E740 - World Bank Documents & Reports

Zhejiang Urban Environment Project Environmental Assessment

E740March 2003

Zhejiang UrbanEnvironment Project

ConsolidatedEnvironmentalAssessment

March 2003

Zhejiang Provincial Instituteof

Environmental Protection Science & Design

with assistance from

Mott MacDonald

E ASI I R l

APR IX 203RECEIVED

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Zhejiang UrbanEnvironment Project

ConsolidatedEnvironmentalAssessment

Issue and Revision Record

Rev Date Originator Checker Approver Description

1 21 March Larry Quinn03

This document has been prepared for the titled project or named part thereof and should not be relied upon or used for any

other project without an independent check being carried out as to its suitability and prior written authority of Mott

MacDonald being obtained Mott MacDonald accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequence of this document

being used for a purpose other than the purposes for which it was commissioned. Any person using or relying on the

document for such other purpose agrees, and will by such use or reliance be taken to confirm his agreement to mdemnify

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List of Contents Page

Summary S-1

Chapters and Appendices

1 Introduction 1-1

1.1 Zhejiang Urban Environment Project (ZUEP) Background 1-11.1.1 Surface Water Pollution in Zhejiang Province 1-31.1.2 Pollution Status of Offshore Sea Area of Zhejiang Province 1-31.1.3 Pollution Control Action Plan of Zhejiang Provincial Government 1-41.1.4 Zhejiang Urban Environment Project (ZUEP) and the World Bank 1-71.1.5 EA Production 1-8

1.2 Description of the Study Area 1-91.2.1 Economy of Zhejiang Province 1-91.2.2 Regional Water Resources 1-151.2.3 Water Resources of Project Cities 1-151.2.4 Domestic Water Supplies and Utilisation 1-161.2.5 Sewerage Systems 1-171.2.6 Solid Waste and Sludge Disposal Systems in Place 1-181.2.7 Population, Wastewater and Solid Waste Projections 1-20

1.3 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 1-221.3.1 Laws and Regulations 1-221.3.2 Project Documents 1-231.3.3 Contents of Component EA Evaluations 1-251.3.4 Focuses of Component EA Evaluation 1-281.3.5 Guidelines and Recommendations 1-29

1.4 Scope and Standards of Environmental Assessment 1-29

1.5 The Need for the Project 1-30

1.6 Assessment Objectives, Criteria, Parameters 1-30

1.7 World Bank EA Preparation Requirements 1-31

1.8 EA Participants 1-31

1.9 EA Organisation 1-32

2 Description of the Proposed Project 2-1

2.1 ZUEP Project Components 2-12.1.1 Component Summary 2-12.1.2 Related Projects 2-1

2.2 Project Formulation and Development 2-22.2.1 Project Inventories and Ranking 2-22.2.2 World Bank Water Resources Principles 2-62.2.3 Final Component Selection and EA Categorisation 2-6

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2.3 Details of Zhejiang ZUEP Component Projects 2-72.3.1 Hangzhou Landfill No. 2 2-72.3.2 Shaoxing - Rehabilitation of Urban Canals & Urban Infrastructure Services2- 102.3.3 Ningbo Zhenhai WVVTP and Sewerage 2-152.3.4 Ningbo Jiangdongnanqu South WWTP and Sewerage 2-162.3.5 Ningbo Dongqian Lake Infrastructure Improvements & Development 2-182.3.6 Ningbo Cicheng Town Infrastructure Improvements & Development 2-202.3.7 Ningbo Municipal Sludge Management Plan 2-272.3.8 Technical Assistance 2-28

2.4 Finance and Economics of Proposed Projects 2-282.4.1 General 2-282.4.2 Capital Costs 2-282.4.3 Operating Costs 2-352.4.4 Financial and Economnic Analyses 2-382.4.5 Implementation Programme 2-41

3 Description of the Environment (Provincial Overview) 3-1

3.1 Physical Environment 3-13.1.1 Geographical Location 3-13.1.2 Geology/Soils and Topography 3-23.1.3 Climate and Meteorology 3-83.1.4 Air Quality 3-113.1.5 Noise 3-223.1.6 Surface and Groundwater Hydrology 3-223.1.7 Non-Point Pollution, Agricultural and Urban Runoff 3-25

3.2 Biological Environment 3-263.2.1 Flora 3-263.2.2 Fauna 3-263.2.3 Special Issues 3-26

3.3 Socio-cultural Environment 3-263.3.1 Project Area Overview 3-263.3.2 Social and Public Health Issues 3-27

3.4 Areas of Special Designation 3-283.4.1 Endangered Flora and Fauna 3-293.4.2 Historic and Cultural Sites 3-313.4.3 Parklands or Other Special Sites 3-363.4.4 Watershed Protection Zones 3-363.4.5 Ocean and Beach Resources 3-36

4 Environmental Management and Problems 4-1

4.1 Water and Environmental Institutional Arrangements 4-14.1.1 The National Level 4-14.1.2 The Provincial Level 4-54.1.3 The City and County Level 4-6

4.2 Attainment of Goals, Standards, Regulations 4-64.2.1 Surface Water Quality 4-74.2.2 Water Supplies, Treatment and Distribution 4-8

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4.2.3 Wastewater Collection and Septic Tanks 4-84.2.4 Wastewater Discharges - Domestic 4-94.2.5 Wastewater Discharges - Industrial Pollution 4-94.2.6 Industrial Discharges to Sewerage Systems 4-94.2.7 Sludge Disposal for Septic Tanks and WWTP 4-144.2.8 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal 4-14

4.3 River Systems, Marine Water, Groundwater Conditions 4-144.3.1 Monitoring Locations 4-144.3.2 Monitoring Data of Surface Water, Sea Areas and Ground Water 4-144.3.3 Total Discharged Quantities of Wastewater, Organic Pollutants and NutrientSalts in Province 4-364.3.4 Objective Reduction of Total Water Pollutant Discharged in Zhejiang duringPeriod of Tenth Five-year Plan 4-374.3.5 Treatment Requirements on Wastewater Treatment and Other Projects inZhejiang 4-374.3.6 Organic Load Reduction and Surface Water Environmental Benefits afterCompletion of ZUEP 4-374.3.7 Contributions of ZUEP and Other Projects Concerned to Water QualityImprovement after Their Completion 4-384.3.8 Ocean Water Quality Assessment, Zhenhai 4-394.3.9 Summary 4-40

5 Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project 5-1

5.1 Typical Impacts of Water Pollution Control Projects 5-25.1.1 Positive Impacts 5-25.1.2 Negative Impacts 5-3

5.2 Typical Impacts of Solid Waste Management Projects 5-45.2.1 Positive Impacts 545.2.2 Negative Impacts 5-4

5.3 Typical Impacts of Canal Dredging Projects 5-55.3.1 Positive Impacts 5-55.3.2 Negative Impacts 5-5

5.4 Typical Impacts of Road Construction Projects 5-55.4.1 Positive Inpacts 5-55.4.2 Negative Impacts 5-6

5.5 Positive Impacts of the Specific ZUEP Components 5-65.5.1 Main Project Impacts 5-65.5.2 Improved Surface Water Quality, ZUEP Cities and Basin 5-215.5.3 Additional Potential Benefits 5-245.5.4 Summnary of Project Positive Impacts 5-25

5.6 Potential Short Term Construction Impacts 5-255.6.1 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) 5-255.6.2 Demolition/Spoil 5-295.6.3 Dredging Sediments 5-325.6.4 Abandoned Earth and Stone 5-335.6.5 Noise 5-345.6.6 Dust 5-37

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5.6.7 Transportation 5-385.6.8 Safety Issues 5-385.6.9 Sensitive Sites and Public Facilities 5-395.6.10 Domestic Wastewater 5-405.6.11 Production Wastewater During Construction 5-415.6.12 Ocean and Beach Impacts, Ocean Outfall Construction 5-425.6.13 Summary of Potential Construction Phase Impacts 5-42

5.7 Potential Operational Phase Impacts 5-425.7.1 Sewage Overflows (Collection, Pump Stations, WWTPs) 5-425.7.2 Industrial Waste Upsets 5-435.7.3 Noise 5-455.7.4 Odours 5-485.7.5 Effluent Water Quality Impact 5-495.7.6 Solid Waste and Sludge Treatment And Disposal 5-625.7.7 O&M Problems 5-645.7.8 Organic Loading and Standards 5-655.7.9 Wastewater Effluent Re-Use, Secondary Impacts 5-655.7.10 Ocean Outfall at Zhenhai 5-665.7.11 Miscellaneous Landfill Operational Issues 5-665.7.12 Road Operations 5-705.7.13 Summary of Potential Operational Phase Impacts 5-70

5.8 Potential Project Risks 5-705.8.1 Flooding 5-705.8.2 Raw Sewage Overflows During Storms 5-725.8.3 Raw Sewage Overflows Due To O&M Problems 5-725.8.4 Improper Sludge Handling And Disposal 5-735.8.5 WWTP Accidents 5-735.8.6 Lack Of Industrial Pre-Treatment 5-745.8.7 Landfill Leachate Contamination 5-755.8.8 WWTP Sludge in Landfill 5-755.8.9 Landfill Subsidence and Slides 5-765.8.10 Landfill Gas Explosions 5-775.8.11 Dredge Disposal Site Impacts on Groundwater 5-775.8.12 Summary of Project Risks 5-78

6 Analysis of Altematives to the Proposed Project 6-1

6.1 Introduction 6-1

6.2 Altematives Reviewed in Water Pollution Control Project Development 6-16.2.1 Interception Ratio 6-16.2.2 Pipe Materials 6-16.2.3 Interceptor Pipeline Construction 6-26.2.4 Number of Pump Stations and Pressure Mains 6-26.2 5 Number of WWTPs 6-36.2.6 WWTP Site Selection 6-46.2.7 Wastewater Flows and Capacity of the WWTPs 6-56.2.8 The Quality of Wastewater to be Treated 6-56.2.9 The Use of Septic Tanks 6-56.2.10 Treated Effluent Standards 6-6

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6.2.11 The Degree of Treatment 6-86.2.12 Wastewater Treatment Options 6-96.2.13 WWTP Sludge Disposal 6-14

6.3 Landfill Options 6-146.3.1 Selection of Landfill as Preferred Disposal Option 6-156.3.2 Selection of Landfill Site 6-156.3.3 Selection of Landfill Layout at Tianziling 6-176.3.4 Leachate Control and Extraction 6-206.3.5 Containment of the Existing Landfill 6-206.3.6 Leachate Collection at Landfill Bottom 6-216.3.7 Proposed Grout Curtain under the Rock Fill Dam 6-246.3.8 Leachate Collection within Landfill 2 6-246.3.9 Embankment Surface Run-off and Leachate Collection Ditches 6-256.3.10 Diversion of Surface Water Flows from Landfills 6-256.3.11 Leachate Quantity and Storage 6-256.3.12 Landfill Gas Extraction and Use 6-266.3.13 Leachate Treatment 6-27

6.4 Dredging Options 6-306.4.1 Dredging Methods 6-316.4.2 Handling Hazardous Contaminants 6-316.4.3 Transportation 6-316.4.4 Disposal Area Site Selection 6-326.4.5 Revegetation And Reclamation 6-326.4.6 Prevention Of Reoccurrence 6-32

6.5 Roadway Options 6-326.5.1 Route Selection 6-336.5.2 Road Capacity and Sizing 6-336.5.3 Construction Materials 6-336.5.4 Erosion and Water Quality Controls 6-336.5.5 Noise Mitigation 6-34

6.6 No Project Alternatives 6-34

6.7 ZUEP Projects Connection to Ongoing Activities and Future ZUEP Projects 6-35

7 Mitigation and Monitoring Management Plans 7-1

7.1 Mitigation and Monitoring of the Implementation of Mitigation 7-17.1.1 Construction Phase 7-27.1.2 Construction EMP By Component Project 7-77.1.3 Operation Phase 7-147.1.4 Operational EMP By Component Project 7-20

7.2 Institutional Responsibilities 7-257.2.1 Management Institutions: Project Management Office System 7-257.2.2 Supervision Institutions 7-267.2.3 Executive Institutions 7-277.2.4 Supervision Organisations of Component Projects 7-27

7.3 Equipment and Training Requirements 7-29

7.4 Impacts and Costs of Plan 7-29

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7.5 Long-term Monitoring of the Performance of ZUEP 7-317.5.1 ZEPRI CEA Monitoring Plan 7-317.5.2 Wastewater Schemes, Performance Indicators 7-35

7.6 Assessing the Effectiveness of the ZUEP Components 7-357.6.1 Operational Monitoring 7-357.6.2 Annual Environmental Quality Report 7-367.6.3 Access to Data 7-39

8 Public Process and EA Public Participation 8-1

8.1 Meetings with Public Officials in Developing Project and EA 8-1

8.2 Survey of Public Officials and Citizens m Project Area 8-28.2.1 Objectives 8-28.2.2 Principles of Public Participation Survey 8-28.2.3 Forms of Public Participation 8-28.2.4 Organisation of Public Participation Work 8-38.2.5 Investigation and Analysis of Pubic Consensus 8-3

8.3 EA Disclosure 8-9

8.4 Sumnmnary of Public Input 8-10

9 Summary and Conclusions 9-1

9.1 General Conclusions 9-1

9.2 Existing Environmental Conditions, Zhejiang Province 9-2

9.3 Positive Impacts 9-49.3.1 General 9-49.3.2 Improved Surface Water Quality, ZUEP Cities and Basin 9-49.3.3 Additional Potential Benefits 9-6

9.4 Potential Negative Impacts and Mitigations 9-69.4.1 Environmental Impacts, Construction Phase 9-69.4.2 Environmental Inpacts, Operation Phase 9-14

9.5 Total Pollutants Removed 9-24

9.6 Altematives 9-25

9.7 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 9-26

9.8 Public Process 9-26

9.9 Environrnent Institute Suggestions 9-27

9.10 Conclusions and Recommendations 9-34

Figures

Figure S.1: Proposed ZlTEP Project Components - March 2003 ................................................. 21Figure 1.1: Location of Project Components ................................................. 1-33Figure 2.1: Hangzhou Landfill No. 2 Component Project Location ................................................. 2-52

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Figure 2.2: Photos of Hangzhou Landfill No. 2 Site .................................................................. 2-53Figure 2.3: Hangzhou - Location of MSW Facilities .................................................................. 2-54Figure 2.4: Proposed Landfill Facilities In Schematic Form in Hangzhou ........................................ 2-55Figure 2.5: Shaoxing Location Map .................................................................. 2-56Figure 2.6: Proposed Shaoxing Component Features .................................................................. 2-57Figure 2.7: Photos of Shaoxing Component Project Site .................................................................. 2-58Figure 2.8: Existing and Proposed WWTPs in Ningbo .................................................................. 2-59Figure 2.9: Proposed Zhenhai Sewerage .................................................................. 2-60Figure 2.10: Photos of the Zhenhai WWTP Site .................................................................. 2-61Figure 2.11: Details of Proposed Zhenhai WWTP Layout ................................................................ 2-62Figure 2.12: Location of Jiangdongnanqu W TP .................................................................. 2-63Figure 2.13: Photos Of The Jiangdongnanqu W TP Site ................................................................. 2-64Figure 2.14: Proposed Sewerage in Jiangdongnanqu Component ..................................................... 2-65Figure 2.15: Proposed Layout of Jiangdongnanqu WWTP ............................................................... 2-66Figure 2.16: Location Of The Dongqian Lake Component Project ................................................... 2-67Figure 2.17: Photos Of The Dongqian Lake Component Project Area .............................................. 2-68Figure 2.18: Proposed Roads, Sewerage and WWTP in Dongqian Lake Component Project .......... 2-69Figure 2.19: Proposed Layout of Dongqian Lake WWTP .................................................................. 2-70Figure 2.20: Project Area Of The Cicheng Component Project ........................................................ 2-71Figure 2.21: Photos Of The Cicheng Project Area .................................................................. 2-72Figure 2.22: Proposed Canal Improvenients and Sewerage in Cicheng Component Project ............ 2-73Figure 2.23: Other Features of Cicheng Component Project ............................................................. 2-74Figure 3.1: Schematic Topographic Diagram of Tianzilng .............................................................. 3-37Figure 3.2: Regional Tectonic Chart .................................................................. 3-38Figure 4.1: Zhejiang Province Environmental Protection Organisations ........................................... 4-41Figure 4.2: Monitoring Locations near Hangzhou Landfill ............................................................... 4-42Figure 4.3: Monitoring Locations in Shaoxing .................................................................. 4-43Figure 4.4: Monitoring Locations in Marine Area near Zhenhai ....................................................... 4-44Figure 4.5: Monitoring Locations in Ningbo Related to Jinagdongnanqu ......................................... 4-45Figure 4.6: Monitoring Locations of Cicheng .................................................................. 4-46Figure 5.1: Water Quality Model Schematic .................................................................. 5-79Figure 5.2: Model Flow Split .................................................................. 5-80Figure 5.3: Shaoxing Water Quality Model Results .................................................................. 5-81Figure 5.4: River Monitoring Points in Yongjiang Catchment .......................................................... 5-82Figure 5.5: Layout of Model Nodes and Links .................................................................. 5-83Figure 5.6: TN Projection after Dredging Dongqian Lake ................................................................ 5-84Figure 5.7: TP Projection after Dredging Dongqian Lake ................................................................. 5-85

TablesTable S.1: Summary of Hangzhou Project Components ................................................................... 7Table S.2: Shaoxing Project Physical Components .................................................................. 8Table S.3: Summary of Zhenhai Sub-Components ................................................................... 9Table S.4: Summary of Jiangdongnan Sub-Components .................................................................. 10Table S.5: Summary of Dongqian Lake Sub-Components .................................................................. 11Table S.6: Summary of Cicheng Sub-Components .................................................................. 12Table S.7: Proposed Roads in Cicheng .................................................................. 13Table S.8: Project Affected Land Statistics .................................................................. 14Table S.9: SPMO Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Costs .................................................... 16Table S.10: Organic Load Reduction and Environmental Benefits for Surface Waters ....................... 19Table 1.1: Environmental Background Problems, China (1994) ......................................................... 1-7

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Table 1.2: Component EIAs and Assessing Agencies ......................................................................... 1-9Table 1.3: Economic Situation of Project Cities and Province ............................................................ 1-9Table 1.4: Status of Water Resources in Project Cities ...................................................................... -15Table 1.5: The Status of Supply and Use of Water for Domestic Use in Project Cities and Zhejiang .. 1-

16Table 1.6: Populations of Project Cities and Province ....................................................................... 1-20Table 1.7: Assumed Population Growth (Landfill Service Area) ...................................................... 1-20Table 1.8: Ningbo Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment Projects - Target Population and

Beneficiaries ......................................................................... 1-21Table 1.9: EA Staff of ZEPRI ......................................................................... 1-31Table 2.1: Zhejiang Projects in National Green Projects Planning (Second Phase) ............................ 2-3Table 2.2: World Bank Water Resources Management Principles and Issues .................................... 2-6Table 2.3: Summary of Hangzhou Project Components .................................................. ................ 2-9Table 2.4: Shaoxing Project Physical Components ......................................................................... 2-11Table 2.5: Extent of Road Pavement .......................................................................... 2-15Table 2.6: Summary of Zhenhal Sub-Components ......................................................................... 2-16Table 2.7: Summary of Jiangdongnan Sub-Components ................................................................... 2-17Table 2.8: Summary of Dongqian Lake Sub-Components ................................................................ 2-19Table 2.9: Summary of Cicheng Sub-Components ......................................................................... 2-21Table 2.10: Proposed Roads in Cicheng .......................................................................... 2-25Table 2.11: Sludge Production in the Ningbo Region from Municipal WWt TPs ............................... 2-27Table 2.12: Hangzhou Solid Waste Component - Capital Cost Summary ........................................ 2-29Table 2.13: Shaoxing Component - Capital Cost Sumnmary ..................................................... ........ 2-30Table 2.14: Ningbo Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment Projects - Capital Cost Summnaries (Yuan

milllon, constant mid-2002 prices) ......................................................................... 2-32Table 2.15: Cicheng Urban Infrastructure Improvement Project - Capital Cost Summary (Yuan

million, constant rnid-2002 prices) .......................................................................... 2-33Table 2.16: Dongqian Lake Infrastructure Improvement and Development Project - Capital Cost

Summary (Y milllon, constant mid-2002 prices) .......................................................... 2-34Table 2.17: Dongqian Lake: Dredging and Road Components - Capital Cost Summary (Y million,

constant mid-2002 prices) ......................................................................... 2-35Table 2.18: Hangzhou Solid Waste Component - Capital Replacement Costs .................................. 2-35Table 2.19: Hangzhou Solid Waste Component - Closure Costs and Residual Land Value (RMB

million, constant mud-2002 prices) ......................................................................... 2-36Table 2.20: Hangzhou Solid Waste Component - Incremental Annual Operations and Maintenance

Costs (RMB mllion, constant mid-2002 pnces) ....................................................................... 2-36Table 2.21: Shaoxing Historic City-Centre Component - Capital Replacement Costs ...................... 2-37Table 2.22: Shaoxing Component - Incremental Annual Operations and Maintenance Costs (RMB

million, constant mid-2002 prices) .......................................................................... 2-37Table 2.23: Ningbo Components - Capital Replacement Costs ............................................. 2-37Table 2.24: Ningbo: Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment Projects - Incremental Annual Operations

and Maintenance Costs (Yuan million, constant mid-2002 prices) ........................................... 2-38Table 2.25: Ningbo: Infrastructure Improvement and Development Projects - Incremental Annual

Operations and Maintenance Costs ............................................................... 2-38Table 2.26: Hangzhou Solid Waste Component - Economic Internal Rates of Return ..................... 2-39Table 2.27: Shaoxing Component - Economic Internal Rate of Return ............................................ 2-39Table 2.28: Ningbo Components - Economic Internal Rates of Retum ............................................ 2-40Table 2.29: Suggested Asset Transfer Schedule ............................................................... 2-42Table 2.30: SPMO Proposed Contract Implementation Periods ........................................................ 2-43Table 2.31: NPMO Proposed Contract Implementation Periods -Zhenhai ........................................ 2-44

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Table 2.32: NPMO Proposed Contract Implementation Periods - Jiangdongnan .............................. 2-44Table 2.33: NPMO Proposed Contract Implementation Periods - Cicheng ...................................... 2-45Table 2.34: NPMO Proposed Contract Implementation Periods -Dongqian Lake ........................... 2-45Table 2.35: Summary of Current Wastewater Management Responsibilities in Ningbo .................. 2-49Table 3.1: Geographical Location of Sub-Project Located Area ......................................................... 3-1Table 3.2: Basic Weather Factors m Shaoxing ...................................................................... 3-9Table 3.3: Standards for Air Quality Evaluation ...................................................................... 3-12Table 3.4: Monitoring Results of Meteorologic Parameters of the Refuse Landfilling Area during the

Monitoring Period ............................................................. 3-13Table 3.5: Monitoring Concentration of H2S, NH3 and TSP in the Gas of the Refuse Landfill and the

Surrounding Area ...................................................................... 3-14Table 3.6: 24 Hours' Variation Condition of H2S Concentration in Each Monitoring Spot .............. 3-15Table 3.7:24 Hours' Variation Condition of NH 3 Concentration in Each Monitoring Spot ............. 3-15Table 3.8: Statistical Monitoring Result of Air Environmental Quality in the Urban Area of Shaoxing

in 19 98 (mgim 3 ) ............................................................................................................... 3-17

Table 3.9: Statistical Result of the Monitored Rainfall in the Urban Area of Shaoxing in 1998 ....... 3-18Table 3.10: Monthly Statistical pH of the Monitored Rainfall in the Urban Area of Shaoxing in 1998

....................................................................................................................................... ................................... 3-18Table 3.11: City Environment Air Quality Supervision Results ........................................................ 3-19Table 3.12: Contamination Substance Daily Average Thickness Index over Standard Analysis ...... 3-20Table 3.13: Rivers in Ancient City of Shaoxing ....................................................................... 3-23Table 3.14: Water-level Changes of the Rivers in the Urban Area .................................................... 3-24Table 3.15: Monthly Changes of Water-storage in the Urban Area .................................................. 3-24Table 3.16: Locations of Old Famous Trees in Construction Area of Shaoxing Component ............ 3-30Table 3.17: Locations of Old Famous Trees in Construction Area of Cicheng Component ............. 3-30Table 3.18: Information of Historic Sites Renovation in Five Historical Precincts ........................... 3-32Table 3.19: Information of Old Bridges in Shaoxing Project Area ................................................... 3-34Table 3.20: Locations of Old Buildmgs in Cicheng Project Area ...................................................... 3-35Table 4.1: National Water and Environmental Laws Important to ZUEP ........................................... 4-1Table 4.2: Environment Quality Standard for Surface Water, GB 3838-2002 .................................... 4-3Table 4.3: Standard Limit of Added Items for Centralised Domestic Drinking Surface Water Source 4-

3Table 4.4: Standards of Specific Indices in Class I, II, m11 Surface Waters .......................................... 4-4Table 4.5: Environmental Function Zoning Of Surface Water ............................................................ 4-7Table 4.6: Environmental Function Zoning of Offshore Sea Areas ..................................................... 4-8Table 4.7: Status of Industrial Wastewater Discharge ....................................................................... 4-9Table 4.8: Quality Analysis of Water In and Out of WWTPs ........................................................... 4-10Table 4.9: Industry Categories and Pollution Loads in Zhejiang Province ........................................ 4-11Table 4.10: Industries in Each Administrative District in Zhejiang Province ................................... 4-12Table 4.11: Drainage Wastewater Quantity and Water Quality of Main Industrial Enterprises ........ 4-13Table 4.12: Water Quality Standard of Sewers in City of Wastewater Discharge ............................ 4-14Table 4.13: Relationships of Surface Water Bodies with Project ...................................................... 4-15Table 4.14: Summary of Water Quality Monitonng Data of Yongjiang and Fenghua Rivers .......... 4-17Table 4.15: Routine Water Quality Monitoring Data of Zhenhai Inner River ................................... 4-21Table 4.16: Routine Monitoring Results of Water Environmnent of Dongqian Lake 1999-2001 ...... 4-23Table 4.17: Monitored Results of Existing Inner-town Water Enviromnent in Cicheng ................... 4-25Table 4.18: Routine Monitored Results of Water Quality of Cijiang River 1999-2001 ................... 4-27Table 4.19: Water Quality Monitoring Results of Inner-city Canals in Shaoxing 2000 .................... 4-29Table 4.20: Water Quality Monitoring Data of Yanshan River 1999-2002 ...................................... 4-32

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Table 4.21: Monitoring Results of Water Quality Status in Sea Area Neighboring Zhenhai WWTP...4-33

Table 4.22: Landfill Groundwater Quality Data Varying with Years ........ . ...................................... 4-36Table 4.23: Status of Wastewater and Pollutant Discharge in Province in 2000 ............................... 4-37Table 4.24: Objective Reductions of Total Water Pollutant Discharges in Zhejiang dunng Period of

