhZijh{kk ds çfr 'kgjh iq#"k ,oa xzkeh.k iq#"k vH;fFkZ;ksdh nqf'park esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSa A

2- jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx f'k{kd HkrhZijh{kk ds çfr 'kgjh efgyk ,oa xzkeh.k efgykvH;fFkZ;ks dh nqf'park esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSaA

3- jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx f'k{kd HkrhZijh{kk ds çfr 'kgjh iq#"k ,oa xzkeh.k iq#"k vH;fFkZ;ksdh vfHkofÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSa A

4- jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx f'k{kd HkrhZijh{kk ds çfr 'kgjh efgyk ,oa xzkeh.k efgykvH;fFkZ;ks dh vfHkofÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSaA'kks/k dk U;kn'kZ %&

çLrqr 'kks/kdk;Z esa ;k–fPNd fof/k }kjk dksVkftys ds 100 iq#"k rFkk efgyk vH;fFkZ;ksa dk p;ufd;k x;k A

'kks/k v/;;u dh fof/k %&çLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z esa o.kZukRed vuqla/kku

dh losZ{k.k fof/k rFkk ç'kukoyh dk ç;ksx fd;kx;k gSa Amidj.k %&

bl gsrq 'kks/kd=h }kjk ,d ekud midj.krFkk LofufeZr midj.k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSa &1- Student’s Examination Anxiety Text¼M‚- e/kq vxzoky rFkk fel o"kkZ dkS'ky½2- LofufeZr midj.k¼vfHkofr gsrq½'kks/k v/;;u dk ifjlheu %&

1- ;g v/;;u dksVk ftys ds 'kgjh ,oaxzkeh.k {ks= rd lhfer gSa A

2- ;g v/;;u dksVk ftys ds vkj- ih-,l- lh- }kjk vk;ksftr f'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kk eSa cSBus

okys vH;fFkZ;ksa rd gh lhfer gSa Alkaf[;dh çfof/k %&

çkdYiukvksdks /;ku esa j[krs gq, 'kks/kdrkZ}kjk fuEu lkaf[;dçfof/k;ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrkgSa&

3-Vh ijh{k.k

ifj.kke ,oa O;k[;k %&çLrqr v/;;u esa f'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kk ij

'kgjh & xzkeh.k ,oa iq#"k & efgyk vH;fFkZ;ksa dhnqf'park rFkk vfHkofÙk dh lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p dsfy, e/;eku] çeki fopyu] ,oa Vh ewY; dkifjdyu x;k ftldks rkfydk &1 ls rkfydk&4 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa Arkfydk la[;k &1 jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksxf'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kk ds çfr 'kgjh iq#"k ,oaxzkeh.k iq#" k vH;fFk Z;k s dh nqf'park dke/;eku] ekud&fopyu],oa Vh ewY;

df =25+25-2 = 48rkfydk &1 ls Li"V gksrk gSa fd jktLFkku

yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk vk;ksftr f'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kkds çfr 'kgjh iq#"kvkSj xzkeh.k iq#"k vH;fFkZ;ksa fdnqf'park ds e/; lkaf[;dh –f"Vdks.k ls dksbZ lkFkZdvarj ugha gSa A mijksä fooj.k ds vk/kkj ij 'kgjhiq#"k dk e/;eku xzkeh.k iq#"k ds e/;eku ls vf/kdgSa A 'kgjh iq#"k dk ekud –fopyu Hkh xzkeh.k iq#"k



ImpactFactor


®

ds ekud fopyu ls vf/kd gSa A bl vk/kkj ijtdk eku 0-47 lkFkZdrk ds Lrj ij 2-01 gSa rFkk0-01 Lrj ij 2-68 eku çkIr gqvk gSa A vr% ;gfujkdj.kh; ifjdYiuk &1 Loh—r dh tkrh gSavkSj nksuksa esa ,d leku nqf'park ik;h x;h gSa Arkfydk la[;k &2 jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksxf'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kk ds çfr 'kgjh efgyk ,oaxzkeh.k efgyk vH;fFkZ;k s dh nqf'park dke/;eku] ekud&fopyu],oa Vh ewY;

df =25+25-2 = 48rkfydk & 2 ls Li"V gksrk gSa fd jktLFkku

yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk vk;ksftr f'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kkds çfr 'kgjh efgyk vkSj xzkeh.k efgyk vH;fFkZ;ksafd nqf'park ds e/; lkaf[;dh –f"Vdks.k ls lkFkZdvarj ugha gSa A mijksä fooj.k ds vk/kkj ij 'kgjhefgyk dk e/;eku xzkeh.k efgyk ds e/;eku lsde gSa A 'kgjh efgyk dk ekud &fopyu Hkhxzkeh.k efgyk ds ekud fopyu ls de gSa A blvk/kkj ij t dk eku 1-39 lkFkZdrk ds Lrj ij2-01 gSa rFkk 0-01 Lrj ij 2-68 eku çkIr gqvkgSa A vr% ;g fujkdj.kh; ifjdYiuk &1 Loh—rdh tkrh gSa vkSj nksuksa esa ,d leku nqf'park ik;hx;h gSa Arkfydk la[;k &3 jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksxf'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kk ds çfr 'kgjh iq#"k ,oax zkeh.k i q#" k vH;fFk Z;k s dh vfHko `fÙkdke/;eku] ekud&fopyu],oa Vh ewY;

rkfydk & 3 ls Li"V gksrk gSa fd jktLFkkuyksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk vk;ksftr f'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kkds çfr 'kgjh iq#"k vkSj xzkeh.k iq#"k vH;fFkZ;ksa fdvfHkofÙk ds e/; lkaf[;dh –f"Vdks.k ls dksbZ lkFkZdvarj ugha gSa A mijksä fooj.k ds vk/kkj ij 'kgjhiq#"k dk e/;eku xzkeh.k iq#"k ds e/;eku ls de gSaA 'kgjh iq#"k dk ekud –fopyu Hkh xzkeh.k iq#"kds ekud fopyu ls de gSa A bl vk/kkj ij t dkeku 1-71 lkFkZdrk ds Lrj ij 2-01 gSa rFkk 0-01 Lrj ij 2-68 eku çkIr gqvk gSa A vr% ;gfujkdj.kh; ifjdYiuk & 3 Loh—r dh tkrh gSavkSj nksuksa esa ,d leku vfHkofÙk ik;h x;h gSa Arkfydk la[;k & 4 jktLFkku yksd lsokvk;ksx f'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kk ds çfr 'kgjhefgyk ,oa xzkeh.k efgyk vH;fFk Z;ks dhvfHkofÙk dk e/;eku] ekud&fopyu],oa VhewY;

rkfydk & 4 ls Li"V gksrk gSa fd jktLFkkuyksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk vk;ksftr f'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kkds çfr 'kgjh iq#"k vkSj xzkeh.k iq#"k vH;fFkZ;ksa fdvfHkofÙk ds e/; lkaf[;dh –f"Vdks.k ls dksbZ lkFkZdvarj ugha gSa A mijksä fooj.k ds vk/kkj ij 'kgjhiq#"k dk e/;eku xzkeh.k iq#"k ds e/;eku ls de gSaA 'kgjh iq#"k dk ekud –fopyu Hkh xzkeh.k iq#"kds ekud fopyu ls de gSa A bl vk/kkj ij t dkeku 0-17 lkFkZdrk ds Lrj ij 2-01 gSa rFkk 0-01 Lrj ij 2-68 eku çkIr gqvk gSa A vr% ;gfujkdj.kh; ifjdYiuk & 4 Loh—r dh tkrh gSavkSj nksuksa esa ,d leku vfHkofÙk ik;h x;h gSa AHkkoh 'kks/k lq>ko %&

çLrqr v/;;u jktLFkku jkT; ds dksVk {ks=rd gh lhfer gSa vr% bl çdkj ds vkxkeh 'kks/kdks vksj vf/kd O;kid ,oa ogn Lrj rd fd;k tk



ImpactFactor


®

ldrk gSa Abl 'kks/k ds varxZr f'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kk esa

cSBus okys vH;fFkZ;ksa dks U;kn'kZ ds :i esa p;furfd;k x;k gSa] tcfd jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx}kjk vU; çfr;ksxh ijh{kk dks nsus okys vH;fFkZ;ksadks Hkh fy;k tk ldrk gSa

çLrqr 'kks/k esa vH;,fFk;ksa dh vfHkofÙk,oa nqf'park dk v/;;u fd;k x;k A Hkkoh çfr;ksafxrkijh{kk Lrj ds vH;fFkZ;ksa ds HkXuk'kk] laosx] dqaBk]O;fäRo rFkk cqf) esa fiNM+s mÙkjnk;h dkjdksa dk Hkhv/¸;u fd;k tk ldrk gSa A

çLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z ds varxZr jktLFkku yksdlsok vk;ksx ds varxZr f'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kk dks dsaæesa j[kk x;k gSa A tcfd blh çdkj fofHkUu jkT;ksa esagksus okyh f'k{kd HkrhZ ijh{kk ls lacf/kr çfr;ksxhijh{kk ds varxZr ikBîkØe] ifj.kke] vH;fFkZ;ksa vkfndh rqyuk dk v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk gSa AlkfgR; lanHkZ xzaFk%

• Asion journal of psychology & Educationvol. 44 No. 1-2 years 2011

• Rearsch & studies (Ajournal of depart-ment of Education)

• Acadmic Anxiety – A curse for AcadmicAchievement of of Adolscent A reality or myth’Ratna Gupta ,Omprakash Awasthi

• Shiksha Mitra (ISSN: 0976- 3406 )2013,5(3)

• WWW.RPSC History.com• Records – Research genealogy for

chester Ora Mitchell of Galena, Cherokee Kansas.... He passed away on 11 Oct. 1991 in CarhageJasper, Missouri USA

• vjksM+k xhrk & f'k{kk euksfoKku ,oalkaf[;dh f'k{kk

• 'kekZ vkj - ds- & f'k{kk vuqla/kku vkj-yky cqd fMiks

• ljhu ,oa ljhu & f'k{kk vuqla/kkufof/k;k¡

fgUnh eqæ.kdyk esa bZLkkbZfe’kufj; a dk Áns;

iVsy luedqekj ,u-‘k®/k Nk=]

ohj ueZn nf{k.k xqtjkr ;qufoflZVh] lwjr

==============***********===============Òkjr ds vrhr esa Lkekpkji= tSLkh d¨bZ

pht ugÈ FkhA Lkokj a] dkjok¡vksa v©j gjdkj a }kjkLkekpkj i= Òsts tkrs FksA Lkjdkjh ?k¨”k.kkvksa ij Òhbu gLrfyf[kr Lkekpkji= a dk ÁÒko iM+rk FkkAdÒh dÒh ,sLkh jktdh; ?k ”k.kk,¡ g¨rh Fkh] ftud¨MqXxh ihVdj turk rd igq¡pk fn;k tkrk FkkA ,sLkhÒh jktdh; ?k¨”k.kk,¡ g¨rh Fkh ftud¨ f’kyk[kaM+ a]LraÒ a vFkok eafnj a ij mRdh.kZ djok fn;k tkrk FkkAv’k¨d dk f’kykys[k bLkh d¨fV dh ?k ”k.kk,¡ gSaA

eqxydky esa ,d fdLe ds Lkekpkji= a dhppkZ gSA LkezkV v©jaxtsc dh eR;q v©jaxkckn esa gqbZFkh] mudh chekjh dh [kcj v©j C;©jk Q+kjLkh dsiSxkesa Çgn uked v[kckj esa fudyrk FkkA Çdrq buv[kckj a dk Lkaca/k Lkk/kkj.k turk Lks ugÈ FkkA ;sLkekpkji= gLrfyf[kr g¨rs Fks v©j bud¨ fudkyusokysokd;kuohLk dgykrs FksA budk Òh Ádk’ku fu;fer:i Lks ugÈ g¨rk FkkA oLrqr% ;s fofo/k njckj a dökd;kr a d¨ bdÎk djds dÒh&dÒh gLrfyf[kr:i esa fudkys tkrs FksA egŸoiw.kZ fty a esa okd;kuohLkj[ks Òh tkrs FksA eqxy a ds vafre fnu a esa Òh bugLrfyf[kr Lkekpkji= a dk Ápyu FkkA cgknqj’kkgds dky esa gLrfyf[kr fLkjkt my v[kckj ÁfLk)FkkA njckj a ds ÁÒko’kkyh vehj mejk Òh gLrfyf[krv[kckj fudkyrs FksA bud¨ [kckjuohLk dgrs FksAvo/k ds uokc a ds ;gk¡ ,sLks LkSadM+ a v[kckjuohLk FksAÇdrq u r¨ ;s Nirs Fks] u budk Ádk’ku fu;fer Fkk

24



ImpactFactor


®

v©j t¨ pkgs bUgsa [kjhn Òh ugÈ Lkdrk FkkA bLkfy,Bhd vFk aZ esa bud¨ Lkekpkji= dguk mi;qä ugÈgSAƒ

Lkekpkj v©j ÁsLk %Òkjro”kZ dk LkoZÁFke Lkekpkji= dc v©j

D; a Ádkf’kr gqvk ;g dg ikuk ‘kk;n dfBug¨xkA fdUrq Lkekpkji= a dk okLrfod pyu mLkhLke; esa ekuk tkuk pkfg, tc fd fe’kufj; a }kjkÒkjro”kZ esa eqæ.kdyk dk Ápkj gqvk v©j ftLkdhLkgk;rk Lks Lkekpkji= a dh ,d Lks vf/kd Áfrfudkydj O;koLkkf;d –f”V Lks ykÒ mBk;k tkLkdrk FkkA Lkekpkji= v©j ÁsLk dk vfuok;Z Lkaca/kg¨rk gSA fcuk ÁsLk ds Lkekpkji= py gh ugÈ LkdrsAÒkjro”kZ esa LkcLks igys ÁsLk dh LFkkiuk bZLkkbZ fe’kufj; aus dhA mUgsa vius /keZÁpkj ds fy, fdrkcsa NkiuhFkhA fdLkh ,d fn’kk esa tuer e¨M+us dk dk;Z Òhi= a Lks fy;k tk Lkdrk FkkA bLk –f”VLks mudh ‘kfäxÿk&ck:n Lks Òh dgÈ vf/kd FkhA Òkjr esa eqæ.k;a= adh LFkkiuk dk Js; fe’kufj; a d¨ gSA Lkekpkji= adk bfrgkLk Òh buds vkxeu Lks ‘kq: g¨rk gSA

iqrZxkyh Òkjr esa LkcLks igys eqæ.k;a= yk,FksA Òkjr esa igyh iqLrd ƒ‡‡‰ bZ- esa Nih FkhA ;gcM+s vk’p;Z dh ckr gS fd Òkjr v©j phu ds chpbrus vknku&Ánku ds ckotwn phu ds ydM+h dsBIi a ¼Cykd½ Lks NikbZ dh rduhd ds LkEcU/k esaÒkjrokfLk; a us tjk&Lkh Òh :fp ugÈ fn[kkbZA iqrZxkyhƒ‡‡Œ ds vkLkikLk ;wjï esa cuh /kkrq dh Vkbi viusLkkFk xök rd ysdj vk,A ;gk¡ mUg aus bZLkkbZ Lkar a dsmins’k a] ejkBh v©j d ad.kh Òk”kkvksa v©j c fy; adh O;kdj.k v©j ‘kCnkoyh Nkiuh ‘kq: dhA ijarqbLkds fy, mUg aus nsoukxjh fyfi ds LFkku ij jëufyfi viukbZA LkezkV tgkaxhj us tSLkqbV LkEÁnk; dsbZLkkbZ; a d¨ dgk Fkk fd Q+kjLkh ;k vjch fyfi esaVkbi ugÈ <kys tk Lkdrs] bLkds tokc esa mLkus rqjarƒ‡‹ƒ esa oSfVdu esa Nis bZLkïns’k dh vjch Áfrfn[kk nhA ysfdu bLkds ckn tgkaxhj us dÒh bLkesa:fp ugÈ ÁnÆ’kr dhA

Lkwjr fLFkr bafXy’k dEiuh ds eq[; nyky

Òheth ijhd us ƒˆ‰Œ ds n’kd esa bLk rduhd esaxgjh :fp fn[kkbZA Òheth ds fuosnu v©j [kpsZ ij,d ÁsLk v©j NikbZ e’khu ƒˆ‰† esa Òkjr vkbZAÒheth us Òkjrh; rjhds dh Vkbi cuokus dhd f’k’k dh ijarq bafXy’k NikbZ ds dkjhxj a d¨ VkbidkVus v©j <kyus dh tkudkjh ugÈ Fkh] vr% ,sLkkLkaÒo ugÈ g¨ ik;kA Òheth dh Lkgk;rk djus dsfy, baXySaM Lks Vkbi dkVusokyk dkjhxj ugÈmiyC/k djk;k x;k FkkA bLkds ckotwn Òhethvius Lkius d¨ Lkkdkj djus v©j nsoukxjh fyfi dkVkbi cuokus ds Á;kLk a esa tqVk jgkA mLkus viusdeZpkfj; a d¨ bLk dk;Z esa yxk;kA os Lkc Òkjrh;FksA Lkwjr fLFkr vaxszt dkj[kkusnkj crkrs gSa fdƒˆˆ‰&‰‰ ds n©jku geus e¨<h ÁÑfr ds dqN Nisdkxt ns[ks ftLks Òheth ds vknfe; a us rS;kj fd;kFkk t¨ cgqr gh Li”V] LkqikB~; v©j Lkqanj FkkA ijarq‘kh?kz gh Òheth dh fgEer VwV xbZ v©j mLkus ;gdk;Z chp esa gh N¨M+ fn;kA ƒˆŠ† bZ- esa vaxszt a dhbZLV bafM;k daiuh us cEcbZ esa ,d eqæ.k;a= dhLFkkiuk dhA ƒŠŒ„ bZ- ds iwoZ fgUnh dh fdLkh eqfæriqLrd dk vc rd irk ugÈ pyk gSA bLkds ckndydŸ¨ esa rhu ÁsLk a dk mYys[k feyrk gSA„

