Early Mortality Syndrome in the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

ROMI NOVRIADIBalai Perikanan Budidaya Laut BatamDirektorat Jenderal Perikanan BudidayaKementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia

Presentations Outline

1. History2. Clinical signs3. Etiological agent4. Prophylactic approach5. Prevention and Treatment

Litopenaeus vannameiEconomically important speciesNative to the Eastern Pacific coast central and south AmericaLive in tropical marine habitats

Adults live and spawn in the open ocean, while PL to sub adult stages in coastal estuaries

Limitation factor: lack of high quality PL, nutrition and diseases

Global economic losses due to -diseases about US$ 1 billion/year(GAA, 2001)

EMS alone cause economic lossesroughly about US$ 5 billion in 2013(GAA, 2013)

Scientific name of the diseaseEMS (Early Mortality Syndrome)

1. Emerging disease caused by bacteria. 2. EMS typically affects shrimp that are not yet marketable size

(40 days old or younger).3. Not affect to humans but is often fatal to shrimp. 4. 100 % Loss rates

Source: Zorriehzahra et al. (2015)

Indonesia is not affected

Various clinical signs

Source: http://css.undercurrentnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/shrimp_goal_2.jpg

China2009 : First Identification

2011 : EMS Outbreaks

Mainly in Hainan, Guangdong Fujian and Guangxi

Mortality Rate : 80 %

Outbreaks in the pond > 5 years

High salinity water (20 ‰)

Erratic weather Heavy rain

Feed sales dropped 30 – 40%

Vietnam

2010 : First Identification

2011 : EMS Outbreaks

Mainly in Mekong Delta( South Vietnam )

Mortality Rate : 80 %

Economic losses > $ 75 Million

Affects the main shrimp production area (Tien Gang, Soc Trang and Ca Mau) and total 98,000 ha

Malaysia

No Date Location

1 Dec 2010 Johor

2 March 2011 Pahang

3 April 2011 Perak

4 Decem 2011 Penang

5 May 2012 Kedah

6 June 2012 SabahProduction decrease from 70,000 ton (2011) to 40,000 ton (2012)

Thailand

2011 : EMS Outbreaks at the Gulf of Thailand

Main cause: Farmers use the mysis and zoea from one source

Gross Clinical SignsHealthy Vannamei

Full stomach

Large, pigmented Hepatopancreas

Full midgut

EMS VannameiEmpty stomach

Atrophied, pale Hepatopancreas

Empty midgutSource: Sunarto (2014) and Lightner (2013)

Clinical Signs

Etiological Agents

Early Mortality Syndrome

Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS)

Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Diseases (AHPND)

2009 - 2010

2010 - 2014Infectious agent(s) suspected, but not yet demonstrated.

A massive secondary bacterial infection in Hepatopancreas(Vibrio spp)

2015 - 2016Toxin-like genes in the plasmid of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Etiological Agents

Etiological Agents

AHPND PlasmidAHPND Plasmid contains virulence related genes: toxin 1 (pirA/B).

PirA or PirB?

• PirB alone is enough to cause disease• pirB related sequence has been found at other bacteria

chromosome- however, the plasmid is not there- and those bacteria are not pathogenic

Source: Dr. Simon Chung (2015) - GeneReach Biotechnology Corporation

Prophylactic approach

Adaptive Memory

Vertebrates Invertebrates

Non-Specific

Cellular components

Humoralcomponents

Non-Specific

Prophylactic approach :Vaccination ???ImmunostimulationProbioticQuorum sensing

Resu

lt:

Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center

Priming effect with β-glucan in InvertebrateInfected with Vibrio harveyi strain H6 under gnotobotic condition

ProbioticImportant probiotic strains can be isolated from indigenous and exogenous microbiota of aquatic animals

Benefits :1. Production of inhibitory compounds2. source of nutrients3. Enzymatic contribution to digestion 4. Improve water quality

Regular addition of probiotics bacteria to maintain high concentrations become main limitation (inefficient and cost-effective)

Halogenated FuranonesExtracted from red algae Delisea pulchra(Manefield Et al., 2001) Quorum quenching

Prevention and Treatment

Routine sanitation and biosecurityFor pond, water, eggs and nauplii

Avoiding from high stocking density

Due to increasing incidence in high pH, decreasing or pH control can be considered as a prevention strategy

Stocking of healthy and high quality post larvae

Healthy Artemia cyst

Polyculture system

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONRomi Novriadi

Balai Perikanan Budidaya Laut BatamKementerian kelautan dan Perikanan

Republik IndonesiaE-mail: Romi_bbl@yahoo.co.id