E- 305

DRAFT

MINISTRY OF ENERGY

TEHRAN SEWERAGE COMPANYTEHRAN SEWERAGE PROJECT

Environmental AssessmentMain Report

September 1999

Acer Iran Ray-Ab Consulting EngineersDouglas House No. 75 West Farzan StreetDouglas Street Africa ExpresswayWestminister Tehran 19688London SWIP 4PB Islamic Republic of IranUnited Kingdom

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

a

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION I

1.1 Terms of Reference I1.2 Objectives of the Environmental Assessment I

2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2

2.1 Outline of the Project 22.2 Project Objectives 32.3 Sewerage and Sewage Transport 32.4 The Southern Sewage Treatment Plant 62.5 Effluent Reuse in Agriculture I12.6 Effluent Reuse by Groundwater Recharge 152.7 Sludge Transport 152.8 Sludge Use in Agriculture 152.9 Pre-construction Activities 162.10 Construction Activities 17

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE BASELINE ENVIRONMENT 19

3.1 Geographical Environment 193.2 Social and Economic Environment 213.3 Cultural Environment 233.4 Surface Water and Wastewater 243.5 Hvdrogeology 33-3.6 Agriculture in the Varamin Plain 373.7 Health 413.8 Climate 433.9 Biological Environment 453.10 Other Developments 48

ii

4.0 ORGANIZATION. LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORYCONSIDERATIONS 50

4.1 Background 504.2 Organizational Structure 504.3 Existing Legislative and Regulatory Controls 54

5.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 62

5.1 Impacts on the Geographical Environment 625.2 Impacts on the Social and Economic environment 665.3 Impacts on the Cultural Environment 695.4 Impacts on Surface Waters 705.5 Impacts on the Hydrogeological Environment 715.6 Impacts on Agriculture 735.7 Impacts on Health 815.8 Impacts on Climate 875.9 Impacts on the Biological Environment 885.10 Impacts on Other Planned Developments . 895.11 Summary of Environmental Impact 90

6.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT 95

6.1 Option 1: No Project 956.2 Sewage Treatment Using Waste Stabilization Ponds 986.3 Sewage Treatment Using Aerated Lagoons 1036.4 Sewaze Treatment Using Oxidation Ditches 1066.5 Comparison of Sewage Treatment Process Alternatives 1086.6 Water Conservation and Waste Minimization 110

7.0 MITIGATION MEASURES TO MINIMIZE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 112

7.1 Objectives of the Environmental Management Plan 1127.2 Measures to Minimize Disturbance During Construction 1137.3 Measures to Minimize Disturbance During Operation of the STP 1157.4 Measures to Ensure the Health and Safetv of Workers and the Public 1177.5 Employee Training and Working Conditions 118

iii

7.6 Measures to Ensure that the Objectives of the Project are Achieved 1197.7 Environmental Monitoring 1247.8 Finance 1337.9 Environmental Management Plan 1337.10 Implementation Schedule and Cost Estimates 138

8.0 IDENTIFICATION OF INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS TO IMPLEMENTENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 141

8.1 Policies. Legislation and Standards 1418.2 Overview of Responsibilities 1428.3 Involvement of the TSC 1448.4 Involvement of the DOE 1458.5 Institutional Needs of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural

Co-operation 1468.6 Establishment of a Project Liaison Committee 1468.7 Institutional Needs 149

9.0 STRATEGIC MONITORING PLAN 151

9.1 Objectives of the Strategic Monitoring, Plan 1519.2 Strategic Monitoring by the Department of Environment 151

10.0 INTER-AGENCY CO-ORDINATION AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 153

10.1 Consultation with Other Governmental Agencies 15310.2 Consultation with Non-Governmental Organizations 15310.3 Other Consultations 15510.4 Public Participation 156

11.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 157

12.0 LIST OF REFERENCES 160

13.0 LIST OF TEHRAN SEWERAGE PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT PREPARERS

iv

14.0 GLOSSARY

14.1 Local Terms14.2 Abbreviations

LIST OF TABLES2.1 Basic Data for Tehran Southern Sewage Treatment Plant 62.2 Effluent Qualitv Standard 72.3 Water balance for the irrigation of 50.000 ha of the Varamin Plain 122.4 Proposed cropping patterns and water requirements for 50.000 ha development

of Varamin irrigation area 143.1 Sources and quality of drinking water supplied in Tehran 273.2 Classification of Industries in Iran Based on the Nature of Effluents 283.3 The quality of settled sludge from the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals 313.4 Water Quality of Sorkhe Hessar and Firouzabad Canals 323.5 Protected habitats near the project area 475.1 Project Costs 685.2 Projected Improvements in Crop Yields in the Varamin Irrigation Scheme 735.3 Predicted heavy metal concentrations in sludge to be utilized on the Varamin

Plain 755.4 Average annual application rates of metals to soils of the Varamin Plain 775.5 Suitability of treated effluent as drinking water for livestock 795.6 Summarv of environmental impacts (Part A) 915.7 Summary of environmental impacts (Part B) 925.8 Summary of environmental impacts (Part C) 936.1 Summary of costs of not implementing the proposed project 976.2 Summary of Financial Analysis of Options in Sewage Treatment 1086.3 Summary of Economic Analysis of Options in Sewage Treatment 1097.1 List of industries which might still be located in project area at the time when

Sewage Treatment Plant starts 1227.2 Influent and Effluent Data for STP 1257.3 Dust and Noise Monitoring Program 1307.4 Treated Effluent Quality Monitoring Program 1307.5 Treated Sludge Quality Monitoring Program 1317.6 Odor and Noise Monitoring Program 1317.7 Agricultural Soil Monitoring Program 1317.8 Agricultural Produce Monitoring Program 132

v

7.9 Summarv of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures-Construction 1347.10 Summarv of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures-STP Operation 1358.1 Institutional Responsibilities 1438.2 Training Program 150

LIST OF FIGURES

4.1 Draft orzanization structure of the Tehran Province Water and SewerageCompany 52

4.2 Organization chart for the Environmental Protection Organization 55

APPENDIX A: LIST OF DRAWINGS

EA/I First Stage Environmental Assessment. Key PlanEAI2 First Stage Environmental Assessment: Municipality RegionsEA/3 Second Stage Environmental Assessment: Key PlanEA/4 First Stage Environmental Assessment: Sewered Areas and Sewer RoutesEA/5 First Stage Environmental Assessment: Main Sewers and Metro CrossingEA/6 First Stage Environmental Assessment: Qanat Routes'EA/7 First Stage Environmental Assessment: Surface Water StreamsEA/8 First Stage Environmental Assessment: Groundwater Contours (1988 Survey)EA/9 First Stage Environmental Assessment: Isonitrate Contours of Underground WaterEA/I I Southem Sewage Treatment Plant Site Location (Shahr-e-Rev)EA/l 2 Southem Sewage Treatment Plant LayoutEA/I 3 Geological Map of the Study AreasEA/14 Soil Classification MapEA/1 5 Topography of the Varamin PlainEA/I 6 National Parks and Protected Areas (Environmental Protection Organization of Iran)EA/I 7 Varamin Plain Irrigation AreasEA/I 8 Main Irrigation Canals of the Varamin PlainEA/19 Topography of the Varamin Plain

APPENDIX B: IRANIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS

APPENDIX C: DATA ON INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT QUALITY FROM SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS

APPENDIX D: NOTES FROM PUBLIC MEETING AND LABORATORY EQUIPMENT & STAFFING

vi

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Terms of Reference

1.1. 1 The Terms of Reference for this studyv are presented in Annex 6 issued bv The WorldBank entitled "Environmental Assessment of Proposed Sewerage Project and EffluentRe-use" dated 26 August 1991.

1.1.2 In preparing this Environmental Assessment. reference has been made to. therequirements of The World Bank Operational Directive OD4.01. of October 1991entitled "Environmental Assessment. "Environmental Assessment of the InvestmentProjects and Programme. Scope and Process" by J.A.N. Wallis. published by theEconomic Development Institute of the World Bank in December 1989, and"Environmental Assessment Sourcebook" published by the Worid Bank EnvironmentDepartment (Technical Papers 139, 140 and 154) in 1991.

1 .1.3 This report does not cover the construction of the factories for the manufacture of thepipes necessary for the Tehran Sewerage Project. or the supply of raw materials forthe factories. The Executive Summary of this environmental assessment report ispublished as a separate document.

1.2 Objectives of the Environmental Assessment

1.2.1 The objective of this environmental assessment is to identify negative environmentaleffects, if any, of the proposed project, and to recommend mitigative measures toaddress such concerns. It is a component of the Project Feasibility Study required forappraisal by the World Bank. This report accompanies and draws upon the "Reviewof Sewage Treatment Process Alternatives" draft report issued by Acer John Taylorand Ray-Ab Consulting Engineers in June 1992 which provides technical details and acost assessment of the proposed project.

2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2. I Outline of the Project

2.1.1 For the purposes of the Environmental Assessment (EA), the Project Area is defined asthe northern and southern parts of the City of Tehran (including Shahr-e-Rev) with a canalto Varamin Plain. Drawing EA/I shows the relative locations of Tehran and the VaraminPlain.

2.1.2 Tehran comprises of 20 Municipalitv regions with a total population of about 8 million, asshown on Drawing EA/2.

2.1.3 The Master Plan for Sewage Management proposes that sewage from Tehran be conveyedby a sewerage svstem to two sewage treatment plants (STPs). one to the south of the Cityand the other to the west of the City. Drawing EA/3 shows the main trunk sewers and thelocations of the two treatment plants.

2.1.4 The Plan has been divided into two stages. The first stage includes a western main trunksewer and an eastern main trunk sewer. connecting to the southern treatment plant,together with interceptor, branch and lateral sewers to serve 5.000 hectares in Northern,1,500 hectares in Central. and 10.000 hectares in Southern Tehran. Drawing EA/4 showsthe first stage which is covered by the Project.

2.1.5 The second stage proposals include an east to w est trunk sewer, the westem treatmentplant and sewers to serve the remaining areas of Tehran.

2.1.6 Treated effluent from the treatment plants is to be used for agricultural irrigation. For thesouthem treatment plant (STP), it is proposed that the treated effluent is used, inconjunction with river and groundwater sources. for irrigation in the existing VaraminIrrigation Scheme. Sludge from the treatment plants is also to be used for agriculturalpurposes.

2.1.7 It is proposed that the Stage I works be completed. with the exception of houseconnections. by the year 2001 and all other major activities in the Project by 2005.

Existing Situation

2.1.8 There is a number of existing sewage treatment plants in operation in Tehran but theseserve a very small proportion of the total population (800.000 out of 8 million).

2.1.9 The most common method of sewage disposal is by means of sewage wells. These areconstructed beneath or adjacent to properties and receive all foul sewage flows. Theycomprise of a vertical shaft. at the bottom of which is an enlarged chamber. Polluted waterinfiltrates into the ground and solid matter degrades in the chamber.

2.1.10 In some areas. the water table is too high for effective operation of sewage wells. In theseareas and also where surface water drains are conveniently located. sewage is dischargeddirectly to the surface water drainage system.

2.1.11 The consequences of the existing sewage disposal system are most apparent in the southof the City. Here. infiltrated water from the northern areas and surface drainage flows

2

combine to cause major problems with flooding. waterlogging. and pollution. All of theseproblems present a major threat to public health.

2.1.12 The public health problem is further compounded by the widespread use of water from theheavily polluted surface water drainage svstem. in particular the Firouzabad and SorkheHessar canals. for irrigation of crops. Sludge from these canals is also used for agriculturalpurposes.

2.1.13 This and the next Section describe the geographic. ecological. social. and temporal contextof the project.

2.2 Project Objectives

2.2.1 The objectives of the project are:

- Provision of satisfactorv wastewater collection and treatment for about 2 million peoplecovering an area of about 16.500 hectares:

- improvement of public health and reduction of surface & groundwater pollution;

- Provision of treated wvastewater for irrigation of about 15.000 hectares in the VaraminPlain:

- Development of the Tehran Sewerage Companv (TSC) into an autonomous entity to beoperated on a commercial basis; and

- Facilitation of the private sector participation in thesector.

2.2.2 These objectives mnay be achieved by provision of: (a) a piped sewerage system to whichall properties will be connected; (b) sewage and sludge treatment facilities capable oftreating the resulting effluent and sludge to a standard appropriate for re-use inagriculture: and (c) a sewage drainage system that removes the excess water from theTehran Plain and compensates Varamin Plain for its deficit.

2.2.3 The project will also have a major benefit of conservation of water resources in the TehranRegion.

2.3 Sewerage and Sewage Transport

2.3.1 Wastewater will be conveyed to the treatment plants by means of an undergroundnetwork of pipes through tunnels and culverts. It is envisaged that all wastewater willbe conveyed by gravitv, without the need for pumping stations. This is because of thetopography of Tehran. as there is a gradient from north to south.

2.3.2 The City of Tehran is divided into 20 administrative regions (shown in DrawingEAJ2), covering approximately 48,000 hectares. In Stage 1 covered by the Project,Southern STP will treat sewage drained from an area of approximately 5,000 hectaresin the northern regions together with 1,500 hectares in central, and 10,000.hectares ofthe southern regions. serving a population of about 2 million. These areas are shownin Drawing EA/4. Priority is to be given to the "A" bed areas which suffer from poor

3

drainage and are prone to flooding. This should be completed bv 2001. In Stage 2,additional 7.400 hectares of the south. east and north-eastern regions will be drained,serving an additional population of approximately 2.8 million. These areas are shownin Drawing EA13. This should be completed by 201 1.

2.3.3 The wastewater convevance system to be constructed in Stage 1, the Project,comprises of two roughly parallel trunk sewers running from north to south (known asthe Western and Eastern Main Sewers), interceptor sewers. branch and lateral sewersand house connections (see Drawings EA/3. EA/4 and EA/5).

2.3.4 It is proposed that the eastern trunk sewer will be constructed as a tunnel. in order tominimize disruption to traffic. Consideration has also been given to construction ofparts of the western trunk sewer by pipe jacking or tunneling methods for the samereason.

2.3.5 Interceptor. branch and lateral sewers and house connections are likely to beconstructed bv open cut excavation. For the project to be successful. a sewer needs tobe laid in almost all streets of Tehran. For the Project areas. the total length ofinterceptor. branch and lateral services is approximatelv 3.120 km.

2.3.6 The sizes of the sewers range from 3.000 mm down to 150 mm diameter.

2.3.7 Two sizes are required for the tunnel trunk sewer. 2,000 mm and 3,000 mm diameter.It is envisaged that the tunnel will be constructed mainly using precast concretesegments with a secondarv concrete lining. The culverts will be of in situ reinforcedconcrete construction.

2.3.8 Every sewer will need to be provided with manholes for access and maintenancepurposes. A concrete pipe factory will manufacture the necessary precast reinforcedconcrete manhole rings. The tunnel will also require access shafts and it is most likelythat precast reinforced concrete segments wvill be-used to construct these shafts.

2.3.9 The tunnel trunk sewer will be constructed at depths ranging from a minimum of about 9meters up to a maximum of 35 meters.

2.3.10 All other sewers will be constructed at the minimum depth consistent with maintaining anadequate gradient (to ensure that self-cleansing velocities are maintained) and avoidanceof other utilities. The depth of the sewers will be in the 2 m to 6 m range. Houseconnections will be at shallow depth, generally less than 2 m deep.

Western Main Selwer

2.3.11 The Westem Main Sewer route starts to the south of the junction of Vali-ye-Assr St. andMiramad Boulevard. The sewer then drains southwards along Vali-ye-Assr St. for adistance of approximately 11,500 m up to the junction with Shush St. At this point it,continues south-eastwards across railway sidings for a distance of 600 m before reachingRajai St.. which it follows in a southern direction for 8.000 m before tuming eastwards,crossing a railway line and meeting Qom Road. The route then turns south eastwards for adistance of 2,000 m across open agricultural land before entering the Southern STP site.

4

2.3.12 The sewer for the most part will be constructed beneath existing main roads in the City,and will pass through a mixture of residential. commercial and industrial areas. These mainroads carry verv heavv volumes of traffic. and the sewer will be constructed partiallv inopen cut and partially bv less disruptive methods. such as pipe jacking or tunneling. Theroute of the proposed Tehran Metro follows Vali-ye-Assr St.. and eleven stations will belocated off this road. The route will involve a number of canal and railway crossings.

Eastern Main Sewer

2.3.13 The Eastern lain Sewer comprises 6.000 m of 2.000 mm diameter tunnel. 14.000 m of3.000 mm diameter tunnel and 4.000 m of culvert. The Eastem Trunk Sewer route starts atthe junction of Dr. Ali-ve-Shariati St. and Pasdaran St.. then runs southwards for a distanceof 4.000 m along Dr. Ali-ve-Shariati St. before meeting Khajeh Nasir-E-Tusy, along whichit runs in a south-eastward direction for a distance of 1,000 m. At the junction withMazandarin and Damavand. the route tums south along Hefdah-E-Shahrivar for 6,300 mbefore meetinz the junction with Besat Expressway. It then changes direction eastwardsalong the Besat Expresswav for 600 m before tuming south along Shahrzad and JaddehSevvom for 5.500 m to the junction with Ebn-e-Babuyeh and the Varamin Road. At thisjunction. the route heads eastwards along the Vararnin Road for 1.300 m before turningsouth along the Gas Access Road. whereafter. another 2,100 m of sewer is needed to reachthe Southern Treatment Plant.

2.3.14 Owing to the problems with traffic congestion. especially near the Central City areas. thesewer is to be mainly tunneled. The route will involve crossing under a number of canalsand the route of Tehran Metro. The final section of the Eastern Trunk Sewer. between thebottom end of the tunnel and the Southern Treatment Plant will be constructed as areinforced concrete culvert by open cut methods.

Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar Canals

2.3.15 Polluted water from streams, jubes (surface water collection channels). and qanats(originallv fresh water tuninels) presently flows from the north to the south of the City,ultimatelv being discharged to the Firouzabad or Sorkhe Hessar Canals. Both canals passclose to the site for the 'Southern treatment plant and it is proposed that. as an interimmeasure. some of the canal water is treated in the treatment plant. This will not onlyprovide valuable plant operational experience. but will also improve the qualitv of thecanal water. Detailed plans for the transfer of canal water to the treatment plant are beingprepared.

2.3.16 The current flows are 402,000 m3/d in the Firouzabad canal and 562.000 m3/d in theSorkhe Hessar canal. so it will only be possible to treat a portion of the total flow. Theremainder will continue to flow into the Jaj-e-Rud as at present. The Firouzabad canalpasses through the westem part of the STP site. and will need to be culverted or divertedprior to construction. The Sorkhe Hessar canal passes several hundred meters from thesite. Pumping stations would be required for the transfer of both flows to the works.Detailed plans for these works are being prepared.

5

2.4 The Southern Sewage Treatment Plant

2.4.1 The Report on -'Sewage Treatment Alternatives' describes the design of the STP indetail, comparing four alternative sewage treatment processes. The use of aconventional surface aeration activated sludge system was recommended by thisreport. with sludge treatment bv mesophilic anaerobic digestion.

Design Basis

2.4.2 Flows and loads for the Southern STP are shown in Table 2. 1. The biochemicaloxygen demand (BOD). loads are calculated on the basis of a per capita contributionof 65 g BOD/d: 45 g from domestic sources and 20 g from industrial sources. Thesuspended solids (SS) loads are calculated on the basis of a per capita contribution of80g SS/d. The per capita flow is an average, taking infiltration and industrial flowsinto account.

Table 2.1 Basic Data for Tehran Southern Sewage Treatment Plant

Stage Population I Average Flow Average Flow | BOD, Load SuspendedEquivalent Per Capita Solids Load

[1/c/d] fm3/d] [kg/d] [kg/d]l 2,000,000 200 400,000 130.000 160,0002 4,800,000 220 1,055,200 312,000 384,000

Effluent Quality

2.4.3 The effluent quality standards to be achieved are described in Table 2.2. The chemicalstandards are based on the requirements of the EC directive on wastewater treatment3 .while the microbiological standards are based on the World Health Organization'sguidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture4 . The effluent will also complywith the limits on potentially toxic element (PTE) quality of irrigation waters set bythe Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (FAO). Thelatter concern parameters which vary little with the type or level of sewage treatment(sodium. boron etc.), and can onlv determine the suitabilitv of an effluent foragricultural reuse. Hence. the influent will have to be carefullv monitored to avoidexceeding these standards and take appropriate corrective actions when needed.

Quantities of Sludge for Treatment

2.4.4 The quantity of sludge produced by the activated sludge process has been estimated at164 dry tons of cosettled sludge per day, or 60,000 dry tons per year. At 4% dry solidscontent, this will represent a volume of 4,109 m3/d for disposal.

6

Table 2.2 Effluent Qualitv Standard

Parameter ] Statistical basis Standard

BOD, [mg/l] 95 percentile 25

! Suspended solids [mg/l] 95 percentile 35

Total nitrogen* [mg/l] 95 percentile 30I Faecal coliforms [per 100 ml] Geometric mean <=1.000

Intestinal nematode eggs [per liter] Arithmetic mean <=I

*Total nitrogen is taken as the sum of ammonia. nitrate and nitrite nitrogen

Sludge Treatment Standards

2.4.5 The sludge produced wvill be disposed on agricultural land and used as a fertilizer. Thetreatment system will ensure that a microbiolo2ical standard of less than I intestinalnematode egg per 100 grammes of drv solids (arithmetic mean) is achieved, inaccordance with the WHO guidelines4.

The STP Site

2.4.6 The Tehran Regional Water Board (TRWB) acquired the 110 ha site before 1991 forthe Southern STP (shown in Drawings EAJ3 and EA/I I and enclosed it within aboundary wall. This site now is under TSC. The STP site is located to the south ofShahr-e-Rey, just outside the 25-Year Plan area, between the Tehran to VaraminRoad and the Tehran to Garmsar Railway Line. The site is bounded by cultivated landgrowing market produce to the north, west, north-east and south. To the south-east ofthe site are several derelict brick works. The Firouzabad canal crosses the westernsector of the site flowing southwards. The northeastern corner of the site is crossed byhigh voltage electricity transmission cables. Apart from a small number of farnproperties. the nearest substantial residential settlement is the southern suburbs ofShahr-e-Rey, approximately I km to the northwest. The site is 2.5 km from the villageof Ghaleh Gabri. and 0.5 km from a petrochemical refinery. Access to the site isachieved via Shahr-e-Rey to the northwest or from the northeast via the Gas AccessRoad. The latter, which also. serves industrial activities. would be the most suitablefor construction and operation traffic. This route would minimize disruption ofresidential areas.

Sewage Treatment

2.4.7 Drawing EA/12 shows the proposed layout of the STP in the Project (Stage 1), forwhich detailed designs have been prepared.. The sewage treatment works consists of:inlet works; primary sedimentation tanks: aeration tanks: secondary sedimentationtanks: and disinfection using chlorine. The following designs apply to Project (Stage1) flows only.

7

2.4.8 The conventional activated sludge process has been used successfully for largepopulations worldwide and is described in detail in the Report "Review of SewageTreatment Altematives"'. The aeration tanks are designed on a plug flow basis withanoxic zones for nitrification (conversion of ammonia to nitrate) and partial denitrification(conversion of nitrate to gaseous nitrogen). This is in order to achieve the required effluentqualitv (for BOD. suspended solids and total nitrogen) and ensure good settling of sludgein the secondarv sedimentation tanks.

Inlet Works

2.4.9 These comprise of: an inlet pumping station with 7 screw lifi pumps: motor, switchgearand control rooms: a transformer substation: 8 no. 10 mm bar screens, 6 no. I m diameterdetritors: and 3 Parshall flumes for flow measurement. Flows will not exceed the capacityof the treatment plant (400.000 m3/d) except possiblv under wet weather conditions.Excess influent will overflow to the Firouzabad canal on these occasions and is expectedto be for less than 10 days in a year. The frequencv of the overflows will depend upon theconnected population and the intensitv of rainfall. However. these overflows are morelikelv to happen during the winter months when most of the rainfall occurs. The impact ofany overflow on the Firouzabad canal is expected to be small (less than 3 percent of thetime). since the sewage will be diluted with rainwater and the flows in the canal will beincreased due to surface water run-off. Should the frequencv of overflows becomeunacceptable. then a simple solution would be construction of stormwater holding tanks atthe STP. A surface water drainage project is being implemented in Tehran which isexpected to alleviate such problems.

Disposal of Screenings and Grit

2.4.10 The quantities of screenings and grit from the inlet works are estimated to be less than 20tons per day. Screenings will be washed and compressed on site, then transported inwatertight, covered vehicles to the existing sanitarv landfill site at Kahrizak. about 15 kmfrom the STP. Grit removed will be washed and stored to drv on the STP site. The driedgrit will also be transported to the nearest landfill site (about 15 km) for disposal.

Primarv Sedimentation

2.4.11 This comprises of 12 no: 47 m diameter reinforced concrete circular tanks with 3 m deepsidewalls. Cosettled primary and surplus secondaryv sludge is to be removed from centralhoppers by auto desludging systems to the sludge treatment plant.

Aeration Tanks

2.4.12 These comprise of 30 reinforced concrete aeration tanks approximately 160 m long, 14 mwide and 3.3 m deep. A transforner substation consisting of a switchgear building andtwo transformer compounds will be provided for each aeration tank.

Secondary Sedimentation

2.4.13 This comprises of 24 no. 35 m diameter reinforced concrete circular tanks.with 3.5 in deep sidewalls. Sludge is to be removed from central hoppers bymeans of desludging pumps and recvcled to the aeration tanks or surplus sent to

8

the prirnarx' sedimentation tanks.

Effluent Disinfection

2.4.14 This svstem is designed to give a dosage rate of I to 10 mg/i chlorine into a peak flow ot7 m3/s. Chlorine will be transported to STP in accordance with the Iranian SafetyRegulations for Transport of Hazardous Substances which are consistent with theintemational guidelines. The proposed average dosage rate is 5 mg/il. Separate buildings(with appropriate ventilation svstem) will be provided for storage of chlorine drums andchlorination. A treated effluent pumping station is also required to provide chlorinationwater and washwater. No chlorine contact tanks are planned. since a United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP) mission proposed that a protected (fenced) effluenttransport canal will serve this purpose. producing an effluent complying with the faecalcoiiforim standard bv the time the effluent reaches the irrigation area. The same missionindicated that the activated sludge process alone would produce an effluent complyingwith the intestinal nematode egg standard. However. tertiary treatment has been providedto ensure compliance with the WHO Guidelines.

Effliuent Transport to the Varamin Plain

2.4.15 Effluent transport from the Southern STP site will be via the already constructed TehranCanal which terminates just outside the eastern boundarv wall of the STP site. The canal is34.782 m long, as shown on Drawing EAI.

2.4.16 The capacity of the canal is 8 m3/s, which is sufficient for the project flow (4.6 m3/s).

Sludge Treatment

2.4.17 The proposed arrangement of sludge treatment plant at the ST' is shown in DrawingEA/12. The sludge treatment system consists of thickeners: pnmary anaerobic digesters;secondary anaerobic digesters: drying; and storage.

Thickening

2.4.18 This comprises of 6 circular sludge thickening tanks each 21 m diameter and 5 m high,Sludge is to be withdrawn continuously using three pumping stations to three sludgeholding tanks.

Primary Digestion

2.4.19 Three feed pumping stations will pump the thickened sludge to 12 no. circular primarydigestion tanks 15 m diameter and 23 m high. They are to be built entirely above ground.,the tallest structures on the site. The design retention time is 16 days, and the operatingtemperature 350C. Gas produced by the anaerobic digestion process is to be used in three:heater houses 6.5 m high, to heat the sludge in the primary digesters and other heatingpurposes. Excess gas will be automaticallv vented to the atmosphere through three wastegas flare stacks.

9

Secondarv Digestion

2.4.20 Three pumping stations will pump sludge from the primary diaesters to circular secondarydigestion tanks (open tanks, 6 in number) 20 m diameter and 16 m high. These are also tobe built entirely above ground. The design retention time is 16 days. operated at ambienttemperature. A pumping station will return liquors from the thickeners and secondarydigesters to the STP inlet works.

Sludge Drving

2.4.21 The digested sludge will have a dr' solids content of 5%. Drying for two weeks isanticipated to increase this to 55%. A total dryine bed area of 11 ha is proposed. dividedinto some 130 beds. each 40 m by 20 m in plan.

Sludge Storage

2.4.22 The dried sludge is not expected to be pathogen free. The WHO guidelines indicate thatthe intestinal nematode egg standard can be met through storage for one vear at ambienttemperatures. This is to be achieved in 14 concrete paved sludge storage bays 1.5 m deepeach covering 3,345 m2 and separated by dividing walls. The bays will be used on a batchbasis (one per month) to prevent stored sludge coming into contact with freshcontaminated sludge cake. A total area of about 4.7 ha will be required.

Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal

2.4.23 The above processes will produce a pathogen-free sludge cake containing about 65% drysolids. The expected volume of sludge for disposal is 49.236 cubic meters per year(61,320 dry tonnes per year. or a weight including water of about 96.000 tons per year).

Power

2.4.24 The total installed power requirement for the entire project works (including sludgetreatment) is estimated at 14 MVA. Power consumption is estimated to be 68.063,000kWh per annum. Power will be supplied from the power station near Shahr-e-Rey, 5 kmaway. There will be 3 diesel standby generators giving a total output of 4.8 MW toprovide sufficient power for operation of the essential plant and equipment (inlet works,primary and secondary sedimentation and 50% of aeration tanks) and maintain levels oftreatment during any power failures.

Materials

2.4.25 The construction of sewerage network will require 120,000 tons of concrete pipes, 20,000tons of low alkali cement and 4.000 tons of reinforcing steel per year during the project.The total aggregate requirement (including that for concrete pipes) will be 170,000 tonsper year. Spoil will be disposed of at a municipality landfill. Stage I of the STP coveredby the project will require 352,579 m3 of excavation. 302,191 m3 of concrete and 29,261tons of steel. A large proportion of the mechanical and engineering equipment requiredwill need to be imported from outside Iran.

10

Associated Jf'orks

2.4.26 Other requirements include access roads and administration. laboratory. workshops. store,canteen. and gatehouse buildings.

Monitoring

2.4.27 A detailed monitoring program for the works has been prepared. It is intended that ananalytical laboratory will be built on the Southern STP site. to be staffed by one laboratorymanager one chemist. one microbiologist. and 5 technicians. Thev will monitor effluentsfor pollution indicators (BOD5. COD. suspended solids. ammonia. nitrogen. phosphorusand heavv metals), operational parameters of the activated sludge process. and the qualityof sludge generated.

2.5 Effluent Reuse in Agriculture

Area of Irrigation

2.5.1 The design and operation of the Southern STP envisages that most of the treatedsewape effluent will be utilized bv the existinz Varamin irrigation scheme (DrawingsEA/I7 and EA/18). Of the 70,000 ha identified as suitable for irrigation on the Plain, acanalized area of 50.000 ha has already been constructed. although only 35,000 ha arecurrently cropped. The treated sewage effluent will contribute to the irrigation supplyof this area, enabling the full 50,000 ha to be used for agriculture and thus becomingone of the largest irrigation schemes in the world utilizing treated effluent.

Volume of Treated Effluent to be Used

2.5.2 The volume of available effluent will increase as sewer-connections are made. Oncompletion of project. it will reach 4.6 m3/s.

Irrigation Wlater Supplies.

2.5.3 There are plans to construct an additional dam on the Jaj-e-Rud to further regulate andenhance river water supplies to the scheme. The quantities of future irrigation watersupply and the demand of the Varamin scheme have been estimated by TRWB, andare shown in Table 2.3. These are based on a supply of effluent of 8 m3/s, equivalentto 21 Mm3/month. The crop irrigation requirements have been calculated from thearea given over to each crop, and its monthly water demand. A 10% margin has alsobeen allowed for losses. These demand and supply figures have been developed toshow the amount that will be available for groundwater recharge. and the dilution ofthe treated effluent that will occur in field practice in an average year. Treated effluentsupplied at this rate will contribute 36% of the water sources to the Varamin scheme.Translated into simple crop production terms. this 36% represents 252 Mm3 per year,which could produce 36,000 ha of wheat at projected levels of water use.

11

TabOle 2.3 Vater halance for the irrigation of 50,000 ha orf ile Va ralin Pii laUin (in NloIn3)

Jan Feb Mar Apr NMaiy Jtin Jl Atig Sep Oct Nov Dec I otallCrop reqjuirements 0 0 23.3 78.8 95.6 107.2 99.4 79 2 51.(0 21.% 2E14 5 5 -5 5832

Water Jaj-e-Rid River with 7.5 1(.4 24 31 3 46.3 32.9 _7.9 8 8 . 59 7_ ' 9.6 - X3 209

resotirces reservoir'Groundwater 26.1 27.9 49.9 (.11 49 23 7 230 7

Treated t3licit 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 2 1 2 2 2 2 5 2

13alance' +28.5 +31.4 t21.7 -0.4 -4 -3.4 - 4 -0 4 -0A14 t6.2 f9- 2 - 23 8 I15A4

Field diltiion ', trealed eltiuentn: 1:2.7 1:3.5 1l3.9 137 1:2.8 _11.4 2:1 1 1 3 . 1-_

other sources_ ()Vrall

Ircated cfthient to recharge' 2121 2_1 6 2 9.2 21 99)4r1

River water to recharge 7.5 104 t).7 .__ .__ 2.8 2 1 4

'I'NanaSinkaniA:\lran-tab2.3.doc08/1 0/t9 5.02 I'M

This is the "average" year situation. In praclice qiuanitities may vary widely between years accordinig to rainlall.

2 This takes no account oi treated efiluenit rechiarged to groundwater supplies, which will cause Itirtlier diltitioni ol' the effluenilt.

3 'Ireated effluent will always be preferentially used for recharge.

4Average dilution from April to November = 1:2.6. All dilutioni figures will vary according to availability of river water.

s An annual total of 151,800,000 m3 will be used directly for field irrigation.

This balance assumes a constant treated effluent supply rate of 8 m3/s throughout the year.

2.5.4 When the 50.000 ha scheme is fullv implemented. the annual requirements of thecrops will be 583 Mm3. The water resources available, from the Jaj-e-Rud river.groundwater abstractions and treated effluent (assuming 8 m3/s supply) give a total of699 Mm3. The excess of 115 Mm3 will be recharged to the aquifer. The balancevaries greatlv over the X ear. however. and groundwater sources are to be used over thesummer months (April to September) w hen the crop requirements increasesignificantli. It is important to note that the river flow is highlv variable betweenyears and seasons. therefore. in a particularlv drv summer it may not be possible tomeet irrigation requirements at certain times. This reinforces the need to bring thetreated effluent supply on stream at the earliest possible opportunitv to provide someinsurance against poor river flows. The planned Jaj-e-Rud dam wvill. however, regulateriver flows to some extent. Because of the cumulative over-abstraction of the aquiferthat has occurred over the last 20 to 30 vears. it would not be a feasible option tosignificantly increase groundwater abstraction.

Crop Pattern and Irrigation MVethods

2.5.5 The planned cropping programs and their irrigation water requirements for the full50,000 ha development of the Varamin scheme are based on original FAO plans andshown in Table 2.4. They include a small amount of double cropping, bringing theannual area of crops up to 51,600 ha. The requirements have been increased by safetymargins of about 10% to provide the total monthly water requirements given in Table2.3.

2.5.6 Since it is not practicable, given the existing irrigation scheme, to divert treatedeffluent to particular crops, the treatment works have been designed to give treatedeffluent of suitable quality for unrestricted agricultural application. Treated effluentwill always be used in a diluted form nevertheless, as it will be added to the otherwater supplies in the primary network of canals. The estimated dilution factors areincluded in Table 2.3. The least dilution will occur in October. with 2.1 volumes oftreated effluent to one volume of river water. but on avera2e the treated effluent willbe diluted with 1.8 volumes of river or groundwater to one volume of effluent.

13

Table 2.4 Proposed cropping patterns and water requirements for 50,000 hadevelopment of Varamin irrigation area

Crop Type Area [ha] % ° of total area Water requirement of Annual Watercrop [m3/ha] Requirement

l Mm3Wheat 14.000 27 7.000 98.0Cotton 15,500 30 13.000 201.5Sunflowers 3,000 6 10.000 | 30.0Sorghum 1,000 I2 10.800 ] 10.8Tomatoes 2.000 i 4 11.600 __23.2

Springz 1.500 13 |10.000 15.0CucumbersCantaloupe 3.900 8 9.400 36.7Melons I

Orchards 1,200 |2 13.100 15.7Alfalfa 3.000 6 15.000 45.0Maize Fodder 1.000 2 10.000 10.0Safflower 1.500 3 1 7.000 10.5Spring 600 1 [9.000 5.4vegetablesAutumn 600 1 7.600 4.6MelonsAutumn 600 1 7,000 4.2VegetablesAutumn 1,000 2 5.500 5.3CucumbersCereal Seeds 600 1 10.000 6.0Beans 600 1 10.000 6.0TOTAL 5 1.600 100 _ 528.1

14

2.5.7 It is assumed that irrigation Nvill continue to be carried out bv surface irrigationmethods. with minimal use of sprinkler or drip irrigation. Although the use of surfacemethods has a lower efficiencv. heavv seasonal silt loads from the Jaj-e-Rud riverwould cause blockage problems if sprinklers were widelv deploved.

2.6 Effluent Reuse bv Groundwvater Recharge

2.6.1 It is proposed that the recharge basins currently used for the recharge of Jaj-e Rudriver water near Abas Abad be used for the recharge of the surplus treated effluent.This will be between October and Mav; the proposed quantities are shown in Table2.3. The basins have a total area of 40 ha. and currently allow the recharge of 1.5 rn/s(or 4 Mm3 per Month). The months of maximum recharge will be December toMarch. with 21 Mm3 per month. If these recharge basins cannot cope with theincreased volume then effluent will also be passed to the new group of basins to bebuilt between the Varamin diversion dam and Abas Abad. The volume of river waterrecharged can be reduced as necessarv, increasing downstream flows.

2.7 Sludge Transport

2.7.1 Following storage for one vear on the Southern STP site -the sludge generated(61.320 dry tons [96,000 wet tons] per year) will be transported to the Varamin Plainfor use as fertilizer. Transport lorries will be carrying an average of 8 dry tonnes ofsludge per trip. Thirteen such lorries will be required to make two round trips per dayon 300 working days per year. The sludge will only be removed from the STP site in adry condition. The lorries used for the transportation of sludge will be totally enclosedand leak-proof.

2.7.2 The route will presumably be along the Tehran to Varamin road (see Drawing EA/I 8).A round trip of 80 km has been assumed for the purposes of the costing exercise,which implies an annual acreage of 624.000 km. and an annual diesel fuelconsumption of 1.248 m3.

2.8 Sludge Use in AgricultureL

2.8.1 The close proximitv of agricultural areas to Tehran. and the favourable location of thetreatment works to these areas. provides a useful outlet for the sludge generated.There are three considerable advantages of using treated sludge in agriculture:

* its ability, as a fertilizer, to provide most of the nutrients and micronutrientsneeded for crops;

* it broadly facilitates adjusting the ratio between the principal nutrients, nitrogenrand phosphorus, and

* its high organic content, which can be of value as a soil conditioner in arid zonesoils.

15

2.8.2 When the Southern STP is operating at full capacity. approximatelv 96,000 wet tonsof treated sludge wvill be available per vear. The sludge will have been stored for oneyear prior to use. in accordance with the WHO guidelines. These seek to ensurepathogen removal and are designed to protect aaricultural workers and consumers,particularly from intestinal parasites.

2.8.3 The sludge will be applied at a rate of 8 tons per hectare per vear. the lowest ratewhich is considered practicable. This strategy would however maximize the area towhich the sludge will be applied. at 12.000 ha approximately one quarter of theirrigation scheme. It is proposed that sludge is applied to a different quarter of theland area each vear. so that a particular field would onlv receive sludge every 4 vears.This will ensure that over a long period of time. the sludge should be applieduniformlv to all the land to minimize the application per hectare of potentially toxicelements.

2.8.4 The guidelines used in developing the sludge use strategy are the EC directives on theuse of sewage sludge in agriculture.

2.8.5 It is recognized that in the absence of legal restrictions. farmers would preferentiallywish to apply sludge to high value vegetable crops. This will therefore, be prohibited.Sludge will only be applied to cotton and cereal crops. but other crops would berotated with these and hence, receive some advantage from the nutrient-rich soil. Forboth crops, sludge application will be to the soil in advance of seed planting.Sufficient time will be provided for this because there are long periods between theharvesting of the previous crop and the planting of cereal and cotton crops.Mouldboard ploughing will be used immediately after sludge application to bury mostof the applied sludge and minimize the potential wind blown problems. Thisprocedure should also virtually remove any human contact with sludge at the plantingand crop tending stages.

2.8.6 It is important that sludge is applied to cereals and cotton rather than higher valuecrops such as vegetables and salads. Twvo problems which mav arise in the latter case:it would be difficult to ensure the required 10 month delav between sludge applicationand harvesting; the larger amounts of sludge which would have to be applied to thesehigh value crops may cause some heavy metal concentrations to exceed safe limits butsufficient mitigatory measures are going to be in place (including the control of heavymetals in the influent to STP) to avoid any potential problems.

2.9 Preconstruction Activities

2.9.1 In addition to the design which is an obvious pre-requisite of any major constructionproject. there are number of pre-construction activities to be undertaken.

2.9.2 For the wastewater conveyance system. it is proposed that all sewers be constructedwherever possible in roads or public open spaces.

16

Relocation of People and Indigenoius People

2.9.3 No relocation of people will be necessarv for the construction activities in the project.There are no indigaenous people in the project area.

Planning and Liaison

2.9.4 The construction of first time sewerage in a major citv such as Tehran. involving,,sewer laving in virtually everv street in the City, will require that constructionactivities are carefully planned to minimize disruption and that good liaison isestabiished and maintained with other concerned authorities.

2.9.5 The planning and liaison process should commence during the design of the project.At this stage, consultations with the municipalitv are going on to ensure that thechosen sewer routes are acceptable. with the traffic police to ensure that the sewerroutes minimize disruption to the flow of traffic. and with the various utilitycompanies to minimize conflict with existing and proposed water. electricity,telephone. and gas services. In addition. the sewers will cross existing jubes, surfacewater streams. canals and qanats. all of which must be kept operational duringconstruction. Possible conflicts with the Metro project are being investigated andaction taken as appropriate to minimize such conflicts.

Public Relalions and Public Participation

2.9.6 Although careful planning and liaison as described above should help minimizedisruption to the general public. it is inevitable with such an extensive project that thepublic will suffer some disruption from time to time. This may be as a result cfincreased traffic congestion in the City as a whole or from construction activities inthe local neighborhood. However, care will be taken to minimize these to acceptablelevels.

2.9.7 Raising public awareness of the benefits of the project and keeping the publicinformed of construction activities will assist in the smooth running of the project.Public participation meetings have been held in the past and one was held in April1999. Issues raised were noted and action will be taken to address these. The mainissues are: (a) the project is urgently needed . (b) there should be effective cooperationamongst various agencies involved and (c) good quality work should be performed.

2.10 Construction Activities

2.10.1 Construction of the project is to be carried out under a number of constructioncontracts ending in 2005.

2.10.2 Construction of the administration buildings on the Southern Treatment Plant (STP) isalready completed.

17

Construction Contracts

2.10.3 Four international construction contracts are currently proposed for the project:

* Eastem trunk- sewer tunnel - southern part ( 14 km of 3 m diameter tunnel)* Eastern trunk sewer tunnel - northern part (6 km of 2 m diameter tunnei)* Western trunk sewer* Southern Treatment Plant-equipment and civil engineering works

2.10.4 The remaining construction contracts for the project (Stage 1) works are to be carriedout bv local contractors. These are as follows:

* Eastern trunk sewer - culvert* Interceptor sewers - northern areas• Interceptor sewers - southern areas* Five contracts for lateral and branch sewers* House connections* Southern Treatment Plant-auxiliarv buildinfls

Costs

2.10.5 The project is expected to cost $337 million and may require the import of mechanicaland electrical equipment.

18

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE BASELINE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Geographical Environment

Topographv

3.1.1 Tehran is located at the foot of the Alborz Mountains. at approximately l.300m abovesea level. The city occupies the northern part of the alluvial Tehran Plain, slopingfrom the mountains to the flat featureless Great Salt Desert. To the south and west ofthe urban area lies a belt of fertile land forming the southern part of the Tehran Plainand the Varamin Plain.

3.1.2 The urban area is bounded by mountains to the north and east. with the groundsloping southward. falling 800 m over the 25 km from the northern suburbs toShahr-e-Rev in the south. The gradient eases from 1:20 in the north to 1:200 at thesouthern fringe of the city.

3.1.3 The southern part of the Tehran Plain is essentially flat and is crossed by the KanRiver. The Varamin Plain. to the east. slopes gently from 1.100 m to 850m, with muchof it forming the alluvial fan of the Jaj-e-Rud River.

Settlement Pattern

3.1.4 Tehran City, for two hundred years the capital of Iran, presently occupies an areaexceeding 700 km'. This incorporates a number of surrounding centers includingShemiran in the north and Shahr-e-Ray in the south. The Municipality, controlled by amayor and council, is divided into 20 Regions. each with its own administrative staff.

3.1.5 The northern zone (Regions 1-5). generallv defined as the area north of AbbasabadAvenue. is mostly a high class residential area. with population densities below 100people/ha and a pleasant suburban character.

3.1.6 The central zone (Regions 6, 7. 8, 11, 12. 13 and 14) contains a mixture of modernhigh-rise business development and residential areas with 3 and 4 story apartmentblocks. The population density ranges from 100 to 300 people/ha.

3.1.7 The old commercial centers and crowded bazaar area comprise the southern zone ofthe city (Regions 9, 10. 16-19). The population is dense, on average 500 people/ha,and in some areas, 1,000 people/ha.

3.1.8 The town of Shahr-e-Ray (Region 20), adjoining the southern fringe of the TehranMunicipality, consists of 8 rural districts and 217 villages, with a population of,400,000 population in the city.

3.1.9 Varamin town is the principal population center of the Varamin Plain, with threesectors divided into 8 rural districts and 221 villages. The population of 560,000 isapproximately equally split bet-ween urban and rural areas.

19

3.1.10 The estimated land use pattern for the Tehran area is:

Forested 11%Meadows and Pastures 27%Agricultural (under permanent cultivation) 9%Urban 45%Other (desert. swamp. etc.) 8%

Forested areas are generallv in the north. east and xvest. w*hile pastures andagricultural areas are to the immediate south and east of the city.

Comrmunications Nertvork

3.1.1 1 In Tehran Citv, the main road system in the central and southern areas is a rectangulargrid svstem of broad tree-lined avenues, with narrow streets and alleys in each block.A series of parallel north-south roads links the northern suburbs to the center, and amajor freewav connects the western district of Karaj. In addition to the bus system,there is a heavv reiiance on taxis. A large increase in the ownership of private carshas led to a serious problem of congestion.

3.1.12 Four major rail routes radiate from the Central Rai lwav Station to the south of the citycenter in Region 16. The three principal lines are: the Tehran-Ghazvin line westward,skirting the edge of the Alborz mountains; the Tehran-Saveh line south-west; and theline to Garmsar via Varamin, running south-east through the center of the VaraminPlain. A transportation plan in the early 1970s proposed an underground Metrosystem for the city to ease traffic congestion. Parts of this are presently underconstruction, and shown on drawing EA/5 and Tehran-Karaj line. which travels overland. started operation in Feb. 1999.

3.1.13 Four main hip,hwavs traverse the Tehran and Varamin Plains. Saveh Road runssouth-west from Ghale Morghi Airport and through Nezarnabad. with the Savehrailwav line broadly parallel. Another road cuts southwNard across the Tehran Plainfrom Shahr-e-Rev town towards Qom Road and rail links run south-east fromShahr-e-Rey to Varamin town and Pishva. then take differing routes on to Garmsar.

3.1 .14 Most of the industrv in Tehran is currently located in the center and south of the city(Regions 9. 16, 18. 19 & 20), with some also in the eastern part of Region 4. Much ison unsuitable sites close to residential areas. Having recognized this problem, thegovernment has begun a phased program of relocation of the most polluting industriesto specially designated zones south of the city. About 6.500 hectares of land has beenallocated to these industries at six sites and more than 2,000 of the most pollutingindustries out of 15,000 workshops and factories have already left the city by 1999.

20

3.2 Social and Economic Environment

Population?

3.2.1 In the late 18th century. Tehran was a small trading center with a population of20.000. but now it plavs a dominating role in the economic. social and political life of[ran. It is the seat of government the commercial capital. The 1986 census recorded apopulation of 8.7 million for Tehran Province. with 6 million in the citv itself.

3.2.2 Tehran currentlv has a high rate of population growth. The city is growing fastest inthe southern Regions where there are fewer physical barriers to development. Theg rowth of the southem suburbs which include Shahr-e-Rey and Eshghabad wasaround 7 to 8% per year. The government took actions to ease the problem ofpopulation growth. The Ministry of Health has allocated one billion Rials annually forbirth control and has targeted population growth to fall to 2.9 % bv 1994. The latestcensus (1996) recorded a population of 11 million for Tehran province. with 6.7million in the citv itself. The growth rate for province was recorded at 4.7 percent butfor the city had dropped to 0.9 percent during the 1986-96 period. Current populationis estimated at about 7 million (more than 8 million in dav time).