Tenth Five-year Plan (Unit OOO tons) ......................................................................... 4-37Table 4.25: Organic Load Reduction and Environmental Benefits for Surface Waters .................... 4-38Table 4.26: Zhejiang Investment Plan for Environmental Protection during Period of Tenth Five-year

Plan ......................................................................... 4-39Table 5.1: Hangzhou Municipality - Household Income Distnbution by District - May 2002 .......... 5-8Table 5.2: Sunmmary of Project Affected Land Statistics ................................................................... 5-25Table 5.3: Households and Population to Be Resettled ..................................................................... 5-26Table 5.4: Enterprises to Be Relocated ......................................................................... 5-26Table 5.5: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Data for Hangzhou ................................................... 5-27Table 5.6: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Data for Shaoxing .................................................... 5-28Table 5.7: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Data for Ningbo ....................................................... 5-28Table 5.8: Summary on Sources, Quantities and Disposal Methods of Abandoned Solid Wastes (Unit

mg/kg except organic matters) ......................................................................... 5-31Table 5.9: Monitored Results of Sludge Constituents of Components Concerned ........................... 5-32Table 5.10: Analysis Results of Cicheng and Shaoxing Sediment .................................................... 5-32Table 5.11: Monitored Noise Values of Commonly Used Constructional Plants .............................. 5-34Table 5.12: Disturbance Radiuses of Main Constructional Plants (Unit m) ...................................... 5-35Table 5.13: Limits of Noises at Boundary of Construction Site ........................................................ 5-35Table 5.14: Summnaries on Inpacts of Noises due to Construction of Components .......................... 5-36Table 5.15: Constructional Impacts on Traffic and Mitigating Measures ......................................... 5-38Table 5.16: Domestic Sewage Produced by Builders in Constructing Components and Disposal

Measures ......................................................................... 5-41Table 5.17: Summary on Production Wastewater and Disposal Requirements ................................. 541Table 5.18: Water Quality Standard of Wastewater Discharge into Municipal Sewers (CJ3082-1999)

....................................................................................................................................... 5-44Table 5.19: Noise Impact Analyses ......................................................................... 5-46Table 5.20: Main Water Quality Indicators of Leachate in No. 1 Landfill (Unit mg/L) ...................... 5-51Table 5.21: Projected Water Quality Indicators of Leachate in No. 2 Landfill ................................. 5-51Table 5.22: Statistical Results of Influent and Effluent Water Quality of Leachate Treatment Station 5-

51Table 5.23: Leachate Pollutant Discharge Quantities before/after Construction of SW Component 5-52Table 5.24: The Influent and Effluent Water Quality of Design for SJWWTP and Discharge Loads ..5-

53Table 5.25: Hydrologic Parameters at Dependable Rates of 10% and 90% in Zhenhai Hydrological

Station ......................................................................... 5-56Table 5.26: Summary of Calculation Scenarios ......................................................................... 5-56Table 5.27: Summary of Results of Scenarios ......................................................................... 5-56Table 5.28: Influent And Effluent Water Quality Of Design For ZWWTP, Pollutant Removal Rates,

Quantities Removed And Discharge Volumes ........................................................ ..... 5-58Table 5.29: Statistic Data of Dependable Rates of Tidal Range at Zhenhai Station .......................... 5-58Table 5.30: Summary of Mathematic Calculation Scenarios for Outlets by Houhaitang .................. 5-59Table 5.31: Areas Enveloped By Isolines Of The Maximum And Mean CODMo (Main Control Factor)

Concentrations Under All Tides (km2 ) ......................................................................... 5-59Table 5.32: Predicted Results of TN and TP after Intercepting Wastewater for Dongqian Lake ...... 5-61Table 5.33: Sludge Produced by WWTPs (Unit t/d) ......................................................................... 5-63

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Table 5.34: Heavy Metal Content in Solid Wastes and Sludge Immersion Liquid with DifferentImmersion Durations ....................................................................... 5-64

Table 5.35: Non-organized Emission and Source Strength of Pollutants in LFG in Tianziling Landfill....................................................................................................................................... 5-66

Table 6.1: Proposed Pipe Materials ....................................................................... 6-1Table 6.2: Existing and Planned WWTP's in Ningbo ....................................................................... 6-3Table 6.3: Requirements of the National Standard GB 8978 ....................................... 6-6Table 6.4: Comparison of Tianziling and Shima Village Site Options . .............................. 6-16Table 6.5: Stability Safety Factors ....................................................................... 6-18Table 6.6: Discharge Standards for LTP Effluent ....................................................................... 6-28Table 7.1: Collection and Transfer Systems ....................................................................... 7-2Table 7.2: Sanitary Landfi11 ....................................................................... 7-2Table 7.3: Leachate Handling, Removal of Existing Facility ...................................... 7-3Table 7.4: Construction Debris Disposal ....................................................................... 7-3Table 7.5: Wastewater Sewerage and Pumping ....................................................................... 7-3Table 7.6: Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) ....................................................................... 7-4Table 7.7: Sludge Management System ....................................................................... 7-4Table 7.8: Construction Debris Disposal ....................................................................... 7-4Table 7.9: Ocean Outfall ....................................................................... 7-5Table 7.10: Channel Dredging ....................................................................... 7-5Table 7.11: Spoils Transportation and Disposal ....................................................................... 7-6Table 7.12: Infrastructure Construction ....................................................................... 7-6Table 7.13: Spoils Transportation and Disposal ....................................................................... 7-7Table 7.14: Solid Waste Sources ....................................................................... 7-15Table 7.15: Collection and Transfer Systems ....................................................................... 7-15Table 7.16: Sanitary Landfills ....................................................................... 7-15Table 7.17: Leachate Treatment Plants ....................................................................... 7-16Table 7.18: Local and Downstream Impacted Areas ....................................................................... 7-16Table 7.19: Solid Waste, Septage, and Direct Discharge Sources . .................................................... 7-16Table 7.20: Raw Sewage, Domestic and Industrial Sources to Sewer Systems . ....................... 7-17Table 7.21: Raw Sewage Overflows, Various Locations ................................................................... 7-17Table 7.22: Wastewater Sewerage and Pumping ....................................................................... 7-18Table 7.23: Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) ....................................................................... 7-18Table 7.24: Sludge Management System ....................................................................... 7-19Table 7.25: Receiving Water Issues, Including Ocean ...................................................................... 7-19Table 7.26: Raw Sewage Overflows, Various Locations ......................................... 7-20Table 7.27: Infrastructure Operations ....................................................................... 7-20Table 7.28: ZPMO Environmental Monitoring Costs ....................................................................... 7-31Table 7.29: Environment Monitoring of Components during Construction Period . .................... 7-32Table 7.30: Environment Monitoring of Components during Operation Period . ...................... 7-33Table 7.31: Summary of Main Contents of Monitoring Reports for Components . ..................... 7-34Table 7.32: Minimum Wastewater Monitoring Data in Annual Environmental Quality Report ....... 7-37Table 7.33: Mimmum Solid Waste Monitoring Data in Annual Environmental Quality Report ...... 7-38Table 8.1: Zhejiang EA - Information of Public Participation Survey . . 8-11Table 8.2: Zhejiang EA - Summary Information Disclosure ...................................... 8-12Table 9.1: Summary of Project Affected Land Statistics ..................................................................... 9-7Table 9.2: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Data for Hangzhou . ................................. 9-7Table 9.3: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Data for Shaoxing .................................. 9-8Table 9.4: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Data for Ningbo .................................... 9-8

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Table 9.5: Summary on Sources, Quantities and Disposal Methods of Abandoned Solid Wastes (Unitmg/kg except organic matters) ............................................................... 9-9

Table 9.6: Analysis Results of Cicheng and Shaoxing Sediment ...................................................... 9-10Table 9.7: Constructional Impacts on Traffic and Mitigating Measures .......................................... 9-13Table 9.8: Sunmmary on Production Wastewater and Disposal Requirements ................................... 9-14Table 9.9: Noise Impact Analyses ............................................................... 9-16Table 9.10: Organic Load Reduction and Environmental Benefits for Surface Waters .................... 9-25

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Abbreviations and Acronyms

AIC Average Incremental Cost MoF State Ministry of Finance

ATP Ability to Pay MSW Municipal Solid Waste

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand NCB National Competitive Bidding

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand NMG Ningbo Municipal Govemment

CHP Cultural Hentage Plan NWC Ningbo Wastewater Company (proposed)

DO Dissolved Oxygen NWSC Ningbo Water Supply Company (existing)

DRA Design, Review & Advisory consultant (Mott OD Oxygen DemandMacDonald)

PAD Project Appraisal Document (WB)EA Environmental Assessment (WB term for EIA)

PAP Project Affected PersonEIA Environmental Impact Assessment

PIP Project Implementation PlanEIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return

PMO Project Management Office (Municipal level)EMP Environmental Management Plan

PPP Project Procurement Plan

ENFI Beijing Central Engineenng & Research Institute PRC People's Republic of Chinafor Non-ferrous Metallurgical Industnes

PS Pumping StationEPB Environmental Protection Bureau

PV Present ValueFIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return

RAP Resettlement Action PlanFSR Feasibility Study Report

SDPC State Development and Planning CommissionHMG Hangzhou Municipal Government

SEPA State Environmental Planning AgencyHSWC Hangzhou Solid Waste Company (proposed)

SMG Shaoxing Municipal GovernmentICB International Competitive Bidding

SS Suspended SolidsINS International or National Shopping

IDC Interest During Construction TVE Town and Village Enterpnse

IDP Institutional Development Plan VWB World Bank (International Bank for Reconstructionand Development)

IPCAP Industrial Pollution Control Action PlanWRB Water Resources Bureau

IST Institutional Strengthening and TrainingWTP Willingness to Pay

LG Leading GroupWTW Water Treatment Works

LTP Leachate treatment plantWWTP Waste Water Treatrnent Plant

lcd Litres per capita per dayZEPB Zhejiang Environmental Protection Bureau

MoC State Ministry of ConstructionZUDPO Zhejiang Urban Development Project Office

NB: SI units of measurement have been used throughout this report

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Summary

Environmental Assessment of the Zhejiang Urban Environment Project (ZUEP), ZhejiangProvince, China

In November 1999, an agreement was reached between the Government of PRC and the World Bank,that the proposed Zhejiang Urban Environmental Project (ZUEP) be in the Bank's three-year lendingprogram for a loan of about US$150 million. It is currently proposed that the loan application bepresented to the Bank's Board in time to allow loan effectiveness in FY03. The project is intended tostrengthen the collection and treatment of wastewater; the disposal of municipal and solid wastes; toimprove the urban infrastructures services including the rehabilitation of inner waterways, lakes androads; and conservation of cultural heritage in the cities of Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Shaoxing. Thelocations of the project components are shown in Figure S. 1.

This report provides a summary of the Environmental Assessment Report - Main Report andAppendices, for the ZUEP. The EIA Centre of Zhejiang Provincial Institute of EnvironmentalProtection Science & Design (ZEPRI) was responsible for compilation of the consolidated EIA reportof ZUEP with the assistance of the DRA Consultant (Mott MacDonald). Zhejiang Provincial Instituteof Environmental Protection Science & Design, Ningbo Municipal Institute of EnvironmentalProtection Science & Design and the ELA Research Institute of Zhejiang University respectivelyprepared the component EIA reports.

Environmental Context

Pursuant to the Commninique 2000 of Zhejiang Environment Status (Zhejiang EPB, 2000), theenvironmental protection, society and economy had been developed In a coordinated way in ZhejiangProvince; the tasks of "one control and two meeting-standard's" had been accomplished on schedule;the urban environment comprehensive rehabilitation, which focused on infrastructure development,had been deepened continually; the policy had been constantly implemented of paying equal attentionto pollution control and ecosystem protection, new achievements having been obtained in theconstruction of natural preserved areas and ecological protection areas and the environmentalrehabilitation in rural areas having been launched.

The monitoring data of 2000 disclose that basically, the water quality of mainstreams in the provincewas good, but there were areas polluted at different degrees existing mn some tributaries, and riversections passing through cities and towns; pollution was still severe in canals, river systems in theplain and city's inner rivers, and lakes were highly eutrophic. The feature of water body pollution wasof organic pollution type. Main pollution indicators were permanganate index, BOD, non-ionicammonia, volatile phenol and oils.

In 2000, Zhejiang's offshore sea areas (within 12 sea mule stretching outward from terntorial seabaseline) were still seriously polluted, most of environmental function zones having not met therequirements of protection objectives. The pollution degree was to the front of the coastal provinces(autonomous region and municipalities at provincial level). Because the active phosphate and non-orgamc nitrogen exceeded the standard limits senously, the water quality of over 70% offshoreseawaters was Category IV or worse. There was no Category I seawater. In local sea areas, especiallyin northern Zhejiang sea areas, the rates of Pb, Hg and COD exceeding standard were somewhat high.

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Influenced by pollution, the diversity index of organisms and quantities of food organisms present adecline tendency; the changes of benthic communities are obvious in Hangzhou Bay and Ningbo-Zhoushan sea area; red tides frequently occur in the whole sea area.

Zhejiang Province

Accordant to the spirit of Outline of the Tenth Five-year Plan for Development of Economy andSociety in Zhejiang, Zhejiang Development Planning Commission and Zhejiang EnvironmentalProtection Bureau worked out the Tenth Five-year Plan for Environmental Protection in Zhejiang,which included the provincial environmental objectives as below:

o by 2005, the systems of environmental protection policies & regulations and management,which are suitable to the development of economy and society in the province, as well asthose of controlling total pollutant discharge amount will have been initially established inthe province;

o tendency of environmental pollution and ecosystem destruction in the province effectivelycontrolled;

o environment quality much improved in major cities and regions;

o province will manage to take the lead in the country in setting up a benign ecologicalenvironment system meeting the requirements of sustainable development, and try its best togo ahead in the environmental protection work in the country.

Main indicators are listed below:

o The water-quality-meeting-the-standard rates (on the basis of functional zoning) should beraised by 5-10 per cent points in the eight river systems, such as the Qiantang, Cao'e,Yongjiang, Jiaojiang, Oujiang, Feiyun, Aojiang and Tiaoxi rivers;

o The water-quality-meeting-the-standard rates (on the basis of functional zoning) should beraised by 5-10 per cent points in Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou region, which belongs to thecatchment of Taihu Lake, and in the river systems in the plain with water quality seriouslypolluted;

o The water-quality-meeting-the-standard rates (on the basis of functional zoning) of lakesand reservoirs should be over 70%;

o The main water quality indicators should be effectively controlled in the offshore sea areasaccording to the functional zoning requirements, and improved year by year;

o By 2005, the discharge amounts of S02, dusts (smoke dusts and industrial ashes), COD,NH3-N, industrial solid wastes and other main pollutants should be 10% less than those of2000;

o The surface water quality meeting-the-standard rates (on the basis of functional zoning)should be 100% in Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Shaoxing and other major environmentalprotection cities;

o The centralized urban wastewater treatment rates should be more than 53%; the centralizedmunicipal domestic wastewater treatment rates should be more than 45%, especially, thoseof Hangzhou, Ningbo and Wenzhou should reach over 60%;

o The rates of urban domestic rubbish treatment without harmful effects should be more than90%, especially, those of Hangzhou, Ningbo and Wenzhou should amount to 97% or more,and the reuse rates of urban rubbish should be 30% in the cities of the province;

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'l'he public green surface per capita should be over 8 square meters in cities. In the planningbuilt-up areas in cities, the green surface rates should reach above 30%, and landscapecoverage rates over 35%.

ZUEP Project Goals and Objectives

The objectives of ZUEP are consistent with the environmental objectives of the Tenth Five-year Plan,and they are closely related with each other. The implementation of ZUJEP will vigorously raise thelevels of central wastewater treatment rates and disposal of domestic rubbish treatment withoutharmful effccts; treating and reducing wastewater pollutant loads will help realize the controlobjectives of total pollutant discharge amounts; effectively controlling the environmental pollutiontendency and meeting the standard of surface water during the penod of the Tenth Five-year Plan. Theappearances, styles and grades of the project cities can be much upgraded through environmentalrehabilitation and water environment quality improvement, laying a solid foundation for thesustainable development of the province in the future.

In accordance with the national World Bank (WB) policies and priorities, the Shandong ProvincialGovernment (SPG) has requested WB and bi-lateral donor support for the Zhejiang UrbanEnvironment Project. The Zhejiang Urban Environment Project (ZUEP) is also a.key element ofChina's Agenda 21 programmne. The sector-related goal for the project is:

* Improve quality of water and other environmental conditions in Zhejiang Province byproviding environmental infrastructure operated in a sustainable manner

Project Cities

Hangzhou

Hangzhou is the capital and largest city in Zhejiang Province. Hangzhou Municipality (HIM) covers atotal area of 16,600 km2 (16% of the provincial total), and includes eight districts within the city andfive surrounding counties. The city itself is one of the key historical, cultural and scenic centres inChina, with a history stretching back more than 2,200 years. Hangzhou conmnands an importantgeographic location on the northern bank of Qiantang River at the apex of Hangzhou Bay. The area iscriss-crossed by a number of other rivers, minor waterways and the famous West Lake, which add tothe city's reputation as a major tourist destination for domestic and foreign visitors. Hangzhou is alsoat the centre of the province's transportation networks, with important modern road and railconnections to the major ports of Shanghai and Ningbo, an international airport and the Grand Canalthat is navigable northwards to Beijing.

In 2001, the City and the Mumcipality had populations of 3.7 mnllion and 6.2 million. These figuresaccount for 8% and 14% respectively of the provincial population. The core city has a population ofsome 2.5 rrullion in 6 districts, but was expanded to 3.7 million in 2001 with the inclusion ofXiaoshan and Yuhang Districts. Hanghzou Municipality consists of 8 districts, 3 county-level citiesand 2 counties.

Shiaoxing

Shaoxing is an industrial city with a remarkable cultural heritage, located on Hangzhou Bay about 67km to the southeast of Hangzhou and 108 km from Ningbo. Shaoxing Municipality (SM) covers atotal area of 7,900 km2 (8% of the provincial total), and includes one district (Yuecheng) and fivesurrounding counties. The area has good road and rail links, and is served by the airports and ports atHangzhou and Ningbo.

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The city itself has a history dating back more than 2,500 years. It was the ancient capital of the YueState in the Spring and Autumn Period (490 BC). The historical connections stretch through to themodem era, because Shaoxing is the hometown of many well-known Chinese historical figures, suchas the late Premier Chou Enlai, authors and thinkers Lu Xun and Cai Peiyuan, revolutionary martyrsXu Xilin and Qiu Jin. The Old City itself has many buildings and sites of historical interest, includingthe five conservation precincts

By end-2000, Shaoxing Mumcipality had a population of 4.3 million, compared with 3.9 million in1985 and a growth rate of about 0.6% per year. The urban population (non-agricultural) accounts for19% of the total, while the other 81% are classified as rural (agricultural). The City itself (defined asYuecheng District, plus the nearby areas of Paojiang and Keqiao) has a reported population of501,000 in 2000.

Ningbo

Ningbo is the second largest city in Zhejiang Province, bordering Hangzhou Bay and the East ChinaSea about 170 km east of Hangzhou and 108 km from Shaoxing. Ningbo Municipality (NM) covers atotal area of 9,365 km2 (9% of the provincial total), and includes five districts (Jiangbei, Zhenhai,Jiangdong, Haishu and Beilun), three county-level cities (Yuyao, Cixi and Fenghua), and threecounties (Yin, Xiangshan and Ninghai). The area has good road and rail links, and is served by itsown intemational airport and one of the largest intemational port complexes in China.

The foundation of the city itself dates back more than 2,000 years. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties(618-1279 AD), Ningbo has been an important intemational trading centre when Shanghai was stillonly a small fishing settlement. The natural deepwater and ice-free characteristics give the Beilun Portspecial strategic advantages. Ningbo was designated a city in 1927 and became one of China's majoreconomic development zones following the open-market reform programme in the late-1970s and1980s. By end-2000, Ningbo Municipality had a population of 5.4 million, compared with 5.1 millionin 1990 and a growth rate of about 0.6% per year. More than 70% live in urban areas. The City itselfcovers an area of 350 km2 and has a reported population of 1.2 million in 2000.

Ningbo Zhenhai

Zhenhai District is located on Hangzhou Bay at the mouth of the Yong Jiang River. Zhenhai Town isthe district headquarters and commercial centre. The district covers a total of 219 km2 and includesone township, five towns and 151 villages. Zhenhai has been an important trading port for the Ningboregion and the wider hinterland of Zhejiang Province since the Ming and Qing dynasties. ZhenhaiTown is about 28 kmn from the centre of Ningbo.

Ningbo Jiangdong

Jiangdong District is one of the three core districts which make up the main urban area of Ningbo CityThe others are Haishu and Jiangbei Districts. The City is sited on both banks of the Yuyao River andFenghua River which join in the downtown area to form the Yong River, which in turn flowsdownstream to Zhenhai and disgorges into Hangzhou Bay. In 2000, the main urban area had apopulation of about 1.24 million, which has been growing at an average of 1.3% per year since 1990(population of 1.08 million)

Ningbo, Yin County (Dongqian Lake)

Dongqian Lake is located in Yin County about 15 km from Ningbo City. On 19'h April 2002, it isunderstood that the county was renamed Yinzhou District. However, the information presented in this



sub-section refers to Yin County. The county covers an area 1,527 km2 and is divided administrativelyinto two (2) townships and 21 towns. The County Government is located in Ningbo City. Yin Countyis one of the oldest counties in China, with a history dating back more than 2,000 years. In 2000, thepopulation of Yin County was 722,000 (13% of Ningbo Municipality) with an average growth rate of0.3% per year since 1990, when the population was 697,000.

Ningbo, Jtangbei District (Cicheng)

Jiangbei District is where the town of Cicheng is located. The district was the home of the ancientHemedu culture of about 7,000 years ago. The district covers a total of 208 km2 and includes five (5)townships and four (4) neighbourhoods. Cicheng Town is the district headquarters and commercialcentre with a history that stretches back about 1,200 years, including a number of important buildingsfrom the period of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Many of these ancient structures are in a poor stateof repair and will continue to deteriorate unless action is taken.

Cicheng is about 16 km from the centre of Ningbo and covers an area of 70 km2 . The old town, wherethe ZUEP Project is located covers an area of 2.17 km2. In 2000, the total population of JiangbeiDistrict was 225,000 (4% of Ningbo Municipality), with Cicheng Town accounting for about 41,000or 18% of the district population.

The Need for the Project

The overall need for ZUEP is fully described for each ZUEP project component in Chapter 2. TheZUIEP project benefits by component project are fully described m Chapter 5.

EA Preparation Requirements

The Environmental Assessment (EA) for this project was based on the following directives andguidance documents (note: n/a means not applicable):

* World Bank Operational Directives:

Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01, BP 4.01, GP 4.01)

Natural habitats (OP 4.04, BP 4.04, GP 4.04) - WB TBD, Dongqian Lake

Forestry (OP 4.36, GP 4.36) - n/a

Pest Management (OP 4.09) - n/a

Cultural Property (OPN 11.03) -

Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20) - n/a

Involuntary Resettlement (OD 4.30)

Safety of Dams (OP 4.37, BP 4.37) - n/a

Projects in Intemational Waters (OP 7.50, BP 7.50, GP 7.50) - n/a

Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60, BP 7.60, GP 7.60) - n/a

* World Bank Environmental Assessment Sourcebooks, Volumes 1-3, Techmncal Papers 139,140, and 154.

* World Bank Environmental Assessment Updates 1-28, to June 2002.

* World Bank ZUEP Project Aide Memoirs (dated 23 Nov 98, 06-14 May 99, 26 June 99, 17Nov 99, 9 May 00, 8 July 00, 22 June 02).

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o SEPA Standard HJ/T 2.1-2.3, 1993, Technical Guidelines for Environmental ImpactAssessment, 1993-09-18 published, 1994-04-01 in effect.

o Class A project detenmination by World Bank.

Overview of ZUEP Component Components

The ZUJEP envisages the following environmental improvements:

o Hanzzhou The Hangzhou proposals include the construction of a new solid waste landfillwith a capacity of 22.10 mnillion cubic metres.

o Ningbo. The Ningbo proposals include the construction of three new wastewater treatmentfacilities with a total capacity of 220,000 m3/d, construction, expansion and rehabilitation ofthe sewerage network, rehabilitation of inner-city watercourses, Dongqianhu Lake clean-upand development, and infrastructure upgrading in Cicheng town.

O Shaoxing. Shaoxing proposals include the rehabilitation of urban watercourses, upgradingof urban infrastructure services and conservation of histonc sites and buildings in five areasof the Old City.

Hangzhou

The Hangzhou project components relate to the provision of a new landfill and associated facilities,adjacent to and partially overlying the existing Landfill 1. All works will be located at the Tianzilinglandfill site located near the village of Qinglongwu, some 18 km north-west of the centre of Hangzhoucity.

The individual works proposed in this component project are sunmmarised in Table S. 1.

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Table S.1: Summary of Hangzhou Project Components

Component Description Capacity/size Function

Landfill site Construction of 22 million cubic metre 22 mullion cubic metre capacity landfill Provision of safe and

capacity solid waste landfill Includes environmenitally

civil works for contaiunent of sotid waste, Leachate storagc reservoir in old quarry acccptable solid waste

collection and transfer of leachate and gas 150,000 m3 leachate storage disposal for penod in

generated by the landfill, leachate storage, excess of 24 years for

access roads and surface water control the city of Hangzhou

Leachate Construction of leachate treatment plant Leachate treatment plant 1,500 m3/d For leachate treatment to

Treatment Plant (LTP) Outfall to municipal sewerage achieve national

system standard for discharge of

industnal effluent to

__________________ ___________ _____________________________public sew er

Solid waste Provision of 28 new vehicles and mobile Compactors (vanous types) 3 Nr For staff/business

transport and landfill compacting plant including Bulldozers (vanous types) 5 Nr transport and for landfill

compacting plant bulldozers, excavators and trucks Excavator/loaders 4 Nr handling and

Large dumper trucks 7 Nr compaction

Sewage vacuum tanker I Nr

Truck mounted concrete mixer I Nr

Truck mounted crane (50 tonne) I Nr

Breakdown truck I Nr

Minibus I Nr

Jeep I Nr

Car 3 Nr

Shaoxing

The proposed construction components of the Shaoxing project components (buildings and

infrastructure) are summarised in Table S.2.