1- gjdk: ÁsLk % bLk ÁsLk Lks feLdhu dk eÆLk;k ukxjh esa Nik

FkkA bLkdk ‘kh”kZd & i”B vaxszth esa gSA ;g ek=ckjg i”B a dh iqfLrdk gSA bLkdh ,d Áfr ,fLk;kfVdLk LkkbVh esa gSA bLkds ckn ;gk¡ Lks ÇLkgkLku cŸkhLkhv©j ek/k uy NihA ƒŠŒ„ bZ- esa McY;w- ch- csyhdh fgUnqLrkuh FkhfLkLk ukxjh esa bLk ÁsLk esa NihA2- fgUnqLrkuh ÁsLk %

fgUnqLrkuh ÁsLk ds ekfyd fxyfdLV FksAQ¨VZ fofy;e d‚yst dh Lkaxzg&iqfLrdk esa psifyudh Lkrh güs dh jhfr ƒŠŒ… bZ- esa bLkh ÁsLk esa NihFkhA vrhd fLkÌhdh dh mnwZ iqLrd fxyfdLV dsvuqLkkj bLk ÁsLk d¨ fxyfØLV us LFkkfir fd;k FkkAijUrq bLkdk Li”V ÁÒkx ugÈ gS ij ,sLkk tku iM+rkgS fd bLk ÁsLk Lks mudk ?kfu”B Lkaca/k vo’; FkkAbLkh ÁsLk Lks ƒŠŒ‡ bZ- esa gaVj Ñr ckbfcy dk



ImpactFactor


®

vuqokn fudyk FkkA ;g vuqokn d‚yst ds Lkqf’kf{krns’kh; a us ¼yusZM usfVOLk½ us fd;k FkkA bLkh ÁsLk LksyYywth dk viw.kZ ÁseLkkxj Nik FkkA bLk ÁsLk dsek/;e Lks Òh fgUnqLrkuh esa fxyfØLV dh nsu egŸoiw.kZgSA bLkh ÁsLk d¨ ÇgnqLrkuh dh vusd iqLrdsa Nkiusdk Js; gSA3- f[kfnjiqj ÁsLk %

;g ÁsLk [kkLk dj LkaLÑr iqLrdsa Nkius d¨[k yk x;k FkkA dydŸ¨ ds bu rhu a ÁsLk a esa n¨ÇgnqLrkuh ÁsLk v©j LkaLÑr ÁsLk ds Ásjd vaxszt gh FksAfetkZiqj ds ckcwjke iafMr us ;g ÁsLk ƒŠŒˆ bZ- dsyxÒx d‚ycqd dh Lkgk;rk Lks [kM+k fd;k FkkAdqN gh o”k aZ esa ckcwjke us cgqr /ku mikÆtr djfy;k FkkA QsaM vkWQ bafM;k ¼„ˆ Qjojh] ƒŠ…‡ bZ-½ esafy[kk gS fd dqN LkQy ÇgnqLrkuh eqæd a dh vkenuhdkmfULky ds esEcj ds cjkcj FkhA3

ÇgnqLrkuh ds fo}ku v©j LkeFkZd fxyfdLVfgUnqLrkuh ÁsLk Lks Lkaca/k Fks v©j LkaLÑr ds fo}kud‚yczqd LkaLÑr ÁsLk ds Áeq[k] Ásjd v©j i ”kd FksAdydŸ¨ ds bu vk| ÁsLk a ds ckn Jhjkeiqj ds fe’kuÁsLk dk mYys[k vko’;d gSA bLk ÁsLk dk ÁdVmÌs’; Fkk ckbfcy dk ns’kÒk”kkvksa esa eqæ.k dk ÁpkjdjukA bLk ÁsLk ds Áeq[k] Ásjd] i¨”kd v©j LkapkydJhjkeiqj ds VkbifVLV f=ewÆr Fks & ftUgsa bZLkkbZ/keZxzaFk a ds fgUnh v©j mLkds fofo/k tuinh :i a dkvuqokn Nkius dk Js; fn;k tkrk gSA bLk f=ewÆr &dSjs] ek’kZeSu v©j okMZ esa okMZ dk eqæ.kdk;Z dsÁorZu v©j Lkapkyu dk eq[; Js; gSA Jhjkeiqj dkfe’ku ÁsLk ckbfcy a ds vuqokn Nkidj ÁfLk)gqvkA

dkfud ÁsLk esa eqfær fxyfØLV ds ÇgnqLrkuhxzkej ¼ƒ‰‹ˆ bZ-½ v©j McY;w] fddZ dsiSfVªd ds ,dokdscqyjh] if’k;u] vjsfcd ,.M bafXy’k ds dqNva’k nsoukxjh esa eqfær gSaA ƒŠŒƒ bZ- esa fxyfdLV dkfgUnh ,DLkjLkkbZtst ¼Q¨VZ fofy;e d‚yst dhÇgnqLrkuh dh igyh v©j nwLkjh ijh{kk ds fy,½NikA mLkds ckn fxyfØLV dh udfy;kr fgUnhÇgnqLrkuh ÁsLk Lks Nih FkhA ;s nü a iqLrdsa ÇgnqLrkuh

Òk”kk ds f’k{k.k Lks Lkacaf/kr Fkh] ij ;s jëu fyfi esaNih FkÈA okLro esa ƒŠŒ„ bZ- Lks gh fgUnh iqLrd a dkeqæ.k vkjaÒ g¨rk gSA fgUnh dh NikbZ dk vkjaÒdkydydŸkk esa chrk FkkA

vkjaÒ esa fgUnh esa eqfær iqLrd a dk Lkaf{kIrfooj.k bLk Ádkj gS &

ƒŠŒ„ bZ- & fofy;e cVjoFkZ csyh dhFkhfLkLk- & Qjojh ƒŠŒ„ bZ- d¨ güsokyh] fMLkI;wVs’ku¼fopkj&foe’kZ½ ds voLkj ij ifBr] vkujscqydaiuht ÁsLk Lks Ádkf’krA ;g ÁsLk yanu Lks ƒŠŒ„ bZ-esa eaxk;k x;k FkkA bLkh esa nsoukxjh Vkbi dk vkjafÒd:i ns[kus d¨ feyrk gSa

ƒŠŒ… bZ- & Lkrh güs dh jhfr& „‹ ekpZ] ƒŠŒ…bZ- dh ifBr fofy;e pSifyu dh FkhfLkLkA4

ƒŠŒ† bZ- & fgUnh jëu vkFk Z,fixzkfQdyvYVhesVe & ÇgnqLrkuh ÁsLk ƒŠŒ†A ;g iqLrdvaxszth esa gS ftLkesa ‘kdqUryk ukVd dh dgkuh nhgqbZ gSA bLkesa nsoukxjh Vkbi dk ,d pkVZ gS] t¨fiNys Vkbi Lks vf/kd Lk¡okjk gqvk gSA

bLk o”kZ ts- jëu dh FkhfLkLk nj & eekfydÇgn dh tcku a dh vLkycqfu;kn LkaLÑr gS & ¼„ŒfLkrEcj] ƒŠŒ… bZ- ifBr] jëu v{kj a esa Nih½

ƒŠŒ‡ bZ- LkqUnj dohLkjA dkthe vyh v©jyYywyky Lkaikfnr ÇLkgkLku cŸkhLkh & ÇgnqLrkuhÁsLkA

U;w VsLVkesaV Q¨VZ fofy;e d‚yst ds yusZMusfVOLk }kjk ÇgnqLrkuh esa vuwfnrA bLks ewy xzhd LksM‚- gaVj us feyk;k v©j nqgjk;kA bLk iqLrd dkVkbfVy jëu fyfi esa gSA iqLrd ukxjh fyfi esa NihgSA

bLkesa ÁFke pkj x‚Liy & dk vuqokn gSA;g ÇgnqLrkuh ÁsLk Lks Nik FkkA bLkds igys dkckbfcy vc rd ugÈ feyk gSA bLkdk ,d LkaLdj.k,sLkk Òh feyk gS] ftLkesa vuqoknd esa dsoy gaVj dkuke gSA

ƒŠŒ‹ bZ- & vaxszth Lku~ ƒŠŒ† Lkky 1 vkbZu& vuqoknd Fks] ,p-ih- Q¨VZj] MCY;w-oh- psyh¼ƒŠŒ‡&Œ‰ bZ-½ ts okdj ¼ƒŠŒŠ bZ-½ ,e-,p- VEcy



ImpactFactor


®

¼ƒŠŒ‹ bZ-½A bLkdk jpukdky ¼ƒŠŒ‡&Œ‹½ gSA ƒŠƒŒbZ- & vaxszth Lku~ ƒŠŒ… bZ- Lkky ds vkbZu Lku~ dkQhgfjLr & vuqoknd ,p-ih- QkVZjA ukxjh Ápkfj.khLkÒk esa miyC/kA5

ƒŠƒŒ bZ- & ÁseLkkxj iw.kZ & ;g LkaLÑr ÁsLkLks Nih FkhA ƒŠŒ… bZ- esa bLk ikB~;iqLrd dk dqNva’k Nik FkkA

dSjs us ƒŠƒ&ƒ„ esa fgUnh ckbfcy fudkyk]fQj ƒŠƒ… bZ- esa cztÒk”kk ckbfcy fudkykA

ƒŠƒ… bZ- & , xzkej vkWQ n ÇgnqLrkuhySaXost & yUnu ƒŠƒ… bZ-A bLkesa ik¡p IysV ukxjh dsgSA fyfi ys[ku&fof/kA Òwfedk esa ukxjh ds fy,pkYLkZ foyÇdLk d¨ /kU;oknA

ƒŠƒ‰ bZ- & oztfoykLk & cztokLkhnkLkÑrA

ƒŠ„Œ bZ- & LkjLk jLk & yYywykyth }kjkLkEikfnrAi=&if=dk,¡ %

djhc ƒŒŒ o”kZ rd daiuh ds jkt{ks= esad¨bZ Lkekpkji= ugÈ Nik D;äfd daiuh dsvf/kdkjh ;g ugÈ pkgrs Fks fd y¨x a d¨ mudhdkjxqtkjh dk irk u pysA ysfdu fgUnh LkkfgR; dsfodkLk esa i=&if=dkvksa dk Ádk’ku cgqr Lkgk;dgqvkA Lkaiw.kZ LkkaLÑfrd ,oa Lkq/kkjoknh psruk fgUnhx| ds ek/;e Lks i=if=dkvksa esa Ádkf’kr g¨djtuLkk/kkj.k ds ikLk igq¡phA LkÒh ÁÒko’kkyh Lkkekftddk;ZdrkZvksa us vius&vius i= Ádkf’kr fd, v©jmLkds }kjk viuh vkokt turk rd igq¡pkbZA vkjaÒesa Jhjkeiqj ds fe’kufj; a esa fofy;e djs v©jfoyÇdLk us rFkk Q¨VZ fofy;e d‚yst esa fxyfdLVus fgUnh Vkbi <kyus dk rFkk Nkik[kkus Ápfyrdjus dk dk;Z fd;kA ogÈ Lks i=&if=dk,¡ ÒhfudyhA eqæ.k;a= a ds Ápkj Lks i= a dk Ádk’ku Lkjyg¨ x;k FkkAˆ

fnXn’kZu & fgUnh dk igyk ekfLkd i= %rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr v©j dEiuh Lkjdkj

i=&if=dkvksa ds i{k esa u FkhA ysfdu f’k{kk Ápkj&ÁLkkj ds vkLkikLk ds okrkoj.k esa O;fä dh :fp

tkxrh gSA Jhjkeiqj ds fe’kujh i=&if=dkvksa dsÁdk’ku dh v©j mUeq[k gq,A vr% ek’kZ ds LkEiknuesa Qjojh ƒŠƒŠ bZ- esa fgUnh Òk”kk dk igyk ekfLkdfnXn’kZu Ádkf’kr gqvkA

ckcw ckyeqdqUn xqIr us xqIr fuca/kkoyh esafy[kk Fkk fd cukjLk esa fyFk¨xzkQ esa eqfær cukjLkv[kckj gh fgUnh dk igyk Lkekpkji= gSA JhcztsUæukFk cU/kïk/;k; dh [k¨t Lks mnar ekraZM dkirk pykA bLkds LkEiknd ;qxy fd’k¨j FksA fd’k¨jthus ;g LkkIrkfgd i= Lku~ ƒŠ„ˆ bZ- esa Ádkf’kr fd;kFkkA bLkds iwoZ jktkjkee¨gu jk; us caxyk i= LkekpkjniZ.k Ádkf’kr fd;k FkkA Lku~ ƒŠ‡Œ bZ- esa fgUnh Ápkjd¨ –f”V esa j[krs gq, ‘kq) fgUnh Òk”kk dk ÁFke i=Lkq/kkdj dk’kh Lks fudkykA7

Lku~ ƒŠ‡† esa dydŸ¨ Lks ‘;keLkqUnj Lksu usÁFke nSfud fgUnh Lkekpkji= Lkekpkj Lkq/kk o”kZ.kÁdkf’kr fd;k FkkA LknkLkq[kyky us vkxjk Lkscqf)Ádk’k Ádkf’kr fd;k FkkA bLkesa Lkjdkjh Lkwpuk,¡Ádkf’kr g¨rh Fkh v©j mLk Lke; dk ;g ,d ek=ekU; i= FkkA mnar ekraZM Lks vkB o”kZ iwoZ fgUnh esafnXn’kZu dk Ádk’ku gqvk FkkA bLkds vfrfjä Lku~ƒŠ„Œ esa x‚Liy eSxt+hu dk ÁFke vad mnar ekraZMLks vkB o”kZ iwoZ fgUnh esa fnXn’kZu dk Ádk’ku gqvkFkkA bLkds vfrfjä Lku~ ƒŠ„Œ esa x‚Liy eSxt+hu dkÁFke vad Ádkf’kr gqvk FkkA vr% fgUnh dk ÁFkeLkekpkj i= mnar ekraZM ugÈ] oju~ fnXn’kZu v©jx‚Li y eSxt +hu ekus t k; saxsAŠ

mŸkj Òkjr esa Jhjkeiqj ds fe’ku dsUæ }kjkvusd Ldwy Lkapkfyr g¨rs FksA † tqykbZ ƒŠƒ‰ esadydŸkk Ldwy cqd Lk¨LkkbVh cuhA Lk¨LkkbVh }kjkikB~;Øe dh iqLrdsa Ádkf’kr fd;s tkus ij Òhmudk vÒko jgrk FkkA Jhjkeiqj ds fe’kujh Ácq)Kku dh ÁkjafÒd iqLrd a d¨ Nkidj vius Nk= a d¨,sLks fdrus gh fo”k; a Lks ifjfpr djkuk pkgrs Fks ftuij d¨bZ iqLrd ugÈ feyrh FkhA bLk vÒko dh iwÆrgsrq mUg aus vÁSy ƒŠƒŠ esa ,d ekfLkd i= fudkyukvkjaÒ fd;kA ƒŠƒŠ bZ- esa Ádkf’kr fd;s tkus okysi= dk vk[;ki= ¼VkbfVy ist½ bLk Ádkj Fkk