3.2.3 The number of refugees in the country is falling, with more than one million havingreturned to Iraq, leaving 150,000 (mainiy Kurds) remaining. There are still 3 millionAfghan refugees. although the number of refugees living in the project area isunknown.

3.2.4 The population density varies from 100 to 1000 people/ha. with higher numbers in theolder and poorer districts of the south. The total population and popuiation density ofeach Region of Tehran is shown in drawing EA/2.

3.2.5 The number of households in Greater Tehran. according to the 1986 census, is 1.66million with an average of 3.98 persons per household and 1.1 households perdwelling unit (house or flat). The number of people in a household has increasedslightly since the 1986 census, but the number of households per dwelling unit hasdecreased.

3.2.6 Before the implementation of a piped water network. the citv developed southward inresponse to the flow of water along the jubes and qanats. With a piped water supplyand accelerated population growth, the citv expanded in all directions. Poor qualityhigh-density housing was developed in the south and modem multi-storv apartmentblocks were built in the north. The public services have not, however, kept pace withthe population and current water sewage and power services are inadequate.

3.2.7 The town of Shahr-e-Rey lies south of Tehran citv (Region No.20), with a populationof 400,000 in urban area. The area consists of 8 rural districts and 217 villages, ofwhich only 199 are inhabited. The distribution of population between age groups is:

21

Under 15 vears 49.5%15 to 64 vears 48.7%65 years and older 1.8%

A verv high proportion of the population of Shahr-e-Rev is served by piped water(98.1 %). and 59% of houses have a bath.

3.2.8 Varamin is a satellite town of Tehran to the southeast of the city. It is divided intothree sectors of eight rural districts. and has a population of 560.000 (1996). 51.3% ofthe population live in the 221 inhabited villages. and 48.7% in the urban areas. Theaverage densitv of population is 288 people/km2. and their age distribution is:

Under 15 vears 45.5%15 to 64 vears 52.1%65 years and older 2.4%

In Varamin Town. 97.4% of the population receive piped water and 55% of homeshave their own bath.

3.2.9 There are no villages located within one km of proposed STP site.

3.2.10 There are some small farming communities located south of the proposed STP site, thenearest of which is Quch Hessar more than one km away from the site, the residenceof which are mainly seasonal farm workers.

3.2.11 Infortnation obtained from the Economic Intelligence unit (EIU) quarterly reports onIran shows relatively high rates of unemployment and low rates of femaleparticipation. The large numbers of refugees in the countrv may influence thefollowing figures.

Population of Iran (1991) 57.050,000Economically Active Population 12.820.291Participation Rate (all 15-64) 51.3%Participation Rate (Females) 10.2%Unemployment rate 14.2%

3.2.12 The labor force statistics (from 1986 EIU figures) show a relativelv high proportion intrade and construction (12%). There has been a significant growth in manufacturingemployment at the expense of agriculture.

3.2.13 Twenty-five per cent of the population, however, are employed in agriculture. Farmlabour in the region is mostly performed by Afghan immigrants. Workers and ownersdo not live on farms. but in the villages and towns.

Economic Background

3.2.14 At present, industrv is the major contributor to growth, and industrial exports aregrowing. The outlook for agriculture is good. but agriculture production is moreaffected by availability of water than any other factor. The oil sector is the largest

22

contributor for hard currencv, and the capacint to import is largely determined by theperforrnance of this sector.

3.2.15 There are no indigenous people within the project study area.

3.3 Cultural Environment

3.3.1 Tehran was created capital of Iran in 1787. At the start of this century. the whole city(the old bazaar area) was surrounded bv green spaces and all the districts were calledgardens or parks. Tehran's development to a modern citv began in the 1920s, but mostof its expansion has occurred since the 1960s. Tehran's rapid industrialisation. goodinfrastructure and public services, better employment opportunities. and place as thefocus of the country s social. cultural and political activities. have all contributed tothe burgeoning growth of the city. This has been exacerbated by migration into thearea as a result of wars and natural disasters. The population and industrial growth haslead to a number of environmental problems.

3.3.2 Thle ancient citv of Ray (now Shahr-e-Rav). to the south of the present conurbation ofTehran. is the historical focus of the area. Rav citv was. in the early years of Islam,the most important Muslim city after Baghdad. Now, however, only the ruins ofbuildings and remains of tombs are left. There are several important forts and palacessites near to areas potentially affected by the project. but none of these structureswould be directly affected by the project.

3.3.3 A number of important and historic religious buildings are located adjacent to theroutes of the twvo trunk sewers. These are:

a A mosque at the junction of Val-ye-Assr Street and Dr. Beheshti Street,approximately 25 m from the main sewer.

* A mosque on Val-ye-Assr Street opposite Shahid Assadi Manesh Street,approximately 60 m from the main sewer.A mosque near the junction of Shahid Rajai Street and Bisdto-DoMetri-ve-Charmsazi Street, approximately 100 m from the main sewer.

* A mausoleum (Imamzadeh) at the junction of Shahid Rajai Street andAramgah Boulevard, approximately 75 m from the main sewer.

In addition. there are likely to be a number of historical buildings adjacent to the routesof the interceptor and connecting sewers. Since these will affect most of the city,individual sites have not been identified.

3.3.4 The Cultural Heritage Organization has been contacted and is familiar with theproject. including the sewer routes and the STP site. The locations of all knownarehaeological sites have been established. and there will be continuing liaison withthe Cultural Heritage Organization as the Tehran Sewerage Project proceeds.

23

3.4 Surface Water and Wasiewater

Rivers and Catchments

3.4.1 No major perennial rivers flow through the Greater Tehran area. The Jaj-e-Rud rises in the Alborz Mountains north of Tehran and flows east of the city, down tothe Varamin Plain. The flow. which averages 310 Mm3/vr (million cubic meters perannum) at this point. is intersected by the Latian Dam which diverts approximately 80Mm3/vr to Tehran as potable water supplv.

3.4.2 Downstream of the dam. the Jaj-e-Rud is joined by just one significant tributary, theDamavand Rud. contributing around 20% of the total flow at this point. Where theriver debouches on to the Varamin Plain. the naturai alluvial fan of the river has beenutilized as an irrigation scheme. An extensive network of canals was constructed in the1980s and is currentlv used to irrigate an area of 35.000 ha.

3.4.3 At the head of the irrigation area. the Varamin Diversion Dam diverts the flow ofJaj-e-Rud to a network of lined canals. From these. water is conveved to each field byan extensive svstem of unlined channels. The Tehran canal from the proposedSouthern STP Site at Shahr-e-Rev joins the main irrigation canal approximately 800m south of the diversion dam.

3.4.4 A residual flow of between 11 and 110 Mm/yr. leaves the irrigation area and rejoinsthe original course of the Jaj-e-Rud which. flowing south. joins the Karaj River andthe Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals approximatelv 60 km south of Tehran. TheKaraj River is intercepted by the Amir Kabir Dam in the mountains to the north-westof Tehran. diverting approximately 184 Mm3/vr to the city's water supply. The Karajdescends to the Tehran Plain and skirts the edge of the agricultural area. The waterfrom the Karaj is used to irrigate parts of the Tehran Plain.

3.4.5 In addition to these two rivers. Karaj and Jaj-e-Rud. there are several ephemeral and afew perennial rivers which debauch on to the alluvial plain. About 70% of their flowsoccur during the four months March-June, with most of their discharges; going torecharge the underlying aquifer. The largest of these rivers is the Kan. passing 10 kmneast of central Tehran, with an average flow of 72 Mm3/yr. The Kan crosses theagricultural part of Tehran Plain and joins the Jaj-e-Rud west of Varamin.

3.4.6 To fulfil increasing demand for potable water in Tehran and hydro-electric power,sufface water from other catchments is being exploited. The Lar Dam completed in1980, intercepts the River Lar. which discharges northwards to the Caspian Sea. Over150 Mm3/yr is diverted to the Latian reservoir, on the Jaj-e-Rud, and thence to Tehranand the Varamin Plain.

3.4.7 Several watercourses flow from the Alborz mountains into the Greater Tehran area.These art shown in Drawing EA17. Several are prevented from entering Tehran by theWestern Diversion canal. The remainder drain into the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessarcanals. which emerge from the south of the city. eventuallv to join the Jaj-e-Rud. Theaverage canal flows leaving the City from 1985 to 1987 were 433.000m3/d in theFirouzabad at Javanmard Ghasseb and 413.000 m3/d in the Sorkhe Hessar at

24

Pol-Siman. Current estimates of the canal flows am 402.000 m3/d in the Firouzabadand 562.000 m3/d in the Sorkhe Hessar. As-the urban area has expanded northwards,sections of these canals have been channeled or enclosed. particularlv in the moreaffluent residential suburbs.

Waler Supplv

3.4.8 Until the 1930s, Tehran's water supply was obtained exclusively from the network ofqanats. the traditional Iranian method of clean water supply for 2.000 vears. They areg-entlv sloping tunnels which tap the underlying aquifer and bring wvater to surfaceqanats still exist. but now function as surface water drains and for irrig-ating the treeslininQ the streets. eventuallv discharging to sewers or canals.

3.4.9 In 1933. the Karaj Canal was built, diverting water 46 km from the Karaj River, tomeet the city's increasing demand. At this time, drinking water was mostly drawnfrom wells or purchased from water carts. Due to the increasing water demand andawareness of public health risks. however. in 1949 a public water supply authoritywas formed. which commissioned a piped supplv system and water treatment works.

3.4.10 Since construction of the piped supply network in the late 1950s. the population of thecitv of Tehran has more than quadrupled to over 6 million. Construction of the AmirKabir Dam on the Karaj River and the Latian Dam on the Jaj-e-Rud provided assuredsupplies of 280 Mm3/yr and 180 Mm3/yr respectively. Groundwater abstraction wasalso increased. with the sinking of boreholes at Kan. To the west of Tehran, twowater treatment works were built. The construction of the Lar Dam, 50 km north-eastof the city, provided an additional resource exceeding 100 Mm'/yr.

3.4.11 Presently, the piped network covers an area of around 500 km in Tehran. In otherareas. the population is served by stand pipes, a declining number of private watercompanies and bv private wells. The current annual water consumption isapproaching 875 Mm3/yr. In 1997, this was derived from the following sources:

Karaj River (Amir Kabir Dam) 32%Jaj-e-Rud River (Latian Dam) 20%Lar River (Lar Dam) 12%Groundwater sources 36%

3.4.12 Current water consumption per capita is 198 l/d, made up of 142 I/d domesticconsumption, 44 I/d public & governmental consumption, and 12 I/d commercial &:industrial consumption. This is not expected to change, however the total demandwill increase with population growth. Because of problems of pollution ofgroundwater from existing sewage disposal practices (see Section 3.5), the future useof water from this source is likely to be restricted. The TRWB estimates that potablewater resources will be insufficient to meet demand bevond 2000.

3.4.13 The quality of the various sources of Tehran's water supply is shown in Table 3.1.Waters from the Karaj and Jaj-e-Rud rivers are currently purified at four watertreatment plants. whose capacities are also shown. The water supplied does notexceed WHO or EC limits.

25

3.4.14 There are two competing water demands on the Jaj-e-Rud: domestic waterconsumption via the Latian Dam: and irrigation of the Varamin Plain. The meanqualitv of the river used for irrigation from 1968 to 1974 was: pH 7.8; 355 mg/I totaldissolved solids: sodium adsorption ratio of 1 .2. indicating a good suitability forirrigation,

3.4.15 Groundwater is abstracted outside Tehran for potable use within the city and the onlytreatment it receives is chlorination. The sources do not exceed the WHO or EC limitsshown in Table 3.1. Groundwater from within the citv is not currentlv abstracted forpotable use since it is more polluted (as shown in Section 3.5) but is supplieduntreated to the 560 public baths in Tehran. The maximum water consumption occursfrom June to mid-August. and is around 1.4 times the annual average. The peakdemand is accommodated by increased pumping of groundwater and diversion ofwater from the Lar Dam. The TRWB has plans to drill additional abstraction wellsnear Tehran and. due to problems of deteriorating groundwater quality, is consideringon-site purification of the water from some of these sources.

Sewage Disposal

3.4.16 Tehran is one of the larger cities in the world without a comprehensive pipedsewerage system. Domestic and industrial wastewater is generally discharged tosewage wells. Various local STPs treat a total of 160,000 m3/d of sewage from about800,000 people, draining 5,800 ha of the city. The majority uses the extended aerationprocess. Most of the STPs discharge effluents into the Sorkhe Hessar and Firouzabadcanals.

3.4.17 The majority of the sewage of Tehran is disposed of to sewage wells, of which it isestimated that there are already over 3 million under Tehran. These are typically 15 to20 m deep with a volume of 60 m3, although the size, number and depth of wells is,governed by the permeability of the ground and the quantity of sewage to be disposed.The sewage wells are usually built under buildings or adjoining land. The liquidportion of the sewage soaks away or evaporates, wvhile the solid portion accumulatesand degrades in the well. Eventually the well becomes clogged. at which time it isemptied, or filled in and a new well is dug. In older properties, wells are usuallylocated under the house, but in new developments. they are situated in gardens. Smalldwellings may have a single well, but most houses have two or even three, with foulwastes and washwater being discharged to separate wells.

3.4.18 The wells have a limited life of between 10 and 30 years, and this method of sewagedisposal is by no means a low cost option. The average cost of digging a new sewagewell is 8.000,000 Rials and renovation of old ones costs 6,000,000 Rials.

3.4.19 Where large quantities of wastewater are produced, such as certain hotels andmulti-story buildings, some form of treatment using package treatment plants isprovided before discharge to sewage wells. This reduces the number of wells whichwould otherwise be needed.

26

TIabIe 3.1 Sotirces aid quality of drinking waler sipplictl in Ich rani

Sotirce Water 'I'reatment I'lant Water 'rreatinent I'Iiot Water Treatment Plants Well at Ya(l Ahad Well at Iaslahinak WI i() guidelie fir i(IiiuiI (ir drirking. . .___________2 3 and 4 drinking water water

( apilcity (M3/s) 2.7 - I( J 9 N/A_ -Ni/A_(Mm3/yr) 8.5 3 _15 285 'N/A ? N/A __

Raw water source Karaj river Karaj river Jaj-e-Rud river Troundwater r _____.

Sample date 27/8/92 Range fir 19'() Range Ibr 1990 17/5/92 17/151)/92Sampie type ' ntireated ntreated Treated Untreated 'I'realed Inlreated Intreated

Total dissolved solids 168 180-264 185-265 194-273 205-277 280 -- -'585 -___ _0_

Ilardiessi (mg/l as 128 i2X-18() 132-176 144-i68 148-20)4 204 2 8__CaC03)Nitrate (mgN/I) ' 0.1 _ _ 0 (17-0 63 ().()7-().Y() 0. 18-072 0.()9-()99 ' -2.52 - - .'5 '-t ...... 8 - -- -- -3Nitrite (mgN/I) 0.002 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 .() )0 ( _ 0.t3Amonia (mg/N/A) O. [ ()0-0( _ 00) 0.0-0.66 0.0 0.0 0 °) _ O( 0(411 -

Ii ii i iiiti i (idiiissihl le cortcci iratiofi

TNanaSinikanitAAlran-tab3. I .doe08/10/99 6:02 PM

3.4.20 Several problems are encountered with the sewage well system. In the south. whereground conditions are often unsuitable due to the high proportion of fine materials inthe soil. wells do not function adequatelv. Washwater and some foul water isdischarged to jubes and other surface waters. although this practice has been officiallyforbidden. In areas of the north where the geology has a high silt and clav content andhence. low permeabilitv ("A" beds), the water table is often within 2 m of groundlevel. Here sewage wells fill up rapidly and require emptying every 3 to 6 months.Due to the costs involved. they are frequentiv allowed to overflow into the jubes. Inone area. fecal matter is discharged directly to a surface water canal. The poilution ofjubes affects the whole citv area and is exacerbated by their frequent use as publictoilets. The discharge of sewage to the ground has adverse effects on the aquifer interms of rising levels and contamination.

3.4.21 Since most sewage well failures occur from the blocking of pores with fine material,pumping out the wells serves little purpose. except as a temporarv expedient. With thetotal area of sewage well bases exceeding 50 km2. there is insufficient space in someareas to dig new wells. This situation is likely to become more critical in the future.

Industrial Wastewater Disposal

3.4.22 In addition to domestic wastewater, there is a wide variety of industries in the Tehranarea generating effluents of different types. In co-ordination with the city's land usezoning plan, there is an ongoing program to relocate the most polluting industriessouth of the city. The-industries. have been classified into nine groups according tothe types of effluent produced, and these are presented below in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 Classification of Industries in Iran Based on the Nature of Effluents

Group Types of fndustryI Leather tanneries, animal carcass processing, soap

making2 Wool washing, textile dying, paper recycling3 Metallurgical industries4 Stone cutting and processing5 Glass making6 Ceramic and tile making industries7 Brick making industries8 Metal plating industries9 Car breakers

The priority for relocation of these industries is firstly group I then 8. 3, 4, 5, 9, 6, 7and lastly 2.

3.4.23 Though Tehran is a large city with a sizeable industrial sector. there is littleinformnation available on the quantity and nature of industrial wastewaters produced.3,345 industrial premises in Tehran have been surveyed as part of the 25-Year Plan,but only 450 questionnaires were returned. From this sample it was extrapolated thatthe southern region of Tehran produces 36,000 m3/d of industrial wastewater. The

28

estimates of the organic load from industrial sources originates in Volume 2 of the1986 Rav-Ab report "Updated Studies of the First Stage of the Tehran SewerageProject".

3.4.24 The Firouzabad canal is known to receive dischargzes from 60 public baths: severalhospitals: leather workshops: 12 carpet laundries: a vegetable oil refinery; and a largenumber of car repair shops. The Sorkhe Hessar canal is known to receive dischargesfrom: 6 leather workshops; 25 carpet laundries; a vegetable oil refinery; 9stonemasons: 2 cement factories: one glycerine. margarine and cotton refinery; a largenumber of plastics manufacturers: and 4 large military bases. A large number of theseindustries are planned to be relocated bv 2002.

3.4.25 Large quantities of arsenic were being used in Tehran as a depilatory substance intanneries and public baths for hair removal. But recentlv with tanneries beingrelocated outside of Tehran City limits and public sanitation practices changing asresult of which almost no arsenic is being used in Tehran's public baths. Arsenic isnot present in Tehran's sewave at significant levels. It should also be noted that withmore houses having their own private baths. the public baths are going out ofoperation in increasing numbers.

3.4.26 There are 84 hospitals in Tehran, only a few of which currently have sewagetreatment or effluent disinfection. Most discharge untreated sewage to surface watersor sewage wells. A survey is currently being undertaken of discharges from hospitals.It is intended that pretreatment of discharges will be provided where necessary tomeet the Iranian Department of Environment Standards for discharge to sewers.These standards are currently under development.

Surface Water Drainage

3.4.27 In the urban areas of.Tehran. the network of jubes (traditional drains) forms the basisof the surface water drainage system. Jubes are nornally of rectangular cross-sectionand sited at the edges of streets or in the middle of narrow allewvays. Constructionmethods vary, but most are now formed from pre-cast concrete sections or in-situconcrete. The jubes are usually relatively free from obstructions. but may be restrictedwhere crossed by roads or private accesses. Most are uncovered, except at roadcrossings. The jubes were originally designed for the supply of clean water to much ofthe city, and to irrigate trees. Their sizes and gradients. therefore. are not alwaysappropriate for the drainage of surface water.

3.4.28 The main jubes convey their flow into the Firouzabad Canal, to the southwest of thecity centre, and the Municipal Tunnel, which passes underneath central Tehran. Thelatter joins the Sorkhe Hessar I km north of Shahr-e-Rey. The two canals join theJaj-e-Rud river to the south of Tehran.

3.4.29 The Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals are at present grossly polluted. Both thewater and the sludge, which lines the banks. are black and foul smelling. Domesticand industrial solid wastes are frequently disposed of into the canals. The canal watersare often used to irrigate crops to the south on the Tehran plain.

29

3.4.30 No data are available on the quality of the canal sludges used in agriculture but thepilot plant investigation of the treatabilitv of waters from the canals in 1989 and 1990produced primarv sludges from canal waters which had been allowed to settle for twohours. The average heavv metal content of these sludges is reproduced in Table 3.3and compared to limits for sewage sludges to be used in agriculture. The limit forcadmium is considerablv exceeded. This data is representative of the settled sludgescurrently being used but not necessarilv biologicallv produced sludges which mayoriginate from a STP.

3.4.31 In 1991. the qualitv of waters in the Sorkhe Hossar canal and the Firouzabad canalwas surveved (15.000 chemical and 2.000 microscopic analyses). The results arepresented in Table 3.4 in the form of mean and maximum figures. The data show thatthe principal water qualitv problem in Sorkhe Hesrar and Firouzabad canals is grossorganic pollution. BODs levels exceeding 25 mg/I are generally regarded as indicativeof sewvage pollution and this threshold was exceeded in every sample. The watersappear to contain a large amount of raw sewage. Mean concentrations of chromiumand iron exceed safe limits for crop irrigation.

3.4.32 Microbiological parameters were not surveyed in the above study but the results of amore recent study of a study of jube (open surface water drain) quality alongVali-ve-Assr Street carried out between November 1991 and March 1992 reveal asimilar pattern with counts of feacal coliforrns between 2 x 102 and 1.6 x 106FC/100ml. Ascaris and other helminths were also isolated (up to 10 eggs per litre).This is again indicative of strong faecal pollution and the public health hazard posed.

Groundwater Recharge of Surface Waters

3.4.33 Some of the water from the Jaj-e-Rud is returned to groundwater under the VaraminPlain during periods of low irrigation water demand. The recharge basins (shown onDrawing EA/18 are all of earth construction and 1.5 to 2 m deep. Concrete siphonsare used to prevent overspill of banks and allow the water to pass from one basin tothe next.

3.4.34 The first oroup of basins was built near Abas Abad (point A on Drawings EA/I,EA/IS and EA/I 8) in 1989, with a total area of about 40 ha. These allow the rechargeof about 1.5 m3/s. The second group of basins was built near the Varamin diversiondam in 1990. Twelve recharge ponds. each covering about 10 ha allow the recharge ofabout 8 m3/s.

Recreational Waters

3.4.35 Several water bodies within the Tehran area have recreational use. These are alllocated within parks and none are presently polluted by canal or jube water. Inaddition. there are a series of fish ponds at Eshghabad covering an area of 300 ha, andup to 4 m in depth. These naturally fill with the surrounding groundwater once theyare dug, but are not currently experiencing pollution problems.

30

Table 3.3 The quality of settled sludge from the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessarcanals

Parameter Concentration in sludge I Range of limits for use in(mg/kg) agriculture (mg/kg)

Cadmium 272 f 20-40Chromium 650 I 1.00-1.500Copper 480 1.000-1,750Nickel 177 1 300-400

I Lead 375 1 750-1,200Zinc 1.230 1 2.500-4,000

* Taken from reference 8. The higher limits should apply to alkaline soils such asthose on the Varamin Plain.

Table 3.4 W 'ater Quality of Sorkhe Hessar and Firouzabad Canals (1991/1992 survey)

Parameter i Sorkhe Hessar canal Firouzabad canal Safe limit* for Safe limit*crop irrigation for livestock

water drinking

Mlean Maximum Mlean Maximum water

BOD (mg/I) 115 1 300 109 1 200 1 _-SuspendedSolids(mgil) I 323 i 27.420 203 | 416 |

Phosphate (mpial" 1 15.5 44.0 7'9 | 180.Ammonia (meN/1) , 2.4 3.9 1 203 4 3Nitrates (mgN/1) 6.0 49.7 6.1 3 11.0 30 100_Chlorides Im/l) F 107 5 208 146 84

Aluminium (rna/l) I 2.67 17.0 1.98 5 .85Cadmium (pg/) 4 7 3 7 10 50

Cobalt(ig/l) 9 24 22 | 100 50 1000Chromium (mg/i) J 0.24 3.4 0.25 1 1.27 0.1 1.0

Copper mcil) 010 0.32 0.04 1 (.10 0.2 0.5Iron (mel) 11.6 40.0 8.8 1 22.5 5 i None

Nickel (mevl) 0.06 1 0.44 0.15 j .851 0.2 NoneLead (maIl) 0.14 0.49 0 .07 0. 17 0.1Zinc (meil) 1.67 2_'9.9 [ 1.26 -. 93 21 24

* from reference 5

TNanaSinkamA:\Iran-tab3.4.doc08/12/99 12:10 PM

3.5 Hydrogeology

Geologv

3.5.1 The Tehran Plain and the Varamin Plain consist of two large alluvial plains. Theseplains are formned by material which has been deposited bv rivers flowing from theAlborz Mountains in the north. The Alborz range consists of a chain of mountains thattrend from east to west. to the south of the Caspian Sea. They are composed ofvarious sedimentarv and igneous rocks. and include significant areas of limestone.They are geologicallv "young" in age, having been forned by earth movements ofAlpine age. They rise to about 4.000 m in height north of Tehran. and because theyare relatively new. are subject to rapid erosion. Soils are thin on the mountains so thatrates of run off following rainstorms are verv high. The resulting floods have beenprimarily responsible for transporting the weathered rock. and depositing thesediments on the plains where the gradients decrease.

3.5.2 There is another. much lower. range of hills to the east of Tehran. the Sepayeh, orAnti-Alborz. wvhich also trend roughlv from east to west. They are anticlinal instructure. with the axis of the anticline dipping westwards. Their height decreases,until in the area of central and eastern Tehran. They are covered by alluvialsediments. The deposits are mainly Mesozic Calcareous formations but also includesedimentary rocks from Devonian to lower Tertiary age. Some volcanic rocks areincluded in the succession. The hills to the east of the Varamin Plain are similar tothose of the Sepayeh. both structurally and lithologically. The low hills in theEshghabad area are formed from strata of the Lower Red Formation of the Miocene.The strata consists of basic intrusive rocks - basalts. marls, clays, siltstones, andintercalated sandstones. These rocks should also be regarded as impermeable.

The Alluvium

3.5.3 "Alluvium" is the name that has been given to the varietv of deposits that form theTehran and Varamin Plains. They consist of boulders. cables. gravels. sand silts andclays, all of which have been transported and deposited bv river action. as a result ofweathering of the adjacent mountains. The gradients of the rivers carrying thesematerials have been greater in the mountains and decrease as the rivers reach theplains. Generally, therefore, the coarser materials are found nearer the mountains. andthe finer materials. silts; and clays, are found out on the plains. However, near theriver channels. even some distance out onto the plains. coarser deposits can be foundas a result of flood flows.

3.5.4 Both the Tehran and Varamin plains are composed of this alluvial material, and theirsurfaces slope southwards with a decreasing gradient with distance from themountains. Thick Bahada fans, increased by the rivers, are found as marginal featuresfringing the piedmont. The alluvium of the Tehran Plain has been studied in somedetail. because of its importance for groundwater resources. The oldest division is thatof the "A" beds. These are partly cemented conglomerates. having a high silt and claycontent. and therefore tend to have a relativelv low permeability. They are ofPlio-Pleistocene age, and have been folded into a series of east to wvest trendinganticlines and synclines. Some of the anticlinal folds, which have very steep or near

33

vertical limbs. are now represented topographicallv by a series of high-ground ridgesin the northern part of the citv. A group of silty mudstones outcrops in the cave of twoof the anticlines. and is exposed near the base of the "A" beds near the latian ridge.Thev are believed to attain a maximum thickness of about 500 m.

3.5.5 The "B" beds unconformablv overly the "A" beds. and form a heterogeneous generallyflativing sheeting of alluvial sediments outcropping as eroded Bahada fans fringingthe mountain margin and also the "A" bed ridges. The dip of these deposits is typicallyto the south at about 5". decreasing gradually southwards. Thev consist of mixedsequences of gravels. clavs. silts. sands. boulder beds. The most typical deposits ofthese beds are the gravel spreads. with some lenticular fine-grained siltv or sandybeds. Local bouider beds probablv represent mud floor deposits. In general, thedeposits became finer towards the south. These beds are of Pleistocene age, and havea maximum thickness of about 300 m.

3.5.6 The "C" beds occur as flatlving deposits infilling depressions between the ridges of"A" and "B" beds. Thev are poorlv exposed. and are similar lithologically to the "B"beds. The gravels are poorlv sorted. and tend to become more extensive and morecontinuous towards the south. Their maximum thickness is about 150 m.

3.5.7 The "D" beds are the most recent and occur within the present river beds and formgravel fans covering parts of Shemran and the further suburbs of the city. They alsothin southwards, having a maximum thickness of up to 20 m but are typically between3 and 4 m thick.

3.5.8 Hydrogeologically, the "B" beds and the 'C" beds are very similar. The "D" beds are relativelyinsignificant and difficult to distinguish from the "C" beds.

3.5.9 The Alluvium of the Varamin Plain has not been studied in as much detail as that ofthe Tehran Plain. However. it is very similar. consisting of non indurated gravels,sands. silts and clays. Grain size decreases awav from the mountains. so that south ofan east to west line through the town of Varam in. the upper horizons of the alluviumbecome sufficient fine grained to act as a confirming horizontal to groundwater.

Groundwater Movement

3.5.10 The alluvium of the "B" and "C" beds of the Tehran Plain, and the alluvium of theVaramin Plain, form good aquifers. Both the permeability and the grain size of thealluvium tend to be greater near the mountains. where the river flows are larger. Therivers therefore recharge the alluvium (supplemented by limited quantities of winterrain) at their highest levels, so the ground water flows generally southwards.following the surface slope. The hills of bedrock to the north-east of Shahr-e-Rey,which become covered with alluvium in a westerly direction, and a decrease inpermeability, tend to, under natural conditions. cause groundwater levels in thealluvium to rise. The same effects, can be seen to the east of Varamin town. Herepermeabilities decrease because of decreasing grain size to such an extent, that undernatural conditions, the original wells have overflowed as a result of artesian pressure.

34

Groundwvater Resouirces

3.5.1 1 Originallv. the groundwater resources of both the Tehran Plain and Varamin Plainwere similar. Now. however. there are substantial differences as a result of theabstraction of groundwater from the Varamin Plain. and the importation of watersupplies into the Tehran area. There is a serious excess of groundwater in the TehranPlain. and similarlv, excessive deficit of water in the Varamin Plain aquifer.

Grozundwater Resouirces Under The Tehran Plain

3.5.12 Groundwater from the Tehran Plain has been used for agricultural and domesticpurposes since eariv times. Qanats were constructed into the alluvium to carrygroundwater from the higher areas out onto the surface of the plain at lower altitudes.The numbers of qanats were increased as more water was needed. In more recenttimes. a number of wells and boreholes have been constructed for domestic, industrial,and agricultural wvater supplies.

3.5.13 However. as the city has grown. the quality of the groundwater has deterioratedbecause of the verv extensive use of sewage wells. These wells were dug into thealluvium beneath or adjacent to properties sometimes down to a depth of 15 to 20 m.As the citv has grown. more and more water has been "imported" into the city fromadjacent river basins such as the Karaj. After use. the sewage is discharged into thesewage wells. The effect of this, throughout much of the city, is to recharge theTehran aquifer with substantial quantities of additional water. This has in turn causeda rise in the level of the groundwater in those areas where permeabilities are lower,that is the "A" beds under central and southern Tehran. The annual volume of watersupplied to Tehran has increased from 370 Mm3 in 1978 to 875 Mm3 in 1997.

3.5.14 As the city does not have a sewerage system. the vast bulk of this additional water,once used, is discharged into the ground. Drawing EA/8 shows the groundwatercontours under the central part of Tehran in 1988. The depth to the water table fromthe surface under a significant area of the citv is less than 10 metres. This rise ingroundwater levels is causing serious problems. Basements and cellars are becomingflooded and sewagze wells are ceasing to function. Most properties have basementswhich contain central heating equipment for use in winter, and air conditioningequipment for use in summer. Such equipment is damaged when it becomes flooded.More seriously, from a public health viewpoint. sewage wells are ceasing to function.Furthermore. the fabric of many properties is becoming damaged. Because they areconstructed without a damp-proof membrane. dampness rises up the walls.

3.5.15 To combat the problem of rising groundwater levels, the TRWB has constructed 100wells in the central Tehran area. These have been specifically constructed and locatedin an attempt to keep the water table at least 10 m below the surface. The total annualabstraction was approximately 80 Mm3 in 1991. Electricity cost. plus those ofmaintenance are high. Corrosion of the pumps necessitates a regular maintenanceprogramme.

3.5.16 There are a number of abstraction boreholes in the northern part of Tehran, away fromthe areas underlain by the "A" beds. Abstractions of groundwater for public supplies

35

have increased from a total of 20 Mm3/yr in 1978 to 138 Mm3/vr in 1991. There arealso abstraction boreholes south of Tehran in'the Shahr-e-Rev area. Here there are 30wells. between 60 and 70 m deep which were drilled in 1976/77 to provide water forirrigation. They currently pump water at nearly 0.5 m3/s (I 6 Mm3/yr).

3.5.17 Qanats are a significant feature of the Tehran Plain. They provide water to thesouthern part of the plain, but are also verv important in helping to keep the level ofthe water table down in central Tehran. The TRWB has constructed at least onespecificallv for this purpose.

Groundwater Resources Under the Varamin Plain

3.5.18 The aquifer beneath the Varamin Plain is principally supplied with water from theJaj-e-Rud river and the associated irrigation canals supplemented by small amounts ofwinter rainfall. A number of qanats have been dug in historic times, but now thegroundwater is abstracted bv conventional wells and boreholes. The number of wellshas increased from 321 in 1970 to 1.759 in 1989.

3.5.19 The volume of groundwater abstracted has similarlv increased from 252 Mm3 in 1965to 475 Mm3 in 1989. The recharge to the aquifer in 1989 was calculated 346 Mm3,but 475 Mm3 was abstracted. This means that 129 Mm3 more water was pumped outof the aquifer than recharged to it. This "mining" of the groundwater is recognized asa serious problem by the authorities. The construction of the diversion dam on theJaj-e-Rud River, and its associated recharge lagoons, means that the water resourcesof the area can more effectively be used, but there is likely to be a continuing deficitof water in the region. The average over-abstraction of groundwater from the VaraminPlain, has been calculated at 78 Mm3 a year for the last five years.

3.5.20 The depth to the water table has increased in recent years. Near the head of the plain,water levels have dropped from 50 to 90 m depth, and those around Varamin townhave fallen from 25 to 30 m.

3.5.21 Over abstraction has caused a number of qanats feeding the southem part of the plainto become dry. This has. in turn. caused significant areas of formnerly productiveagricultural land to be abandoned. Also, "mining" of the groundwater has caused anumber of formeriy artesian wells to stop overflowing. Artesian flows of 0.05 to 0.06m3/s have now ceased. A strict licensing system for the issue of permits to drill newwells means that the rate of decline in water levels should decrease.

Groundwater Quality Under the Tehran Plain

3.5.22 The sewage of virtually the whole of Tehran (except for a few small, recentlydeveloped areas) is discharged into the ground at some point, either within the city orvia surface waters. The effect of this is to reduce the qualitv of the groundwater underthe city, which is not currently abstracted for potable use. Drawing EA/9 shows theisonitrate contours for the Tehran area. The highest values considerably exceed theWHO guideline for drinking water of 45 mg/I as N03. These broadly correspond tothose areas where the water table is highest. that is. under central and southern

36

Tehran. Groundwater from outside the city is abstracted for potable use. but is not ofsuch poor quality.

3.5.23 A study of samples taken from 13 wells in the central area of Tehran from 1987 to1991 revealed that WHO guideline concentrations for drinking water were notexceeded for total dissolved solids, iron. chromium. cobalt, cadmium. copper. lead,nickel, zinc or manganese. Conductivities ranged from about 850 to 1250 micromho/cm. The mean nitrate concentration was 76 mg/l as NO3, and the meanammonia concentration was 2.0 mg/l as N. exceeding the EC maximum acceptableconcentration for drinking water of 0.5 me/l (there is no WHO limit). Both the latterare svmptomatic of sewage poliution.

Groundwater Qualitv Under the Varamin Plain

3.5.24 The quality of the groundwater beneath the Varamin Plain is generally good. Much ofthe water of the aquifer comes from the Jaj-e-Rud river. which. apart from thesuspended solids content is of excellent qualitv. The suspended solids are obviouslyfiltered out. so the aquifer is recharged with high qualitv water. As an excess ofirrigation water is used. the amounts of dissolved salts increase. causing the shallowgroundwater to become slightly more saline than the deeper groundwater. As thedepth to the water table is considerable. this slisht "flushing " action ensures that thereis no build up of salts in the soil. In September 1989 the electrical conductivity of theshallow groundwater varied from 500 to 1,000 pmho/cm near Varamin town and thediversion dam, and reached 5,000 pmho/cm at the edge of the irrigation area.Chloride levels follow a similar pattern, with less than 30 mg/I around the head of theplain, increasing to 50 mg/l near Varamin town and exceeding 200 mg/I at themargins.

3.5.25 The practice of winter irrigation, when water is available, helps to leach salts from thesoil, thereby helping to maintain soil salinities at a low level. The salts are washedinto the aquifer. but do not appear to seriouslv reduce the quality of the groundwater.

3.6 Agriculture in the Varamin Plain

Background

3.6.1 Agriculture has been practiced for centuries on the Varamin Plain using irrigationwater diverted from the many branches of the alluvial fan of the Jaj-e-Rud and a qanatsystem in the south of the Plain. This diverted water flow is highly variable,depending on rainfall and snowmelt. More recently wells were drilled to provide amore constant supply, but by the late 1960s over-abstraction of the aquifers wasleading to reduced qanat flows in the south. A FAO study proposed a concrete canalgravity flow irrigation water distribution system using Jaj-e-Rud water controlled byan upstream diversion dam. and seasonally supplemented by pumped groundwater.The FAO identified 70,000 ha of land suitable for irrigation on the Plain, of which50,000 hectares are canalized and 35,000 ha are currently irrigated and cropped.Seasonal water shortages are experienced over this area. but at periods of high riverflow. water is diverted into large ponds and some aquifer recharge achieved. During

37

times of peak irrigation demand the Tehran canal is used to convev about I m3/s ofgroundwater from Shahr-e-Rev to the Varamin Plain.

3.6.2 The Varamin project. 40 km from Tehran by good roads. is ideallv suited to supplythe Tehran popuiation with a wide range of crops. This range can be extended by theadoption of more intensive production systems and this is beeinnin2 ivith the use ofplastic structures to produce early vegetables.

Soils

3.6.3 Evidence of soil qualitv has been drawn from a 1968 Soil Institute Survey, the FAOreport and visual observation of soils and crops of the Varamin Plain. Prior toimplementation of the irrigation scheme. salinity problems were recorded. These areashave now been leached out verv effectively under intensive cropping, and no visualsalinitv symptoms were observed in crops.

3.6.4 The soils are of a loamv type with a stone/gravel fraction. varving from clav loam tosandy loam. The clav content increases to the south, conversely the stone contentincreases northward. Top soils are deep, and the depth of the alluvial fan isconsiderable over most of the area. Only to the southwestem boundary of the projectis there any evidence of shallower soils. In this area. but outside the area of theproject. unirrigated areas are covered in surface salt. suggesting upward capillary riseof moisture from a shallow water table.

3.6.5 The soils have pH of 7 to 8.2, and organic matter is low at 0.5 to 1.0%. nitrogen andphosphate levels are both low, but potassium is high at an average of 420 mgtkg.Salinitv is low under present irrigation practice, where there is clearlv a very adequateleaching fraction. The presence in the soil of calcium. carbonate and gypsum wasnoted by the Soil Institute. This is favorable for the use of saline waters, and for theimmobilization of heavy metals (given high pH).

3.6.6 From the available soil data. and crop observations. the area seems highly suited toirrigated crop production with some exceptionally favorable characteristics such ashigh pH. good natural drainage, favorable texture. good qualitv irrigation waters andfavorable topography.

Crops and Cultivation Practices

3.6.7 The crops which are grown on Varamin Plain are mostly annual, with limited areas ofperennial alfalfa and fruit orchards. Usually one crop is grown per year with only 3%of the area reported to be double cropped. The main crops have historically beenwheat and cotton, but recently there has been an increasing emphasis on fruit andvegetables for the high Tehran market. Currently 40% of the agricultural area isgiven over to wheat and barley, 23% to cotton. 3% to sunflowers and the remaining34% to fruit and vegetables.

3.6.8 The basic cultivation practice used is mould board ploughinz to a depth of about 0.23m, followed by disc harrowing and ridging for various forns of flood irrigation. Allare carried out with tractors.

38

Livestock Rearing

3.6.9 A large number of livestock are kept on the Varamin Plain with many reared withinthe irrigation area. The 1987 population comprised some 37.000 cattle. 30,000 sheepand 10.000 goats. and 261 poultrv units. Additionallv, about 250.000 migrant goat andsheep are reported to graze the area between March and June. There are also sevenfish ponds.

3.6.10 Cattle are generally fenced and poultry kept in indoor units. Both usually take theirdrinking water from boreholes. Sheep and eoats. however. generallv range the areaconsuming crop residues and grazing alfalfa. Their most common water source is thearterial and field irrization canals. The available data on riverand groundwater qualityshowv that by FAO standards. these waters are either excellent or verv satisfactory forlivestock in terms of salinity. However. for the limited number of trace elementsanalyzed for in groundwater. manganese is possibly high (no absolute standard isavailable for livestock. onlv humans) but the others are well within accepted limits.The concentration of lead in water from one well has exceeded FAO standards for thequalitv of livestock water.

Sources and Qualitv of Irrigation Water

3.6.11 The current water supply to the Varamin Irrigation Scheme is from the Jaj-e-Rud riverand boreholes within the scheme area. In periods of flood, the river carries a high siltload. The concrete canals are designed to maintain high flow velocities and keep thissilt in suspension, but in the unlined field channels severe silt deposition necessitatesregular cleaning. The total river flow varies, from 200 to 1,200 Mm3/yr, according tosnow and rainfall levels in the catchment. This causes the variability, and hence,instabilitv of the irrigation water supply.

3.6.12 Presently around 12 Mm3/yr of water is abstracted from boreholes near the proposedSTP site at Shahr-e-Rev. This supply is reportedly contaminated with untreatedsewaze which has percolated down to the underground aquifer. The water is conveyedto the irrigation area along the Tehran canal at periods of peak irrigation waterdemand. Historically farmers have not been charged for water, but since the inceptionof the canalized irrigation scheme thev have been charged.

3.6.13 The current quality of the irrigation water is generally considered good. A few wellswhich are pumped within the scheme yield water of up to 1280 mg/l total dissolvedsolids. which is classified as a moderate to high salinity hazard. These must, however.,be viewed in the context of them contributing a very small volume of the totalirrigation supply. In general. the waters classify as being of low sodium hazard andimedium salinity. As such they are very suited for the range of crops grown.

3.6.14 The quality of the Jaj-e-Rud water was analyzed in the 1970s, indicating it to be ofsuitable quality for irrigation. Underground waters near Asgar Abad in the VaramirlPlain were found in 1989 to have heavy metal concentrations all well below thetolerable maxima recommended by the FAO for use in irrigation. Indeed the presenceof copper, iron. manganese and zinc in the groundwater could be beneficial to crop

39

production given the alkaline nature of Varamin soils. The river water would not beexpected to contain high or problematic levels of heavy metals. since there are nopopulation centres above Tehran on the Jaj-e-Rud.

3.6.15 The analvses of the river and groundwaters both gyenerallv recorded higher levels ofsulfate than chloride in the anion fraction: this would be beneficial in controlling anysalinitv hazards. The bicarbonate levels are moderate. and would onlv be a problemunder sprinkler irrigation.

Irrigation Practices

3.6.16 The irrigation is virtually all of a flood tvpe. mainlv by furrows for cereals and cotton,but a small area of alfalfa is irrigated bv sprinklers. Small basins tend to be used formost vegetable production. but cucumbers and melons are often grown on raised beds,with irrigation furrows dug between the beds. Border strips and furrows are both usedfor alfalfa. There is virtually no irrigation in Januarv or Februarv, however, somefarmers apply a single watering, reportedlv to. kill insects and leach the soil.

3.6.17 The efficiency of irrigation has been reported to be poor. The FAO originallyconceived the scheme to be 64% efficient. but field losses are probably above the 226Mm3/yr level. The main causes are poor land levels in fields and seepage losses fromthe unlined canals. Where leveling of fields has been undertaken, the uniformity ofcrop growth is superior.

3.6.18 The irrigation canals are also used for washing clothes.

Crop Yields

3.6.19 The current crop yields of the Varamin Plain are not monitored by the Ministry ofAgriculture and Rural Co-operation. They are reportedly low due to a variety offactors including shortage of fertilizers. poor land levels. seasonal water shortages,and lack of an effective support service for farmers.

3.6.20 Observation of the spring crops in May 1992 has supported these views: poor weedcontrol in cereals and use of outdated wheat were also areas of concern. It wasobserved, however, that the standard of management was good given the prevailinginput constraints. and examples of verv good vezetable and wheat crops wereobserved where land had been leveled. In the absence of reported yields, localMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation officials suggested that yields werestill at about the level recorded by FAO in 1970. However, they did report that a verygood farmer had achieved 10 to 11 tonnes of wheat per hectare, which is very high,and indicates the potential of the area.

Use of Fertilizers

3.6.21 No information regarding the quantities or application rates of fertilizers are available.Artificial and animal fertilizers are used at present.

40

Farm Labour

3.6.22 Most of the farm labour is performed by Afghan immigrants and each winter severalhundred seasonal workers come to work on the cotton farmns. Workers and owners donot live on farms. but in the village and towvns on the Varamin Plain.

Agricuilture in Other Areas

3.6.23 Aericulture in other areas to the south of the city itself. is being carried out on anunregulated basis. Water is obtained from Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals, andis used to irrigate crops. Sludge and plastics from the canals no longer are being usedby locals.

3.6.24 A study to assess the extent of contamination of soil and crops grown in these areaswith use of the canal water and sludge concluded that cadmium and zincconcentrations in soil were exceeding permissible levels. although some of thecadmium was probablv derived from phosphate fertilizers. Cadmium is a cumulativepoison that can be harmful to humans and livestock. Heavv metal concentrations incrops were rarely found to be above recommended values but in some cases cadmiumand lead exceeded these. Lead is not normally taken up by the edible parts of crops toany significant extent. the main risk being direct contamination of edible parts withsludge or wastewater.

3.7 Health

Standards of Public Health

3.7.1 Information has been obtained from a number of source documents regarding thecurrent patterns of disease within Iran and particularly Tehran. Crude death rates andinfant mortality provide gross measures of public health and wellbeing. There was apattern of decreasing mortality rates for the period 1956 to 1972, which has beenattributed to the provision of an adequate svstem for potable water supplies.

3.7.2 More recent data (1990) concerned with a range of diseases which mav be consideredto be waterbome, are available from the Ministry of Health records. For the Tehranarea, these show that over 100,000 cases of potentially waterborne illness wereclinically diagnosed during 1990. The following diseases were recorded .

* cholera (El Tor biotype);* typhoid & paratyphoid;* shigellosis (bacterial dysentery);* amoebic dysentery;* infectious hepatitis (hepatitis a); and* helminthic disease (infection by intestinal parasites)

Of these. the two major classes of illness diagnosed were shigellosis (60%) andhelminthic diseases (36.5%). The incidence of water related diseases such as diarrheais decreasing but still significant. The number of cases of infection with intestinalparasites has decreased from 12,000 in 1994 to about 5.000 in 1997.

41

3.7.3 Dysenterv due to Shigella may be spread via contaminated water or food. However,the most important means of transmission is from person to person. usuallv within thedomestic or institutional environment (schools. hospitals. etc). Hence, the currentpattem of sewage treatment and disposal may not be the major factor determining theprevalence of this disease.

3.7.4 The incidence of parasitic diseases mediated by helminths is reported to be between30% and 60%. A survev of inhabitants in the Shahr-e-Rev area was conducted over a14 month period from March 1990 to April 1991. This revealed that 54% of the 8,810faecal samples examined were found to contain parasites. There was a significantlygreater proportion of females infected with helminths compared with males;3088/4750 (65%) and 1663/4750 (35%). respectively.

3.7.5 There are three primary contexts for helminth transmission (principallv Ascaris andTrichuris):

transmission within areas immediately adjacent to dwellings that have beencontaminated directly by feces. especiallv those of children:

transmission to persons working in agriculture where night soil or sewage isused as a fertilizer,

transmission to persons consuming vegetables that have been grown in fieldsto which night soil or sewage have been applied.

3.7.6 Transmission within the immediate dwelling area is probably the dominant mode inareas of poverty and inadequate sanitation. This is not the case in Shahr-e-Rey where98% of the population are served by a piped water supply and it is reported that 59%of houses have a bath fitted.

3.7.7 The area around STP proposed site is an important vegetable growing location wheresome of the farns use untreated sewage effluent as a source of irrigation water.Consideration of the epidemiology of helminth infections leads one to the conclusionthat the high prevalence of parasitic diseases is almost certainly the consequence ofthe cultivation, harvesting, preparation or consumption of crops irrigated withcontaminated water.