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Table S.2: Shaoxing Project Physical Components

Component Description Location Capacitv/size Function

Restoration of Restoration and rebuilding of Protected structures - 50,275 m2 Prevention of further

Histonc/ protected structures within the structural detenoration,

Protected histonc old city improve amenity of

Structures conservation areas for

residents and tounsts

Improvement Renovation of Ming and Qing Renovate buildings - 582,200 m2 Provide improved hvung

of histonc and housing including modem kitchen Demolish buildings - 269,900 M2 conditions for residents,

modem and sanitary facilities, Fve Modify modem buildings - 248,200 m2 restore histonc appearance to

buildings in Modification of more modem . Provide kitchens & bathrooms - conservation area, encourageconservatmon

conservation buildings to improve appearance 97,100 m2 tounsm.

areas intown

Sewerage Construction of new sewerage (Gucheng)of 17 8 km of DN200 and DN300 pipes Prevent domestic sewage

system pipelines to create a separate entenng the canals ImproveShaoximg

system and connected to municipal water quality and local

sewerage system and existing environment

WWTP

Provision of Provide piped water and gas Water - 34 4 km of DN25 and DN200 Improve samtation and

improved gas distnbution systems to the pipes environment through

and water conservation areas Gas - 34 4 km of DN25 and DN200 provision of piped clean

supply pipes water and reduce reliance on

charcoal

Modification Increasing depth of 17 canals Dredging 100,000 m3 Cleanng of the senously

of urban through dredging Widening and Excavate 35,000 m3 silted canal sections Benefits

canals new stone revetments for 5 canals Old town area Stone revetment II ,500m3 for navigation

Restoration of 350m of Guanxiang of Shaoxmg Complete circuit of canals for

River (canal) tour boats Possible water

quality benefit

River pumping System of pump stations and gates New 12,000 m3/h pump station Increased canal flushing to

stations and used to pump water from the city Replace seven pumps in three existing one change per day in order

control gates moat to "flush" the urban canals to stations, each 4,000 m3/h to improve water quality in

improve water quality Provide 4 new flow control gates and urban canals for amenity

Construct one new PS and flow repair/replace 10 others purposes

control gates, and rehabilitate 3, ~~~~~Old town area

existing PS and associated gates of Shaoxing

Roads, Re-paving of existing roads with Re-paving - 32,550 M2 Improve appearance of

bndges, car traditional stone paving, repair of Road repair - 24,010 M2 histonc conservation area

parks and existing roads, construction of new New bndges - 4 Nr Provide access across new

public spaces bndges over new canal and Car parks - 29,250 m2 canal Provide controlled

crcation of spaces for landscaped Landscaped areas and parks - 98,140 parking for tounsts Provide

I parks and car parking m 2 more landscaped areas

Ningbo - Zhenhai



The Zhenhai project sub-components relate solely to wastewater collection and treatment and aresummarised in Table S.3. All works will be located in the central urban area of Zhenhai District inNingbo Municipality.

Table S.3: Summary of Zhenhai Sub-Components


Secondary and trunk Construction of new PVC and reinforced PVC sewers, DN300 to DN400 24 1 km To convey wastewater

sewers in Chengguan concrete (RC) sewers from DN300 to RC sewers, DN500 to DNI400 20 0 kn produced in the

catchment of Zhenhai DN 1400 to strengthen existing sewerage Crossings 0 1 km Chengguan catchment of

network, intercept sewage flows Total length of all pipelines 44 2 km Zhenhar (current pop

currently discharged to nver and connect Approx 100,000) to the

system to the proposed Zhenhai proposed Zhenhai

Houhaitang WWTP Houhaitang WWTP

Sewage lift Pumping Construction of five new lift sewage Dongmen PS (refurbish) 170 Us To lift sewage into the

Stations in pumping stations and refurbishment of (peak) trunk sewers to the

Chengguan one existing ltft station Linjiang PS (new) 125 Is (peak) proposed WWTP

catchment of Zhenhai Weihailu PS (new) 610 Vs (peak)

Suidaolu PS (new) 400 Vs (peak)

Hongyuan PS (ncw) 75 I/s (peak)

Haitian PS (new) 75 Vs (peak)

Zhenhai Houhaitang Construction of a conventional oxidation Average daily flow 30,000 m3/d To treat the wastewater

Wastewater ditch treatment plant with biological and from the Chengguan

Treatment Plant chemically assisted nutnent removal urban distnct of Zhenhai

Includes inlet pumping, screens, gnt

removal, anoxic tank anaerobic tank,

oxidation ditch, final settlement tanks,

sludge dewatenng and short sea outfall

Ningbo - Jiangdongnan

The Jiangdongnan project sub-components relate solely to wastewater collection and treatment andare summarised in Table S.4. All works will be located in the Jiangdongnan catchment of southernNingbo city, covering part of the Sanjiang area (all of Haishu and part of Jiangdong district) and thenorthern part of Yinzhou district, in Ningbo Municipality.



Table S.4: Summary of Jiangdongnan Sub-Components


Secondary and Construction of new PVC and reinforced PVC sewers, DN300 to DN400 19 2 km To convey wastewater

trunk sewers concrete (RC) sewers from DN300 to RC sewers, DN500 to DN2200 23 4 km produced in the southem

DN2200 to strengthen existing sewerage River crossings 0 6 km catchment (current pop

network, intercept sewage flows currently Total length of all pipelines 43 2 km Approx 335,000) of

discharged to nver and connect system to Ningbo city to the

the proposed Jiangdongnan WWTP proposed Jiangdongnan

WWTP

Sewage lift Construction of two new lift sewage Ningzhong PS (refurbish) 540 Us To lift sewage in the

Pumping pumping stations and refurbishment of (peak) trunk sewer system and

Stations two existing lift stations Wudongzha PS (refurbish) 790 I/s convey to the proposed

(peak) WWTP

Wangchun PS (new) 530 I/s (peak)

Qioubi PS (new) 330 Vs (peak)

Jiangdongnan Construction of an activated sludge Average daily flow 160,000 m3 /d To treat the wastewater

Wastewater treatment plant with biological and from Sanjiang area, and

Treatment Plant chemically assisted Phosphorus removal from Ymzian, and

Includes inlet pumping, fine screens, gnt Cicheng

removal, anaerobic and aerobic tanks,

final settlement tanks and sludge

dewatenng

Vehicles - to be 3 vehicles for staff transport Truck (4 5 t), sludge transport 8 Nr Provide transport for

located at new 13 vehicles for operational uses Excavator (I 5 t), for loading sludge 2 Nr company staff and

WWTP Truck (I 5 t), for sewer maintenance 2 Nr improve efficiency of

Truck (5 t), flat bed for general use I Nr wastewater company

Minibus I Nr operations

Coach I Nr

Car I Nr

Ningbo - Dongqian Lake

The Dongqian Lake project sub-components relate to both wastewater and other urban environmentaldevelopments. The works are summarised in Table S.5. All works will be located in and aroundDongqian Lake except for the pumping main transferring sewage from Dongqian Lake to Ningbo.

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Table S.5: Summary of Dongqian Lake Sub-Components


Sewerage system Trunk sewers to intercept sewage To prevent wastewater

discharges currently entenng the lake entenng the lake

Sewage pumping mains associated Improve water quality in

with network pumping stations the lake

Network pumping Seven sewage pumping stations No I PS(new) 62 Is To pump collected

stations transfemng flows around Dongqian No 2 PS (new) 410Us sewage around the lake to

Lake No 3 PS (new) 10 Us Honglin PS

No 4 PS (new) 40 I/s

No 5 PS (new) 410 Vs

No 6 PS (new) 440 I/s

No 7 Hotel PS (new) 520 Vs

Dongqian Lake Construction of a conventional Average daily flow 30,000m3/d To treat wastewater from

Wastewater oxidation ditch treatment plant with the towns and villages

Treatment Plant biological and chemically assisted around Dongqian Lake

nutnent removal

Vehicles 3 vehicles for DLIDC staff transport Truck (I 5 t), for sewer maintenance I Nr Provide transport for

I Truck for maintenance Mimbus I Nr company staff and

Coach I Nr improve efficiency of

Car I Nr maintenance gangs

Road construction Wideniiig and surfacing of existing New 6mii wide road 15 3 km Improved access to

gravel roads and construction of new Widening and surfacing 18 I km penmeter of lake to

surfaced roads around the penmeter of Nr of culverts 47 increase potential for

the lake tounsm development

Ningbo - Cicheng

The Cicheng Town project sub-components relate to both wastewater and other urban environmentaldevelopment. The proposed works are summarised in Table S.6. All works will be located in andaround the old town area of Cicheng except for the pumping main transferring sewage from Cichengto Ningbo (Jiangdongnanqu WVVWTP).

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Table S.6: Summary of Cicheng Sub-Components


Trunk and Main and secondary sewers laid in PVC sewers, DN300 to DN400 10 0 km To improve water quality in

secondary sewers roads in the old town to provide a RC sewers, DN500 to DN800 2 2 km the moats and watercourses of

separate sewerage system, Total length of all pipelines 12 2 km the old city

Intercepting sewage currently entering

watercourses from the old city, and

convey sewage to a transfer pumping

station.

Sewage transfer Construct new sewage pumping Transfer sewage from Cicheng

pumping station and station adjacent to old town and Cicheng PS (new, Phase 1) 1 89/s(peak) to Jiangdongnan WWTP for

pumping main transmission pipeline to head of RC pipe, DN 600 12 7 km treatment

(assuming gravity trunk sewer m Jiangdongnan

"centralised" WWTP catchment

treatment option is

adopted)

Road Improvement Upgrade roads in the old town in Urban roads Total length of 12 3 km, with Improve access and safety for

works accordance with the Master plan widths varying between 6 and 8 m 10 stone vehicles to specific areas of

Work to include re-surfacing with bndges & 15 RC bndges, all spans 2 5 m the old town

stone paving, removal of illegal Ring road Total length of 5 km, with width Resurfacing with stone paving

structures obstructing traffic flow and of 13 m II RC bndges with spans from 15 to make roads more in keeping

new bndges over new canals m to 25 m with histonc character of old

Provide nng road and associated Note Roads widths include lanes for motor city

bndges around the old town adjacent vehicles and cycles and footpaths

to moat

Restoration of Restoration of three of the histonc Canal length 5,950 m3 Restoration of canals intended

canals canals within the old town Using Canal excavation 61,000 m3 to reinforce histonc character

water from existing, under-utilised, RC canal walls and base 8,100 m3 of old town, improving

reservoir using existing water attraction for tounsts

conveyance nfirastructure [DRA has asked for further

study to justify the feasibility

of this component]

Flood control works Dredging and widening of moat Excavate/dredge and dispose of 110,000 m3 Pnmary function -provide

around old town and construction of of sediment (volume to be confinned) from protection for a I in 50 year

flood prevention bunds 6 1 km of moat Construct landscaped flood flood event

bund along both banks of moat Secondary function water

quality and aesthetic

improvements

[DRA has asked for further

study to justify the feasibility

of this component]

New flood pumping Construction of two new pumping 4 pumps of 302400 m3 /d capacity Flood protection provided for

stations stations, flood control gates and 30000m3 of embankment a I in 50 year storm

1740m long flood embankment [DRA has asked for further

study to justify the feasibilhty

of this componentl

Details of the proposed roads in Cicheng are shown in Table S.7:

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Table S.7: Proposed Roads in Cicheng

Road Length Property RoadNo. Name of Road Remarks

(m) Line (m) WVidth (m)

I East Town Beltway (Ring Road) 1,600 18 7 Main Road (new)

2 South Town Beltway (Ring Road) 1,110 18 7 Main Road (new)

3 West Town Beltway (Ring Road) 1,200 18 7 Main Road (new)

4 North Town Beltway (Ring Road) 1,100 18 7 Main Road

5 Zhonghua Road 1,070 16 10 Existing Main Road

6 Jiefang Road 1,160 16 10 Existing Main Road

7 Minquan Road 1,480 8 3 5

8 Minsheng Road 1,340 8 3 5

9 Minzhu Road North 975 8 3 5

10 Minzhu Road South 405 12 7 0

11 Minzu Road and Taiyangdian Road 1,250 8 3 5

12 Shangzhi Road 1,160 12 7 0 Exist Secondaiy Road

13 Sanmin Road 670 12 7 0 Exist Secondary Road

14 Congzhuxiang East Road 720 12 7.0 Exist Secondary Road

15 Rixin Road 630 12 7 0 Exist Secondary Road

16 Guanghua Road 547 12 7.0 Exist Secondary Road

17 Taihu Road 936 8 3 5

Total 17,353

Technical Assistance

The V/B considers it critical that institutions responsible for implementing and managing ZUEP sub-projects are equipped with the management and technical knowledge, skills and equipment necessaryto carry out their mandates. A technical assistance (TA) needs assessment is scheduled and this willformr the basis for an institutional programme which will provide training and equipment to theprovincial and city PIUs, Provincial and City EPBs, and the wastewater operating companies ordepartments.

Project Benefits

Public health projects like the ZUEP carry many general benefits to the citizens of the project cities.The project reports outline specific and quantified benefits in the areas of:

* Public IHealth

* Poverty Inpact

* Improved Environmental Conditions

* Reduction in Other Forms of Sanitation

* Direct Economic Benefits (eg., landfill gas and energy, fisheries)

* Improved Public Utility Services

* Reduction in Flooding

* Inproved Mobility from Roads



o Dredging Benefits to Canals

o Tourism

o Property and Rental Values

o Recreation and Amenity

o Employment Creation

o Advancing Municipal Development Plans

o Improved Surface Water Quality

Other additional potential benefits might include:

o Reduced risk of groundwater contamination in the service areas.

o The impact of making realistic charges for wastewater services, should help to encouragewaste minimisation at source, and internalise the costs of pollution control.

o Amenity benefits to the population of project cities are likely to accrue as the quality of theadjacent rivers improve. This could include use of the river for recreational purposes andthe development of riverside walks and parks for public use.

Social Impacts

Resettlement and compensation plans have been prepared and are covered in a separate "ResettlementAction Plan" (RAP). The final RAP has been prepared for the World Bank at the same time as this EAand the summary is shown in Table S.8.

Table S.8: Project Affected Land Statistics

Name of Household to Be Affected Area of Demolition/ Cost for Orientation for

Component Resettled (nr) Population Removal Resettlement Resettlement

(Persons) ('000 m2) (M yuan)

Dongqian Lake 93 234 8.50 11 90 Within Dongqian Lake

Town

Cicheng 1994 4899 97 07 175.21 Cicheng new residential

area

South Jiangdong 120 366 13.00 48 00 Nearby

WWTP

Zhenhai WWTP 44 133 2.47 7.42 Nearby

Shaoxing 1127 6833 63.00 107.10 New North, East and

West Residential Areas

Total 3328 12465 184 04 349 63

Environmental Impacts

Potential construction phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. These constructionimpacts have been sorted according to their geographic location within the overall project scheme.Details of mitigation measures, the monitoring required to ensure that mitigation measures areeffectively implemented, and responsibilities are provided in detailed charts. ZUEP PMOs will have

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an ongoing responsibility to track and report the monitoring work of all the identified agencies, inaddition to their own direct monitoring activities.

The potential operational phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. Many of theconcerns have been addressed in the course of the design of the wastewater collection and wastewatertreatment facilities Details of mitigation measures, a programme for monitoring mitigation measuresand responsibilities are provided in detailed charts.

The economic analysis for ZUEP component projects indicates that they are needed and affordable forthe population of the cities. This project is meeting a "backlog" need for environmental infrastructureand should not induce adverse extensive growth or secondary impacts. The present environmentalproblems are serious and the provision of this environmental infrastructure is necessary for currentneeds and to mitigate current problems. Future problems without the project would become evenmore critical.

Mitigation and Monitoring Budget

The capital budgets prepared for all ZUEP component projects include allowances for necessarylaboratory construction and equipment. Using this equipment to perform the necessary and requiredtesting by the utility is also included in the operations budget for the project. Environmentalstrengthening is considered a critical component of the ZUEP project and a detailed TechnicalAssistance (TA) programme is being developed to address the needs. This includes training inmanagement and operations for the PMOs and the utility compames, in a wide variety of disciplines.

These facilities and the traimng planned will greatly facilitate the monitoring of the environmentalimpact mitigation measures proposed. Furthermore, accomplishing the specified monitoring andreporting outlined in this mitigation plan will be greatly enhanced by the TA program. This TAprogram will also allow for improved overall performance assessment of the ZUEP programmerelative to meeting the project objectives

Despite the above facilities and training the conduct of the mitigation implementation and monitoringprogramme will require additional funding. Cost estimates to cover long-term enviromnentalmonitoring have been estimated. "Long-term" is defined as annual monitoring required to verify theenvironmental performance and other operational mitigation measures previously outlined. Thesemitigation monitoring costs are being added into the utility operational cost estimates. Costs formitigation measures that relate to the management of construction will be included in the tenderdocuments and responsibility passed on to the construction contractors.

Table S.9 summarises the monitoring cost estimates.

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Table S.9: SPMO Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Costs

Investment for Monitoring

environmental mngmn eNo. Sub-project Content management feeprotection per year

(lOOOOyuan) (lOOOOyuan)

Hangzhou Landfill No 2 ?9 ?? ??

Shaoxing A - Rehabilitation of ?? ?9 ??

2 Urban Watercourses and Urban

Infrastructure Services

Ningbo A - Zhenhai WWTP and ?? 7? ??

Sewerage

Ningbo B - Jiangdongnanqu 97 ?? ??

South WWTP and Sewerage

Ningbo C -Dongqian Lake "9 ?? 7?

WWTP, Sewerage and Roads

Ningbo D - Cicheng Town ?? ?? ?9

6 Infrastructure Upgrading,

Including Sewerage, Channels

and Roads

Total investment for ?? ?? ?9

environmental protection

Options Reviewed in Project Development

The evaluation of options for individual water pollution control project components covered issuessuch as:

o Sewerage System Interception Ratio

o Pipe Materials

o Interceptor Pipeline Construction

o Number of Pump Stations and Pressure Mains

o Number of WWTPs

o WWTP Site Selection

o Wastewater Flows and Capacity of the WWTPs

o The Quality of Wastewater to be Treated

o The Use of Septic Tanks

o Treated Effluent Standards

o The Degree of Treatment

o Wastewater Treatment Options

o WWTP Sludge Disposal

The evaluation of options for solid waste management project components covered issues such as:

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* Selection of Landfill as Preferred Disposal Option

* Selection of Landfill Site

* Selection of Landfill Layout at Tianziling

* Leachate Control and Extraction

* Containment of the Existing Landfill

* Leachate Collection at Landfill Bottom

* Proposed Grout Curtain under the Rock Fill Dam

* Leachate Collection within Landfill 2

* Embankment Surface Run-off and Leachate Collection Ditch

* Diversion of Surface Water Flows from Landfills

* Leachate Quantity and Storage

* Landfill Gas Extraction and Use

* Leachate Treatment

Options were also evaluated for other project components including:

* Dredging - need, procedures, transport, disposal, etc.

* Road - routes, road capacity and sizing, construction materials, water quality controls, noisemitigation, etc.

In addition to the evaluation of alternatives, the "no project" alternative was assessed for all categoriesof component proj ects.

Public Participation in the EA

During the 9-month project development time leading up to pre-appraisal and this EA, there havebeen many meetings with the city PMOs, utility companies, city EPBs and other affected cityorganisations to discuss the proposed projects and environmental assessments. These meetings haveoccurred monthly at a minimum and have resulted in full collaboration with local officials and fullsupport of the project and the EA process.

It is estimated that in total 20-30 meetings have been held with the public and over 40 meetings havebeen held with local government officials during the development of the projects.

Symposiums

At the symposiums with the experts and the officials, the project scopes are introduced; EIA outlinesreviewed, comments and suggestion heard through approaches of discussing and consulting theenvironment management policies and potential environment impacts in relation to the project, so asto improve the EIA work.

Public Surveys

In light of the structural features in the local areas, the Public Participation Questionnaires weredistributed to the units, residents and community commnittees, explaining the environmental, socialand economnic benefits of the project, potential advantageous and disadvantagcous influences theproject may bring about to the regional environment quality, human bodily health and so on, and



requesting for their comments and suggestions concerning the issues of environment protectionrelated to the project.

The many meetings with public officials in the province coupled with the surveys of public supportshow that these projects are extremely positive and well received by the public. No objections havebeen received by the city PMO's and there is no indication that there is anyone that is not is support ofthese projects or would try to stop their completion.

Public Consultation

The public consultation process is underway.

Improved Surface Water Quatity, ZUEP Cities and Basin

Hangzhou

As described in Chapter 4, the leachate from the existing and proposed landfills has been interceptedand is now treated by the Hangzhou WWTP. The interception of this leachate was accomplished in2001, and resulted in only modest water quality improvements to the Yanshan River. This is due to thefact that the Yanshan River is seriously polluted by other industrial sources upstream of the previousdischarge location of the landfill.

Shaoxing

The Shaoxing city government has stated that as part of their planned improvements to the urbaninfrastructure and historic areas of the city it is their aim to have clean, clear water running throughthe canals in order to improve the local environment and amenity for both residents and touristsHence, various water quality improvement measures have been proposed for inclusion in ZUEP inorder to help achieve this objective.

On their own these measures will not be sufficient. For example, after the proposed ZUEPcomponents are completed further canal water quality improvements will only occur as seweragecoverage is extended across the whole city and the quality of the moat water, used to flush the canals,is improves. However, theses ongoing environmental improvements elsewhere in Shaoxing City donot form part of ZUEP.

The environmnental improvements included in the Shaoxing municipality planning up to the year 2005,which will result in an improvement in the water quality in the waters around Shaoxing and thus assistin improving water quality in the inner canal system include:

o Sanjiang WWTP with capacity of 300Mld completed in 2001. A further 200Mld expansionis under construction and scheduled for operation by 2004.

o Expansion of sewerage system with 80km of pipeline and 21 pumping stations. The trunksewerage system will be completed in 2003.

o Prevention of sewage discharges entering the outer moat.

O According to the Shaoxing master plan it is intended to expand the sewerage coverage mShaoxing City from 65% in 2000 to 80% in 2005 and 90% by 2020

Ningbo



The DRA has carried out modelling of the whole Yongjiang river catchment, with the aim of assessingthe likely water quality in the rivers following the implementation of the wastewater treatmentproposals The modelling examined several scenarios:

* No Action. Assessing the effect of increased population and development on water quality ifno measures are taken to manage pollution, looking at 2005, 2010, and 2020 horizons.

* WWTP construction in accordance with Ningbo Master Plan (NMP) and ZUEP componentFeasibility Study Reports (FSR). Assuming that the effluent meets and where likely bettersClass II standard. Sewage from outlying towns (Cicheng & Dongqian Lake) to be pumpedto Ningbo for centralised treatment.

* WWTP Effluent to Class I Standard. Full secondary treatment with nutrient removal.

* WWTP with Distributed treatment. As the second scenario but Cicheng and Dongqian willhave their own local WWTPs discharging to Class II.

* Industrial Discharges all meeting Class II. The effect of ensuring that all industrialdischarges comply with a Class II industrial discharge consent. (This option only considers asmall number of Discharges in Central Ningbo and Zhenhai cities)

From this analysis it can be concluded that the construction of the planned works at Jlangdongnan,Zhenhai, Dongqian Lake and elsewhere, together with the existing plant at Jiangdongbei and theplanned sewerage at Cicheng will result in significant improvements in water quality m the Yongjiangcatchment.

Total Pollutants Removed

Table S.10 provides a summary of the total pollutant load reduction calculated by ZEPRI:

Table S.10: Organic Load Reduction and Environmental Benefits for Surface Waters

Name of Organic Load Reduction (tla) Environmental Benefits for Surface WatersComponents CODcr BODs NH 3-N TP

South Jiangdong 7008 5256 292 17 7 WQ of Sanjiangkou section of Fenghua River

WWTP mects Category [Vwater functional objective

Zhenhai WWTP 1971 1314 109 5 21.9 Inner-district rivers meets Category IV

Dongqiang Lake

Comp. (176 3) (88.14) (19.59) (3.92) Reaching functional targets of Category Il/III

Cicheng Comp. (1252) (894) (72.9) (14 6) WQ of canals in Cicheng meets Category IIIwater functional objective

Shaoxing Comp (2830) (1213) (780) (46 6) WQ of canals in Shaoxing meets Categbry IVwater functional objective

Hangzhou No 2Hangzhou No 2 8212 2956 821 1 87Landfill _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Total 17191 9526 1222.5 41.47

Note In the table, the organic load reduction by Dongqian Lake rehabilitation, Cicheng environment improvement and

Shaoxing urban upgrading subprojects refer to the corresponding pollutant reduction due to wastewater being

collected into sewerage and transmitted to municipal WWTP for treatment. The above reductions are not taken

into account in the total reduction to avoid repeated calculation.

Conclusions and Recommendations

S-19



o The environmental conditions are serious and the environmental infrastructure needs ofZhejiang Province are high, and expanding rapidly.

o The ZUEP projects have emerged from a basin-wide prioritisation process, are wellformulated, and have detailed and complete preliminary designs and cost estimates.

o There is good public support for the projects based on meetings in the project cities andpublic opinion surveys.

O The proposed projects can meet financial and economic tests of sustainability and areaffordable to the local citizens.

o Social impacts, consisting mainly of land acquisition and resettlement, are addressed by adetailed RAP, and, in any case, are not significantly adverse.

o The potential environmental benefits of the Phase ZUEP projects are large, as reported inthe previous sections. However, there are significant additional point and non-point waterquality controls necessary, along with hydrologic needs to maintain minimum stream-flows,before the surface water quality goals can be realised in the Province.

o Potential construction and operational phase impacts of the proposed ZUEP projects havebeen adequately assessed and no major issues have been identified. Detailed mitigation andmonitonng procedures have been prepared which should adequately lessen the overall effectof these potential impacts. Monitoring costs have been included for this work andassignrments detailed.

o The recommendations included herein by NEPRI in the Component EAs and ZEPRI in theConsolidated EA are rational and should be considered in the design and construction ofthese projects.

o The overall conclusion is that the potential positive impacts are large, the potential negativeconstruction and operation impacts can be successfully mitigated, and the projects containno serious problems or "fatal flaws" in its formulation. The project components areessentially environmentally positive and should be approved.

S-20



Figure S.1: Proposed ZUEP Project Components - March 2003

Proposed ZUEP Project Components - March 2003

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I GnWroduction

1.1 Zhejiang Urban Environment Project (ZUEP) Background

In November 1999, an agreement was reached between the Government of PRC and the World Bank,that the proposed Zhejiang Urban Environmental Project (ZUEP) be in the Bank's three-year lendingprogram for a loan of about US$115 million. It is currently proposed that the loan application bepresented to the Bank's Board in time to allow loan effectiveness early in FY04. The project isintended to strengthen the collection and treatment of wastewater; the disposal of municipal and solidwastes; to improve the urban infrastructures services including the rehabilitation of inner waterways,lakes and roads; and conservation of cultural heritage in the cities of Hangzhou, Ningbo, andShaoxing. The locations of the project components are shown in Figure 1.1. (All EA figures at end ofchapters)

The ZUEP envisages the following environmental improvements:

o Hangzhou. The Hangzhou proposals include the construction of a new solid waste landfillwith a capacity of 22.10 million cubic metres.

o Ningbo. The Ningbo proposals include the construction of three new wastewater treatmentfacilities with a total capacity of 220,000 m3/d, construction, expansion and rehabilitation ofthe sewerage network, rehabilitation of nner-city watercourses, Dongqianhu Lake clean-upand development, and infrastructure upgrading in Cicheng town.

o Shaoxing. Shaoxing proposals include the rehabilitation of urban watercourses, upgradingof urban infrastructure services and conservation of historic sites and buildings in five areasof the Old City.

In addition to the physical works, the project will promote and facilitate institutional and financialreforms in wastewater and solid waste management sub-sectors. In order to support these reforms, theproject will also provide technical assistance for capacity building within the various projectimplementing and operating entities.