ImpactFactor


®

fnXn’kZu ;k fn bf.M;u ;wFk eSxt+huA M‚- t¨’kqvkek’kZeSu ds iq= t‚u DykdZ ek’kZeSu ¼ƒ‰‹†&ƒŠ‰‰½bLkds LkEiknd FksA fnXn’kZu ds Lkÿg vad fudysFksA fnXn’kZu ds fgUnh] ck¡xyk] vaxszth&ck¡xyk v©jvaxszth LkaLkdj.k Ádkf’kr g¨rs FksA bLkdk ÁFke LkaLdj.kckaxyk esa Nik FkkA Ldwy esa fgUnh fnXn’kZu dïkB~;iqLrd a ds :i esa Á;qä fd;k tkrk FkkA9

fgUnh esa Ádkf’kr bLk i= ds ÁFke LkEikndMsfu,y d¨jh ekus tkrs gSaA Msfu,y d¨jh us mŸkjÒkjr esa yxÒx nLk Ldwy a dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh ftuesaLks cukjLk dk t;ukjk;.k Ldwy Òh gSA dEiuhLkjdkj us fu;a=.k ;k Áfrj¨/k djus ds LFkku ij mLksLkfØ; Lkg;¨x fn;kA vr,o fe’kujh u;s mRLkkg LksfnXn’kZu dk Ádk’ku djus yxsA vaxszt i= esa Qs.MvkWQ bf.M;k mYys[kuh; gSA ftLkdk Ádk’ku vÁSyƒŠƒŠ esa vkjaÒ gqvk Fkk] ckn esa bLks dydŸkk v©jfnYyh Lks fn LVsV~LkeSu ds uke Lks ÁfLk) fd;k x;kAƒ ebZ ƒŠƒŠ esa Lkekpkj niZ.k dk ÁFke vad Ádkf’krgqvk] t¨ LkeLr Òkjr esa ns’kh Òk”kk esa NiusokykÁFke ckaxyk Lkekpkj i= gSA ;g LkkIrkfgd i= fgUnwLkekt esa vR;Ur y¨dfÁ; FkkA10

x‚Liy&eSxthu %dydŸkk dh ch-,-,e-,Lk- ¼caxky vkWXt+yjh

fe’kujh Lk¨LkkbVh½ uked LkaLFkk us Lku~ ƒŠƒ‹ dsfnLkEcj eghus esa f}Òk”kk;h if=dk ¼vaxszth&ckaxyk½x‚Liy if=dk dk Ádk’ku vkjaÒ fd;kA tuojhƒŠ„Œ Lks ;g if=dk iw.kZr% ckaxyk Òk”kk esa Ádkf’krgüs yxhA Lku~ ƒŠ„Œ mnar ekraZM ds N&Lkkr o”kZ iwoZx‚Liy e©xt+hu dydŸkk Lks fu;efr :i Lks ukxjhfyfi esa Ádkf’kr g¨ jgk FkkA11 Lkekpkj dk vkjaÒ %

y‚MZ gsfLVXt ds Lke; esa pkYLkZ foyÇdLk uscaxyk Vkbi rS;kj fd;k FkkA ƒ‰‰Š bZ- esa ,saMªt usgqxyh esa Nkik[kkuk LFkkfir fd;kA mLkds ckn fgUnhVkbi cus v©j fgUnh ÁsLk LFkkfir gq,A vaxszth jkT;ds foLrkj ds LkkFk mŸkj Òkjr dh Òk”kkvksa esa Lkekpkji= a dh ÁFkk LkcLks igys caxyk esa pyhA Òkjro”kZ esaLkcLks igyk i= vaxszth esa ƒ‰ŠŒ bZ- esa Ádkf’kr

fgdht xtV dgk tkrk gSA mLkds ckn vaxszth esav©j Òh i= fudysA M‚- ek’kZeSu v©j M‚- dSjs uscaxyk esa Òh fnXn’kZu ¼ƒŠƒŠ bZ-½ uked Lkekpkj i=Ádkf’kr fd;kA caxyk dh ns[kkns[kh fgUnh esa ÒhmŸke¨Ÿke i= Ádkf’kr güs yxsA Òkjro”kZ esa LkcLksigyk Lkekpkji= tuojh ƒ‰ŠŒ bZ- esa vaxszt a }kjkvaxszth Òk”kk esa v©j mudh viuh vkÆFkd Áfr}afnorkds dkj.k fudykA méLkoÈ ‘krkCnh ds iwokZ)Z esa ghÁsLk Kku&foKku ds ÁLkkj dk ,d cgqr cM+k Lkk/kucu x;k FkkA12

bLk Lkaca/k esa Lkaikndkpk;Z ia- vafcdkÁLkknoktis;h us fy[kk gS & mLk Lke; daiuh ds fLkokÒkjr ds O;kikj Lks ekykeky güs ds fy;s cgqr Lksvaxszt Lora= :i Lks O;kikj djus caxky esa vk, FksAbUg aus ns[kk fd daiuh ds deZpkjh mLkdh vkM esaviuk Lora= O;kikj pykrs gSa v©j vU; y¨x a dsO;kikj esa ck/kk Mkyrs gSaA bLk ck/kk dk fuokj.k djusds n¨ mik; Fks & ,d bLk ns’k ds y¨x a esa f’k{kk dkÁpkj dj y¨der tkxzr djuk v©j nwLkjk LkcLora= vaxszt O;kikfj; a dk LkaxBu djuk] ftLkLksvU;k; ;fn iw.kZ :i Lks can u g¨ tk; r¨ de r¨vo’; gh g¨ tk;A13

Lku~ ƒ‰ŠŒ Lks ‹Œ bZ- rd dydŸkk Lks fgdhds caxky xt+V ds vfrfjä v©j Òh i= fudys &ƒ‰‹… esa fn bafM;u oYMZ uked nwLkjk vaxszth i=Ádkf’kr gqvkA ÁsLk dh Lkgk;rk Lks mLk Lke; t¨LkcLks cM+k dk;Z LkEié gqvk og ƒ‰ŠŒ bZ- esa ts- ,-fgdh }kjk vaxszth esa fn caxky xtV dk Ádk’ku FkkAfgdh dk ;g xtV Òkjrh; Lkekpkji=&dyk dkvxznwr ekuk tkrk gSA ÁkjaÒ esa xtV y¨dfÁ; jgk]fdUrq vkxs pydj mLkes vkifŸktud ckrs vkus Lkscan djuk iM+kA dydŸkk Lks fn oYMZ] fn caxkytuZy] fn gjdkjk] fn dSydVk xt+V ¼caxky Lkjdkjdk i=½] fn VsfyxzkQ] fn dSydVk baxfy’keSu] fndSydVk tuZy vkfn vaxszth ds vusd ÁfLk) i=Ádkf’kr gq,A14

Jhjkeiqj ds csifVLV fe’kuoky a us Lku~ ƒŠƒ‰esa fnXn’kZu uked ekfLkd i= Ádkf’kr fd;kA bLkdk



ImpactFactor


®

Lkaiknu Òh d¨bZ vaxszt LkTtu djrs FksA bLkds dqNgh fnu a esa caxyk Òk”kk esa n¨ i= fudys dydŸkk Lkscaxky xtV bLkdk fgdh ds xtV Lks d¨bZ Lkaca/k ugÈFkk v©j Jhjkeiqj Lks Lkekpkj niZ.kA ftLk Ádkjfe’kufj; a us /keZÁpkj ds fy, Ldwy d‚yst [kÿs]Nkik[kku a dh LFkkiuk dh] mLkh Ádkj mUg aus ns’khÒk”kk esa Lkekpkji= Òh fudkykA15

bLk Lke; jktk jkee¨gu jk; f’kf{kr] mnkjv©j Áxfr’khy fopkj ds caxkfy; a ds usrk FksA osvaxszth] QkjLkh] LkaLÑr v©j caxky ds ÁdkaM fo}kuFksA bZLkkbZ /keZ ds vkØe.k dk foj¨/k fd;kA bLkh Lka?k”kZds Áokg esa igys r¨ caxky esa Lkaokn d©eqnh ¼ƒŠ„Œ½rFkk ckn esa vaxszth v©j caxyk esa ckgeSfudyeSxsthu dk Ádk’ku gqvkA vkxs pydj vius fopkj ads Ápkj ds fy;s jktk Lkkgc us Q+kjLkh Òk”kk esaehjkr&my&v[kckj Òh fudykA nwLkjk ny dÍj:f<+oknh] Lkq/kkj foj¨/kh v©j Lkjdkjh jhfruhfr dsLkeFkZd a dkA bLkds fopkj a dk Ápkj Lkekpkj pafædk]tkucqy v©j ,f’k;kfVd tujy }kjk g¨rk FkkA/khjs/khjs mnkj uhfrokys Lkekpkji= a dk ÁÒko c<+usyxkA Òkjr esa daiuh Lkjdkj v©j baXySaM esa daiuh dsMk;jsDVj a us Lkekpkji= a ij fu;a=.k ykus dk mik;Lk pkA ehjkr&my&v[kckj v©j dSydVk tujycan djuk iM+kA mLkds LkgLkaiknd LksaMLkZ vkWjukVfuokZfLkr dj fn, x,A vÁSy] ƒŠ„… bZ- d¨ ,sMe usLkqÁhe d¨VZ ds Lkkeus Lkekpkji= a ds fu;a=.k dsÁLrko j[ksA mu Lkc ij fopkj güs ds ckn xoZujtujy us jsX;wys’ku tkjh fd,A buds vuqLkkj Lkjdkjhvuqefr ds fcuk iqLrd a] dkxt a dk Nkiuk v©jÁsLk dk mi;¨x djuk fuf”k) Bgjk;k x;kA16

cqf)&Ádk’k %LkjLorh ds igys Òkx dh vkBoÈ Lka[;k esa

jktk y{e.kÇLkg ds thou pfj= esa Jh;qr ia-fd’k¨jhykyth x¨Lokeh us fy[kk gS & fgUnh esaLkcLks igys Lku~ ƒŠ†‡ bZ- esa jktk f’koÁLkkn dhLkgk;rk Lks cukjLk v[kckj uked i= fudykA nwLkjkLku~ ƒŠ‡Œ bZ- esa dk’kh Lks Lkq/kkdj i= fudyk v©jrhLkjk i= Lku~ ƒŠˆƒ bZ- esa jktk y{e.kÇLkg }kjk

ÁtkfgrS”kh uked fudykA fQj /khjs&/khjs cgqr Lks i=fgUnh esa fudysA17 fgUnh LkkfgR; ds bfrgkLk dsv/;;u Lks irk pyrk gS fd Lku~ ƒŠ‡Œ ds yxÒxfgUnh esa dqy n¨&rhu Lkekpkji= fudyrs FksA feJcU/kqvksa us Òh viuh iqLrd feJ ca/kq fou¨n ds rhLkjs[k.M esa fgUnh Òk”kk ds Lkekpkji= a ds LkEcU/k esafy[krs gq, bLkh er dk LkeFkZu fd;k gSA ijUrqb/kj fgUnh ds o;ö) LkkfgR;Lksoh J)s; ‘;keLkqUnjnkLkth ds ikLk fgUnh ds Ákphu LkkIrkfgd i= dhdqN Áfr;k¡ Lkqjf{kr gS] ftLkdk tUe ÁtkfgrS”kh Lkscgqr igys gqvk FkkA bLk i= dk uke cqf)&Ádk’kgSA18

fgUnh LkkfgR; ds bfrgkLk xzFk a esa vÒh rdbLkds LkEcU/k esa d¨bZ Ádk’k ugÈ Mkyk x;k gSAbLkds ftYn ƒ ds ƒŒ uEcj Lks ‡Œ uEcj rd dhÁfr;k¡ gekjs ikLk gS] ftLkdh i“B Lka[;k ‰… Lks ÁkjaÒg¨dj †ŒŒ ij LkekIr g¨rh gSA bLkLks irk pyrk gSfd ftYn Òj esa ,d gh Lka[;k fLkyfLkys Lks pyrhFkh v©j ,d ftYn ,d o”kZ ds Lkc vad a dh g¨rhFkhA o”kZÒj esa bLkds ‡„ vad fudyrs Fks v©j gjvad esa Š i“B g¨rs FksA ;g yhFk ij Nirk Fkk v©jbLkds ÁR;sd i“B esa n¨ dkye jgrs FksA bLkdkokÆ”kd ewY; ˆ] Nekgh v©j ekfLkd ƒ FkkA ;g Áfrcq/kokj d¨ fu;fer :i Lks vkxjk ‘kgj Lks Ádkf’krgqvk djrk FkkA bLk ckr Lks fuf’pr fd;k tk LkdrkgS fd bLk i= dk Ádk’ku ƒ tuojh] ƒŠ‡„ bZ- Lksgqvk g¨xkA bLkds ÁR;sd vad ds var esa eqa’khLknkLkq[kyky e¨grfee uw:y v[kckj Nkis[kkus dsbgreke Lks vkxjk ds eqgYys e¨rh dVjs esa Nikfy[kk gSA bLkLks Li”V gS fd bLkds Áca/kd d¨bZ eqa’khLknkLkq[kyky uked LkTtu FksA ijarq bLkdk Lkaikndd©u Fkk] ;g i= dc rd pyrk jgk vkfn ckr adk irk vÒh rd ugÈ pyk gSA e¨grfee Q+kjLkh‘kCn gS v©j bLkdk vFkZ Áca/kd gSA ijarq bLk i= esatgk¡ dgÈ vU; fdLkh Lkekpkji= Lks d¨bZ Lkekpkjm)r fd;k x;k gS] mLkds vkjaÒ esa fy[kk x;k gSfd veqd i= ds e¨grfee Lkkgc ,sLkk fy[krs gSaA19

cqf)Ádk’k ds dqN pqus gq, fuca/k a dh Lkwph &



ImpactFactor


®

1- fnYyh ds Lkekpkj ¼fnYyh ds bfrgkLk dsLkaca/k esa½A

2- fy[kus dh fo|k Lks vKkuh y¨x a dsvk’p;Z djus dk o.kZuA

3- ohoj tUrq dk o.kZuA4- thotUrq dk o.kZuA5- LoIu dk fo”k;A6- iatkch js’ke dk o.kZuA7- LohMu ns’k dk Lka{ksi bfrgkLkA8- Lka{ksi bfrgkLk :Lk ns’k dkA 9- Lka{ksi bfrgkLk teZuh dkA10- vkfLVª;k ns’k dk Lka{ksi bfrgkLkA11- Likfu;k ns’k dk Lka{ksi bfrgkLk12- :Lk dk Lka{ksi bfrgkLkA13- Òwxÿ dk o.kZuA14- ykiyan] uk[ks v©j MsuekdZ dk Lka{ksi

bfrgkLkA15- js[kk xf.kr ds {ks= dk fLk)dj.kA16- ;wuku dk Lka{ksi bfrgkLkA17- js[kk xf.kr ds iape {ks= dk fLk)dj.k18- js[kk xf.kr ds mä {ks= dk cht jhfr

Lks fLk)dj.k19- fL=; a dh f’k{kk ds fo”k;A20- fo|k ÁLkax ¼O;kdj.k dk fo”k;½A21- ÁÑfr Kku fo|k dk fo”k;A22- euq”; ds psgjs dk o.kZuA 23- euq”; tkfr dk o.kZuA24- LkaLkkj dh Ì’; oLrqvksa dk o.kZuA„Œ vaxszth Lkjdkj ds Áfr turk esa vVy J)k

v©j Òfä FkhA Lku~ ƒŠ‡‰ bZ- ds xnj ds iwoZ vaxszt adk jkT; Ì<+ ugÈ gqvk FkkA mLk Lke; os Átk d¨LkUrq”V j[kus ds fy;s LkoZnk Á;Ru djrs FksA tjk ÒhdgÈ vLkUr¨”k dk uke u FkkA t¨ dk;Z vaxszt a dhv¨j Lks fd, tkrs Fks] turk mudk Lkg”kZ vuqe¨nudjrh FkhA bLkds vfrfjä og Lke; Òh ,sLkk Fkk fdLkekpkji= LoPNanrkiwoZd Lkc dqN ugÈ fy[k LkdrsFksA bLkh Lks rRdkyhu vf/kdka’k Lkekpkji= a d¨ gexoZuesaV ds dk; aZ dk vuqe¨nd ikrs gSaA cqf)Ádk’kdh uhfr Òh bLkds foijhr ugÈ FkhA21

xoZuesaV ds fdLkh dk;Z dk Lkekpkj mLkesatgk¡ fn;k x;k gS] ogk¡ [kwc g”kZ ÁdV fd;k x;k gSAbLk i= dh uhfr xoZuesaV dh uhfr dk LkeFkZu djuk