3.7.8 The potential risk of schistosomiasis has recently been investigated. and there is noevidence to suggest that it is of epidemiological concern.

3.7.9 Though malaria is prevalent in the southern provinces of Iran bordering the PersianGulf, it is not common in other parts of Iran including Tehran Province.

Surface Waters

3.7.10 The discharge of wastewater to open watercourses (jubes) results in significantcontamination with faecally derived microorganisms. Results of surveys intended toassess the microbiological quality of surface waters have been carried out

42

periodically. Data in the Pre-investment Survey show that levels of faecal coliformswere as high as 1.6 x 10(+6)/lOOml. This survey also revealed the presence of humanpathogens inciuding Salmonella tvphii. other salmonellas and helminths.

3.7.11 The results of more recent surveys carried out between November 1991 and March1992 reveal a similar pattern with counts of faeccal coliforms between 2 x 10(+5) and1.6 x 10(+6)/lOOml. Ascaris and other helminths were also isolated. It is evident thatthere has been little or no improvement during the intervening period.

3.7.12 The zoonotic infections. Anthrax and Brucella. in cattle and goats have been reportedas being present in the country, although vaccination programmes are in place. Itwould therefore be prudent to assume that the causative organisms (Bacillus anthracisand Brzicella sp.: probablv B. melitensis) will be present in the sewage to be treated.Sources would include drainage from livestock handling areas. abattoirs, andtanneries. Dilution by unaffected effluents would greatlv reduce the concentration ofthese orgzanisms entering surface water canals. The use of these canals as source ofwater for livestock wvatering or irrigation of grazing areas potentially contributes tothe cvcle of infection.

3.7.13 Surveys have shown that the sludges arising from settlement of contaminated watertaken from the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals may contain levels of cadmiumgreatly in excess of the recommended by the EC as being suitable for agricultural use.Cadmium is a highly toxic metal which tends to bioaccumulate. The agricultural useof these wvastewaters and resultant sludges can only be considered detrimental tohuman health, with potentially long-term effects.

Groundwater

3.7.14 Data showing amounts of nitrate in groundwater in the Tehran area give rise forconcern. Several areas experience levels in excess of recommended limits for drinkingwater. These sources are little used as drinking water supplies at present within theTehran area.

3.8 Climate

3.8.1 The climate of the Tehran and Varamin area is essentially that of the central IranianPlateau and is defined as continental, semi-arid to arid. The summers are dry and hot,with most rain falling in the winter and early spring. The meteorology is highlyvariable, however, from month to month and from year to year.

Precipitation

3.8.2 Precipitation mostly occurs from October to April (over 80% of the annual total),when frontal disturbances associated with low pressure systems move from theMediterranean and Black Sea areas. An appreciable part of this falls as snow duringthe winter months, particularly in the northern area. Summer and early Autumn areusually very dry.

43

3.8.3 Annual rainfall levels varv greatly from year to year ranging from approximatelv 50%to 190% of the mean value. Levels are directly related to altitude. ranging fromapproximately 200 mm at Shahr-e-Rev in the south to 450 mm at Darband in thenorth. Tehran Plain and Varamin Plain experience lower levels. and average meanannual rainfall figures are computed to be:

Tehran City 225 mmTehran Plain 205 mmVaramin Plain 155 mm

Temperature

3.8.4 Diumal and seasonal temperature variations are both extreme. In the coldest monthsof Januarv and Februarv temperatures of as low as -10 to -20° C are observed,whereas in the hottest months of July and August, temperatures can exceed 40 C.Temperatures at night often drop 20 to 25' C below the daytime maximum. Averagetemperatures for Tehran and Varamin are v-ery similar. except that springtemperatures (Februarv to May) are 3 to 4' C higher on the Varamin Plain.

Relative HEumidity

3.8.5 Extremely low values are reached in the summer time. when the relative air humiditymay be as low as 20 percent at midday, rising to 63 percent in the early morning.Average daily values are 20 to 30 % in the summer (May to August) and 30 to 65% inthe winter. The relative humidity of the Tehran and Varamin Plains is very similarthroughout the year.

Wind

3.8.6 Wind is an important consideration because of its effect on evaporation rates andhence. water loss from lagoons and exposed water bodies. Wind velocities tend to bemoderate in the northern and central Tehran areas. and higher in the south. The longterrn average wind velocitv is 9.8 km/hr. The windiest month is usually April. with anaverage wind velocity of 1 1:8 km/hr and average maximum of 29.8 km/hr.

3.8.7 In the Varamin Plain. the prevailing wind is west-southwesterly. and north westerly.Further north in Tehran. the direction of the strongest winds is mostly northerly.

Evaporation

3.8.8 Rates of evaporation increase with temperature. therefore. are highest during the hotsummer months. In Tehran (Mehrabad Airport meteorological station) the annualevaporation is 1,674 mm with a peak rate of 240 to 250 mm/month in June and July.In the center of the Varamin Plain the evaporation is 2,295 mm/year with a peak rateof 410 mm/month.

44

3.9 Biological Environment

Flora

3.9.1 The plant cover in the Tehran Region is limited due to its climate. which is moderatein the mountainous area and semi-arid in the plains. The growing season is, for manyspecies. confined to the spring, when temperatures are warm enough and there issufficient rainfall.

3.9.2 The most important species of plants currentlv growing on the plains and lowermountain slopes are: thorn bushes (all tvpes). teasel. sainfoin. astragalus. soap root.alfalfa. ervsium. wild rue. prickly artichoke. moonflower. tavatera. sweet rout, ryegrass. artemisia (wormrseed), hedge garlic. gramineous. wild iris and poppy anemone.

3.9.3 Approximatelv 1.4 million hectares in the Tehran Region is rangeland. openundulating landscape dominated by grasses Xith few trees. Overgrazing has causeddeterioration of the rangeland and localized soil erosion. One third of the rangeland isused as summer resort ranges and the rest as winter resort ranges.

3.9.4 On the hillsides northeast of Tehran. the remains of Persian turpentine trees arescattered irregularly, along with: hawthorn, wild greengage, barberis, fig, snowberry,and almond.

3.9.5 Several areas of recreational forest have been planted to the east of Tehran, and onhillsides surrounding the Latian Dam on the Jaj-e-Rud. The forest also helps toprevent soil erosion and slippage into the reservoir. The areas of forest east of Tehranare: Sorkhe Hessar (700 ha); Khodjir (140 ha); Telov (400 ha); Latian (300 ha); andDoshan Tappeh (370 ha). Of these, Sorkhe Hessar and Khodjir Forests are withinareas designated as National Parks. The nearest of these areas to the city boundary isSorkhe Hessar. where belts of artificial forest fringe the eastern part of Tehran andinclude two racetracks.

3.9.6 South and south-east of Tehran, some parts of the region have a natural appearance ofhills and plains, whose halophyte (plants tolerant of high salt concentrations) andxerophvte (plants adapted to drv conditions) covers are tvpical of poor shallowalkaline soils with extrusive stones and salinity problems. The plants have ncooutstanding characteristics; there are no naturallv grown trees or shrubs and theground cover is very scattered and deteriorated. The major species present are:Acamthelirnon, Aconthophullum, Astragalus, Alhaji, Artemisia, Pegamus, Capparia,Andrachne, Dendrostellera, Heliotropium. Salsolla. Ephedra, Centurea. Alyssum,Liziphora. Euphorbia. Boissiera, Anabasis. Brobus, Erodrum and Sueda.

Ornithology

3.9.7 Some surface waters receiving wastewaters form habitats for manv waterfowl. Theseinclude Ghaleh Nou. which is fed by Firouzabad Canal. where over 1.200 birds havebeen ringed for identification purposes.

45

3.9.8 The main species of wvaterfowl. waders. tree dwellers and predators of the wetlandsand their surroundings include the following:

English Name Latin NameGreater Flamingo Pheonicopterms ruberLittle Grebe Podiceps rutficollisGreat White Egret Egrena albaLittle Egret EgrettagarzettaGrev Heron Ardea cinereaRuddv Shelduck TadornaferrugineaShelduck Tadorna tadornaMallard Anas platrhvnchosTeal Anas creccaGarganev .4nas querquedzdlaShoveler Anas clvpteaPochard Avthva ferinaTufted Duck AythvvafuligulaRinged Plover Charadrius hiaticularKentish Plover Charadrius alexandriusLapwing Vanelluts vanellusTurnstone Arenaria interpresLittle Stint Calidris minutaTemminck's Stint Calidris temminckiiDunlin Calidris alpinaRuff (m.) and Reeve (f.) Philomachus puguaxSpotted Redshank Tringa erythropusRedshank Tringa iotanusMarsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilisGreen Sandpiper Tringa ochropusWood Sandpiper Tringa glareolaCommon Sandpiper Tringa hvpoleucosSnipe Gallinago gallinagoBlack-Win 2ed Stiit Himantopus himantopusAvocet Recurvirostra avosettaBlack-headed Gull Larus ridibundusSlender-billed Gull Larus geneiHerring Gull Larus argentatusTerns (various) Sterna spp.Buzzard Buteo buteoMarsh Harrier Circus aeruginosusKestrei Falco tinnunculusSwallow Hironda rusticaCrested lark Galerida cristataPied Wagtail Motacilla albaSylvia Warblers (various) Sylvia -spp.

3.9.9 The above birds use the receiving water habitats for several purposes. Species such asthe swallow use it for drinking; warblers and herons nest in the reeds. buntings and

46

sparrows feed on grainv plants: flvcatchers feed on the insects present: and molluscsare hunted bv waders such as plovers. shanks and sandpipers. Hunting birds includingbuzzards. kestrels and eagles feed off the small mammals and reptiles around thewater bodies.

Protected Habitats

3.9.10 With the implementation of the new Environmental Protection Law in Iran. and thecreation of Department of Environment (DOE). the previously protected regions havebeen reclassified. There are presently 8 National Parks. 46 Protected Areas. and 15Protected Rivers. representing nearlv everv major habitat found in the country. Thetotal land encompassed bv these designated areas is around 7.2 million hectares.

3.9.11 The protected habitats in the vicinity of the project area are listed in Table 3.5.

Table 3.5 Protected habitats near the project area

RefNo. Name of Area Designation Area [ha] Location

7 Sorke Hessar National Park 9.380 East of Tehran6 Khogir National Park II. 570 East of Tehran4 Kavir National Park 420.000 Southeast of Tehran56 Kavir Protected Area 250.000 Southeast of Tehran46 Jaj-e-Rud Protected Area 51.650 Southeast of Tehran82 Jaj-e-Rud Protected River - East of Tehran79 Karaj Protected River - West & South of Tehran

3.9.12 Of these areas, the only ones potentially affected by the project are the Kavir ProtectArea and the Karaj River. The former extends northwards from, the boundary of theKavir National Park (an area of greater importance) and borders the southern edge ofthe Varamin irrigation area. The protected section of the Karaj River is an area ofapproximately 1500 ha to the southwest of Eshghabad and Chal Tarkhan villages.These are shown on DrawingEA/16.

3.9.13 The major river in the Kavir Protected Area is the Band Alikhan River. formed by theconfluence of the Karaj and Jaj-e-Rud. The wastewaters of Tehran eventually reachesthis river via Firouzabad Canal and Sorkhe Hessar Canal. The river flows south to SaltLake and is an important habitat for waterfowl and waders.

Protected Species

3.9.14 Another consequence of the establishment of Iran's DOE has been the implementationof regulations to protect endangered species. Protected species include: Persian fallowdeer, Caspian tiger, onager gazelle; bear (Selenarctos thibetanus)p cheetah (Acinonyxjubatusu); crocodile (Crocodylus palustris); great bustard: and Caucasian black grouse.

3.9.15 Although, in general. little is known about the diversity or magnitude of Iran's biota, i:is recognized that the best way of protecting endangered species is the establishmenlof special reserves and protected areas, where most of these species are found. Thereare no endangered species present within the areas directlv affected by the proposedproject.

47

3.10 Other Developments

Relocation of Industries

3.10.1 In order to improve the amenity of Tehran and reduce pollution, especiallv of surfacewaters. the government is implementing a phased relocation of industrv outside of thecity. The DOE recognized 23 types of industrv Nwithin the city as particularly pollutingand unable to meet their standards for cities. 6.500 hectares of land, to the south ofTehran have been allocated for these new industrial estates in 6 locations. One ofthese is at Charmshar to the south of the Varamin irrigzation area. The slaughterhousehas alreadv been transferred and the next industries to be moved will be thesoap-making and metal plating industries currentlv located in regions 15 and 16. Inaddition. all livestock husbandry is to be relocated to Fashapoyeh. outside Tehran.

Provision of Green Spaces

3.10.2 A policv of increasing the area of green space wvithin Tehran was delayed during the1980s. Since 1989, however. several large new parks have been established, such asPardisain Park (135 ha) north of the city and 2000 ha of parks around the graves offormer leaders in the south of the region.

Improvements to Services in Tehran

3.10.3 The Iranian government is undergoing a progzram of improvement to services inTehran. This will include the provision of recreation grounds and sports fields, locallibraries, parks. subways and new electric buses. To improve the public transportinfrastructure in Tehran. an underground rapid transit system has been designed and iscurrently under construction. The Metro network will probably be extended in thefuture. To alleviate Tehran's severe traffic congestion. there is an on-going programof new roads and intersections. in addition to improvements to existing highwavs.

Water Supply Schemes

3.10.4 To meet increasing demands for water in Tehran. further dams are being proposed tobring water into the catchment. The Taleghan Storage Dam has been planned, but notyet constructed. in the Taleghan Vallev south of the Alborz mountains. The objectivesof the dam are to supply the Ghazvin Plain. generate hydroelectric power and supplypart of Tehran's future potable water needs. The proposed total annual release is 460Mm3 /yr, of which 150 Mm3 /yr would be for municipal use.

Other Sewage Treatment Plants

3.10.5 The STPs currently administered by Tehran Sewerage Company in various locationsof Tehran are as follows:

I - GHEYTARIEH (currently serving a population of 15,000)2- ZARGANDEH (currently serving a population of 25,000)3 - SHARA - NASR (currently serving a population of 40,000)

48

4 - SAHEBGHARANIEH (currently serving a popuiation of 2,500)5 - SHOOSH (currentlN serving a population of 75,000)6 - EKBATAN (currentlv serving a population of 80.000)7 - DOLAT - ABAD (currentlv serving a population of 55,000)8 - MAHALAT (currentlv serving a population of 30,000)9 - AEREATED LAGOONS (currently serving a population ofOF SOUTHERN TEHRAN of 100.000)

Surface WEater Drainage

3.10.6 Tehran municipality has commenced a program of improvements to the surface waterdrainage of the Citv, includina canal. river. tunnel, and sewer works. One scheme ofparticular significance is the Khavam Main Drain and Third Outlet. which interceptsexisting surface water drains and includes 15 km of tunnel. ranging in size from 1.8 to4.8 m intemal diameter at depths of up to 35 in. with associated access shafts. Thistunnel commences in the north of Tehran and discharges via an open channel to theKan River. to the south of the city. In addition. 300 kIm of open channels andsediment/boulder trap structures are to bc constructed. These are iocated along ravinesin the southem slopes of the Alborz mountains to the north of the City.

49

4.0 ORGANIZATION, LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORYCONSIDERATIONS

4.1 Background

4.1.1 In order for the proposed Tehran Sewerage Project to be successfully implementedand operated. it Nvill be necessarv to have in place an efficient organizational structureto manage the project and effective legislation & regulations guiding construction,operational safetv, and control of pollution to land & water.

4.1.2 In this context. this section describes the existing organizational and legislativebackground relating to the Project.

4.2 Organizational Structure

4.2.1 Whilst the Ministrv of Energy is the lead department with overall responsibility forthe implementation of the proposed project. there are a number of other central andlocal government departments and service agencies with direct involvement in thescheme or the "environment" in which it will operate. If the scheme is to beconstructed and operated successfully it is vital that the actions of these variousorganizations are co-ordinated properly.

4.2.2 The following organizations will have direct or indirect involvement in thescheme.

Water Supply and Seivage Treatment & Disposal

4.2.3 Responsibility at the local level for water resources, water supply, sewerage andsewage treatment & disposal in Iran has recently been reorganized. Previously,responsibility resided with regional water boards. including the Tehran RegionalWater Board (TRWB).

4.2.4 In March 1992, the TRWB was reorganized into tNvo separate organizations. TheTRWB remains in existence. with responsibility limited to surface and groundwaterresources development and management (covering the same: water basin aspreviously), with several provincial water supply and sewerage companies created.

4.2.5 The provincial companies will be semi-private companies responsible for theprovision of water supply, sewerage, sewage treatment. and for the maintenance ofrelated facilities. The companies will purchase raw water from TRWB.

4.2.6 The Tehran Province Water and Sewerage Company (TPWSC) will cover Tehran and23 surrounding urban areas. Similar arrangements will be made on a country-widebasis for all water basins and provinces in Iran.

4.2.7 These organizations are under the overall control of the Ministry of Energy, which hasestablished an Advisory and Support Unit to assist the Boards and the Companies intheir development.

50

4.2.8 For TPWSC. an organizational structure based on five main divisions of responsibilityis established:

* Technical* Finance

Regional AffairsPlanning

* Operations (of water treatment. water supplv. sewerage and sewvage treatmentin province of Tehran)

The Operations Division is currentlv under review. and separation of water andsewerage responsibilities is being worked out.

4.2.9 The TPWSC is owned by the Tehran Regional Water Board (39%), the Water andSewerage Engineering Company (affiliated to the Ministry of Energy) (10%), theMahab Ghods Consulting Engineers (18%). and the Tehran Provincial Municipalities(33%). It has the following corporate structure: General Assembly, Board ofDirectors. Managing Director. and the Inspector. The General Assembly is composedof representatives of the shareholders with the Minister of Energy as Chairman.

4.2.10 In order for the proposed Tehran Sewerage Project to be successfullv implementedand operated in a large metropolitan area. an efficient organizational structure tomanage it was necessary; therefore in 1996 Tehran Sewage Company (TSC) wasestablished. TSC is owned by TPWSC (80 %). Varamin Water & Sewerage Company(10 %) and southwest Tehran Water & Sewage Company (10%). Its corporatestructure is similar to TPWSC, and it is responsible for collection and treatment ofsewage in greater Iran. Figure 4.1 presents the organization chart for TPWSC.

4.2.11 A Project Management Unit (PMU) is to be established within the TSC to implementthe Tehran Sewerage Project. This will be responsible for the following:

-Financial management:-Design of works:-Supervision of contractors: and-Ensuring that measures to mitigate adverse environmental impacts are carried out.

Environmental Protection and Pollution Control

4.2.12 Environmental protection and pollution control in Iran is the responsibility of theDepartment of Environment (DOE). The DOE is responsible to a policy making boardcalled the Environmental High Council, consisting of representatives from variousMinistries. This Council is chaired by the Vice President. Also represented are theBudget and Planning Organization and the National Iranian Oil Company. The DOE isresponsible for all aspects of environmental protection, including water pollutioncontrol. effluent discharge standards, and wildlife conservation.

51

M Managing brccio |

|Mng ting Dirccior's Exvcctuivc DoartiI O,f_fIli.e I _.OfftIice

|I' i icRcionts | . .. |ICiNgt c iianis

Techncisi finfnlfCi& [ Itrceioial AtU;15s 1 F -I.ItIg h

l zvcul .te.r .Loguisti| c . , , Y WC IFX Olei.pulyl loT a&_

Rtnvud___on ;lnd Technic I:jn,ncia l . AdrilinkiaviIve & (Otoup of ronoik I Grop of I'lanning Opcialion of llipe sk;c(acc Opetiill.Nclwaik Fochnzel inancial Dpuly 'l'erson,ucI Shvcy h I'eujmcl bucauimoi Rcsca,ch Nctwork & llusc & '1,inicnonce

Exiemon Dept. Depl. Coniuol & Muipowir Conn clon3 tXpt OCPI..

Equippi ts OcnLcu vkes O er Spic SI-ic IgifInltnt & L abotma WT =Dp. Dp. . .. 3:OCII& .Serage Proje Cc'Iincr Of PRepair Workshopi ftt*:iacScuiylgal Bureau I ServicciUIl,k

_L- L Chi ,t _D_p_

iProjecl t fi - lsttall I;on & | Me liincey |_____ - lkegts ILaptrtis Chcn,lcalM Jni I Salltensii 1e,Ices (iilip 1 Faclory

} Kirts) | | Damnevandi { i Es)an SIammr i Vagain 1 in| Wrier A seweg | | Water & Sewage )l Wnler St hS cw& | Wnicr & Sewnge | & St warc|

Figurc 4.1 Drart orgrunisa(lots struc(ire of (lie '1v4iruii I'troviicc \Vitter agid Sewerage Comujitmny

4.2.13 The Ministrv of Health is responsible for' public health. control of foodstuff &drinkinp- water. and medical care. It has an important role in monitoring theeffectiveness of the scheme in terms of public health improvements and in theestablishment of public health education programs.

4.2.14 The Ministrv of Housing and Urbanization is responsible for overall land-use control,town planning and building regulations. It has an important role in land-use planningto ensure that revised zoning plans are introduced. It also ensures that sewerage andsewage treatment facilities are protected from inappropriate development. It also hasan important role in ensuring that future land-use plans for the citv take into accountthe capacity of existing and proposed sewerage and sewage treatment facilities. Withregard to its building regulation responsibilities. the Ministry will have a key role inensuring new developments make provision for acceptable connection to the publicsewer.

4.2.15 The Ministrv of Industrv is responsible for industrial development in Iran andspecificallv for industrial estates and relocation of industries. It will have an importantrole in the control of industrial effluent discharge to public sewers and watercourses inthe citv. It also provides training and advice to industrialists, financial assistance fortreatment facilities. and enforces relocation when necessarv.

4.2.16 The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs is responsible for labor affairs and forestablishing & enforcing occupational safety regulations during construction andoperation of the project.

4.2.17 The Municipality of Tehran provides all standard local govemment functions,including refuse collection and street cleaning, surface water, building control, trafficmanagement. parks and open spaces. The Municipality will have an important role inthe enforcement of building control. standards regardinz the provision of sewerage,and connections to public sewers of new and existing development.

4.2.18 The construction of the new sewerage throughout the City will have significantimpacts on traffic. The Municipality will need to be closely involved in thedevelopment of traffic mitigation measures for the scheme.

.4gricultutre

4.2.19 The High Council of Agriculture of Tehran Province assists inter-agencyco-ordination relating to agriculture. It is concerned with the problem of pollution ofcrops with heavy metals, the implementation aspects of the Tehran Sewerage Projectrelating to agriculture. and mitigation measures prior to project implementation. TheHigh Council consists of representatives of the following:

the Tehran Regional Water Board:the Tehran Province Water and Sewerage Companv;the Department of Environment- Tehran Province:the Farmner's Council:the Planning and Budget Organization:

53

the veterinary offices of Varamin and Rav towns. andthe Headquarters of Water and Soil in Tehran Province.

4.2.20 The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation (MARC) is responsible forrestricting the current farming practices of using polluted canal waters and sludges foragriculture on the Tehran Plain. It also has a role in co-ordinating the expansion ofcrop production on the Varamin Plain.

Project Co-ordination and Liaison

4.2.21 An overall project co-ordination committee has been established to bring togetherrepresentatives of the above organizations.

4.3 Existing Legislative and Regulatorv Contracts

4.3.1 The construction and operation of the scheme will be governed and affected bylegislation and other regulatorv controls. both specific to the scheme and also for thewider local. regional and national "environment". Relevant existing legislation andregulations are described below.

Surface Water Qualitv

4.3.2 The DOE is responsible for the control of water pollution in Iran. Current regulationsgoverning the discharge of wastewater in Iran are contained in the 1975Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act. Figure 4.2 presents the organizationchart for EPO (now called DOE).

4.3.3 The Department of the Environment (DOE), The Ministry of Water and Power (nowthe Ministry of Energy) were given responsibility for the classification of all watersincluding surface water, ground water. lakes, and seas. For the purposes of theregulations. water was classified into various categories depending on use as follows:

Class I Potable SupplyClass 2 Fisheries and animal lifeClass 3 IrrigationClass 4 IndustryClass 5 RecreationClass 6 Small rivers and road ditches not covered under classes I to 5.

4.3.4 For water pollution considerations, all waters are considered as Class 2 if they havenot been otherwise determined.

4.3.5 A special licence is required from the DOE or other related authorities for thedischarge of any waste to the above classes of water.

54

I (:iIRMA CIIA~~~~CIMANM'._ _ _ _ _ c Iran, fS iOEr ulY | I lEitrlalit1sl I

| AUAG.cR t |On[to ICOjj IF c

PUIrImC RELAnONS J_ Of rCE J

EDUCArION OUR 'V C LEGAL |UR|LAL

Alo Vuoo 1 | PJublii3ling ...C-O .... Cnnirol nd Litbrary | | Section J | Sectilon mepotenj Sup''vihson

I _ _ _

AOUIHISMR Et orflCEC Or EPO E SrrCIInfANcA DEPUIY OUTSIDE T[IIR AfFJt

-- --I t30AlORlESi

PROG"Lp"MARIFAL (MMONUEN VAL NATURA N%4UUANP11OGRSA4MINO IIISTf A5 ASSESSMEiNT ENRnONUENT Et HONuMEW

pUREAU UUS (U(J BUREAUI OURCPJ UURlAU

_moc [ - i wildf;f 1 SecrelotiotReseeoch - Socio-Ecariorttic, . flh,ech | ol Compoiqn Division Sl5udies Divi3ion Oiv jot jl A of cmagJJ s~~~~~~~~~~~DivisiL D~~ionl Aqoinst Smoldng

Tachn?col~i~l Reqional ond and^4ot;c yguI.r ond 5vI. 1thtoiv,ond Urban Studies |-| R.e.ach - paIIuIion IkA Division } | Divison OMson Research Disrion

I Rostatch' 1 G ol;n1- L Loboratariea I c Reeearch| Divisioo n iin

Figure 4.2 OrganisM(init cltar( for (lic li vironnicialtn I'rolectlol Orgnutlisuiiton

4.3 6 The regulations for the discharoe of wastes to the various classes of water are mainlyrelated to specified resultant conditions in the receiving. vaters. For Class I to Class 5waters. these conditions cover increases in temperature. suspended solids andchemical substances: reductions in dissolved oxygen: and limits on pH. Classes 1, 2,and 5 waters have additional conditions for toxic substances. and Class I waters, thereis an additional condition on biochemical oxvgen demand (BODs).

4. 3.7 Conditions relating to wastes discharged to Classes 1. 2. and 5 waters include limitson settleable solids and the exclusion of pathogenic organisms. Thev also prohibit forClass I waters, the storage of rubbish and waste materials on river banks. Regulationsfor waters in Class 6 prohibit the discharge of wastes containing faeces or wastes ofindustrial or agricultural origin into drains of public roads. although such dischargesare allowed under certain conditions, such as. if disposal to a public sewer or tounderground strata is impossible. These conditions require that the effluents do notemit objectionable odors or contain organisms and place a limit on settleable solids.Additional conditions for effluents containing industrial or agricultural wastes includea limit on temperature. pH values. These regulations also specifv that fuels (includingpetrol and lubricating oil) are absent.

4.3.8 Conditions for the discharge of industrial wvaste water into public sewers are alsocovered in the Regulations. Permission is required by license from the appropriateauthority for the discharge of all such effluents and in considering an application for adischarge, the authority is required to consider the protection of sewers andwastewater treatment works, the safety of health of personnel. and the cost oftreatment. Industries are required to construct their own treatment plants but in specialcircumstances the authority may allow direct discharges of wastewater to a seweragesystem for treatment elsewhere. General conditions for the issue of licenses todischarge industrial wastewater are given in the Regulations and these include limitson temperature. pH values. suspended solids. fat or grease. and size of particles. Theyalso prohibit certain inflammable and toxic substances. Industries must providesampling chambers and if required bv the designated authoritv. flow measurementfacilities. In addition, the designated authority shall be allowed to take samples ofwastewater and measurements of flow.

4.3.9 In addition to these regulations. there are separate standards published bv the DOE in1973 entitled the "Maximum Permissible Discharge of Pollutants to the environment".These standards are defined by end use: surface water, groundwater, and irrigation.The irrigation standards appear to be based on FAO standards. The source of otherstandards is unknown.

4.3.10 Following the establishment of the Islamic Government. a new constitutional law wasenacted, part of which dealt with the protection of the environment. Any economic ornon-economic activity which would be destructive to nature or result in environmentalpollution is prohibited.

4.3.11 This law introduced two main principles: firstly that environmental protection was notjust the responsibility of the government but of all citizens. and secondlv, that noeconomic activitY should cause pollution (as specified bv regulations).

56

4.3 .12 In order to implement these fundamental principles. the constitution stipulated that theneed for environmental protection be introduced into all other aspects of law in thecountrv.

4.3.13 In 1982. the Clean Water Act was passed bv Parliament. In addition to prohibiting thepollution of water, this Act placed new responsibilities on the owners of water wellsand subterranean canals to. within their ability, prevent their pollution. Incircumstances where it was beyond their abilitv. they v ere required to use the

'uidance and assistance of relevant Govemment Ministries. who were obliged toprevent pollution and to provide necessarv assistance.

4.3.14 The DOE wvas given responsibilitv for preparing the necessary regulations forsubmission to the Council of Ministers for their approval.

4.3.15 One major initiative of the Clean Water Act is to require institutions and private sectororganizations who use water for domestic. industrial. mining. and cattle breedingpurposes to submit their proposals for wastewater treatment for approval to therelevant authorities.

4.3.16 The DOE wvas also given the task. in conjunction with other relevant Ministries, ofidentifving and studying the existing quality of Iranian water resources. Onidentifying sources of pollution. the Department is required to review, compile dataand then enforce relevant standards for water pollution control.

4.3.17 An inter-ministry committee was formed to advise on the establishment of appropriateregulations for the disposal of effluent into public water courses and to classifysurface receiving waters. ground waters, lakes and coastal waters to determine theirsuitability and capacitv for receiving effluent.

4.3.18 Offices responsible for permits for the establishment of industrial and agriculturalunits were required to notify applicants of the regulations of the DOE. Where it wasdetermined that a reduction or abatement of pollution from an industrial unit was notfeasible other than bv relocation. the DOE was empowered. with the assistance ofrelevant Ministries to prepare relocation proposals which must bc implemented by theowners after approval bv the Council of Ministers.

4.3.19 The Municipalities are bound to notifv architectural or engineering companiesresponsible for new urban development of the requirements of the DOE regulations.

4.3.20 The First Socio-Economic and Cultural Development Plan published in 1989contained proposals requiring ne'w industrial units to build appropriate waste watertreatment plants and install pollution control equipment before commencingoperation.

4.3.21 It was also proposed that the DOE should prepare plans for the elimination orreduction of pollution in any area or province. Thev were also empowered to requestlarge industrial complexes and factories to contribute towards the cost of mobile

57

laboratories and equipment for monitorinz air and water pollution. DOE is largelyfollowing up these proposals.

Groundwater Quzalitv

4.3.22 Other than the 1973 DOE Regulations. there are no specific regulations governingground waters. In particular. there are no regulations regarding aquifer protection.

Monitoring and Enforcement

4.3.23 Responsibilitv for monitoring and enforcement of these regulations currently restswith the DOE. The Environment Protection Guards are currently responsible forenforcement. while a separate Water and Soil Pollution Research Division isresponsible for water pollution monitoring.

4.3.24 Amongst the proposals of the First Socio-Econornic and Cultural Development Planpublished in 1989 was a requirement that a percentage of annual income of industrialcompanies (0. 1 %) should be used for the procurement of facilities required for theprevention and abatement of industrial pollution. This proposal was introduced intolaw in 1990. and requires factories and workshops to put aside 0. I % of their annualincomes in a separate fund. and to use this fund as directed bv the DOE in accordancewith the laws and regulations relating to environmental pollution. Funds not expendedin any particular financial year may be accrued for future years.

4.3.25 In the event that polluters are able to be traced. and a case proven against them, theycan be fined or imprisoned for up to one year.

Regulations Governing the Construction and Operation of Sewerage Facilities

4.3.26 Responsibility for making and enforcing regulations regarding building constructionstandards. specifically regrarding the provision of water services lies between theMinistrv of Energy, Housing and Urbanization. the TPWSC. TSC and themunicipality of Tehran.

4.3.27 The existing public sewerage systems in Tehran are often misused by public leadingto operational and treatment problems. This situation has arisen through the commonmisbelieve that a sewer can carrv anv unwanted substance or object. To remedy thisproblem, a public education campaign in affected areas is underway.

4.3.28 Draft regulations for the use of public sewers in Tehran have been included in theWater Laws Act of 1991, which introduced the reorganization of the TRWB, asdiscussed above.

Occupational Health and Safety

4.3.29 Facilities Establishment Act for Development of Urban Sewage and Water Networksand Renovation projects. providing finances for water and sewaze projects waspassed bv parliament.

58

4.3.30 The Ministrv of Labor and Social Affairs is responsible for controlling occupationalsafetv in Iran. The General Office of Labor Inspection of this Ministry have publishedthe following pamphlets as a guide for all emplovers.

the legislation and regulations of occupational safetv on construction sites:the legislation and regulations of public health and safety in workshops;

* uidelines on safety and public health in workshops; andthe safety le_islations and regulations in the manual drilling of wells.

43.31 It is recognized that the existing regulations and legislation relating to the constructio)nof the various seweraze elements and treatment works are inadequate and will need l:obe revised.

Environmental Assessment

4.3.,3 2 There is a genera] requirement in law that economic activities should not causepollution and there are specific requirements for the preparation of environmentalimpact assessments for major infrastructure projects.

4.3.33 There are regulations prepared bv the DOE which deal generally with the preventionof pollution to water courses.

The Appendix presents the Iranian regulations regarding Environmental Assessmentand effluent discharges including 1997 Collection of Environmental Protection Lawsand Regulations.

Waste Disposal

4.3.34 Whilst there are regulations prepared by the DOE which deal generally with theprevention of pollution to water courses. it is understood that specific regulationsguiding the disposal of solid wastes. such as sludge, or the design, maintenance, arldoperation of "sacrificial" land or landfills are being developed.

Agriculture

4.3.35 DOE's standard for effluent use of irrigation and discharge to underground water hasbeen adapted in the design of the project.

Planning and Development - Urban Master Plan

4.3.36 The development plan framework for the city of Tehran is currentlv provided by theUrban Master Plan which was approved in 1970. This plan sets out a plan for thedevelopment of the city for the 25 year period from 1966 to 1992.

4.3.37 The development of the City was planned in a series of 5 year phases, each oneextending the boundaries of the city. Owing to topographical constraints, expansion ofthe city was directed westwards. Areas were zoned for residential, commercial, andindustrial development. The latter largely on the western side of the City.

59

4.3.38 The Urban Master Plan was overtaken by events. with population growth exceedingthe original planning assumptions. ULncontrolled growth in residential and industrialtype developments has wvorsened the environmental and health problems created bythe inadequate seNvage disposal system in the city.

4.3.39 Alternative development proposals for the city have been considered including thecreation of entirely new urban centers west of the River Kan in order to create asecond local point for development and thereby. relieve pressure on Tehran.

4.3.40 DOE approval of the site for STP in October 1988 and based on their requirement of500 meter no construction zone around it. Ministry of State and the Municipality ofTehran besides specifying that the site is located in allocated green belt of Tehran,advised that no construction permits will be provided in 500 meter radius of STP(March 1989).

Deceniralization of Industry

4.3.41 It is estimated that 45 percent of all industrial development in Iran is located withinthe Tehran Province owing to the availability of markets and good infrastructure.Much of this development has taken place in an uncontrolled manner within the cityarea and has resulted in considerable pollution to jubes and canals.

4.3.42 According to the DOE. there are 23 types of industrial activity within the city whichcannot meet current DOE effluent discharge standards. In conjunction with theMinistries of Industry, and Ministry of Housing and Urbanization, a program torelocate industry from specific areas of the city to designated zones outside of the cityboundary has been undertaken.

4.3.43 The program is understood to be underway with priority being given to relocatingleather and soap manufacturing industries located in Regions 15 and 16 which are tobe relocated on the Charmsar Industrial Estate area to the south of Varamin. Otherindustries are to be relocated graduallv.

4.3.44 These industrial areas are to include appropriate effluent treatment facilities. In theseareas, waste discharges can be more closely monitored, and the relocation of industryshould result in an improvement in the level of heavy metal contamination in theFirouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar Canals.

Protection of Species and Habitats

4.3.45 Under the Game and Fish Act 1970, hunting and fishing in any formn is subject to thepurchase of a license from the game and fisheries central office in Tehran. Theseregulations limit the time and seasons for hunting and place restrictions on equipmentwhich may be used. The regulations prohibit the hunting and shooting in wildlifeparks. protected regions and nature reserves, unless special licenses are obtained.

60

.Vatural Parks and Protected Areas

43.46 The 1975 Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act renamed the Wild LifeParks established by the Game and Fish Act as National Parks. and introduced theconcept of Protected Areas. which mav be:

* National Monuments: orWildlife Refuges.

4.3.47 Following the implementation of the new environmental protection law, many of thepresent protected areas will be reclassified and a number of these are expected toachieve National Park status. At present there are eight National Parks, forty-sixprotected regions and fifteen protected rivers in Iran. covering a total area ofapproximatelv 7.6 million hectares. Drawing EA/16 shows the location of thesereserves. numbered in the order in which they were established.

4.3.48 The tremendous potential of these protected areas for tourism and recreation is nowalso receiving recognition and it is expected that adequate budgetarv allocations willbe made in the course of the current five vear development plan to tap this greatpotential.

Endangered Species

4.3.49 Wildlife regulations have been introduced by the DOE to protect endangered species,such as Persian fallow deer, Caspian tiger, bear. cheetah. crocodile, great bustard, andCaucasian black grouse.

Archaeological and Cultural Heritage

4.3.50 Responsibility for archeology and cultural heritage rests with the Cultural HeritageOrganization and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. It is not knownwhether there is a specific.schedule of historicallv protected sites.

61

5.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

5.1 Impacts on the Geographical Entvironment

Changes of Lanid Use

5.1.1 Change of land use is a permanent affect which can be considered as a "one-time"impact which occurs at the construction phase. There is no component of the projectthat will require anv change of land use. as the sewers and STP will not require anyadditional land and the canal from the STP site to Varamin is already complete. Thearea of land required for Stage I of the activated sludge works was acquired byTRWB before 1991 and enclosed with a 3 m high wall. The land within the wall iscurrentlv dereiict but the adjoining land is cultivated. growing market garden produce,except to the southeast. where there are derelict brick-works. Both these land uses arecompatible with the STP and no change of land use is therefore, envisaged.

Relocation of Population

5.1.2 The project will not require relocation of people or demolition of any properties.Approximately. 10 families live within 500 m of the periphery of the STP site. Theseare farrmers working on the adjacent land and probably will not require relocating asthe perimeter wall will screen them against noise. It is possible, however, that thisscreening will not be effective against odors. Hence, scrubbers will be provided onvents at STP.

Disturbance During Construction

5.1.3 These impacts will occur during the construction of the sewers and STP butwill onlybe short term and affect different people at different times. Laying of the WestemMain Sewer. interceptor sewers and house connections wvill cause the followingnegative impacts:

* restriction on access to buildings;* noise due to trench excavation:* possible effect of vibration on old and sensitive buildings;* closure of roads and section of roads. causing increased traffic* congestion, longer journey times and diversions for pedestrians;* dust from construction activities: and* movement of construction traffic.

For residents of streets where sewers are being laid, these impacts will be felt but onlyfor a short period. Impacts will also be moderate for people using or passing throughthe affected areas.

5.1.4 These negative impacts should bc considered against the permanent positive impact ofgreatly increased amenity to the streets of Tehran and Shahr-e-Rey, an ancient citywhich has considerable tourist potential. Additionally, after the sewers have beenconnected. sewage wells can be filled in and no further sewage wells will need to be

62

dug, preventing further damage to foundations of buildings under threat by probableearthquakes.

.1.5 The Eastern Main Sewer is to be constructed in tunnel to avoid traffic disruptio)nwhich would be caused by the cut and cover method of construction. The impacts ofthis sewver xvill therefore be restricted to the tunnel shaft sites. About 54 shaft sites areplanned along the sewer route. The impacts at the shaft sites wiil be:

* severe disruption to vehicular and pedestrian traffic due to occupation of part i)fthe carriage-wav and pavement at each shaft site,

* noise and vibration from operation of drilling equipment:* dust and visual impact from piles of spoil near to shafts: and* noise impact of heavv goods vehicles (HGVs) removing tunneling spoil.

5.1.6 When planning of the sewerage scheme is further advanced. a detailed study of shaftsites will be required. in order for mitigative measures to be incorporated into theconstruction plan. A detailed survev of other underground installations will berequired to enable the depth and route of the tunnel to be finalized.

5.1.7 Construction of the Southem STP will cause verv little disruption. Access forconstruction traffic xvill be via the Gas Access Road. which connects to the mainTehran to Varamin highway to the northeast. Apart from a small settlement at thejunction with the main highway, there are only isolated farm properties served by theroad. The Gas Access road serves other industrial purposes and is of reasonablestandard. The impact of heavy construction traffic will therefore, be minimal.

Noise and Vibration

5.1.8 Potential noise impacts exist during construction and operational phases. Whenoperational, the only noise source will be the STP. mainly from pumping equipmerkt.Approximately 10 isolated farm properties are located within 500 m of the site. Thesewill experience an insignificant increase in noise levels during construction anldoperation. Since a 3 m high boundary wall surrounds the site and will be retained, thescreening achieved will reduce noise impacts to acceptable levels.

5.1.9 Construction noise impacts will be of two principal types: noise from constructionplant. and traffic noise from vehicles carrving construction materials and spoil.Excavation of roads to lay sewers will have significant noise impacts on pedestrianasand residents of properties adjacent to the sewer routes. The phasing of sewerconstruction will ensure that noise impacts in each location are only for a short periodof time and will be limited to normal daytime working hours. No construction will takeplace on Holy Days. Noise impacts, although temporary, will have be mitigated usingstandard silencing equipment. Internationally recognized regulations limiting noise willbe included in the specifications of all contract documents for construction works aiidsupply of mechanical and electrical equipment.

5.1.10 Drilling and mechanical digging of road surfaces can produce vibration levels whichcould potentially cause structural damage to foundations of old buildings, especially ifthey have already been weakened by earthquake activity. 'This impact is likely to be of

63

some si_nificance in Shahr-e-Rev. the ancient city to the south of Tehran and directlynorth of the STP. Much construction related ground-borne vibration will be alleviatedbv the use of bored rather than percussive drilling techniques and the use of dead-Weight rather than vibratory compaction plant.

.1.11 Construction materials for the sewvers and STP will be transported bv road. Thesewerage is estimated to require 120.000 tons of concrete pipes per year: Stage I ofthe STP (included in the project) requires 300.000 m3 of concrete and 30,000 tons ofsteel. A considerable number of heavy vehicle movements will take place between theconstruction sites and various concrete factories throughout the citv and the pipesources. Spoil transport will also increase vehicle movement to 15 trips to themunicipality disposal site in the desert south of the citv. This traffic will be spreadevenly. however. over the construction period and. given the present high traffic noiselevels and congestion. will not result in a significant increase in noise levels.

Odor

5.1.12 One of the main public concerns regarding sew'age treatment plants is the potentialproblem of unpleasant odors. Odors from STPs are inevitable although their impactcan be minimized by:

e location of STP away from residential areas;* installation of odor control equipment at the completed facilitv; and* careful planning and implementation of plant operation and maintenance

to prevent formation and liberation of odorous substances.

Under normal operation of the plant, no significant odor problems should arise. Ifsewage for any reason becomes septic, or raw sludge is stored for long periods of timedue to sludge treatment plant failure, odor problems will probably result. The plant hasbeen designed so that exposure of raw sludge to the atmosphere will be minimized by:

* continuous withdrauval of sludge from the 6 thickening tanks:* transfer of raw sludge to primary digesters by enclosed pipelines;* anaerobic primary digestion in sealed tanks: and* using scrubbers before venting the collected gases from the sealed tanks.

5. 1.13 It is inevitable that in the summer months. odors will increase. Provided that the plantis operated and maintained properly, these will be neither severe nor frequent. Theprevailing wind direction is north to north westerly, so anv odors arising willtend tobe blown away from residential areas, and only a small number of isolated farmingproperties to the south of the site may be affected. The nearest village to the south isGhoch Hessar, 1.5 km away, where only a slight odor may be discemible and onlyunder extreme conditions. The overall effect of the project will be a long termreduction in odor problems through the provision of a sewerage system. Treatment ofsludge for agricultural reuse should put an end to the current practice of removingsludge from Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals into unauthorized settling ponds.These are uncovered, uncontrolled and give rise to significant odors at present,particularly during the summer. After implementation of the project and removal ofsewage from the canals, it is probable that this practice will stop.

64

5. 1. 14 There is an additional. albeit remote. possibility of odor problems due to an accidentalrelease of chlorine gas. The health risk- of such an incident is. however, moreimportant and is discussed in Section 5.7.

Visual Inpact

5.1.15 Although. bv its nature. construction of the sewers and STP will cause a reduction invisual amenitv in some areas. these impacts will be short term and only be cofsignificance close to parks and attractive or historical areas.

5.1.16 The onlv permanent visual impact will be that of the completed STP at Shahr-e-Rey,The lavout of the Stage I development at the site is shown in Drawing EA112. The siteis enclosed bv a 3 m high brick wall which. due to the flat. barren nature of thesurroundings, is visible from a distance awav. The color of the bricks is similar to thesurrounding ground. however, and the wall is not therefore visually intrusive. There issome screening bv trees around the north end of the site. The presence of severalvisual detractors (overhead pylons. disused gasworks) means that at present. the areais of low aesthetic qualitv.

5.1.17 The tallest structures will be concentrated at the extreme western edge of the site andcomprise of:

* 12 primary sludge digesters 23 m high and 15 m in diameter.* 6 secondary sludge digesters 16 m high and 20 m in diameter.

5.1 .18 These structures will be concentrated in a small area 260 m by 115 m.

5.1.19 Although these structures will be visible from a considerable distance, the STP wil[lhave no significant negative visual impact because:

* the development will not reduce the visual qualitv of the site further;* apart from a few isolated properties. no residential areas have a view of* the site; and* the development will allow visual improvements to be made, such as

planting of trees around the perimeter wall.

Impacts on Traffic and Transportation

5.1.20 There will be impacts on traffic flow and the transportation network of Tehran frornthe following activities:

* closure and diversion of roads during sewer construction;* traffic used to transport raw materials and spoil during construction of

sewers and STP;* transport of sludge from STP to Varamin Plain; and* transportation effects as a result of associated developments.

65

5.1.21 Tehran alreadv suffers chronic road congestion at peak hours. This will be partiallyreduced bv the opening of the Metro system. parts of which will be in operation whensewer construction commences. The reduced Xwidth of roads during construction andthe closure and diversion of roads will lead to additional delays and congestion.However. these impacts will be temporarv. When the sewerage netvork is complete.the reduced incidence of flooding should result in a positive long tern impact ontraffic flows.

5.1.22 All construction materials and spoil will be transported bv road. The volumes of pipes,concrete and spoil involved will require over 100 Heavv load vehicle'(HLV) trips perday. This will have a slight impact on traffic flows but will be insignificant givenexisting congestion. Where possible. all lorries will be directed away from the citycenter and residential areas.

5.1.23 Access to the STP site will be made via the Gas Access Road from the TehranVaramin highwav. Current traffic flows in this area are low.

5.1.24 Treated sludge will be transported from the STP to the Varamin Plain by road. Theprojected flows generated will be 26 lorrv trips per day along the mainTehran-Varamin highwav. This level of traffic will have minimal impact.

5.1.25 Construction of the sewer network in Tehran will be carried out to ensure there are noadverse effects on the Metro system. The Westem Main Sewer along Vali-ye-AssrStreet will follow Metro Line Number 3, passing 11 stations. The Eastern MainSewer, to be built by tunneling, will cross Lines 3. 2 and 4. The location of thesesewers will avoid any above or below ground structures associated with the Metro.The Western Main Sewer will be laid on the opposite side of Vali-ye-Assr Streetavoiding the Metro works, and the eastern trunk sewer will be in a tunnel aligned torun below. and hence, avoid the Metro lines.

5.1.26 Since the interceptor sewers and house connections will be constructed atcomparatively shallow depths. they will also avoid the Metro svstem.

5.2 Impacts on the Social and Economic environment

Impacts on Population

5.2.1 The area of Tehran where population growth is currently fastest, the southern regions,will be directly served by the project. The Iranian government is currently backingfamily planning and the Ministry of Health has allocated 5 billion Rials annually forbirth control. The target population growth is below 2.9%. The predictedimprovements in health and reductions in infant mortality as a result of the project,may make people more willing to accept the birth control program. The reduction indisease rates may, however, reduce mortality rates. In conclusion, therefore, it isimpossible to predict with any degree of confidence what effect the project will haveon population levels. However, with the reduction in illness associated with impropermanagement of sewage, the life expectancy will increase

66

lim7pacts on? EmploYment an1d Iticomne Distribuition1

5.2.2 It is estimated that the project will emplov 400 people in management. operation andmaintenance of the sewerace network, STP. and effluent & sludge re-use projects. Tilepositions will be permanent and others vill be created to cover environmentalmonitoring. The number of construction jobs to be created will not be known until theconstruction program has been finalized but w,ill almost certainlv be several thousand.The project has also been designed to increase the agricultural productivity of theVaramin Plain. with a consequence. large increase in rural employment.