The ZUEP is a follow-up project to the ongoing Zhejiang Multi-Cities Development Project, whichwas focused on water supply, urban infrastructure upgrading and land development. Zhejiang UrbanDevelopment Project Office (ZUDPO) and the respective municipal project management offices(PMOs) will be responsible for the preparation and implementation of ZUEP.

China Water Resources Context

The following summary information on water pollution has been obtained from the World Bank 2001report entitled "China: Air Land Water" and provides a contextual background to the ZUEP. Thegeneral characteristics of the resource in China include: great overall volume, imbalanced spatial-temporal distribution, lower volume of the water resources per capita and unit-cultivated land and theserious water deficiency in some areas especially the northern areas.

In China, inorganic nitrogen and active phosphate are main factors causing contamination of the nearshore coastal water body with higher oil concentration rates that exceed the standards in some areas.The latest monitoring shows that water quality in near shore coastal areas continues to deteriorate as aresult of inorganic nitrogen contamination, with 60.3% of the areas exceeding the standard of I classin 2000. The arithmetic average value has exceeded the standard of IV class, and the rate of exceeding

1-1I \WB Consolidated EA_250303 docl


I class standard was 55.8%, led by active phosphate concentration. The oil pollution in part of the seaarea was also serious with the highest value appearing in the coastal areas of Sanya, Panjin, Zhuhai,and Hulu island and some of the samples exceeded the I class sea water standard by over 10 times.

The water quality of the near shore coastal areas remained mostly over IV class (31% of totalmonitoring quantity) as a result of inorganic nitrogen and active phosphate, which have lead tocontamnnation. If compared with the other major marine areas, the water quality of the East China Seacontained the highest rate of over IV class (45.6%) and the rate in South Chlna Sea, Bohai Sea andYellow Sea were 28.6%, 24.5% and 22.2%. The South China Sea contains the highest rate of I class(30.6% of the total monitoring quantity), then it's Yellow Sea, which was 22.2%, Bohai Sea (15.1%)and East China Sea (7.0%).

Among various pollution sources, the amount of wastewater discharge and COD from industrialpollution source are declining, but the total amount of wastewater discharge is still very large, and thelevel of wastewater treatment is still quite low which have constituted the major reason for pollutionof the water body.

The amount of urban sewage discharge is increasing every year and the percentage of the urbansewage treatment is very low, although it increases every year. The rational distribution of wateramount m the watershed and the comprehensive treatment of water pollution is an urgent need and thewater pollution treatment in the watershed is an important part for future efforts. The problem of ruralsurface pollution is also bcing realised, and more difficulties will be addressed in the future during theTenth Five-year period. In recent years, the waste water and COD discharge from the township andvillage industnal enterprises (TVIEs) is declining, but due to its great impact on the local waterquality, plus the small scale and sparse distribution of the TVEEs and its management, and difficulty insupervision, it will be among the important part for China's future efforts in water pollutionprevention and control.

Aiming at the main problems of water pollution prevention in China, the new strategy of waterpollution prevention in the future in China will be mainly as follows:

* To further enhance industrial pollution controls and reduces industrial pollutant discharge.

* To speed up the construction of urban sewage treatment plants and reduce the pollution onthe environment caused by domestic sewage.

* To conduct comprehensive pollution treatments in river basins so as to solve the waterproblems in trans-jurisdiction areas.

* To carry out study and monitor on rural non-point source pollution and control the waterpollution caused by agriculture production activities and night soils of poultry farms.

* To keep enhancing the control on TVIEs by restructuring the industrial structure and otherpolicies m order to prevent the rebounding of pollution caused by TVIEs.

* To carry out water conservation strategy and total pollutant load control. The majormeasures include: water conservation and water pollution control at the sources; toimplement total pollutant load control in important industrial sectors and reduce thepollutant discharge efficiently; to focus on environmental quality in controlling waterpollution in nver basins and conduct total pollutant load control; to promote pollutiondischarge permit system for the important pollution sources and to conduct total pollutantload control in the whole production process.

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1.1.1 Surface Water Pollution in Zhejiang Province

Pursuant to the Communique 2000 of Zhejiang Environment Status (Zhejiang EPB, 2000), theenvironmental protection, society and economy has been developed in a coordinated way in ZhejiangProvince; the tasks of "one control and two meeting-standard's" has been accomplished on schedule;the urban environment comprehensive rehabilitation, which focused on infrastructure development,has been deepened continually; the policy has been constantly implemented of paying equal attentionto pollution control and ecosystem protection, new achievements have been obtained in theconstruction of natural preserved areas and ecological protection areas and the environmentalrehabilitation in rural areas have been launched.

The monitoring data of 2000 disclose that basically, the water quality of mainstreams in the provincewas marginally acceptable, but there were areas polluted at different degrees existing in sometributaries, and river sections passing through cities and towns; pollution was still severe in canals,river systems in the plain and city's inner rivers, and lakes were highly eutrophic. The feature of waterbody pollution was of organic pollution type. Main pollution indicators were permanganate index,BOD, non-ionic ammonia, volatile phenol and oils.

The measures adopted and activities conducted in 2000 were as follows:

o Completion of Treating Major Wastewater Point-Sources. Provincially controlled 860point-sources, with 722 point sources (including 352 nationally controHed) completingtreatment, and the remamnig 138 having shut down.

O Water Pollution Control Achievements Solidified in Hlangzhou, Jiaxing and HuzhouCities. The regulation was implemented that industrial pollution sources should dischargewastewater after achieving the discharge standards. Substantial progress was made inconstruction of municipal wastewater treatment projects, control of agricultural non-pointsources pollution, control of ship pollution, waterway dredging, small catchmentimprovement, urban domestic rubbish disposal without harmful effects; the work wassolidified in prohibiting phosphorus and "white pollution"; and ecological construction wasstrengthened.

1.1.2 Pollution Status of Offshore Sea Area of Zhejiang Province

In 2000, Zhejiang's offshore sea areas (within 12 sea mile stretching outward from territorial seabaseline) were still seriously polluted, most of environmental function zones having not met therequirements of protection objectives. The pollution degree was to the front of the coastal provinces(autonomous region and municipalities at provincial level). Because the active phosphate and non-organic nitrogen exceeded the standard limits seriously, the water quality of over 70% offshoreseawaters was Category IV or worse. There was no Category I seawater. In local sea areas, especiallyin northem Zhejiang sea areas, the rates of Pb, Hg and COD exceeding standard were somewhat high.

Influenced by pollution, the diversity index of organisms and quantities of food organisms present adecline tendency; the changes of benthic communities are obvious in Hangzhou Bay and Nmgbo-Zhoushan sea area; red tides frequently occur in the whole sea area.

The measures adopted and activities conducted in sea area pollution abatement in Zhejiang offshorearea were below (in 2000):



* The Sea Environmental Protection Law Enforced: The revised Sea EnvironmentalProtection Law of PRC was put into effect on April 1, 2000. Zhejiang province began toenforce the revised Law, focusing on the control of land-based pollutants and on theenvironmental protection work for the construction of projects on the seashore. The systemsof ETA and "Three Same-time's" [EP facilities shall be designed, constructed and put to usewith engineering projects at the same time] are strictly implemented for the construction ofprojects, such as new, extension and upgrading engineering projects on the seashore,industrial projects discharging wastewater directly to the sea, as well as oil depots, ports,docks, etc. For 100% of the middle- and large-sized projects, the two systems areimplemented.

* Various Sea-related Agencies Jointly Discuss Red Tide Abatement Program: Tostrengthen the red tide prevention and treatment work, sponsored by Zhejiang Ocean andFishery Administration, the red tide research agency of the state, and the sea and aquaticproducts bureaus of cities/counties in Zhejiang are organized to specifically study the redtide prevention and treatment.

1.1.3 Pollution Control Action Plan of Zhejiang Provincial Government

From 1996 to 2000, GDP and per capita GDP annually mcreased by 11% and 10.5% respectively, andthe urbanisation level grew by 6.9 percentage points. The environmental protection cause is beingdeveloped in a coordinated way with the society and economy. The environment quality is evolvingfrom the overall deterioration and partial improvement five years ago, to basic control of thedeterioration, and some cities and areas are much improved. The environment protection has madepositive contributions to the continual, rapid and healthy development of the economy in ZhejiangProvince.

In the period of the Tenth Five-year Plan, the economy in Zhejiang is planned for fast growth, theprogress of industrialisation will be accelerated, and energy demands will rise continually. In the nearfuture, the energy structure cannot be changed fundamentally. The task of industrial pollutionabatement is quite hard. In addition, the progress of urbanisation is further speeded up, urbanpopulation gathering densely, generation of domestic wastewater and rubbish increasing by a bigmargin, tail gas pollution of vehicles becoming more outstanding, and the pressure of urbanenvironmental infrastructure demand being heavier and heavier. Moreover, along with the economicdevelopment in rural areas and improvement of living standards of farmers, the countryside andnatural ecosystems will surely face heavier pressure. If no effective measures are adopted, thedevelopment of the economy and society in Zhejiang province will be restrained, and the health of thepeople threatened.

Dunng the period of the Tenth Five-year Plan the main actions of pollution control are planned as thefollowing:

1. Strict control of total amount of industrial pollutant discharge, and active promotion of industrialrestructuring:

* Improving environmental management regulations and industrial pollution control system.On the principle of total amount control, strictly control new pollution sources, activelypromote centralized pollution treatment, reform and improve the regulations of paidpollutant discharge and pollutant discharge permit issuance, establishing an industrialpollution control system which basically fits the development of market-based economy.



o Enhancing economic restructuring, and optimising layout of industnes. Expediterestructuring of industries and products, and guide the construction of industrial parks andcentralized pollution treatment by means of regional planning to basically solve theproblems of regional and structural pollution; speed up readjustment of energy structure.

o Overall introduce cleaner production in industrial enterprises. Actively promote cleanerproduction in industrial enterprises, carry out certifications of ISO 14000 environmentalmanagement and environment-friendly products, and push the pilot work of ecologicalindustrial parks.

o Strengthen supervision, improve and solidify the achievement of industrial pollution sourcedischarges allowable by the standards. Dynamic reporting regulations of enterprise'spollution discharge are enforced; industrial dynamic monitoring systems are gradually beingdeveloped.

o Pay close attention to pollution abatement in major industries. Stress pollution control inmajor industries, such as power generation, metallurgy, chemical industry, pharmacy,construction materials, light industries, etc., promoting regional environment improvementthrough pollution abatement in the mdustries.

2. Further comprehensive renovation of urban environment to improve urban environmental quality:

o Accelerate urban environment planning to improve environmental functions of cities.

O Speed up the construction of urban environmental infrastructure. In the 11 cities where themunicipal governments are seated, in the cities and counties m Hangzhou, Jiaxing andHuzhou municipalities in the catchment of Taihu Lake, as well as in other majorcounties/cities, wastewater treatment facilities and sewerage have been or will be built up.The dredgmg and using of the Grand Canal (Hangzhou section), West Lake, and the projectsof Ningbo inner rivers renovation and comprehensive water environment improvement inShaoxing old city will be implemented. The construction and improvement of a batch ofprojects concerning domestic solid waste collection, treatment and disposal will beexpedited.

3. Strengthen environmental protection and construction in rural areas and small towns:

o Speed up construction of wastewater treatment projects in central towns.

o Strictly control industrial pollution of town-/township-owned enterprises.

o Strengthen agricultural non-point source pollution control, stressing on plain river systemregion.

4. Further strengthen environmental protection in catchments and offshore sea areas:

o Carry out planning management of water quality in the catchments all over the province;work out Zhejiang Oceanic Environmental Protection Planning, strictly control the kindsand total amounts of pollutants entering the sea, and speed up the capacity building ofoceanic environment monitoring and warning & forecasting systems.

5. Push the natural ecosystem preservation and construction:

o Speed up construction of ecological counties/cities, and towns/townships as well as townswith beautiful environment.

o Overall carry out the ecological preservation strategies for special ecological function zones,major resource development zones and good ecological zones.

6. Investment for environmental protection:

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* Toward goal of the sustainable development of society and economy in Zhejiang, and buildup environment conditions, the estimated environment protection investment would be 66billion yuan during the period of the Tenth Five-year Plan.


* by 2005, the systems of environmental protection policies, regulations and management,which are suitable to the development of economy and society in the province, as well asthose of controlling total pollutant discharge amount will have been initially established inthe province;

* tendency of environmental pollution and ecosystem destruction in the province effectivelycontrolled;

* environment quality much improved m major cities and regions;

* province will manage to take the lead in the country in setting up a benign ecologicalenvironment system meeting the requirements of sustainable development, and try its best togo ahead in the environmental protection work in the country.

Main indicators are listed below:

* The water-quality-meeting-the-standard rates (on the basis of functional zoning) should beraised by 5-10 per cent points in the eight river systems, such as the Qiantang, Cao'e,Yongjiang, Jiaojiang, Oujlang, Feiyun, Aojlang and Tiaoxi rivers;

* The water-quality-meeting-the-standard rates (on the basis of functional zoning) should beraised by 5-10 per cent points in Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou region, which belongs to thecatchment of Taihu Lake, and in the river systems in the plain with water quality seriouslypolluted;

* The water-quality-meeting-the-standard rates (on the basis of functional zoning) of lakesand reservoirs should be over 70%;

* The main water quality indicators should be effectively controlled in the offshore sea areasaccording to the functional zoning requirements, and improved year by year;

* By 2005, the discharge amounts of SO2, dusts (smoke dust and industrial ash), COD, NH3-N,industrial solid wastes and other main pollutants should be 10% less than those of 2000;

* The surface water quality meeting-the-standard rates (on the basis of functional zoning)should be 100% in Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Shaoxmg and other major environmentalprotection cities;

* The centralised urban wastewater treatment rates should be more than 53%; the centralisedmunicipal domestic wastewater treatment rates should be more than 45%, especially, thoseof Hangzhou, Ningbo and Wenzhou should reach over 60%;

* The rates of urban domestic rubbish treatment without hannful effects should be more than90%, especially, those of Hangzhou, Ningbo and Wenzhou should amount to 97% or more,and the reuse rates of urban rubbish should be 30% in the cities of the province;

* The public green surface per capita should be over 8 square meters in cities. In the planningbuilt-up areas in cities, the green surface rates should reach above 30%, and landscapecoverage rates over 35%.

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The objectives of ZUEP are consistent with the environmental objectives of the Tenth Five-year Plan,and they are closely related with each other. The implementation of ZUEP will vigorously raise thelevels of central wastewater treatment rates and disposal of domestic rubbish treatment withoutharmful effects; treating and reducing wastewater pollutant loads will help realize the controlobjectives of total pollutant discharge amounts; effectively controlling the environmental pollutiontendency and meeting the standard of surface water during the period of the Tenth Five-year Plan. Theappearances, styles and grades of the project cities can be much upgraded through environmentalrehabilitation and water environment quality improvement, laying a solid foundation for thesustainable development of the province in the future.

1.1.4 Zhejiang Urban Environment Project (ZUEP) and the World Bank

The background and overall World Bank policies related to the urban environment in China arereported in the China Urban Environmnent Service report of December 1994. Table 1.1 gives a briefsummary of the key issues and challenges, as presented in this report:

Table 1.1: Environmental Background Problems, China (1994)

Key Issue Items of Concern

Water Demand High per capita water demand and new strategies must accord with reformed marketorganisation of the economy and rely more on price to guide enterprise and consumerchoices

Current demand policy sets quotas for industrial water use and recyclmg but Chineseindustries are consuming far above international best practice levels.

There is a reported very low unaccounted-for-water (Ufw) of 8.4%, which isquestionable compared to reported pipe breakage rates and pipe joint quality.

Current water prices are far below the level required to encourage water conservation.

Wastewater treatment Present low treatment coverage and design and management problems. All citiesshould expand the sewerage coverage for a minimum 90% of the built- up areaswithin five years. Medium and large cities should provide a minimum of primaryWWTP in a phased 1 0-year programme.

Industrnal Wastewater Only 4.5% of industrial wastewater is treated but EPBs report that 50% of themdustnal wastewater meets effluent standards, which is seemingly inconsistent orindicative of inadequate discharge standards and enforcement.

Solid Waste Landfills are poorly controlled and the provision of adequately engineered andmanaged landfills would provide the largest smgle improvement in solid waste

______ _____ _____ handling in Chmna.

Environmental The chief management obstacle is the significant gaps in regulatory control andManagement problems in implementation of existing regulations. A combmation of infrequent

momtonng and low fines for violations encourages non-compliance. Incentives forcost savings are much stronger than incentives for strong environmental performance.

Tariffs Tanffs should be designed to allow full cost recovery. China has adopted the"polluter pays" principle but price setting is still politicised. Financial arrangementsto cover operations cost shall be established.

Affordability There does not appear to be a general affordability issue but the urban poor (probably0.5% of the population) need to be protected from cost of living increases.

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I \WB Consolidated EA_250303 doct


The Zhejiang Urban Environment Project (ZUEP) is also a key element of China's Agenda 21programme. The sector-related goal for the project is:

* Improve quality of water and other environmental conditions in Zhejiang Province byproviding environmental infrastructure operated in a sustainable manner

The ZUEP Component objectives are to:

* Upgrade surface and marine water quality

* Establish performing and efficient wastewater agencies.

* Improve existing water resource systems for improved water uses and for tourism.

* Enhance solid waste management operations.

* Improvement of the quality of life of residents of Ningbo, Shaoxing and Hangzhou.

To accomplish this goal and objectives, the outputs for the project components are as follows:

* Increase in municipal wastewater collection in Ningbo and Shaoxing.

* Increase in quantity of wastewater treatment in Ningbo.

* Implementation of cost-recovery for wastewater operations in Ningbo.

* Increase in rate and long-term disposal of solid waste in Hangzhou.

* Enhance tourism through improved surface waters and urban environmental improvements.

* Implementation of cultural conservation in conjunction with upgrading and redevelopmentin Shaoxing

* Reduction of the impacts of flooding in Cicheng

1.1.5 EA Production

The EIA Centre of Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Environmental Protection Science & Design(ZEPRI) was responsible for compilation of the consolidated EIA report of ZUEP. Zhejiang ProvincialInstitute of Environmental Protection Science & Design, Ningbo Municipal Institute ofEnvironmental Protection Science & Design and the EIA Research Institute of Zhejiang Universityrespectively prepared the component EIA reports.Founded in 1977, Zhejiang Provincial Institute ofEnvironmental Protection Science and Design (ZEPRI) is a comprehensive and professionalenvironmental science research and design institute in Zhejiang Province, being the only one atprovincial level. There is a staff of more than 200 in the institute, and 90 percent of which areprofessionals; There are 53 persons holding EIA certificates, 2 persons having doctor degrees, and 15persons having master degrees. There are 3 professors, 14 senior engineers, and 34 engineers as well.

The institute is one of the agencies in China that undertook EIA work early (in 1985). Having passedthe examnination of the National Environmental Protection Bureau, the institute holds Grade 1 EIACertificate (National Environmental Assessment Certificate Grade 1, NO. 2003). It has a broad scopeof professions: the disciplines such as surface water, ground water, seawater, air, noise, solid wastes,ecosystem, soil and water conservation, economy, health, etc., the assessed projects like light industry,textile industry, chemical fibre industry; construction, municipal works; chernical industry,petrochemical industry, drug industry; marine and coastal engineenng, regional development,communication and transportation, machine building industry, electric industry, water conservancy,hydropower, etc. The institute is one of the four environmental science research institutes in the



country that have EIA qualifications for the most industries. The institute was awarded title ofNational Advanced Unit for Constructional Project EIA by the National EPB.

Table 1.2 provides details of the ZUEP EA preparation agencies.

Table 1.2: Component ElAs and Assessing Agencies

ZUEP EIA Report Prepared By:

Consolidated EIA of ZUEP Zhejiang Provincial Institute of EnvironmentalProtection Science & Design (National EACertificate Grade 1 No. 2003)

EIA for South Jiangdong WWTP of Ningbo Ningbo Municipal Institute of Enviromnental

EIA for Zhenhai WWTP and Sewerage of Ningbo Protection Science & Design (National EAEIA for Dongqian Lake Rehabilitation of Ningbo Certificate Grade 1 No. 2004)

EIA for Cicheng Town Environmental Improvement ofNmgboShaoxing Urban Infrastructure Upgrading Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Environmental

Protection Science & Design (National EA

Certificate Grade 1 No. 2003)

EIA for Hangzhou No. 2 Landfill The EIA Research Institute of Zhejiang University(National EA Certificate Grade I No. 2002) andZhejiang Provuicial Institute of EnvironmentalProtection Science & Design (National EACertificate Grade 1 No. 2003)

1.2 Description of the Study Area

1.2.1 Economy of Zhejiang Province

The economic situation of Zhejiang and project cities is shown in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3: Economic Situation of Project Cities and Province

GDP Financial Revenue GDP per capita(Billion yuan) (Billion yuan) (yuan)

Hangzhou 138.256 14.285 22 342

Ningbo 117.575 14.315 21 786

Shaoxing 77.976 4.787 18 042

Province 603.634 65.842 13 461

Zhejiang Province is one of the most important eastern coastal provinces in China and is an integralcomponent of the Yangtze Economic Zone with an effective hinterland of 200 to 300 million people,

and is adjacent to Shanghai Municipality and the provinces of Jiangsu and Anhui. The region formsone of the largest concentrations of international trade and commerce in the Asia-Pacific region.

The province covers an area of 101,800 km2 (1% of the national total), and includes 24 cities, 25districts and 39 counties. In 2000, the total population was about 45 mnillion in 2000 (3.5% of nationaltotal), of whom 22% are classified as urban (non-agricultural) and 78% as rural. Since 1985, thepopulation growth rate has averaged 0.7% per year, with an average urban growth rate of 3.2% per

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year, which has risen to about 4.5% per year in the late 1990s. The rural growth rate was 0.2% peryear - indicating a clear trend in rural-urban migration.

Based on its strategic location and favourable climate, Zhejiang has developed a strong industrialsector, flourishing international trade and a prosperous agricultural base. Provincial gross domesticproduct (GDP) has mireased seven-fold in current prices over the last decade from RMB 89.8 billion(US$ 18.8 billion, at US$ I = RMB 4.78 equivalent) in 1990, to RMB 352.5 billion (US$ 42.2 billion,at US$ 1 = RMB 8.35) in 1995, and RMB 603.6 billion (US$ 72.9 billion, at US$ I = RMB 8.28) in2000. Average growth in real terms has been impressive, with average annual growth rates of 7.6%between 1985 and 1990, 19.1% from 1990 to 1995, and 11% from 1995 to 2000. Over the last threeyears, growth has been 7.5% in 1998, 8% in 1999 and 11% in 2000. The main engines of growth arethe industrial sector (48% of GDP) and the tertiary sectors (29%). In this context, the rapid expansionof export-oriented development zones has been a major stimulus to the provincial economy. Totalforeign trade has increased significantly, registering US$32.8 billion in 2001, compared with US$27.9billion in 2000 and US$ 18.3 billion in 1999. Exports account for 70% of foreign trade, of whichmanufactured goods account for 90%.

Over the last 15 years, Zhejiang's per capita GDP has increased nearly 13-fold in current pnces, fromRMB 1,063 (US$ 362) in 1985, to RMB 2,122 (US$ 443) in 1990, RMB 8,087 (US$ 970) in 1995and RMB 13,461 (US$ 1,625) in 2000. Historically, these figures have risen much faster than thenational average, from being 20% above in 1985 to nearly 70% above in 1995 and nearly double thenational average in 2000.

Surveys undertaken by the Provincial Statistics Bureau indicate that average per capita disposableincome in 2000 was RMB 9,279 (US$ 1,120) in urban areas and RMB 5,325 (US$ 645) in rural areas.In terms of household income, these values are equivalent to a monthly income of RMB 2,320 (US$280) in urban areas and RMB 1,330 (US$ 160) in rural areas - both assuming three (3) persons perhousehold. In 1995, urban disposable income was assessed at RMB 6,221 (US$ 745) per capita orRMB 1,555 (US$ 185) per month per household.

Zhejiang Province is also rich in tourism resources, which provide another platform for growth. In2000, recorded domestic visitors totalled 58.7 million spending a total of RMB 43 billion (US$ 5.2billion) or RMB 730 per visitor, and 1.13 million foreign visitors spending an estimated US$ 410million or US$ 360 per visitor. The expansion of the provincial tounsm market is expected to continuewith increasing disposable incomes, rising recreational expenditure, improving transport and hotelinfrastructure, and tourist facilities.

The impressive economic growth of the last 10 to 15 years and the resulting structural transformationhas resulted in rapid urbanisation, rising real incomes, a sustamed construction boom and increasingpressure on basic infrastructure and public services. In the environmental context, this has resulted insignificant challenges to reduce and control increasing levels of water and air pollution in the mainurban areas like Hangzhou, Ningbo, Shaoxing, Wenzhou and others.

The next five to ten years hold significant challenges for the provincial economy. The challengesinclude:

* Maintain hlgh rates of economic growth and continue the improvement in living standards.

* Continue the development of the open-market system and deepen the reform of state-ownedenterprises.

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o Sustain high levels of investment in infrastructure and modem support facilities, includinghigh-tech industries. This will include the construction of two major bridges acrossHangzhou Bay by 2006, which will improve transport communications with JiangsuProvince and Shanghai.

o Promote further foreign investment.

O Create new employment opportunities through the continuing diversification andmodemisation of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors.

o Strengthen sustainable development through increased investment in environmentalprotection and pollution reduction, coupled with more effective resource conservationpolicies.

The main economic objectives and targets of the 10th Five-Year Plan for Zhejiang Province are asfollows:

o Population is expected to reach about 46.5 million by 2005 at an average growth rate of0.6% per year

o Urban development will be sustained and improved through continuing modernisation andinfrastructure investment, including significant improvements in environmental quality andpollution reduction.

o Gross domestic product (GDP) is projected to grow at 9% per year, reaching RMB 820billion (US$ 99 billion) in 2005 at constant 2000-pnces

o Per capita GDP is forecast to rise from RMB 13,461 (US$ 1,625) in 2000 to RMB 20,000(US$ 2,415) in constant prices, reflecting an average growth rate of 8.3% per year.

o Average disposable per capita income is projected to increase in real terns at 5% per year,reaching RMB 11,850 (US$ 1,430) in urban areas and RMB 6,800 (US$ 820) in remainder

o Total fixed investment is forecast to rise by 11 % per year in real terms to reach RMB 250billion (US$ 30 billion) by 2005, of which an increasing proportion is expected to beinvested in environmental protection especially in urban areas.

Hangzhou

Hangzhou is the capital and largest city in Zhejiang Province. Hangzhou Municipality (HM) covers atotal area of 16,600 km2 (16% of the provincial total), and mcludes eight districts within the city andfive surrounding counties. The city itself is one of the key historical, cultural and scenic centres inChina, with a history stretching back more than 2,200 years. Hangzhou commands an importantgeographic location on the northern bank of Qiantang River at the apex of Hangzhou Bay. The area iscriss-crossed by a number of other rivers, minor waterways and the famous West Lake, which add tothe city's reputation as a major tourist destination for domestic and foreign visitors. Hangzhou is alsoat the centre of the province's transportation networks, with important modem road and railconnections to the major ports of Shanghai and Ningbo, an international airport and the Grand Canalthat is navigable northwards to Beijing.