FkkA Òkjr dh Átk Òh mudh jhfr&uhfr Lks LkUrq”VFkh v©j bLkhLks mUgsa vius ij ‘kkLku djus nsrh FkhALkaiknd us bLk i= dh Òk”kk d¨ ‘kq) fgUnh j[kus dhps”Vk dh gSA tgk¡ rd muLks cu iM+k gS] mUg aus bLkesavjch] QkjLkh vFkok LkaLÑr ds dfBu ‘kCn a dügÈ vkus fn;k gSA ;|fi os bLk dk;Z esa cgqr LkQyugÈ gq, gSa] ijUrq mudh ;g ps”Vk Lkjkgus ;¨X; gSv©j mLk Lke; dh Ápfyr Òk”kk Lks bLkdh Òk”kkcgqr mér gSA Lkekpkj a ds fy[kus dh ‘kSyh Òh cqjhugÈ gSA ;gk¡ ij ge cqf)Ádk’k Lks dqN Lkekpkj a d¨m)r djsaxsA ueZnk unh esa /kwosZ dh u©dk ds uewusvkus ds Lkekpkj

cEcbZ xtV esa fy[kk gS fd Fk¨M+s fnu gq,,d N¨Vk Lkk /kqosZ dk tgkt+ y¨gs dk cuk gqvkcyk;r baxfyLrku Lks egkjkt gqydj cgknqj vk;kFkkA yEckbZ esa …ˆ QqV v©j p©M+kbZ esa ˆƒ QqV ;gLk©xkr uoEcj eghus esa cEcbZ esa igqaph FkhA ogk¡ LksmLkds VqdM+s tqns „ djds uhps ds Òkx d¨ :bZ dhuko ij ?kj ds uoZnk unh rd yk, v©j mLkdh dysav©j og ykB ftLkLks /kqok¡ fudkyrk gS] dM+ a ij ?kjds eaMys’oj rd t¨ uoZnk ds fudV gS igq¡pk;kAtc Lkc foÒkx mLkds vk pqds rc mLk LFkku dsLkkfgc dh Lkgk;rk fcuk t¨M+ ds ucZnk unh esapyk;kA ogk¡ ds Lkc ÇgnqLrkuh ftUg aus ,sLkh oLrqdÒh ugÈ ns[kh Fkh bLk v qr u©dk d¨ vpaÒs Lksns[krs gSa v©j fcuk pkiw v©j irokj ds unh esa mLkd¨pyrh ns[kdj vk’p;Z ds Òaoj esa iM+ tkrs gSaA bLkLksmLkdh Òk”kk v©j Lkekpkj a ds fy[kus dh ‘kSyh dsfo”k; esa Li”V Kku g¨ tk;xkA22

fu”d”kZr% orZeku esa cgq/kk LkkIrkfgd vFkok nSfudi= a ds ,d Á/kku Lkaiknd g¨rs gSa v©j dqN y¨xmLkds v/khu Lkgk;d Lkaiknd rFkk dk;ZdrkZ g¨rs gSaAÁ/kku Lkaiknd vxzys[k] fVIif.k;k¡ vkfn fy[k nsrk gSv©j mLkds v/khuLFk deZpkjh x.k Lkekpkj a dk Lkaxzg]ÁwQ dk Lka’k¨/ku vkfn dk;Z djrs gSaA ijUrq igys ;gckr u FkhA ,d gh Lkaiknd d¨ Lkc dqN djuk g¨rkFkkA LkanÒZ

ƒ- vk/kqfud fgUnh LkkfgR; dh Òwfedk]y{ehLkkxj ok”.ksZ;] i- †ˆŠ

„- fgUnh ds ;wj¨fi;u fo}ku O;fäRo v©j



ImpactFactor


®

ÑfrŸo] M‚- eqjyh/kj JhokLro] i- ……ƒ&………- fgUnh ds ;wj¨fi;u fo}ku O;fäRo v©j

ÑfrŸo] M‚- eqjyh/kj JhokLro] i- ……††- vk/kqfud fgUnh LkkfgR; dh Òwfedk]

y{ehLkkxj ok”.ksZ;] i- †ˆŠ ‡- vk/ k q fud fgUnh L k k fgR; dh

Òwfedk] y{ehLkkxj ok”.ksZ;] i- †ˆŠ&†ˆ‹ˆ- vk/kqfud fgUnh LkkfgR; dh Òwfedk]

y{ehLkkxj ok”.ksZ;] i- †ˆ‹&‰Œ‰- vk/kqfud fgUnh LkkfgR; dh Òwfedk]

y{ehLkkxj ok”.ksZ;] i- †‰Œ&‰ƒŠ- fgUnh LkkfgR; dk cgr~ bfrgkLk] =;¨n’k

Òkx] y{ehukjk;.k Lkq/kka’kq] i- ƒ„‹&ƒ…Œ ‹- vk/kqfud fgUnh LkkfgR; dh Òwfedk]

y{ehLkkxj ok”.ksZ;] i- †ˆ‰&ˆŠƒŒ- vktknh ds ipkLk Lkky] fo’oÁdk’k

xqIr v©j e fguh xqIr] i- ‡Šƒƒ- eqxy LkkezkT; dk iru rFkk fons’kh

‘kfä; a dk vkxeu] M‚- vkj- ds- iLFkh] i- ƒ†ˆ&ƒ†‰ƒ„- vktknh ds ipkLk Lkky] fo’oÁdk’k

xqIr v©j e fguh xqIr] i- ‡Šƒ…- [kM+hcÿh dk vkanÿu] M‚- f’kfrdaB

feJ] i- ‹†ƒ†- ik’pkR; fo}ku a dk fgUnh LkkfgR;] M‚-

ts- ,p- vkuan] i- ƒŒŠƒ‡- [kM+hcÿh dk vkanÿu] M‚- f’kfrdaB

feJ] i- ƒŒŠƒ - ik’pkR; fo}ku a dk fgUnh LkkfgR;] M‚-

ts- ,p- vkuan] i- ƒŒ‹&ƒ„ƒ‰- vk/kqfud fgUnh LkkfgR; dh Òwfedk]

y{ehLkkxj ok”.ksZ;] i- ƒ†ƒ ƒŠ- fgUnh LkkfgR; dk c‘gr~ bfrgkLk] =;¨n’k

Òkx] y{ehukjk;.k Lkq/kka’kq] i- ƒ…Œ&ƒ…ƒƒ‹- fgUnh LkkfgR; dk cgr~ bfrgkLk] =;¨n’k

Òkx] y{ehukjk;.k Lkq/kka’kq] i- ƒ…ƒ„Œ- vk/kqfud fgUnh LkkfgR; dh Òwfedk]

y{ehLkkxj ok”.ksZ;] i- †ˆ‹„ƒ- fgUnh LkkfgR; dk cgr~ bfrgkLk] =;¨n’k

Òkx] y{ehukjk;.k Lkq/kka’kq] i- ƒ…„„„- ukxjh Ápkfj.kh if=dk] cqf)Ádk’k]

xaxkÁLkkn ÇLkg] i- †ˆ‡&†‰„

e/;izns’k i;ZVu {ks= esa dksfoM&19ds izHkko [ktqjkgks] lkWaph o Hkhe

csBdk ds fo’ks”k lanHkZ esa

MkW- Lefr lqjkfl;kfoHkkxk/;{k izca/k foHkkx]

ekrk xqtjh efgyk egkfo|ky; tcyiqj

Jhefr vpZuk lkusegkjk”Vª bULVhV~;wV vkWQ gk;j ,tqds’ku] tcyiqj

==============***********===============lkjka’k

izLrqr ’kks/ki= esa Hkkjr ds dqN egRoiw.kZfo’o /kjksgj ,oa ;wusLdks lwph esa ‘kkfey e/;izns’kds fo’o izfl) /kjksgj [ktqjkgks] lkWaph ,oa HkhecSBdkesa dksfoM&19 ds ckn i;ZVdksa dh la[;k esa vk;hdeh dk fo’ys”k.k fd;k x;k gS ,oa ljdkj }kjkftu fn’kk funsZ’kksa ds vk/kkj ij i;ZVdksa dks ;k=kdjus dh vuqefr nh xbZ gS bu ij Hkh izdk’k Mkykx;k gSAdh&’kCn%& dksfoM&19] ;wusLdks fo’o /kjksgj]i;ZVu fn’kk funsZ’k Aifjp;

i;ZVu ;s ’kCn lqurs gh vkWa[kksa ds lkeusd’ehj dh okfn;kWa] v:.kkapy dk lw;ksZn;] jktLFkkudh lqgkuh ‘kke] e/;izns’k ds ck?k] fo’kk[kk iV~Vueds leqnz dh ygjsa] eukyh ds cQZ ds igkM+ vkSjvU; je.kh; LFky nf”Vxr gksrs gSaA ijUrq dksfoM&19us bleas ,d vYifojke dk dke fd;k gSA dksfoM&19ds dkj.k i;ZVu Fke lk x;k gS i;ZVu {ks= dksvR;kf/kd {kfr dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSAdksfoM&19 ds dkj.k vkarfjd ,oa varjkZ”Vªh; mM+kusaHkh jn~n dj nh x;hA jsYos] cl] dzwt+ ij Hkh jksd

25



ImpactFactor


®

yxk nh x;h gS laiw.kZ i;ZVu ij bldk udkjkRedizHkko iM+ jgk gS ,oa laiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk Mxexk x;hgSAdksfoM&19dksfoM&19 dksjksuk ok;jl dks ;g uke fo’oLokLF; laxBu ¼WHO) }kjk fn;k x;k gSA ;gkWa COdk vFkZ gS dksjksuk] VI dk vFkZ gS ok;jl] rFkk D dkvFkZ gS fMlhtA pwafd ;g o”kZ 2019 esa QSykblfy, bls COVID-19 dgk x;k gS] dksjksuk ok;jldbZ izdkj ds fo”kk.kqvksa dk ,d lewg gS tksLru/kkfj;ksa vkSj if{k;ksa esa jksx mRiUu djrk gSA ;g,d ,slk ok;jl gS tks ekuo ‘olu ra= esa ladze.kiSnk djrk gSA ;g loZizFke 31 fnlEcj] 2019 dksphu gscqbZ izkar ds oqgku ‘kgj esa fueksfu;k ds :i esalkeus vk;k] fQj ;g izdj.k WHO ds laKku esavk;k yxHkx ,d lIrkg ckn tuojh 2020 dksphuh vf/kdkfj;ksa us bldh iqf”V dh] fd mUgksaus ,du;s ok;jl dh igpku dh gSA bls dksjksuk ok;jldk uke fn;k x;kA1 ;kstuk uoacj 2020 dksfoM ds ckn vFkZO;oLFkk‘kks/ki= ds mn~ns’; &

bl ‘kks/ki= dk mn~ns’; dksfoM&19 dsckn i;ZVu {ks= esa vk;h pqukSfr;ksa dk v/;;u djukgSA

bl ‘kks/ki= dk mn~ns’; dksfoM&19 dsdkj.k i;ZVu {ks= esa vk jgs cnyko dk v/;;udjuk gSA

bl ‘kks/ki= dk mn~ns’; e-iz- fLFkr ;wusLdksfo’o /kjksgj eas i;ZVdksa dh la[;k dk v/;;u djukgSAlkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu &

bl ‘kks/k i= ds ys[ku gsrq dbZ lekpkj i=ksads ys[kksa] ekfld if=dkvksa] ‘kks/ki=ksa dh enn yhx;h gS tks fuEu gS(

;kstuk uoEcj 2020 dksfoM ds cknvFkZO;oLFkk

;kstuk tuojh 2020 i;kZoj.kdjsaV vQs;lZ 2020 vDVwcj

;kstuk ekpZ 2021 dsUnzh; ctVvrqY; Hkkjr tuojh&ekpZ 2020 i;ZVu

ea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj] u;h fnYyh’kks/k izfof/k &

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dksfoM&19 eas 3691 i;ZVu LFky vkSj50 Lekjdksa dks iwjh rjg can dj fn;k x;k FkkA bllwph esa mRrjizns’k lcls izFke LFkku ij tgkWa 745i;ZVu LFkyksa dks can dj fn;k x;k gSA f}rh; LFkkuij dukZVd gS tgkWa 506 i;ZVu LFkyksa dks can djfn;k x;k gSA r‘rh; LFkku ij rfeyukMq gS tgkWa413 i;ZVu LFkyksa ij izos’k fu”ks/k fd;k x;k gSAns’k ds vU; jkT;ksa esa Hkh dksfoM&19 ds nq”izHkkoksadks de djus ds fy, i;ZVu LFkyksa dks can dj fn;kx;k FkkA dksfoM&19 ds iwoZ 8 tqykbZ 2019 dksyksdlHkk esa i;ZVu ea=h us rktegy ds i;ZVdksa dhla[;k esa yxkrkj of) dk o.kZu fd;kA 2018&19esa rktegy dh vk; 289 djksM+ #i;s Fkh ftlesa6 djksM+ #i;s dh vk; vkWuykbu fVfdV ls gqbZ gSArktegy 116 i;ZVu LFkyksa esa ls lcls vf/kdvk; L=ksr okyk LFky gSAdksfoM&19 vkSj oU; thou

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ImpactFactor


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nh?kZdky rd ?kjksa esa jgus ds ckn i;ZVdksa usvc dksfoM&19 ds lkFk jgrs gq, i;ZVu iqu% izkjaHkdj fn;k gS] ogh i;ZVu m|ksx ds uqdlku dks ns[krsgq, Hkh Hkkjr ljdkj ,oa jkT; ljdkj us dksfoM&19ds fn’kk funsZ’kksa dk ikyu djrs gq, i;ZVu LFkyksa dks[kksy fn;k x;k gSA Hkksiky] ;wusLdks dh lwph esa‘kkfey [ktqjkgks] lkWaph vkSj HkhecsBdk esa foxr o”kksZadh rqyuk esa 30ç ls 45ç i;ZVd gh vk;s gSaAi;ZVu ea=ky; us ;wukLdks lwph esa ‘kkfey ns’k dh38 /kjksgjksa dh ewY;kadu fjiksVZ tkjh dh gSA blfjiksVZ esa 2019&20 o 2020&21 esa i;ZVdksa dhla[;k dk rqyukRed v/;;u fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa31 tuojh 2021 rd ds vkWadM+s ‘kkfey gS bllsLi”V gksrk gS fd dksfoM&19 ds mijkar i;ZVdksa dhla[;k esa Hkkjh fxjkoV vk;h gSArkfydk dz-&02[ktqjkgks lkWaph Hkhe csBdk esa i;ZVdksa dhla[;k dk rqyukRed v/;;u

dz- /kjksgj 2019&20 2020&21

1- rktegy 51,64,828 1 0,33,018

2- ykyfdyk 22,91,408 1,88,435

3- dqrqcehukj 23,06,434 3,43,733

4- vt ark xqQk,Wa 2,93,401 37,974

5- ,yksjk xqQk,Wa 12,80,687 37,974

6- Qrgiqj lhdjh 6,51,663 94,108

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dz- i;ZVu LFky 2019&20 2020&21

1- [ktqjkgks 2]76]738 90]888

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bl ’kks/ki= ds vk/kkj ij gesa ;g ifj.kkeizkIr gksrs gSa fd fo’o ds lHkh i;ZVu LFkyksa dh rjge/;izns’k ;wusLdks esa lwphc) i;ZVu LFky] [ktqjkgkslkWaph vkSj Hkhe cSBdk ij Hkh dksfoM&19 dk izHkkoiM+k gSA fiNys o”kksZa dh rqyuk esa o”kZ 2020&21 esai;ZVd dksfoM&19 ds dkj.k ;k=k djuk LFkfxrdj jgs gSaAlq>ko &

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vxzlj gks lds ,oa i;ZVdksa dks csgrj o lqjf{krokrkoj.k iznku fd;k tk ldsA§ ;k=k ds nkSjku i;ZVd ekLd] lsusVkbt+j olkekftd nwjh dk ikyu djsaA§ ljdkj }kjk izkFkfed fpfdRlk o vko’;dnokb;ksa dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sA§ i;ZVu LFkyksa ij lhfer i;ZVdksa dks tkusdh vuqefr gksA§ dksfoM&19 ls lqj{kk gsrq lHkh fn’kk funsZ’kksadk ikyu fd;k tk,Afu”d”kZ &

bl ‘kks/ki= ls ;g fu”d”kZ izkIr gksrk gS fdvU; m|ksxksa dh rjg i;ZVu m|ksx ds fy, dksfoM&19,d vfHk’kki gS tks bl m|ksx dks BIi djus ijrqyk gqvk gSA blds izR;{k izHkko ls i;ZVdksa dhla[;k esa deh vk jgh gS ftlds ifj.kke Lo:ii;ZVu LFkyksa dh vk; ij Hkh udkjkRed izHkko iM+jgk gS tks fd i;ZVu m|ksx ds fy, xaHkhj fo”k; gSAlanHkZ xzaFk lwph &§ vrqY; Hkkjr & tuojh&ekpZ 2020]i;ZVu ea=ky; dh =Sekfld if=dk] Hkkjr ljdkjubZ fnYyhA§ vrqY; Hkkjr & vizSy&twu 2020] i;ZVuea=ky; dh =Sekfld if=dk] Hkkjr ljdkj ubZ fnYyhA§ vrqY; Hkkjr & tqykbZ&flrEcj 2020]i;ZVu ea=ky; dh =Sekfld if=dk] Hkkjr ljdkjubZ fnYyhA§ vrqY; Hkkjr & vDVwcj&fnlEcj 2020]i;ZVu ea=ky; dh =Sekfld if=dk] Hkkjr ljdkjubZ fnYyhA§ djsaV vQs;lZ 2020 vDVwcj§ xg y{eh ekpZ 2021 dksjksuk dky esa dSlsdjsa ;k=k ys[kd izkph izoh.k egs’ojh§ ;kstuk uoEcj 2020 dksfoM ds cknvFkZO;oLFkk§ ;kstuk tuojh 2020 i;kZoj.k§ ;kstuk ekpZ 2020 dsUnzh; ctV



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Bibliography• Acharya Ram – Tourism and cultural

heritage of India (1930) R.B.S.A. Publication,Jaipur, India

• Akhter J. – Tourism Management in In-dia, Aashirwad Publication, Jaipur (1995)

• Bhartiya A.K. – Tourism in India Stat-ing Publication New Delhi

• Bramwell, B. (1993) – Tourism and theEnvironment: Challenges and Choices for the1990s Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1993