5.2.3 The project therefore will have a positive and substantial impact on employment. Tllhestaffing requirements will be for a combination of skilled and unskilled workers. It isbelieved that much construction work and agricultural laboring is currentlv done byAfghan refugees. This opportunity is likely to be extended by the project.

5.2.4 It is impossible to assess whether the project wouid have anv effects on incomedistribution. although in the short term. it is unlikelv.

Impacts on the Economtv

5.2.5 The latest estimates of the cost of the different components of the project arepresentedbelow in Table 5.1. The total cost at 1999 prices. spread over the 5 years constructionperiod. will be in the region of $337 million.

67

Table 5.1 PROJECT COSTS

Item Local currency cost Foreign currencv(million Rials) cost (million USS)

Pipe manufacture and supply 19.700 27Laying of pipes and manholes 151.650 18Tunnel (includina culvert secuon 127.300 75STP 92.200 94Consultant fees and technical assistance 22.500 40Sub Total 413.350 254Contingencies Physical 44.560 22

Price 153.170 31

Total project cost (Stage 1) 611.080 307

5.2.6 In addition to the capital cost of constructing the project. certain recurrent costs willbe incurred to run and maintain the plant. These have been estimated as 14 millionRials over an operational period of 23 vears. The project will. however. bring inrevenue from the sale of sludge and effluent to farmers and anv charges which aremade for provision of sewerage and sewape treatment. estimated as I million Rialsover 23 years.

5.2.7 The net present value (NPV) of the construction project has been estimated using theassumption that the Tehran Sewerage Company will only be able to sell treatedeffluent and sludge at the low prices currently obtainable for these products. Theproject. however, may enable the TSC to review its tariff and charging policy and, inthe longer term, significantly increase household connections which may enable somecost recovery on the STP to be made. This aspect needs further consideration inconnection with the financial and organization plans for the TSC. The net presentvalue of the project is estimated as a cost of 592 billion Rials, including recurrent costand revenue but excluding price contingency benefits. A discount rate of 8% has beenused.

5.2.8 This purely commercial consideration of costs and returns does not properly evaluatethe project impacts in terms of the benefits to the communitv as a whole, which can beconsidered as the NPV of the "do-nothing" described in Section 6.1. That gives the"do-nothing" NPV of [xxx] billion Rials. It should be noted that this does not includemany intangible environmental benefits.

5.2.9 Another possible but unquantifiable economic impact of the project, is the consequenteffect on the construction industry in Iran. The scale of the engineering work involvedwill engage a significant proportion of the country's construction capacity. This mayhave the effect of increasing prices for manpower and materials.

Urban Development

5.2.10 The provision of a sewerage system for the city will remove a major constraint onurban development. It is likely that further development will take place in all areasserved bv the new network. This development will produce positive economic impactsin terms of construction activity and employment. However, unless this development

68

takes place within a properly planned framework. it is possible that the seweragesNstem could bc overvhelmed.

5.3. Impacts on the Cultural Environment

Ihnpacts on Historical and Cultural Siles

5.3.1 Historical and cultural sites are potentiallv affected by three types of impact:

-destruction or demolition:-vibration and settlement as a result of construction activities. including

tunneling; and-effect on amenity value of the site.

The project will not require the demolition of anv historical or cultural buildings, norwill directly affect anv known archaeological sites. The sewers have been carefullvaligned awav from the manv historical monuments in Shahr-e-Rev.

5.3.2 During construction. there are potential indirect effects on historical sites in Tehraincity due to vibration from drilling and compacting equipment: and loss of amenity dueto dust. noise and visual intrusion. Good construction practices, including thosedescribed in Section 5.1. should mitigate the effects of vibration. settlement, and dust.Some loss of amenity to historical buildings is, however- unavoidable. Three mosque sand a mausoleum are situated adjacent to the Western Main Sewer route. Given thetemporary nature of this impact, it is considered acceptable.

5.3.3 During the extensive excavation of the city's streets it is possible that archaeologicalremains may be discovered, although finds are only. likely in the ancient city ofShahr-e-Rey. The Cultural Heritage Organization is the designated authority and willbe consulted in all matters relating to archaeological sites & remains. Thiespecifications-of all the contract documents will include the requirement for referenceto this organization.

5.3.4 The long term permanent impact of the project on the cultural environment willbe,positive due to the reduced incidence of flooding, improved amenitv, and aestheticrnialinr nf the citx \which chnild nvteich an-v temnnrqrTrv neaat\x'e imnactq

Impacts on Public Attitudes

5.3.5 An assessment has been made of possible conflicts of the project with social attitudesor customs. Two issues were identified as potential problems:

-attitudes of farmers towards using human waste products for agriculture; and-public attitudes towards a new system of sewage disposal.

5.3.6 Because of the current shortage of irrigation water. it is reported that farmers on theVararnin Plain are eager to obtain supplies of treated sewage effluent. This suggeststhat there are no social objection to the use of sewage-derived products. The current

69

widespread unofficial agricultural use of sludge from Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessarcanals \ould appear to confirm this. For the effluent and sludge re-use programs tofunction w-ell. there is a need for enhanced education of the farmers involved.

5.3.7 No problems are envisaged concerning the willingness of the citizens of Tehran andShahr-e-Rey for their environs to be sewered. Piped sewerage and sewage treatmentsvstems have alreadv been installed in some small areas of the city and no conflict insocial attitudes encountered. There is. however. a potential reluctance of people tohave their dwellings connected to their sewerage svstem. especially where there are noimmediatelv apparent problems with the existing sewage well system. This should beovercome bv a clear and comprehensive publicity and awareness-raising program toinforn people of the benefits of the project.

5.4 Impacts on Surface Waters

5.4.1 It is expected that the widespread provision of sewerage and sewage treatment inTehran will result in improvements in surface water qualitv with consequential healthbenefits. as it has done in other cities. but such predictions are difficult to quantify atthis stage and will depend on the effectiveness of project implementation.

Impacts of Sewer Connections

5.4.2 The connection of premises to sewers instead of sewage wells will lessen the problemsof building damage due to water logging, flooding and overflowing of sewage intojubes. qanats and eventually canals. The extent of this will depend on the rate ofconnection of domestic and industrial premises to the sewer system and the ability ofthe authorities to enforce such connections.

Jubes. Qanats, the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar Canals

5.4.3 These can be expected to contain lower quantities of pathogens, organic matter andheavy metals. The project will significantly reduce the health hazards posed by thesurface waters within the city, along with visual and odor nuisances. Canal flows canbe expected to fall as flows are diverted to sewers.

5.4.4 The current unofficial practices of using canal waters and sludges in agriculture on the..... 1 -1 - I'l ",-\s."-, svatss r - ._ ,*1 - .1. 11 ... ,puv,

these practices cannot be safe unless the quality of surface waters is monitored and useaccordingly, controlled. Otherwise these practices will continue to pose a healthhazard and should be discouraged.

Impacts Relating to Industrial Discharges

5.4.5 The DOE has undertaken a programme of monitoring industrial discharges to surfacewaters. The relocation of industries outside Tehran has also resulted in someimprovement.

70

5.4.6 It should be emphasized that the relocation policy will onlv transfer pollution problemsto sites outside the city rather than solve them. unless adequate treatment of theseindustrial wastewaters is undertaken.

Impacts of Other Sewage Treatment Plantts in Tehran

5.4.7 All the STPs in Tehran are expected to function with lower influent and theirperformance is expected to improve. This will reduce the contamination in dischargezsto the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals..

Impacts on River Water Qualitv

5.4.8 The project should affect improvements in the phvsicochemical and microbiologicalquality of the Karaj and Jaj-e-Rud rivers downstream of Tehran. Health hazards posedto downstream users such as desert nomads and local people south of Tehran shouldbe reduced. The project will not affect the qualitv of rivers which are used fcorTehran's water supplv.

Impacts on Water Szupply

5.4.9 The use of treated sewage effluent for irrigation of the Varamin Plain should reducethe agricultural water demands on the Jaj-e-Rud river. This will allow the abstractionof larger quantities of river water for supply to the city, provided that the necessaryimprovements in the water supply infrastructure can be made.

5.4.10 Reduction of the use of sewage wells should cause improvements in groundwaterquality (particularly the nitrogen content) within the city.

5.4.11 The two factors described above should ease Tehran's imminent problems of waterdemand exceeding supply, but can only postpone these while total water consumptiolncontinues to increase with population growth.

Impacts on Recreational Waters

5.4.12 The project is not expected to adversely affect the quality of recreational waters inTehran.

5.5 Impacts on the Hvdrogeological Environment

Impacts on Groundwater Movement Under the Tehran Plain

5.5.1 General groundwater movement and flows will not be affected by the proposedproject, except locally in the vicinity of the proposed trunk sewers. Where the sewersare constructed beneath the existing water table. they may cause a local lowering ofthe water table to the depth of the sewer. This depends in practice on the method cfconstruction of the sewer. Since it is going to be sealed, no groundwater can enter it.Hence, groundwater levels will not be affected. If the trench in which the sewer is laidhas a highly permeable fill placed around it. then the trench would act as a land drain,though no water would enter the sewer. This would be interpreted as benefits in those

71

areas where the water table is too high. and causing building damage. Also. wheresewage wvells have become ineffective as a result of rising groundwater levels therewould be clear benefits if the water table were iowered. This is only likelv to occur.however. adjacent to the line of the deeper sewers and where they would be beneaththe water table.

Impacts on Ground water Resources in Tehran

5.5.2 Groundwater resources are likelv to be reduced as a result of the connection ofsubstantial numbers of properties to the proposed sewers. This is not likely to causeproblems. however. because the groundwater resources in the more sensitive areas arenot widely utilized because of problems with its quality. Reference has already beenmade to the substantial efforts on the part of TRWB to reduce the level of the water incentral and southern Tehran. There are 84 pumps operating at present to prevent thewater table rising even higher. The construction of the sewers. connections to themand existing pumping to keep the water table from rising too far only affect theshallow ievels of the aquifer. The deeper lavers would not be affected.

Ihnpacts on Groundwater Quzalitv in Tehran

5.5.3 The most significant impact of the project will be on the improvement of groundwaterqualitv as a result of the reduced quantitv of sewage discharged into the ground.Similarly, the quality of the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals is expected toimprove. These canals (and the jubes also) contribute poor quality water to the aquiferwhere the water table is beneath their beds. When the quality of water in the canalsand jubes improves, then the quality of groundwater in the vicinity of them will alsoimprove. Similar arguments apply to the qanats. The quality of the water in the qanatswill improve as the quality of the general groundwater improves.

Impacts of the Reuse of Treated Effluent on the Varamin Plain

5.5.4 There are no known hvdrogeological reasons why the treated effluent should not besuitable for both irrigation and groundwater recharge. Provided that the effluent meetsthe proposed standards it.will pose no health risks. There are no anticipated qualityproblems in recharging the aquifer, with the projected quantities.

-~~r-JS D-'-'' &-Hv -i*>***44w @i-s I& *& -1&11 UII UL

Varamin Plains. There is a major surplus. of groundwater in the Tehran Plain, and aserious deficit in the Varamin Plain.

5.5.6 The existing recharge lagoons fed by the Jaj-e-Rud river, demonstrate that substantialamounts of water can infiltrate through the lagoons into the aquifer. Treated effluent,however behaves differently to river water, in that the former may give rise to bothphysical and bacterial clogging, whereas the latter will cause mostly biologicalclogging. The suspended solids content of the treated effluent is expected to beconsiderably lower than that of the river water, so infiltration rates will not be reducedas a result of physical clogging on the beds of the lagoons. Biological clogging of soilin the lagoons will be eliminated by periodic scraping or scarifying of the ground

72

surface. as appropriate. It should be feasible to recharge the proposed quantities oftreated effluent into the aquifer.

5.6 Impacts on Agriculture

Impact on Crop Production

5.6.1 The project will have a beneficial effect on crop production bv ameliorating two of thefactors currentlv contributing to low vields. namelv:

providing an assured supply of a natural fertilizer in the form of treatedsewage sludge; andreducing the incidence of seasonal water shortages.

5.6.2 There is the potential for the following additional measures to be taken in conjunctionwith the project to further improve crop yields:

creation of an effective support service for farmers:more effective weed control; anduse of modem high yield wheat varieties.

5.6.3 It is estimated that the improvements in crop yield of the Varamin Plain shown inTable 5.2 will be achieved by the use of treated effluent and sludge from the Souther,nSTP. These are projections made by the FAO for full development of the Varaminirrigation project over 18 years. It should be noted, as mentioned in 2.8, that sludgi ewill only be applied directly to cotton and cereal crops, but other crops will be rotatedwith these and hence receive some advantage from the nutrient-rich soil.

Table 5.2 Projected Improvements in Crop Yields in the Varamin IrrigationScheme

Crop Yield [tons/hectarel % improvementin yield

without project with projectWheat 1.8. 3 67Barley 2.0 3.5 75Cotton 1.5 3 100

Tomatoes and aubergines 33.0 40 21Cucumbers 4.7 to 1o.0 6 to 15 27 to 50Alfalfa 9.3 13.0 40Green fodder - 60.0 -

Sunflowers - 2.0Safflowers - 2.5Fruits 2.1 20.0 850

73

5.6.4 The project therefore. if combined with the additional measures proposed above. will

have a significant positive impact on crop yields.

5.6.5 The total area of crop production will also be increased from 35.000 ha to 50,000 ha.The cropping pattern of the full scheme is likelv to be very similar to the existingsituation. So the extended area for irrigation will give a 40% increase in production

of each crop.

lmnpact on Fertilizer Consumption

5.6.6 The three main nutrients required by crops are nitrogen. phosphorus. and potassium.Potassium concentrations are usually very low in both treated sewage effluent and

sludge. The annual nitrogen and phosphorus contributions from the project have,however. been estimated using the pilot study concentrations for treated effluent andaverage UK values for sludge. The combined nutrient contribution of effluent andsludge will be 96 kg nitrogen and 71 kg phosphorus per hectare. In practice theavailable amounts of these nutrient will be lower, as nitrogen and phosphorus insludge tend to be less available to crops in the short term than in artificial fertilizers.The contribution is nonetheless substantial and equates in gross terms to an equivalentof 1 1.000 tonnes of urea and 8,000 tonnes of triple super phosphate per year. It will,therefore, be possible to reduce consumption of artificial fertilizers by similaramounts, offering a significant financial saving.

Impact on Soil Qualitv

5.6.7 Sludge will add organic matter to the Varamin soils. This will have little effect formany years, however, given the proposed application rate. Current low levels ofnitrogen and phosphate will be raised by the use of sludge, and the effect of this onsoil quality will be positive.

5.6.8 In addition to nitrogen and phosphorus, treated effluent and sludge will supply manyof the trace elements required for crop growth. In the high pH soils of the VaraminPlain. limited contributions of zinc, iron, manganese and copper at acceptable levelsconsidered by FAO are likely to be beneficial.

5.6.9 Consideration of available analyses of effluent and sludge indicate that the use of.lIULAL .IlI VIII. -All .1 uu:zt * 11A pA UUdUj' &ls ,U . A,,Ip i.L U Vll . uA iIAL) , diLU

that the only likely problem with sludge may be high levels of cadmium. This hasbeen based on the analysis of six potentiallv toxic metals in sludge from the pilotsewage treatment study.

5.6.10 In the absence of Iranian standards, EC limit values have been used to assess theimpact of applying treated sludge in the Varamin Plain. From the pilot plant study, theconcentrations of 6 potentially toxic metals in the treated sludge have been calculated,assuming a 4:1 mix of primary and activated sludges. These are given in Table 5.3,together with the EC limit values for heavv metal concentrations in sludge foragricultural use. The higher limit values should be applied. given the alkaline natureof Varamin Plain soils.

74

Table 5.3 Predicted heavv metal concentrations in sludge to be utilized on the Varamin Plain

Element Concentration in final Range of E.C. limit T Sludge from pilot plantsludge mix (mc'kg dry concentrations for use of exceeds E.C. limit value?weight) sludge in agriculture

I____________________ _ ,(mgfkg dr-v weight)fI Cadmium 222 20-40 YES

Chromium 755 1.000-1.500 NOCopper 501 1.000-1.750 | NO

|Nickel 186 300-400 NOLead 362 750-1.200 NOZinc 1.384 2.500-4.000 NO

TNanaS inkarnA:\Iran-iab5.3.doc08/12/99 3:07 PM

5.6.11 The onlv metal analyzed for in the pilot plant sludge which exceeded the EC limitvalue was cadmium. It should be noted however. that analysis for arsenic andmercurn was not undertaken. The EC limit values for arsenic and mercurv in sludgefor agricultural use are 16 to 25 mg/kg drv weight. There is no EC limit value forarsenic. although the UK Department of the Environment recoginizes it as a potentiallytoxic element and have set a maximum permissible concentration in soil of 50 mg/kgdrv weight. It is strongly recommended that an analysis of mercurv and arsenicconcentrations in the sludge is undertaken before anv of it is applied to agriculturalland.

5.6.12 The EC Directive 8 sets two sets of limit values for heavv metal concentrations insoils. neither of which should be exceeded. The first set refer to concentrations ofheavy metals in soils. the second to amounts of heavy metals which may be addedannually to agricultural land, based on a 10 year average. To use the first set to assessthe impact of the project requires existing concentrations of metals in Varamin soilsand the depth of soil into which the sludge would be mixed. Baseline data on heavymetals is bein2 collected.

5.6.13 An estimation of the average annual application rate of each metal has been made andcompared to EC limit values in Table 5.4. These have been calculated from theproposed application rate of 8 tons/ha of sludge (65% dry matter). The equivalent drysolids application rate is 5.2 tons/hectare. The EC Directive requires that the averageannual dry sludge application over a 10 year period is used. For the Varamin scheme,this has been calculated to be 1,560 kg/ha/year, assuming a maximum of threeapplication to each field over a 10 year period. From Table 5.4 it is apparent that theEC limit for cadmium will be exceeded with twice the acceptable amount applied over10 years. It is, therefore, essential that a monitoring program is initiated to recordlevels of metals, especially cadmium, in the soils of the Varamin scheme area.

5.6.14 This assessment has been based, however. on the results of a single pilot plant studycarried out in 1990. The concentrations of metals obtained may not correspond withthose that will result from the completed STP. A full sludge monitoring programshould therefore, commence as soon as the STP becomes operational.

Impact on Crop Qualitv

5.6.15 The potential impact on crops of using treated effluent and sludge in agriculture is theaccumulation of heavy metals. This has implications for human and livestock nutritionand can arise from crops taking up excessive amounts of certain elements that are toxicto humans and livestock. The limit values for heavy metals in sludge and soils aredesigned to ensure that concentrations in crops do not exceed safe levels.

5.6.16 It is difficult.at this stage to assess whether any elements are likely to accumulate incrops at levels to exceed recommended limits. Projected heavy metal concentrations inthe sludge have been calculated from the results of the Pilot Plant Study, which did notanalyze for mercury, arsenic, selenium or fluorine. There is evidence that theseelements have adverse effects on livestock and humans when present in crops.

76

Table 5.4 Average annual application rates of metals to soils of the Varamin Plain

Element Annual application rate E.C. limit of annual Proposed application rate(10 year average) application rate (10 vear exceeds E.C. limit value?[kg/ha/vr drv weight] average) [kg/ha/yr drv

l__________________ __________weight]

Cadmium 0.3 0.15 YESChromium 1.2 3 NO

I Copper 0.8 12 NO._~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

Nickel 0.3 3 NOLead 0.6 15 NOZinc 2.2 30 NO

TNanaS inkamA:\Uran-tabS.4.doc08/12/99 3:14 PM

5.6.17 On the basis of the limited information presently available. the main concern regardingthe use of sludge is the possible accumulation of cadmium in crops. Cadmium is acumulative poison, affecting livestock and humans. In practice. however. with therelocation of industry from Tehran and the high pH of the Varamin soils. cadmiumlevels may not exceed limit values.

5.6.18 The impact on crop qualitv cannot therefore be assessed at this stage. Adverse impactscan be prevented oniv by detailed monitoring of:

* treated sludge after storage at the southern STP;* treated effluent;* soils at a number of locations throughout the agricultural area; and* the different crops grown.

impact on Livestock

5.6.19 There are two potential adverse impacts of the project on livestock namely:

* impact of toxic materials from sludge applied to fodder crops; and* impact of toxic materials in treated effluent used for drinking water.

The former would only affect livestock within the Varamin area, whereas the lattermay affect any livestock feeding on crops grown on the Varamin Plain.

5.6.20 Research regarding the efficiency of metal removal by the conventional activatedsludge process in other countries indicates that, for most metals, removal is between70% and 90% (zing, lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, aluminum and iron). Fornickel and cobalt, generally only 20% removal is achieved due to, their highersolubilities.

5.6.21 A preliminary estimate of the likely effects of using treated effluent from, the STP asdrinking water for livestock has been made. The likely quality of the effluent has beenobtained from the analyses of the treated effluent from the pilot plant study usingwastewater from Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals. The concentrations are10VIJP,1I_G LU I n UpjjC Li L Z!,I I1 I ILU I _.. IL 'IIUU IU Ub; LIU LCU Li JUL * Wua ac C.'LVsC4LU

to be worst case scenarios as the planned mitigation measures would ensure that theconcentration levels are much lower.

5.6.22 Of those analyses which were made, none exceeded FAO guideline limits. Severalimportant potential toxic materials were however omitted: arsenic,fluorine,molybdenum, selenium, and mercury. The findings from the pilot plant showthat there is a possibility of lead and zinc approaching the upper limit levels. Since allthe effluent used will be diluted with other water sources, currently without highmetals contamination, it is unlikely that there will be any adverse impacts on livestock.A monitoring program will be required however, to confirm this.

78

Table 5.5 Suitabilitv of treated effluent as drinking water for livestock

Parameter Maximum concentration FAO upper limit (mg/I)in treated effluent from

_ pilot plant [mg/IlAluminum T 0.6 5.0Cadmiun 0.021 0.05Chromium 0.146 1.0

Cobalt 0.046 1.0Copper 0.024 1 0.5Lead J 0.09 1 0.1

Nitrate + nitrite 8.75 1 100Nitrite 81.0 10Zinc { 20.4 24

TNanaSinkamA:Iran-tab5.5.doc08/19/99 12:25 PM

5.6.23 It is difficult to quantify the effect on livestock of sludge use in agriculture. Many ofthe elements present in sludge are potentially toxic to livestock. namely cadmium,lead. fluorine. molvbdenum, selenium, and mercury. These can enter the animals bodyby consumption of vegetation in which elements have been absorbed and accumulatedor vegetation externallv contaminated with sludge.

5.6.24 Since sludge will only bc applied to cotton and cereal crops, a potential risk tolivestock couid arise where waste products from these crops are used as fodder.Because sludge will be applied to the whole Varamin land area on a four yearrotation. however, livestock will be grazed on land to which sludge has been appliedin a previous year. Provided that the concentrations of toxic elements in the sludge,soils and crops do not exceed limit values, there should be no adverse impacts onlivestock.

Impact on Agricultural Practices

5.6.25 The use of treated effluent as irrigation water will allow the expansion of the Varaminscheme from 35,000 ha to 50,000 ha and the total crop production will increase. It islikely that the proportion of different crops grown will not change greatly. The effectof the project on stabilizing and increasing the supply of irrigation water to the area,and to a lesser extent the nutrient benefits from sludge, may, however, lead to agreater expansion in the areas of land given over to fruit, vegetables, and salads thanto other crops.

5.6.26 It may be necessary for the authorities to use regulatory or economic instruments toprevent a move towards higher production of cash crops at the expense of staple foodproduction.

Impact on Agricultural Workers

5.6.27 The WHO guidelines for sludge and effluent reuse in agriculture are designed toprevent health risks to consumers of crops and agricultural workers. Provided thatthese standards are met, there will be no adverse impacts on agricultural workers. Themethods by which effluent and sludge will be applied to the crops will be designed tominimize human contact with sludge. Irrigation will continue to be by flood methodsand sludge will be ploughed into the soil immediately after application. If appropriate,

;1n1 vnor .E-;11 k_ Fr-,,,J -.oo1 o.r 1 +, ~ 41. n *- _A ~ oo *- ~~1- ~~~

Impact on Supply of Irrigation Water

5.6.28 A considerable positive impact of the project will bc to stabilize the supply ofirrigation water to the Varamin scheme. This will have the following beneficialeffects:

* an increased area of land will be able to bc used for agriculture, and* crop yields per hectare should increase.

80

5.7 Impacts on Health

Improvements in Public Health

5.7.1 The current routes of infection for these waterborne diseases identified as beingimportant in Tehran are considered to be primarilv associated with the current patternof human excreta disposal and other related activities such as irrigation and directcontact with contaminated waters.

5.7.2 It is evident therefore, that improvements in the ways in which sewage is collected,treated and disposed of. will have a significant impact on the incidence of these waterrelated illnesses.

5:7.3 This route of transmission from man to water and back to man (with food animportant intermediate vector) will be broken. Nevertheless, the link between poorstandards of public health and inadequate mechanisms for the disposal of humanexcreta is complex. It is difficult to ascribe or predict the health benefits arising froma proposed improvement, such as the Tehran Sewerage Project. Complementarnymeasures including good sanitation at the individual or family level, health education,pest control and programmes of medication will be necessary if the potential healthbenefits of the scheme are to be realized. The estimated expenditure on per annumibasis on medication used to control parasitic illness in Tehran is 15 billion Rials(1990/91). Medication alone will not have a sustained effect on the incidence ofhelminthic illness, although programmes of mass chemotherapy may have a shortterm effect. Long term reductions in rates of infection can only be achieved througiconcurrent improvements in sewage disposal and hygiene (at the domestic level).

5.7.4 It will be necessary to instigate a programme of mass chemotherapy when the schemeis operational. This should commence at a time when worm burdens are the greatestthere is some evidence (from the Shahr-e-Rey survey) that this is in the month ofAugust. The program should be repeated at intervals of no greater than 60 days untilsuch time as monitoring shows that infective eggs are no longer found in the soil ofthe agricultural areas. The economic effects of such a program are likely to be anincrease in the use of drugs such as Levamisole, Mebendazole and pyrantel amoate.Over the longer tern, the use of anti-helminthic preparations is likely to decline

5.7.5 Other benefits are considered likely to accrue from implementation of the scheme. Insummary the principal benefits are considered to be those mentioned below.

* Connection to an integrated sewerage system will significantly reduce theamount of sewage disposed of to open watercourses which are used as a sourceof irrigation water. In addition, direct contact activities (such as from any childcoming in contact with sewage) will also be considerably reduced withcorresponding reduction in the risk of disease transmission.

* Prevention of groundwater contamination with nitrates and possibly microorganisms (viruses) are considered to pose the greatest risk in this respect.

81

Adverse Impacts Due to Agricultural Use of Treated Effluent

5.7.6 Health impacts arising from the reuse of treated effluent have been a matter ofconsiderable concern and scrutiny in arid and semi-arid zones of the world. One resultof this has been the production of guidelines predicated on the imperative to protectpublic health. Most notable of these are the so-called Engelberg standards,promulgated under the auspices of the WHO.

5.7.7 It is considered essential to maximizing the potential improvements to public healtharising from the project. Hence, the sewage treatment process is designed in such amanner to ensure that it can be operated at all times for the treated effluent to meet theWHO guidelines. These guidelines are based on epidemiological studies concerninghealth impacts of excreta disposal and effluent reuse. At the present time, they providethe most appropriate guidelines to underpin the design of sewage treatment processesand effluent and sludge disposal options. The quality objectives applied to the treatedeffluent (as described in the draft review of sewage treatment process alternatives) arein accordance with the Engelberg standards.

5.7.8 In order to meet the criteria for eggs of intestinal nematodes or helminths (less than Iper litre) and faecal coliforms (less than 1,000/1 00ml) the treatment process must bedesigned in such a way that these criteria are consistently achieved. It is noted from theaforementioned review of treatment options, that it is proposed to employ chlorinationin order to achieve the faecal coliforrn standard (the health aspects of chlorine arediscussed below). Chlorination will be required throughout the year, sinceunauthorized use of treated effluent in the Tehran canal will probably be difficult toprevent.

5.7.9 It is intended that nematode removal be achieved through the combined effects ofprimary and secondary settlement within an essentially conventional activated sludgeprocess followed by tertiary treatment (filtration). Tertiary treatment has been addedeven though a mission to the area during May 1991 undertaken under the auspices ofIJNDP, recommended that:

* rapid gravity filtration was not required since the results of studies conductedelsewhere in Iran indicated that a conventional activated sludge process was

* the chlorine contact tank was not necessary since the effluent conveyancechannel would effectively serve the same purpose.

5.7.10 The recommendation by the UNDP mission to dispense with tertiary filtration wasbased on the results of analysis of intestinal nematode egg concentrations in rawsewage and the resulting final effluents at the Shoosh and Saheb Gharanieh STPs inTehran. The raw sewages entering these STPs were found to contain intestinalnematode eggs in the ranges 20 to 168 per litre and 15 to 366 per litre respectively,although in the case of the Sabeb Gharanich STP the upper value of 366 per litre wasrepresented by a single sample whereas the remaining 95 samples exhibited a range of15 to 79 per litre.

82

5.7.11 Evidence from operational activated sludge STPs (which incorporate secondarysettlement) is that the removal efficiency of intestinal nematode eggs is between 0 and2 orders of magnitude . The final concentration of eggs is a function of the loadentering the works. Thus the final effluent numbers are a direct function of the rawsewage levels. Consistent attainment of the WHO guideline level infers that theconcentration of nematode eggs in the raw sewage must not exceed 100 per liter giventhat the treated sewage effluent may not be diluted with river water at all times (s, eSection 2.5). Given that the activated sludge sewage treatment system has beendesigned to produce a sludge of good settleabilitv and low upflow velocities in thesecondary sedimentation tanks, it is predicted that a removal efficiency of 2 orders ofmagnitude (99%) will be achieved. However, to address the issue of high level (:fnematode eggs (at concentration greater than 100 eggs per liter) and for consistenltperformance, tertiary treatment system has been added to the process.

5.7.12 At present. the likely concentration of intestinal nematode eggs in the raw sewage to bereceived by the new STP is variable. It is unclear whether the findings from theShoosh and Saheb Gharanieh STPs can be extrapolated to the catchment area due to beserved by the proposed plant. There may be differences in socio-economic status andincidences of helminthic disease between these areas which result in dissimilar levelsof intestinal nematode eggs in sewage in these two areas compared with the catchmentarea for the new STP.

5.7.13 Evidence from the literature provides some data concerning the range ofconcentrations of intestinal nematode eggs n raw sewage. Raw sewage in Aleppo(Syria) contained between 1,000 to 8,000 Ascaris eggs per liter. Studies in North-Eas;tBrazil revealed that raw sewage contained 300 to 1,800 eggs of Ascaris and otherparasites per liter (hookworms 100 to 300 egg/1). The Syrian experience may beconsidered the worst case scenario since the prevalence of the disease was reported tobe 42%, a figure comparable with that observed in Tehran in 1990 (the levels arebelieved to be lower now). However, it is possible that per capita water consumptionwas lower than that in Tehran. If this were to be the case, a degree of dilution must betaken into account. thereby reducing the concentration of eggs in the proposed worksinfluent. There is a possibility that the influent intestinal nematode egg concentrationswill be in excess of 100 eggs per liter.

5.7.14 The effluent from the proposed sewage treatment plant should achieve the WHO

not exceed a mean value of 100 per liter. This view is based primarily on the publishedscientific data relating to the performance of activated sludge plants in removingnematode eggs and is consistent with findings of the UNDP mission to Tehran in May1991. Only the data from the small STPs of Saheb Gharanieh and Shoosh in Tehranexist to verify the assumption that the influent to the proposed works will in practicecontain less than 100 eggs per liter.

5.7.15 In order to ensure consistent performance of STP, satisfactory performance of thetertiary treatment system should be ensured.

83

Adverse Impacts Due to Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge

5.7.16 The WHO guideline for intestinal nematode eggs is less than I per 100 grammes dryweight of excreta or sludge, which can be achieved by storage of sewage sludge for aperiod of one year. The project incorporates this stage, hence, assuring compliancewith WHO guidance with respect to nematodes.

5.7.17 The zoonotic infections Anthrax and Brucella in cattle and goats have been reported asbeing present in the country, although vaccination programs are in place. It wouldtherefore be prudent to assume that the causative organisms (Bacillus anthracis andBrucella sp.; probably B. melitensis) will be present in the sewage to be treated.Sources would include drainage from livestock handling areas, abattoirs, andtanneries. Dilution by unaffected effluents would greatly reduce the concentration ofthese organisms entering the treatment works. Storage of sludge for a period of a yearwill effect a further reduction in the number of surviving organisms, although thespores of Banthracis are particularly resistant. Overall the risk of transmissionthrough the agricultural use of sewage sludge is considered slight. These will bemonitored and only when the levels are within the guidelines, will the sludgeapplication proceed.

5.7.18 Contamination of sludge with heavy metals or other toxicants has been considered. Onthe basis of current evidence it would appear that the only contaminant of real healthconcern is cadmium and appropriate mitigation and monitoring programs need to be inplace with effective implementation

Adverse Impacts Due to Chlorination

5.7.19 Two hazards have been identified arising from the proposed use of chlorine as adisinfectant at the sewage treatment works.

5.7.20 Firstly, the transportation, storage, and use of liquid chlorine poses clearly identifiablerisks of human injury in the event of an acciden'tal release of gas. These risks can beminimized by attention to the design of the chlorine storage and handling facilities atthe plant. In conjunction, adequate means of ventilation, provision of safetyequipment, and a well defined emergency response procedure must be put in place.

international practice. Chlorine has been successfully and safely transported in Tehranfor about 40 years in connection with water treatment plants. No additional adverseimpact is therefore, envisaged.

5.7.21 The second issue concerns the formation of dis-infection byproducts as a result ofadding chlorine to sewage effluents. Chlorinated species such as trihalomethanes andMX (3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(H)-furanone) have been demonstratedin chlorinated sewage effluent. The health impacts arising from the chlorination ofsewage effluents are unclear. On balance, the risks to health from microorganisms inan non disinfected effluent are almost certainly greater than those posed by disinfectionbyproducts in a chlorinated effluent. However, as appropriate mitigation andmonitoring program needs to be in place and effectively implemented.

84

5.7.: Notwvithstanding, all efforts should be made to minimize the amounts of disinfectionbvproducts formed by using the smallest dose of chlorine commensurate withachieving the WHO standards for treated effluent.

5.7.23 The disinfection parameters necessar-v to achieve the WHO standards suggest that adose of 5 m/ I(based on literature) followed b' a contact time (after intimate mixing)of not less that 30 minutes will be required . The residence time in the conveyancechannel is estimated at 10 hours (I m/s over 36 km). indicating that for the majority ofits length the contact period will be in excess of 30 minutes. On this basis. a contac:ttank within the works appears superfluous. However. assuming limited storage on sitefollowing chlorine addition. it is conceivable that for the first 1.8 km (i.e.. to provide aresident time of 30 minutes) the faecal coiiform levels will be in excess of thoserequired. If treated effluent were to be used for irrigation or. more importantly in termsof health risks. children or others were to come into direct contact with the effluent inthis zone immediatelv downstream of the plant. health risks would ensue.

5.7.'4 It is considered appropriate that the configuration of the plant is such that the minimurcontact period of 30 minutes is achieved either within the boundarv of the works or in asecure area where people are denied access to the treated effluent stream.

Adverse Inmpacts Due to Operation of the Sewage Treatmeni Plant

5.7.25 As mentioned previously, the review of treatment processes has identified aconventional activated sludge process as being appropriate. One issue of concernregarding the operation of activated sludge plants is that of aerosol production and theresultant public health impacts. Studies on the health impact of wastewater facilitie;on surrounding populations have been inconclusive in determining whether increasedreporting rates of illness were significantly associated with proximity to the plant ordue to socio-economic factors.

5.7.26 A number of studies have been carried out to determine levels of airborne indicatorand enteric organisms around wastewater facilities or sludge handling plants. Ingeneral, the majority of these studies demonstrated elevated levels compared withcontrol sites. However, the lethal effects of dehydration, especially in combinatiorwith the presence of sunlight, limit the distance at which effects can be observed. A.study of the distribution of heterotrophic bacteria, faecal indicators, and coliphages(bacterial viruses) in the vicinity of an unenclosed activated wastewater sludge planiobserved that only heterotrophic bacteria remained at significantly higher than,base-line densities beyond 250 m downwind from the center of the aeration tanks.Furthermore, this study confirned similar observations that densities were higher al:night, presumably due to the lack of the killing action of sunlight.

5.7.27 Studies of treatment plant workers have produced no evidence to suggest thatexposure to sewage aerosols increase their risk of contracting an infectious disease.

5.7.28 It is reasonable to conclude therefore, that the operation of the sewage treatment plantwill not pose a risk to health of the operators or those who live or work in theimmediate area as the distance to the nearest farrn is more than 500m from the center

85

of the plant. and workers will follow- occupational health & safety practices in additionto under2oincg medical surneillance.

.Adverse Impacts Duie to Grountdwvater Recharge

5.7.29 There are four water quality criteria which should be considered in any rechargescheme usinM reclaimed water. These are:

* pathogens:* total mineral content* heavy metals: and* stable organic substances.

5.7.30 The present consensus is that trace organic contaminants are perceived to be a greaterthreat than the other three classes of contaminants.

5.7.31 In order to minimize the contamination of the treated effluent and sewage sludge withtoxic metals it will be necessarv to instigate a scheme of trade effluent control(minimizing their discharge from sources such as industries) with the objective ofreducing the input of such substances to the sewerage svstem.

5.7.32 The health impacts of groundwater recharge with recycled water have beeninvestigated at a number of locations. Probably the most extensive study is that carriedout in Orange and Los Angeles Counties where recharge has been practiced since1962. The proportion of reclaimed water in potable supplies ranged from 0 to 23%.The results of the study suggested that the use of reclaimed water had no measurableeffect on groundwater quality or the health of people ingesting the water.

5.7.33 The lesser concem regarding possible microbiological contamination is due to the factthat passage of water through soils is very effective in removing bacteria, parasites,and viruses. Nevertheless. it will be important to ensure that the route where by treatedeffluent enters the groundwater facilitates this purification phenomenon. Issuesrequiring attention relate to:

* the mode of application of treated effluent during irrigation;* the use of suitably designed and constructed infiltration basins for aquifer

recharge; and* the correct design and construction of structures such as sewers and tanks which

convey or store effluent which has not received full treatment, in such a way as toprevent leakage direct to groundwater.

5.7.34 It is concluded that provided heavy metal contamination can be adequately controlledat source, there will be no adverse health effects from the use of treated effluent foraquifer recharge. The most stringent conditions would need to be applied incircumstances where the recharged aquifer was being used as a source of water forpotable use. Such scenario would require (in addition to trade effluent controls)monitoring of the treated sewage effluent and groundwater to determine levels ofheavv metals and other contaminants and. if necessary, modification of recharge rates.The objective being to maintain the quality of groundwater commensurate with the

86

WHO Guidelines for drinking water for those parameters which are unaffected byconventional water treatment practices (principally metals and non-volatile organicsubstances).

Adverse Impacts Duie to Pests

5.7.35 Vermin act as vectors for human diseases. including salmonellosis (cockroaches),malaria (mosquitoes). and leptospirosis (rodents).

5.7.36 It is considered that the project will have little impact on the prevalence of rodents andcockroaches. Insects that enter the domestic environment mav promote diseasetransmission bv moving faecal pathogens into houses and onto food. The actualcontribution to human disease via this route is unclear and the direct faecal-oral routeis the more probable major route of transmission.

5.7.3 7 The removal of human excreta from the immediate v'icinitv of domestic dwellings willreduce the possibilitv that transmission of faecal pathogens directly to food may occLr.The control of human excreta will not eliminate the risk completely since alternativ,ebreeding sites will exist. A program of insecticidal control will be required to controlthe populations of flies and cockroaches. Preventing insects coming into contact withhuman excreta should reduce the proportion of the populations which harbor pathogerisexclusively of faecal origin (such as poliovirus. Hepatitis A, Shigella, Entamoebahistocvlitica and the eggs of roundworrns and hook-worms).

5.7.38 It is quite probable that flies will breed in the sludge drying beds. Such flies are notmigratory, and since there will be sufficient food in the drying beds. they will notusually spread further than 100 to 500 m from the breeding sites. Since there will onlybe a small number of people working in the vicinity of the sludge drying beds andhence. within, the range of these flies. they are not expected to pose a significant healthhazard.

;.8 Impacts on Climate

5.8.1 The impact of the project on regional and global climates will, almost certainly, benegligible. Certain aspects of the scheme will though produce emissions of gaseswhich are believed to contribute to global warming. The treatment of sewage andsludge at the STP will convert much of the organic matter in the sewage to methaneand carbon dioxide. It is estimated that 25.7 tonnes/day of methane and 38.l)tonnes/day of carbon dioxide will be produced. At the STP, the methane produced willbe used as fuel to heat the digesters, converting it to carbon dioxide.

5.8.2 It should be recognized that this sewage currently decomposes anaerobically in sewagewells through natural processes, producing similar quantities of methane and carbondioxide. Since methane has a contribution to global warming approximately 21 timesthat of carbon dioxide on a molecule-for-molecule basis (one molecule of carbon isconverted to one molecule of carbon dioxide), burning of the methane can beconsidered as reducing any contribution from the sewage of Tehran to global warming.

87

Conversion of the methane to carbon dioxide will result in total production of 108.7tonnesidav of carbon dioxide.

5.8.3 However. the power consumed by the plant will be generated bv burning fossil fuelswhich produce carbon dioxide. The average power consumption of the STP will be7.77 MW (over 24 hour davs and seven dav weeks). The power will be supplied fromgas and oil-fired power stations in Tehran linked to the Iranian National Grid. Thepower consumed wvill be only 0.30% of Tehran's current electricitv consumption(2.572 GW). and 0.038% of Iran's electricitv consumption (20.7 GW). The emissionsproduced bv the generation of this additional power will be negligible in comparisonwith those alreadv produced.

5.8.4 The chemical processes involved in the production of cement for pipe manufacture(20.000 tons per annum) will result in the production of 27.5 tons of carbon dioxideper dav. The effect of these emissions cannot be quantified at this stage but willprobably be insigznificant in regional and global terms. The figures of carbon dioxideshould be put into context: the driving of 100.000 cars for 50 km per dav will produce200 tonnes of carbon dioxide per dav (assuming an efficiencv of 20 niles per gallon).

5.8.5 Transport requirements of both construction and operational phases will produceemissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. The quantities ofthese will be small in comparison to those produced by the total vehicle usage inTehran.

5.8.6 At the STP site. sizeable bodies of water will bc exposed to the atmosphere andevaporation will occur. The estimated evaporation rate from Stage I is 1000 m3/day,0.25% of the influent flow. The sewage which will be transferred by the project to theSTP is currently exposed to the atmosphere as it flows along the jube and canalnetwork. There is unlikely therefore to be a sizable variation on current evaporationrates and so relative humidity will be unaffected.

5.8.7 In conclusion, it is considered unlikely that the project will have any significantadverse effects on the local, regional or global climates.

5.9 Impacts on the Biological Environment

Impact on Habitats

5.9.1 The only part of the project which will cause a permanent loss of habitat is the STP atShahr-e-Rey. The land required for Stage I has already been acquired by TRWB andenclosed by a 3 m high wall. The site is currently barren and has little vegetation ofany type. Although an ecological assessment of the site has not been made, there isalmost certainly no flora or fauna of any value present.

5.9.2 Construction of the STP at this site provides considerable opportunity for ecologicalenhancement of the vicinity. Consideration should be given to the planting of trees andshrubs around the site perimeter to provide visual & noise screening, and a new

88

habitat. The overall long term effect of the STP on the local flora and fauna couldtherefore. be positive.

Impact on protected species and habitats

5.9.3 No protected species have been recorded in the areas directlv affected by the project.The project is likely. however, to have an indirect positive long-term effect on theKavir Protected Area to the south of the Varamin irrigation scheme. The wastewatersof Tehran eventuallv reach the Band Alikhan River (the major river of the KavirProtected Area). an important habitat for wvaterfowl and wvaders. Although the furLirequalitv of this river depends on many factors. it is likely that the provision of seweragein Tehran. and consequent reduction in wastewvater discharges to Sorkhe Hessar andFirouzabad canals. wvill lead to an improvement in the long term. The impact ofl:heproject. therefore. on the Kavir Protected Area will probablv be positive in the longterm.

Disturbance to Fauna

5.9.4 There is some evidence wvhich suggests that certain construction activities can haveadverse effects on animals in the vicinity of the works. The possible disturbance effectsof constructing the STP have been considered. Since the immediate area is almostdevoid of animal life and subject to previous industrial activity (gasworks and oilrefinery), it is unlikely that there will be any disturbance as a result of constructing tlheworks. While in operation., the plant will result in a slightly higher ambient noise levelaround the site, but experience suggests that birds and other animals adapt to this andsuffer no adverse effects.

Indirect ecological effects due to improvements in surface water quality

5.9.4 Implementation of the project is predicted to lead to improvements in surface waterquality for Firouzaba and Sorkhe Hessar canals and the rivers to which thev discharge.The ecologJical consequences of this are uncertain at this stage. but likely to bepositive.

5.10 Impacts on Other Planned Developments

Impact on program of industrial relocation

5.10.1 The project will have no effect on the phased plan to relocate industries from Tehran 'to6 locations to the south of the city. The two projects, in conjunction however, willimprove the environment of Tehran.

Impact on Green SpaceProvision

5.10.2 There is potential for increasing the amount of green space around Tehran as a result ofthe project. Since the quality of surface waters will be improved there is clearly scopefor creating new parks and green corridors adjacent to rivers and canals in the city.

89

fInpact on Program of Improvenment to Services

5.10.3 The sewerage and sewage treatment of Tehran is an integral part of the strategicimprovement of the city's services. It should have a positive effect on the othercomponents due to the improvement in amenitv and reduction in surface water pollutionin the citv. Construction of sewers and tunneiing wvi1 be designed and phased so as notto interfere with the Metro in anv wav. It is possible. however. that future extensions tothe Metro netnvork will be somewhat constrained bv the locations of the two MainSewers.

Inpact on? Water Supply Schemes

5.10.4 It is anticipated that construction of the Taleghan Dam will go ahead given theincreasing demand for electricitv and potable water in Tehran. Further proposals may bedeferred. however. if the use of treated effluent reduces future agricultural waterdemands on the Jaj-e-Rud river.

Impaci on Other Sewage Treatment Plants

5.10.5 The STPs currently under construction. at Gisha and Shahrak-e-Ghods will becompleted as planned. Construction of the South-Western STP will commencefollowing the completion of the project.

5.11 Summary of Environmental Impacts

5.11.1 The likely direct and indirect environmental impacts of the project are summarized inTable 5.6. The impacts are those predicted providing that suitable mitigative measuresare implemented. Although there are a nurnber of negative impacts predicted, nosevere negative impacts are considered likely in the long tern. In many cases,predictions cannot be easily made and the implementation, monitoring andeffectiveness of mitigative measures will determine the significance of many impacts.The major environmental issues are: (a) the impacts of effluent and sludge from theirreuse in agriculture and reinjection of surplus water into groundwater aquifer; and (b)the release of toxics (including metals such as cadmium) through industrialdischarges. The impacts could be significant without appropriate mitigation measuresbut not greater than the baseline. The quality of data available will be validatedduring project implementation.

90

Table 5.6 Summarv of environmental impacts (Part A)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONALSECTOR _ PHASE PHASEGeographical IChange of land use Slight negative I NoneEnvironment Relocation of population I None None

Disturbance to people Severe negative 1 NoneNoise Moderate negative Insig:nificantVibration Moderate negative NoneOdor None Slight negativeVisual impact Moderate negative InsignificantImpact on traffic and Severe negative

I______________________ transportation l

Social and Economic Impact on population None a PositiveEnvironment levels | __._.