In 2001, the City and the Municipality had populations of 3.7 million and 6.2 million. These figuresaccount for 8% and 14% respectively of the provincial population. The core city has a population ofsome 2.5 million in 6 districts, but was expanded to 3.7 million in 2001 with the inclusion ofXiaoshan and Yuhang Districts. Hanghzou Municipality consists of 8 districts, 3 county-level citiesand 2 counties. The city has been growing at about 3% per year. Population growth, rising income andexpectations is challenging the municipal authorities to upgrade and improve infrastructure facilities,

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and to address the pressing problems of pollution (air, water and solid waste) in order to preserve thecity's reputation as a major tourist destination and a model Chinese city.

The tourism industry deserves special mention, because of Hangzhou's status as a major nationaltourist destination with many ancient sites and scenic landscapes. The Municipal Governrment isdetermined to maintain and develop the city's unique attractions, which in turn will require carefulattention to and preservation of the natural environment and strict control of all sources of pollution.In 2000, according to official figures, value added by the tourism sector amounted to RMB 8.5 billion(1JS$ 1 billion) or 6% of GDP. Domestic visitor-numbers totalled 23.1 million, with estimatedexpenditure of RMB 19 billion (US$ 2.3 billion) or RMB 820 (US$ 100) per visitor. Foreign visitorshave doubled from about 350,000 in 1990 to 707,000 in 2000, with expenditure estimated at US$ 292million or US$ 410 per visitor.

Shaoxing

Shaoxing is an industrial city with a remarkable cultural heritage, located on Hangzhou Bay about 67km to the southeast of Hangzhou and 108 km from Ningbo. Shaoxing Municipality (SM) covers atotal area of 7,900 km2 (8% of the provincial total), and includes one district (Yuecheng) and fivesurrounding counties. The area has good road and rail links, and is served by the airports and ports atHangzhou and Ningbo.

The city itself has a history dating back more than 2,500 years. It was the ancient capital of the YueState in the Spring and Autumn Period (490 BC). The historical connections stretch through to themodem era, because Shaoxing is the hometown of many well-known Chinese histoncal figures, suchas the late Premier Chou Enlai, authors and thinkers Lu Xun and Cai Pelyuan, revolutionary martyrsXu Xilin and Qiu Jin. The Old City itself has many buildings and sites of historical interest, includingthe five conservation precincts

Its character is inter-twined with the network of canals, stone bridges, old buildings and narrow streets.These provide the framework and fabnc for the cultural heritage restoration programme, which hasalready begun. Many of the cultural and historical assets had been neglected in the drive forindustrialisation and other development programmes in the 50s, 60s and 70s. To halt the deterioration,the Municipality commenced work on a Master Plan in 1980, which was approved in 1982. Therestoration work continued sporadically since that date. More urgency was injected into theprogramme in the mid to late-1990s, with the full support of the Provincial and Central Governments.

By end-2000, Shaoxing Municipality had a population of 4.3 million, compared with 3.9 million in1985 and a growth rate of about 0.6% per year. The urban population (non-agricultural) accounts for19% of the total, while the other 81% are classified as rural (agricultural). The City itself (defined asYuecheng District, plus the nearby areas of Paojiang and Keqiao) has a reported population of501,000 in 2000.

Tourism, which will be the main economic driver for the Historic City-Centre Redevelopment andConservation Programme, is a thriving sector that has considerable potential for expansion andgrowth. Estimates indicate that the tourism sector currently accounts for 5% to 6% of Shaoxing's GDP.According to official statistics, domestic visitors to Shaoxing Municipality have increaseddramatically over the last decade, registering average growth of 30% per year between 1991 and 1995,followed by 17.5% per year between 1995 and 2001.

Today the Shaoxing Munmcipality includes Yue Cheng Territory, Shaoxing County, Xinchang County,Zhuji City, Shangyu City and Shengzhou City, a total area of 7901 km2. Shaoxing City Proper iscomprised of Yue Cheng, Paojiang and Keqiao, separated by green belts. The Yue Cheng territory is

1-12I \WB Consolidated EA-250303 doc/


comprised of five parts: the ancient city proper enclosed by a moat (Gucheng), the eastern cityeconomic zone, the western city, the northern city and the Huijishan tourism and vacation area. Theancient city of 8.32 km2 is the area of investigation, and more specifically, the five designatedconservation areas.

Ningbo

Ningbo is the second largest city in Zhejiang Province, bordering Hangzhou Bay and the East ChinaSea about 170 km east of Hangzhou and 108 km from Shaoxing. Ningbo Municipality (NM) covers atotal area of 9,365 km2 (9% of the provincial total), and includes five districts (Jlangbei, Zhenhai,Jiangdong, Haishu and Beilun), three county-level cities (Yuyao, Cixi and Fenghua), and threecounties (Yin, Xiangshan and Ninghai). The area has good road and rail links, and is served by itsown international airport and one of the largest international port complexes in China.

The foundation of the city itself dates back more than 2,000 years. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties(618-1279 AD), Ningbo has been an important international trading centre when Shanghai was stillonly a small fishing settlement. The natural deepwater and ice-free characteristics give the Beilun Portspecial strategic advantages. Ningbo was designated a city in 1927 and became one of China's majoreconomic development zones following the open-market reform programme in the late-1970s and1980s.

By end-2000, Ningbo Municipality had a population of 5.4 million, compared with 5.1 million in1990 and a growth rate of about 0.6% per year. More than 70% live in urban areas. The City itselfcovers an area of 350 km2 and has a reported population of 1.2 million in 2000. Recordedemployment was 3.5 million or 65% of the NM population in 2000, with 43% employed in theindustrial sector (secondary industry), 31% in agriculture (primary industry), and 26% in the servicesectors (tertiary industry). Official estimates indicate that the unemployment rate is about 3.5%, butthis probably underestimates the impact of under-employment and over-manning.

The current (2001) urban population of Ningbo City is 1.26 million, of which 715,000 live in theSanjiang area, which is made up of Haishu, Jiangdong and Jiangbei districts. Approximately 330,000people currently live in Beilun district and 215,000 in Zhenhai district. The urban area of Ningbo Citycurrently covers an area of 126 km2.

Tourism makes a modest contrnbution to the local economy. Official figures for the year 2000 indicatevisitor expenditure of Y 11.6 billion (US$ 1.4 billion), with 12.3 million domestic visitors spending Y11.1 billion (US$ 1.3 billion), and 124,000 foreign visitors spending Y 460 million (US$ 56 million).Many of the foreign visitors are overseas Chinese (45% to 50%) with family and social connections inthe Ningbo area, plus international businessmen with commnercial connections to local industries.Official estimates indicate that the tourism sector currently accounts for about 10% of GDP (source:Ningbo Tourism Plan 2020).

Ningbo Zhenhai

Zhenhai District is located on Hangzhou Bay at the mouth of the Yong Jiang River. Zhenhai Town isthe district headquarters and commercial centre. The district covers a total of 219 km2 and includesone township, five towns and 151 villages. Zhenhai has been an important trading port for the Ningboregion and the wider hinterland of Zhejiang Province since the Ming and Qing dynasties. ZhenhaiTown is about 28 km from the centre of Ningbo.

In 2000, the total population of Zhenhai District was 215,000 (4% of Ningbo Municipality), withZhenhai Town accounting for about 108,000 or 50% of the district population. The town's population



has increased by about 30% over the last decade (cf. 83,000 in 1991), reflecting a growth rate of about3% per year. According to official figures, recorded district employment has been falling from 63,000in 1995 (30% of the population) to 54,000 (25%) in 2000. Secondary industry (manufacturing andconstruction) accounts for 70% of employment and tertiary industry (service sectors) for 30%.

Ningbo Jiangdong

Jlangdong District is one of the three core districts whlch make up the main urban area of Ningbo CityThe others are Haishu and Jiangbei Districts. The City is sited on both banks of the Yuyao River andFenghua River which join in the downtown area to form the Yong River, which in turn flowsdownstream to Zhenhai and disgorges into Hangzhou Bay. In 2000, the main urban area had apopulation of about 1.24 million, which has been growing at an average of 1.3% per year since 1990(population of 1.08 million). Jiangdong District has been growing quite rapidly at 4% per year for thelast decade, increasing from 138,000 in 1990 to 208,000 in 2000.

Ningbo, Yin County (Dongqian Lake)

Dongqian Lake is located in Yin County about 15 km from Ningbo City. On 19th April 2002, it isunderstood that the county was renamed Yinzhou District. However, the information presented in thissub-section refers to Yin County. The county covers an area 1,527 km2 and is divided administrativelyinto two (2) townships and 21 towns. The County Government is located in Ningbo City. Yin Countyis one of the oldest counties in China, with a history dating back more than 2,000 years. In 2000, thepopulation of Yin County was 722,000 (13% of Ningbo Municipality) with an average growth rate of0.3% per year since 1990, when the population was 697,000. In the official statistics, 85% of theCounty's population (610,000 in 2000) is classified as agricultural (rural), and 15% (112,000)classified as non-agricultural (urban).

Dongqianhu Town has a population of about 40,000. The lake itself covers an area of about 20 km 2,

with an average depth of 1.85 metres and a catchment area of 87 km2. It is also an important source ofirrigation water (irrigating 24,700 ha), potable water (3 water treatment plants with a capacity of35,000 m3 per day), livestock watering, fisheries (fish farms and oyster beds, with average fishproduction of 400 to 500 tonnes per year), navigation, recreation and tourism. Pollution (dischargesfrom irrigated farming, livestock, domestic and industrial wastewater, and solid waste) and competingwater usage have become the focus of major concern in future development planning for DongqianLake and the surrounding area. The local authorities are aware of these issues and the need tointegrate catchment management planning, pollution control and sustainable water use if a viablestrategic plan is to emerge that will satisfy the development vision and aspirations of Ningbo'swealthy economy.

Ningbo, Jiangbei District (Cicheng)

Jiangbei Distnct is where the town of Cicheng is located. The district was the home of the ancientHemedu culture of about 7,000 years ago. The distnct covers a total of 208 km2 and mcludes five (5)townshlps and four (4) neighbourhoods. Cicheng Town is the district headquarters and commercialcentre with a history that stretches back about 1,200 years, including a number of important buildingsfrom the period of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Many of these ancient structures are in a poor stateof repair and will continue to deteriorate unless action is taken.

Cicheng is about 16 km from the centre of Ningbo and covers an area of 70 km2. The old town, wherethe ZUEP Project is located covers an area of 2.17 km2. In 2000, the total population of JlangbeiDistrict was 225,000 (4% of Ningbo Municipality), with Cicheng Town accounting for about 41,000or 18% of the district population. The town's population has remained unchanged for the last decade.



The Old Town itself has a current population of about 21,500. In 2001, Zhapu Town was incorporatedinto the admmstrative division of Cicheng Township, increasing population to 59,000.

Cicheng Town has tourist potential that could be developed for the benefit of the local community.This potential is recognised in the Tourism Development Plan for Ningbo, but will require investmentto preserve and restore the town's historic and cultural heritage, ancient buildings and generalenvironment. The proposed project addresses the most important infrastructure requirements toprovide the necessary platform for urban regeneration and new economic opportunities. In thiscontext, two important ongoing and parallel developments should be highlighted.

1.2.2 Regional Water Resources

An understanding of the regional water resource management in the Zhejiang Province is necessary inorder to better appreciate the water quality issues of the study area. The significant urbanisation andindustrialisation in the ZUEP cities is putting extreme pressure on surface waters. The followingsection introduces the local water resource issues of these cities. It is important to realise that, inaddition to the main rivers flowing through the cities, there are many small drainage channels andtributaries in these urban areas that receive much of the domestic and industrial wastewater discharges,so the environmental needs extend well beyond the larger, classified surface waters.

Annual precipitation of the province is 1440 nmm, total amount of years average water resource is94.43 billion m3/a, or 2133 m3/a per capita, lower than that of the average level of the country, 2700m3/a per capita. Of water resources, the surface water resource is 87.99 billion m3/a, groundwaterresource 6.44 m3/a; in terms of geographical distribution, 84.53 billion m3/a in hilly and mountainousregions, and 9.9 billion m3/a in plain regions.

Water resources are relatively abundant in Zhejiang Province, as compared to many parts of China,but there is still a problem with insufficient water resources for assimilation of wastes, and overallpoor water quality. Many of the surface streams in the ZUTEP project areas are tidal, and arecompounded by salinity and marine water quality issues.

1.2.3 Water Resources of Project Cities

The status of water resources in the province and project cities was provided by ZEPRI and is shownin Table 1.4.

Table 1.4: Status of Water Resources in Project Cities

TotalTotal Water Total Surface To ter Water Resource

Area Resource Water Resource per capita(nun/a) (B m3/a) (B m3/a) Resource (m3/p/a)

(Bin/a) (Bin/a) ~~(M m3/a) _______

Hangzhou 1545 10.50 10.38 169 1697

Nuigbo 1528 7.036 6.724 320 1941.2

Shaoxmg 1495 6.589 6.349 237 1519

Province 1440 94.43 87.99 6440 2166

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Detailed hydrologic and water quality conditions in the project cities are provided in the water qualitymodelling appendices of the Interim Reports for Shaoxing and Ningbo. Water quality morutoring dataand conditions are provided in Chapter 4.

1.2.4 Domestic Water Supplies and Utilisation

The statuses of supply and use of water for domestic use in the province and the project cities areshown in Table 1.5.

Table 1.5: The Status of Supply and Use of Water for Domestic Use in Project Citiesand Zhejiang

Amount of Domestic WaterWater Consumption Popularisation

Water Supply Consumption peCaia(/d) Rt(%(M m3/a) (M m 3/a) per Capita (lipid) Rate (%)

Hangzhou 326 13 194.10 297 100

Ningbo 288 00 144.89 320 100

Shaoxing 48.05 21.73 260 100

Provmce 1961.99 802.05 213 99 9

Shaoxing

The sources of water supply in Shaoxing are Qingdian Lake and Nanchi River, with the capacity of222,000 tons a day. The total water supply in 1998 was 48 million tons, in which the living watersupply was 22.7 million tons. A water supply network has been laid in the old city forming a ring ortrunk and branch type arrangement. Trunk mains are laid along the major roads.

Ningbo

Jiangdongnan and Zhenhai

In the Nmgbo urban area (Sanjiang, Beilun, and Zhenhai) the Ningbo Water Supply Company(NWSC) services approximately 1.16 million people or 89 percent of the total urban domesticpopulation. In the year 2000 water production of the NWSC was 543,000 m3/d.

Another small Water Supply Company produced 10,000 m3/d to the Ningbo urban area in 2000.Some large industrial companies in Zhenhai have constructed self-supply water plants. In 2000 totalself- supply production was 142,000 m3/d.

Dongqian Lake

The Mozhi and Gaoqian Water Supply Company (MGWSC) currently supplies 98 percent of thedemand in the Dongqian Lake area. The current production of the MGWSC is 7240 m3/d .

Cicheng

An existing water treatment plant in the Old Town of Cicheng, operated by the Ningbo Water SupplyCompany, serves Cicheng and nearby communities. It has a design capacity of 25,000 m3/d andcurrently produces around 18 Mld. Raw water comes from the Yingxiong Reservoir.



1.2.5 Sewerage Systems

All project cities in Zhejiang province operate mainly combined sewer systems, with separate systemsbeing constructed in the newer areas. In the system, sewerage and rainwater flows through drains,covered by concrete slabs and partially by sewers along the road to the nearest surface drainage, andonward to the adjacent rivers.

Many houses in the cities have septic tanks but many are too small and regular maintenance is notusually performed. The goal of all Zhejiang province cities is the complete separation of all sanitarysewers but funding limitations will mean that combinied sewers with septic tanks will be utilised formany years. Some of the cities are purchasing vacuum trucks to maintain the tanks in the long periodof time it takes to separate the entire sewer system. Due to the existence of combined sewers in manyof the sewerage districts served by proposed ZUEP WWTPs, the influent wastewater concentrationare relatively dilute relative to domestic wastewater in a separate sanitary system.

Hangzhou

Currently, Hangzhou has the Sibao WWTP and the first phase of Qige WWTP with treatment capacityof 600,000 m3 per day and 300,000 m3 per day respectively. The former accepts sewage from the No.1 sewage system (250,000 in3 per day) and No. 2 sewage system (350,000 m3 per day). It thendischarges effluent into the rniddle of the Qiantang River at the fifth fortress. The Qige WWTP mainlyaccepts sewage from the No. 3 sewage system (350,000 m3 per day), Xiasha sewage system andLinping sewage system and then discharges effluent into the Qiantang River.

The second phase of Qige WWTP, upon completion, will have a treatment capacity of 1 million m3

per day from the No. 3 sewage system, Xiashan sewage system and Linpin sewage system. Theeffluent may be used in some industries with low requirement for use of water. Another WWTP(50,000 m3 per day) is to be built in Jiangcun in western of Hangzhou. The effluent from this WWTPis proposed for discharge into Yuhangtang River for scenic use. The Gouzhuang sewage system(50,000 m3 per day) in northern Hangzhou collects sewage from Gouzhuang and then discharges itinto the Grand Canal.

The Jiangnan (Xiaoshan and Binjiang districts) sewage system (450,000 m3 per day), now underdesign, will send sewage to Xiaoshan WWTP for treatment. After second-level treatment, it isdischarged through the No. 9 Dam on Qiantang River.

Shaoxing

At present a combined storm and foul system is used in the old city. Both DN200 to DN 300 concretepipes or stone drains are used in the small streets and lanes. Most of the older sections of the city areserved by combined sewer systems.

Generally the historic precincts are not served by a foul sewerage system. The householders use amght soil system with waste taken to communal toilet blocks. The toilet blocks are not connected tothe sewerage system or to the canals, and are emptied on a daily basis. Some of the sewage is used asfertiliser for agriculture and some is taken to the new WWTP, which was built in 2001.

The first phase Sanjiang WWTP was built outside of the city in 2001 with a treatment capacity of350,000 m3/day. The second stage of the Sanjiang WWTP is now under construction with anadditional treatment capacity of 200,000 m3/day. The second stage WWTP is scheduled to beginoperations in 2004.

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Ningbo

At present the majority of the sewage from Ningbo, is discharged untreated directly into the Sanjiang(three rivers) system and some urban watercourses causing serious pollution. According to monitoringdata the water quality in urban sections of the Yongjiang and Fenghuajiang rivers is classified as ClassV, and the quality of some smaller urban watercourses is even worse. At Zhenhai the urbanwastewater, is discharged untreated to the inner nvers and Yongjiang River. The inland rivers in theurban areas are severely polluted, most at Grade TV-V. Rivers in the Zhongdahe urban area are GradeIV with COD being Grade V.

There is virtually no sewage treatment for the communities in the Dongqian Lake area or for thesewage generated within Cicheng. The water quality in Dongqian Lake and in the moat at Cichenghas fallen to class IV or V.

Within the central urban area of Ningbo there is one existing WWTP. The capacity of the existingJiangdongbei WWTP has recently been increased to 100,000 m3/d, however it is currently onlyreceiving approximately 50,000 m3/d. It is located in the Jiangdong district and serves a catchment inthe north of the Jiangdong district.

Within the urban area of Zhenhai there is currently no municipal WWTP. However the majorindustries of Zhenhai have a self-treatment capacity of 44,000 m3/d. Currently the urban wastewater isdischarged untreated to the inner rivers and Yongjiang River.

There are two existing WWTPs in the Beilun district. The Yandong WWTP has 120,000 m3/d(industrial only) capacity and the Xiaogang WWTP has a capacity of 40,000 m3/d.

The Ningbo proposals include the construction of three new wastewater treatment facilities with atotal capacity of 220,000 m3/d, construction, expansion and rehabilitation of the sewerage network,rehabilitation of inner-city watercourses, Dongqianhu Lake clean-up and development, andinfrastructure upgrading in Cicheng town.

The planned Jiangdongnan WWTP will have an initial capacity of 160,000 m3/d, and will beconstructed in Yinxian county in the South of Sanjiangpian area. It will discharge secondary treatedeffluent into the Fenghua River. It will treat sewage from a catchment area, which takes in part ofHaishu and Jlangdong distncts, together with flows from Yinzhou central distnct, Dongqian Lake andCicheng.

The planned Zhenhai WWTP will have an initial capacity of 30,000 m3/d, and will be constructed inthe Houhaitang industrial area of Zhenhai. It will discharge secondary treated effluent to the sea. Itscatchment area takes in the Chengguan, Houhaitang and Linjianpian districts of Zhenhai. It will alsoserve a new coastal industrial area.

Sewerage will be constructed for the catchment area of Jiangdongnan and Zhenhai WWTP's, and alsoin Cicheng and at Dongqian Lake. It is planned that sewage collected by the new sewerage system atDongqlan Lake and Cicheng will be pumped for treatment at the new Jiangdongnan WWTP.

1.2.6 Solid Waste and Sludge Disposal Systems in Place

Since Hangzhou involves the expansion of an existing landfill, there was significant information onthe MSW systems of Hangzhou. However, there was little information regarding existing solid wastemanagement systems in place in Shaoxing or Ningbo, in the Chinese EAs or the FSRs. Of particular



interest are landfill conditions and capacities for the components with World Bank assisted WWTPs inNingbo related to the potential need for use as sludge disposal alternatives.

Landfills in China are unlikely to operate using sanitary design practice and the addition of sludgecould exacerbate already problematic operations, although the Hangzhou Landfill No. 1 appeared tobe operated and managed very well. . The landfills usually operate more as an open waste dumps,filling available topographic valleys and other depressions. Of particular interest, the sludge couldcause a small increase in leachate production, and the operation of successful leachate treatmentfacilities has again been problematic in most Chinese landfills.

HlE3angzhou

The existing solid waste management systems are fully described in Chapter 2, since a new expandedlandfill is a major ZUEP component project.

Shaoxing

Solid Waste in Shaoxing is collected by the department of general sanitation and transported to one oftwo landfill sites or a new incineration facility. The Dawu Fovea is 30km away from the downtown,surrounded by hills and there are concrete roads leading inside. The rubbish deposition field was putinto use in October 1993 and it was designed to accommodate a volume of 2500 thousand in

3, but theremaining capacity is small.

Invested with 150 million yuan, the project of generating electricity through solid waste incinerationwas constructed. This project began operations in August of 2001, with a disposal capacity of 400tons per day. The quantum of the rubbished removed from the downtown is 81.34 million tons, thedegree of innocuous disposal of which is 100 percent.

The Sanjiang Landfill site of refuse is 12km away from the old downtown lying inside the lap. Exceptthe side as the entry facing croplands, the other three sides are all surrounded by hills. The closestresidential place to the spot of the dam in the entry is 1.5km far away, which is called Sanjiang Village.Population of the village is more than 4000. There are concrete roads leading directly to the landfillsite. The total capability of the Sanjiang Landfill Site of Refuse is 500 thousand m3 and it mainlyaccepts the landfill of the living rubbish and other solid waste.

Ningbo

Most of the existing landfill sites in Ningbo are designed poorly and have little remaining capacity. Anincineration plant was built a few years ago in Fenglin, but the incinerator has failed to operate forsignificant amounts of time due to the composition of the wastes, wetness of the wastes, andoperational costs. There is a small landfill at the Fenglin incinerator that was built mainly to handlethe ash from the incinerator.

The Sanitation Bureau has been actively researching new landfill sites and has tentatively selected asite at Ru Pu about 55km from the centre of the city for the new landfill. Information received fromthe NPMO and the Sanitation Bureau indicates that this landfill will be designed and put intooperation within two years. As such, it is the designated disposal site for the WWTP sludge producedin the new ZUEP WWTPs.

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Zhej iang Urban Environrment Project Environmental Assessment

1.2.7 Population, Wastewater and Solid Waste Projections

The populations of the province and the three project city districts are shown in Table 1.6.

Table 1.6: Populations of Project Cities and Province

Area Population(km') ((100 persons)

Hangzhou City Proper 683 1791.8

Ningbo CityProper 1033 1240.5

Shaoxing City Proper 337 580

Province 101.8X103 45 012.2

Hangzhou Landfill

Table 1.7 shows the assumed growth rates for the FSR and DRA forecasts for the landfill service area

(i.e. excluding Yuhang and Xiaoshan).

Table 1.7: Assumed Population Growth (Landfill Service Area)

FSR DRA Medium DRA Low

Population (millions)

2000 2.44 2.44 2.442010 2 97 2.96 2 96

2020 3.60 3.54 3.47

2030 4 35 4.15 3.95

Growth Rates (%)

1990-2000 3.86% 3.86% 3.86%

2001-2010 1.97% 1.95% 1.95%

2011-2020 1.96% 1.80% 1.60%

2021-2030 1.91% 1 60% 1.30%

2000-2030 1.95% 1.79% 1.62%

Shaoxing

The current (year 2000) population of the ancient city Gucheng is 150,000 in an area of 8.32 km2,being part of:

* Yue Cheng District (population 413,000);

* Shaoxing City Proper of three districts including Yue Cheng (population 548,000); and

* Shaoxing Municipality (population 4.327 mllion in 7901 krn2)

Although the ancient city is small in relative terms (27% of population of City Proper, and 3.5% ofMunicipality), its significance is much greater because it contains the administrative and commnercialcentre for a major city region and is a historical and cultural area of City, Provincial and Nationalstatus. Another factor has been the thinning out of inner areas as population moved from crowdedpoor conditions to modem housing further afield, often related to relocation of employment.

Estimated employment in Gucheng is about 90,000 (estimates based on the number of peopleregistered in Gucheng), out of a total of 180,100 urban employment in Yue Cheng and 483,000 urban

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employment in the whole Municipality (source: SPMO; figures exclude agricultural workers). Inrecent years, obsolete manufacturing activities have relocated from the centre to new factories on theperiphery. However, these employment losses have been counteracted by gains from commercial andservice activities in the city centre.

Ningbo

The proposed four projects for Ningbo will serve a wide range of target populations and beneficiaries.These are estimated as follows for each project:

Sewerage and wastewater treatment projects

Estimates of the total population served by the four sewerage and wastewater treatment sub-projectsare summarised in Table 1.8. The estimates are based on the water and wastewater demand projectionsand the capacities of the facilities which will be constructed in each sub-project. The figures indicatethat the number of direct beneficiaries will rise from 595,000 in 2005 to 652,000 in 2010 and 675,000by 2020. These represent about 10% of the population projections in the Ningbo Municipal MasterPlan (200 1-2020).

Table 1.8: Ningbo Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment Projects - Target Populationand Beneficiaries

Year Zhenhai Jiangdongnan Cicheng Dongqian Total(000) (000) (000) Lake (000) (000)

2000 113 334 41 45 533

2005 116 384 45 50 595

2010 116 416 57 63 652

2015 116 416 68 63 663

2020 116 416 80 63 675

Source: Study estimates

In 2010, after the completion of construction, the four sub-projects will serve the following estimatedpopulations:

o Zhenhai sewerage and WWTP- population of 116,000

o Jiangdongnan sewerage and WWTP - population of 416,000

o Cicheng sewerage and WWT (sewage conveyed to Jiangdongnan WWTP) - population of57,000

o Dongqianhu Lake sewerage and WWTP- population of 63,000

Dongqian Lake infrastructure improvement and development project

The Dongqianhu Lake infrastructure improvement and development project, including the seweragecomponent, will serve and benefit a wide spectrum of the population in Ningbo Municipality:

o Ningbo Municipality - the whole population of 5.4 million, rising to 6.7 to 7 million by

2020, will benefit directly and indirectly through the creation of a new urban developmentarea aimed at residential development, recreation and tourism activities.