• Dr. Vipin Acharya, Dr. ViajayaShrivastava, Ku. Nidhi Asthana Agrawal Re-search Methodology Publications, Agra

• Jain Ashu – Tourist Satisfaction and De-velopment: A Case Study of Jabalpur

• Simmons, D. (1994) – Community Par-ticipation in Tourism Planning Tourism Manage-ment, 15(2)

Webliography•www.ecoindia.com/ecotourismin

Indiahtml• www.ecotourisumindia.com• www.indiawildlifeinfo.com• www.incredible.com• www.tourmyindia.com/blog• www.yatra.com

A Brief Introduction to theIndo-Arab Relation

Dr. Md. Nasir Uddin MondalAssistant Professor, Department of Arabic,

Bamanpukur Humayun Kabir Mahavidyalaya

==============***********===============Abstract :

The relation of India with Arabia beganfrom before the dawn of history. This intenserelation between India and Arabia may be seenin various ways in its manifold aspects. The leg-ends speak that Adam, the father of Mankind,being driven out of Paradise to Jabal Adam, amountain of ceylon, a part of India and fromthere he left for Arab. The cultural relation ofIndia with Arabia was established from ancienttimes, long before the preaching of Islam, in thesixth century A.D. India has earned a high esti-mation to the Arabs. The Arabs of Pre-Islamicperiod used to call their sweet hearts Hinda.Indian swords were very famous to the Arabsand the good swords made of Indian steel werecalled Muhannad . The Religious relation of In-dia was established from the days of the ProphetMuhammad(Sm). The commercial relations ofIndia with Arabia may be traced back to the thirdmillennium B. C. It is worth mentioning here thatthe political relation between India and Arabiawas first established in the 7th century A.D.These two ancient countries had been con-nected since 2800 B.C. Besides these, manycompanions of the prophet came to India , Arabexpedition was led to India and Arab colonieswere established in India . The paper will focuson the relation between the India and the Arabiain brief.KEYWORDS: Sahaba, Tabi’un, Intense relation,Expedition, Colonies

26



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Preface :The relation between India and Arabia

began from long past. It has manifold aspects.The legend speaks that Adam, the father ofMankind, being driven out of Paradise, later oncalled after him Jabal Adam, a mountain ofCeylon, a part of India. Besides the religiousbooks, we find this reference in the geographi-cal books like the Ahsanut-Takssim Fi Ma’rifatllAkalim of al-Makdesi. The generally acceptedviews is that the Indo-Arab relations were es-tablished from the third millennium B. C. We maysay, on the basis of recent excavations atMohanjo-Daro , Harappa, Lothan and the Tigris-Euphretes region that the Indian contact withthe Tigris-Euphrates region, especiallyMesopotamia, was established as early as 2500B. C. The relation may be reviewed in variousways in its manifold aspects.Cultural Relation

The cultural relation of India with Arabiawas established from ancient times, long be-fore the preaching of Islam, in the sixth centuryA.D. India has earned a high estimation to theArabs. The Arabs of Pre-Islamic period used tocall their sweet hearts Hinda , Indian swordswere very famous to the Arabs, and the goodswords made of Indian steel were calledMuhannad . These words are found in the Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry. It may be said that theIndian Iron, had its origin from the Heaven,which was brought by Adam from Heaven, assaid by Jalaluddln Abdur Rahman As-Suyuti inthe interpretation of the quranic verse. Thereare a few Indian words of Sanskrit origin suchas Misk(Musk) Zangabil (Ginger) and Kafur(Campher) which are used in the Holy Quran.Most probably the words entered the Arabic lan-guage through the medium of Syriac, Aramaicand Ethiopic.

This is an evidence of the long processof social and commercial Intercourse that musthave taken place between India and Arabia inthe centuries proceeding Islam. Hazrat Ali used

to call India as a most fragrant land of the World. Ibn Jarir at Tabari observes that Adam broughtwith him, from the Heaven along with the stone,a branch of tree and some fragment fruits, whenhe was thrown at Sarandip of India, He plantedthe branch of the tree and sew the seeds of thosefruits in the soil of India.

In the tradition of Sahih of Muslim wefind Abu Huraira to narrate that the Prophet saidthe Saihun, the Jaihun, the Furat and the Nileare the rivers of the Heaven. Mulla Ali Kari re-marks in his annotation to the Sahih of Muslimthat Saihun is the river of India, which may bethe Ganges. Tabari says in the explanation ofthe verse that Tuba is the name of a garden inIndia.Religious and Commercial Relation :

The Religious relation of India was es-tablished from the days of the ProphetMuhammad (Sm). Shaikh Abdul- Haque Dihlavisays in his book the ‘Jajbul Qulub’ that in the 10A.H. the prophet send Khalid to Banu Harith atJajran. On his preaching the people therebyembraced Islam and thereafter, presented them-selves to the Prophet, who looking to them, re-marked that they were like the Indian people.

The commercial relations of India withArabia may be traced back to the third millen-nium B. C. There is evidence pointing to the pres-ence of Indian merchants from Makran andBaluchistan in Mesopotamia, Stuart Pigottpoints out, Cotton cloth is likely to have beenan important article of commerce for theHarappa civilization. Indian cotton was knownunder the name of Sindhu. From the early timesup to the third century A.D. the Greeks and theRomans dominated the commercial activities inthe Arabian sea, and the Arab merchants playedan important role in this trade from ancienttimes. The early Arabs, the descendants ofQahtan had driven away the Red Men of Arabiaprobably the ancestors of the Phoenicians, fromArabia in about 1800 B.C. These Arabs were themain agents of trade between India and Egypt.



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It was perhaps through this contact with theancient civilization of the East, India and Egypt,these Arabs built a magnificent civilizationwhose centre was at Sabaea .

long before the advent of Islam inArabia, the Arab merchants used to visit theEastern and Western coasts of peninsular In-dia. As a result of this contact, some Arabicwords specially those used in trade were as-similated into the language spoken in SouthernIndia. There are some Sanskrit words in themaritime vocabulary of the Arabs.

Two main routes by which trade wascarried in ancient times between India and theWestern countries happen to pass throughArabia. The first route runs from the outlet ofthe Indus and upto the Euphrates and theLaventine ports. This route attained much Im-portance during the golden days of BabylonianEmpire, with the decay of which it fell intooblivion. The second Important route lays fromthe Indian coast to that of Yaman and Hadramoutand from there, passing along the Red Sea coastto Syria and thence to Europe, either directly, orfrom Syria coast, or Via Egypt and Alexandria.This route was of greater importance. The pros-perity of South West Arabia in ancient timesdepended much on it and It formed a high wayof commercial traffic upto the Ptolemies estab-lished an overland route from India to Alexan-dria .This route passing from Yamen to Syriathrough the Hijaz has been referred to in theHoly Quran as ‘a clear Road’.

There were Indian merchant settlementson the island of Socotra. The importance of therelations between India, Egypt and South Arabia,during this period, may be realized from the factthat when Alexander built the city of Alexan-dria.

Maritime people, as the Arabs, naturallyengage in foreign trade. So the Arabs becomeacquainted with these Journey routes and seacoasts in connection with their trade and com-merce. lt has been well established that sev-

eral thousand years ago the Arab merchantsused to visit the Indian Coasts and transportedfine wood of sweet smell, precious stones,spices, coconuts and other Indian products toEgypt and Syria. There from they went forwardby road to yamen through Hijaz and continuedtheir journey upto the Persian Gulf. From therethey sailed along the coast of Tez in Baluchistanand embarked at the port of Deibal in Sind.Thereafter, their vessels sailed by the coast ofGujarat, touched the port of Thana, Calicut, andultimately reached Ceylon. It is certain that theArab merchants visited the Indian coastal town,and Ceylon was known to them very closely. Wemay say that the Arab merchants had formedcommercial establishment with India three cen-turies before the advent of Islam. This commer-cial relation between India and Arabia expandedafter the advent of Islam in Arabia in the sev-enth century A. D.Advent of Sahaba and Tabi’un in India

The Arabs had, as we have seen already,various contracts with India, since the ancienttimes. After their conversion to Islam, they natu-rally turned their eyes to India and looked for agood port in the Indian coast for their tradingvessels . They, first cast a covetous glance onPersia and while sending Utba, a companion ofthe Prophet to proceed toward a Ulla in 634.Umar b. al-Khattab, the second caliph of Islamobserved ‘Islam should occupy a place in theland of India. Hereafter, the Arabs invented atiny port near Bombay, called ‘Thana’ In 636 A.D.under the orders of the Governor of Bahrain andYaman .The commander of the first and earliestexpedition was Abu Uthman Hakam b. Abil Assaqafi, a companion of the prophet and thebrother of the Governor. This expedition causedthe advent of Sahaba in India, on his own risk.Fortunately they returned home without lasinga single life, But they had to go back withoutproceeding further, as they were not allowed todo so, by the caliph, who did not want to playducks and drakes with human life.



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Arab Expedition to IndiaThe Arabs advanced steadily towards

India. In 641 A.D. Umar ordered for a generalmobilization of the Islamic forces under thegeneralship of the companions of the Prophet.Accordingly al-Hakam b. Amr ai-Taghlibi wasdirected against Makran in India in 641 A.D. Atthat time, Makran was ruled by RasiI, the kingof Sind. The Makranies gave a severe fight un-der the command of the king in person, withnumerous elephants, but nothing could stem thetide of the Arabs and the natives had to taketheir heels. At last they were forced to retreatacross the Indus. Thus the Arabs occupied theentire valley of the lower Indus. After this vic-tory the Arab general al-Hakam sent Suhar b.al-Abdi to the caliph Umar with this good news,seeking his permission to proceed further be-yond the Indus . But the Caliph ordered him notto advance any further. so the campaign wasabandoned ever there.

Al-Hakam led an expedition, later on,against Breach and sent his brother al-Mughirb. al-Asi to the Gulf of Deibal. He met the en-emy of the battlefield, and won a victory. An-other expedition was sent, against Deibal by al-Mughira b. al-As ath-Thaqafi, very successfully,shortly before the assassination of Hazra Umarin that year.

After the first round of victory in the re-gion extending from Makran to the West of theIndus, and after the natives agreed to pay thetribute to them the Arabs retired . But after theirretirement from the land the natives stoppedpaying the tributes. So, the next caliph of IslamUthamn b. Affan sent Ubaidullah b. Ma’mar tosubdue them in 644 A.D. On his arrival at Makran,Ubaidullah crushed the rebellion and broughtthe territory under his control. Thereafter, whenUthman appointed Abdullah b. Amir as the gov-ernor of Iraq. he ordered him to send to the fron-tier of India a man to secure information aboutthe feasibility of any expedition to it and to In-form him accordingly. Then Abdullah sent Hakam

b. Jaballa another younger Sahaba to gather in-formation about India. On his return from Indianfrontiers Abdullah sent Hakam to Uthman, whoasked him about the condition of the country.He replied : I have examined it throughly andscrutinized its nature. Its water supply is scanty,the dates are inferior, the robbers are bold, asmall army will be lost there and a large armywill starve , worse waits beyond that region . Asa consequence, Uthamn did not send anyone toraid the country.

During the caliphate of Mu’awiyah,Muhallab b. Abu Sufrah led an expedition to thefrontier of India in 664 A.D. He reached Bannahand al-Ahwar, the places in between Multan andKabul, and advanced as far as Lahore. Thereaf-ter, Abdullah b. Sawar was appointed caretakerof the conquered land of Sind . He made a raidon the Indian territory of Kikan and obtainedbooty and presented Mu’awiyah some KikaniiHorses. Under this regime Ziyad b. Abu Sufyan,the Governor of Iraq, appointed Sinan b. Salamacommander of the Indian frontier in 668 A.D.He was the last Sahaba in India . He reconqueredMakran, established a garrison and made it hisheadquarters. He founded cities over there, or-ganized the revenue system of the place andbrought the country in order. Then Abbad b.Ziyad, the Arab general raided the Indian fron-tiers from Sijistan. He went forward to Kandaharand conquered the land. The next Arab Com-mander of the Indian frontiers was al-Mundhirconquered Kasdar. After his death Ibn Harri al-Bahili was appointed his successor, who foughta severe fight here and subdued this country,acquiring much booty.

During the reign of Abdul Malik, Hajjajb. Yusuf was the viceroy over Iraq, Sijistan,Kerman and Khurasan, which Included parts ofTransoxiana and the conquered parts of India.After the death of Abdul Malik, when Khalidbecame the caliph In 705, Hajjaj became theGovernor of the Eastern territories of theUmayyad Kingdom including Iraq, Persia,



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Makran and Baluchistan. He took positive stepsto consolidate the relations of the Arabs withIndia, and the conquered islands near the In-dian coast.

Since then the Arabian Muslims weresending expeditions to the Indian frontiers, gain-ing booties and making prisoners, and the Arabmerchants regularly visited the Indian ports.Sometimes their ships were attacked by piratesof the Indian coasts. Some Arab merchants usedto visit Ceylon, the land of rubies and Jewells. Afew of them settled over there ultimately, dueto reasons best known to them. Some of thesemerchants died a natural death at Ceylon.

After that Hajjaj ordered his youngnephew Muhammad b. Kasim at-Thaqafi to setout for Sind, while he was in Persia, and sentAbdul Aswad Jaham b. Zahr towards Rai in com-mand of his van . But receiving the order ofHajjaj, Muhammad b. Kasim raided Sind, fromShiraj, at the head of six thousand Syrian sol-diers. Hajjaj ordered Abul Aswad al-Jufi to goback to Muhammad b. Kasim to the Indian fron-tier, collecting all his followers, and making allpreparation for the expedition. Abul Aswad, ac-cordingly sailed for the same destination carry-ing munitions. Another small army marched to-wards Sind by the land route, through Persia toreinforce the army of Muhammad b. Kasim .Arab colonies in India

Muhammad b. Kasim reached Sind in711. He first went to Makran, stayed over therefor a few days and then went to Kannozbur ,and conquered it and the adjacent land of Armail.At this stage Muhammad b. Harun met him withreinforcement. Then he went and arrived Deibalaccompanying Jahm b. Zahr and there arrivedsome ships laden with men, weapons and othersupplies. On encamping at Deibal, he con-structed trenches, and hoisted flag along thetrenches, making the lances as flag stands andset up the troops camped according to theirflags. His troops then broke down and attackedthe enemies, driving them clear back in flight.

Thus he conquered the city and the Gov-ernor of Dahir fled from the town. Muhammadb. Kisim marked out a quarter for the Muslims,built a mosque and settled four thousand colo-nies over there. Then Muhammad b. Kasim pro-ceeded occupying al-Birun, Sahban, Sadusan,Niranket , Raur and Multan. Thus he completedoccupying the country from the borders of theriver upto coutch and the frontier of Malwa, in712 A.D. Dahir was killed in course of fighting.Muhammad imposed Kharaj upon the subjectsand gave them safety.

When Sulayman became caliph afterWalid, he immediately appointed Sabih b. AbdurRahman as successor of Hajjaj, who instantlyrecalled Muhammad b. Kasim from Sind andappointed Yazid b. Abu Kabashah in his place,as the governor of Sind in the year 715 A.D. Af-ter his death in Sind Sulayman commissionedHabib b. al-Muhallab to wage campaign to Sindand he set out for the purpose. By this time thekings of India, including Jay Singh had come backto Brahmanabad. Habib stationed himself on thebanks of Mihran. The people of Rawr Submittedto him .

During the caliphate of Hisham b. AbdulMalik, Junaid b. Abdur Rahman al-Murri gov-erned the Indian frontier for Umar b. Hubairahal-Fazari. Now Hisham appointed him to rule it.He led an attack on Cutch, marching throughMarmad, Mondal and Dhabanj, he forced hisway to the part of Broach. One of his Officerskept through Ujjayan and entered Gujarat. Now,Junaid raided al-Kiraj, which had broken the cov-enant. He sent an army to Ujjayan and sentHabib b. Murrah with a contingent to Malabar.They waged war with Ujjayan, raidedBrahmanabad and received a huge amount ofbooty. Tamim b. Zaid al-Utbi succeeded Junaidas ruler of Indian lands. Later on when al-Hakamb. Awanah was the ruler, the Indian new-muslims apostatized with exception of thepeople of Cutch. So he built at the border of In-dia, a city for the Muslims, which he named al-



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Mahfuzah (well guarded) where he settled. Hesent Amr. b. Muhammad on a raid to adjacentland and on his triumphant return he built, onthe side of the lake, a city which he called a1-Mansurah in the year 733 A.D. Al-Hakam wonback from the enemies all that they capturedfrom him and the people were pleased with hisadministration.

When the Abbasids came into power,Mughallis Al-Abdi became the Governor of thefrontier of Sind. He went by way of Tukharistan,Musa b. Kab succeeded him as Governor. Heenlarged the Mosques of a1-Mansurah and con-ducted Successful campaigns from there. TheAbbasids drew India closer to the centre of theArab empire.