Impact on empioyment Positive PositiveiImpact on the economy Negative Positive

Impact on the I Not known Not knowniindizenous people

Cuitural Environment Impact on historical and Slight negative Positivecultural sites andbuildinasImpact on public None Noneattitudes

TNanaSinkamAA:ran-tab5j6.doc08/19/99 12:47 PM

Table 5.7 Summarv of environmental impacts (Part B)

ENVIRONMENTAL i IMPACT CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONALSECTOR PHASE PHASE

| Surface NVaters Sewer connections None PositiveJubes. qanats and canals None PositiveIndustrial discharges None PositiveOther STPs in Tehran Not known PositiveRiver water qualitv None PositiveWater supplv None PositiveRecreational waters None None

Hydroaeolo2y Groundwater movement I None PositiveGroundwater resources None Not knownGroundwater qualitv None PositiveImpact of affluent reuse on | None I PositiveVaramin Plain l

Agriculture Crop production N None I PositiveFertilizer consumption None PositiveSoil qualitv None Slight negativeCrop qualitv None Slight negativeImpact on livestock None InsignificantImpact on agricultural practices None PositiveImpact on agricultural workers None NoneImpact on supply of irrigation None Positivewater

TNanaSinkarnA:Uran-tab5.7.doc08/23/99 4:57 PM

Table 5.8 Summarv of environmental impacts (Part C)

ENVIRONMENTAL I IMPACT CONSTRUCTION OPERATICIiNAL,SECTOR _ PHASE PHASEHealth General health impacts None Positive

Impact of agricultural use of None Insignificanttreated effluentImpact of agricultural use of None Nonesewage sludge _

Impact due to chlorination None NoneImpact due to STP operation INone NoneImpact due to groundwater None NonerechargeImpact due to pests i None Insignificant

Climate Impact on local climate N None I Insignificanti______________________ LImpact on global climate None Insignificant

Biological environment Impact on habitats Insignificant PositiveImpact on protected species None Positiveand habitatsDisturbance to fauna Insignificant NoneEcological effects due to None Positiveimproved surface waterquality .

Other developments Impact of programme of None Noneindustrial relocationImpact on green space None PositiveprovisionImpact on programme of None Positiveimprovement to services inTehranImpact on water supply None PositiveschemesImpact on other STPs None Positive

TNanaSinkaamA:\Uran-tab5.8.doc08123199 5:06 PM

Major Adverse Impacts of the Project

Effluent Quzaliny

The effluent should be of acceptable qualitv so that it can be used in agriculture and surplusif any. recharged into groundwater. This means that the effluent qualitv should meet WHOquality 2uidelines for use in agriculture and drinking Xvater quality for recharging to groundwater. One of the major parameter of concern is the level of nematodes which should be lessthan I egg per liter for water used in agriculture.

Sludge WVater

There is a possibilitv. given the proposed sludge use application rate and without the plannedmitigation measures. that the limit values for cadmium in sludge used in agriculture could beexceeded. Based on the on_oing relocation of industries and the control of industrialdischarges to the sewer svstem. the levels for toxics (including heavv metals such ascadmium) is not expected to exceed the EU and FAO guidelines fort the use of sludge inagriculture. Monitoring and assessment of heavy metals in sludge and soils is beingundertaken to ensure that limits are not exceeded and allow the formulation of an acceptablesludge reuse strategy.

94

6.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT

6.1 Option 1: No Project

6.1.1 The "do nothinc' option is that of continuina with the status quoof using sewage wellsfor sewage disposal. with no further construction of sewer networks. the Southern STP,or South-wsestern STP. This Section compares this option with the proposed project.

Surface WVater Pollution

6.1.2 This option would essentiallv lead to a continuation of the current surface anldgroundwater problems described in Sections 3.4 and 3.5. The situation can be expectedto deteriorate as the population of Tehran (and particularlv the population density)increases. The sewage well svstem is so dispersed across the city that it could bc muchmore difficult to monitor and ensure levels of treatment. particularly of industrialwastew. aters.

6. 1.3 Qanats. jubes and canals would continue to be polluted by overflowing sewage wellsand illicit discharges, and contain excessive quantities of pathogenic micro-organisms,organic matter, solids and potentially toxic elements such as heavy metals. The illicituses of the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canal wvaters and sludges on the Tehran Plainwould remain hazardous. resulting in the contamination of crops. It is unlikely that allthese practices could be controlled.

6.1.4 The program of relocation of polluting industries outside Tehran will result in adecrease in industrial wastewater flows within the city, but some will remain. In manycases provision of on-site treatment wvould be difficult and failure to provide thisservice would result in pollution of canals or groundwater.

Groundivater

6.1.5 Groundwater levels would continue to rise. causing increased building damage andwaterlogging. Avoidance of waterlogging would require greatly increased expenditureon pumping to lower the water table and may not be feasible. Pollution of groundwaterwould also continue to increase, particularly from ammonia and nitrate nitrogen. Thiswould either pose increased health hazards to consumers or reduce the quantities ofwater available for drinking, public baths etc.

Agriculture

6.1.6 The lack of treated sewage effluent for re-use in irrigation of crops on the VaraminPlain would result in lower crop yields than those predicted for the project. Expansionof the Varamin irrigation area from 30.000 ha to 50.000 ha would not be possible. Thealternative would increase use of water from the Jaj-e-Rud. This is of good quality forirrigation and there would be less likelihood of accumulation of toxic elements in cropsbut this source is also abstracted for drinking water for the city. The use of untreatedwaters from the canals or effluents from the existing STPs in Tehran for crop irrigationlof the Varamin Plain could pose a health hazard and is not recommended. The lack ofsufficiently treated sludge would lead to higher requirements for fertilizers than

95

projected. The use of sludges from the canals or untreated sludges from the existingSTPs in Tehran on the Varamin Plain poses a health hazard to workers and consumersand is. therefore. not recommended.

Health

6.1.7 Incidences of water-related diseases such as ascariasis and shi2ellosis in Tehran couldbe expected to remain high or even increase as the population increases. The costs ofworking davs lost and remedial drugs consumed would remain high.

Construction Imipacts

6.1.8 Not constructing the sewer network would a void manv of adverse constructionimpacts associated with the project within the city (such as noise. disturbance, trafficinterruption, and dust). The Shahr-e-Rey STP site would be free for other uses andthose nearbv would not be subject to disturbance. noise. and odor impacts. The highconstruction costs and concrete & steel requirements associated with both aspectswvould be avoided.

6.1.9 However the regular and widespread construction of sewage wells would still benecessary. This would cause localized disturbances and produce spoil which wouldneed to be disposed of. Though the STP site would not be needed for this option, agreater area of land within the city itself would be required for sewage treatment. Atpresent sewage wells cover about 90 km2 of the city and limits of space may bcreached in the more densely populated areas.

Economic Analysis

6.1.10 Table 6.1 shows the costs of continuing with present methods of sewage disposal andnot implementing the project. though many benefits and costs are difficult to quantify.The period covered is 30 vears from commencement of the project with a discountrate of 8%. It can be seen that the total net present cost of not implementing theproject, 567 billion Rials, is in fact very similar to that of implementation given inSection 5.2, 592 billion Rials. Costs for the provision of sewage wells, medicines, andworking days lost would be paid directly bv individuals and indirectly by theeconomy. It should be noted that many of the positive benefits from implementing theproject such as improved surface water quality and decreased competition for waterresources between public consumption and agriculture have not been included.

Conclusions

This option is rejected on the grounds of both economic cost and adverseenvironmental impacts (on water resources, surface water quality, groundwater levelsand quality and health).

96

Table 6.1 Summary of costs of not implementing the proposed project

ITEM Net present value[million Rialsi

Renewal of existino sewage wells (600.000 in the Stage I area) -218,839

Construction of new sewace wells in the Stage 1 area -153,000

Increased water treatment (due to nitrate pollution of -124,200groundwater)

Abstraction to lower the water table in Tehran -3,100

Medicines for water-borne and parasitic diseases (assuming that i -107,53550% of the consumption of anti-parasitic drugs in Tehran isrelated to water-borne disease)

Lost working days (assuming a daily income of 6,000 Rials, -78,000that currently one working day per person per year is lost due towater-related disease, and that this would be reduced 50% byimplementation of the proposed project)

Providing local sewerage treatment works in areas where -15,902sewage wells cannot be used (about 2,300 ha of impermeableground)

Use of other water sources for irrigation of the Varamin Plain -3,940(146 Mm3/yr at 2.7 Rials/m3)

Use of artificial instead of sludge on the Varamin Plain -4,278(assuming a market value of 10,000 Rials/m3)

TOTAL -708,794

TNanaSinkamA:\;ran-tab6. 1 .doc08/23199 5:29 PM

6.2 Sewage Treatment Using Waste Stabilization Ponds

6.2.1 The draft review of sewage treatment process alternatives considered the use of wastestabilization ponds for " proposed project instead of the conventional activated sludgeprocess. Under this option. the construction of the sewer network, all activities withinthe cirt. and the effluent and sludge reuse schemes would be same as for the proposedproject. Waste stabilization ponds are a series of shallowv earthen basins throughwhich sewagze flows without mechanical aeration or mixing. The ponds would beused instead of the treatment plant at STP.

Svstem Design

6.2.2 A waste stabilization pond system designed for Stage I flows would consist of:

* an inlet works as for the proposed project:* 12 anaerobic ponds 289 m bv 125 m by 4 m deep:* 64 facultative ponds 595 m by 205 m bv 1.5 m deep:64 maturation ponds 658 m by 95 m bv 1.5 m deep: and

* chlorination equipment as for the proposed project.

6.2.3 Sludge would be produced in the anaerobic ponds. These would be operated on a 4year rotation, with 9 of these in operation at a time and 3 used for storing sludge forone year. The anaerobic ponds would be lined with concrete to facilitate the removalof sludge. The facultative and maturation ponds embankments would be protectedwith concrete to prevent erosion due to wave action and to prevent the growth ofvegetation at water level. Sludge thickening and digestion equipment would not beneeded.

Proposed Site at Eshghabad

6.2.4 The total land area required for the above is about 1,545 hectares (3,750 m by 4,400m). A further 2.200 hectares would be required for stage 2. The proposed SouthermSTP site at Shahr-e-Rey is inadequate for this. The site identified for wastestabilization ponds is west of the village of Eshghabad. approximately 15 km south ofthe Shahr-e-Rey site. This is the only suitable site which could be used without majorland acquisition probiems. It is 5 km from the Tehran-Garrnsar railway and 6.5 kmfrom the Tehran-Varamin highway. A newly formed tributary of the Sorkhe Hessarcanal forms the eastern boundary of the site, and near the southern boundary of thesite the Sorkhe Hessar canal is joined by the Firouzabad canal and a tributary of theJaj-e-Rud river. It is also probable that the Firouzabad canal crosses the site.

6.2.5 The site forns part of a natural shallow basin, and comprises mainly of low gradeagricultural land. In some parts of this site, owing to the very shallow water table(0.7 to 3 in below the surface), ponding has occurred at the surface together with thedeposition of salts in the surface soils. Little information is available on soils in thisarea.

98

Pathogen Removal

6.2.6 Chlorination of the treated effluent wouid oniy bc required in March. April (possibly)l,and November. reducing the amount of chlorine used. The pathogen standard wouldbe achieved bv the ponds themselves from Mayv to October.

6.2.7 The design criteria for waste stabilization ponds assume that the WHO standard ofless than one intestinal nematode egg per litre will be achieved. Evidence frominvestigations of operational waste stabilization pond systems indicate that thenecessary degree of helminth removal will be achieved provided that the designcriteria are observed. The total retention time of the proposed svstem, 47.5 days, is;sufficient for the removal of intestinal nematode eags without tertiarv treatment.

Additional Svstem Requirements

6.2.8 Sewagze wvould be transported from Shahr-e-Rey to the Eshghabad site via a 18 kmlongz rectanguiar box culvert. Up to 8 m3 /s of treated effluent would then have to bepumped back up to the Tehran canal for transport to the Varamin Plain. This wouldrequire a pumping station (against a head of about 130 m) and two 1.500 mm diameterpipelines 20 km long for the Stage I flows. The Firouzabad canal may have to bediverted around the site.

6.2.9 Due to the shallow groundwater table in the area it would be necessary to construct theponds entirely above ground, entailing a high earth-moving cost. A waste stabilizationpond system would not normally be constructed on a site with these ground conditions.

Power

6.2.10 The total installed power requirement for the entire Stage I works including theeffluent pumping station would be 20 MVA. Electricity would have to be brought from20 km away by supply lines. Power consumption would be 77.524.000 KWh perannum, higher than for the proposed project. There would be 2 diesel standbygenerators: giving a total output of 2 MW to provide sufficient power for operation ofthe essential plant and equipment during any mains power failures. Ninety per cent ofthe power consumption would be for the pumping of treated effluent back up to theirrigation area.

Evaporation and Seepage from Waste Stabilization Ponds

6.2.11 The total surface area of water across the site envisaged in the Stage I design is over1,200 hectares, so a considerable quantity of water could be lost by evaporation.Taking rainfall into account, it is predicted that 22 Mm3 of water would be lost eachyear (a mean of 60,786 m3/d or 15.2% of the total flow). Perhaps more seriously, thepredicted mean daily water loss during the month of peak irrigation water requirement.,June, is 118,570 m'/d, or 30% of the total raw sewage flow.

6.2.12 Since the facultative and maturation ponds would not be lined. there would be someseepage of pond contents to groundwater. This is estimated at 103,680 m3/d, or about

99

25% of the raw sewage flow. This is on the basis of very little information on soilquality in the area.

6.2.13 Thus the predicted effluent flow from the waste stabilization pond system is 235,534m3 /d. only 59% of the raw sewage flow.

Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal

6.2.14 The above svstem should produce a pathoigen-free sludge cake containing about 50%dry solids. The expected volume of sludge for disposal is 33.330 cubic meters per year(40,000 drv tons per year. or a weight including water of about 80.000 tons par year),less than for the proposed project. 17 transport lorries would be required to make two80 km round trips pet dav to the Varamin Plain on 150 working davs per vear. Thisimplies an annual mileage of 408.000 km. and an annual diesel consumption of 820m3.

Materials

6.2.15 Stage I of the waste stabilization pond STP would require 7.922,299 m3 of excavation,521.577 m3 of concrete and 52.057 tonnes of steel. The ponds would have to bcconstructed entirely above ground due to the shallow water table. There would be alower requirement for imported specialized equipment than for the proposed project.

Staffing

6.2.16 It is proposed that 208 personnel be employed for the operation of the Stage I STP, tobe made up of:

* 1 works manager and I assistant manager.* II in laboratory control and monitoring (I chemist and 10 technicians);* 14 in administration:* 98 in operations. and* 83 in maintenance.

Requirements would increase with the implementation of Stage 2 of the project.

Schedule

6.2.17 The timescale for construction of the system would bc as for the proposed projectexcept for:

* Detailed site and soil surveys during the first two years:* STP construction for the next four vears:* Works commissioning during the following year.

Impact on Local Population

6.2.18 It is possible that the village of Eshghabad will be directlv affected by land take forthe construction of the stabilization ponds and associated works. It wili be affected by

100

the loss of much of the agriculture land on which it depends. The village ofEshghabad is a small farming community with a resident population of 32(,expandinz during winter months to approximately 520 with immigrant farrn laborers;.The village is served by eiectricity but obtains its water supply from qanats. It has aprimaryv school for 30 students and has a public bath. If constructed in this area, thescheme mav require the relocation of the village Eshghabad near to the village ofChaleh Tarkhan. It is not known whether adequate employment can be provided inthis area.

6.2.19 The construction of the sewage and effluent pipelines to the Eshghabad site will havean environmental impact. alLhough until the final routes o these pipelines have beendecided. no firm assessment can be made. However. both the sewage and effluentpipeline routes would have a considerable short terrn impact on the agricultural areasthrough which thev would be constructed.

6.2.20 Onlv the village of Eshghabad would be affected bv noise during construction.Residents of the village would only be affected where construction works encroachithe villaze, or if construction traffic was allowed to pass through or use the village.Any potential impacts could be minimized bv relocating the population prior tocommencing construction works.

6.2.21 Given the nature of the soil and the climate. dust mav be a problem to adjoining farmsduring construction. Given the scale of the proposed project, it may be difficult tocontrol dust nuisance.

6.2.22 Anaerobic and facultative waste stabilization ponds can produce strong odors,particularly hydrogen sulphide. if they are operated at incorrect loadings. The designspresented above use loading rates which should avoid this problem.

6.2.23 Access to the site area can only be achieved via unsurfaced minor rural tracks. It isunlikely that the route from the main Tehran to Varamin highway will need to bestrengthened in places to enable the heavv construction traffic to gain access. Giventhe isolated nature of the site no significant impacts to any local population will occur.

6.2.24 The construction of the Stage 2 waste stabilization pond should have indirect effectson a greater number of settlements.

Impacts on the Cultwual Environment

6.2.25 A cultural hill is located close to the village of Eshghabad. Whilst this feature isunlikely to be directly affected by the construction works. care will have to be taken toensure that it is protected against damage caused by construction traffic orunauthorized use by workers.

Impacts on Surface Waters

6.2.26 From initial study, it is likelv that the Sorkhe Hessar and Firouzabad canals and atributary of the Jaj-e-Rud river cross the site of the proposed first stage stabilizationponds. If the scheme is to be constructed. it will be necessary to either divert these

101

substantial watercourses or to culvert them through the site. Care will be needed duringconstruction activities to prevent accidental pollution to these watercourses.

6.2.27 Evaporation and seepage from the ponds would result in a smaller quantity of effluentbeing available for irrigation. and hence. fewer water resource benefits.

Impacrs on Groundwater

6.2.28 The water table in this area is very shallow. Care wil] have to be taken duringconstruction works to ensure that accidental spillage of fuel. construction materials donot cause pollution to aroundwater. Should pumping be necessarv during theconstruction works. care would also have to be taken to prevent contaminated waterbeing discharged to adjoining water courses.

6.2.29 Given the shallow water table and the likelihood of seepage from facultative andmaturation ponds. there is potential for the contamination of groundwater in the area.It is difficult to predict whether or not there will be adverse impacts without a detailedstudv of the soil conditions in the area. The extent of local groundwater abstraction forhuman consumption is not known. In addition. the effects of seepage from ponds onlocal groundwater levels are not known and the potential for damage to agriculturalland in the vicinity of the ponds as a result of higher water levels is not known.

6.2.30 If sludge is stored on site temporarilv or for long term care, will have to be taken toensure that leachate does not pollute any adjoining water course or groundwater.

Impacts on Agriculture

6.2.31 The construction of stabilization ponds on this site would involve the destruction ofabout 300 hectares of land presently used for agriculture. The construction of theStage 2 waste stabilization pond system would result in the destruction of a furtherlarge area of agricultural land. Evaporation and seepage from the ponds would resultin a smaller quantitv of effluent being available for irrigation. and hence, smalleragricultural benefits than for the proposed project.

Impact on Health

6.2.32 The possibility that species of Culex mosquitoes may use the open tracts of water asbreeding sites has been considered in the design criteria for the use of the wastestabilization pond svstem. Mosquito larvae require still water to allow theirdevelopment. The only parts of ponds which can provide such an environment arebanks which become covered with debris or overgrown with grass or emergentvegetation. Mosquito nuisance can be avoided by the instigation of suitablemaintenance procedures (regular cutting of grass around ponds and removal ofdebris)21 . All health benefits within Tehran would be as for the proposed project.

102

Impacts on Clinmate

6.2.33 Though the predicted evaporation loss is a significant part of the sewage flow. it isthought that these quantifies are small in comparison to the atmospheric water cycleand would have little impact on climate. This has not been examined in detail.

Impacts on the Biological Environment

6.2.34 There are no known protected or important species of flora or fauna affected by theconstruction of the ponds.

6.3 Sewage Treatment Using Aerated Lagoons

6.3.1 The draft review of sewage treatment process alternatives considered the use of aeratedlagoons for the proposed project instead of the conventional activated sludge process.Under this option. the construction of the sewver network. all activities within the city.,and the effluent and sludge reuse schemes would be same as for the proposed project.Aerated lagoons are series of shallow earthen basins through which sewage flows withmechanical aeration.

System Design

6.3.2 An aerated lagoon system designed for Stage I flows would consist of:

* an inlet works as for the proposed project;* 8 aerated lagoons 461 m by 163 m by 4 m deep:. 16 sedimentation basins 236 m by 157 m by 3.8 m deep;o 24 maturation ponds 603 m by 166 m by 1.5 m deep; and* chlorination equipment as for the proposed project.

6.3.3 Sludge would accumulate in the sedimentation basins. These would be operated on a 4year rotation. with 12 of these in operation at a time and 4 used for storing sludge forone year. The aerated lagoons be lined with concrete to prevent scouring. Thesedimentation basins would be lined with concrete to facilitate the removal of sludge.The maturation ponds embankments would be lined with concrete at the water level toprevent the growth of vegetation and to protect the embankments from wave action.Sludge thickening and digestion equipment would not be needed.

Proposed Site and Ground Conditions

6.3.4 The total land area required for the above option is about 480 hectares (3,100 m by1,150 m). A further 650 hectares would be required for Stage 2. The proposedSouthem STP site at Shahr-e-Rey is inadequate for this. The site identified for aeratedlagoons is that at Eshghabad proposed for the waste stabilization pond systemdescribed in Section 6.2.

103

Pathogen Removal

6.3.5 Chlorination of the treated effluent wvould only be required in October. November,March. and April, reducing the amount of chlorine used. The pathogen standard wouldbe achieved by the maturation ponds themselves from May to October. The totalretention time of the svstem. II davs. is sufficient for the removal of intestinalnematode eggs without tertiary treatment.

Additional Svstem Requiremtents

6.3.5 Arrangements for the transport of sewage to and treated effluent from the site would beas described in Section 6.2.

Power

6.3.7 The total installed power requirement for the entire Stage I works including the effluentpumping station would be 68 MVA. Electricity would have to be brouzht from 20 kmaway by supply lines. Power consumption would be 329.812.000 KWh per annum,much higher than for the proposed project.There would be 6 diesel standby generatorsgiving a total output of 18 MW to provide sufficient power for operation of the essentialplant and equipment during any mains power failures. Twenty per cent of the powerconsumption would be for the pumping of treated effluent back up to the irrigation area,and 75% for aeration.

Evaporation and Seepage from Aerated Lagoons

6.3.8 The total surface area of water across the site envisaged in the Stage I Design is over340 hectares, so a considerable quantity of water could be lost by evaporation. Takingrainfall into account, it is predicted that 6.3 Mm3 of water would be lost each year (amean of 17,258 m3/d or 4.3% of the total flow). Perhaps more seriously, the predictedmean daily water loss during the month of peak irrigation water requirement, June, is33,664 m3/d. or 8.4% of the total raw sewage flow.

6.3.9 Since the maturation ponds would not be lined. there would be some seepage of pondcontents to groundwater. This is estimated at 20.736 m3 /d, or about 5% of the rawsewage flow. This is on the basis of very little information on soil qualitv in the area.

6.3.10 Thus the predicted effluent flow from the waste stabilization pond system is 362,006m3 /d, only 90% of the raw sewage flow.

Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal

6.3.11 The above system should produce a pathogen-free sludge cake containing about 50%dry solids. The expected volume of sludge for disposal is 56,840 cubic metres peryear (68,210 dry tonnes per year, or a weight including water of about 135,000 tonnesper year). About 28 transport lorries would be required to make two 80 km roundtrips per day on 150 working days per year. This implies an annual mileage of672.000 km, and an annual diesel consumption of 1.340 in 3 .

104

Mlfaterials

6.3.12 Stage I of the aerated lagoon STP wouid require 4.976.628 m3 excavation, 510,505 mn3

of concrete and 50.754 tons of steel. The lagoons. basins and ponds would have to beconstructed entirelv above ground due to the shallow water table.

Staffing

6.3.13 It is proposed that 275 personnel be emploved for the operation of the Stage I STP, tobe made up of:

* I works manager and 2 assistant managers:* 13 in laboratorv control and monitoring (I chemist and 12 technicians);* 15 in administration:* 128 in operations: and* 116 in maintenance.

Requirements would increase with the implementation of Stage 2 of the project.

Schedule

6.3.14 The timescale for construction of the system w%ould be as for the wvaste stabilizationpond option.

Impact on Local Population

6.3.15 The impacts of relocation, disturbance, noise. and dust on the Eshghabad area would besimilar to those described for the waste stabilization pond option, though not as large.,since a smaller area of land would be required.

6.3.16 The most likely source of odor would be the decomposition of settled sludge insedimentation basins. The minirnum. water depth above the sludge laver must be atleast 1.8 m in warm climates. This figure would be accommodated in the design ofponds in this location. so odor nuisance is unlikely.

Impacts on the Cultural Environment

6.3.17 These would be as for the waste stabilization pond option.

Impacts on Surface Waters

6.3.18 The aerated lagoon system could avoid disturbance of the surface waters near the site.Evaporation and seepage from the ponds would result in a slizhtly smaller quantity ofeffluent being available for irrigation, and hence. fewer water resource benefits.

105

Impacts onl Groundwrater

6.3.19 Impacts on groundwater would be same as for the waste stabilization pond option.The risk of pollution would be smaller. since there would be a smaller total area ofunlined ponds.

Impacts on Agriculture

6.3.20 The destruction of land presentlv used for agriculture could probably be avoided. TheStage 2 aerated lagoon system might result in the use of some agricultural land.Evaporation and seepage from the maturation ponds would result in a slightlv smallerquantity of effluent being available for irrigation. and hence, smaller agriculturalbenefits than for the proposed project.

Impacts on Health

6.3.20 The risk of mosquito breeding in sedimentation basins and maturation ponds could beavoided by the instigation of suitable maintenance procedures (regular cutting of grassaround ponds and removal of debris)2 1. All health benefits within Tehran would besame as for the proposed project.

Impacts on Climate

6.3.22 The predicted evaporation losses are small in comparison to the. atmospheric watercycle and would have little impact on climate. This issue has not been examined indetail (and probably does not need to be studied).

Impacts on the Biological Environment

6.3.23 There are no known protected or important species of flora or fauna which are likely tobe affected by the construction of the aerated lagoon svstem.

6.4 Sewage Treatment Using Oxidation Ditches

6.4.1 The draft review of sewage treatment process alternativesl considered the use ofoxidation ditches for the proposed project instead of the conventional activated sludgeprocess. Under this option the construction of the sewer network. all activities withinthe city, and the effluent and sludge reuse schemes would be same as for the proposedproject.

System Design

6.4.2 An oxidation ditch system designed for Stage I flows would consist of:

* an inlet works same as for the proposed project;* primary sedimentation tanks same as for the proposed project;* 9 anoxic basins 24 m by 24 m by 5 m deep;* 18 oxidation ditches 145 m by 20 m by 3.5 m deep:* 36 secondary sedimentation tanks of 28 m diameter:

106

* chlorination equipment same as for the proposed project: and* sludge treatment svstems same as for the proposed project.

The above system should produce a pathogen-free sludge cake containing about 65%M:drv solids. Quantities. volumes and transport costs would be same as for the proposec.project.

Proposed Site

6.4.3 The Shahr-e-Rev site would be used for the oxidation ditch svstem. as is the case forthe proposed project.

Power

6,4.4 The total installed power requirement for the entire Stage I works including theeffluent pumping station would bc 13 MVA. Power consumption would be 63,792KWh per annum. slightlv less than for the proposed project. There would be 3 dieselstandbv generators giving a total output of 4.8 MW to provide sufficient power foroperation of the essential plant and equipment during any mains power failures.

,Vfaterials

6.4.5 Stage I of the oxidation ditch STP would require 414,363 m3 of excavation. 295,375m of concrete and 28.833 tonnes of steel.

staffing

6.4.6 Staffing requirements would be same as for the proposed project.

Schedule

6.4.7 The timescale for construction of the system would be same as for the proposedproject.

Impact on Local Population

6.4.8 The impacts of relocation, disturbance. noise. odor and dust on theEshghabad area would be similar to those described for the proposed project.

Impacts on the Cultural Environment

6.4.9 These would be same as for the proposed project.

Impacts on Surface Waters

6.4.10 These would be same as for the proposed project.

107

Inmpacts on Groundwater

6.4.11 These would be same as for the proposed project.

Impacts on Agricullture

6.4.12 These would be same as for the proposed project.

Impacts on Health

6.4.13 These wouid be same as for the proposed project. with similar concerns over the abilityof the svstem to achieve helminth egg removal and provide a disinfected effluent ondischarge to the Tehran canal.

Impacts on Climate

6.4.14 These would be same as for the proposed project.

lrnpacts on the Biological Environment

6.4.15 These would be same as for the proposed project.

6.5 Comparison of Sewage Treatment Process Alternatives

6.5.1 The draft review of sewage treatment alternatives 1 contains a detailed financial andeconomic analysis of four sewage treatment options: the proposed project using aconventional activated sludge system and the three processes described in Sections6.2, 6.3 and 6.4. A summary of the financial analysis, using market prices currentlyruling in Iran, is presented in Table 6.2. This does not include costs of provision ofsewerage and house connections, only the STPs themselves and provision for effluentand sludge reuse. The recurrent costs include power. staffing, consumables and sludgetransport.The benefits art those accruing from production ot- irrigation water (treatedeffluent) and fertilizer (treated sludge).

Table 6.2 Summary of Financial Analysis of Options in Sewage Treatment

Financial Costs Sewage Treatment(millions of ProcessRials at mid-1992 prices)

Conventional Waste Aerated OxidationActivated sludge Stabilization Lagoons ditches(Proposed project) Ponds

Capital Cost -267.270 -326.481 -398.090 -311.998Recurrent Cost -16.628 -19.597 -32.341 -18.698(per vear)Benefits (per 905 572 946 905Year)

108

Table 6.3 Summarv of Economic Analvsis of Options in Sewage Treatment

IEconomic Costs Sewage Treatment(millions of ProcessRials at mid-1992 prices) |

Conventionai Waste Aerated OxidationActivated sludge Stabilization Lagoons Ditches

, ___________________ i(Proposed proiect) Ponds _ _ _

Capital Cost 1 -3 12.437 1 -468.523 1-41.003 -350.128Recurrent Cost -28.483 -36.068 -74.332 -29.857(per_ _ear)

Benetits (per 4.09- 2.616 4.374 4.095Year) _ 2 16

Net Present Value -312.576 -479.196 -683.608 -361.276using 10% DiscountRate l _

Net Present Value 423.790 643.444 -974.406 1486.482using 5°i Discount

1Rate . _ |

6.5.2 A summary of the economic analvsis is presented in Table 6.3. This has the samecoverage as the financial analvsis, but also reflects the true costs and benefits of theproject to the Iranian economy. The costs attempt to reflect real resource andopportunity costs, subsidies. price and trade controls, exchange rates and inflation.They take account of historic costs such as that of the Shahr-e-Rey site, which hasalreadv been purchased. but has an economic value. The costs are discounted over a20 year period.

6.5.3 The three alternative sewage treatment processes are shown to have higher financialand economic costs than the proposed project.

6.5.4 The alternative of sewase treatment using waste stabilization ponds is rejected on thefollowing grounds:

* relocation of the village of Eshghabad and disturbance of other populations;* unknown ground conditions at the Eshghabad site:* high construction costs due to the high water table:* possibility of groundwater contamination due the high water table;

loss of agricultural land:* higher financial and economic cost than the proposed project; and* possible further loss of agricultural land due to the rise of groundwater levels

as a result of seepage from ponds.

6.5.5 Waste stabilization ponds are normally characterized by lower capital equipment costsand current cost (particularly energy and manpower) but higher land costs thanactivated sludge systems. The viabilitv of the option therefore, is highly sensitive tothe cost of land and the environmental impact of its use as stabilization ponds. In thiscase, however, the option is more costly in terrms of equipment and civil works thanthe proposed project. There are a number of reasons for this but the most important isthe need to pump treated effluent from the ponds to the distribution centre from which

109

it is conveyed to the Varamin agricultural area This involves additional costsassociated with pumps. pump houses. pipes and civil works and the costs otfoperatingthese. These costs are largely absent from the STP options which use the Shahr-e Reysite, the proposed project and oxidation ditches.

6.5.6 It is important to investigate the economic and environmental implications of notconveying wastewater in this wav. If the treated effluent was not pumped to higherelevations the following alternatives are possible.

* The treated effluent could be conveved to the irrigation svstem at a lower level. Itis not currently known whether this is possible. at what cost and how manyfarmers and what crops it would serve. The benefits to agriculture in the VaraminPlain would be certain to be significantlv less than under the preferred option.

* The treated effluent could bc used to recharge the groundwater all year round.There would be no benefit to agriculture in the Varamin Plain.

* The treated effluent could be discharged into appropriate canals and rivers. Therewould bc no benefit to agriculture in the Varamin Plain.

6.5.7 The alternative of sewage treatment using aerated lagoons is rejected on the groundsthat this would entail much higher economic and financial costs than the alternative ofusing waste stabilization ponds or the proposed project. whilst incurring the adverseenvironmental impacts of the formner. Most of the greatly increased recurrenteconomic costs are attributable to provision of aeration.

6.5.9 The alternative of sewage treatment using oxidation ditches is rejected on the groundsthat this would entail higher economic and financial costs than the proposed project,with similar environmental impacts.

6.6 Water Conservation and Waste Minimization

6.6.1 The premise of this option is the idea that measures to reduce the consumption ofwater and production of waste in Tehran could result in lower or weaker sewageflows, the theory being that this could allow a smaller STP to serve the sewered area,giving economic and envitonmental benefits. However. this may not be feasible oreffective in-practice.

Measures

6.6.2 Water consumption in Tehran is 200 liters per capita per dav and is not expected toincrease.

6.6.3 The authorities could promote lower water consumption and the use of water savingdevices and discourage the use of wasteful appliances but this has not alwavs provedsuccessful elsewhere. The most effective encouragement would bc the imposition ofmore realistic (less subsidized) prices for wvater. These should reflect resource costsand rates of consumption and reflect the cost of sewage disposal as well as supply(this would be more effective than separate prices for water and sewage disposal).However. the structure of domestic wvater tariffs should not be so as to discourage theuse of quantities of water necessary to maintain health and quality of life: rather they

110

should discouraQe excessive use. Thus. charges could be related to numbers of tapsper household or propertv values. with much lower charges for those who are servedbv standpipes (who use much less water).

6.6.4 A decrease in industrial water consumption could also be encouraged by theimposition of realistic tariffs along with the promotion of wastewater reuse withinindustry for non-potable uses and recoverv of materials such as metals.

lInpacts

6.6.5 It is difficult to predict the effect on water consumption and waste production for thatthe above mentioned strategies. Enforcement would be difficult, and the bestpersuasion financial. Assuming that reductions could be achieved. it is unlikely thai:this would have any adverse environmental impacts. There could be positiveenvironmental impacts in terms of lower resource use by industry, reductions inenvironmental pollution and lower economic and resource costs for sewage treatment.A smaller STP could serve the proposed Stage I sewered area.

6.6.6 However. it is not expected that this would change requirements for the Stage I STP.If the above reductions could bc achieved (and observed bv monitoring sewage flowsand strengths), then this would allow Stage I STP to serve a part of the Stage 2 area.Requirements for the Stage 2 STP (not yet designed in detail) could then be reviseddownwards.

6.6.7 It should bc noted that the designs of all the STP units except for inlet works andsedimentation tanks are based on organic load rather than sewage flow. The abovemeasures would not alter domestic production of organic waste (BOD5), so designrequirements for most of the STP would not bc affected. .The industrial component ofthe raw sewage BOD5 is not yet fully understood. and so prediction of changes cannotbe made.

Conclusions

6.6.8 Measures to encourage lower water consumption and waste production could bcimplemented, particularly by use of realistic water supplv and industrial dischargetariffs. This would have environmental and possibly economic benefits, but would notalter the proposed project for the Stage 1 STP.

111

7.0 MITIGATION MEASURES TO MINIMIZE ENVIRONMENTAL IMIPACTS

I Objeclives of the Environmental Wanagement Plan

The main objective is to address all the major environmental issues satisfactorily. Themajor environmental issues have been identified earlier in Section 5. Impacts of theProject. The EMP covers mitigation measures. monitoring, and institutionalstrengthening for effective implementation (during construction and operation).These are designed to eliminate or minimize adverse environmental and socialimpacts. It also identifies actions needed to implement the mitigation measures by (a)identifying a set of responses to be taken: (b) determine requirements for ensuring thatthose responses are made effectivelv in a timely manner: and (c) describe the meansfor meeting those requirements.

7.1.1 The Project Management Unit of TSC has compiled a list of the mitigative measureswhich are included in the Project Implementation Plan. The purpose of this plan is toensure that the defined objectives of the Tehran Sewerage Project are achieved whilstpreventing or minimizing any potentiallv adverse environmental impacts. The EMPwill be carefully coordinated with the construction programme of the project, toensure that each relevant mitigative measure is implemented at the most appropriatetime and that resources are efficiently allocated.

Baseline Information

7.1.2 In order to properly gauge the performance of the project as a whole and to set thefuture direction of developments, the situation will be fully monitored and comparedwith the established baseline. Each issue to be affected by the project has beenidentified and a programme of monitoring has been designed to efficiently establish adatum for future changes. Areas of concem will not only include the quality aspects ofwater and soil, but also social issues. agricultural production. general public health,and the economic well-being of the communitv.

Monitoring

7.1.3 It is important to realize that while the collection of dait is necescary. the informationgained must be useful. There is no advantage in collecting a x Ide range of data, if a usefor it has not been defined. Programmes and procedures for monitoring have beendeveloped taking full consideration of economic and physical restrictions and budgetallowances.

7.1.4 A formal public education programme has also been started out in conjunction with theEMP. This programme is outlined in Section 7.6.

112

7.2 Measures to Minimize Disturbance During Construction

7.2.1 During the construction of the project particularly the sewerage network, the potenti.alfor causing disruption to public activities is the greatest. Monitorinz during this stagewill need to be continuous and will cover traffic impacts. noise and dust nuisances,,disposal of spoil. and safery. Public liaison would have to be maintained.

7.2.2 The conditions of the contracts will include requirements for the work to be performedas per international specifications. If the contracts are properly prepared anclsupervised. then disturbance will be minimized. Monitoring of the impacts duringconstruction will be undertaken by the Environment and Safety Officer (ESO) in theProject Management Unit as part of their contract supervisory duties. and Department:of Environment. Dedicated and fully trained personnel will be appointed to carry out:this monitoring.

7.2.3 Monthly reports wvill be submitted to the TSC on the environmental impacts ofconstruction wvith recommendations for dealing wvith any problems including correctiveactions to be taken.

NVoise

7.2.4 During construction, all feasible measures (mentioned below) will be undertaken inorder to minimize the impacts of noise on the community. These measures willinclude:

* selection of up to date. well maintained plant with reduced noise levels ensuredby suitable in built damping;

• further screening of plant equipment such as air compressors and dewateringpumps, particularly in the streets of Tehran. bv the use of sandbags, wherenecessarv;

- providing residents with advance wam'in2 of construction activities:* confining noisy work to normal working hours in the day, wherever possible;

providing the construction workers with suitable hearing protection and trainingthem in its use: and

* restricting construction traffic movements during the night-time.

7.2.5 These measures will be included in the contract documents and undertaken by thecontractor. The PMU will ensure that they are carried out as part of its contractsupervision function.

Vibration

7.2.6 Vibration impacts from the construction phase will be mitigated by the followingmeasures:

* the use of appropriate equipment that is modem and well maintained;* limiting the use of percussive equipment in the excavation of sewer trenches and

tunnel shafts

113

* limitinq the use of percussive equipment in the excavation of sewer trenches andtunnel shafts

* the use of dead-weight rather than vibration compaction plant whencompacting trenches close to buildings;

* providing supports for existing buildings that are likely to be disturbedor damaged; and

* the location of works away from sensitive buildings.

7.2.7 These measures will be included in the contract documents and undertaken by thecontractor. The PMU wili ensure that thev are carried out as part of its contractsupervision function.

7.2.8 As a precaution against excessive compensation claims for damage to property causedby vibration, a programme of pre-construction audits will be developed well inadvance of the construction programme by the PMU's site supervisory staff. Thisprogramme will involve the detailed inspection of all structures likelv to be affectedbv the project. in order to establish a baseline for defense or the minimization ofclaims. Particularly susceptible buildings will be carefully surveyed to determinesupport requirements for the prevention of damage.

Dust

7.2.9 The majority of dust problems caused by the construction of the project will bemitigated by the implementation by the contractor of a few simple procedures:

construction activities causing dust will be not be carried out on excessively windydays;

* unsealed routes for earthmoving equipment and general transport will be regularlysprayed with water during dry weather;excavation workfaces will be sprayed with water:

* stockpiles of excavated material will be covered with tarpaulins orsprayed with water during dry weather: andconstruction employees will be provided with masks for protectionagainst the inhalation of dust and be trained in their use.

7.2.10 These measures will be included in the contract documents and undertaken by thecontractor. The PMU will ensure that these are carried out as part of its contractsupervision function. Rather than leaving the perception of nuisance from dust toindividuals, weather conditions in which precautions should be taken by the contractorwill be specified by the PMU and included in the contract documents.

Disruption

7.2.11 Disruption impacts will principally be experienced during the construction period andthese will be mitigated by the following measures:

114

* There will be liaison between the PMU and the transport. police. metro. electricity,telephone. gas, and water supply authorities at an earlv staae;

* There will be coordinated planning of traffic diversions by the PMU. police anclthe transport authorities and restrictions in accordance with the constructionprogramme. with advance warnings to the affected residents and road users;

* The continual services of the police will be used in the diversion and control oftraffic.

* The PMU will coordinate the planning and construction of the sewerage systemwith the construction of the Metro and anv other planned construction activities, ir.order to achieve efficiencv of progress.

* The PMU will design and specify the construction works to minimize disruption.* The PMU will exercise care in the selection of tunnel shaft working areas and

identify the locations of all qanats in the vicinitv of the works.* Under the supervision of the PMU, the contractor will restrict the length of open

trench and the amount of materials stored adjacent to the excavation works to thatnecessarv for construction.

Community Relations

7.2.12 By establishing good community relations. any disruption experienced by thecommunity should quickly become apparent and will consequently be resolved withdue consideration for the community's needs. Bv providing advance publicity on thework program and through the establishment of liaison arrangements betweenmembers of the public, contractors and the project team, anv adverse public reaction toproject nuisance can be minimized.

7.2.13 As construction contractors move into a residential area, the PMU will inform residentsof the works to take place, their duration, and whom they should address theircomplaints to. A procedure will be established to enable the public to complain aboutexcessive nuisance, disruption or disturbance due to the Tehran Sewerage Project. Thepublic should be able to do so via both the Public Relations Unit of the TSC and theDOE-Tehran Province. If the complainant is not satisfied with the response from theTSC, then he or. she has the right to refer the matter to an independent ombudsman tobe appointed by the Govemor of Tehran.

Resettlement

7.2.14 Although no permanent resettlement is envisaged for the project, it is possible thatthere will be occasional cases where the temporary relocation of citizens may benecessary. In these circumstances, physical and monetary assistance will be given, toensure that no-one is significantly inconvenienced by any disruption.

7.3 Measures to Minimize Disturbance During Operation of the STP

Noise

7.3.1 Noise impacts during the operation of the project will be confined to a few pieces ofequipment in the Sewage Treatment Plant. These are expected to be: compressors;

115

pumps: and stand-bv generators. There w ill also be some noise from the movement ofvehicies. By specifying appropriate silencers on the equipment and screening thenoisier areas of the STP with structures. there will be insignificant impact on localresidents. Traffic will be routed to keep this nuisance to a minimum. Impacts on theSTP employees will be further reduced as thev will be provided with hearingprotection equipment by the TSC and trained in its use. In addition, all plantequipment wvill be well maintained to maintain their efficiency and noise levels.

7.3.2 A formal maintenance programme will be established bv the TSC on the STP site andelsewhere where plant is iocated. Noise levels will be regularly monitored within thisprogramme and anv defective equipment will be promptly dispatched for maintenanceby the TSC.

7.,.3 Land use Nvithin 500 meters of the STP has been formally allocated as a-green/agricultural area. This will restrict the development of housing towards the siteand consequently avoid complaints regarding noise in the short or long term.

Odor

7.3.4 The PMU will minimize any problems caused by odour during operation of the STPand associated works by:

* designing the STP to ensure minimum odour at the site boundary, such asstrategically locating the sludge treatment works with reference to the remainderof the STP and the neighboring settlements:careful planning and implementation of the STP operation and maintenance toprevent the formation and liberation of odors:providing covers to containers and equipment likelv to cause an odour nuisanceand scrubbing of malodorous vapors: and

* designating the area around the site as green belt, thus restricting developmenttowards the site.

Screenings Disposal

7.3.5 The screenings from the STP will be disposed of by the TSC in an environmentallyacceptable manner by transporting in enclosed containers and burying in a municipallandfill. Disposal in the landfill has been designed to ensure that groundwater orsurface runoff from the site will not be contaminated. Standard procedures will bedeveloped for the safe disposal of screenings with appropriate legislation for wastedisposal.

Visual Impacts

7.3.6 Although the visual impact of the STP will not be significantly adverse, it will bebeneficial to screen the STP as much as possible. Trees and bushes will be plantedaround the perimeter of the STP by the contractor to enhance the appearance of theoverall STP and the taller parts of the STP which will be painted a non-intrusive

116

colour in order to alleviate any negative impact from a distance.These items will beincluded in the construction contract.

7.3.7 The allocation of a green belt within 500 meters of the STP. as outlined above,will ensure a more aesthetic appearance of the STP.

7.4 Measures to Ensure the Health and Safetv of Workers and the Public

7.4.1 By training all emplovees in the areas of occupational health and safety prior to theircommencing work and regularlv thereafter. anv adverse effects on their health andsafetv will be minimized.

Planning

7.4.2 Public access to the STP effluent in the Tehran canal will be restricted wheredisinfection will not be completed in the interests of public health and safety. Toensure this. the first 2 km of the channel will be fully restricted bv the installation of asecure fence.

7.4.3 The design of the STP wvill include measures for preventing attraction and breeding ofpests. A regular eradication programme will be carried out using the application ofbiodegradable pesticides at appropriate levels.

Construction

7.4.4 The contractor will ensure that construction employees are trained in safety proceduresfor all relevant aspects of construction and that these procedures are always adheredto. The PMU will make regular checks that the contractor is following safe practices.

7.4.5 In order to ensure that all work is carried out safely, everv team employed by thecontractor or TSC will be lead by a fully trained supervisor with easy access toemergency services. In addition to this. an appropriate number of site personnel willbe trained in First Aid.

7.4.6 Formal emergencv procedures will be developed for each construction site for theevent of an accident.

7.4.7 The safety of the public at all stages of the construction will be ensured by appropriatepublic education and safety measures such as the use of barriers, flags, and bollards.

Operation

7.4.8 The TSC will ensure that operation and maintenance personnel of the STP are fullyaware of the hazards involved in the running of a system of this nature. All siteemployees will be trained in hygienic procedures designed to avoid infection fromwastewaters and sludges. The workers will be educated in the dangers of leptospirosisand provided with documentation to alert medical practitioners to the possibility ofsuch an infection when diagnosin2 them. Thev will also be inoculated againstinfectious diseases such as polio and tetanus and be under medical surveillance.

117

7.4.9 Formal emergency procedures will be developed by the PMU in conjunction withTSC for dealing with accidents. These procedures will involve the coordination ofemergency services such as the fire brigade and health services.

7.4.10 In particular. emergencv procedures will be developed in the event of the release ofchlorine gas. A warning device for the detection of chlorine gas will be providedwhere chlorine is to be used.

7.5 Emplovee Training and Working Conditions

7.5.1 To ensure that the project achieves its objectives. a suitable training programme will bedeveloped. Many different levels and fields of personnel will require instruction intheir intended works and the complexitv of this training will vary greatly. While theinitial training will involve the preparation of employees for the commissioning of theproject. it is important that a formal training programme be carried out regularly sothat all levels of staff can be given opportunities for promotion and newv staff trained asnecessarv. Training of personnel in the processina of data from all monitoringprogrammes will also be undertaken.

7.5.2 The Government will encourage development of courses in local educationalinstitutions that will be directly applicable to the project. for example in trades,science. public health engineering, and management, to secure a readily accessiblequalified workforce for the future.

7.5.3 The TSC will also develop close relationships with equivalent organizations in othercountries. Through such a relationship, personnel could be trained and a wider breadthof experience could be gained.

Construction Workers

7.5.4 During the construction of the STP and the associated w orks. adequate facilities will beprovided for the construction workers. This will include the provision of temporaryhousing, suitable transport to and from the construction sites, washing, sanitation andablution facilities, and ease of access to commercial facilities where necessary.

Sewage Treatment Plant Staff

7.5.5 Staff at the Sewage Treatment Plant will be trained in the operations and maintenanceof the STP as well as in occupational health and safety, while those in supervisorypositions will also be trained in the supervision and management of their personnel.The persons controlling the management of the STP will be highly experienced andfully qualified in a science or engineering field as well as in management.

7.5.6 The contractor responsible for the construction of the STP will also be maderesponsible for the operation of the STP and the training of staff for a period of 2 to 3years after the commissioning of the STP.The contractor will be required to providecomprehensive operation and maintenance manuals. In addition, the contractor will berequired to provide standard operating job procedures as a part of the training scheme.

118

7.5.7 It is important that the STP be regarded favorably as a place of emplovment. Anycultural aversion to dealing with human waste will be considered with tact and takeninto account in the design of operating procedures. Positions will be permanenitwherever possible. job status and promotion prospects will be good and salaries must,be of a level to support this. Job incentives will also be available to employees in theform of bonuses and sponsored education. The organization will be structured tofacilitate a flexible approach.

7.5.8 Facilities for personnel at the STP and other places of emplovment will be hygienicand maintained in good condition. Operating personnel will have access to fullwashing, sanitation. and ablution facilities at all times.

Analytical Services

7.5.9 Laboratories will bc staffed bv fully qualified personnel who have been trained incorrect and up-to-date procedures for the analysis of waters. soils. treated effluent andsludge, and crops. This training will initiallv involve the secondment of four or fiverelevant Iranian nationals to independent analvtical organizations for a sufficientperiod to allow them to gain an insight into procedures involved. Laboratory staff willbe trained in occupational health and safetv and supervision of personnel.