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* Yinzhou District - about 722,000 (population in 2000) will directly benefit from the

increased employment opportunities and the tourism demand for goods and services (e.g.hotel accommodation, restaurants and other catering services, travel agents, tourist services,shops and other conmmercial outlets). The embryonic real estate sector will also benefit.

* Dongqian Lake Town - the development and expansion of the new town will form thecentral hub of the Master Plan for the Region of Dongqian Lake. The resident population isexpected to nse from about 45,000 at present to nearly 100,000 by 2020, with the vision ofreaching 250,000 by 2050. Initial residential development is aimed at middle and high-income families, with the Dongqian Lake region becoming the major recreational area forNingbo City.

The total population within the Ningbo administrative area is projected to increase by more than 25%over the next 20 years from 5.4 million in 2000 to 6.2 mullion by 2005, 6.4 million by 2010 and 6.7 to7 million by 2020. By 2020, nearly 80% of the population are expected to live in urban areas. InNingbo City itself (main urban area), the population is projected to increase by nearly I million overthe next 20 years, rising from 1.2 million in 2000, to 1.3 million by 2005, 1.6 million by 2010 and 2.1to 2.2 million by 2020.

Cicheng urban infrastructure and improvement project

The Cicheng urban infrastructure and improvement project, includmg the sewerage component, willbenefit the whole of the town, which is expected to reach a total population of 80,000 by 2020. In theOld Town itself, where most of the infrastructure improvement and development will take place, theresident population is projected to remain stable at about 21,000. In addition, the number of touristvisitors is projected to rise from 50,000 in 2005 to 155,000 in 2010 and 212,000 by 2015.

1.3 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

1.3.1 Laws and Regulations

Laws and Regulations of Environmental Protection that were important to the performance of this EAincluded:

* Constitution of P. R. China (December 4, 1982);

* Law of the People's Republic of China on Environmental Protection, promulgated on Dec.26, 1989;

* Law of the People's Republic of China on Water Pollution Prevention and Treatment,promulgated on May 11, 1984;

* Implementary Rules of Law of the People's Republic of China on Water PollutionPrevention and Treatment, promulgated on Sept. 1, 1989;

* Law of the People's Republic of China on Atmosphere Pollution Prevention and Treatment,promulgated on Aug. 5, 1987;

* Law of the People's Republic of China on Noise Pollution Prevention and Treatment,promiiulgated on Oct. 29, 1996;

* Law of the People's Republic of China on Solid Waste Pollution Prevention and Treatment,promulgated on Oct. 30, 1995;

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o Environmental Protection Regulations for Construction Projects, Order No. 253 issued bythe People's Republic of China State Council in Nov. 1998;

o Several Opinions on Issues Concerning the Environmental Administration of ConstructionProjects, Document No. Guo Huan Jian Zi [88] 117;

o A Notice of Strengthening the Regulation of Environmental Influence Evaluation of ProjectsFunded by Loans from International Financial Organisations, Document No. Huan Jian[1993] 324;

o Technical Guides for Environmental Influence Evaluation (HG/T2.1-2.3-93), an industrialstandards document on environmental protection in the People's Republic of China;

o Regulations on Environmnental Protection Design for Construction Projects, Document No.

Guo Huan Zi [87] 002;

o Regulations on Projects of Comprehensive Utilisation of Resources and Newly Built andReconstruction Projects; Document No. Ji Zi Yuan [1989] 411;

o Notice about promulgating "Technical Policies for Urban House Refuse Treatment andPollution Prevention", Document NO. Jian Chen [2000] 120, promulgated on May 29, 2000;

o Technical Principles and Methods of Environmental Influence Evaluation, promulgated byState Environmental Protection Bureau;

o Regulations on Technical Policies for Water Pollution Prevention and Treatment,promulgated by State Council Environment Commission in Nov. 1986;

o Techmcal Standards for Urban House Refuse Sanitary Landfilling(CJJ17-88);

o Standards for Pollution Control of Urban House Refuse Landfilling(GB16889-1997).

1.3.2 Project Documents

Documents Related to the Hlangzhou Landfill No.2 Project

o Letter about the Examnination Opinion for Environmental Influence Evaluation Outline ofHangzhou NO. 2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, Document NO. Zhe Huan Kai Jian [1999]150, promulgated by September 14, 1999;

o Ratification to the Construction of Hangzhou No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Project,Document NO. Hang Ji Tou Zhi [2001] 182, Hang Jian Ji [2001] 47, promulgated on March16,2001;

o Feasibility Study on Hangzhou No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, by Beijing Non-ferrous Metal Metallurgical Design Institute in July 2002.

o Report for Geologic Reconnaissance of Hangzhou No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill,compiled by Hangzhou Engineering Reconnaissance Station, Sep. 2000.

O Project Contract and Task Letter Signed by Enviromnental Influence Evaluation & ResearchOffice, Zhejiang University and Project construction Unit.

o Evaluation Report on Enviromnental Influence of Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid WasteLandfill, Environmental Influence Evaluation and Research Office of Zhejiang Universityand Hangzhou Environmental Protection Research Institute, January 2002.

o Zhejiang Urban Environment Project, Interim Report, Vol. 2 - Hangzhou, HangzhouLandfill Nr 2, Mott MacDonald, November 2002, and Addendums.

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Documents Related to the Shaoxing Project

* Pre-feasibility Study Report for the Urban Infrastructure Reconstruction Project of Shaoxing

* Official Document of the Government of Shaoxing Municipality, NO.8 (99)

* Official Document of the Financial Bureau of Shaoxing Municipality, NO.46 (1999)

* General Plan of Shaoxing City (revised) (1994-2010)(draft for approval)

* Preservation Plan for Well-known Histories & Cultures in Shaoxing City (draft for review)

* Controlled Area to Construct for the Cultural Preservation Units in Shaoxing City

* Systemic Plan for the Green Land in Shaoxing City

* Systemic Plan for the Sewage Collection in Shaoxing City

* In-city River Realignment Plan

* Regional Plan of Yuecheng, Shaoxing

* Statistical Yearbook of Shaoxing City (1999)

* Environmental Impact Assessment on the Urban Infrastructure Reconstruction Projects ofShaoxing City, Zhejiang Provincial Institute Of Environmental Protection Science & Design,June 2002.

* Zhejiang Urban Environment Project, Interim Report, Shaoxing, Mott MacDonald,November 2002 and Addendums.

Documents Related to the Ningbo Zhenhai Project

* Primary Feasibility Report on Zhenhai Wastewater Treatment Plant and InterrelatedPipeline (Color Metallurgy D&R Institute of Beijing), July 2002.

* Commission Script for EIA on Zhenhai Wastewater Treatment Plant and InterrelatedPipeline (Prophase Office for municipal Engineering of Ningbo)

* Environmental Impact Assessment Report, Zhenhai WWWTP and Sewerage, NingboEnvironmental Protection Science Research & Design Institute, July 2002.

* Zhejiang Urban Environment Project, Intenrm Report - Volume 3, Ningbo Components,Mott MacDonald, November 2002 and Addendums.

Documents Related to the Ningbo Jiangdongnanqu Project

* Report on Pre-Feasibility for the Project of Construction of Sewage Sludge Disposal plant inthe Southern Jiangdong District of Ningbo City, Compiled by Research and DesignAcademy of Metallurgy of Colored Metals in June 1996.

* Commission Deed of Environmental Impact Evaluation of the Construction of SewageSludge Disposal plant in the Southern Jiangdong District of Nmngbo City, Compiled byPSPMOPCPNC in the 29h of December 1999.

* Environmental Impact Assessment Report, Jiangdongnanqu WWTP and Sewerage, NingboEnvironmental Protection Science Research & Design Institute, July 2002.

* Zhejiang Urban Environment Project, Intenrm Report - Volume 3, Nmgbo Components,Mott MacDonald, November 2002 and Addendums.

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Documents Related to the Ningbo Dongqian Lake Project

o Primary Feasibility Report on Harness Project for Dongqian Lake of Ningbo city (ColorMetallurgy D&R Institute of Beijing) dated July 2002.

o Commission Script for EIA on Harness Project for Dongqian Lake of Ningbo city (ProphaseOffice for municipal Engineering of Ningbo).

o Environmental Impact Assessment Report, Ningbo Dongqian Lake Renovation Project,Ningbo Environmental Protection Science Research & Design Institute, July 2002.

o Zhejiang Urban Environment Project, Interim Report - Volume 3, Nmgbo Components,Mott MacDonald, November 2002 and Addendums.

Documents Related to the Ningbo Cicheng Project

o Ningbo City's Municipal Overall Plan (1995-2010), Ningbo People's Government, July,1999.

o Zoning of enviromnental protection function of Ningbo surface water, Ningbo's Bureau ofEnvironmental Protection, November 1992.

o Report of Feasibility Research in Avance of Environmental Renovation Project in CichengTown, Jiangbei District, Beijing General Institute of Coloured Metallurgy Designing andResearch, 2001.4:

o Entrust Deed of Environmental Impact Assessment of Environmental Renovation Project inCicheng Town, Jiangbei District, Municipal Engineering earlier stage Office of Ningbo2001.6.

o Environmental Impact Assessment Report, Environment Improvement Works of CichengTownship, Ningbo Environmental Protection Science Research & Design Institute, July2002.

o Zhejiang Urban Environment Project, Interim Report - Volume 3, Ningbo Components,Mott MacDonald, November 2002 and Addendums.

1.3.3 Contents of Component EA Evaluations

Contents of Evaluation, Hangzhou Landfill No.2

o To investigate into and monitor the kinds and intensity of pollution sources in HangzhouNo. 1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, and to find out the total discharge of pollutants from it.

O To collect information on, and monitor, the environmental quality in the area under theinfluence of the project, and to make a retrospective evaluation on the environmentalinfluences that the No. 1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill has exerted;

o To investigate into and analyze problems existed in the design and operation of No. 1Municipal Solid Waste Landfill and measures to deal with them;

o To analyze and evaluate the project in discussion and find out pollution sources and the totaldischarge of pollutants; and to analyze the feasibility of project location and constructionfrom the angle of environmental protection;

o To predict and analyze the good and bad influences on the surface water, groundwater, air,ecology, sonic environment and environmental sanitation in the construction, operationperiods and after enclosure of the project;

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* To put forward pollution prevention and treatment proposals about alleviation of badinfluences in accordance with objectives of environmental quality control for the influencedregion and requirements on environmental administration and in consideration of identifiedpotential pollution factors;

* To analyze the environmental risks occurring in the construction and operating stages of thisproject and put forward relevant prevention measures;

* To collect public opinions on the operation of Hangzhou No.1 municipal solid Wastelandfill and the construction of Hangzhou No.2 municipal solid Waste landfill;

* To analyze the environmental and economic losses and benefits, focusing on the functionsof this project and the annex projects in the control of pollutant discharge; and

* To formulate plans in environmental administration, monitoring and training.

Contents of Evaluation, Shaoxing Project

* To collect and investigate the present situation of the environmental quality in theinfluenced area by the project, then to assess the present environmental situation.

* To analyze the impact of the project on the surface water, air, organism and the acousticenvironments, and to analyze the influence on the traffic and urban infrastructures as well.

* To predict and analyze the potential advantages and disadvantages to influence the soctalenvironment and the residence. Meanwhlle to propose some countermeasures and controlmeasures to lessen the disadvantages.

* To make benefit analysis on the environmental economics.

* To draw out the plans of the environmental management, supervision and personal training.

* To collect and analyze public opinion.

Contents of Evaluation, Ningbo Zhenhai Project

* Investigate and analyze present situation of the pollution source in the area impacted fromthe Project, collect and momtor environmental quality situation in the area impacted fromthe Project, assess the environmental impact situation of nowadays.

* Analyze the possible pollution of the Project according to construction stage and operationstage respectively; point out pollution sources and discharge quantity of pollutant.

* Forecast impact on atmospheric, water, ecological and acoustic environment duringconstruction stage and operation stage of the Project.

* According to the requirements on control objects for environmental quality and managementof environment in the area impacted from the Project, measures for pollution prevention andalleviation should be drawn out.

* Analyze profit and loss for environmental economy and pay much attention to its effect oncontrolling the total amount of local contaminants.

* Sketch out plans for environmental management and monitoring.

* Collect opinions of the public.

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I IWB Consolidated EA_250303 doc/


Contents of Evaluation, Ningbo Jiangdongnanqu Project

o Investigating and analyzing the current local pollution sources of the district that may beinfluenced by the project; Collecting the available information of environmental quality ofthe district and monitoring it for the evaluation of environmental impacts of the project.

o Analyzing and evaluating impacts of location selection, pipeline construction, and sewagedisposal technics for both construction period and operation period, indicating the pollutionsources and their discharge amounts; analyzing the reliability of selected technics from thepoint of view of environmental protection.

o Predicting and evaluating both the benefits and on groundwater, atmosphere, ecology, soundenvironment and traffic etc. during its construction period and operation period.

o Bringing forward plans and relief measures to minimize the unfavorable influences of theproject according to the demands of the environmental quality control and management inthe affected districts.

o Analyzing economics of environmental benefit and lose, attentions are especially paid to therole of this project in the control of total loads of pollutants in the local districts.

o Making up schemes of environmental management, monitoring and training.

O Collecting public opinions.

Contents of Evaluation, Ningbo Dongqian Lake lProject

o Investigating and analyzing present situation of polluting sources in the area influenced bythe Project, collecting information and monitoring environmental quality in the areainfluenced by the Project, assessing the current environmental impact.

O Analyzing the possible pollution resulting from the Project according to construction stageand operation stage respectively, pointing out polluting sources and the amounts ofpollutants to be discharged.

o Forecasting the impacts on atmospheric, aquatic, ecological and acoustic environmentduring construction stage and operation stage of the Project.

o Putting forward pollution prevention and alleviation measures according to the requirementsof environmental management and the objectives of the environmental pollution control ofthe area influenced by the project.

o Analyzing profits and losses in terms of environmental economy.

o Drawing out plans for environmental management and monitoring.

o Collecting advices from the public.

Contents of Evaluation, Ningbo Cicheng Project

o Investigation and analyzing the current situation of the pollution sources influencing thearea of project: Collection and monitoring environmental quality state influencing the areaof project, appraising the current situation of environmental impact.

O Analyzing and appraising the several projects: construction of construction period pumphouse, laying pipe network, excavating river, dredging bottom mud, repairing bank,afforesting bank etc. Pointing out pollution sources and emission of pollutant. Analyzingeffectiveness feasibility of operation of curing at ordinary running times, maintaining andskill managing.

1-27



* Predicting and analyzing favorable and adverse effect of project to several respects, such assurface water, air, ecology, sound environment and traffic etc during project constructiontime and running time.

* Propose the measures and schemes to slow down the adverse effect according to the requestof influenced regional environmental quality controlling goal and environmentalmanagement.

* Analyzing benefit and damage of Environment economnic, especially paying attention to theproject function on controlling pollutant overall of the locality.

* Working out environmental managing, momtoring and training plan.

* Collectng the public suggestion.

1.3.4 Focuses of Component EA Evaluation

Hangzhou Landfill No.2

* The positive benefits that the construction and operation of No.2 Municipal Solid WasteLandfill shall bring to, the improvement of urban environmental sanitation and quality oflife.

* Retrospective evaluation on social, environmental and economic benefits brought by No. 1Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, and analysis of potential bad effects to be brought by theconstruction and operation of No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, with focuses onpollution caused by refuse leachate to water body and groundwater source, and bad effectson air quality and environmental sanitation caused in the operation of Municipal SolidWaste Landfill.

Shaoxing Project

* Environmental impact during the construction period

* Impact on the water environment after the plan of the river realignment and theimprovement of the sewage collection system are in work in Gucheng.

* Noise pollution of the water pump stations and sluices.

* Countermneasures to control the pollution and recover the ecosystem.

Ningbo Zhenhai Project

* Water quality of the offshore sea near Zhenhai complies with Category II of Water QualityStandards for Seawater, GH3097-97.

* The environmnent around wastewater treatment plant is free of odour and noise.

* Sensitive places, such as schools, hospitals, hotels, villa and etc, which are located inambient district within 200m extended from proposed facilities.

* Atmospheric environment of the district within 200m extended from both sides of theInception

Ningbo Jiangdongnanqu Project

* Benefits of performance of this sewage disposal projects on improvements of aquaticenvironment and social environment.



o Evaluation of the influence of uncontrolled emnission of malodour during the operation ofsewage disposal plant.

Ningbo Dongqian Lake Project

o The environmental impact during the construction of the project and proper measures toprevent and alleviate the impact.

Ningbo Cicheng Project

o Benefit of the project of environmental renovation project to the environmentalimprovement of water and the social environment.

o Assessment of influence of disposal of abandoned soil, bottom mud during constructionperiod and noise of pump house during running time.

1.3.5 Guidelines and Recommendations

Guidelines and Recommendations important to the conduct of this EA

o A Number of Suggestions about the Environmental Management Problems of theConstruction Projects (HJ (88) No.117 issued by SEPA).

o Some Suggestions of Further Doing Management Work on the Construction Projects Well(HJ(93)No.015 issued by SEPA);

o Notice of Strengthening the EA Management Work of the Construction Projects financed byLoans of International Financial Organisations (HJ(1993) No. 324 issued by SEPA, NPC,Ministry of Finance, and Bank of China);

o Decisions of the State Council on a Number of Problems of Environmental Protection (GF(1996) No.31).

Technical Guidance for the conduct of this EA included:

o Techmcal Regulation of Ecological Impact Assessment of the Construction ProjectsConcerning Natural Resources Exploitation (Draft-December, 1995);

o Technical Guidelines of EA (HJ/T2.1-2.4-93);

o Operational Directory for World Bank Financed Projects -- Environmental Assessment(OD4.01 issued by W.B. in July 1992).

o Data Collection of EA (W. B. Document No.139, October 1993);

o Technical Outline for EA (HJ/T2.1-2.3-93);

1.4 Scope and Standards of Environmental Assessment

In view of the nature of the proposed projects, the EA scope was divided into two time periods,construction phase and operational phase. In both of these phases, the scope included the necessarytreatment and disposal systems as well as the related collection systems and other project facilities.

The standards for the EA of the projects were identified by the Provincial and City EnvironmentalProtection Bureaux and they included:

o Ambient air: Class B of Ambient Air Quality Standard, GB3095-1996;



* Surface Water Environment: Categories III and IV of State Environmental ProtectionStandard, GHZB I - 1999 (effective 01-01 -2000)

* Acoustic Environment: Class B of Urban Regional Noise Standard, GB3096-93

The appropriate discharge standards for use in this EA included:

* Air pollutants: Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Coal-burning Oil-burning Gas-Burning Boiler GWPB3-1999; Class B of Emission Standard for Offensive Odour PollutantGB 14554-93

* Water pollutants: Class of Integrated Discharge Standard for Wastewater, GB8978-96;Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Paper Industry, GWPB2-1999.

* Noise: Class B of Boundary Noise Standard for Industrial Enterprises, GB 12348-90.Boundary Noise Standard for Construction Sites, GB12523-90.

* Solid wastes: Pollutant Control Standard for Agricultural Sludge GB4284-88.

Environment assessment classifications during the project operation period were defined on the basisof the drainage output, pollutants, receiver volume and water quality from the wastewater treatmentworks in line with the related classification requirements found in the Chinese "Technical Guidelinesof Environment Impact Assessment".

1.5 The Need for the Project

The overall need for ZUEP is fully described for each ZUJEP project component in Chapter 2. TheZUEP project benefits by component project are fully described in Chapter 5.

1.6 Assessment Objectives, Criteria, Parameters

The EA work for the proposed project was undertaken in four steps:

(1) Preparatory Work: On the basis of the sub-project EAs approved by the Provincial EPB, thiswork included additional field survey, relevant data collection, investigation and evidencegathering for the compilation of the EA outline.

(2) Compilation of the EA Outline: Based on the preparatory work and in terns of thecharacteristics of the project, specialists compiled the EA Outline, and then subrmtted it to SEPAfor exanmnation.

(3) Field Sampling and Monitoring: After the EA Outline was approved by SEPA, the EA teamwent to the project sites to conduct sampling, monitoring, public investigation and expertconsultation.

(4) Compilation of the EA Report: The EA Report was compiled upon the basis of previous work.The main guidelines for the compilation of the EA Reports were:

* Notice of Strengthening the EA Management Work of the Construction Projects Financedby Loans of International Financial Organisations, issued by SEPA, NPC, Ministry ofFinance, and Bank of China;

* Technical Guidelines of EA, HJ/T2.1-2.3-93 issued by SEPA;

* The EA Outline and its Written Reply.



o The relevant data provided by the cities, city EPBs and design institutes in the pre-feasibilitydesign reports.

1.7 World Bank EA Preparation Requirements

The Environmental Assessment (EA) for this project was based on the following directives andguidance documents (note: n/a means not applicable):

o World Bank Operational Directives:

Environrnental Assessment (OP 4.01, BP 4.01, GP 4.01)

Natural habitats (OP 4.04, BP 4.04, GP 4.04) - WB TBD

Forestry (OP 4.36, GP 4.36) - n/a

Pest Management (OP 4.09) - n/a

Cultural Property (OPN 11.03) -

Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20) - n/a

Involuntary Resettlement (OD 4.30)

Safety of Dams (OP 4.37, BP 4.37) - n/a

Projects in Intemational Waters (OP 7.50, BP 7.50, GP 7.50) - n/a

Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60, BP 7.60, GP 7.60) - n/a

o World Bank Environmental Assessment Sourcebooks, Volumes 1-3, Technical Papers 139,140, and 154.

o World Bank Environmental Assessment Updates 1-28, to June 2002.

O World Bank ZUEP Project Aide Memoirs (dated 23 Nov 98, 06-14 May 99, 26 June 99, 17Nov 99, 9 May 00, 8 July 00, 22 June 02).

o SEPA Standard HJ/T 2.1-2.3, 1993, Technical Guidelines for Environmental ImpactAssessment, 1993-09-18 published, 1994-04-01 in effect.

o Class A project deterrmnation by World Bank.

1.8 EA Participants

The Provincial EA for Zhejiang Province was conducted by the Zhejiang Environmental ProtectionResearch Institute (ZEPRI), under the Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) inHangzhou. The ZEPRI staff who participated in this EA are shown in Table 1.9.

Table 1.9: EA Staff of ZEPRI

Name Title No. of EA PermitChen Changchun Professor 05500Zhao Zhenghong Engineer 05498Jin Yongping Senior engineer 05570

Sun Lu Engineer 05495Liu Yao Engineer Passed examnination,

Ipermit to be released



Name Title No. of EA Permit

Liu Zhong Engineer, master degree 05476Shang Weichun Engineer 13158Bao Weihong Engineer 05573Pan Peifeng Engineer 05572Luo Deyu Engineer 05477Wu Jianyang Associate professor 08772

1.9 EA Organisation

The ZUEP Consolidated EA contains information regarding the entire program to be carried out withfunding assistance from the WB, including summary inforrnation on the EAs prepared for theindividual component projects.



Figure 1.1: Location of Project Components

Proposed ZUEP Project Components - March 2003- -, - i . IX'UJAU , % ym , .-,,~r, 6,'- *; .~^'~ ~ st -

* ., -; F b -;r. ' - , l s l J't u' l il; 4F.ANHAI . .

^ .:- U-a .-. ,lir , , '$ J j'4!

. F-,I, L , 2 j, f , L:41 ''S1

[)3'_a ci fly' 9, -- I -:I t I

5 f ~~~~~C. -;*.~ ' t J k-e 4 _ ; ;' j

'!,*I S W HUHop" il ;*.EI ; 5g . 9. .. ,x.wt- Jna

1 & t I id ,1*39)r - , , II , /e,t ^r5

t >*_t' r'- ' tGH c- ," a,

t IIANGZHDUAWg t -< < ,§ X, 8 C,]; aTt ;. . - - >-:A. 'n&'Ldt

NrPgbo Ciohen;lHarigzlw /OU (Chsarnl RFc!t:rltIon'

Landfiil / ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Rondg:' S-- orayogs'

Charmll RastOration I SIsb Snnql .veaq l..h

Uit,us ' Rou&is JIanu9dcragrmu W'hRoasSc

Savivraof, ~~~~~~~~~SOth^ erarc;



2 Description of the Proposed Project

2.1 ZUEP Project Components

2.1.1 Component Summary

The goal, objectives and outputs of the Zhejiang Urban Environment Project (ZUJEP) were discussedin detail in Chapter 1. The ZUEP is designed to complement the overall basin objectives bysupplementing the ongoing National Green Plan efforts in the major urban centres of ZhejiangProvince. Figure 1.1 provided the general location of the ZUEP component projects.

The ZUTEP envisages the following environmental improvements:

* Hangzhou. The Hangzhou proposals include the construction of a new solid waste landfillwith a capacity of 22.10 million cubic metres.

* Ningbo. The Ningbo proposals include the construction of three new wastewater treatmentfacilities with a total capacity of 220,000 m3/d, construction, expansion and rehabilitation ofthe sewerage network, rehabilitation of inner-city watercourses, Dongqianhu Lake clean-upand development, and infrastructure upgrading in Cicheng town.

* Shaoxing. Shaoxing proposals include the rehabilitation of urban watercourses, upgradingof urban infrastructure services and conservation of histonc sites and buildings in five areasof the Old City.

In addition to the physical works, the project will promote and facilitate institutional and financialreforms in wastewater and solid waste management sub-sectors. In order to support these reforms, theproject will also provide technical assistance for capacity building within the various projectimplementing and operating entities.

All the sewerage schemes will involve both the interception of existing combined sewage or industrialwastewater outfalls and provision of first wastewater collection in more recently developed areas ofthe cities. Wastewater will be conveyed to WWTPs and will make a major contribution to control ofwater pollution in Zhej iang Province.

2.1.2 Related Projects

Shaoxing Historic City Centre Redevelopment and Conservation

Considerable work has already been undertaken by Shaoxing City with regard to the planmng of theconservation work and the city has commenced implementation. The work on the conservationplanning has, generally, been prepared competently. ZUEP is assisting in the formulation of anintegrated approach to conservation within the ancient city and a well-founded rationale for theconservation area boundaries. Survey data to assess housing condition is being documented, and theviability and sustainability of the proposals in terms of direct and indirect benefits are being subjectedto a rigorous financial and economic evaluation.

Industrial Pollution Control Action Plan (IPCAP)

The outline IPCAP for Hangzhou and Ningbo covers the following:

2-1I \WB Consolidated EA_250303 doct


o Development of an industrial wastewater discharge licensing and permitting system to beused by the respective municipal wastewater companies;

o Development of effective industrial wastewater monitoring;

o Development of time bound action plans for control of industrial wastewater dischargeswlthin the catchments of the critical surface water systems affecting the urban water qualityand water resources;

o Initiation of a programme of water conservation and cleaner production within industry.