During the Caliphate of Abu Jafar alMansur, Hisham b. Amr at-Taghlibi became theGovernor of Sind In 760 A.D. He sent a Navalexpedition, under the command of Amr b. Jamal,with a fleet to Gujarat and conquered Baroda.Thereafter, Hisham himself went to the regionsof India and conquered Kashmir. He also con-quered Multan, Kandabil and Kandahar. The landprospered under him, He built a mosque overthere. This was the first mosque in India. It wasunder Hisham that the Islamic power in Sindattained the highest degree of security and infact it was only then that Sind came to be le-gally regarded as a Muslim dependent colony.Then Ma’bad b. Khalil at-Tamimi became thegovernor in 768 A.D. After the death of Mansurin 775, Mahdi sent Ruhi b. Hatim, Bustam b. Amarand Nasr b. Muhammad as governors of Indianterritory, Who maintained law and order overthere.

During the reign of Hadi (785-786 A.D.)there was no material change in the adminis-tration of the Arab Territories in India. WhenHarun ar-Rashid became the caliph in 786 A.D.Salim al- Yunusi became the governor of thisfrontier, who stayed over there for four years.Afterwards it was governed by Ishaq b.Sulayman, Yusuf b. Ishaq, Tayfur b. Abdullah,

Jabir, Sa’d b. Muslim, Isa b. Ja’far and Ayyub b.Ja’far upto 797 A.D. Harun ar-Rashid becamedisappointed with the quiet activities of thesegovernors, so he appointed Daud b. Yazid al-Muhallabi in 798 A.D. He conquered some por-tions of the land, which was very difficult toconquer, subdued the entire frontier region andset the territory in order. Thereafter the condi-tions continued to be quiet until the time ofMamun in 813 A.D. Mamun appointed Bashir b.Daud as the governor of the Arab territories inIndian region, who later on refused to obey thecaliph’s order. Ghassan b. Abbad succeeded himand left Musa b. Yahya al-Barmaky as his lieu-tenant over the frontier. Musa Killed Balah, theking of ash-Sharq, though the king offered him5,00,000/- dirhams to spare his life. After thedeath of Musa, his son Imran, became the gov-ernor and continued to hold the office upto thereign of Al-Mu’tasim Billah .

Mu’tasim wrote to him in the year 833A.D. In regard to governing the frontier. There-after, Imran made an expedition against theKikanite Zutts, and defeated them in the fight-ing. He founded a city, called al-Baida, wherehe garrisoned his army. From there he went toMansurah and the mountain city Kandabil, Imranfought the ruler of the City, conquered it andbrought its chief Officers to Kasdar. He raidedthe Midland, slaughtered three thousand menof them. He also built a high way known as thehigh way of the Mids. He made his camp on theriver Rur and called the zutts over there. Whenthey came to his camp he sealed their hands bytattooing and collected the Jizyah from them.Later on he dug a canal from the sea, which raninto the fresh water of the Mids and thus madetheir sweet water salty. Then he attacked themwith the help of the Zutts ; but in the long runhe was killed by a surprise attack. ThereafterMu’tasim appointed Anbasa b. Ishaq as the gov-ernor of Sind, who continued in his office duringthe time of Al-Mutawakkil Alallah.

Mutawakkil called him back and ap-



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pointed Harun b. Khalid in his place. He waskilled in a strife between the Nizarite and theYeminites, and certain Umar b. Abdul Aziz be-came the ruler of Arab territories in India.Mutawakkil accepted him as the governor of theregion, When Umar died, his son Abdullah suc-ceeded him whom met the famous historian Al-Mas’udi, when he came to India as a tourist, inthe year 915 A.D. We learn from him that therewere two colonies about this time. Abdullah b.Umar al-Habbari ruled the Southern colony hav-ing his headquarter at Mansurah, while theNorthern colony extended over a larger regionand Abdul Zubab al-Munabba reigned over itwith his headquarter at Multan.Conclusion :

From the above discussions now, we cansafely say that the relationship between Indiaand Arabia is very deep and intense and it con-tinued from long past. Therefore , we can saythat this relationship started long ago and it isstill remained prevailing in the larger contextwith more intensity.

References :1. Hadi, Hasan, A History of Persian

Nevigation, London -19282. Nadvi, Sayed Sulayman, Arab Wa Hind

ki Ta’llukat,Allahabad -19303. Tabari, Abu Muhammad bin Jarir,

Tarikhur Rusul Wal Muluk, Leiden-18934. Ibnul Atheer, Usudul Gabah, Hydrabad

-12865. Pigott Stuart, Pre-historic India to 100

B.C. London-19616. Encyclopedia of Britannica (11th edi-

tion)7. Ameen, Ahmad, Duhal Islam, Cairo -

1933

Hkkjrh; laxhr esa ok| oxhZdj.k% ,d voyksdu

xqjizhr flaglgk;d izksQ+Slj ¼laxhr oknu½]

ljdkjh dkWyst jksiM+

==============***********===============laxhr mruk gh izkphu vkSj vukfn gS] ftruh

ekuo tkfr] daB ekuo ds fy, lgt ,oa LokHkkfodnsu gS vkSj ;gh mlds xhr rFkk ok| ds fuekZ.k ,oamlds Loj&{ks= dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA izkphu xzaFkdkjksaus daB dks bZ’oj }kjk fufeZr igyk ok| ekuk gSA bld.B ds ukn dks vuqdj.k djus ds fy, gh ekuous nwljs ok|ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k gksxkA tSls tSlslaLdfr dk fodkl gqvk] laxhr Hkh mlds vuqdwyfodflr gksrk x;kA laxhr ds fodkl esa ok|ksa dklnk ls gh fo’ks”k egRo jgk gSA bl dk izek.kvtark] vsyksjk vkSj vSfyQSaVk dh fp=dkjh] eksgutksnM+ksvkSj gM+ik dh [kqnkbZ ls izkIr [kf.Mr eqfrZ;ksa vkSjizkphu xzaFkksa] osnksa] mifu”nksa vkfn ls feyrk gSA izkphufo}kuksa us xhr] ok| vkSj uR; bu rhuksa ds lewg dkslaxhr dgk gS %^xhr ok|* rFkk uR; rS;a laxhr eqP;rs*1

ok| ‘kCn dh ifjHkk”kk %ekud fgUnh dks’k] Hkk”kk ‘kCn dks’k] fgUnh

‘kCn lkxj esa ok| dk vFkZ cktk fn;k x;k gSA2

egku dks’k ds vuqlkj ftldks otk;k tk ldsvFkkZr ôktk*A3 Mk- yky e.kh feJ ds ‘kCnksa esalaxhrkRed /kquh vkSj xfr dks izxV djus okys ;a=dks ôk|* dgk tkrk gSA4

tc fdlh ok| dks otk dj vius eu dsHkkoksa ds izxV fd;k tkrk gS rc og oknu* dgykrkgSA oknu esa xhr dh Hkkafr ‘kCn ugha gksrsA xhr ;k

27



ImpactFactor


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xk;u esa Loj] ‘kCn] y; vkSj rky dk lqesy gksrkgS tcfd oknu esa Loj] y; vkSj rky gh iz/kku gksrsgSaAok| oxhZdj.k %

vkfn dky ls gh ôk|* laxhr dk vfHkUuvax jgsa gSaA izkphu dky esa ekuo /ofu;ksa dk vuqdj.k,oa Loj ds #i esa mldk O;ogkj fd;k] mu /ofu;ksadk fdu Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fä esa fdu xhrksa ds lkFkiz;ksx djsa rFkk fdu y;ksa dk iz;ksx djs] mldk Hkhfparu euq”; us fd;kA ;g iz;Ru dc] fdlus] dgkafd;k] mldk fuf’pr le; ,oa LFkku ds fo”k; esavkt fuf’pr #i ls dqN ugha dgk tk ldrk]ysfdu oSfnd laxhr ds vk/kkj ij ;g vo’; dgktk ldrk gS fd oSfnd dky esa laxhr dh ‘kkL=h;,oa yksd nksuksa #i esa izfr”Bk gks pqdh FkhA xhr ds#i esa _pkvksa ds Åij xku fd;k tkrk Fkk] ftls^lke* uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA5 ;g ml le; ds‘kL=h; laxhr dk #i gSA xkFkk] ukjk’kalh vkfnxhr&izdkjksa ds #i esa yksd&laxhr izpfyr FkkAxhrksa esa jatdrk mRiUu djus gsrq izkdfrd miknuks lsfofHkUu izdkj ds ok|ksa dk fuekZ.k bl ;qx esa gks pqdkFkkA ;gh ugha ok|ksa dh rduhd dk fodkl Hkh bldky esa gks pqdk FkkA

oSfnd lkfgR; esa oa’kh] oh.kk] os.kq] ‘ka[k]nqnZj] xks/kk] ok.k vkfn ok|ksa dk mYys[k vusd’k%izkIr gksrk gSA ok|ksa iz.k;u dky ls ysdj ijorhZdky rd ukuk izdkj ds ok| izpfyr gq, gaSA ;gizfØ;k vkt Hkh fo|eku gSA ukn dh vfHkO;fDrdaB ls rFkk ok|ksa ds }kjk gksrh gSA oLrqr % vkgrukn ds #i esa tks /ofu ok|ksa ij rFkk d.B lsizLQqfVr gksrh gS og ikap izdkj dh gksrh gS] u[kt]ok;qt] peZt] yksgt rFkk ‘kjhjtA6 oh.kk vkfnok|ksa dks D;ksafd u[k ds iz;ksx ls ctk;k tkrk gS]blfy, bu ok|ksa dks û[kt* dgrs gSaA oa’kh vkfnok|ksa esa /ofu Qwad ls vfHkO;fä gksrh gS] blfy,;g ok| ôk;qt* dgykrs gSaA enax] i.ko] nqnZjvkfn ok| peZ ls cus gksrs gSa] bu ok|ksa esa mRiUu gksusokyh /ofu Hkh peZt dgykrh gSA eathjk vkfn ok|

ykSg /kkrq ls fufeZr gksrh gS blfy, buls mRiUu/ofu ^yksgt* dgykrh gS rFkk daB ls mRiUu /ofu^’kjhjt* uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA /ofu;ksa ds vk/kkjij fofHkUu ok|ksa dk ukedj.k izpfyr gks x;kA blizdkj ukuk izdkj ds midj.k rFkk ukuk izdkj dh/ofu;ksa ds dkj.k musdkusd ok|ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrkpyk x;kA v/;k;u] v/;kiu ,oa O;ogkj dhlqfo/kk ds fy, ok|ksa dk oxhZdj.k Hkh fd;k x;kAok|ksa ds pkj oxZ rr] vou)] /ku ,oa lqf”kj Hkjrds le; O;ogkj esa FksA7 bu pkjksa oxZ ds ok|ksa dsy{k.k ukV~;’kkL= ds vV~Bkglosa v/;k; esa of.kZrgSaA Hkjr ds muqlkj ra=h ok|ksa dks ^rr*] vou)ok+|ksa dks îq”dj*] rky ok|ksa dks ^/ku* vkSj oa’khok|ksa dks ^lqf”kj* dgrs gSaA8

egf”kZ Hkjr }kjk mfYyf[kr ok|ksa dkprqfoZ/k oxhZdj.k tks fd;k x;k og ijorhZ vkpk;ksZesa Hkh ekU; jgkA ^laxhr jRukdj* ds ok|k/;k; dsizkjaHk esa f’ko dh oUnuk dh xbZ gSA9 ogka ;g dgkx;k gS fd ftl ijes’oj ds }kjk Hkqou dk foLrkjgqvk gS rFkk ftlds }kjk ;s ¼Hkqou½ vkc) gSa vkSjtks fujkfr’k; vkuUn Lo#i gS] vkSj tks psru gS]ml f’ko dk eSa Lej.k djrk gwaA bl eaxykpj.k dks/;kuiwoZd ns[kus ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd blesa prqfoZ/k ok|ksa dk uke ,oa y{k.k leklksfDr vyadkj ds}kjk of.kZr gqvk gSA dgus dk vfHkiz; ;g gS fdok|ksa dk oxhZdj.k tks Hkjr us fd;k ogh ‘kM+xZnsovkfn vkpk;ksZ us Hkh Lohdkj fd;kA

futh fo’ks”krk ukn ds xq.k ds dkj.k lHkhok|ksa dk viuk&viuk egRo gksrk gSA dqN ok|fdlh jl fo’ks”k ds fy, mi;qDr gSa rks dqN ok|vU; jl fo’ks”k ds fy,A dqN ok| Loj iz/kku gSa] rksdqN rky iz/kkuA ra=hok| rFkk lqf”kj ok| Loj iz/kkuok| gSa vou) rFkk /ku ok| y; iz/kku gSA

ukjn us ok| ds rhu izdkj crk, gSa tksvkua)] rr vkSj /ku gSA10 fo’oarj tkrd esa ok|ksadk oxhZdj.k ikWap ox®Za ds varxZr fd;k gSA ogka ikapoxZ vkrr] forr] vkrr&forr] /ku vkSj lqf”kjgaSA11 dksgy* us Hkh ok|ksa ds ikap izdkj crk,a gSA12



ImpactFactor


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laxhr pwM+kef.k esa ,d LFky ij ;g dgk x;k gS %rra p forra pSo /kue~ lqf’kj eso pAxkua pSo rq iapSrr~ iap’kCnk % izdhfrZrk AA

blds vuqlkj rr] forr] /ku vkSj lqf’kjpkj izdkj ds ok| rFkk ikapok xku ls feykdj buikapksa ds dkj.k ‘kCn ds ikap izdkj fl) gksrs gSaA13

^laxhrlkj* esa rr] forr] /ku] rFkk fl[kj ¼lqf’kj½ok|ksa ds ;s pkj izdkj dgs x, gSaA ogka ;g mYys[kfd;k x;k gS %rr ds ifgys dgrk gSa] forr nwljks tkuArhtks /ku pkSFks fl[kj] rkulsu ijekuAA

;gka ^forr* ^’kCn* vou) ok|ksa ds fy,rFkk ^fl[kj* ‘kCn ^lqf’kj* ok|ksa ds fy, iz;ksxfd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj fofHkUu xzUFkksa esa fof.kZrok|&oxhZdj.k dks ns[kus ls ;g Li”V gksrk gS fdukeksa esa fdafpi ifjorZu vk;k gS rFkkfi lEiw.kZ ok|ksadk eq[; #i ls pkj oxksZ esa gh oxhZdj.k fd;k x;kgSA

ok|ksa dk oxhZdj.k Hkys rhu oxksZ ds vUrxZrfd;k x;k gks] Hkys pkj ;k ikap] ;g ckr fujlansglR; gS fd ok|ksa dh lrk laxhr esa cgqr izkphudky ls gh LFkkfir gks xbZ FkhA ok|ksa dk fuekZ.k]ok|ksa dk Lo#i rFkk ok|ksa dk fofHkUu voljksa ijO;ogkj Hkh vfr izkphu dky ls gksrk jgk gSA‘kkL=&xzaFkksa esa ok|ksa ds Lo#i mudh fuekZ.k fof/krFkk muds O;ogkj ds voljksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSAfdu ok|ksa dk fdu voljksa ij O;ogkj D;ksa fd;ktk,] bl ckr dk Hkh mYys[k izkIr gksrk gSA ‘kkL=&xzaFkksads lw{e v/;iu ls ;g Hkh nf”Vxkspj gksrk gS fdok| ek= eaxy /ofu djusss okys ;k xku ds iwjd ghugha gSa] vfirq mudh viuh fo’ks”krk ds dkj.kmudh Lora= lÙkk gSA

izkphu le; ls gh ok|ksa ls /ofu mRiUudjus ds ek/;e izgkj djuk FkiFkikuk] fgykuk]jxM+uk rFkk Qwaduk bR;kfn FksA bu fØ;kvksa esa ekuous lkSan;Z i{k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ukuk fl)karksa dkfuekZ.k fd;kA ;gha ls ok|ksa ds oxhZdj.k dk lw=kikrkekuk tk ldrk gSA e/; dky esa rkulsu us ok|ksa ds

oxhZdj.k ds lca/k esa bl rjg fy[kk gS %rr dks igys dgr gSa forr nwljksa tkuArhtks /ku pkSFks fl[kj rkulsu ijekuArkj yxs lu lt ds lks rr gh rqe ekuApje enk;® tkdks eq[kj for lq dgs c[kkuAdal rky ds vkfn ns /ku ft; tkUgq ehrArkulsu laxhr jl cktr fl[kj iquhrkA14

vk/kqfud ok| oxhZdj.k %Lakxhr ds bfrgkl ls ;g ckr lkQ gks tkrh

gS fd ok| ds Lo#i] mudh fo”ks’krk;ksa dks vk/kkjcuk dj izkphu dky ls gh fHkUu&fHkUu xzaFkdkjksa usbuds oxhZdj.k ds fo”k; esa vius&vius fl)krksadks c;ku fd;k gSA

ok| ds oxhZdj.k dk vkjEHk Hkjr equh usfd;k Fkk] ftUgksus vius xzaFk ukV; ‘kkL= esa pkjizdkj ds ok|ksa dk mYys[kk fd;kA Hkjr ewuh us ok|ds Lo#i dks vk/kkj eku dj ok| oxhZdj.k bu pkjoxksZ esa fd;k %