Environmental Protection Guards

7.5.10 Because the Environmental Protection Guards of the DOE are to have considerablecontact with the community, it is essential that all staff within it are trained in publicrelations. Instruction will also cover relevant legislation and standards, sampling andmonitoring procedures. enforcement procedures and occu.pational health & safety,where applicable.

Customer and Public Relations

7.5.11 In order to avoid any confusion that may be felt by the community in theimplementation of the project. staff in the Customer Ser. .ces and Public RelationsDepartments of the DOE and the TSC will be trained in communication, the role ofthe project in the development of Tehran, and gene-' public hen!"V<; issues. The staffwill be continually informed of the progress of the project r -.c1 vijil, on a long-termbasis, always be aware of the relevant issues.

7.6 Measures to Ensure that the Objectives of the Project are Achieved

Public Health Education

7.6.1 The Ministry of Health, assisted by the TSC, will conduct a public health educationcampaign on matters related to the Tehran Sewerage Project. These will cover:

personal hygiene:the need for safe disposal of faeces (especially those of children);

119

* the health hazards associated with polluted waters such as theFirouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals:

* the health hazards associated with the use of untreated sewage andsludge on crops; and

* health benefits of the Tehran Sewerage Project.

7.6.2 A comprehensive programme will be carried out at all levels of the community. Afteran initial full-scale programme. continuing efforts will be required to ensure that eachsector of the community comprehends the advantages of the project. Care will bctaken that the programme compliments the cultural values of the people. The wholeeducation process will be scheduled so that ultimately it is verv effective.

Complementary Medical Programmes

7.6.3 The Ministry of Health will instigate programmes of mass chemotherapy to combathelminthic disease progressively in each area of Tehran after it is sewered.This willcommence at a time when worm burdens are the greatest: there is some evidence(from the Shahr-e-Rey survev) that this is in August.The programme will be repeatedat intervals of no greater than 60 davs for a period of twelve months. the effectivenessbeing monitored from review of influent egg concentrations at the STP and healthstatistics collated by the Ministry of Health. Mass treatment of agricultural workersand their families will probably be less expensive than the identification and treatmentof exposed persons. since the effluent will be used on many small farms.

Public Education about the Project

7.6.4 The Public Relations Department of the TPWSC will instigate a programme to educatethe public about:

' the benefits of the Tehran Sewerage Project as a whole:* the advantages of using a sewer system rather than sewage wells: and* the correct use of the sewer system (such as a prohibition on the disposal of large

objects into the system).

7.6.5 Farmers will be educated in the safe and efficient use of treated effluent and sludge inagriculture and a formal advisory service will be set up under the auspices of theMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation (MARC) to facilitate this. In mostcases. the service will be provided at no cost to the farmers in order to achieve the bestresults.

Connection to the Sewerage System

7.6.6 It is possible that some individuals will be unwilling to have their properties connectedto the new sewerage system, preferring to continue with the use of traditional sewagewells. hile public education by the Ministry of Health and the TSC should minimizethis, the DOE will enforce connection through its Environmental Protection Guards.The continuing use of sewage wells will be forbidden in sewered areas.

120

lndustrial Wastewaters7.6.7 In order for the project to achieve its objectives. it is important that industrial

discharges in Tehran are quantified and regulated. The institutional responsibilities fordealing with industrial discharges will be made clear to those who generate them:

* the DOE will reguiate industrial discharzes to the environment: and* the DOE and TSC wili regulate industrial discharges to the sewer system.

Industrial Wastewaters Discharges to ihe Environment7.6.8 The DOE has established an inventorv of all current sources of industrial wastewaters

in Tehran (as shown in Table 7.1) and will monitor their connection to the sewersvstem. Industries will have the choice between connection to the sewer and providinp:full treatment themselves tocomply with the standards set bv the DOE.

7.6.9 The DOE will be able to charge a fee for each discharge to the environment (rivers,canals, groundwater) by industry which will be based on the quantity and quality ofthe discharge, thus introducing the concept of "polluter pavs" and emphasizing to theindustrial sector the advantages of treating wastes at source.

7.6.10 The DOE will have the power to set and enforce limits for BODS, suspended solids,ammonia, pH, metals, toxic and hazardous substances. temperature and flow. Itprohibits discharges which contravene the established standards through itsEnvironmental Protection Guards. This will cause relocation of the industrial dischargeSource, improvement of onsite treatment, or connection of the discharge to sewer. Thelimits will be established under the Technical Assistance component and will beconsistent with internationally recognized good industrial practices.

7.6.11 Industry will be given access to advice on the most modem and effective methods ofindustrial wastewater treatment by the DOE through its Environmental EducationDepartment. in order to allow that sector to make a reasonably smooth transition to fullcompliance with the new legislation.

Industrial Wastewaters Discharged to Sewers7.6.12 TSC will have full jurisdiction over industrial wastewater sources that are seeking

connection to the sewerage svstem. The TSC will have the ipTentive to ensure that thetreated effluent from the STP complies with the standards set bv the DOE.

7.6.13 The TSC will establish an inventory of all industrial discharges to the sewer network asthey are connected and will have access to information with DOE on them.

7.6.14 The TSC will have the power to set limits for BOD5, suspended solids, ammonia, pH,metals. toxic and hazardous substances (including arsenic, cadmium, chromium,copper, lead, mercurv, nickel, and zinc), temperature and flow for each industrialsource discharging to the sewerage system, and DOE will enforce them. TSC willcoordinate these activities with DOE in order to ensure that its own discharges fromthe STP meet the set standards which will be monitored by the DOE and independentlyverified.

121

Ust of lt usk<ltles whici might be still locatetl in project ai va at tite titlwl uAtei Slowage Treatment Plant startsoperationn

_~~~~~~~~~~~~C 1_W .RSI Oi.- I.AVV,V. I _r.

AVERAGE (:llJ^o*lASlO ttW9VVlE AJUI1( n1QI)llJDUtrIRAL 1ItJDi 101NL 0. 01: PRETI fEAIMENt

UNIf WUASli uq UN _ _ ___M ___Q REMEtlf

(m3lday) Om |39coo is 165 Cc r1|d| Mii iro |Zn Ili | '1l Cis ( Al CD I WX .

-lour Fas; ~20 9 fi4 A1e 3rS e 96 2u

g|Xt'x bL * s tis.f. i, i t! i__. i I ' )iP:d. 25 2 sv2 t,ose e2 4 12V 22 X73

Dele enl ~~20 1 &10 Isn I-M /031 onro0 455.W0

| IIP & IZaper I org # 760 -- Wz 14t(0 7^l- 1J4 a 43 3 41 SlOf REQUIW-D- ^!r|{ fS Sz; W X X X n X ¢; 1 fii e .=7

++ };' 1i'6&!}'-- tf XtlS t ]00 ' 0 2 10 - - -4!W_

| M lLL 33 _ - L . . .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~,, _ , .- . . __~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

tlle irilhSlles Ilal reqzdl~e prtalralfrtsrnl w11 SlOIbe cofitercicer lotsewer *rlil n l)elsenitile tl laGiilr is 1}tjl i lit pcinill, aatl lt/lI eln lent Will b S^ul2rly checJ.;13N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..._....... ._.

7.6.15 The TSC Nvill charge a fee for each discharge to the sewerage svstem which is relatedto the quantitv and quality of the discharge. This will again introduce the concept cif"polluter pavs" and encourage industrial pretreatment including neutralization.

7.6.16 The TSC will have the power to forbid a particular discharge to the sewerage systemor require on-site pretreatment where that discharge could damage the fabric of thesewers or endanger performance of the STP. In this case. the industry will have toprovide its own treatment to comply with the DOE standards.

7.6.17 The TSC will be able to levy fines on or refuse licenses to those customers who fail tocomply with its requirements. The TSC will give advice on appropriate methods ofpretreatment of industrial wastewaters prior to discharge to sewer where necessarv.

Industrial Discharge Legislation

7.6.18 The negative impacts of industrial wastewater discharges to the surface water, toagriculture. and groundwater via the new sewerage svstem and STP will be mitigatedbv the above monitoring system and the enforcement of trade waste control legislation.A technical assistance component of the project wvill address this issue. Thislegislation will include standards and conditions of discharge to the sewerage system,supported by effective enforcement in the event of non-compliance. The legislationwill outline a standardized and unambiguous approach to the control of industrialdischarges to the sewer system. The DOE is willing to negotiate with (as well asmonitor) industry and the TSC. Each case will be handled individually with licensesrealistically setting long and short-term targets. taking all scientific and economicfactors into account. These measures will supplement the ongoing program onrelocation of industries from Tehran.

Water Conservation and Waste Mininmization

7.6.19 Measures to encourage lower water consumption and waste production will beimplemented, particularly by use of realistic water supply and industrial dischargetariffs.

7.6.20 Sources of cadmium within the city will be identified and quantified by the DOE.Once identified, action will be taken to relocate these industries out of Tehran or toensure that their production of waste cadmium is separated out or minimized. Theindustrial sources of cadmium may include electroplating, stabilization of plastics,pigments production. and the production & disposal of batteries.

Transport

7.6.21 It is essential that sufficient transport facilities be provided for the employees of theSewage Treatment Plant and the associated works to make the STP easily accessible.The TSC will provide transport to the STP for employees. The STP access road willbe maintained in a good condition. The road from the Sewage Treatment Plant to thesludge holding bay at the Varamin Plain agricultural area will also be regularly

123

maintained. The transport used for sludge transfer will also be maintained in a goodcondition to ensure a reliable service.

Agriculture

7.6.22 Because the project will have a considerable effect on the agricultural sector. itsperation wviI] be examined. The irrization water distribution svstem will be evaluatedand modified to improve the overall efficiency of the re-use facilities. Proper flowmeasurement svstems will be set up to measure. with a reasonable degree of accuracy,the volumes of water and treated effluent used by each of the farners. Farmners will beeducated in the most effective methods of farming. Government investment in theregion would improve the production of the area and increase the financial benefits.

7.7 Environmental Monitoring

7.7.1 The principle upon which the allocation of responsibilities for monitoring is based isthat of separation between those who implement and those who regulate. The TSC isto implement the project while the DOE w ill independently monitor the impacts of theproject.

Regulatorv Monitoring bv the Department of Environment

7.7.2 The DOE will be responsible for the monitoring of discharges to the environment andtheir effects to ensure that the required standards are met and adverse impacts areminimized. Where necessary, the sampling and analysis may be carried out byspecialists such as other government departments. private companies or academicresearch institutions (but not the TSC). The DOE will be responsible for funding andoverseeing their activities and collation and dissemination of the resultant information.The following items will be covered.

7.7.3 Final effluent from the STP will be regularly monitored to ensure compliance with thestandards for BOD5 suspended solids. total nitrogen. faecal coliforms and intestinalnematode eggs described in Table 7.2. It is recommended that one 24-hourflow-weighted composite sample is taken every week, that is samples wvill be takenonce an hour over 24 hours. then mixed in direct proportion to the effluent flow at thetime of sampling. This would then produce one sample for analysis which isrepresentative of performance over 24 hours.

7.7.4 Effluent mixed with river water used in irrigation on the Varamin Plain will beregularly monitored for compliance with FAO standards5 at the point of use, that is inthe irrigation channels. If this is not feasible, then it will be satisfactory to separatelymonitor the effluent at the STP and the river water in the Jaj-e-Rud and combine theresults.

124

I

Table 7.2 INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT DATA FOR STP

Parameter Unit Influent EffluentBOD mg/I 320 25

Suspended solids mg/i 400 35Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml 25,000 <=1,000*Nematode eggs eggs/liter <10 <=1*

Cadmium mg/i <=0.01 <=0.01**Chromium mg/l <=0.07 <=O.1-**

Lead mg/l <=0. 1 <=.01**

*WHO Limit**FAO Limit

7.7.5 Treated sludge disposed of to agricultural land for use as a fertilizer will be monitoredfor compliance with the standards for metals in sludge and application rates describedin the 1986 EC directive on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture8 (cadmiur,chromium. copper. nickel. lead. mercury and zinc). Several spot samples will be takenfrom each batch of stored sludge taken to the Varamin Plain. It will also be necessaryto measure sludge moisture content to calculate the above. These figures and sludgeapplication rates will allow estimation of future compliance with limit values f:)raccumulated metals in soils8. The DOE will ensure that treated sludge is being storedfor at least one vear prior to its use on agricultural land.

7.7.6 Soil in areas where effluent or siudge are used in agriculture wvill be monitored for theabove metals to ensure compliance with the 1986 EC directive on the use of sewagesludge in agriculture. Concentrations will be measured before anv application takesplace (baseline) and after each year of application. so each area will be monitoredeverv four vears. It will also be necessarv to measure soil pH.

7.7.7 As described in Section 7.6. the DOE will regularly monitor all effluents dischargedby industry to the environment (canals. rivers. and land).

7.7.8 The DOE wvill monitor the qualitv of Tehran's surface waters such as the Firouzabacdand Sorkhe Hessar canals. This should reveal improvements in water quality andhighlight any continuing pollution problems. The parameters to be monitored include:BOD5, suspended solids, ammonia, nitrates, metals, fecal coliforms and intestinalnematode eggs.

7.7.9 There is uncertainty surrounding the level of arsenic contamination in Tehran due tcohistoric data of concern. It is recommended that the following be monitored forarsenic by the DOE as part of the above programme untii it is shown that there are noproblems of this type:

* discharzes to the environment from industry and public baths:* effluent and sludge from the proposed STP:* soils and crops in the Varamin Plain;* groundwater from under the City and the Varamin Plain; and* surface waters such as the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals.

Sewage Treatment Plant Operation Monitoring by the TSC

7.7.10 The TSC will perform operational monitoring to ensure that STP performrssatisfactorily and that effluent and sludge from the STP complies with the setstandards with monitoring by the DOE.

7.7.11 The raw sewage arriving at the STP and the final effluent will be regularly monitoredby the TSC for BOD5, suspended solids. total nitrogen, faecal coliforms, andintestinal nematode eggs to assess performance. Spot samples will be taken once aday so that the operators can respond to any irregularities.Treated sludge disposed ofto agricultural land for use as a fertilizer will be monitored for moisture content, pH.cadmium. chromium copper, nickel, lead, mercury, and zinc. These samples will be

126

for use within the TSC. not for the assessment of compliance with standards by theDOE.

7.7.12 The TSC will also monitor particular units within the treatment works such as theprimarv sedimentation tanks and aeration tanks to assess their perforrnance.Knowledge of the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids within the aerationtanks and the settleabilitv of the activated sludgc will allow optimisation of operation.

7.7.13 Particular attention will be paid by the TSC to review the performance of STP inremoving intestinal nematode eggs. If the effluent quality data show that thearithmetic mean number of eggs is greater than the WHO guideline of one per litre,then the TSC will review the treatment process and operations to ensure compliancewith the WHO guidelines. The Appendix presents performance data from currentlyoperating sewage treatment plants. The data show that the influent levels of nematodeeggs is less than 100 eggs per liter and the effluent had less than I egg per liter.

7.7.14 The quality of the treated effluent will be carefully controlled at the STP to therequired limits. using efficient and up to date methods using accurate analyticalprocedures. All discrepancies detected will be immediately notified to thoseconcemed. and the problem promptly dealt with at the source. A suitable responsesystem will be developed at the STP. in the event that problems do develop, and allrelevant staff will be fullv trained in the corrective measures to be taken. Provisionwill be made for the diversion of non-complying STP discharges to nearby surfacewaters. thereby preventing its discharge to agricultural land. Discharges to theFirouzabad canal will take place in accordance with established procedures which willtake account of physical and chemical effects on the canal having regard to theparticular circumstances prevailing at the time.

7.7.15 As described in Section 7.6, the TSC will monitor all effluents discharged by industryto the sewerage system and hence, to the STP for BOD5, suspended solids, ammonia,pH, metals. toxic substances, temperature and flow where necessary.The Appendixpresents: (a) List of Equipment and Instruments Required for Laboratory at STP; and(b) Required Number of People in the Laboratory at STP.

7.7.16 The waters of the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals are not likely to conform withthe recommended WHO standards for unrestricted irrigation due to numerous otherdischarges to them.. The quality of these canals will be improved by strict control ofsuch discharges by the DOE. Existing small sewage treatment plants should beupgraded to the standards used for the Southern STP or their final effluent dischargesconnected into the proposed sewerage system

Groundwater Recharge

7.7.17 Treated effluent recharged on the Varamin Plain will become part of the groundwaterresources managed by the TRWB, who will establish a monitoring programme toconfirm that groundwater quality is not adversely affected. The content of nitrate,ammonia and metals in the groundwater beneath the Varamin Plain will be monitoredat existing or new wells. Groundwater resources will be carefully evaluated by the

127

TRWB so that zones where recharge would bc inadvisable. such as adjacent to potablewater wells. can be identified.

7.7.18 Supporting legislation will be developed for the categorization of these well heaclprotection zones. with adequate enforcement procedures and appropriate penalties.Permissible frequency and quality requirements of recharge will be investigated at anearly stage to enable the optimum development of a discharge strategy. Contingencyplans will be developed for the event that the qualitv of the treated effluent does notmeet specified standards for recharge.

Agriculture

7.7.19 Adverse impacts of the use of treated effluent and sludge on the agricultural land willbe effectively mitigated by the imposition of industrial effluent controls as outlinedabove. In addition. the MARC will be responsible for monitoring the following in theVaramin Plain:

- general suitabilitv of crops for consumption:- plant tissue quality (heavy metals, boron. and arsenic);- contamination of crop by pathogens:- crop production;- the health of livestock;- nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content of soils, fertilizers, manures

and sludges; and- moisture retention properties. pH and carbon-to-nitrogen ratios in soils.

7.7.20 If the MARC does not carry out the sampling and analysis itself, then this may becarried out by specialists such as other government departments, private companies oracademic research institutions (but not the TSC). The MARC will remain responsiblefor funding and overseeing, their activities and collation and dissemination of theresultant infornation. Samples will be analyzed bv reputable laboratories and the datamade available to the DOE.

7.7.21 Baseline data will be established at an early date for the existing conditions in theagricultural area. in order to refine the effluent & sludge re-use strategies and identifyany deficiencies or potential hazards. This data will be regularly updated duringproject implementation.

7.7.22 The MARC will also have access to data on concentrations of metals in sludge andsoil held by the DOE. In the event that the limits are exceeded or there is concernover crop quality, the MARC will have the power to prohibit the consumption of thecrops grown in the areas affected.

7.7.23 The MARC will keep a formal record of volumes of sewage sludge used andchemical constituents in conjunction with the DOE. An electronic database will be setup and maintained by the MARC. It is considered that the introduction of a suitablecomputer model would be beneficial in this regard.

128

Monitoring and Evaluation

7.7.24 In order that the environmental effects of the Project are adequately controlled by themitigation measures. the DOE is preparing a forrnal Strategic Monitoring Plan (forQualitv Assurance and Quality Control) and will produce periodic review reportsthroughout the life of the Project for the Minister of Energy and the Governor ofTehran. The Ministry of Energy will have the overall responsibilitv to ensure that theadverse impacts from the project are maintained to acceptable levels and correctiveactions are taken when requzired. A summarv of the monitoring activities discussedbelow is provided in Tables 7.3 through 7.8. During construction. monitoringprogram will include dust and noise. The monitoring reports will also include data onBOD. COD, suspended solids. cadmium (and other heavv metals as necessary), fecalcoliform. and nematode eggs for the treated effluent. The sludge will be monitoredfor nematode eggs, coliform. toxic metals (including arsenic. cadmium. chromium,lead. and mercury, as appropriate). In addition. odor. noise, and vibration will bemonitored at receptor sites to ensure that these are at acceptable levels. Soil andagriculture produce from Varamin plain will be monitored for significant pollutantsincluding heavy metals such as cadmium (for soil and produce), and fecalcoliform &nematode eggs (for agriculture produce). The surface water in Varamin canal willalso be monitored for chlorine. The Ministrv of Health will monitor the public healthindicators (such as gastrointestinal diseases) to assess project impacts. A projectmonitoring report will be prepared on the effectiveness of the EMP once every 6months and sent to the Bank after review and clearance from the DOE.

7.7.25 The DOE will review baseline data and implement its own environmental monitoringprogram: TRWB will monitor groundwater resources: and Ministry of Agriculturewill monitor the agriculture produce from Varamin Plains. It will indicate changingenvironmental conditions and identify impacts of the scheme as thev occur. If theseagencies identify significant adverse impacts. appropriate mitigation measures andinstitutional changes will be made and arrangements for amendments to theManagement Plan will be made. Interagencv coordination will be effectivelyimplemented through liaison sub-committees with the project committee (chaired bythe Deputy Minister of Municipal Water & Sewage Affairs in the Ministry of Energy)meeting at least once every 6 months.

7.7.26 The strategic monitoring will review the effectiveness of the Management Plan formitigation measures, for example: the revision of legislation to improveenvironmental protection; measures to minimize disturbance due to construction;development of re-use strategies by the Ministrv of Agriculture; occupational healthand safety training and procedures for emergencies during construction andoperation; public health education by the Ministry of Health; control of industrialdischarges by the Environmental Protection Guards of DOE and the TSC ; and thewater conservation and waste minimization program.

129

I

1. During construction:

1.1. Dust & Noise

Table 7.3 Dust and Noise Monitoring ProgramParameters to be Location Frequency of sampling Standard Responsibility

analysed I and analvsis I

Dust At construction sites Every day 150 jig/m3 DOEIESO*

Noise At construction sites Every day 70 dB (A) DOE/ESO

ESO = Environment and Safety Officer in the Project Management Unit

2. During operation:

2.1 Treated effluent

Table 7.4 Treated Effluent Quality Monitoring ProgramMajor Parameters Location of Frequency of sampling Standard Responsibility

to be anaiysed monitoring points and analysis

BOD5 20 mg/i DOEIESO*

COD 200 mg/I DOE/ESO*

pH 6-9 mg/l DOE/ESO*

Oil & Grease 10 mg/I DOE/ESO*

TSS 35 mg/I DOE/ESO*

TDS 600 mg/l DOE/IESO*

Cl 600 mg/l DOElESO*

Mg 100 mg/I DOE/ESO*

MPN 30 mg/l DOE/ESO*

Nematode egg At STP Site Every Day 1 egg/liter DOEIESO*

Faecal Coliform 1000 MPNt100ml DOElESO*

S04 500 mg/i DOE/ESO*

S03 1 mg/I DOE/ESO*

H2S 3 mg/l DOEIESO*

CH20 1 mg/i DOEIESO*

C6H5OH 1 mg/i DOE/ESO*

Dye 75 mg/I DOE/ESO*

Mn 1 mgIl DOEIESO*Chlorine 0.2 mg/I DOEIESO*

* ESO = Environment and Safety Officer in the Project Management Unit

I

2.2. Treated sludge

Table 7,5 Treated Sludge Quality Monitoring Program

Parameters Location Frequency of sampling Limit RsnbiI _______________ I _________________ _ I and analysis Responsibility

Nematode egg 1 egg/100grn DOEIESO*

Coliform 1.000 MPN/l00mi DOE/ESO*

Arsenic 1 mg/kg DOE/ESO'

Cadmium At STP site Every Batch 20 mg/kg DOE/ESO*

Chromium 1,000 mg/kg DOE/ESO*

Lead 750 mg/kg DOE/ESO*

ESO = Environment and Safety Officer in the Project Management Unit

2.3. Odor & Noise around STP

Table 7.6 Odor and Noise Monitoring Program

Parameters Location Frequency of sampling ResponsibilityI__ _ _and analvsis I _I

Malodorous Gases DOE/ESO*

NH3 DOE/ESO

H2S At treatment plant Every day DOE/ESO

Mercaptans DOE/ESO

Noise DOE/ESO

* ESO = Environment and Safety Officer in the Project Management Unit

2.4. Soil

Table 7.7 Agricultural Soil Monitoring Program

Major Parameters Location Frequency of sampling Standard Responsibilitvand analysis

Heavy Metals:

Cd 0.15 mg/kg DOENi 3 mg/kg DOECu 12 mg/kg DOEZn 30 mg/kg DOEPb AtVaramin Plain Once in 6 months 15 mg/kg DOECr 3 mg/kg DOE

Alkalinity v 6-8.5 DOE

I

2.5. ProduceTable 7.8 Agricultural Produce Monitoring Program

Parameters to be ation of monitoring po Frequency of sampiung Responsibilityanalysed I and analvsis

Heavy Metals:Cd DOE

Cu DOE

Hg DOE

Zn DOE

Pb At Varamin Plain Once in 6 months DOE

As DOE

Cr (6+) DOE

Faecal Coliform DOE

Nematode eggs DOE

7.8 Finance

Budgets

7.8.1 Budgets for all components of the project will be reviewed regularly and withallowances for maintenance and contingencies like equipment breakdown. Budgetcontrol will be carried out by the TSC. with regular reporting to the Ministry ofEnergy. A computerized cost control system would enable monitoring and analysisof all cost and revenue data and would provide perfornance indicators for theproject.

Revenue

7.8.2 The setting of the rates for the collection and treatment of the sewage from Tehranmust be carefullv considered. It is essential that all costs are covered. Nevertheless,realistic costs and pavback periods must be cited in the economic evaluation of theproject and in the setting of rates to minimize anv adverse economic impacts.

7.9 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

7.9.1 The EMP covers mitigation measures, monitoring, and institutional strengtheningduring implementation (construction and operation) to eliminate adverseenvironment and social impacts, offset them. or reduce them to acceptable levels. Itidentifies actions needed to implement the mitigation measures by (a) identifying aset of responses to potentially adverse impacts; (b) determine requirements forensuring that those responses are made effectivelv in a timely manner; and (c)describe the means for meeting those requirements.

Mitigation of Adverse Environmental Impacts

Major Issues

7.9.2 The EMP includes mitigation measures to ensure that the defined objectives of theTehran Sewerage Project are achieved whilst preventing and reducing potentiallyadverse environmental impacts. Tables 7.9 and 7.10 provide a summary ofmitigation measures for the major environmental issues as discussed below. Themitigation measures are to be executed by the Construction Contractor and STPOperator with supervision by TSC. Monitoring will be carried out by TSC'sEnvironment and Safety Officer (for dust and noise during construction; for treatedeffluent & sludge, odor, and noise during operation) and Ministry of Agriculture (foragriculture produce and soil). Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)monitoring will be performed by the DOE.

133

Table 7.9 Summarv of Environmental Impacts andMitigation Measures-Construction

Significant Adverse Responsibility forTarget Mitigation Measures Implementation

Environmental Impact ' (Supervision)Construction of Sewerage Network and Treatment Plant

1 Noise generation Noise nuisance is * No noisy construction activities during night Construction Manage_______________ .avoided (ESO*)

2 Generation of dust Nuisance dust * Water sprays are to be used where nuisance Construction Manageemissions are avoided dust generation occurs (ESO)

* Install wind fences where needed

3 Traffic congestion Traffic congestion is * Restrict movement of construction vehicles to Construction Manageminimized. Traffic and from the sites to daylight hours (unless (ESO)hazards are managed advised by traffic police otherwise).to minimize risk to road - Liase with traffic police to minimize trafficusers. disruption in the vicinity of construction sites.

* Putting up sign posts and arrange alternativeroutes if required.

4 Damage to access The condition of roads * Site access roads will be inspected regularly Construction Managerroads and streets used for construction is and repairs made where necessary (ESO)

not substantially * All roads and streets used for laying pipesdegraded will be covered and paved

5 Soil erosion and The erosion of soil on * Vegetation clearance will be kept to a Construction Managertransport the construction site minimum at STP site. (ESO)

and transport of solids * Trees and plants will be planted at STP sitefrom constructionworks is minimized * Soil transport will be kept to minimum

6 Air pollution The ambient air quality * Wastes are not to be burnt on site Construction Manageris not substantialiy * Construction vehicles to be well maintained (ESO)

to minimize exhaust emissions.from constructionworks

7 Public health and site Public does not have * Barrier fencing and warning signs are to be Construction Managesecurity direct or indirect installed around the work site perimeter, and to (ESO)

contact with the control access of unauthorized personnel._ _____________________ construction sites ._|

*ESO= Environment and Safety Officer in the Project Management Unit

I

Table 7.10 Summary of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures-STP Operation

Significant Adverse Target Mitigation Measures Responsibility forEnvironmental Impact Implementation (Supervision)

Odor generation Odor is not offensive to persons Minimize odor generation; cover tanks; STP Manager (ESO*)beyond the sewage treatment maintain a buffer zone; plant trees atplant the fence.

Health of employees The risk of employees at STP * Maintain hygiene and have medical STP Manager (ESO)acquiring infections from contact surveillance & vaccination; managewith waste water is adequately wastewater operations to minimizecontrolled. contact of personnel with sewage;

maintain showers and sanitary facilities;provide first aid and have an emergencyresponse plan in place.

Effluent The- -isk of public and farmers * Adequate treatment (retention time) STP Manager (ESO)acquirinq infection from contact will be provided to control the number ofw. ith effluent and produce is nematode eggs; chlorine will be used toau quately X'ntrolled. disinfect the effluent

Sludge The risk of public K d farmers * The sludge after dewatering and STP Manager (ESO)acquiring infection f, *m contact digestion will be bio-degraded and driedwith sludge and procuce is for one year.adequately c, ntrolled.

* ESO = Environment and Safety Officer in the Project Management Unit.

Effluent Qualitn

7.9.3 The activated sludge process is capable of reducing the concentration of intestinalniematode parasite eggs to less than 1% of the concentration in the raw sewageentering the system. A UJNDP mission has indicated that based on analyses ofsewage from a restricted area of Tehran. the process proposed is capable ofproducing an effluent which will comply with the WHO guidelines for intestinalnematode eggs in effluent to be used for irrigation. From the outset of operation, aprogram for monitoring of effluent egg concentrations will be instituted. Additionaltreatment has been provided to ensure compilance with all the appiicable WHOguidelines including those for nematode eggs.

7.9.4 TSC will also provide secure fencing along the first 2 km of the Tehran-VaraminCanal starting from the Sewage Treatment Plant to protect public health by ensuringthat dis-infection is complete.

7.9.5 The Department of Environment (DOE) has issued guidelines for conductingEnvironmental Assessment and promulgating standards for industrial discharges tosurface water and effluent discharges from the sewage treatment plant. In addition,there are standards for ambient dust, noise. and odor. These will be adhered to in theproject. In addition, the treated effluent will meet the WHO' guidelines for treatedwater to be used in agriculture. These guidelines specify a nematode level of lessthan I egg per liter and total fecal coliformn level of less than 1 000 MPN per 100 ml.The BOD level of the effluent at the STP discharge point will be less than 25 mg/l.

Sludge Qualitv

7.9.6 For the use of treated sludge as soil conditioner. compliance with the EuropeanUnion (EU), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and WHO Guidelines(including the limit of less than I intestinal nematode egg per 100 gms of dry solids)will be ensured by providing adequate treatment including a drying period of oneyear.

Industrial Discharges

7.9.7 The polluting industries are being relocated and the remaining major industrieswill have to comply with the DOE's limits for effluent dischar_c. These regulationsare being enforced. In addition, the project will only provide connections toindustries that do not discharge toxics which may affect the performance of theSewage Treatment Plant (STP). The Technical Director of STP and Director ofDepartment of Environment will jointly approve all industrial connections. Theproject will ensure that the industrial effluent discharges are pre-treated (whererequired) to levels which comply with the World Bank's Environmental Guidelinesmentioned in the "Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook" after taking intoaccount the reduction achievable at STP for all the significant parameters of concern.In summary, the project will follow internationally accepted Good Practices andcomply with applicable Iranian regulations.

136

7.9.8 The Project Management Unit has drawn up a detailed Environmental ManagementPlan which includes mitigation measures to epsure that the defined objectives of theTehran Sewage Project are achieved whilst preventing or minimizing any potentiallyadverse environmental impacts. Tables 2 and 3 provide a summary of mitigationmeasures for the major environmental issues as discussed below. The mitigationmeasures are to be carried out by the Construction Contractor and STP Operator withsupervision by TSC. Also. QA/QC monitoring wvill be performed bv the DOE.

Other Mitigation Measures

7.9.9 The general disruption during construction will be mitigated by coordinatedplanning of construction activities. This will include coordination with theauthorities from the municipalitv, transport. police, electricity, telephones. gas, andwater supply before commencing construction activities. Appropriate permits willalso be obtained. The other adverse impacts during the construction phase, namelynoise. vibration and dust will be mitigated by the careful design of the Project andadoption of Good Practices. These will include providing wind breakers and wettingof spoil to prevent fugitive dust emissions w here appropriate: limiting noisyactivities to dav time and providing mufflers to minimize noise nuisance; workersafety measures such as wearing overalls, safetv hats. work boots. and gloves;controlling traffic and placing warning signs at construction sites: and securing thesites (especially where trenches are cut) by fences, brick, or prefabricated partitionwalls. The contract documents will include requirements for these measures tominimize disturbance from construction activities and will be monitored everydayby the Environmental Safety Officer (ESO) to ensure contractor's compliance.

7.9.10 Liaison arrangements will be established between the public, contractors, and theProject Management Unit. A procedure has been established to allow the generalpublic to lodge complaints at the Project Management Unit about excessivedisturbance due to construction.

7.9.11 The contractor will provide suitable and reliable equipment for construction, with aformal maintenance program established to ensure efficient operations. The TSC willdevelop and establish suitable procedures for the operation and maintenance of theSewage treatment Plant. The employees will get appropriate training. Training inemergency procedures and occupational health & safety will be provided for allemployees of the contractor and the TSC. Suitable safety equipment will also beprovided.

7.9.12 Odors from the treatment plant will be minimized (scrubbers will be provided onvents, where needed) by careful planning and implementation of the plant operationand maintenance. The established buffer zone wvill ensure that the visual, noise andodor impacts are acceptable. Solid waste from the STP will be disposed of in anenvironmentally acceptable manner in a municipal landfill.

7.9.13 The Environmental Protection Guards of the DOE will establish and impiementformal programs for the monitoring of discharges to the environment from theSewage Treatment Plant and industry: treated sludges: surface water: soil: andagriculture produce from the Varamin Plain. wvith set procedures in the event of

137

noncompliance. It will develop a system of controls on discharges to the Firouzabadand Sorkhe Hessar canals. The DOE has developed and implemented standards forthe control of industrial discharges to the environment. DOE will also develop andimplement the standards for the control of industrial discharges to the proposedsewer svstem under the technical assistance component of the project. Noconnections will be given to industries that may discharge toxics (such as heavymetals includinp cadmium) which mav impact the performance of STP or whosedischarge is not expected to meet the pretreatment limits which will be based on theWorld Bank's Environmental Guidelines mentioned in the "Pollution Prevention andAbatement Handbook" after taking into account the reduction in concentrationexpected at STP. To monitor this and other projects. DOE has equipped threelaboratories where currently 6 people are emploved and it is planned to employ 4more. Tehran sewage project would require 8 persons at the laboratorv located insouthem STP.

7.9.14 TSC will establish *and implement formal programs for the monitoring of rawsewage, operational parameters. treated effluent and sludge at the Sewage TreatmentPlant. and industrial discharges to the sewer. The TSC will develop educationprograms and advisory services for the industrial sector in conjunction with the DOE.

7.9.15 TSC will also provide secure fencing along the first 2 km of the Tehran-VararninCanal starting from the Sewage Treatment Plant to ensure that dis-infection iscomplete and public health is protected.

7.9.16 The Ministry of Health will conduct a public hygiene education campaign to reducethe incidence of solid waste entering the sewer system. This includes video and TVprogram and distribution of literature such as leaflets and brochures.

7.9.17 The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Cooperation (MARC) wvill establish andimplement formal programs for monitoring the quality of agricultural produce andhealth of livestock located on the Varamin Plain. with set action procedures in theevent of deterioration in qualitv. It will review agricultural and irrigation practices onthe Varamin Plain in light of effluent and sludge reuse and develop educationprograms (including advisory services) for the farmers on the Varamin Plain.

7.9.18 The TRWB and the DOE will evaluate groundwater resources and qualitv in theVaramin Plain and develop legislation for controlling the quality of recharge togroundwater.

7.10 Implementation Schedule and Cost estimates

7.10.1 The implementation of Environmental Management Plan (comprising of mitigation,monitoring, and institutional building measures) would require an investment ofabout US $2 million (US $1.5 million for additional treatment to control treatedeffluent quality, US $0.32 million for establishing a laboratory, and US $0.18 millionfor capacity building including training). In addition, US $0.14 million would berequired annually for operation and maintenance (O & M) of the proposedinvestments in environmental mitigation and monitoring measures. This includes US$0. I million for annual costs for 0 & M of environmental activities ($40,000 for 5

138

laboratory staff. $60,000 for utilities. laboratorv chemicals. supplies, andmaintenance. and $10.000 for training). Allthese have been included in the projectcosts.

7.10.2 It is anticipated that the project will be effective in 2000, by which time alldocuments and approval procedures would be ready and contracts signed. Theconstruction will start in late 2000 and is likelv to be completed by the Year 2005.

7.10.3 Many of the measures described in Sections 7.1 to 7.8 will be carried out by thevarious bodies concerned and these costs have been budgeted:

- evaluation and review of standards and legisiation:- liaison between the PMU and services: and- public health education.

Costs Included in the Contracts

7.10.4 The following items will be included in the construction contract prices:

- measures to minimize disturbance to the public due to noise, vibration anddust;

- traffic diversions:- training of employees in emergency procedures. health and safety, and- provision of safety equipment.

Costs to the TSC

7.10.5 Costs to the TSC for the following items have been incluudd in [he calculating netpresent value of the project:

- operational monitoring of the STP at the on-site laboratory;- establishment of operation and maintenance procedures:- training of employees in emergencv procedures. environmental

management.- health and safety; and- provision of safety equipment

Costs to the DOE

7.10.6 The following items are not included in the estimated project cost and these will becovered in a separate technical assistance package:

- monitoring and inventory of industrial discharges to the environment,estimated at 40 million Rials per year (employing 4 drivers, 6 laboratorystaff and 2 clerks);

- provision of advice to the industrial sector in treatment of wastewaters,estimated at 4 million Rials per year (employing one chemist);

139

- monitoring of treated effluent and sludge from the STP and soil qualityon the Varamin Plain estimated at 40 million Rials per year (one chemist,8 laboratorv staff. 2 drivers and one clerk); and

- training of DOE employees in environmental management, monitoring,and health & safetv.

Costs to the Ministry ofAgriculture and Ruiral Co-operation

7.10.7 The proposed Varamin Plain Unit of the MARC will require approximately 48million Rials per year (one manager. 10 technicai staff. and 3 clerks in addition tothose currentlv emploved by the TRWB).

140

8.0 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK TO IMPLEMENT ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 Policies, Legislation and Standards

Existing Framework

8.1.1 The existing legislative and institutional framewvork has been described in section 4.The intention of this review is to propose their reinforcement where necessary.

Policies and Plans

8.1.2 In order for the Government of Iran to formulate plans for the further developmentof the City of Tehran. the formulation of appropriate national policies relating towater supply and wastewater treatment and disposal would be beneficial. Byrealisticallv elaborating on the goals of the Government. these policies wouldindicate the direction of future development and wouid provide a framework forrelevant legislation.

8.1.3 In order to optimize the positive economic and environmental benefits of the projectand the sewage svstem protected from overloading, the requirements of the TehranSewage Project will be incorporated into the next revision of the Urban Master Planfor Tehran.

8.1.4 This Urban Master Plan will take account of proposed infrastructure developmentincluding this project, the Metro system and other policy initiatives, and set outareas for proposed development and redevelopment. It will also establish bufferzones around the proposed STP and other associated facilities.

Legislation

8.1.5 While there is a bodv of legislation bearing on the construction and operation of theproject. it is essential that this is comprehensive and that all environmental aspects ofthe project are properly addressed. Areas to be included are: sewage collection andtreatment and the tariffs attached thereto: construction control; waste disposal;surface water pollution; groundwater pollution. trade effluent discharges; agriculturalusage of treated sewage and sludge; and occupational health and safety.

8.1.6 All existing legislation has been reviewed and an institutional strengthening programhas been planned to achieve appropriate institutional support. In addition to this, it isrecommended that encompassing legislation, or a Consolidation Act be developed bythe Govemment of Iran to link the existing legislation. Legislation governing the useof sludge in agriculture will be developed by the Ministry of Agriculture, theMinistrv of Health. and the DOE.

141

Standards

8.1.7. Properly managed, the use of standards will ease the detection and control of anyfuture pollution. as well as defining operational requirements for the SewageTreatment Plant and local industry. All standards relating to the project have beenreviewed and realistic and achievable targzets have been set. with due reference givento the end use. These w ill be evaluated at regular intervals and modified asappropriate. Additionai standards will also be developed to provide targets for areasnot currently covered. Standards will exist for the qualitv of potable water,groundwater. surface water. trade effluent discharges. treated effluent and treatedsewage sludge.

Guidelines

8.1.8 The implementation of the project will create areas of uncertaintv for certain sectorsof the communitv. and the provision of guidelines will ease this in many cases. Byrecommending procedures in the industrial sector for occupational health and safety,housekeeping and the treatment and monitoring of wastes at source. and in theagricultural sector for the application of treated effluent and sludge and healthpractices. valuable assistance will be given in a supportive manner. The provision ofguidelines for the community in sanitation and public health would assist in a morerapid transition to a cleaner environment overall. and will be a priority.

8.1.9 In addition to the project-related guidelines, it is advisable to reinforce the nationalguidelines for environmental assessments in their progressive application inevaluating project impacts. This will provide a framework for future monitoring ofimpacts and allows the project results to be evaluated.

8.2. Overview of Responsibilities

8.2.1 There are many different aspects to the administration of the project and theorganization must be structured with minimal complexity and have . htforwardlines of communication. It is also essential that the budget anu levei of authorityattached to each relevant department or unit truly reflect its resDonsibilities. Theproposed responsibilities of the various bodies involveu in the Tehrmn SewerageProject are shown in Table 8. 1.

8.2.2 The TSC is to be responsible for the implementation of the Tehran Sewerage Project,that is the design of works, supervision of ce.1tractors. oneration of the STP andensuring that measures to mitigate adverse environrne- .i impacts are carried out. Itwill regulate discharges to the sewerage system and charge for them. It will informthe public on the use of the sewerage system. It is to establish a Project ManagementUnit (PMU) to implement the project.

8.2.3 The DOE (Tehran Province) is to monitor the project impacts during the constructionand operation phases. It will set standards for effluent discharges to the seweragenetwork from domestic and industrial sources. prohibiting those which exceed thestandards. It-will also monitor and regulate effluent and sludge from the STP.

142

Table 8.1 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIESTEHRAN SEWERAGE COMPANY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT (DOE) MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL

CO-OPERATION (MARC)Project illintgemienit Untit Strategic Un,it (proposed)* Supervision of design of sewerage and * Development and implementation of Strategic I arauinin Plhi,li it

Southern Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) Monitoring Plan * Development ol strategies for the re-use of* Supervision of contractors . Establishmenit and review of environmenital treated efflueit and sludge on the Varamin l'iain. Formulation of plan of measures to mitigate standards for industrial effluent discharges to the * Monitorinig crop produictioni and crop quality on

adverse impacts network. the Varamini lPlain* Ensuring that ilitigation mieasures are carried * PrlovisioI ol advice lor Varamin Plain farners

out Environnenteal P'rotection Guardis on the safe and efficient re-use of treated. Commissioning of thie S'VP . Monitoring of construction impacts and effluent and slidgeSewerage Operations Dept. enforcement of restrictions* Operations and maintenance of the sewer . Monitoring of treated effluent and sludge from

network the SiP with enforcement of standards MINISTIRY OF HEALTHSewage Trentcltetit Plauit Operations Dept. * Monitoring industrial discharges to tile(proposed,) environimient * Monitor public health for disease associated* Operations and mainitenanice of the STP, effluent * Enforcement of environmental discharge with the project, especially these associated

re-tise and sludge re-use standards or connection to the sewerage system reuse of slidge and treated efflueit with in. Monitoring and laboratory analysis of raw agrictilttire.

sewage, final cffluent and operational Laboratories * Conduction ol a public health edticationparameters . Analysis of STP eflluents, sludge, soils anid campaign.

industrial effluent discharges. * Implementation of a programme of' nassTradle WJ'aste Operations Dept. (proposed) chemilothierapy to combatl helintilic disease* Monitoring of industrial discharges to sewer Public Relations Office* Establishnient and enforcement of limits on . Informing the public on the need to avoid

in(dustrial dischiarges to sewer pollutioni TEIIRAN REGIONAL WATER 1BOAIDI). Provisioni of advice to industry on methiods of

pre-treatmenit of industrial wastewaters Eu,vironi,i,ental Education Bureau * Mon itoritig of groundwater resour-ces hbeneatIC()stoitner serices Dept. (Operationss) * Provision of advice to industry on pre-treatment the Varamin Plain.* Collectionl of fees from domestic, iidtistrial of industrial wastewater to be discharged to the

customers aind dealing with any queries sewer. * Monitor-inig of graoundwater quality beneatli theP'ublic Relations Dept. Varamin Plain.* Informing the public about correct use of the * Monitoring of surfice water (Sorkhe - lesar and

sewerage system Firoozabad Canals) in Varamin and Tellran.* Responding to complaints from the public about

disturbance

8.2.4 The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation (MARC) is to supervise an(dregulate the re-use of treated effluent and sludge on the Varamin Plain. It willmonitor crop qualitv and production. It will inform the farmers about safe andproductive methods of re-use of effluent and sludoe from the STP.

8.2.5 The Ministrv of Health is to conduct an education campaign to inform the publicabout general aspects of public health relating to sanitation. hvgiene. and pollutionand a mass chemotherapy campaign to reduce the incidence of helminthic diseases.

8.2.6 The TRWB is to be responsible for the monitorine. evaluation. and use of th:!groundwater resources in the Varamin Plain.

8.3 Involvement of the TSC

8.3.1 The role of TSC is described in Section 4.2.

Project.Management Unit

8.3.2 The structure of the PMU will include the follovwing functions:

- Design and ProcurementTo provide detailed design and contracts for the sewerage network. the STP, effluentand sludge re-use facilities.

- ImplementationTo ensure that the works are implemented satisfactorily, on schedule. and wvithin theallocated budget.

- EnvironmentalTo implement the Environmental Management Plan including the specific mitigativemeasures and monitor for the parameters listed.

8.3.3 It is recognized that the PMU may perform the above activities itself or employ otheragencies to under-take them.

Operations

8.3.4 The Operations Division of the TSC is currently made up of seven departments.

8.3.5 The Sewerage Operations and Maintenance Department will be responsible foroperation of the sewerage network. A new Sewage Treatment Plant and LaboratoriesDepartment will be established within the TSC Operations Division for operation ofthe Southern STP and other STPs in Tehran. since there are many differencesbetween the operations of sewerage systems and sewage treatment plants. This willalso be responsible for operational monitoring of the STP as described in 7.7.

8.3.6 A new Trade Waste Department will also be established within TSC OperationsDivision to fulfill the responsibilities for industrial discharge regulation described in

144

Section 7.6. This will monitor industrial dischar2es to the sewer network utilizingeither its own laboratories or those of the Sevwage Treatment Plants and LaboratoriesDepartment. It will set charges for industrial customers and impose limits necessaryto protect the STP. Its staff will have the power to enter industrial premisesdischarging to the sewer network. It will advise on suitable methods of pretreatmentof industrial wastewaters prior to discharze to sewer.

8.3.7 The existing Customer Services Department (also part of the TSC OperationsDivision) will collect fees from domestic and industrial users of the seweragesystem.

8.4 Involvement of the DOE

8.4.1 The existing structure of the DOE and its responsibilities are described in Sections4.2 and 4.3.

Environmental Prolection Guar(ds

8.4.2 The responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Guards are to be widened and itis proposed that the division is strengthened. In particular. new sections will need tobe established to regulate disturbance due to construction (noise, vibration and dust)and to monitor and regulate discharges from industrial sources. The industrialpollution section will need to set up a database in order to regulate all industrialsources and their connection to sewer, as described in Sections 7.6 and 7.7.

8.4.3 The Environmental Protection Guards will require appropriate authority andadequate resources to be effective, the enforcing procedures must be clearly definedwith effective penalties in order to achieve a standardized approach that is consistentthroughout industry. The unit's role in licensins and monitoring discharges to theenvironment will, however, be a co-operative one. with emphasis on close liaisonwith industrv.

Laboratories

8.4.4 The project will bring about not only an increase in the workload of the Laboratoriessection. but also a broadening of its scope. For this reason, the DOE may have to usethe laboratories of the Raazi Institute and the Soil and Water Institute in Tehran inaddition to its own. The DOE will conduct an assessment of the analyticalrequirements of the Tehran Sewage Project as soon as possible, in order that facilitiescan be expanded where necessary.

8.4.5 For the whole monitoring process to be effective. it is essential that independentquality checks be made. Quality of results is an essential requirement and suitablequality control procedures and checking of results will be included in the dailyoperation of the laboratories as a matter of course. Suitable laboratories will bereviewed with respect to their equipment needs and supplies, and developedappropriately. All appropriate analyses must be available in Iran, with minimaldependence placed on foreign laboratories.