The outline IPCAP has not been directly assessed in the EA since structural infrastructure is not beingproposed, and the full set of IPCAP recommendations will be developed later. However, theimplementation of the IPCAP recommendations will assist some of the ZUEP component project inoptimising benefits of the component projects, as well as ensure that the WWTP component projectsdo not suffer from industrial wastewater upsets.

2.2 Project Formulation and Development

2.2.1 Project Inventories and Ranking

The Zhejiang Projects List set forth in the National Green Projects Planning is shown in Table 2.1below.

2-2



Table 2.1: Zhejiang Projects in National Green Projects Planning (Second Phase)

Project Total Invest. Implement. Project| Region Namne of Project Description Benefit Invest. Completed Period ProgressRegion Name of Project Description Benefit ~~~~~~(M yuan) (M yuan)

Hangzhou central heat supply Install heat supply network 9300 m 255 00 155.00 1999-2002 Continued

Hangzhou Qige WWTP and Sibao Construct 500000 m3/d WWTP Reduce COD 778.00 1998-2003 ContinuedWWTP supplement project 36500 tons/a

Hangzhou Thermal Power Sta. 3 X 130 tons/d coal powder furnaces, dust 71 57 17.00 2000-2002 Continuedremoval and desulfation

Hangzhou Hangzhou Domestic Rubbish 450 tons/d, incineration 205.00 2000-2002 PlanningIncineration Plant

Hangzhou Natural Gas Project Use natural gas 450 million m3 1000 00 1999-2010 Planning

Hangzhou Dangerous Wastes and Disposal of 3600000 tons/a, Phase 1 100.00 41.48 1998-2004 ContmuedIndustnal Solid Wastes Disposal 100000 tons

Hangzhou Yuhang Four-town 107000 m3/d WWTP Reduce COD 287 00 2001 2005 ContinuedWWTP 7811 tons/a

Ningbo Fenglm Rubbish Incineration 1000 tons/d, incineration 359.00 316.00 1998-2002 ContinuedPlant

NingboNmgbo Development Zone (Yandong) 120000 m3/d, secondary treatment Reduce COD 168.96 149.12 1998-2002 ContinuedWWvTP (Phase 1) 3500 tons/a

Pingyang Kunao WwT Project 60000 in3/d, dual-dtch type 4380 tons/a 160.00 72.80 1998-2002 Continued

Wenzhou Wenzhou Rubbish Incineratton and 600 tons/d, incineration for power 180.00 2001-2002 Pre-Powe Generation Plant generating design

Wenzhou Central WWTP 200000 m3/d, Orbal oxidation ditch 301.65 189.98 1998-2002 Continued

2-3



(Continued)

Region Name of Project Description ~~~~~~~Project Total Invest. Implement. ProjectRegion [ Name of Project Description Benefit Invest. Completed Period Progress

(M yuan) (M yuan)

Reduce CODJiaxmg WWTP 316000 m3/d WWTP, sewers 254 kmr 1266.00 1998-2003 Continued

23068 tons/a

Reduce CODJiaxing Sewerage 135000 m3/d WWTP, sewers 56 km 177.00 2001-2005 Planning

Jiaxing 9855 tons/a

Reduce CODTongxiang and Five-town WWTP 115000 m3/d WWTP, sewers 54 km 299 00 2001-2005 Planning

8395 tons/a

Haining Three-town WWTP 50000 m3/d WWTP, sewersI 18 km 335.00 2001-2004 Planning

Changxing Landfill Project 200 tons/d hygienic landfilhlng 30.00 2002-2003 Planning

Anji Landfill Project 200 tons/d hygienic landfilling 30 00 2002-2003 Planning

Deqmng Landfill Project 200 tons/d hygienic landfilling 30.00 2002-2003 Planning

Huzhou Huzhou Landfill Project 400 tons/d hygienic landfilling 58.50 10.00 2000-2002 Contmued

Huzhou Ww Interception and Six- Construct 118000 m3/d WWTP(s), Reduce COD 526.00 2001-2005 PlanningTown WWTP(s) 50 km sewers 8614 t/a

Huzhou Landfill for Central Towns 200 tons/d hygienic landfilling 30.00 2002-2003 Planning

Shaoxing Shaoxmg Domestic Rubbish 400 tons/d, bum rubbish with coal 135.00 53.60 2000-2002 ContmuedIncmeration Project

2-4



(Continued)

Total Invest. Invest. Ipeet rjcRegion Name of Project Description Project Benefit (M yuan) Completed yIuanpemet Progres

(M yuan) (M yuan) to eid Pors

Jmhua City Wastewater Treatment 80000 m3/d, SBR process Reduce COD 8000 t/a 188.00 102 00 1999-2002 Continued

Jin Pre D CJinhua Dongyang City WWTP 80000 m3/d, CAST process Reduce COD 5400 t/a 139.50 8.50 200012003 Continued

Yongkang City WWTP 80000 m3 /d, SBR process Reduce COD 5400 t/a 155.50 55 00 1999-2005 Continued

Quzhou WWTP 50000 m3/d Reduce COD 8100 t/a 183.45 51 27 2000-2002 Continued

Boiler 3 X 3.5 t/hr, powerQuzhou Jiangshan General Chemical Plant generation by waste heat Reduce SO2 1134 tla

, Redce S2 113 t/a 65 00 35 29 1999-2002 ContinuedDesulfation for thermal power sta desulfation with dual

alkali process

Taizhou City Jiaojiang Wastewater 50000 m3/d Reduce COD 5300 t/a 199.59 6.00 1999-2003 ContinuedTreatment Project

Taizhou Taizhou City Huangyan Wastewater 80000 m 3/d Reduce COD 8000 t/a 168.00 77.00 1997-2002 ContinuedTreatment Project

Yuhuan River Enviromnent 60000 m 3/d, secondaryYuhuanprivermenvironmtenta60000tmendt secondary Reduce COD 4000 t/a 218.00 22.42 1998-2002 ContinuedImprovement Project treatment

Organisms diversity protection in Enlarge range of naturalFengyang Mountain & Baishanzu preservation zone; preserve 29.20 2001 2005 study

Lishui Natural Preservation Zone ar nts.plants.

Lishui City Wastewater Treatment 50000 m3/d, oxidation Reduce COD 3650 t/a 66.25 18.25 1999~2002 ContinuedProject ditch process



2.2.2 World Bank Water Resources Principles

Table 2.2 provides an outline of generic principles and issues followed by the World Bank in thedevelopment and assessment of water resources needs and projects.

Table 2.2: World Bank Water Resources Management Principles and Issues

Principles Issues Potential ToolsI ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Modem technologyI

Development shall be based on a Water conservation Il ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~uantity objectivesI

sustainable use of resources. Recycling and reuse , .eIQuality objectives

Water as a social and economic Tariffsgood with value consistent with its Value of water Incentives

most valuable potential use. Subsidies

Water management at the lowest Decentralisation Institutional strengtheningappropriate levels. Private sector involvement

Autonomy to institutionsGovemments shall play an Supply dnven development Investment capital/planningEGovernments shall play an. enablmg role. Demand driven development Public awareness

Resource protection Environmental standardsMorntoring and enforcement

River basin authoritiesWater management shall be based Catchment committees

. ~~~~~Conflict resolution Iacmn cmiteon a holistic approach Management data and

information systems

2.2.3 Final Component Selection and EA Categorisation

The World Bank provided assistance to Zhejiang Province a decade ago under the Multi-Cities Project,which improved water supplies, transportation and other infrastructure. Environmental infrastructurewas to be covered under a later loan, and this was how the ZtJFP was conceived and formulated.Local officials consider it urgent to carry out the ZUEP.

The ZUEP projects have been properly formulated and they will form an important contribution to theachievement of the goals of the province. The construction of WWVTPs has lagged behind the plannedschedule of the province, making it more important than ever to accelerate WWTP construction.Domestic wastewater collection and treatment remains far behind the anticipated constructionnmlestones. Additional solid waste management facilities, lake and canal refurbishment, and othermiscellaneous infrastructure are also urgently needed.

With respect to the environmental protection, the general urban plan and the drainage project plan, thedesign of proposed ZUEP component projects in the Zhejiang project cities has proved to bereasonable, as well as and the location selection of component facilities. The locations of componentprojects meet the requirements of the local urban plans and the environmental protection.

The objectives of ZUEP are consistent with the environmental objectives of the Tenth Five-year Plan,and they are closely related with each other. The implementation of ZUEP will vigorously push thecentral wastewater treatment rates and the rates of domestic rubbish treatment without harmful effectsto be raised; treating and reducing wastewater pollutant loads will help realize the control objectives

2-6



of total pollutant discharge amounts, effectively control the environmental pollution tendency andmeet the standard of surface water during the period of the Tenth Five-year Plan. Especially, theappearances, styles and grades of the project cities can be much upgraded through environmentalrehabilitation and water environment quality improvement, laying a solid foundation for thesustainable development of the province in the future.

In December of 2002, the ZUEP was classified during the Bank's Safeguard Review Meeting as aCategory "A" project as per NVorld Bank "Operation Policy 4.01 Environmental Assessment" whichapplies to all project components. This required some enhancements to the component EIA reportspreviously prepared for the ZUEP, and has been taken into account in this CEA.

2.3 Details of Zhejiang ZUEP Component Projects

Some of the engineering details quoted m these tables may be expected to change a little in the courseof the detailed design. Such changes are not expected to affect this EA but if radical changes occurthese will be re-evaluated.

2.3.1 Hangzhou Landfill No. 2

The proposed project will be located in Hangzhou Municipality. Hangzhou Municipality compriseseight districts - namely Shangcheng, Xiacheng, Jianggan, Hongshu, Xihu, Bmjiang, Yuhang andXiaoshan, two counties and three county-level cities. The last two districts listed only came under thejurisdiction of Hangzhou Municipality m 2001. However, the project area comprises only the first sixdistricts listed above - ie. the original, pre-2001, "Hangzhou City" - which are served by the existingTianziling Landfill. MSW from Yuhang and Xiaoshan currently goes to other disposal routes (otherlocal landfills and incinerators) and HMG proposes to continue this practice for the future. Figure 2.1shows the location of the component project and Figure 2.2 shows some photos of the site. (Note thatall figures are located at the end of the chapter.)

Most municipal solid waste (MSW) from Hangzhou City currently goes to two sanitary landfills, atTianziling and Shunba. Smaller amounts of MSW from Yuhang and Xiaoshan districts are assumed togo to other, smaller, local landfills as incinerator capacity to serve these areas is still underconstruction. The status of these smaller landfills is not known.

The Tianziling Landfill No. 1 serves the six districts m the older central urban area of Hangzhou andtakes some 70% of all MSW in the post-2001 Hangzhou City area. However, a small quantity ofMSW from Chengxiang Town in Xiaoshan District is transported to the Shunba Landfill next to theQiantang River. The Tianziling Landfill is located in a valley in hills some 18 km to the north ofHangzhou City. The main topographical details of the existing landfill are:

• length of the valley bottom: 1000 m (from the toe of the hill),

* width of the valley bottom: 100 to 150 m,

* valley side slope: 200 to 300.

The existing landfill comprises of a number of filled platforms set back at a 3H/1V embankment slope,witlh a rockfill "refuse dam" retaining the lowest platform and acting as a passive earth pressurestructure. All the existing landfill facilities are located in this valley; they include:

* A general guardhouse for access.



o General management offices with vehicles repair facilities (but no tools or spare parts) usedby the Landfill Site Office of the CAAB.

o A leachate treatment plant.

O A road network, including an asphalt road to the disposal areas.

o A gas power generation plant contained within its own fenced compound.

o Others facilities such as flood cut-off ditches, a concrete storage pond for the collectedleachate.

o Earth-moving vehicles such as compactor (1 Nr), bulldozers (8 Nr) and some trucks (10 Nr).

O A weigh-bridge for trucks.

O A laboratory for leachate analysis.

Landfill 1 is not lined with any form of watertight barrier and hence generated leachate and any otherliquid pollutants are potentially able to seep in to the bedrock. In an attempt to limit leachatemovement, an injected grout curtain was installed under the rockfill dam. However, the grout curtainis likely to be only partially effective in retaining leachate.

Based on data in the FSR, from 1991 to 2001 nearly 7 million tonnes of MSW was deposited in thelandfill, representing some 80% of the MSW generated in Hangzhou City. Figure 2.3 shows the solidwaste management systems of Hangzhou and Figure 2.4 shows the proposed landfill facilities inschematic forn for the World Bank ZUEP project.

Clarification regarding the remaining capacity of the existing landfill has been sought from theHPMO. Site visits by the DRA in 2002 indicated that there was still significant capacity at the existinglandfill. Hence, in the forecasts (both FSR and DRA) it has been assumed that the existing landfillwill be able to continue receiving MSW until the new landfill can start receiving waste (assumed to be2005).

The Hangzhou project components relate to the provision of a new landfill and associated facilities,adjacent to and partially overlying the existing Landfill 1. The individual works proposed in theproject are summarised in Table 2.3. All works will be located at the Tianzilmg landfill site locatednear the village of Qinglongwu, some 18 km north-west of the centre of Hangzhou city.



Table 2.3: Summary of Hangzhou Project Components


Landfill site Construction of 22 million cubic metre 22 million cubic metre capacity landfill Provision of safe and

capacity solid waste landfill Includes environmentally

civil works for containment of solid waste, Leachate storage reservoir in old quany acceptable solid waste

collection and transfer of leachate and gas 150,000 m3 leachate storage disposal for penod in

generated by the landfill, leachate storage, excess of 24 years for

access roads and surface water control the city of Hangzhou

Leachate Construction of leachate treatment plant Leachate treatment plant 1,500 m3/d For leachate treatment to

Treatment Plant (LTP) Outfall to municipal sewerage achieve national

system standard for discharge of

industnal effluent to

public sewer

Solid waste Provision of 28 new vehicles and mobile Compactors (vanous types) 3 Nr For staft/business

transport and landfill compacting plant including Bulldozers (vanous types) 5 Nr transport and for landfill

compacting plant bulldozers, excavators and trucks Excavator/loaders 4 Nr handling and

Sewage vacuum tanker I Nr compactionTruck mounted concrete mixer I Nr

Truck mounted crane (50 tonne) I NrBreakdown truck I NrMirubus I NrJeep I NrCar 3 Nr

The existing landfill fills the head of the valley at Tianziling and comprises filled layers of MSWbetween the sides of the valley and with a stepped slope facing down the valley. The proposedLandfill 2 will be located in the same valley, with the toe of the new landfill located some 440mdownstream from the toe of the existing landfill and covering the existing landfill slope. According tothe FSR the proposed development of Landfill 2 at the Tianziling site will involve the followingconstruction activities.

* Closing of the existing landfill downstream slope using an HDPE geomembrane laidbetween a 0.30 m thick earth layer and a 0.30 m thick granular layer to avoid infiltration ofleachate from Landfill 2 into the existing landfill.

* Preparation (using a 3 stage implementation) of the foundation and side walls of Landfill 2(ie. excluding the existing landfill slope) using an HDPE geomembrane laid between a0.30 m thick earth layer and a 0.30 m thick granular layer for avoiding leachate infiltrationinto the bedrock. This work will be partly carried out during the initial construction phase(ZUEP) and partly during the operating period of the proposed landfill.

* Construction of a rock fill dam (referred to in the FSR as a "refuse dam"), similar to thatused for the existing landfill, which will constitute a passive earth toe at the base of theLandfill 2 slope.

* At the end of the service life of the proposed landfill it will be enclosed on the downstreamslope and the finished top layer using an impermeable capping layer. The FSR proposesthat this capping layer will consist of an HDPE geomembrane placed between a 0.30 mthick earth (clay) layer and a 0.30 m thick granular layer to avoid infiltration of surfacewater into the completed Landfill 2. This final capping layer is not included in this project.

* Injection of a grout curtain beneath the rockfill dam, proposed in the FSR to minimisemigration of leachate already in the bedrock.

2-91 \WB Consolidated EA_250303 doc/


o Construction of a network of ditches and miscellaneous leachate and gas collection pipesaround and within the landfill. This work will be partly carried out during the initialconstruction phase (ZUEP) and partly during the operating period of the proposed landfill.

o Construction of a road network and reception facilities for access to the landfill.

o Construction of a new leachate treatment plant (LTP) to replace the existing LTP which isundersized and occupying the site of the proposed new rockfill dam.

As the MSW will gradually fill the site over a period of some 25 years it is proposed to implement theworks in 3 stages as follows:

(1) A first construction stage implemented under the ZUEP;

(2) An operations stage which includes the normal landfilling operations as well as installationof further leachate and gas collection systems and side lining;

(3) A final stage where the completed landfill is capped and landscaped. The environmentalmonitoring activities at the landfill will be needed for a considerable period followinglandfill closure.

The FSR describes some of the costs associated with stages (2) and (3) but does not define the preciseactivities and quantities of materials to be used in these stages.

2.3.2 Shaoxing - Rehabilitation of Urban Canals & Urban Infrastructure Services

The proposed construction components of the Shaoxing project components (buildings andinfrastructure) are summarised in Table 2.4. Figure 2.5 shows the location of the component project,Figure 2.6 shows the proposed project features, and Figure 2.7 shows some photos of the site.

2-10



Table 2.4: Shaoxing Project Physical Components

Component Description Location Capacity/size Function

Restoration of Restoration and rebuilding of Protected structures - 50,275 m2 Prevention of further

Histonc/ protected structures within the structural detenoration,

Protected histonc old city improve amenity of

Structures conservation areas for

residents and tounsts

Improvement Renovation of Ming and Qing Renovate buildings - 582,200 M2 Provide improved living

of lustonc and housing including modem kitchen Demolish buildings - 269,900 m2 conditions for residents,

modem and sanitary facilities Five Modify modem buildings - 248,200 m2 restore histonc appearance to

buildings in Modification of more modem Provide kitchens & bathrooms - conservation area, encourageconservation

conservation buildings to improve appearance arvas 97,100 ml tounsmareas in Old

areastown

Sewerage Construction of new sewerage (Gucheng) of 17 8 km of DN200 and DN300 pipes Prevent domestic sewage

system pipelines to create a separate entenng the canals ImproveShaoxing

system and connected to municipal water quality and local

sewerage system and existing environment

WWTP

Provision of Provide piped water and gas Water - 34 4 km of DN25 and DN200 tnprove sanitation and

improved gas distnbution systems to the pipes environment through

and water conservation areas Gas - 34 4 kmi of DN25 and DN200 provision of piped clean

supply pipes water and reduce reliance on

charcoal

Modification Increasing depth of 17 canals Dredging 100,000 m3 Cleanng of the senously

of urban through dredging Widening and Excavate 35,000 m3 silted canal sections Benefits

canals new stone revetments for 5 canals Old town area Stone revetnient 1,500m' for navigation

Restoration of 350ii of Guanxiang of ShaoxiDg Complete circuit of canals for

River (canal) tour boats Possible water

quality benefit

River pumping System of pump stations and gates New 12,000 m&/h pump station. Increased canal flushing to

stations and used to pump water from the city Replace seven pumps in three existing one change per day in order

control gates moat to "flush" the urban canals to stations, each 4,000 m3/b to improve water quality in

improve water quality Provide 4 new flow control gates and urban canals for amernty

Construct one new PS and flow repair/replace 10 others purposes

control gates, and rehabilitate 3Old town area

existing PS and associated gates lof Shaoxing

Roads, Re-paving of existing roads with Re-paving - 32,550 m2 Improve appearance of

bndges, car traditional stone paving, repair of Road repair- 24,010 im2 histonc conservation area

parks and existing roads, construction of new New bndges - 4 Nr Provide access across new

public spaces bndges over new canal and Car parks - 29,250 m2 canal Provide controlled

creation of spaces for landscaped Landscaped areas and parks -98,140 parking for tounsts Provide

parks and car parking m2 more landscaped areas

Pumping Stations and Gates

There are three existing pumping stations in the south of the old city. They raise river water intocanals in the Old City thus providing the necessary head to flush the canal system. These pumps areused to flush the canals and the need for new pumps in the future to improve canal water qualityfurther. There are two pumps in each station. The capacities of the existing pumps are:

* Jianhu PS Q=3600m 3 , H=5-6m



o Nanmen PS Q=3820m3 , H=4.6m

o Dongkuomen PS Q=3795m3, H=7.2m

The existing pumps are reported to be in poor condition and it is proposed that all will be replacedunder this project with new pumps of 4000 m3/h capacity in order to standardise and improvemaintenance efficiency in the future. The ZUJEP includes a proposed new pumping station to be builtat Jishanmen to provide flow circulation in this otherwise stagnant section of the canals and improvethe flow pattem through the canal network in general. The water quality in this section of the innercanal system is believed to be poor, as the current arrangement of pumping stations does not flush thissection efficiently. No water quality data has been available for this section of the canal network,however the SPMO have recently commissioned the EPB to carry out sampling. The initial data isshown in Chapter 4.

In order to improve the circulation pattern of the canals it is planned to replace the 10 existing gatesand build 4 new ones. This will enable the regulation and control of flow direction within the system.The use of the water quality model developed by the DRA will assist in the optirnisation of potentialimprovements to water quality through modifications to the flow directions using the new andrehabilitated gates.

One of the new gates will enable the closing of the canal outlet at Dongkumen since this outlet is onlyjust upstream of the inlet of the pumping station and so contaminates the flushung water. The topwater level (TWL) in the inner canal system is affected by the water level in the northern moat. Thusit is reported in the FSR that the TWL in the canals level can vary between 3.54m and 3.9m aboveYellow Sea Datum during the course of the year. The new infrastructure is not designed to change thissituation.

Canal Dredging

It is proposed that the canals will be dredged to a bottom level of 2.5m and widened in some area.SPMO and the FSR justify the need for dredging on the grounds of navigation needs and waterquality improvements. The DRA assessed these issues and came to the following conclusions:

o Water quality improvements - The water quality modelling has concluded that dredgingmay result in a reduced risk of intermittent high phosphorous levels contributing toeutrophlcation. However, there does not appear to be a strong water quality case fordredging out more than the soft surface sediments unless it can be clearly demonstrated thatthe deeper sediments pose a threat.

o Navigation - The FSR states that the current bed level in the canal system varies between3. Im and 3.46m above Yellow Sea Datum. Based on the minimum seasonal top water levelof 3.5m reported in the FSR there are obvious problems with navigation. In order to allowthe passage of the Wu Peng boats the SPMO states that a minimum water depth of Im isdesirable. A dredging level of 2.5m will fulfil this requirement all year round. It is reportedthat the original bottom level of the canal system was 2.5m, thus dredging to this levelwould be restoring the original bed level and should be structurally safe.

The SPMO has reported that the canal restoration works carried out to date have shown all theaccumulated sediment to be very soft and unconsolidated, thus it would be difficult to dredge to alevel above that of the original bed. No sampling has been carried out to determine the pollutantcharacteristics of the sediment, however the SPMO has recently commissioned the EPB to carry out asampling programmne.



It is proposed to pave the bottom of the canals in order to provide ease of maintenance in future.Presently sections of canal need to be coffer-dammed and drained in order for sediment to be removedusing manual labour, however the provision of paving will enable sediment to be removed by suctionof silt directly into a barge without the risk of undermining the canal walls.

Hence, the DRA considers that there is an engineering case for dredging to restore the canal depth to1 metre for navigation for non-motorised small boats (such as the Wu Peng boats). The case fordredging to ease future maintenanice of the canals is less clear cut but can be accepted, particularly if,as the SPMO report, many of the historic canals are already lined beneath the accumulated silt.

New Canal Length

In order to improve the circulation pattern and complete the ring of canals for use by tourist boats, a370m length of the Guanxiang River is to be excavated. Thus canal will be between 5 and 7m wide,with stone revetments. This will make it possible for tourist boats to use the canals to visit all thehistoric precincts in the Old City. This proposed new length of canal is routed along an existingnarrow street with buildings on both sides. No engineering drawings are presented in the FSR for thiswork. The DRA recommend that during the detailed design stage issues such as maintaining access tothe properties and, in particular, maintaining the structural integrity of the adjacent buildings will needto be considered.

Utilities Pipelines

The proposed water supply, gas and sewerage pipelmes are located in the five conservation areas ofYuezicheng, Luxanlu, Xixiaohe, Jishan and Baziqiao. They are intended to extend access to modernservices to the residential housing in these areas. Principles need to be established for the distributionand location of services so that conservation of the hlstoric streets and canals is not to be affected byconstant disruption if new services are to be installed. These urban distribution principles are the sameas for services distribution in historic buildings.

Water Supply Pipelines

Many of the traditional style houses are to be improved internally with new kitchens and bathrooms.This work is not to be funded under the World Bank loan. To provide this domestic water and waterfor fire fighting new water supply pipelines of between DN200 and DN 50 are to be laid within theconservation precincts. A total length of approximately 35 km of new HDPE pipeline will be laid.

Natural Gas Pipeline

At present only bottled LPG or pipelines supplying coal gas are existing, however natural gas will beavailable from 2004. The intention under this project is to lay pipelines for the supply of natural gas tothe households in the conservation precincts. A total length of approximately 35 km of pipeline ofDN50 to DN 150 will be laid.

Domestic Sewerage

At present the old city is served by lengths of storm drains, discharging directly to the canals throughnumerous outfalls, which are also used by residents for 'grey water' from kitchens and washing. Thesystem is generally made up of covered drainage channels with limited pipelines in some areas. Somedrains serve individual properties whilst others serve one or more streets. Generally the historicprecincts are not served by a foul sewerage system. The householders use a night soil system withwaste taken to comnnunal toilet blocks. The toilet blocks are not connected to the city sewerage

2-13I \WB Consolidated EA 250303 doc(


system or to the canals, and are emptied on a daily basis. Some of the sewage is used as fertiliser foragriculture and some is taken to the new Sanj iang WWTP, which was built in 2001.

The intention is to provide new foul sewers to provide a separate system covering the fiveconservation areas. The sewerage will be connected to the municipal system and sewage conveyed tothe WWTP for treatment. The new sewers will only collect from relatively small catchments with lowflows. Extension of the sewerage proposals to cover the whole of the Old City/Gucheng area wouldachieve a greater water quality impact. The existing storm system is not suitable for conversion into acombined system. Reinforced concrete pipes of DN 200 and DN 300 will be laid with a total length ofapproximately 18 km. Surface water drainage will continue to use the existing channels/pipes andoutfalls.

Due to the level of the existing trunk mains the FSR consultant has advised that it will not be possibleto ensure that all the sewers will achieve a self cleansing velocity of at least 0.6 m/s at daily peak flowin accordance with the PRC design standards. Thus the proposal is to provide on line communal septictanks to intercept the solids before they enter the sewerage system.

As the housing layout is very congested in the old precincts it will not be possible to construct septictanks in all locations, thus some households will have to be connected directly into the seweragesystem. If self cleansing velocities cannot be obtained in these locations, appropriate facilities shouldbe included in the design to ensure that the sewers can be easily accessed and cleaned of anyblockages. In a few areas it appears that new sewers are being proposed where existing combinedsewers have been installed. In these cases the design should be reviewed to ensure unnecessary workis not being undertaken or if it is easier to simply make new connections to the existing infrastructure.