1- rr ok| 2- vou) ok| 3- /ku ok|4- lqf‘kj ok|

izkphu dky ds foLrr ok|&Òsn a dks ns[krsgq;s Hkjr equh dk oxhZdj.k gh lcls mi;qDr]yksdfiz;] foKkfud vkSj lc ls mf/kd ekuuh; gSAbuds oxhZdj.k dks gh ckn ds xzaFkdkjksa us FkksM+s&cgqrvarj ds lkFk lohdkj dj fy;kA vk/kqfud Lke k esaHkkjr esa izpfyr lHkh ok| ftuesa dqN fons’kh ok|Hkh lkfey gSa] ge bl oxhZdj.k esa vkrs gSaA1- rr ok| % og ok| ftUesa Loj dks mRiu rkjij fd;s x;s fdlh izgkj ;ka pksV ls iSnk gq;s vanksyuLks gksrk gS] mu ok| a d¨ rr ok| dgk tkrk gSA dqNfo}ku rr ok| dks vkxs nks Hkkxksa rr foRr esafoHkktu djrs gSaA rr ok| og gksrs gS ftUgsa fet+jkc]tok] maxyh vkfn ls ctk;k tkrk gS] tSls flrkj]ljksn] oh.kk vkfnA foRr ok| og gksrs gSa ftUgsa xt+dh lgk;rk ls ctk;k tkrk gS] tSls lkjaxh] ok;yu]fny#ok vkfnA2- lqf‘kj ok| % og ok| ftUesa Loj dh mRiRrhfdlh rjg ds gok izos’k djus ls gksrh gS] mudks



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lqf‘kj ok| dgk tkrk gS] tSls ckalqjh] ‘kgukbZ] ‘kka[kgkjeksuh;e] vyxksts+] ekmFk vkxZu] dykjusV]lSdlksQksu vkfnA3- vOku) ok| % ftu ok|ksa ij yxs gqbZ peZ dsij pksV djus ls vkokt+ mRiu gksrh gS] mu ok| a dksmOku) ok| dgk tkrk gS] tSls rcyk] enax] i[kkot]<ksyd] <e#] uxkjk vkfnA bl oxZ esa T;knkrj rkyok| vkrs gSA4- /ku ok| % ftu ok|ksa ij fdlh ydM+h ;k /kkrqds izgkj djus ls vkokt mRiu gksrh gS mudks /kuok| dgk tkrk gS] tSls ty rjax uy rjax] djrky]eathjk vkfnA

ohloha ‘krkCnh ls igys fons’kh laxhr fo}kuksaus ok| ds rhu oxZ ekus % 1- ra=h ok| (StringInstruments)] 2- gok ds ok| (Wind Instruments)]3- izgkj ds ok| (Percussion Instruments)A if’Pkefo}ku rhljs oxZ ds ok| ds varxZr voUn vkSj /kunksuksa rjg ds ok| ekurs gSA15

var esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd ok| laxhr dsbfrgkl esa ok| oxhZdj.k izkphu dky ls gh pyrkvk jgk gSA laxhr fo}kuksa us ok| dh izdfr dksvk/kkj cuk dj ok|ksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;k gSAukV;&’kkL= esa Hkjr us igyh okj ok| oxhZdj.kfd;kA Hkjr ds ok| oxhZdj.k dks gh ckn ds fo}kuksaus FkksM+s cgqr varj ds lkFk Lohdkj dj fy;kAlanHkZ lwph

1. Sangita-Ratnakara of Sarangadeva, En-glish Translation by Dr. R.K. Shringy, MotilalBanarsidass, Delhi, 1978, Page-10.

2- ekud fgUnh dks’k] ik¡poka [k.M] 1966]i“B 34] Hkk”kk ‘kCndks’k] laLd.k&4] 1961] i“B1367] fgUnh ‘kCn lkxj] Hkkx&9] 1972-

3- dkgu flag ukHkk ¼HkkbZ½] xqj’kCn jrukdjegku dks’k] Hkk”kk foHkkx] iatkc] 2019] i“B 1090-

4- yky e.kh feJ ¼Mk-½] Hkkjrh; laxhrok|] Hkkjrh; {kkuihB izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh] rhljklaLd.kZ] 2005] i“B&1-

5- _P;/;~na lke xh;rsA N- mi- 1-6-1-

6-u[kok;qtpekZf.k ¼peZL;½ ykSg’kkjhjtkLrFkkAA] laxhr edjan]n~-laxhr pw.kkef.k] cM+kSnk laLdj.k] i“B 69-

7- rrapSoku)p /kua lqf”kjeso pAprqfoZ/k rq foKs;ekrks/ka y{k.kkfUore~ AA] uk- ‘kk-28-1-

8- rra rU=hdra >s;euo)a rq ikS”dje~ A/kua rkyLrqfoKs; % lqf’kjks oa’k mPprs AA] uk-’kk-28-2-

9- rra ;sukou)a p Hkqoua futkek;;kAvkuUn/kue/;ksfe ra czge lqf’kjs gje AA laxhr jrukdkj6&1-

10- egsUnz izlkn ‘kekZ ^cEce*] vou)ok| ¼fl)kar ,oa oknu ijEijk½ vfHk”ksd ifCyds’kUl]p.Mhx<+] 2008] i”B 3-

11- yky e.kh feJ ¼Mk-½] Hkkjrh; laxhrok|] i“B 13-

12- oghA13- ,da b Z’ojfu fe Zr u s lfx Zd

vU;PprqfoZ/kaeuq;fufeZra psfr iapizdk’k egkok/kuke~A] uk-f’k-]laxhr pwM+kef;k] cM+kSnk laLdj.k] i“B 69-

14- yky e.kh feJ ¼Mk-½] Hkkjrh; laxhrok|] i“B 14-

15- eueksgu ‘kekZ ¼Mk-½] Hkkjrh; laxhrok| vkSj mudk oxhZdj.k] lektd fo{kku i= i”B32-



ImpactFactor


®

Hkk”kk dh vfLerk vkSj fgUnh dkoSf’od laca/k

MkW- nRRkk=; Qqdsv/;{k] fganh foHkkx]

jkt”khZ ‘kkgw egkfo|ky; ikFkzh] rglhy&Qqyaczh]ftyk&vkSjaxkckn¼egkjk”Vª½

==============***********===============vfLerk dk vFkZ D;k gS\ vfLerk dk ewy

Hkko gS&viuh lÙkk vFkkZr~ vkRek dk og Hkko ;keuksofÙk ftlesas ,d iFkd vkSj fof’k”V lÙkk dk Hkkofufgr gSA nwljk vFkZ ‘kadj ds mn~oSrokn ls feyrkgS ftlesa dgk x;k gSa fd vge~ czãkfLe vFkkZr~ eSa ghczã gw¡A lka[; n’kZu esa bls eksg* rFkk osnkar esa ân;xzafFk* dgk x;kA ;ksx’kkL= ds vuqlkj vfLerk dksikap Dys’kksa esa ,d ekuk xk;kA lkfgR; ds {ks= esa bls^vfLerk* ;k ^lRo* ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrkgSA1

euksoSKkfud vfLerk dk lacaèk Hkk”kk ls gksrkgSA Hkk”kk ds }kjk O;fä dh eu%fLFkfr dk irkyxk;k tkrk gSA izR;sd O;fä ds fopkjksa dks tkuusdk çeq[k lkèku Hkk”kk gh gksrk gSA fdlh ckyd];qod rFkk cqtqxZ dh Hkk”kk esa varj gksrk gSA Hkk”kk ds}kjk mudh lksp ,oa vuqHko vkfn dk ifjp; gesalgt :i esa fey tkrk gSA

vfLerk dk ifjp; Hkh Hkk”kk ds ekè;e lsfeyrk gSA fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd {ks=ksa dh Hkk”kk esa varjns[kk tk ldrk gSA bu {ks=ksa esa ç;qä ‘kCnkoyh Hkhvyx&vyx gksrh gSA —f”k çèkku ns’k vFkok {ks= esa—f”k ls lacafèkr ‘kCnksa dh vfèkdrk gksrh gSA ;fnfdlh HkkSxksfyd {ks= esa dksbZ oLrq vfèkd ikbZ tkrhgS] rks ogk¡ ml oLrq ds lw{e ls lw{e Hksn ds fy,Hkh vyx&vyx ‘kCn gksrs gSaA fganh esa ikuh ds Bksl

:i ds fy, dsoy ^cQZ* ‘kCn dk ç;ksx gksrk gS]ogha vaxzsth esa ^vkbl*¼ice½ rFkk ^Luks*¼snow½ nks‘kCnksa dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA ,Ldheksa ds ;gk¡ cQZ dsfofHkUu çdkj ,oa fLFkfr;ksa dks crkus okys dbZ ‘kCnksadk çpyu gSA ,fLdeksa cQZ ij jgrs gSaA cQZ dsfofHkUu Nfo;ksa ls ifjfpr gksuk muds fy, t:jh HkhgSA ihVj VqVfxy ds vuqlkj&;g ,fLdeksa ds fy,vko’;d gS fd muesa fofHkUu çdkj ds cQZ ds chpfui q. kr ki woZd v ar j d j us d h ; ksX; r k gksA2

fdlh O;fä ls ckrphr djds Hkh gesa mldsHkkSxksfyd {ks= vFkkZr~ fuokl LFkku dk irk pytkrk gSA fganh Hkk”kk esa gh dbZ cksfy;k¡ vkrh gSA tcdksbZ O;fä ekud fganh esa ckr djrk gS] rks mlesamlds {ks= dh cksyh dk FkksM+k çHkko vk gh tkrk gSAmÙkj çns’k ds xkthiqj rFkk vkxjk {ks= ¼ftyk½ esajgus okys nks yksxksa dh fganh ds chp QdZ gksrk gSA;g QdZ mudh ckrphr esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ihVjVqVfxy us ;g LFkkiuk nh gS fd&gekjs mPpkj.k ,oackrphr ds }kjk ;g lkekU; :i ls irk py tkrkgS fd ge fdl ns’k ls vk, gSaA3

Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa lkekftd vfLerk dkHkk”kk ls xgjs lacaèk dk irk blh ckr ls yxk;k tkldrk gS fd ;gk¡ jkT;ksa dk xBu Hkk”kk dks vkèkkjcukdj fd;k x;k gSA jkefoykl ‘kekZ rFkk johUæukFkJhokLro tSls Hkk”kkfon~ ,oa vkykspd Hkk”kk dsvkèkkj ij gh mÙkj Hkkjr dh turk dks ,d lw= esack¡èkus dh odkyr djrs gq, fganh tkfr rFkk fganhHkk”kkbZ lekt dh ckr djrs gSaA Hkk”kk dks vfLerk dkloky cukdj gh 1960 bZ- esa egkjk”Vª dks nksmi[k.Mksa & egkjk”Vª rFkk xqtjkr esa foHkä fd;kx;k FkkA iatkc ls gfj;k.kk dks vyx djus ds ihNsHkh Hkk”kk ,d çeq[k dkj.k FkhA

Hkk”kkbZ vfLerk ds vkèkkj ij ge jktHkk”kk,oa jk”VªHkk”kk esa Hkh varj ns[k ldrs gSaA jktHkk”kkoLrqr% ç’kklfud ç;kstu ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl dsfy, ,d çdkj ls turk ij Fkksih xbZ Hkk”kk gksrh gS]ogha jk”VªHkk”kk dk lacaèk~ lkekftd vfLerk dh Hkk”kkls gSA ;g fdlh ns’k dh viuh Hkk”kk gksrh gSA yksxksa

28



ImpactFactor


®

dk vius jk”VªHkk”kk ds çfr HkkokRed :i ls tqM+kogksrk gSA ;g ns’k dh ,drk dks ,d etcwr vkèkjçnku djrk gSA fdlh Hkh ns’k ds yksxksa dh igpkuml ns’k dh jk”VªHkk”kk ls gksrh gS] u fd jktHkk”kk lsAHkkjr esa fganh ,oa vaxzsth Hkk”kk dks bl lanHkZ esa ns[kktk ldrk gSA

Hkkjr esa fofHkUu jkT;ksa dk xBu Hkk”kk dsvkèkkj ij gqvk gSA blds ckotwn Hkh ;gk¡ Hkk”kkvksa dsvkèkkj ij cuh vfLerk fofHkUu lkekftd] jktuhfrd,oa vkfFkZd ç;kstuksa ds dkj.k lksikfud <ax lsLrjh—r gSA vr% ,d jkT; dk O;fä dsoy ,dHkk”kk dk gh ç;ksx ugha djrkA LFkkuh;] {ks=h;]jk”Vªh; ,oa varjkZ”Vªh; lanHkZ esa og cksyh] Hkk”kk rFkkvarjkZ”Vªh; Hkk”kk dk ç;ksx djrk gSA johUæukFkJhokLro ds vuqlkj& vxj Hkk”kk,¡] lkekftd vfLerkds fuekZ.k ds lkèku vkSj mlds cuus ds lwpd ds:i esa dke djrh gSa] rks gekjh Hkk”kk lacaèkh lkekftdvfLerk Hkh LrjhÑr gksxhA4 bl lanHkZ esa ge ;gdg ldrs gSa fd fganh Hkk”kh ,d Lrj ij viuhcksfy;ksa ls tqM+k gS vkSj nwljs Lrj ij viuh Hkk”kkfganh ls HkhA blh çdkj vfganh Hkk”kh ,d Lrj ijviuh tuinh; Hkk”kk ls vkSj vf[ky Hkkjrh; lanHkZesa fganh vkSj vaxzsth ls tqM+k gSAfgUnh dk oSf’od lacaèk

vkt fLFkfr ;g gS fd yxHkx fo’o leqnk;nch tqcku ls gh lgh] ;g dgus yxk gS fdbDdhloha lnh Hkkjr vkSj phu dh gksxhA bl lnhesa bu nksuksa ns’kksa dh rwrh cksysxhA bl Hkfo”;ok.khdks pfjrkFkZ djus okys Bksl dkj.k gSaA vkt HkkjrvkSj phu fo’o dh lcls rhoz xfr ls mHkjus okyhvFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa ls gSa rFkk fo’o Lrj ij budhLohdk;Zrk vkSj egÙkk Lor% c< jgh gSA bu ns’kksa dsikl vdwr çk—frd laink rFkk ;qorj ekuolalkèku gS ftlds dkj.k ;s Hkkoh oSf’od lajpuk esamRiknu ds cMs lzksr cu ldrs gSaA

tkfgj gS fd tc fdlh jk”Vª dks fo’ofcjknjh vis{kk—r T;knk egÙo vkSj LohÑfr nsrhgS rFkk mlds çfr viuh fuHkZjrk esa btkQk ikrh gS

rks ml jk”Vª dh reke phtsa Lor% egÙoiw.kZ cutkrh gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkkjr dh fodkleku varjjk”Vªh;gSfl;r fganh ds fy, ojnku&l–’k gSA ;g lp gSfd orZeku oSf’od ifjos’k esa Hkkjr dh c<rhmifLFkfr fganh dh gSfl;r dk Hkh mUu;u dj jghgSA vkt fganh jk”VªHkk”kk dh xaxk ls fo’oHkk”kk dkxaxklkxj cuus dh çfØ;k esa gSAHkk”kk ds oSf’od lanHkZ dh fo’ks”krk,¡

tc ge fganh dks fo’o Hkk”kk esa :ikarfjrgksrs gq, ns[k jgs gSa vkSj ;Fkkolj mls fo’oHkk”kk dhlaKk çnku dj jgs gSa] rc ;g t:jh gks tkrk gS fdge loZçFke fo’oHkk”kk dk Lo:i fo’ys”k.k dj ysaAla{ksi esa fo’oHkk”kk ds fuEufyf[kr y{k.k fufeZrfd, tk ldrs gSa&

1-mlds cksyus&tkuus rFkk pkgus okys Hkkjhrknkn esa gksa vkSj os fo’o ds vusd ns’kksa esa QSys gksaA

2- ml Hkk”kk esa lkfgR;&l‘tu dh çnh?kZijaijk gks vkSj çk;% lHkh foèkk,¡ oSfoè;iw.kZ ,oale) gksaA ml Hkk”kk esa l‘ftr de&ls&de ,dfoèkk dk lkfgR; fo’oLrjh; gksA

3- mldh ‘kCn&laink foiqy ,oa fojkV gksrFkk og fo’o dh vU;kU; cMh Hkk”kkvksa lsfopkj&fofue; djrs gq, ,d &nwljs dks çsfjr&çHkkfor djus esa l{ke gksA

4- mldh ‘kkCnhd ,oa vkFkhZd lajpuk rFkkfyfi ljy] lqcksèk ,oa oSKkfud gksA mldk iBu&ikBuvkSj ys[ku lgt&laHkkO; gksA mlesa fujarj ifj”dkjvkSj ifjorZu dh xqatkb’k gksA

5- mlesa Kku&foKku ds reke vuq’kkluksaesa lkfgR; lftr ,oa çdkf’kr gks rFkk u, fo”k;ksaij lkexzh rS;kj djus dh {kerk gksA

6- og uohure oSKkfud ,oa rduhdhmiyfCèk;ksa ds lkFk vius&vkidks iqjL—r ,oalek;ksftr djus dh {kerk ls ;qä gksA