145

Strategic Un7it of the DOE

8.4.6 It is recommended that the DOE develop and implement a Strategic Monitoring Planin order to assess the progress of the project. This is discussed in Section 9.0. TheDOE wvill also develop and review appropriate environmental standards andregulations covering noise. disturbance. effluent discharges. re-use and other aspectsof the project. Since the Environmental Protection Guards' role is day-to-daymonitoring and enforcement of regulations. it is proposed that a separate StrategicUnit be established within the DOE at the same level as the Environmental ProtectionGuards. Its roie will be to formulate technical poiicy and perform strategicmonitoring.

8.5 Institutional Needs of the Ministrv of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation

8.5.1 It is recommended that the Ministrv of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation establisha Varamin Plain Unit to manage irrigation water & sludge properly; to ensure thetechnically correct and safe use of effluent and sludge; to monitor soil & produce;and to provide advice to farmers in order to realize the full potential of the scheme.The Unit could be formed from existing TRWB personnel responsible for themanagement of the agricultural area. with additional staff. The general manager ofthe Unit will be responsible for provision of the following services:

- Water supply management,- Water quality monitoring;- Scheme maintenance:- Sludge supply and monitoring;- Field canal development;- Advice service for farmers (agricultural extension service);- Veterinary services:- Agricultural inputs:- Land leveling services: and- Field irrigation development

8.6 Establishment of a Project Liaison Comnmittee

8.6.1 The effective implementation of the projecL and assoc X.ed health protectionmeasures requires the involvement of severr! Governme.a agencies and Ministries.To this end the Ministry of Energy will e ablish a Tehran Sewage Project LiaisonCommittee. The chair of the Commir e is plar" a to be the Deputy Minister ofMunicipal Water & Sewerage Affairs in the :. ;lister of Energy. Its members will berepresentatives of the following organizations:

- The Project Management Uni;- The Tehran Province Water and Sewage Company;- The Ministry of Energy;- The Environmental Protection Guards for the Tehran province;- The Strategic Unit of the Department of Environment:- The Tehran Regional Water Board:

146

- Tehran municipalitv:- Local regions of Tehran served by the project:- The Varamin Plain Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture and RuralCooperation,

- The Ministrv of Agriculture and Rural Cooperation:- The Ministry of Education and Culture:- The Ministry of Health:- The Ministry of Housing;- The Ministrv of Industry;- The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs:- The Ministry of Post and Telephones:- The Ministrv of Roads and Transportation:- The Planning and Budget Organization:- Electricity Board:- Gas Company,- Transport Police:- The veterinary offices of Varamin and Ray towns: and- The Farmers' Council of the Varamin Plain.

8.6.2 The function of the Liaison Committee will be to minimize adverse impacts of theproject on other services. other interests and the public. This will minimizeinterference with project progress due to external factors. The Committee will beresponsible for project coordination. The full committee will meet at least once every6 months: most liaison will take place through several sub-committees, each dealingwith a major aspects of the project. The roles of the sub-committees are describedbelow.

Planning Sub-Committee

8.6.3 The PMU will coordinate project activities with the Municipanty of Tehran, localregions of Tehran. the water supply departTr .. of the TCC. electricity and gassupply services. the Ministry of Housing, t' .1inistrv r' I'ost and Telephones. theMinistry of Roads and Transportation, Metro. and t'.; ifanisport police. This will aimto minimize interference with other services and involve the following:

1. co-ordinate planning of traffic diversions and restrictions in accordance withthe construction program, with advance warnings to the affected residents:

2. setting up the required regulations for building drainage and associatedworks;

3. obtaining approval to lay sewers in public roads:4. ensuring that the manhole covers and tunnel access shafts do not obstruct

any future works;5. inspection and approval of building drainage: and6. ensuring that the project is taken into account when developing plans for new

housing development.

147

Agricultural Sub-committee

8.6.4 The TSC will coordinate project activities wvith the Varamin Plain Unit of theMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation. the MARC. the veterinary offices ofVaramin and Ray towns and the Farrners' Council of the Varamin Plain. This willinvolve the following:

- enforcement of crop restrictions:- testing the feasibilitv of crop restrictions in a trial area. since there is no

local experience of them at present:- monitoring soil quality:- promoting suitable effluent irrigation and sludge, re-use practices to

minimize health risks to agricultural workers: and- setting up of regulations for periodic monitoring of soils and putting limitson effluent and sludge reuse.

8.6.5 The PMU will coordinate project activities with the TSC and the Ministrv of Laborand Social Affairs as appropriate. This will involve the following:

- reviewing health and safetv practices on the project:- inclusion of primarv health care in the existing operational safetyregulations; and

- setting down employers' responsibilities in occupational health &safety matters.

Public Health Sub-committee

8.6.6 The .TSC will coordinate project activities with :ef DOE. aie Ministry of Educationand Culture, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Health. This willinvolve the following:

- public health education campaigns:- education in schools about personal hvgiene, the prevention of pollution

and the Tehran Sewage Project itself;- setting up measures to reduce exposure of the public and project workers

to diarrhea and parasitic diseases;- providing hygiene education for crop producers, handlers and consumers;

and- treating agricultural workers and their families for intestinal helminthic

infections, when needed.

Industrial Sub-Committee

8.6.7 The TSC wvill coordinate project activities with the DOE and the Ministry ofIndustry. This will involve the following:

- including environmental provisions in the issuing and renewal oflicenses for industrial works and setting effluent discharee limits:

- encouraging good housekeeping and clean technology;

148

- providing information to the DOE on premises violating theregulations:

- co-ordination of advice services to industrv- providing facilities and know-how to industries for substitution to less

polluting chemicals: and- co-ordination of the use of discharge standards to reduce pollution and

minimize waste production.

8.7 Institutional Needs

8.7.1 The existing institutional framework relating to sewage treatment. control ofenvironmental pollution. industrial discharges and the reuse of effluent and sludgehas been reviewed with the intention of using existing institutions where possible andproposing their reinforcement, where necessary. A summarv of the training program(presented in Table 8.2) for reinforcing the skills of the project team (comprising ofabout 50 staff members) will be prepared.

8.7.2 While the Environmental Protection Guards of the DOE are to perform regularmonitoring, the DOE has also established a Strategic Unit to develop environmentalstandards. to review legislation. and to implement the Strategic Monitoring Plan.

8.7.3 The Ministry of Agriculture is to establish a Varamin Plain Unit to manage the reuseof treated effluent and sludge in agriculture. This will involve providing advice tofarmers and monitoring agriculture produce to ensure that reuse practices areconsidered acceptable as per EU/WHO/FAQ guidelines.

8.7.4 A Tehran Sewerage Project Liaison Committee has been establi-hed with the DeputyMinister of Municipal Water & Sewage Affairs in the Mini -y of Energy as its Chairto allow liaison and coordination between the Projec: N,anagement Unit, the TSCand relevant government & other agencies on as n'.d basis. These agenciesinclude: the DOE, MARC (the Varamin P': - ;an Municipality, variousministries including Ministry of Industr Lh. Ministrv of Interior,Ministrv of supply services. The proiect co . meet at least once every 6months. Subcommittees will deal with nn.- ., relating to planning, agriculture,working conditions. public hea.I.A. and indu:trv.

149

I

Table 8.2 Training Program

1 Persons to be trained Duration Subject

2 Operation and maintenance staff 1 day / year Occupational health & safety procedures

3 Construction staff 1 day / year Occupational health & safety procedures

4 Operation and maintenance (O & 8 weeks Environmental management/O&M of treatmentM) staff 8wes plant

5 Environmental monitoring staff 1 week Environmental monitoring, QA & QC

6 Laboratory staff 1 week Sampling and analytical procedures, QA & QC

9.0 STRATEGIC MONITORING PLAN

9.1 Objectives of the Strategic Monitoring Plan

9.1.1 In order that the environmental effects of the proposed project are adequatelycontrolled bv the mitigation measures contained in the Management Plan ofMitigation Measures set out in Sections 7.' to 7.7 it will be necessary for theproposed Strategic Unit of the DOE to prepare a formal Strategic Monitoring Plan.

9.1.2 The objectives of this plan are:

- review the baseline data;- indicate changing environmental conditions:- identifv impacts of the project as they occur:- identify and unforeseen aspects requiring monitoring, mitigative measures

or institutional changes: and- recommend amendments to the Environmental Management Plan

including impact mitigation measures.

9.1.3 Strategic monitoring will need to be undertaken at different levels. and at differentstages of the project in order to be effective. The DOE will produce periodic reviewreports throughout the life of the project. These will be prepared at 6 monthlyintervals. Regular costs will be incurred in the production of the review reports.These reports must be of good quality and therefore suitable facilities for theproduction of them must be readily available.

9.2 Strategic Monitoring by the Department of Environment

9.2.1 The proposed section of the DOE to be developed to consider strategic matters, theStrategic Unit (described in Section 9.4) will monitor the effects of the project andreview the Management Plan of Mitigation Measures, producing regular reports forthe Minister of Energy and the Governor of Tehran.

9.2.2 It will review the effectiveness of the Management Plan including the impactmitigation measures. in particular the following:

- the revision of legislation to improve environmer- . protection;- measures to minimize disturbance due io construction such as noise,

vibration, dust and traffic disrupt on:- regulatory environmental monitoring 'y the Environmental Protection

Guards;- development of monitoring and re-use strategies by the Varamin Plain

Unit of the Ministry of Agricuiture and Rural Co-operation;- the complaints system for the public;- liaison through the Tehran Sewerage Project Liaison Committee:- occupational health and safety training and emergency procedures for

construction and operation;- public health education bv the Ministry of Health:

151

- control of industrial discharges by the Environmental Protection Guardsand the TSC: and

- the water conservation and waste minimization program.

9.2.3 The report will review baseline information and summarize the results of monitoringbv the Environmental Protection Guards. It will review the performance of thesewerage svstem the STP and the re-use svstems. and recommend changes wherestandards are not conformed to. It will also collate, review and disseminate theresults of the followving monitoring activities. relating them to the project:

- monitoring of groundwater resources by the TRWB:- monitoring of agricultural activities in the Varamin Plain by the Varamin

Plain Unit of the Ministrv of Agriculture and Rural Cooperation:- monitoring of general public health and disease rates in Tehran Province

by the Ministry of Health; and- monitoring of standards of living. population growth. and urban

development bv various government departments.

152

10.0 INTERAGENCY CO-ORDINATION AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

10.1 Consultation with Other Governmental Agencies

10.1.1 Other government organizations consulted by the TSC over project-related issues were:

- the Environmental Protection Organization: the Planning and BudgetOrganization:

- the Headquarters of Water and Soil in Tehran Province:- the lrrization Office of Varamin:- Tehran municipalitv: and- public health authorities:

Issues Discussed With Healt/ Authtorities

10.1.2 Consultation with the public health authorities of the affected areas covered thefollowing issues:

- the improvement of personal hvgiene and public health:- the need for effective control of disease transmission in the Varamin Plain

and Shahr-e-Rev:- the control of transmission of diseases such as antnrax among livestock in

the area:- the measures to decrease health risks to farrners and consumers, such as

health education and washing of vegetables K _re use:- measures to control helminthic diseases and livestock diseases,- the necessity for farm workers to wear boots. and obligation of employers:,

and- the necessitv of public awareness and education in the Varamin area.

Issues Discussed Witht Agricultural Autlhorities

10.1.3 The following points have been discussed with the agricultural authorities:

- the need for rimore water in Varamin Plain:- the need for cleaner water in the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals;- the need for mitigation measures such as controlling heavy metals in soils

and crops and monitoring by the Soil Research Center;- the need for leveling of farmland for more effective irrigation:- the need for efficient leveling machinervy and- the need for agricultural extension services in Varamin to monitor long term;

adverse impacts of the project.

10.2 Consultation with Non-Governmental Organizations

10.2.1 An environmental assessment group comprising individuals with specialist knowledgeand experience have organized and held a number of meetings to consult affectedgroups and obtain comments from local non-governmental organizations. The

153

complaints about the present situation and concerns about the project were thenreviewed by the group.

10.2.2 The non-governmental organizations consulted were:

- the Farmers' Council:- the Veterinary offices of Varamin and Rav towns:- independent agronomists;- environmental researchers; the Monthlv Farmer (Keshavarz) magazine:- independent public health engineers:- the National Iranian Oi l Company:- independent experts in air. soil and water:- the Co-operative Organization of Farmers in Varamin Area:- the Islamic council of farmers in Shahr-e-Rev:- owners of livestock in Varamin Plain: vegetable producers in Shahr-e-Rey;- the local religious council for southern districts of Tehran:- the local council of farmers in Eshghabad and Chaleh Tarkhan: and- various university professors and other experts.

Viewpoints of Non-Governmental Organizations

10.2.3 From the meetings which have been held to date. and the opinions collected fromvarious bodies and individuals, the views of Non-Governmental Organizations can beemphasized as follows.

- The implementation of the sewerage project should commence as soon aspossible.

- The project has been promised by the Government. bu: irnt implemented, for20 years.

- The standards of management. pipe laving. construction and monitoringshould be of the highest qualitv.

- The need for institutional strengther of all ..ncies at the provinciallevel.

- The need for institutional strengthening oG the new water and sewagecompanies.

- The need for proper envirom.'.iental ' .. agement of the project.- The need for more action rather :..an continued endless. exhaustive study and

hesitation.- The need for inter-agencv co-ordination and training, education and public

awareness.- Technology transfer is essential for training of staff at all levels.

Concerns of Farmers

10.2.4 Several meetings were held with farmers and agricultural organizations and the followingissues were discussed:

- the improvement to the environment if the project were implemented:

154

the negative and positive impacts of usina treated sludge as a soilconditioner.the impacts of reuse of treated effluent on the Varamin Plain,the positive impact of the project on the future water quality of theFirouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals:the recharge of groundwater in Varamin Plain and solution to the problem ofover-pumping:the farmers awareness of possible water logging problems and how to usesludge;the awareness of children using the water from irrigation canals forrecreation: andthe public hazard from children and livestock gaining access to pollutedcanals and the need for mitigation measure to reduce these risks.

10.2.5 The views and concerns of farmers were recorded and assessed. They can be summarized asfollows:

- The farmers of Shahr-e-Rey emphasized the importance of treatingFirouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals.

- Farmers are concerned about heavy metal pollution of soil and crops leadingto the avoidance by consumers of crops grown in the area. To date,mitigation measures such as using groundwater sources for irrigatingvegetable crops have not convinced consumers of their safety.

- The farmers insisted that the qualitv of effluent should be of acceptablequality to protect their reputation.

- The farmers welcomed the reuse of treated sludge as a soil conditioner sincethe sludges which some of them use at present from Firouzabad and SorkheHessar canals have produced good results.

- They are, however, concerned about the risks of using sludge, particularlyheiminthic diseases and toxic effects of heavy metals.

- Farmers of Shahr-e-Rev argue that the pollution of Firouzabad and SorkheHessar canals is not their fault, and believe that their ri ght to clean irrigationwater has been affected by the irresponsibilitv of the inhabitants of Tehran.

10.3 Other Consultations

103.1 The Environmental Assessment team have taken full advantage Of re.ecnt seminars andsymposia on environmental issues, pollution and water resources to address the public oneffects of the project.

10.3.2 The Second Intemational Conference on Environmental Planning and Management(ICOEM-92) was held in Tehran from April 26 to 28. 1992. The audience were briefed on theproject. and the possible effects on the public, consumers and farmers of the present situationof sewage disposal in Tehran. The lecture was given by Dr Imandel, a member of theenvironmental assessment team.

10.3.3 A seminar on "Survey of the Water and Sewage in Big Cities of Iran" was held in Shirazfrom 13 to 14 May, 1992. and included a lecture on the project bv Engineer Maleki, aconsultant to the environmental assessment team.

155

10.3.4 In addition the TSC and Ray-Ab organized a campaian of public awareness via the massmedia which took place in July 1992. A film of present sewage disposal problems was shownon TV, together with information on public health and the likelv impacts of the project. Theproject has also been discussed in the radio program "Safetv in the Family", which has alarge, mainlv female. listeners.

Public consultations will continue throuohout the life of the project.

10.4 Public Participation

10.4.1 Numerous non-governmental organizations and independent experts were consulted over theperiod Januarv to June 1992 and from 1999 onwards. The common view held was that theProject should be implemented as soon as possible and without further protracted studies ordelays. A need was expressed for strengthening of the new water and sewage companies and allagencies at provincial level. There was a concern that the Project should be managed in anenvironmentallv acceptable wav and the need for inter-agencv coordination. training, publicawareness. high qualitv construction. monitoring. and good management was widely seen.Recently held public meeting also confirned these views. Surveys of stakeholders includingaffected residents, industries, and farmers have also been conducted and their suggestionsnoted.

10.4.2 The farmers of Tehran and Varamin Plains emphasized the need to improve the surface waterqualitv in the canals of Tehran. the waters from which are used in agriculture despite theircontamination. They welcomed the use of treated sludge as a soil conditioner provided thatconsumers of their crops are reassured of their safety.

10.4.3 Details of the Project have been presented at several recent conferences (including one in April1999), seminars, and TV & radio campaigns of public awareness. Public consultation andinformation campaigns will continue throughout the life of the Project.

10.4.4 The appendix presents a summary of discussions in a Public Meeting held recently in April1999. The public meeting discussed the project objectives: project de..ription: alternatives tothe project and alternate design options available. major enI -mental issues and mitigatorymeasures available; and feedback from the public. The ma: reedback from r ie public was thatthe project is urgently needed, it should be executed in good qualitv ..signs. govemmentagencies should coordinate with each other. and TS'. s capacitv snovlc! ' enhanced to meet theproject needs. These suggestions have been noted and act:ons o01 them, planned.

156

11.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

11 1 The Tehran Sewerage Project will provide sewerage and sewage treatment for the city ofTehran. a citv with a present population of about 8 million. Treated sewage effluent andsludge from the proposed sewage treatment plants will be utilized in agriculture.

11.2 Once operational. most of the impacts of the project will be positive. The Project will cause asignificant improvement in the chemical. biological and microbiological qualitv of polluteclsurface waters in Tehran. This will lead to considerable public health benefits for thepopulation of Tehran. in particular a reduction in the incidences of water-related diseases,There will be consequent benefits to amenitv. the indigenous people south of Tehran usint;polluted surface waters and the Kavir Protected Area through which these waters eventuallyflow. The project will be accompanied bv a hvgiene education program.

I 1.3 The discontinuation of the use of sewage wells will prevent the contamination of groundwaterwith nitrates and micro-organisms. Groundwater levels within the citv are expected to fallreducing damage to buildings and services.

11 .4 The use of treated effluent and sludge for agriculture in the Varamin Plain will lead toincreased crop production. a reduction in dependence on artificial fertilizers and a moreassured supply of irrigation water. allowing an expansion of the cropped area from 35,000 to50,000 hectares. Competition for water with demands for potable water for Tehran will alsobe eased.

11.5 Any potentially adverse impacts from the use of treated effluent for agriculture andgroundwater recharge will be mitigated by the setting up of a formalized. efficient and regularmonitoring program to check effluent and sludge quality. There is a possibility, given theproposed sl,udge use application. that EU limit values for sludge use in agriculture forcadmium may be exceeded. Sources of cadmium within the city will be identified andquantified bv the DOE. Once identified. action will be taken to relocate these out of Tehran,or to ensure that their production of waste cadmium is separated out or minimized.

11.6 No data are available for existing heavy metal concentrations in the Varamin soils or possiblereductions in heavy metals discharges due to the planned relocation of industry. Programswill be established for the monitoring of these to enable the formulation of a safe sludgere-use strategy. The sludge will also, be subject to a quality monitoring program, and its userestricted to cereal and cotton crops.

11.7 Recharge of groundwaters on the Varamin Plain will increase resources, redressing the waterLI _I_...__.. 1- ^: .I 1. I . . X- .Ml- Ualaw J Lhii: UiU L.I; L4i1 I; hl. Ii Ilia 1£ LAUI. C.AfC.LLCU Lt I.)dUI'. ali UC;Li-Louatlofl

in the quality of Varamin Plain groundwater.

11.8 In comparison with the positive environmental impacts, the negative environmental impactswill be small and of concern mostly during the construction phase of the project. Adverseimpacts during construction are likely to be those of traffic congestion and disturbance to thegeneral public. Noise and vibration from construction activities will effect people andsensitive buildings, although these w ill only be temporary effects. The extent of these adverseimpacts will be minimized by the implementation of effective mitigation measures. presented

157

in this report. The project will have a positive impact on emplovment. resulting from, theincreased construction activities.

11.9 The general disruption durina construction will be mitigated bv co-ordinated planning ofconstruction activities involving the transport authorities. the police, and electricity,telephone. gas and water supply authorities at an earlv stage. The other adverse impactsduring the construction phase. namely noise. vibration. and dust will be mitigated by thecareful design of the Project and adoption of good working practices. The contract documentswvill include requirements for measures to minimize disturbance from construction activities.A procedure will be established to allow the general public to complain to the ProjectManagement Unit about excessive disturbance due to construction.

11.10 The contractor will provide suitable and reliable equipment for the construction of the project,with a formal maintenance program established to ensure efficient operations. The TSC willdevelop and establish suitable procedures for the operation and maintenance of the SewageTreatment Plant. and its employees trained in them. Training in emergencv procedures andoccupational health & safetv will be provided for all emplovees of the contractor and theTSC. Suitable safety equipment will also be provided.

11.11 The TSC will provide secure fencing along the first 2 km of the Tehran Canal to protectpublic health in case dis-infection is incomplete.

11.12 The activated sludge process is capable of reducing the concentration of intestinal nematodeparasite eggs to less than 1% of the concentration in the raw sewage entering the system. AUYNDP mission has indicated that based on analyses of sewage from a restricted area ofTehran. the process proposed is capable of producing an effluent which will comply with theWHO guidelines for intestinal nematode eggs in effluent to be used in irrigation. However,there is a lack of data to support this, specifically related to the proposed Sewage TreatmentPlant. From the outset of operation, a program of monitoring of effluent egg concentrationswill be instituted. The TSC will then review the data and plant operation. Additional treatmentwill be added (if required) to ensure compliance with the WHO guidelines.

11.13 The Environmental Protection Guards of the DOE will establish and implement formalprograms for the monitoring of discharges to the environment from the Sewage TreatmentPlant and industry, treated sludges, surface water quality, and soil quality in the VaraminPlain. with set procedures in the event of non-compliance with standards. It will develop asystem of controls on discharges into the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals. The DOEwill review and develop legislation and standards for the control of industrial discharges tothe environment and implement monitoring procedures and licensing of discharges. There isUi1k..ALIAi1LL .1UI UU1IU 6L, LAIC I di a C11J .,Ia LMLaiJsaluil II i ii ,ail. Liu. U u L u uiel-i-IS ill tile

past and a lack of recent monitoring. Arsenic will be monitored by the DOE as part of theabove program until its absence is demonstrated.

11.14 The TSC will establish and implement formal programs for the monitoring of raw sewage,operational parameters, treated effluent and sludge at the Sewage Treatment Plant andindustrial discharges to the sewerage network. The TSC will develop education programs andadvisorv services for the industrial sector with the DOE. The Operations Division of the TSCwill establish two new Departments: Sewage Treatment Plants and Laboratories for operation

158

and maintenance of sewage treatment plants: and Trade Waste to deal with industrialdischarges to sewer.

11.15 The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation will establish a Varamin Plain Unit toimplement formal programs for the monitoring of qualitv and quantitv of agricultural produceand the health of livestock located on the Varamin Plain. with set procedures in the event ofdeterioration. It will review agricultural and irrigation practices on the Varamin Plain in thelight of effluent and sludge re-use and develop education programs & advisory services fcrthe farners on the Varamin Plain.

11.16 A Tehran Sewage Project Liaison Committee is to be established to allow liaison anico-ordination betveen the PMU. the TSC, the DOE. the Varamin Plain Unit. the municipality,various ministries. transport authorities, and electricitv & gas supply services.Sub-committees will deal with planning, agriculture, working conditions. public health, andIindustry.

11.17 No relocation of people is expected to be necessary for the construction of the Project.Indigenous peoples, will not be adversely affected. The Project is not expected to haveadverse impacts on the economy: cultural sites: the biological environment: air pollution.;climate: or other development projects.

11.18 The option of continuing with current methods of sewage disposal in Tehran has also beenconsidered. Although this option would avoid the adverse temporary construction impacts ofa piped sewerage system, this option is rejected on the grounds of both economic cost andadverse long term environmental impacts. The NPV of the proposed Project is estimated at:592 billion Rials, taking into account charges to the public for sewerage and sewage treatmentand charges to farmers for treated effluent and sludge. The NPV of not implementing theProject is estimated at 709 billion Rials, due to the costs of provision of new sewage wells;provision of local sewage treatment plants where sewage wells cannot be used due to adverseground conditions; pumping to reduce groundwater levels: lost working days due tcowater-related diseases; medicines to combat intestinal parasites: the use of additional waterresources instead of treated effluent for irrigation, and the use of artificial fertilizers instead olftreated sludge. This approach would also perpetuate the current pollution, flooding, andlproblems of water resources and public health.

11.19 The proposed treatment process and the others are described in the separate "Review ofSewage Treatment Process Altematives" Report. Waste stabilization ponds and aeratedllagoons are rejected on the grounds of both economic cost and adverse environmentalimpacts. The oxidation ditch process is rejected on the grounds of economic cost.

11.20 Measures to encourage lower domestic and industrial water consumption and wasteproduction will be implemented. particularlv bv use of realistic water supplv and industria.ldischarge tariffs. This altemative would have environmental, and possibly economicsbenefits, but would not negate the need for the Stage I Southern Sewage Treatment Plant. II-successful, this could allow a revision of the Stage 2 requirements.

11.21 The overall conclusion to be drawn from this report is that the Tehran Sewerage Project should proceedat the earliest possible opportunity. providing relief for the citizens of Tehran from the presentunsatisfactory sewage lisposal situation.

159

12.0 LIST OF REFERENCES

1- Southern Sewage Treatment Plant Review of Sewvage Treatment ProcessAlternatives. Acer John Taylor and Ray-Ab Consulting Engineers.

2 - Pre-investment Survev of Sewerage Needs and Facilities in Tehran (Svolumes). Sir Alexander Gibb and Partners with John Taylor and Sons in associationwith Tehran Boston Engineers and Dr. Ing. Gh. R. Kuros (July 1975).

3 - E. C. Council Directive concerning urban wvaste water treatment fref-91/27 I/EEC). European Community (Mav 199 1).

4 - Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture andaquaculture. Prepared by Mara, D. and Caimcross. S. World Health Organization,Geneva (1989).

5 - Water Qualit for Agriculture. Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29, Revision 1. Foodand Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Rome (1985).

6 -Assistance to Tehran Sewage: Wasteivater treatment and reuse in Tehran.Report of a mission to Tehran by D. Mara and R. Stott. UNDP Project No1RA/851002 (May 1991).

7 - Integrated Planning of Irrigated Agriculture in the Varamin and Garmsar Plains.Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome (1970).

8 - E. C. Council Directive on the protection of the environment, and in particular thesoil, w'hen sewage sludge is used in agriculture (with amendment covering chromium)(ref. 86/278/EEC). European Community (1986).

9 - Guidelines for Drinking Water Qualitv. World Health Organization, Geneva(1983).

10 -Pilot plant study. Investigation of treatability of Firouzabad and Sorkhe HessarCanals Wastewvater. Ray-Ab Consulting Engineers (1990).

11 - E. C. Council Directive relating to the quality of *vater intended for humanconsumption. (Ref. 80/778/EEC) European Community (1980).

.j~.,n , , . . _, . _ ., LC T ... ; n .. . .: c r _f . r -... .n_ JL C 1 .i...C.-- - I.-s-u-X I Us I I- Lit vv 1y:E Ult/ .L u. -i"uar. .vs* VI anlu o:lI

Fertility Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Iran (1968).

13 -The heavy metals content of crops in south agricultural area of Tehran. Shariati etal.. Research Institute of Soil and Water (Iran) publication no.5, nos. 3 and 4 (1989).

TNanaSinkam\\StreetTalk\Projects a Files4 a \INA\IRAN\D\5216\SPN'chap7-ea.doc09/02/99 5:02 PNM

160

13.0 LIST OF TElHRAN SEWERAGE PROJECT E.NNVIRO.NNIE.NTALASSESSMENT PREP,APERS

Name Profession

Dr Krarnatalah Imandel Environmental HygienistM.r Moharnad Bahri-Kia Public Health EnginecrMr Ahrnad Babaci Water & Sewage LawyerMr Abas Hajihariri Water Treatment EngineerMr Ali Akbar Rajaci : Environmental ScientistMr Mahmood Roshan-Zamir Sewage Treatment EngineerDr Abas Sotodehnia Veterinary Vaccination ExpertMr Mohamad R Sharati aSoil ScientistMr Qazi Eiddan Pollution Researcher,Mr Aliakbar Qaforian Agriculrural EngineerMr Parviz Ghavarni HydrogeologistDr Ataolah Ghobadian AgronomistMr MNahmood Ghaheri : Industrial Sewage Treatment EngineerMr Bahram Kochekpoor Irrigation ExpertMUr Heruic Mainonian : Environmental ScientistMr Siroos Mahrnoodi : Chemical EngineerMr Ali Mohseni Sewage Treatment EngineerMrs Neshat Majd Water & Waste AnalystMr Farhad Sedigh DraughtsmnanMr Mechdi Emarni DraughtsmanC:) Mr C H Hayw ard Chartered Civil EngineerMr C J Davis Chartered Civil EngineerMr R W M Hoare Chartered Civil EngineerMr J Riden HydrogeologistDr J Farnworth AgronomnistMr D Clark : EconornistMr K M Keeley Environmental PlannerMr A F Godfree Public Health MicrobiologistMr J F Dolan Wastewater Engineer

RT-EDA-04230S Page 185 of 188

14.0 GGLOSSARY

14.1 Local Terms

Canal

Canal is a generic term used in Tehran to include open or enclosed channelsand watercourses conveying wastcwater and surface water. Somc canalsfollow the routes of old watercourses but in these circumstances substantiallengths have been regulanrzed and improved hydraulically.

Iube

Jubes are part of the traditional Iranian water distribution system and in areaswith no altemative water supply would normally comprise a comprehensivenetwork of interconnected channels capable of serving every property. InTcilran they are generally open channels, rectangular in section situatedadjacent to the carriageway and now perform the dual function of surfacewater drainage and the supply of irrigation water to the trees lining the streets.

Qanat

Qanats provided the principal source of unpolluted water before theconstruction of the potable water supply system. Their construction, bytraditional methods extending back over 2,000 years. is in the form of a lowgradient tunnel excavated from the required point of use until the water table isencountered where a collection system of horizontal shafts may beconstructed. The underground works can extend for several kilometres andthe penetration is normally sufficient to ensure that annual variations in watertable do not prevent the continuous supply of water.

Sewage welLs

Sewage wells are currently the most comrumon method of sewage disposal inTehran. These comprise a vertical shaft dug into the ground. at the bottom ofwhich is an enlarged chamber. Domestic and industrial wastewaters aredischarged into the wells, where the liquid portion evaporates or soaks awaywhile the solid portion accumulates and degrades in the well.

RT-EDA0423/05 Page 186 of 188

IBRD 30287

or a tn X -. _- --:- .n S.ne o - .

AoAMD - 7 *Telran 1

ISIAMIC REPIJBUC OF IRAIN x< IsLAMI LIC.A;W

TEHRAN SEWERAGE PROJECT. PROJECT LOCAllON . --

Ii|PROJKCT AREAS A ,9 _m

_ J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t.NE 1e999

.MAP PPCwI~

C O f ~~~~~~~~~~A&.AMIC REKJSWC OF IRAN

TEHRAN SEWERAGE PROJECTPROJECTLAYOU\T

m \Vx LL f/ (1 m I ~IV

> i ~ISLAMIC *EPUBLIC

I~~~ )I a Af Vi i

W .., ........... , '.- -;- I , .... . ,

. . ;-t . . . .2 F o W

. \ /- / -%\ -- -f;-- :. -. ',' _',__ ,.-_ _k- \

.t~~~~~~~,11 \

4 -, ;; vVARAMIN IRRIGATION SCHEME

LEGENDL* -- '- .?;_

_- - -o. ,

__25 YEARS LOUNDARY OF 7EHR),N

IRRIGATION VARAMIN CANAL --------

LEGEND 'C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SWAG -OOJC

25 YEARS BOUNDARY OF TEIrIRIN ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ FRS SAG

- IRRIGATION VARAMII4 CANAL ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ENIRNMNTL SS'SMIN

C,.... ' I(HA AI *aIoI, WA1? soa^o

. ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A? AS Rfd2

rHfAN" S[wFa1*G[ Pwojrcr

Mi *l

'~ '<

1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,

;p 4! -A

-t ,

, .-, 4,- -,.,. . (, ., I A, .,_/- .

_______

i1-^t JLts LEGENDj -_- i j

--- 25 YEARS 0OUNDARY -O

Om-~TUNNEL ROUTE E?ATP-AI.

- "- MAIN SEWER ,

STP SCIVAGE TREATMENT PLANT , -O

I A SO._^ 11 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~19-AtA *Cr.O"At WAt{ A 10~4,

-- SURFACE WATER STREAMS - ,'1 * -_J, , ,.----- MAIN EAST- WESTEUI SEWER.

SA AB n __ * t "

I.*t0A 51t 'WC NAG( 0-OftC ISECOND STAGE

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSE55WNT

9wT%*ft"LvTp M. A/$ *ioonoo

LEGEND

A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A-,-%-- e) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CRlOSSING LOCATIONS

X- iMAIN SASTEIiN SEWER lTUNNEL

If 4 I I' U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AAIN V#LMT1EA1 SEWER ROUTIF

~~~* ~~METRO ROUTEL=._Lcj I7

LI~~~

-JsH (

I , 19o, IT

zi ~ ~ ~ i

0 -r~~

l '; ' s . _'~%J, v,. _

0;) . tth*^" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~stvViNaf P*OItcl

FIRST STAGEE NVIRON ^ME T^rL A 5SISSSMENhT

. H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AIN SEWER ANO MCETRO CROSSt#

l W" ^ s1 2

(7,n: LEGEND

_ 25 YEARS BOu.UNDARY OF TXIMRAN

If -- -- WAlER ~~~~~~~~~~~~SRFCESTREAM

\*~ ~ ~ ~ \ I Y | A sd y JA .,

MAI ,ROADgW

i,I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~k

i~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 tV 11 -,N%-

0 J 4 iJj

IL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AS,L-E-SORKIIE" FHESAR

AZAfi MONVM,IENT

I~~~~~~~~~~~

~~l %%**~~~* ~ ~ %

- - "; ' ............... .,, -'

Ia

u,IORAt *All A *0AP.

WERNsfWI.*G( Pao,gct

FlRsr STAGESOUT*IERtN STP ENVIRONMENTAL A3S3NES Nr1EOSURFAcLE WATER STriEAMS

t. IF

L_____ I

LJ~~~l I. .7

not*o~LE1GEN

r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ tO7r<

IMMOAOA( ASOOL ARM GHMAIIE BAIRI seLL AO

FIlOUZ ASD9AD CANAL

*Q^o1H ^eMtVC1 Et POWIE ^41<0t

k/ ' \ VEOETABfES fARMS

OC.) N0 0

I - II ~~~~~~~~~~~~~V(QrETAOi FARNI2CV EO # BL 1. FIAIMS

r1OIUCERMCFtOC AI

'.4 A 00 1 '.\ s ~~~V(G(1ABGf 15 AfMS

SLUGOR S(TrLSNG ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ FISTSTG

HOCHHI4 SAN VILLAGE V IR S TA AS * E

SOUINERNIT Sr iff LOCATION AtTENRIATovr 0.5

(,Al X \/' Ali ,rt ' g e#'

lIllIAN ~ ~ ANMI

ak IALLIDVIVNI *UAIIINN-Xt

L, IONhI PClilIo coo

PS .6 SICONKSNEUAIES NOWEN

N INARL.ROl FALLI IIOCINEtLltitt ~ ICIN *1" 1, tttts t

Ufuf Ftit1t1tal gCltt s¢I.tH*I IltftliOAt W&l[n reANoL INEVIANE IOZI

PA^ fI 1|tNALE VA EtEtt lttlA LEE.

VOLCANIC OGCh Q 0

AEOLON ICAL MAP, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~STVDY ARE-A S

SAH MEWtl t

$A \A\ .

\ a1*141 liv~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NA~11 I_1

.1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V %AX MIN ;>t

I t lIiAiIO MAIM CANALS

I / X \\\- X S~~~~~~~~~- "GIA N ArVI

COIOU IN

r# t < -V\

IOIIO Ifs l; :tW O4000D

Is '11000~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6~1

,,,,. 9^It'ttl

w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,gl I

,,002 sellellz t112 .. _ttELwLifLiii

. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- to a _ ....

aa

tSS n

Mn~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' e tt 21

j8}~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a Mcv .Etl V4Ei1t yte

.'n @ iEHRisn s AItI ROAD

TOWtN V IL L A G

V) VARAtMIN IRRIGATIOIO

ARlEAS

2,inRAii SEWVERAGE PROJECt

.. RAMIN VIRIGATION AREAS

iAll__________3-----. - 1)91flI th'y1 n"j.,., t..

N.

K0

N., 0

.4a

a

0

a2

pN - -

--

* Ia

* p

tIc.2.AL �

I!a

- a

I I

APPENDIX B

IRANIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS

r\tbpQfSIDHIII

ProjectPr.'ecutivePrepration & Presentation of a Summary of Pre Studies on Pmjec:r

nnager | Sugested Project Possbiflty

Provincial No Ds eed a YesEnvironmental CorprehensiveOrganization \ I

Start of Projects Unknown

Project=YorutIve F reiiminary Assesment and Presenting a Bnef Studies on ProjectsManager Report Possibility

Environmental NoAssesment Prehiminaru Comoletion of InformationCrnlce Evaluation is nev uv"

O.se. nitna Coarnp.nmn / DVsits, Interviews. Sueys....i,n 30 days) A..s.. 7

Yes

ProjectExecutive Comprehensive Assesment & Presenting EA eportManager

Environmental No __YAssesment Final Evatuaion Assesment of ReportsOffice D*s* itnu."Conmoonofth. e = on Project's Possibilitv(in 90 days) Study

EnvironmentalAssesment . Project , . -_Office Project Aproval is not

Aproved Planning, Investment, Location

. ojectExecutive Project Execution P .onstuctioManager Preperation, Construction,

Environmental OperationAssesment Supervision of Project

1ITM I CONTAMINANTS ELEMENTS t SURFACE WATER I WEL S I tIK(:iATIONI I Aq 1 0.1 0.12 1 Al 5 5 53 As 0.1 I 0.1 0.14 B 2 1 1

5 Ba 5 1 16 Be 0.1 1 0.5

7 rCa 75 _ - _

8 Cd 0.1 0.1 0.059 C: 1 1 0.210 Ci- 600 600w 600

11 I CH20 1 1 112 i C6H5OH 1 neqlecible

13 CN 0.5 0.1 0.1

14. Co 1 1 1 0.05

15 I Cr+6 T 0.5 1 1 116 Cr+3 ! 2 2 I 217 i T 1I 1 0.218 | F 2.5 ' , 2 2

3 3 ~~~~~~~~~320 Hg I negleaibie I neglecible neolegible21 Li 1 2.5 2.5 1 2.522 1IMg 100 100 10023 1 Mn 1 1 _ .1

24 I Mo I 0.01 T 0.01 1 0.0125 Ni | 2 1 2 1 226 NH14 | 2.5 127 1 N02 | 10 1028 NO3 1 50 10 129 1 hosonate 6 _ _ -

30 Pb 1 1 131 1 Se 1 0.1 I 0.132 I SH2 3 3 ! 333 S03 1 1 134 ! S04 400 400 50035__ V 0.1 I 0.1 0.136 Zr 2 2 1 237 Oil IGrease 10 j 10 1038 ! ABS ( Detergent) 1.5 ! 0o5 0I539 S OD5 30 (momentarv 50) 30 (momentarv 50) 1 10040 I COD 60 (momentarv 100) 60 (momentary 100' 20041 Do 2 - 242 7DS S

,43 TSS 40 (momentary 601 - 100LA Fs 045 pH 6.5 8.5 59 6 8.546 Radio active substances 0 0 047 Turbidity 50 0 504.8 Colour 75 75______________________________7549 7 Temoreture r -_ __ _

50 No. of Digestional Coliform 400 100mi 4001 100mI 400/ lOOml51 No. of Total Coliform ( MPN) 1000 /100ml m 1000 0 iloomI 1000/ 10OmI52 . Nematod Ecas

wDiscn3ar-e V.Ath higner !' ncentration is permissible !f thg rene=Tnrs ouality Of Cl, S04, and TDS is notincreased more than 10% because of effluent, within 200 meters.- Discharge with higher concentration is permissible if the effluents- quality of Cl, S04, and TOS is notmore than 10% above the water being used.

Present industries are permitted to reduce BOD5, & COD for at least 90%.Temperature must b- at a level Which will not increase the receptoe's Tempreture more than 3 C

Contaminations of Waste Water

Enivironmiiental Protection Agenicy (EPA)

I AU 0. D 2 0I

-2 5 8In5

I As 0DI 0_1_0_1__9___6

4 2B0

s co I 1 33 Se 3 a Cd~~~~~~~~ - ..------- -

9 CI 0.2 3I35 v (3) 0)

30 C1 6G0 600 (In 36 Zn 2 2

II CH02 I3 37 Oil & Gjease I(3 to 10

12 C6H50H I ngI38 ABS ____1.

13 CN 0.1 0A 0.5 39 BOD5 I00 34) 30

14 CO 003 40 con 20o) 60 60

15 C6I3.5 41 DO 2 2

16 Cr.3 2 2 ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 42 IDS 2

3 7 C u 0.2 3343 Tss I________

1SF 2 ~~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~~2 2.5 44 SS

3 9 FS 3 .1 3 45 pif 6-11.3 5.0.-9 0 6

~~~~~~~) Hg ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~46 RadIoac3IvIly 0 0 03

21 Li .5 212.S 47 TwhiillIy S

22 Mg 3(3 30 Ina) 48 Color 117

24 MO ------93 0 CIloit 43- ----

23 NI 2 _ _ _

26 NH4 31 2 P , s l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Iafl.our SL Motabari Ave.'Tehrnn . 15957 -

OFFI-IAL TRANSLATION

ESIRONNENT PROTECTION ORGANTZATIONCOLLECTION OF Z,NIRONMENT PROTECTION LA.WS TDU REGULTIONSCompi led by: Legal & Parliamentary Affairs Bureau

September 1997

Emblem of the StateIslamic Republic 3f Iran

ARTCLE iV O Tu r I.?RI{ CONSTI7UIO0N::n the Islamic Republic o- Iran, protection of the envizonen- in

which the present generation and future generations shall live adeveloping socal life, shall be regarded as a public duty. Hence,economic or othe- activi ties which may pollute the environment ordestroy it irrerlaceably, shall be prohibited.

UAW FOR PROTECTTON & IMPRO.EV{EHT OF EIRO0.Y!.EYT'Approved on 'LS June 1974 & Amended on 15 November 1992)

A TICLE 9: It i s forbidden to take any action that would cause thepollution o- the environment.' Polluting the environment means the mixing with orscat:ering of external materials in water, air, soil orland , to the amount that would change its physical,chemical or biological nature in a way that would bedetrimental to humans or other living beings , orplants or buildings and works.

ARTICLE 11: The Organization shall specify the factories and work-shcps which cause pollution of the environment, asdirected by the regulations and provisions stipulatedin the rules of procedure mentioned under Article 10,and notify, stating reasons, their owners or officials,If as the case may be, .o -_r-;cva z_-uses -f zollution orto stop operating. In the event that they fail to takeaction within the deadline given, their activities andoperations shall be prevented at the order of theOrganization. In the event that the persons concernedhave objections to the Organization's notice or order,they may fi;.-t=mplaint with the local General Court.The court /sha 1 immediatelY and out of turn

- r9_,\

rManscur SL, Motahari Ave.

Tchran- 15957 Y V -

in ^veszi: e the _ssue and if -- finds the objection tost and, _iz shall ru I e for annulment of the notice orthe li:fung of Prohibition. The court ruling shall bebindin g .

NOTE: The Organirzation's Director may issue orders forthe preventing of the operation and activities ofsources and factors with immediate hazardswithout advance nortice.

- -SECONYD FV-YEA:Ra; `CONOVIC, C OC7AL & CTt,U? DELOPHENT PL.{ SF;E 7STS T IC REPUELI ' OF IPA2 ( Approved 11 D&C;effe 199) n

NOTE 83: To Prevent and to stcp poll ut'n of water -resources byindustrial waste, industrial plants and factories located

in cities and industrial estates are compelled to estab-lsh and operate networks for collzction and transpcrt ofindustrial waste and industrial waste treatment facilitiesas direc:ed by standards cF the Environment ProtectionOrganiza: on and through particiPation or supervision of

_J 6.the Water and Sewage Companies :n the -rovinces.

AIVA C OU'N TSP.'EI W:i T LAW - T IZ T AT [LiG"T HUNISTEYNTQJ

.kRTICLE 688: Any action tbat i s ident-fied as a threat to pu'1 ich-giene, e.g. polluting of drinking water, distributionor contaminated water, unhygienic disposal of huamanand animal excrement and waste material, dumpingtoxic matter in rivers , 'itter in the streets andunauthorized slaughter of livestock , unauthorizedusage of untreated sewage or waste water of sewagetreatment plants for agricultural purposes, isprohibited. Offenders shall be sentenced to a prisonterm of up to one year , if they are not eligible forstr onger punishments under specific laws.

RULES OF PROCEDUURE FOR PREVENTION OF WATER POLLUTION(Approved on 8 May 1994)

ARTICLE 1: Terms and w r,ed in the present Rules of Procedurehave the 'llo,idge efinitions:1. ORdGANZATrON::- Envlronment Protec:ion Organization.

Ianlsour St. Motaihan Ave.

Tehrun 15951

2. Supreme Ccunc4j: Supreme - ounc Zl -or Protection ofEnvilronmentl.

3. WA.TER ?OLLU`TIN: A change -. she soluble or suspendedmatter or a change of temperature and other physical,chemical and biological properties of water to theexzent that would make :t de,rimental or unusable forthe usage it was stipulated Zor.

4. WAT1ER POLLUTING MATERIL<S (POLLUTANT): Any type ofmatter or physical , chemic=aJ and biological agents:nat cause pollution of water or add to its pollution.

5. WATE',T-R POLLUTION G- NE AT-G SOURCES (POLLUTINGSOURCES): Any type or source the activity or operationor which would cause pollu 1tion OI water , including

j industrial, mining, ag-icl..' :ura7 and livestock breed-ngs, urban an"" domestic, services and medical care

and miscellaneous sources.6. S7EAGW : G Amy liquid waste material arising from

industr.ial, agricultural, -lvestock breeding, urban,hospizal, laboratory =-,d domestic actnivities that isdischarged in water cr in soil.

. SOLID WASTE .MATERIAL: Any solid materjal which ismcrmally _regarded as waste, e.g. 1 ;tter, rubbish,ash, animal carcass, wastes of urban and industrialcenters and wastes arising from treatment, including

-;emical and biologi4cal treatment , as well as humanand animal excrement and waste material fromhospitals etc.

[ 8. rA3TTTING WATERS : A'l *he sur_ace and undergoundw-aters, including subterranean water canals, wells,underground water basins , springs , as well as seas,

'es, rivers, streams , marsh lands, pools and pondswterei n sewage and solid waste material are dumpedor permeate.

9. I_- lAAN WATERLS: All. ne i.nternal and coastal and seawaters of the terri tory under the sovereignty of thegovernment of the Islamic .epublic of Iran.

!10.DILUTING: Reducing the density of polluting materialsinside sewage by meanis of mixi-ng with water orAdm4tting Water.

11.A PROPRIATE MEANS & METODS : The most appropriatemeans or methods the application of which , inconsideration oi 1 cal c _:- ns, degree ofprogress, scientific and technical facilities andexpenses concerned, shall permit the removal oreffective reduction of pollutants.

12.CRITERIA (STANDARD) Permitted limits and specificjeatures determined, in ccnsideration of the environ-ment proteztZ --cnd i mprovement, for pollutants andpreventi6n. of_watr pollution.

i3.CF'CI.AL..:. A natural person who is:in charge of

; .'.

J1marsour SL. Mouhari Ave. - -

Tehrun . 15957 _ _

adminis zratcon and operat:on of pollut:ng materialssources , e.a. factories, workshops and ctherindustrZal -fci 7ities , either cr i.imself or asrepresentative of other natural person(s) or legalentities, or who is personally responsible forcreation of pollution.

14.TOXIC & &XZARDOUS WASTE7 H.ATE-RJ'LS : Any pollutingwaste material or a combination of materials andwaste that have the power to cause great harm anddamage to health of humans or other li ving beings orplants , or cause negative ef`ects in them as aresult of: contact and repetizlon, which is capable ofpolluting -water.

ARTICLE 2: Taking any action that causes pollution of water isprohibited.