7- og varjjk”Vªh; jktuhfrd lanHkksaZ]lkekftd lajpukvksa] lkaL—frd fparkvksa rFkk vkfFkZdfofue; dh laokgd gksA

8- og tulapkj ekè;eksa esa cMs iSekus ij



ImpactFactor


®

ns’k&fons’k esa ç;qä gks jgh gksA9- mldk lkfgR; vuqokn ds ekè;e ls

fo’o dh nwljh egÙoiw.kZ Hkk”kkvksa esa igq¡p jgk gksAmlesa ekuoh; vkSj ;kaf=d vuqokn dh

vkèkkjHkwr rFkk fodflr lqfoèkk gks ftlls og cgqHkkf”kddEI;wVj dh nqfu;k esa vius lexz lwpuk lzksr rFkkçfØ;k lkexzh ¼l‚¶Vos;j½ ds lkFk miyCèk gksA lkFkgh] og bruh leFkZ gks fd orZeku çkS|ksfxdh;miyfCèk;ksa elyu bZ&esy] bZ&d‚elZ] bZ&cqd] baVjusVrFkk ,l-,e-,l- ,oa osc txr esa çHkkoiw.kZ <ax lsviuh lfØ; mifLFkfr dk vglkl djk lds A

mlesa mPpdksfV dh ikfjHkkf”kd ‘kCnkoyh gksrFkk og foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh dh uohurevkfo”—fr;ksa dks vfHkO;ä djrs gq, euq”; dhcnyrh t:jrksa ,oa vkdka{kkvksa dks ok.kh nsus esaleFkZ gksA

og fo’o psruk dh laokfgdk gksA ogLFkkuh; vkxzgksa ls eqä fo’o –f”V lEiUu —frdkjksadh Hkk”kk gks] tks fo’oLrjh; leL;kvksa dh le>vkSj mlds fujkdj.k dk ekxZ tkurs gksaAoSf’od lanHkZ esa fganh dh lkeF;Z

tc ge mi;qZä çfrekuksa ij fganh dk ijh{k.kdjrs gSa rks ikrs gSa fd og U;wukfèkd ek=k esa çk;%lHkh fu”d”kksaZ ij [kjh mrjrh gSA vkt og fo’o dslHkh egk}hiksa rFkk egÙoiw.kZ jk”Vªksa& ftudh la[;kyxHkx ,d lkS pkyhl gS& esa fdlh u fdlh :iesa ç;qä gksrh gSA og fo’o ds fojkV Qyd ijuoy fp= ds leku çdV gks jgh gSA vkt ogcksyus okyksa dh la[;k ds vkèkkj ij phuh ds cknfo’o dh nwljh lcls cMh Hkk”kk cu xbZ gSA bl ckrdks loZçFke lu 1999 esa e’khu Vªkalys’ku lfeVvFkkZr~ ;kaf=d vuqokn uked laxks”Bh esa Vksfd;ksfo’ofo|ky; ds çks- gkstqfe rukdk us Hkk”kkbZ vk¡dMsis’k djds fl) fd;k gSA muds }kjk çLrqr vk¡dMksads vuqlkj fo’oHkj esa phuh Hkk”kk cksyus okyksa dkLFkku çFke vkSj fganh dk f}rh; gSA M‚- t;Urhçlkn ukSfV;ky us Hkk”kk ‘kksèk vè;;u 2005 dsgokys ls fy[kk gS fd] fo’o esa fganh tkuus okyksa

dh la[;k ,d vjc nks djksM iPphl yk[k nlgtkj rhu lkS ckou ¼1] 02] 25] 10]352½ gStcfd phuh cksyus okyksa dh la[;k dsoy uCcsdjksM pkj yk[k Ng gtkj Ng lkS pkSng ¼90]04]06]614½ gSA5 ;fn ;g eku Hkh fy;k tk;fd vk¡dMs >wB cksyrs gSa vkSj mu ij vk¡[k ew¡ndjfo’okl ugha fd;k tk ldrk rks Hkh bruh lPpkbZfufoZokn gS fd fganh cksyus okyksa dh la[;k dsvkèkkj ij fo’o dh nks lcls cMh Hkk”kkvksa esa ls gSAysfdu oSKkfudrk dk rdktk ;g Hkh gS fd ge blrF; dks Hkh Lohdkj djsa fd vaxzsth ds ç;ksäk fo’ods lcls T;knk ns’kksa esa QSys gq, gSaA og varjjk”Vªh;Lrj ij ç’kklfud] O;kolkf;d rFkk oSpkfjdxfrfofèk;ksa dks pykus okyh lcls çHkko’kkyh Hkk”kkcuh gqbZ gSA pwafd fganh dk laosnukRed lkfgR;mPpdksfV dk gksrs gq, Hkh Kku dk lkfgR; vaxzsth dsLrj dk ugha gS vr% fudV Hkfo”; esa fo’o O;oLFkkifjpkyu dh –f”V ls vaxzsth dh mikns;rk ,oaegÙo dks dksbZ [krjk ugha gSA bl ekspsZ ij fganh dkcMs gh lcy rjhds ls mUu;u djuk gksxkA mldsi{k esa egÙoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd vkt vaxzsth ds cknog fo’o ds lcls T;knk ns’kksa esa O;oâr gksrh gSAorZeku mÙkj vkèkqfud ifjos’k esa fo’kky tula[;kHkkjr vkSj phu ds lkFk&lkFk fganh vkSj phuh dsfy, Hkh Qk;nsean fl) gks jgh gSA gekjs ns’k esa1980 ds ckn 65 djksM ls T;knk cPps iSnk gq, gSaAtks fo|ky;ksa] egkfo|ky;ksa] fo’ofo|ky;ksa rFkkvarjjk”Vªh; ‘kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa esa f’kf{kr çf’kf{kr gksjgs gSaA os lu~ 2025 rd fofèkor çf’kf{kr is’ksojds :i esa viuh lsok,¡ nsus ds fy, fo’o ds le{kmiyCèk gksaxsA tkfgj gS fd tc Hkkjrh; is’ksoj Hkkjhrknkn esa nwljs ns’kksa esa tkdj mRiknu ds lzksr cusaxsAogk¡ dh O;oLFkk ifjpkyu dk l’kä ifg;k cusaxsrc muds lkFk fganh Hkh tk,xhA ,slh fLFkfr esa tgk¡Hkkjr vkfFkZd egk’kfä cuus dh çfØ;k esa gksxk ogk¡fganh Lor% fo’oeap ij çHkkoh Hkwfedk dk ogudjsxhA6 bl rjg ;g ekuk tk ldrk gS fd fganhvkt ftl nkf;Ro cksèk dks ysdj ladfYir gS og



ImpactFactor


®

fudV Hkfo”; esa mls vkSj Hkh cMh Hkwfedk dk fuokZgdjus dk volj çnku djsxkA fganh ftl xfr rFkkvkarfjd ÅtkZ ds lkFk vxzlj gS mls ns[kdj ;ghdgk tk ldrk gS fd lu~ 2030 rd og nqfu;kdh lcls T;knk cksyh o le>h tkus okyh Hkk”kkcu tk,xhAleFkZ Hkk”kk vkSj oSKkfud fyfi

;fn ge bu vk¡dMksa ij fo’okl djsa rksla[;kcy ds vkèkkj ij fganh fo’oHkk”kk gSA gk¡] ;gt:j laHko gS fd ;g ekrHkk”kk u gksdj nwljh]rhljh vFkok pkSFkh Hkk”kk Hkh gks ldrh gSA fganh esalkfgR;&ltu dh ijaijk Hkh ckjg lkS lky iqjkuhgSA og 8oha ‘krkCnh ls ysdj orZeku 21oha ‘krkCnhrd xaxk dh vukgr&vfojy èkkjk dh Hkk¡fr çokgekugSA mldk dkO; lkfgR; rks laL—r ds ckn fo’ods Js”Bre lkfgR; dh {kerk j[krk gSA7

tgk¡ rd nsoukxjh fyfi dh oSKkfudrk dkloky gS rks og loZekU; gSA nsoukxjh esa fy[kh tkusokyh Hkk”kk,¡ mPpkj.k ij vkèkkfjr gSaA fganh dh‘kkCnhd vkSj vkFkhZd lajpuk ç;qfä;ksa ds vkèkkj ijljy o tfVy nksuksa gSA fganh Hkk”kk dk vU;reoSf’k”Vî ;g gS fd mlesa laL—r ds milxZ rFkkçR;;ksa ds vkèkkj ij ‘kCn cukus dh vHkwriwoZ {kerkgSA fganh vkSj nsoukxjh nksuksa gh fiNys dqN n’kdksa esaifjektZu o ekudhdj.k dh çfØ;k ls xqtjh gSaftlls mudh lajpukRed tfVyrk de gqbZ gSA getkurs gSa fd fo’o ekuo dh cnyrh fparukRedrkrFkk uohu thou fLFkfr;ksa dks O;aftr djus dhHkjiwj {kerk fganh Hkk”kk esa gS c’krsZ bl fn’kk esavisf{kr ckSf)d rS;kjh rFkk lqfu;ksftr fo’ks”kKrkgkfly dh tk,A vkf[kj] mixzg pkSuy fganh esaçlkfjr dk;ZØeksa ds tfj, ;gh dj jgs gSaAehfM;k vkSj osc ij fganh

;g lR; gS fd fganh esa vaxzsth ds Lrj dhfoKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ij vkèkkfjr iqLrdsa ugha gSaAmlesa Kku foKku ls lacafèkr fo”k;ksa ij mPpLrjh;lkexzh dh njdkj gSA foxr dqN o”kksaZ ls bl fn’kk esamfpr ç;kl gks jgs gSaA f}osnh fu”kk bl ckjs esa

fy[krh gS fd] vHkh gky gh esa egkRek xkaèkhvarjjk”Vªh; fganh fo’ofo|ky; oèkkZ }kjk fganh ekè;eesa ,e-ch-,- dk ikB;Øe vkjaHk fd;k x;kA blhrjg bdksukfed VkbEl rFkk fctusl LVSaMMZ tSlsv[kckj fganh esa çdkf’kr gksdj mlesa fufgr laHkkoukvksadk mn~?kks”k dj jgs gSaA fiNys dbZ o”kksaZ esa ;g Hkhns[kus esa vk;k fd LVkj U;wt tSls pSuy tks vaxzsthesa vkjaHk gq, Fks os fo’kq) cktkjh; ncko ds pyrsiw.kZr: fganh pkSuy esa :ikarfjr gks x,A lkFk gh] bZ-,l-ih-,u rFkk LVkj LiksVZ~l tSls [ksy pkSuy Hkhfganh esa desaVªh nsus yxs gSaA fganh dks oSf’od lanHkZ nsusesa mixzg&pkSuyksa] foKkiu ,tsafl;ksa] cgqjk”Vªh; fuxeksarFkk ;kaf=d lqfoèkkvksa dk fo’ks”k ;ksxnku gSA ogtulapkj& ekè;eksa dh lcls fç; ,oa vuqdwyHkk”kk cudj fu[kjh gSA8

vkt fo’o esa lcls T;knk i<s tkusokyslekpkj i=ksa esa vkèks ls vfèkd fgUnh ds gSaA bldkvk’k; ;gh gS fd i<k&fy[kk oxZ Hkh fgUnh dsegÙo dks le> jgk gSA oLrqfLFkfr ;g gS fd vktHkkjrh; miegk}hi gh ugha cfYd nf{k.k iwoZ ,f’k;k]e‚jh’kl] phu] tkiku] dksfj;k] eè; ,f’k;k] [kkMhns’kksa] vÝhdk] ;wjksi] dukMk rFkk vesfjdk rdfganh dk;ZØe mixzg pkSuyksa ds tfj, çlkfjr gks jgsgSa vkSj Hkkjh rknkn esa mUgsa n’kZd Hkh fey jgs gSaAvkt e‚jh’kl esa fganh lkr pkSuyksa ds ekè;e ls èkweepk, gq, gSA foxr dqN o”kksaZ esa ,Q-,e- jsfM;ks dsfodkl ls fganh dk;ZØeksa dk u;k Jksrk oxZ iSnk gksx;k gSA fganh vc ubZ çkS|ksfxdh ds jFk ij vk:<gksdj fo’oO;kih cu jgh gSA mls bZ&esy] bZ&d‚elZ]bZ&cqd] baVjusV] ,l-,e-,l- ,oa osc txr esa cMhlgtrk ls ik;k tk ldrk gSA baVjusV tSls oSf’odekè;e ds dkj.k fganh ds v[kckj ,oa if=dk,¡ nwljsns’kksa esa Hkh fofoèk lkbV~l ij miyCèk gSaA9

ekbØkslk¶V] xwxy] lu] ;kgw] vkbZch,erFkk vksjsdy tSlh fo’oLrjh; daifu;k¡ vR;arO;kid cktkj vkSj Hkkjh equkQs dks ns[krs gq, fganhç;ksx dks c<kok ns jgh gSaA la{ksi esa] ;g LFkkfirlR; gS fd vaxzsth ds ncko ds ckotwn fganh cgqr



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gh rhoz xfr ls fo’oeu ds lq[k&nq%[k] vk’kk&vkdka{kk dh laokgd cuus dh fn’kk esa vxzlj gSAvkt fo’o ds ntZuksa ns’kksa esa fganh dh if=dk,¡fudy jgh gSa rFkk vesfjdk] baXySaM] teZuh] tkiku]vkfLVª;k tSls fodflr ns’kksa esa fganh ds —fr jpukdkjviuh l‘tukRedrk }kjk mnkjrkiwoZd fo’o eudk laLi’kZ dj jgs gSaA fganh ds ‘kCndks’k rFkkfo’odks’k fufeZr djus esa Hkh fons’kh fo}ku lgk;rkdj jgs gSaAfons’kks esa fganh

fganh fo’o ds çk;% lHkh egÙoiw.kZ ns’kksa dsfo’o fo|ky;ksa esa vè;;u vè;kiu esa Hkkxhnkj gSAvdsys vesfjdk esa gh yxHkx ,d lkS ipkl lsT;knk ‘kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa esa fganh dk iBu&ikBu gksjgk gSA vkt tc 21oha lnh esa oS’ohdj.k dsnckoksa ds pyrs fo’o dh reke laL—fr;k¡ ,oaHkk”kk,¡ vknku &çnku o laokn dh çfØ;k ls xqtjjgh gSa rks fganh bl fn’kk esa fo’o euq”;rk dks fudVykus ds fy, lsrq dk dk;Z dj ldrh gSA mldsikl igys ls gh cgq lkaL—frd ifjos’k esa lfØ;jgus dk vuqHko gS ftlls og vis{kk—r T;knkjpukRed Hkwfedk fuHkkus dh fLFkfr esa gSA fganhflusek vius laoknksa ,oa xhrksa ds dkj.k fo’o Lrjij yksdfç; gq, gSaA mlus lnk&loZnk ls fo’oeudks tksMk gSA fganh dh ewy ç—fr yksdrkaf=d rFkkjkxkRed lacaèk fufeZr djus dh jgh gSA og fo’o dslcls cMs yksdra= dh gh jk”Vª Hkk”kk ugha gS cfYdikfdLrku] usiky] HkwVku] ckaXykns’k] fQth] e‚jh’kl]xq;kuk] f=funkn rFkk lqjhuke tSls ns’kksa dh lEidZHkk”kk Hkh gSA og Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds yksxksa dschp [kkMh ns’kksa] eè; ,f’k;kbZ ns’kksa] :l] lewps;wjksi] dukMk] vesfjdk rFkk eSfDldks tSls çHkko’kkyhns’kksa esa jkxkRed tqMko rFkk fopkj&fofue; dklcy ekè;e gSA

lUnHkZ1- Hkkjrh; f’k{kk dk fodkl rFkk leL;k,a&

,l-ih- xqIrk] ‘kkjnk izdk’ku] bykgkcknA

2- xqIr] jkeckcw] ^Hkkjrh; f’k{kk dk bfrgkl**lkekftd foKku izdk0] dkuiqj] 1980] i0&42A

3- jk”Vªh; Kku vk;ksx ¼2006& 2009½%ekuo lalk/ku fodkl eU=ky; ubZ fnYyh A

4- eq[kthZ] vkj0 ds0] ^^,af’k,.V bafM;u,twds’ku** jktdey izdk0] ubZfnYyh] i0&441A

5- in~e] jkepanzu ,oa olar] jkedqekj]^^,twds’ku bu bafM;k**] us0cq0Vª0 ubZ fnYyh]2005] i0&30A

6- Ekuksjek b;j cqd 2009A7- jk”Vªh; f’k{kk uhfr ¼1986& 1992½%

ekuo lalk/ku fodkl eU=ky; ubZ fnYyh A8- f}osnh] fu’kk] ^^Hkkjrh; f”k{kk iz.kkyh**]

euh”k izdk0 ubZ fnYyh] 2009]i0&90&91A9- jk”Vªh; f’k{kk uhfr ¼2020½ % ekuo

lalk/ku fodkl eU=ky;] ubZ fnYyhA



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Editor Dr. Bapu g. Gholap - Vidyawarta