AR TICLE 3 : :The Or-anization , in cooperation with Ministries of' .Energy, Ag-icul_ure , Jahad Sazandegi (ConstructionCrusade), Heaith and Medical Education and otherministrJes and organizations concerned, as the case maybe , shal' examin- and identify the quality of _.r.nianwaters as _ar as pollution is concerned.

NO'TE : Ministry of Health and .4edical Education shalloperate as directed by its own laws and regula-C tions in respect of drinking waters beginningat the stage of collecting water.

NOTE- 2: In -espect of contamination of water in seas andlakes as well as barder -rivers with petroleum,the Law _or P-otection of Sea and Border Riversifrom Contaminat-on with Petroleum shall apply.

A.RTICLE 4: The Organization has a duty to identify the varioussources of wate.r pollution by a-propriate means.Officials have a duty to provide the necessary documentsand information to the Organization if requested.

NOTE 1: finistries of Interior, Health and MedicalEducation, Agriculture, Energy, Industry, Minesand Metals and jahad Sazandegi and, as the casemay be, other institutions concerned, shallrender the necessary cooperation to theJrgan#.- __-. -~ - menta:on of the provisionsof the present Article.

NOT'E 2 : Documents and information with a confidentialcharacteristic , whLich the officials provide tothe Organization, shall be considered confiLden-tial and they shall not be used except in .IegalinpaT1ces. N

-. . . - . -., /.\.

9fi Mansour SL- Mo"hban AVE. J -,

T,hrun - 15957 -_ -

ARTICTE 5: Standards concerning water pollution shall be preparedby the Orgarnizat :on , in cooperati on wi-th the ministriesand institutions mentioned in Article 3 of the presentRules of ?-ocedure, upon statin- methods of assessmentand other regulations concerned, and be implemented.

NOTE: :n respect of the regulations concerning the dump-i.ng of any kind of sewage in the urban publicsewage system and collec::ng, keeping, transport-:ng and disposing of^ solid waste materials, apermarent commission consistIng o: the fullYauthorized representatives OL the Mnistries ofEn erg y ''ealth and .Med_ial' E-2ucatiLn, , Interior,Industry, Mines and Metals and Envronrnent-nrctecticn Organizat:on as well as otherorganizations in charge of the urban water andsewage shall be establi 4shed in the Mirnistry ofI.nterior and the decisions taken shall be put infor_ce.

ARTIBCE G: The s rte r clssif Cati on of Admi tting Wate rs, in cludingsur-ace , Underground, lakes and coastal -waters, shallbe graduall - determined and announced, i n considerat i ono f the absorption power and na ourification ofpollutants according to pri-;orities, by the Organizationin coo?erat-on with the mPinistries and insi-tutionsmentioned in Article 3 of the present Rules ofProcedure.

ARTICLE 7: the Organi2zation has a duty to take samples of sewageand solid waste materials of t-he polluting sources andspecify t-e type and degree c- contam:ination of eachsource. I: the event that the intensity of pollution ofeach ^I the polluting source exceeds the standards

* . stipulated by Article 5 of the present Rules ofProcedure, the Organization shall notify the officialconcerned in writing to remove the pollution. In thenotice, the type of pollution, its extent and a deadlinefor ending the pollution , that will be determ.ned in

proporti on to facilities, shall be stated expressly.

NOTE: In the case of industrial estates and compoundswhich have public sewage systems, samples will betaken from the public sewage of the industrialand non-industrial estates and compounds andnecessary actions shall be taken to end pollutionat thr.asponsibili^ty of the company and compound.In 7cas.es t-iat the units based in those estatesand c-arrpounds have industriwAl sewage containingtoxic mathaerials of heavy metals, and they cannctbe-controlled through the public sewage system,

',,j r .7w L )@

73l Mansour SL. Motahan Ave.

Tehran .15957

tne unit concerned at the discretion of theEnvironment Protection Organization, shall beobligated to undertake zreatment.

'RTICLE S; Cff cials are obliged to end 'he pollution as requiredby standard level withain the deadline stipulated in thenotice. Otherwise , activities or operation o.f thesource concerned shall be prevented until pollution hasbeen removed, as di rected by Article 1I of the Law forProtect:on and 7nprovement of Environment.

.ErTICLE -: thne event that the official of Po'luina source provesby means cm reasons and documents acceptable to theCrg an za ti that removing the pollution is ntpraczizabe within the stipulated deadline, the Organ-izat:-on may give such sources suitable additional dead-line , provided that the continued activities of thosesources do not pose serious h-azards to health of htmansard other liv-ing beings.

.'rT L7 IG: Ln exercise of its statutory duties, the Organizationis permitted to inspect by means of its agents any ofen.e Polluting sources. In the event that inspection ofany source recui-es, on the strength of other laws Iauthorization from the prosecutor , measures shall betaken to obtaiLn authoriz=ticn from the prcsecutor'sre?resentative.

NOTE: Officials are obliged to render necessary coope-ration to the Organization's agents for implemen-tation of provisions of the present Rules ofiProcedure.

ARTICLE 11 : When issuing permits for construction and expansion ofindus trial , mining, agricultural, livestock breeding,poultry breeding , slaughter units and compounidsMin:stries of Industry, Interior, Agriculture and JahadSazandegi, or other author:ties in charge of issuingpermits for the above-ment4oned units and compounds ,have a duty to notify the applicants of the binding

and requlations stipulated by Article 5 ofthe present Rules of Procedure.

Issuing operation licences -for the above units .shalldepend on compliance with the above-mentioned standardsand regulations.

ARTICLE 12: The authQrrtpen concerned shall send copies of estab-lishmenc .atdopertion licences issued for the uanitsmen: ianed inr Artic e e1, to the Organization.

< lr ,; S

jjaMansour SLt M1tahari Ave. 'J

Tehran - 15957 -

ARTICLE 1S: ŽHin_szries of Hous ng and Ur-an Development, interiorand mun_cipalities and their subordi nate organizationsand units, as the case may be, shall notify theplanners and executors concerned of the standards andregulazions stipulated by Ar_icle 5 of the presentRules of Procedure , when preparing comprehensive andgu:ding plans of cities, estates and residential andheal,h complexes; and the municipalities shall do sowhen issuing licences in cit:es.

ARTICLE 14: Dum,pinga and scattering sewage or any kind of pollutingmazerla! from miscellaneous sources in admitting watersin excess of the standard limit, is prohibited. TheO rganization, in cooperation with the ministries andIns-itutions concerned, shall dezermine the types andclassifications of polluz_t: and miscellaneous sources.

ART C I 15: !n -i-stances that the Organ-Za-ion discerns , based onadequate evidence, tha _ is not possible to reduceor t: end pollution arising ---m the existing pol'lutingSourCes by any means other t.ian moving them toappropriate locations, a plan shall be prepa-red inthat respect in cooperation with the Ministries ofAgriculture, Jahad Sazandegi, Industry, Housing andUrban Development, EnergY and rabour and Social Affairs-and shall be put in force upon ratiJfication of theCouncv:l 0o Ministers.

ART_CLE 16: The Organization is authoriLzed to establish the use ofproper means and mettods for miscellaneous sourceswhen required.

ARTICLZ 17: Diluting as a means of treatment is prohibited at thestage of dumping , except in specific instances whichdo not, at the discretion of the Organi-ation, involverisk of polluting the environment.

ARTICLE 18: Off-cials are obliged to take measures to avoid directdisposal of sewage into admittng waters in emergencycases when t eat f : v_ .sewat r ansyreasons.

ARTICLE 19: Tn instances where injun=ction is issued to prevent theoperation and activity of a factory or a workshop onthe strength of Article 11 of the Law for Protectionand Improvement of Env-ironment and the Note to it , theissue shalr-1-zeported to the prosecutor of the

-- : -,jud.lc:al/authority' ccncerneda or ssuance of app-opriatei nstruCZ = - ns .

*r

tel:(+ Ib1) b l_; - -; ,1 I.; _ ,Jt ,; Sr Nvansour SL MOtMahan Avc. - -

Tehrin 15957

A?'T'C;_ 20 The Organiza zon shall tak-e proper measures and putthem In .orce I n crder to prevent water pollution andto encourage all the offic;als cf polLuting sources toend pol'lution and to create incent:ves 'or finding theproper means and methods and ^o research in thisarea .

ART:CE 2:^: The rormaIit Ies for serving of notice by theOrganrzazton on :he officlals of polluting sourzcesshal11 be coverned by the Civrl ?rocedure Code.

ARTCLZ 22: rn the event-- thawa ;-'alf . p-rvisions of thepresent Rules of Procedure causes any camages to marine

i e and natural resources , a court of Justice shallsentence the of=icials, at the pet tion of the-rganlza::on, Do pay and compensate for the damagesi .rre~d.

T '6he R. ules of P-rocedure for Prevention Wa Water ?o' 'tion (subjector - Resolui or No. 903-2 dated 19 December 1985 ) are s-perseded.

G ?;ESOLUlT I ON COt{C. NiN TP.NSLFEB OF POLLUTING O3TRU5ER I {DUCTRTE.RS|F TE:,-AT (PV NCOTN TON DR 3 JUNE 1990 COCT TI OF ZM_-TNTPS

-'ae industries ndlluting and obtrusive to the liv:- cnvironment inh.e city c T-rn (Greater Tehran), livestock and poultry breeding

plants in the ci.- f Teiiran {Greater Tehzan) siall be transferred:be-Fond tne ci'y l_ZI-mit as di rected by detailed and executive planstha -t shallI be prerar-d acccrding to the following cr-:er4a.

1. . committee .-- er the responsiLbility of the Tehran Governor-General and ccsisting of representa-ives of executive agenciesconcerned and Tehran Municipality shall prepare the detailedand executlve plans for t-ans:er c environment-polluting andobtrusive industries from within the limits of c:ty of Tehran.They shall be put in force upon ratification by a commission::noi::_z; - - ~ 2.-2 = '-;- o . .C.eavv Industry,industry, 2ahad Sazandegi, Commerce , HousIng and UrbanDevelopment, Labour and Social Affairs, director of EnvironmentProtection Orcanizat-on and Tehran Mayor.

> Iran.-an industrial Towns Company shall be the executor of theindustrial Estates Plan to accommodate the polluting andobtrusive industries,,z-n;y of Tehran, and all the agenciesconcerned stal'l b obli;ed _'to cogperate and to provide the:n:ras:ruc:!ar and.u:ilities-reuirements or the said estates

,11 .-

3 Mansour SL. MoLaharl Ave. ' ' , _ _

Tehran -IS957-

3. S -v~nee ; 1 -r. , j ot s of -a nd, s outl under the numbershe_ rwi * , shai 'l be =rovided to the iranii7an Industrial 7'ownsCompany to accommodate the industrles transferred outside the

rai:os f cit-y ). -ehran.

a) Along Karaj-_Eshtehard Road: Sehatabad, Morad-Tappeh, Ghelich-abad properties and two plots on Properties Ncs. 1159, L160and 1161.

b) .ILona Thran-Ghom Road: Shamsabad, Mohammad_bad and Ghabar-abad propers7'zes.

c) Along T_ehr^an-VaramiZ Road: Dolatabad and Assadiabad (TappehSiah) properzies.

d) .ong Th mA -Zn-Saveh Road : NassJ7rabad, Deh-iEssan and Sefi-darpropert:es.A} Along Karza-Ghazvin Road: Najmabad property.

f) Along mean-Garnsar Road: Aliabad, Ghermez-Ta'peh and Abbas-abad properz-es.

4. Operat:i.oons, in^dtustrial , manu- -ac t Zr:g and gUild workshops wh_ichsh,a 1 be _I f_ied to be po'lu : and. , obtruszve to the environ-ment of ci-y of Tehran, as directed by e thea stipulatedn the da- e-ailed and executive plans of t-ransfer, shall1 be :rans-

to Ie premi_ses chosen in the Propert:es stated underFiara^craF;h 2, w~t-i- a deadline that shall be determined at theproposal of the :ran_an rndustria- Towns Company and ratifiad bythe commiss I= stiPulated by Parsagraph 1. Tehran Muunicipal ity-nvro-_rnmen:- ?ro:rction Orgazization and other organiza t - ons-concernesd shal prevent the continuation oF their activities inzhei_ presenz Premises , as directed by the r_ul_tions, afterhe said de-d'-.

Manufacturing, industrial and gu-ild units eligib'e under thepresent paragraph, operating without licence, shall be givenidenJtigication ca-ds after being transferred to propertiesstipulated by Paragraph 3 upon confir-mation of the industrialmilistry concerned , provided that the industrial ministryconcerned approves of their continued operation.

5. -ahad Sazarndegi shall prepare and put in force the executivePI-ans azd !~. or Z::ans -: er…-, =k rd breed-.ng, units , traditional or industrial , licensed or unlicensedcut of limits of city of Tehran.

6. The commissior. stipulated by Article 5 of the Law for Establish-ment of Supreme Council of Urban Development shall take actionto change the application of premises to be evacuated as aresult of ImpI ementat==rOf transfer plans, in consideration of-their area, thelr Zocatior> locz' and regional raquzrements:

.. ~ .

I~ ,

R-rel. (+ 98:1) 87:1877, -;:,A

3 ManSoUr SL. IoLcahan Ave. . - J

T ehrtnn. 1595c7 ;

7. :era2 Nun;c:pali:y, Pnvronxnent ?rotection Organization andMinistry o. -e_l_r and Med2cal Education have a duty tocooperate with execu,ors of transfer plans in respect of trans-fer and closure of polluti_ng and ctzrusive industries n theervir.onmenTt of c1ty o Tehrtr and lives-ock and poultry breedinguirts w- -hi n -im Mits o- c Ity Of T ehran .

. ?rzovissions of Notic_e No. NM/I2-4762 dated 22 AprZ 1989 shal 1

be superseded as o- zhe date the present n.otice is served.

O|TG2C 'WASTKE -

'On the s.-reng-th o_: r.c- C of Rules cf Procedure for Prevent2l-on.O' Water Polli_ -rj

Z2NTRODUCT32YN & ?-FN TINS:TjhIe following standard has been prepared on the strength ofAri_cle 5 of Fules of Procedure for Prevention o0f Water Pollution,in consi:eration o-f Arti-le 3 of theP sm- Rules of Procedure, bythe En--vironment Protection Organization. in cooperation. with the

F> in4 nistries of Health and Medical Education , Energy , Industry,Mines and Metals, :nterlor and Agriculture.

:n the -resent standard , the words used have :he foll owingc- ;nt -i L t ons .

Sur-face water:Seasonal or permanent waters, natural or artificial1 akes and marsh 'lands.

- Leaching ?it : A pit or a cavity which tas tte capacity ofscaking and its bottom 4s at least three meters from the h-ghesthydrostatic level.

* Leaching Trench: A group of horizontal canals in which sewage isdumped for permeating in land; their bottom is at least threemeters from the hiighest hydrostatic level.Side Passage: A canal which guides the sewage to another sectionor the outlet canal, without passing through a section of the-reatment -lanz or throuch whole of it.

* Compound Sample: ?reparation of a 24-hour sample from samplestaken at time i7ntervals of maximum of four hours.

GENERAL CONSIDEFkTIONS:1. Dumpi_ng of sewage should be based on standards stated in the

form of maximum density of pollutants and it is essential tocomply with those standards under the supervision of the Environ-msnt P:vrotection Organizationr.

2. f:f,icais of PorlTin sotLces shall treat the waste waterresul-ting from production -p to the standard level, through engin-

,.A-'r , .

i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A AE VAVV '

Tel.: (+ 9821) 87,1877 .:.".) ,2-*

3 MDansour SL. M,totihan Ave.( Telrin 15957 ',

I'

r. i S; Stud -S and use ot appropriat:e and econ3omical technology.

3. Measurement of density of pollut ing material and the amount of-low in the sewage shall take place inmediately after the lasttreatment p-ant and before entering :-e envir-onment.

4. Measurement shal'l take place on the basis of the compoundsample before tlhe sewage treatment =1ants, to conform with t;estandards statd. In the system wi-h disconi.nuous dischargemeasu-rmernt aurIng -,ischarge shall serve as criteria.

5. Mud or o-ther soLid mataerial produced in sewage treatmentfacilities shail be treated properly before disposal and the--inai disposal of those nmater:tls must not pollute the environ-men..

6. The __a_d sewage shall enter the admitting waters uniformlyand in suc" a wav that maximum mix-M wll t take place.

-- 7. The outgoin^ig sewage shall not a-ave n-;l easant smell , norcontain roam and float_i".g 'items.

8. T.e colour and turbidity of the outgoing sewage must not changetangibly the natural appearance of admitting waters and o! -hedischarge point.

.9. Method4s of examin ng polluting parameters shall be based onthose provided in the book Standard Methods -for the Examination;of Water and Waste Water.

10. It i s prohibited to use thne septic t taik and the imb:off tanksystem, upon using pits or leac-ing traences irn areas where thedistance o_ the bottom of the pi t cr the trench from the under-ground water level is less than t--ee meters.

11. Complying with the standards concerned , the outgoing wastewater must not change the quality of water for the specifiedusage.

I ^ 4^ zino the treated or untrfeated waste water in order toreduce the density oI polluting material to the ievel ofstandards reported, is not acceptable.

13. It is authorized to use evaporation methods for waste waterupon obtaining approval of the Environment ProtectionOrganization.

14. Using side passage is:pribited. Side passages used only. for-reso 1vlng .rob'lems- o-reatment plants, or those used to collects-imultaneously :.He urban -waste water an-d ai-.nwater , areperml tted.

Tel.: (4- 9821) 87Z877 - -(3 ,Mansour Stc Mor-aharl Ave. ,- _ AVr TV_

Tchr.n I I5957 ', di9\:,Y- ls Ja. ............

15. Sewage tr-eatment facilitnties shal 2 be designed, construc.ed andoperated to provide for the necessary predictions to m:rnimz7epollution iln times of emergency, e.g. unsuitable climaticcondirions, power Jfailure , inadequacy of mectanical equi.pmentetc.

Tae indus:r:al waste water the pollution of which does notexceec the present standards, may be cisposed without treatmentUpOn cota g approval of the Organ-zar:cn.

TA.LE G- OUTG'-7: WASTE -WATER STANDARD

.tem Po ' lluti-ng Discharge irnto Discharge into AgricultIure &M<azeri2als Sur-^ace waters laching well _rr gat ion

rn/l mna/i ma/ll ,1 Silver, A 0. 0.2 I Iumni'n , A l= 553 Arsenic, As 0.1 0.1 0.14 3o_On, 3 2

3arium, 3 3; 10 3erylliuiM, 3e 0.1 0.57 Calcium, Ca 75 -- --8 Cadmium, Cd 0.1 0.1 5%9 Chlcr- zne, CI 1 ' 0.210 Chlorid-e. Ci- 600 (Note ') 600 (Note 2) 60011 ? herom al"ehyde 1'2 b henol, C :50H 1 ns gi n icant1 3 Cyanide, C'. 0.5 0. O.i14 Cobalt, Cr 1 1 5%15 Cr-omium, C+56 0.5 1

i6 Chromium, Cz÷3 2 217 Copper, C-u 1 0.218 Fluorine, P 2.5 2 219 Ircn, Fe 3 320 Mercury , Hg I2significant Iasignificant insignificant21 rLithium, Li 2.5 2 .5 2.522 Magnesium, Mg 100 100 10023' Manganese, Mn 1 1 1

45 Nickel, Ni 2 2 226 Ammonium, NH4 2.5 --

27 Nitrite, N02 10 l0 --

28 Nitrate, NG3 50 10 --

29 Phosphate 6 6 --

30 Lead, Pb 1 1 131 Selenium, Se 1 0.1 0 .132 Sulfide, S:i _ 3 : 3_3 Sul t.e, 1 S03 .1 ' 1

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . , -R

*, XoShang;, z [z*iW-V .--

Tei.: (-- 96Z1) 87E1877 - Y AVY -

3 Mansour SL. MoLahari Ave. . -_ J _ 5 .,L...*.

Tchran .15957 j('"-" - J.s;

I4 Sulfate, S04 400 (Note 1) 400 (Note 2) 500- 3~~5 va0Lm, . .1 0.1

3 7 OiJ f2t O 10 (oOJ ;8 D3etergen't, .kS 1.5 0. 5 O.05

539 p0 (D 0 rox0(Myet. . O) . O (6Moment. 5 0 40 'CD (Note 3), COD 60 (moment. 00)60 -Momeat. 100)'00

t ~~41 Di' uted Oxygen (rminimum)y, Do u -- 2

42 Total Dou (utedSO T edsr, vS (Note 1) 2i --

51 3 'Total Scusp (ended& - ~~SoL -ds, mT_SQ 40 (Momentary 60' i - oo

4 04 Sedimine,t Soli 0s, SS 0

' * 45 pX (approxmately) 6-5 6-8.5' ads occ_hve 0 3 0ir mateia dith

of 200 mtd- s oey Tan c 50 5048 CICLOUZ ( un;it :

colour) 75 7.b49 temperat-be, T (sNote 4p ) t- it-150 Digeste cenitorm

- {~~~(Pe!- 100 mL) 400 -1OC 2 0051 .4ozan coD by alem (nper

I 00 m l ), .wN I OC0 'vC tOOO-

5 2 Nema_ocda --- Note 5)

NOTE 4': e.petr eth a densshyol n exoesste or redu te stepueatedrby r-he tabie shall be permitted __- zhe outgo-in,. waste waterdoes .-,ot 4ncrease the deris-ty cf chlr-i_de, 5sul-'te andsoluble amittingsourc-e bymorlng soutce wd thire a rndiugwithi 2 a meters my more than luf per cent.

'NOTE 2: Discharge with a density 4n excess of the amount stipulatedby thte tmble shall be permitted if the increase in chloride,sul=;ate and other soluble mater4als of the outgoi-ng waste-,water in propcrtion to the watr b onsumed is not more thoul10 per cent.

- : ~NOTE 3: Tlhe existing industries will be permitted to reduce BGDsand o:O by at least 90 per cent.

NO-LE 4 Temperature should not increase or reduce the temperatureof the admitting source by more than 3' degrees centigradewithi n a radius of 200 meters from its entry point.

NOTE 5: The number af .nematod&e in the treated Zrban sewage, if i.used -o- t r.rigat ion 0f,crodu-e t'o be consumed raw, shou' dnot exceed oane per LiUter.

.2 ad3 ,dB

3edE 1t XcdB d3 ''K1 d

li ', C3 i1J ?M-J ' _ . - N 1

-~ ~~

''i~~~~ -dB ji cidB

........- .-.

' es!A:;fQt;-t xlalWHO - Ambient Air Standard 5lt < 8, 5.;>.

l~~~~~~~~ * . -'a.. .. , ' -A ;,

1 - I - ' F---- -: i i-*- s * . .St

=l - ..* , .

*_ -- . I l:

_____ I ,1 , iJ' k -

I~~ I l I

- | . 11 .~ .' I .~L ,

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .~ . .

r.-~~~~~~~

s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_________

_______|______|_I

:= I

-? X9 I *X

td'' .A,. , * '-I.............q a __;_____l____| ______:

..... .A . -.. q ..................... , ..

1 : ,1

i4 IENI I iI U I,

11 | ~N I 1s.

'1 n"l. -itl

S

|~~~~ Iw1,'' S

k,

i.

- - '~1 j' - I' -' "'"'

I

. ;

I

APPENDIX C

DATA ON INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT QUALITYFROM SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS

NM4STRY OF 11-iRC-Y;

tMA ?RC VZICe 'A T= AND >G Zt£ C ,. .. .

APPLICAN: ^^=¢ogc >I

SAiYOIG DAME: 7sS01ns. J} 94 9

I-ZST DAM:,og. 731 1,-

. RESMUtAL CELR CEM - TREA-MZT WA7--4 fm.gl -J -u

z 7ka OF R .V WATIn : C ¢T_;b4J

I4EATME OF -MrkTIM WAIM 0 C ~~~>

lkm. . _ ,0

i~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~A EWaLL¢-r7M ,tA W -' _=

i i !.m81U'S-'-tSn 4: C=4RS El ,r : > c L} '

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 0

a- r.OC isPtR , .u C:- T. J R

i .. .... . . _

t ~ ~~~~ LIs:s^>astos !

_OC __.................................. A

.1 t -,-sWsUC^s*blaSrA ' 0 . 3 | ;~~~~~~~~~~~~~

i~ ~ ~ HO . -- - ;

! ;~~n= . 4CB LE-M-AINA zbWt'JI . . . ^ t t~~~~~~~~~

MNiS TRY 0? EM\_ry J

ePMOVD4C_ -W'A Nr : S S AGE COZC 'ANY DSPARh 'ilea-T QUFCZ? ::N.z.'RCWL A.aORAWRM3BOLOGICAL L-J. koTO.Y , ,

A?PLPCA2NT: 7::n 3xwerage Comrny :SkWPLNG !?ACE ASOC SCURCE. Sah sW GCham-tei. Smwerg:,ean t ?,_z

SAMPLING DA7:. , l3101/9 61.'ZEs Dr;; As.'o7l/Z9 _0

r RESUCAL cC.-_M 5 N' A WWA^ !MTh): s

FV- 3ESMUAL CazN N A _r. WALT. (-g.1)EI~A Tt,M Or SAW -w<A t o C : ; _j*-:

T=EM:4t2Z OF IATNW WATR C :-Z C.45i97 .

,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~k : W W A--R ; :>'WA=.M.

I I _ C . _ C ,_

HCC K WC-PM S

A.SCAR:S.L 2ICCIE f 1:i

., ~ ~~~~ ! .CBflS-/'VflC'ULARZ i I) ;~~~ a 0~~~~~~

I~~~~~~ -- _R 0 _

i . g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

! ji<tv Rc S .ULMRCZES 0 °* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ANA ~~~~0 0

SSCK WORM 00

2 {EIC--;IC9URA ' C

-. | :i.CO.; sKCRM ! 1 o k

ASCARJS-L.NBIUCCOE . 1. 1 D*

3 -^CLD75.NAŽ7.A !0 I!

0 o I

. I ECOmu., RM 0

,~~~~~~C S. .~ICE . _ _

| i EY?37OL:S-NANArJL o I

ENiEC3t= MS-V. 'CUL4J a O U

.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .~ :J .;

- . jjS S - - ,_ ,

APPUCANJT: -N .; *^4; 15^

SAMPUNtG PLACE AND SOURCE: * :.,4 ,,

SAMPUNG DATE: vyr11/r%TEST DATE: : jT I /i4

FREE RMSlUAL CHLFttONE: mctl i,YJ;c

REF. NO. \

TemprzW c _ _A J o

Elect6= C;Juctiity , umohs cm an Yy A.S 1:, LW

pH ,: Yll1 i7W _=M

i=tvd Oxygen mg/i 02 -_._

__COo mcyl -0-C2 ~= TOC mngfi C:Z_ 2 f;

Nftrowe (Total) mgff N /f &/ S3

Amonla mg/i N !1, 6

Nit mg/] N j A/ISY ?o

Ntite mgJI N -Ilarf _

Orgmc NTtboW7 mg/l N r r,, ;3

W F~~otal 54s5ed Solids (TSS) _ mg/i r ;

f ~~~Fixed nX1 ~ -(

jTc:ai Cisscived Soidis (MDS) mgli 0 f--<,..-;

Fixed mGf YF_7 i&

SetteaWeSolids 2hr mUl . Sn _(<;cL.fe;i T)

Total PmshwtL mg/l P aIRY jS:L,~~~~~~~L , -

Chkwd mgni cl . f ,.l>.

fAlkalinityAcdity mg/l CaC03 JFA -

ZOil & Grease rTg/i .1 4Z Jz ),: J

sur #-2nf (Detw_genft* rg ijM,AS _ r

Sodiumr Adsorption Ratio (SAR) ,- .

Cyanide '-3/1 CNQ g

_ _A

VVA5TE WATER PHY51CA-L AcmP--"- -7 0-.0f cLAjn J

APPUCANT: :A ,6 A4 J.;. *.4, ".4 , .-

SAMPUNG PLeACE AND SOURCE: '0 _J)_ A - j, LI% -

SAMPUNG DATE: YYJ1IIT. ,9

TEST 3ATE: Y1tr

FREE UEUL CHLCRINE: A j

REF. NO.

Test su

Elecia CondutvY ymus;/ cm 7 Mr. (1Oc

pH P11A 6/ a pHt

Disson/ed C>rygen mgfl 02 _ _6;;

_' 580C3 ~~~~~~~ ~~mgYl 02 ^:; z

_ CCD . myl 02~~~~mgA-- 27dL->

TOC nlco2_ _ , v

Nkrog n 1rfi N Ftsa¢e sArronia mgAl N * -/A- 7 ^

.Nt-te rml/ N fF

NItr _0fre Mg Itt ctzl y

*, ~~~Fixed mg'I ! - -fi ~~~~Volatile mgil t -_

TotWalCissoiyed Soids t7M) mzg/l Alt Y.*7 ;^;

-~~~~~ie MG.J 9,51} t C i

ablesowds 2r mu XS Cl. (4/g L Avte;|;s

Ttal Phospae mg/l P bsy/9v

Chkoide msvtl Cl . F, 4,9. W

Ik2linity-cdity mgfl Ca=O _Soc9

Oil & Gre; ttglX _ FY/ / S i

Surfactarst 4Daerert) xngfl MBAs -/rr /T(w}e

> ~~~~Cyanide 'rr,,z/ CN _ _-

Remarks: ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~_ _A~

. . _ ..U4

Rantriu: : ;L>Ol-.*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

APPU CANT: Lr1 ,$; 4'4i d.k t.J ,-6 -44" >

SAMPU!NG PLACE AND SOURCE: 'J; -A L' . jJ. : 4j &

SAMPUNG DATE: YV/li% 4;,* 9

TEST DAME Yy/,111 : jT

FREE RES1DUAL CHLORINE: mgA'P,yIvY

REF. NO.

Test Resutlt _

Temper m* C J__ 5-_ *_ _

Ekwcri=i Conductivity ),mohs I crn _____ _ _ _U_ _ _ _

pH pH

Dissoved Oxygen mg/I 02 _

SOD S mgl 02 4 ru J___ __ _

-COO mlgA 02 " ' 4A A _ ___ __,

TOC . mgii C02 .

Nitrogen (TctO mgil N '.fl rTYl ..

ia ffi~~~g/I N + . .__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Nitam n mg/ N ___ ___ __ ___ __

Ntblte mg/I N _______i _

jOrganic Nrogeni rmgli N _;.J';

o Soiede oids j 'giZtotai Sous Scids (TSS) mg/I _________j

Fixec mg/I i -

Volbt'le mgtt J -__ __-

Tot2i Oissoived Stids (TDS mgil -- j__? ____ngf__________

Fixed mg/I | ^- .r i

!},,+;,- 1l s r x * ,; , ~~~~~~~~~4 L

Totl Phosphate mg/t P _ fm/9 Js -

Choide mg/A Cl , _ _t_ _

Alkatinity-Acidtty mg/( CaCO3 2 a: C _1

Cki. Grease x .u-

Surfzcbn (Detrgents) mgAi MBAS ________ ___. -lilt_____

ISodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)

Cyanide nmg/I CN _

Remarks:

. ;_/Jd,_ ^ gJ^,Li*: ,

TErHRAN IROVINCE WATER& SEWRGE CG M PANY . 2 .3 w

DEPART' -AiEN OF WATE QUALT CCNTROL & LABORATORIES 4A=y;- mVT

WASTE WAT.1R PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL LABORATORY64.Z- J4_j L,;

APPUCANTw: "q -: I 6a... Lj1,J) 0_4 6;: ' .*6

SAMPU NG PLACE AND SOURCE: 4> W4e vJ

SAMPUNG DATE: YYIIlSrY ;;,;>;

TEST OA>: YYI\}lrY j,r ;

FRE-- REWDUAL CMLORINE: Sl.: ,jl2

REF. NO. : .J>:

,2Ss X Resttit | ;ReLjult

Temperawx * ~ ~ ~~~~~c Q - J .; Ij

£Mactrical Cw:udvity urncs I/ cm i! f6 ,- =

cc~~~~~~~~ mgCC C C2 H

TCC mgll NC -2 7 _ grl*i:

Nitnate myX N 11 ' -72 lf I y , _

C ~ ~Nit rngJl N -AJ:34- j."r

tOrganiNtogwe . mS^ N 2- t7 *r t

TocWSolids mngil 3 , a 'Toail Suscended Saids(TSS)_ mytg 1 :*

Fixed mf __W4

Yolable ~mgft_ )

Iaa Dissolved Soiids (MS) myl 3 6 , s3 z;

Fumd myl -t S -- , ;J _

v -*1 ti i Yr Aj.-

bgSolids 2r mins/ .j. ( );,U

Oil & Grease w >sf |P~ i= uo;

Surhctmnts (Dobwgf mgn MBAS _/ i" (44sr .. _L L.* ;Sodium Adspk Ratio (BAR) f-L .64 >1\f

Cyanide r r wl CN -

- . ~Renuuks: .,1>|*

- _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~L,,

DEPARTMENT OF WATER uALY rCON i KUL & AtU?^ I , I . , -

WASTE RATER PHMYSCAL & CHEMCAL LABORATORY gL; .i

APPuCANT: 1 a

SAMPUNG PLACE AND SOURCE: °L L*;

SAMPUNG DATE: YYMITAj

TEST DATE: YYI1II;

FREE RESMUAL CHLORINE: mg/l ~ : .pl4IvY

REF. NO.

0;1- _Test Result

Temp e *F C - J.A 4j IjI&

Efecticl Cordutivity pmohs I cm Yry 7 J7 7 , -

p_H Yl.__ ___ . pH

Dissoeted Oxygen ____ 02_ __._._.____

BOD S -- - -flt~i 02 ..... _ - - rl .2 L. - ...

Coo mynl 02 ra C; COD .34-. ___ _ _ _ _

TOC nn C02mgn C ___

NtNrogen (Towl1 tn/I N

nmonia n/il ______ _ __/________

N;tz mg/I N .__-_-_-_-_-_ -

JN mg/i N .*ril :/ _7. ., -torganc Ntrogn mgA N *IrM c,i _ __T C___ __j

iTta' Sows mgil -6 __'_____

taTaiSusoened Solids CTSS) mgJI |_ rl__ __:_______

Fixed mg/il __ -_ _______

Volatile mag/l

toai O-iD ved Solids 51 mgI | . ,_

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - J>.

Volafile mngi .. v* ~-, -i

SerlaSbe Solids 2hr mi/l. ____ (4:L ; , 4

Total PhotsphaW mgil P ffaa 1.L;

Chloride mg/l Ct __ __ __ __ _

jAlka2inity-Acidity mgyi CaCO3 ll. r

Oil & Grease m_g/l__ - ___ [IF _

SurTaarTps (ypf AS ,; (%;.:) .

So8dium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) _ __ / -9

Cyanide MOJl CN _ - j

Remarks:

.,C' - C"-~ "':

MINISTRY OF ENERGY )

TEHRAN PROVINCE WATER & SEwERAGE COMPANY

DEPARTMENT OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL & LABORATORIES1

WASTE WATER PMYS1CAL & CHEMICAL LABORATORY , * _ j T

APPUCANT: t jSJ -jJ* 6.a *

SAMPUNG PLACE AND SOURCE: ',1 - 4 ' '; " ; J i .J

SAMPUNG DATEM YYlIRY

TEST DATE: YYtllLrY ;

FREE RESMDUAL CHLO1UNE: mgll : a. L jL vjl

REF. NO. j

Resut ________

Teet j et J ,&

lecuical Con ucMtiv -- -- o:c -_ z--Pro-- --. __.__.

pH . 7/o6 Y!_ pH

Dissotved Oxygen mW/I 02 _

BOo 5 mg/I 02 1C

cOD mg/i 02 2 I OC I -C2 - I L A

Niroge(Toufl nmg/I N iz/l ____A-n wOia mg/l N 4/6 'S ___

~~~~Nitzte mgWi N lt7 !A _________

Nt- :bYiSs 1.- rng/I N .

Organic-Ntogen mg/i N _____ _ _ _ . _ ___

ctal SoWid 13m _____________

Tata lS&s ed Solids (MS)

A FL-s;. mcv i . __

.oi=aie m ___ J__ _ _

Toui DOsszv Solids (MDS) rng/I o _F. A _-_____

Fixed mg/l . _______________

=otn mg/I 1_ J;i '> __V____________

Setteable Solids 2hr Mi/i I ( ' __

Iotal phosPzptu mg./I *r f11Cniorie _________ _:______________

Alkainity-Acidi' mgil CaCO3 l__T _9__.

Oil & Gras mg/I n / !.

Surfactm. (D_ytgat4) msng M8AS Vi2I *Jr (.i)

Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) Iffy -:A- -_.

Cyanide mgAI CN .__ .

.,em f .,

C ;,;.j@0, -- / ,-Lt J

TEHRAN PROVINCE WATER Z SEWERAGE COMPANY , 1

DEPARTMENT OF TREATMENT WORKS & LABORATORIES -A L4j1 j LA AU 4 ja ijAi

WASTE WATER PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL LABORATORY ',.s

APPLICANT: > ;; i ,, *.;S

SAMPLING PLACE AND SOURCE: I 4 ii A- 4,

SAMPUNG DATE: V tT/ : JJJ J a

TEST DATE: 'IviA : 3

FREE REMDUAL CHLORINE: -

REF. NO. IYA/Yf

A

Test Q44Test | ~~~~~~Result |- .

TemDera;ure 'C / I!ecV.rical ConducVvit ,ujmos I cm _ ._ _ ,; ;J: '

Dissolved Oxvgen mgSi 02 b IA J i / _ ;

80SD6 mg/i C2 ____ _______________C D mg/i 02 ________ ____ ___ __ _

7O_ ma/l C02 2 I __~~~~~~~~~~~~____ , - -C_

Ni,rc (en Total) mgJl N ,^ ______ _______5Z__;

,Ammcnia mg/i N _____________._- __

,Ni;rae mgfl N _ _ _ _ Ii 9'

- it'e . mgNl s if N _ .TA - g

icranic N(trmgen inJi N ________ / r-.

,c.ai Solids m g/i _ _ _ __ __t ___ ___ ___ __.__

--:al Suspencea Sciuds (TSS) ncA __ __ _ _ __ _3 _:_ _ _ _

Fixed maSI _ i A ();a

Volatile mgI f

Sertleaoie Solids 2hr mift __________f _________

Total Phosohate __-' D , A j _ ______

Chloride mJI Cl ____r__ _ ____

.lkl.nity-Ac.dity mgit CaCo3 ____t_____ __,_ _ _ _ _ _

Ol i l -,, C _ __ m gil | - f JSurfactants (Detergents) mgtl MBAS ___ - *

Scdlum Adsorpticn Ratlo (SAR) - . j_6, -a

Cyanide mg/i CN _ -_

Remarks: : ;,;.'> :

-. .iJ~ ., -

DEPARTM?NT OF WATER QUAL=IY CONTROL AND LABORATORES &S , i J

3IOLOC'ICAL LABORATORY tS T

APPLICANT: A jU .:

AMPLING PLACE AND SOURCE (A;) t ;

SAMPLING DATE: Y./ . /T : ,

TEST DATE: YA/ . I /.T I

FREE RESMIUAL CHLORNE IN RAW WAT :ER mg/.

FREE RESIDUAL CHLORINE IN TREATMNT WATER: mg/I : * -, -:S

TEMPERATURE OF RAW WATER: O C A/a 0 .

TESERATURE OF TREAT1iVNT WATER o C A :I & '. -

REF. NO1 C) r . A >

,Tnmova1 % TRREATED _ RAW WAIMR A

/ { c . ' * / * t . g 5 I I | i * ' -i. 4 & 6 C Diatomaceae

.- ~~~~~~~~~~~-

,/,y,,pz / ' 5 5 1 1 ' S ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Clilorophyc:ae

;.c; .* __ _ _ _

I ]Ci) I ! i Cy-anophyc:ae

C 8 ' ' * ; i _ _ ' ^ ' 15 6 f ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Protozoa

j -1> _S_ , , -,\- ' I C.utCcea

X r 7 AY/°- 1 \ >~ f | g A q | Nematode

_______ ____________________________ J~~~~~~~~~~~~Other Org-an6-m

-7,- j;C 1a-1 ), a-

LRr r

4

APPENDIX D

NOTES FROM PUBLIC MEETINGAND LABORATORY EQUIPMENT & STAFFING

I

PUBLIC MEETLNG ON TEHRAN SEWAGE PROJECT

Following World Bank's suggestion, and to daw more public participationand consultancy, another public meeting on 7Fehrarn Sewage Projects designand associated impacts was laeld at Tenran Sewage Company's Seminar Halon Monday April 19 1999 from 9 am till 12 noon.To invite peopie for the meeting adds were nublished in ?elhran's Englishmd Far3i Dailv's and banners were posted in c.ty satets, Tlhe public-rescpred -os1tivciY and besides several phone calls that TSC's PublicRelations office r-ceived, 78 Deopie actually siowed up in the meeting,which included peopie from N.G.O., Environnezi Groups (includiag TheLadies for Protection oI Environment), Students, a'ter & Sewage industry,Ge.nerai reside, it is interesting to note that out of 78 peoDle, 2-3 wereladies(frcm 'S o 89 vears old) l of which had ncne colleze education.The meecng was chaired by Tehran Se-wage Company's oficials (Depury ofOperation, Dmurv of Technical Affairs a EEIngearing, aid Deuurv ofsubscrber's Affairs) and Tei'=r Sewage Projecz 's desin mrsaiiaszer fromMahab C-hods Comsulcr.z. It starred by a brief expplanin, ar protectzig theenvironment and how current sewage disposal practices endaicers theenvironmenet of the city. Then peop}le were proivied with; inforaticn on the

eSigII of Te.ran sewvage Project and rejevant stages of it's impiemen.etaticLIt aiso Mncludad i-Ormnatio on places where they aiready have sewernerwork and =e-aenet viant, and areas -wher- sewer is under constructionand how Ie . oroiect c3uld cover abLtcu one tifth ofI rea aid one forth ofrhe popuiatica in t:eran.At this stage people were asked abour theirsugpesno., tceas, md ccmments.?aricivant's reply started with Mirs. Dr. Mallazh's(Hend of Ladies forEnvironment Prorection) comments on worrisome methods of currentdisposal of raw se-Nagc, and their effict on rives and surface waters ofTehran and hcw polluted water sources are, even at veiy start. wiliere theventer Th=an's citv limits (far north for the hole city and prevention ofresidential. industnal, and commercial units to be develoned cinse to, si-,facewater ways. and asked for promnpt acion for construction oI sewer systemad complete cooperation of relevant organs to prevent furtherencroachment into surface waters.In total 44 questions followed Mrs. Mallah's comments. the subiect of whichwas on following general categories:* What peopLe can do to help'?* \Vhar is being done to inform peopie of prnblems?7* Can 7ehran Sewerge Company by itself tackle such a large task? And

what is it's relation with other orgaus?

How nroblems with other in'rastrncture netwoks is dealth with?* Goverment support the project?* Is there a publication on the subject?

Programs for research7* Have ther been accidents mad what are preventation and mI2i -ation steps

taken?t Qu.stions were asked on the size and type of pipes used, and alsso

flexib.lity of nerwonks in event of earthq,-'---* Financa =d possibility of foreign investment and priNate was asked

about participanan.* Time schedule of the projects?* Educating the inausiai mana-ers nd their particiration.* Regulations and laws on the subject.* The were also spectic austion on specic teanent plants being

closed, or not flictioning properlv, and or areas laving problems andwhen specinc areas wiil he sewered.

The meeting c=ncluded with participants having a posiTive feeling aboutexchanged information and morx public meetmngs wera asked for in furespecifically in various localities of the city and in universities.

D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.1

~~~~~~~ -- -- -- - br$ - - . _. I-. __ ._. - _ -- _ - -.-..

Southern Tehran Sewage Treatrnent Plant

PriceItem 6Eauipment Rials USS

I .AtOmnc Absorotion unit 450.000.Ooj 75.000

2IGas Chrormatoqraphi |450.000.0001 75,000

3flncebator & Oxi Too (8005 Measurement Unit) 1 60.00o oool 10,000

4CO[) Measurement Unit wth accessories 50.000.000 _ 8_ 8,333

blOxygen Meter 30.GC0o000 5.000

61 1000 Degrees Centigrade Furnace | 7.COO.0001 1,167

7jHigh Precision Scale (0.01 to 0.001 grarns) _ | 5,00oooco 833

SI Bi-focal Steno-microsccoe 4_c00.0001 667

GIFlame Photometer (fcr measurment of Na. K. U .. ) 50.000.oO __ 8.333

lOlSinole Plate Electricai Hoz Plate _1 4.000.000 667

11 iSix Plate Eiectrical Hot Plate _ 5.000.000s 833

12ipH meter and Thermometer 5. oo00.0001 833

131A comolete Set of Glass Baloons 4 c.000.0001 667

141E.ren Sh,aKer 8.000ooool 1.333

151i ermostazic Weld (Ben Marv) _ 2.COO.000f 333

161JUV - Vis;$cle Scectroonotometer 85.oO0.0001 I.1 167

17iRefnrerator I 2.uo00.0001 333

l I8Eight armea Centnfucal Unit | ,.oco.oool 1000

191Vacume Pumo along with Filter Case | c.C00.0001 1.50

201Large Caoacity Cistiller | 0.'Co0.0001 1 .667

21 i Laboratorv Clock I o000ol 83

22iTable Too Time meter coo.oool 83

23IJar Test ( cell) . 0.00000 1.167

24lElectrcat Conductivitv Unit 1O.C00.000 1 667

25ICoioni Ccunter 1.00.000i 167

2610il & Grease Analyzer ! 50.oco.o00 8 333

27iChemicals io100.Co.00ol 16,667

281iGass Ecuioment 50.000.000 8.333

29ILaboratorv Bench and Cabinet 300.000,000 50.000

301Ca Hardness Meter 35 00.0 5 833

31 Icomputer | is.oo.oool 2.500

32lResidual Chlorine meter S.CC00.000 833

33 Air Quality Control Units Including: 100.000,000 16.567

(NH4 meter. H2S meter, Mercaptane meter, H.C. Analyzer

Noise Anaivzer. Metroiogical Analyzer, Dust Analyzer)

TOTAL | 1.920.000.000 320,000

Required Number of People ini the Laboratory at South Tehraii STP

University Degree Annual Cost to Company Total Costlem Job Specification UniuarcityoDegreey No. of People-, -_______________________________(QuIalilicalion) Rial UJS$ Rial US$

1 Lab)oratory Manaier Pi-ID) or M.S. 38,400,000 6,4 00 1 38,400,000 6,4l00

2 Cliemist M.S. or B.S. 28,800,000 4.800 1 28.800.000 4.800

3 Micro-biologisl M.S. or S.S. 28,800,000 4,800 1 28,800,000 4,800

4 Cromolograplh Specialisl M.S. or B.S. 28,800,000 4,800 1 28,B00,000 4,800

5 Atomic Absorblion Specialisi M.S. or B.S. 28,800,000 4,800 1 28,800,000 4,800

6 Air metering Inslhuments Specil;dist M.S. or B.S. 28,800,000 4,800 1 28,800,000 4,800

7 Technician i-lighi scliool Diploma 19,200,000 3,200 2 38,400,000 6.400

roTAL 201,600,000 33,600 8 220,800,000 * 36,800

^ Following annual cosis shiould also b( consi(dered:US$ 10,000 per year Is required flr IraininUUS$ 60,000 per year Is required l;r utilily, transportalionl, inainilenance,....

acer/ IRAN Aef CiRAutNs Limited

7Dugas House16 1 Dougtas StreetWestmu1nserL:ndon SWIP APS UACTeionfone 071-821 E171

Your Ref: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Telex 28679 BWAH0,P GYour Ref:Our Ref: 0133/MBIRS Fax 071*932 0870

23 August 1993

Mr S M ShakibiManaging DirectorTehran Province Water & Sewerage CompanyKshavarz BuildingHejab AvenueTEHRAN 14395 -169IRAN

Dear Mr Shakibi

RE: TEHRAN SEWERAGE PROJECT

As promised, we have pleasure in submitting herewith the Environmental Assessment ofProposed Sewerage Project and Effluent Re-use, Main Report.

We have, as requested, omitted references to concrete and vitrified clay factories and newmaterials both from the Main Report and the Executive Summary.

We should mention that the project time scale of the Stage 1 Project (Section 2. I 1) and theManagement Plan of Mitigative Measures Programme (Table 7.1) both require updating inline with your current proposals.

We hope this report is to T.W.S.C's satisfaction, and we hope to hear from you in duecourse.

Yours sincerely,

,~~~~~~~~~~~ IC 4' L''

Dr M BolourchiManaging Director - Acer IranDivisional Managing Director - Acer Consultants Ltd

oe _.__bds U &WW SAw N

u Zi.S.xn EvwwA

ACER ENVIRONMENTAL (DARESBURY)QUALITY ASSURANCE

TITLE Tehran Sewerage Environmental Assessment

CLIENT Ray-Ab Consulting Engineers

ISSUE AND REVISION RECORD

Project No. SOR1008013R

Report No. RT-EDA-0423

Revision 05 Final

Date 20 August 1993

Originators .D R Brown

Checkeby . .... . .

J A Critchley

.W......... R.W. Jorda w

I