Roads and Bridges

The roadworks portion of the urban infrastructure upgrading comprise of:

o 4 new bridges of different widths will be constructed over the proposed 6m wideQianguanxiang River. Three of the bridges (2 at lOm wide and 1 at 32m wide) are roadbridges of reinforced concrete construction and the remaining one is a 3m wide footbridgeof stone masonry arch construction. All these bridges are having a 6m span square to theriver. The Qianguanxiang River is a new river forming part of the overall river trainingworks.

o Restoration of existing roadways in the 5 hlstorical distncts to their original appearance.The restoration works include the repair of damaged stone paving blocks (- 32,550m2) andto replace modem paving materials with stone paving blocks (- 24,01 0m2).

o Construction of public squares and parking facilities (- 29,520 m2).

o Road widening where necessary to cater for the passage of fire engines and other specialvehicles.

A summary of the extent of the road pavement is given in Table 2.5.



Table 2.5: Extent of Road Pavement

Stone Paving Road Repair Carpark /(m2) (m_2) Squares (m2)

Yuezicheng 6,210 2,580 15,350Lu Xun Road 3,740 4,250 3,310

Xixiao River 1,400 7,330 4,300

Jishan 12,700 5,300 4,010Baziqiao 8,500 4,550 2,550Total 32,550 24,010 29,520

Detailed construction/structure of the road such as the thickness of road base has not been covered inthe FSR. This should be considered to avoid unnecessary deformation and damage to the pavingblocks even though the vehicular traffic within the historical distncts will be restricted to fire enginesand other special vehicles.

Except for the pedestrian footbridge, all other 3 bridges are having a reinforced concrete voided slabas the superstructure. The foundations comprised of bored piles of 60cm diameter with cappingbeams. Although it is not known as to whether these piles are to be designed as end bearing piles orfriction piles, the use of bored piles would appear to be an appropriate foundation for the bridges.

It is noted that the existing bridges inside the city are made of large pieces of blue stone. To beconsistent with the existing bridges, the proposed reinforced concrete voided slab bridge decks shouldbe considered to have stone cladding.

2.3.3 Ningbo Zhenhai WWTP and Sewerage

Figure 2.8 shows the existing and proposed WWTPs m Ningbo. The Zhenhai project sub-componentsrelate solely to wastewater collection and treatment and are summarised in Table 2.6. All works willbe located in the central urban area of Zhenhai District in Ningbo Municipality. Figure 2.9 shows thelocation of the component project, Figure 2.10 shows some photos of the site.



Table 2.6: Summary of Zhenhai Sub-Components


Secondary and trunk Construction of new PVC and reinforced PVC sewers, DN300 to DN400 24 1 km To convey wastewater

sewers in Chengguan concrete (RC) sewers from DN300 to RC sewers, DN500 to DN1400 20 0 km produced in the

catchment of Zhenhal DN 1400 to strengthen existing sewerage Crossings 0 1 km Chengguan catchment of

network, intercept sewage flows Total length of all pipelines 44.2 kIn Zhenhai (current pop

currently discharged to nver and connect Approx 100,000) to the

system to the proposed Zhenhai proposed Zhenhai

Houhaitang WwTP Houhaitang WWTP

Sewage lift Pumping Construction of five new lift sewage Dongmen PS (refulrbish) 170 I/s (peak) To lift sewage anto the

Stations in pumping stations and refurbishment of Linjiang PS (new) 125 I/s (peak) trunk sewers to the

Chengguan one exsstiisg lift station Weihailu PS (new) 610 /s (peak) proposed WWTP

catchment of Zhenhai Suidaolu PS (new) 400 Ils (peak)

Hongyuan PS (new) 75 I/s (peak)

Haitian PS (new) 75 /s (peak)

Zhenhai Houhaitang Construction of a conventional oxidation Average daily flow 30,000 m3/d To treat the wastewater

Wastewater ditch treatment plant with biological and from the Chengguan

Treatment Plant chemically assisted nutnent removal urban distnct of Zhenhai

Includes inlet pumping, screens, gnt

removal, anoxic tank anaerobic tank,

oxidation ditch, final settlement tanks,

sludge dewatenng and short sea outfall

Details of the proposed WWTP layout are shown in Figure 2.11.

Zhenhai is a coastal district of Ningbo Municipality. The project area comprises the urban area ofZhenhai district, located approximately 28km to the north-east of the Sanjiang area of NingboMunicipality (ie. North east of the 'three rivers' area - essentially the urban area of Ningbo Cityproper) where the Yongjiang River enters Hangzhou Bay. Zhenhai is an important seaport and centrefor the petrochemical processing industry.

Water supply demand in the Zhenhai area is predicted to be 182,000 m3Id by 2010 (DRA Mediumforecast). Current water demand is approximately 112,000 m3/d and is satisfied from three WTW andself-supply from three large enterprises.

Currently the urban wastewater, mainly from a combined system, is discharged untreated to the innerrivers and Yongjiang River. The inland nvers in the urban areas are severely polluted, most at GradeTV-V. Rivers in the Zhongdahe urban area are Grade IV with COD being Grade V. Water qualitymodelling carried out by Ningbo Municipality in 1999 estimated that the BOD receiving capacity ofthis section of river was only 32.5 t/day, compared to the 60.9 t/d that was estimated to be received.

2.3.4 Ningbo Jiangdongnanqu South WWTP and Sewerage

The Jiangdongnan project sub-components relate solely to wastewater collection and treatment andare summarised in Table 2.7. All works will be located in the Jiangdongnan catchment of southemNingbo city, covering part of the Sanjiang area (all of Haishu and part of Jiangdong district) and thenorthern part of Yinzhou district, in Ningbo Municipality. Figure 2.12 shows the location of thecomponent project and Figure 2.13 shows some photos of the site. Details of the proposed sewerageand WWTP layout are shown in Figures 2.14 and 2.15.



Table 2.7: Summary of Jiangdongnan Sub-Components


Secondary and Construction of new PVC and reinforced PVC sewers, DN300 to DN400 19 2 km To convey wastewatertrunk sewers concrete (RC) sewers from DN300 to RC sewers, DN500 to DN2200 23 4 km produced in the southem

DN2200 to strengthen existing sewerage River crossings 0 6 km catchment (current popnetwork, intercept sewage flows currently Total length of all pipelines 43.2 km Approx 335,000) ofdischarged to nver and connect system to Ningbo city to thethe proposed Jiangdongnan WWTP proposed Jmangdongnan

WWTP

Sewage lift Construction of two new lift sewage Ningzhong PS (refurbish) 540 Vs (peak) To lift sewage in thePumping pumping stations and refurbishment of Wudongzha PS (refurbish) 790 IVs (peak) trunk sewer system andStations two existing lift stations Wangchun PS (new) 530 I/s (peak) convey to the proposed

Qioubi PS (new) 330 I/s (peak) WWTP

Jiangdongnan Construction of an activated sludge Average daily flow 160,000 m3/d To treat the wastewaterWastewater treatment plant with biological and from Sanjiang area, andTreatment Plant chemically assisted Phosphorus removal from Yinzian, Dongqian

Includes inlet pumping, fine screens, gnt Lake, and Cichengremoval, anaerobic and aerobic tanks,final settlement tanks and sludgedewatcnng

Vehicles - to be 3 vehicles for staff transport Truck (4 5 t), sludge transport 8 Nr Provide transport forlocated at new 13 vehicles for operational uses Excavator (I 5 t), for loading sludge 2 Nr company staff andWWTP Truck (I 5 t), for sewer maintenance 2 Nr improve efficiency of

Truck (5 t), flat bed for general use I Nr wastewater companyMinibus I Nr operationsCoach I NrCar I Nr

At present a large amount of untreated sewage from Ningbo, is discharged directly into the Sanjiang(three rivers) system and some urban watercourses causing serious pollution. According to morntoringdata the water quality in urban sections of the Yongjiang and Fenghuajlang rivers is classified as ClassV, and the quality of some smaller urban watercourses is even worse.

The current population in the Sanjtang area is 714,942 (2001) and according to the masterplan ispredicted to rise to 750,000 in 2005, 800,000 in 2010 and 1,600,000 in 2020. The DRA mediumforecast predicts populations of 800,000 in 2005, 920,000 in 2010 and 1,200,000 in 2020.Approximately 48 percent of the population of Sanjiang live in the catchment of the newJiangdongnan WWTP.

The DRA medium forecast predicts that the total sewage generated in the Sanjiang area is 226,000m3/d in 2000, and will increase to 294,000 m3/d in 2010 and 522,000 m3/d in 2020. The Jiangdongnancatchment generates approximately 48% of the total WW flow for the Sanjiang area (Haisu,Jiangdong and Jiangbei districts). The existing sewerage in the catchment discharges directly into therivers.

The planned sewage treatment plant will be located in Yinxian County, In the south of theSanjiangpian area. It fits into the city's treatment strategy as follows:

* Jiangdongnan WWTP- south (proposed capacity 160,000 m3/d)

* Jiangdongbei WWTP - centre (existing capacity 100,000 m3/d completed in year 2000;currently treating 50,000 m3/d)

* Jiangbei WWTP (proposed - possible construction start between 2005 and 2010 dependingon funds availability).

The service area will Include the district of Haisu, the southern part of Jiangdong district, YinzhouCentral area, Cicheng Town, Dongqian Lake and the immediate surrounding area. The treated effluent



from the proposed works will discharge to the Fenhuajiang River at the upper reaches of the YongjianRiver.

The new and existing sewerage system in Sanjiang and Yinxian Central area will collect flows from acatchment area of 4377 hectares in 2005 and planned expansion of the sewerage system will increasethe catchment area to 7900 hectares by 2020. Jiangdongnan and Jiangdongbei will together providearound 69% coverage for the city WW treatment (mandatory treatment capacity target is 65%). Theother 31% of the total Sanjiang flow is generated in the Jiangbei district and discharges into rivers inthe north west of the city. The Ningbo PMO indicates that this flow will be treated by the JiangbeiWWTP in the future.

The proposed wastewater treatment plant for Jiandongnan will be implemented in two phases. Thefirst phase will provide a capacity of 160,000 m3/d for a notional 2010 design horizon. Space will beprovided to allow for expansion to 400,000 m3/d at a later date. It is proposed to design the WVVTPto meet an effluent standard of 30 mg/l BOD5 and 30 mg/l SS (ie. a Class II discharge as defined inGB8978-1996) and the plant will incorporate nutrient removal in order to achieve the requiredphosphorus standard of I mg/I. The FSR proposes that an activated sludge (A/O) process is adoptedand preliminary design drawings have been prepared on this basis.

Treated effluent is being discharged to the Fenghuajiang. Sludge arising on site will be thickened anddewatered before disposal, along with washed screenings and grit, to landfill. The planneddevelopment will also include the following sewerage works:

o construction of some 39.8km of new trunk and secondary sewers with diameters 300 mm to2000 mm, including two river crossings. New sewers will be constructed in the followinglocations: Ningzhong, Xingninglu east, Jiangdongnanlu, Huanchengxilu, Yinfenglu andHuanchengnanlu.

o rehabilitation of part of the existing combined trunk sewers network including sewers in thefollowing locations; Changchunlu, Lingqiaolu, Zhenminglu, Shanijie, Lianqiaojie, Xinheluand Hechenglu.

o Three renovated sewage pumping stations at Ningzhong, Wudongzha and Huanchengnanlu.

2.3.5 Ningbo Dongqian Lake Infrastructure Improvements & Development

The Dongqian Lake project sub-components relate to both wastewater and other urban environmentaldevelopments. The works are summarised in Table 2.8. All works will be located in and aroundDongqian Lake except for the pumping main transferring sewage from Dongqian Lake to Ningbo.Figure 2.16 shows the location of the component project and Figure 2.17 shows some photos of thesite.

The Dongqian Lake area is planned as an ecological developing region in the Urban Master PlanningCompendium of Ningbo City (2001-2005). The local goal is to develop scenic tourism primarily andother industries having little conflict with environmental protection and scenic tourism. The lake is animportant source of irrigation water, potable, livestock watering, navigation, recreation and tourism.

Pollution and competing water usage have become the focus of major concem in future developmentplanning for Dongqian Lake and the surrounding area. The local authorities are aware of these issuesand the need to integrate catchment management planning, pollution control and sustainable water useif a viable strategic plan is to emerge that will satisfy the development vision and aspirations ofNingbo's wealthy economy.



Therefore, ensuring the quality of the lake water is of crucial importance. The quality of the water hasdeteriorated over the years due to both increasing domestic and industrial effluent discharges and, attimes, water quality has fallen to Class IV or V of the national standards. In order to develop theDongqian Lake area as a prime residential area and tourism site the Dongqian Lake Investment andDevelopment Company (DLIDC) has been established.

Table 2.8: Summary of Dongqian Lake Sub-Components

Component Description Capacity/size FunctionSewerage system Trunk sewers to intercept sewage To prevent wastewater

discharges currently entenng the lake entenng the lakeSewage pumping mains associated Improve water quality inwith network pumping stations the lake

Network pumping Seven sewage pumping stations No I PS(new) 62 I/s To pump collectedstations transfemng flows around Dongqian No 2 PS (new) 4101/s sewage around the lake to

Lake No 3 PS (new) 10 V/s Honglin PSNo 4 PS (new) 40 I/sNo 5 PS (new) 410 VsNo 6 PS (new) 440 VlsNo 7 Hotel PS (new) 520 Vs

Dongqian Lake Construction of a conventional Average daily flow 30,000m3/d To treat wastewater fromWastewater oxidation ditch treatment plant with the towns and villagesTreatinent Plant biological and chemically assisted around Dongqian Lake

nutnent removal

Vehicles 3 vehicles for DLIDC staff transport Truck (I 5 t), for sewer maintenance I Nr Provide transport forI Truck for maintenance Minibus I Nr company staff and

Coach I Nr improve efficiency ofCar I Nr maintenance gangs

Road construction Widening and surfacing of existing New 6m wide road 15 3 km Improved access togravel roads and construction of new Widening and surfacing 18 1 klm penmeter of lake tosurfaced roads around the penmcter of Nr of culverts 47 increase potential forthe lake tounsm development

The following studies and documents have been prepared relating to the development of DongqianLake:

* Development Framework Concept Plan, May 2002, prepared by EDAW

* Lakeside Dongqian, Concept Master Plan, May 2002, prepared by EDAW

* A Tourtsm and Cultural Heritage Conservation Strategy for the Shaoxing-Ningbo Region,April 2002, prepared by Blackstone and Architects Alliance

* A Cultural Tourism Strategy for Ningbo, draft issued Sept 2002, prepared by BlackstoneCorporation and Architects Alliance

* Master Plan for the Region of Dongqian Lake, June 2002, prepared by the Ningbo UrbanPlanning and Design Institute

Details of the proposed sewerage and other features are shown in Figures 2.18 and 2.19.

Catchment Management Plan (CMP)

In the June 2002 World Bank Aide Memoire it was required that a more comprehensive catchmentmanagement plan with specific time bound objectives be prepared for the Dongqian Lake catchment.The DRA has prepared a draft CMP framework, which gives a structure for the CMP and describesthe information that has to be presented, and has suggested ideas for implementation, which have beenissued to the NPMO for review.



The draft CMP should include an agreed strategy for implementation agreed by all relevantstakeholders. It should build on information contained in the revised EIA including the revised(reduced) agricultural loading data and information from the FSR, which discusses in detail theproposed widespread conversion of agricultural and aquacultural land uses to tourism.

The DRA has issued an outline document to the NPMO, however due to uncertainty over the dredgingcomponent it is not clear how the CMP should be further developed. The DRA and NPMO willdiscuss the outline CMP with the WB during the pre appraisal mission, and update it as necessary.

Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment

Currently the lake receives a large number of direct and indirect sewage discharges from numeroussources. Direct discharges arise from the communities and hotels around the lakeshore. Indirectdischarges arise from more distant villages that are still within the Lake watershed and dischargesewage to local streams. There is no existing sewerage and the only treatment provided is wheresewage first passes through a septic tank. However, the coverage and efficiency of these septic tanksis unknown and overall the pollutant load is likely to be simular to that of untreated sewage.

Five water treatment plants currently rely on the lake for their raw water supply and the volume ofwater required is planned to grow significantly over the next few years. The diversion of sewageflows away from the lake is seen as a key means of improving current water quality and safeguardingthis source for the future.

Water quality modelling undertaken by the DRA has concluded that the provision of sewerage with an80% collection ratio should keep the average water quality within the class II objectives for COD andBOD. 95% collection should give sufficient margin of safety to ensure that the class objectives aremet at all times other than the worst drought conditions. However, the objectives for TN and TP arenot met under any scenano, although very significant improvements are achieved. The water qualitymodelling has concluded that the case for the sewerage is very strong and will bring considerablebenefit at a reasonable cost.

2.3.6 Ningbo Cicheng Town Infrastructure Improvements & Development

Wastewater System

The Cicheng Town project sub-components relate to both wastewater and other urban environmentaldevelopment. The proposed works are summarised in Table 2.9. All works will be located in andaround the old town area of Cicheng except for the pumping main transferring sewage from Cichengto Ningbo. Figure 2.20 shows the location of the component project and Figure 2.21 shows somephotos of the project area.



Table 2.9: Summary of Cicheng Sub-Components


Trunk and Main and secondary sewers laid in PVC sewers, DN300 to DN400 10 0 km To improve water qualitysecondary sewers roads in the old town to provide a RC sewers, DN500 to DN800 2 2 km in the moats and

separate sewerage system, Total length of all pipelines 12.2 km watercourses of the oldintercepting sewage currently entenng citywatercourses from the old city, andconvey sewage to a transfer pumpingstation

Sewage transfer Construct new sewage pumping Transfer sewage frompumping station and station adjacent to old town and Cicheng PS (new, Phase I) 1891Vs (peak) Cicheng to Jiangdongnanpumping main transmission pipeline to head of RC pipe, DN 600 12 7 km WWTP for treatment(assuming gravity trunk sewer in Jiangdongnan"centralised" WWTP catchinenttreatment option isadopted)Road Improvement Upgrade roads in the old town in Urban roads: Total length of 12 3 km, with Improve access andworks accordance with the Master plan widths varying between 6 and 8 m 10 stone safety for vehicles to

Work to include re-surfacing with bndges & 15 RC bndges, all spans 2 5 m specific areas of the oldstone paving, removal of illegal Ring road: Total length of 5 km, with width townstructures obstructing traffic flow and of 13 In 11 RC bndges with spans from 15 m Resurfacing with stonenew bndges over new canals to 25 m paving to make roadsProvide nng road and associated Note Roads widths include lanes for motor more in keeping withbridges around the old towii adjacent vehicles and cycles and footpaths historic character of oldto moat city

Restoration of Restoration of three of the histonc Canal length 5,950 m3 Restoration of canalscanals canals within the old town Using Canal excavation 61,000 m3 intended to reinforce

water from existing, under-utilised, RC canal walls and base 8,100 m3 histonc character of oldreservoir using existing water town, improvingconveyance infrastructure attraction for tounsts

[DRA has asked forfurther study tojustifythe feasibility of thiscomponent]

Flood control works Dredging and widening of moat Excavate/dredge and dispose oft 10,000 m3 of Pnmary function -around old town and construction of sediment (volume to be confirmed) from 6 1 provide protection for a Iflood prevention bunds km of moat Construct landscaped flood bund in 50 year flood event

along both banks of moat Secondary functionwater quality andaesthetic improvements[DRA has asked forfurther study to justifythe feasibility of thiscomponcntl

New flood pumping Construction of two new pumping 4 pumps of 302400 m3/d capacity Flood protection providedstations stations, food control gates and 30000m3 of embankment for a I in 50 year storm

1740m long flood embankment [DRA has asked forfurther study to Justifythe feasibility of thiscomponent]

As a result of various processes over the years, including inappropriate urban development andneglect due to lack of funds, the town's flood control, sanitation and transport infrastructure isreported to be inadequate for current and projected needs. The evidence presented for this in the FSRis as follows:

* The town is subject to occasionally severe flooding - a situation that is reported to havebecome worse since the original urban canals were filled for road construction.



o The sewerage system is reported to suffer from inadequate flows for self-cleansing in thedry season and flooding due to insufficient capacity in the wet season. The seasonal natureof the sewage flow also results in sediment accumulation in the sewers during the dry season,which is then discharged as a highly polluting 'first flush' early in the wet season. As aresult the water quality of the moat and remaining urban canals has deteriorated to ClassIV/V with visible pollution and reported fish kills. The structural condition of the existingpipes is unknown.

O Access to the central urban areas of the Old Town is restricted by relatively narrow roads.

These defects in the town's infrastructure are reported to be hindering Cicheng's ambitions to improvethe urban environment and restore the historical character of the Old Town area, in order to improvethe living conditions of the residents and to attract tourism and its expected economic benefits for thelocal economy.

The Cicheng Ancient County Development and Construction Company (CACDCC) has beenestablished to develop the old town as a tourist atraction and to preserve the cultural heritage of thearea. The following studies and documents have been prepared relating to the development ofCicheng:

o A Tourism and Cultural Heritage Conservation Strategy for the Shaoxing-Ningbo Region,April 2002, prepared by Blackstone and Architects Alliance

o A Cultural Tourism Strategy for Ningbo, draft issued Sept 2002, prepared by BlackstoneCorporation and Architects Alliance

o Conservation Plan for Cicheng issued July 2001, prepared by Tongji University which hasbeen approved by the Ningbo Municipal Government and is curently under review by theProvincial Government

o Master Plan for Cicheng -2001 to 2020, draft issued November 2001, currently beingrevised.

According to the CACDCC, Tongji University has now been approached to prepare detailed culturalheritage planning documentation based on the Conservation Plan.The Ningbo Planning Institute hascommenced a traffic study, investigating the proposed new ring road, revisions to the internal roadlayout in the old town and the effect of the proposed urban canals.

Currently sewage from properties in the old town area of Cicheng discharges either directly orindirectly, via short lengths of combined sewer, to the moat around the town. Hence, there is noformal sewage treatment although some partial treatment occurs where sewage first passes through aseptic tank. However, the coverage and efficiency of these septic tanks is unknown and overall thepollutant load is likely to be similar to that of untreated sewage.

The discharge of untreated effluent has an adverse impact of the environment and amenity value ofthe moat and, in addition, adds to the pollution load on the Cijiang River downstream. The Cijiang isconnected to non-tidal lengths of river that are used as a source of raw water. Apart from water qualityimpacts, the authorities in Cicheng have ambitions to restore the cultural attraction of the historic oldtown and encourage tourism. The collection and treatment of sewage is seen as a key step inimproving current water quality and the urban environment in general.

Details of the proposed sewerage, roads and other features are shown in Figures 2.22 and 2.23.

Flood Control and Moat Dredging

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The FSR states that Cicheng has suffered heavily from flooding in the past. In 1962 Typhoon No 11caused flooding for 15 days with a maximum flood depth of 1.5m. The moats, which transferfloodwaters away from the town to the Cijiang River have not been repaired for many years, there hasbeen major reduction in capacity due to siltation and collapse of the riverbanks. Thus, the town isoften flooded during the wet season.

Much work has already been carried out by the water conservancy department, on dredging andwidening of the rivers downstream of Cicheng, installing river gates, and building flood controlembankments. The works that are proposed in this project will compliment the works already carnedout and protect the town against storms with a 50-year return period.

The FSR states that the planning documents 'General Urban Planning of Ningbo' and GeneralPlanning of Cicheng Central Town include the following environmental and social objectives:

* Achieve Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard GHZB I - 1999, Grade HI for CiLake and the moat

* Establish green areas along the Jiefang River and the moat

* Improve the environment along the moat, dredge the blocked channel, remove garbage etc

Currently the west, south and east moats are severely blocked with sediment, with very polluted water.Untreated domestic sewage and industrial wastewater is discharged directly into the moats. The optionpreferred in the FSR includes:

* Constructing a flood embankment with a top level of 3.9m above Yellow Sea Datum (YSD).

* Constructing two new pumping stations and gates to keep water level in moats below theflood level for a 1:50 year return storm. Floodwaters will be pumped out of the moat systemand into the Cijiang river.

* Interception of sewerage currently discharging into the moats

* Dredging of accumulated sediment to restore the original river bottom level. Onginally theFSR recommended deepening the moats to a level of -1.Om above Yellow Sea Datum (YSD)throughout their length, however this would require the excavation of an additional183,000m 3 of material from below the original bed level. It has now been agreed that thedredging should restore the original bed level and that excavation below that level isunnecessary.

* New masonry river walls will be constructed along both sides of the East, West and Southmoat. Flood embankments with a top level of 3.Om above YSD will be constructed alongboth banks using material excavated for river wall construction and nver widening. The Eastmoat is to be increased to 15m wide and the west and south moats to lOm wide. The eastmoat needs to be wider in order to safely transfer the floodwaters from the Maoli reservoir.

* A 15-30m wide green belt will be established along both sides of the moats, to providerecreation area for the people of Cicheng.

The DRA has raised several quite serious concerns regarding the analysis carried out. The DRAbelieves that more investigation and study is required including the following:

* More detailed hydrological study is required

* Evaluation of options, quantifying benefits of each

* Effect of dredging and widemng the moat on future sediment deposition

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o Effects of the scheme on flooding elsewhere in the Cijiang floodplain

The DRA conclusion is that more analysis will be required before the scheme can be reconmmended.The DRA has issued the NPMO with a recommended methodology for carrying out the flood study.As this work will be quite extensive, it is not anticipated that it will be completed until after the preappraisal visit. The DRA are confident however that a satisfactory solution can be agreed upon beforeappraisal in order that these works can form part of the ZUEP scheme.

Canal Construction

According to historic records, Cicheng township had five internal canals inside the old town walls.Almost all of these canals have now been filled in with streets built over them. It is believed thatflooding incidences have increased since the canals were filled in.


o Dredge the Jiefang river, returning it to its original aspect

o Restore some of the original water systems inside the old town, connecting to the Ci Lake,ensuring flowing water quality to create a scenic walking route along the canals.

The tourism consultants (Blackstone Ltd) have produced a vision of the proposed new urban canals inthe context of the plans for developing tourism within Cicheng. It is proposed to construct six canalswithin the old town of Cicheng (three running north to south and three running west to east). The FSRstates that fifty percent of the length will be of existing canal being restored and fifty percent will benew canal construction.

The FSR consultant proposes that the Maoli reservoir be used to supply water for the canals. There isan existing draw off tower and pipeline linking the Maoli reservoir with the East moat at Cicheng. TheFSR states that class IV water is satisfactory in the canals and that sufficient water is available fromthe reservoir to completely change the water in the canals and moats every 10 days, which willachieve the required water quality. The reservoir is currently under-utilised and has spare water supplycapacity.

The DRA have raised several concerns regarding the new canals and have carried out water qualitymodelling of the proposed urban canal network which concluded that it is unlikely that the canals willachieve class IV water quality with the volume of water available. However the calculations ofcatchment and reservoir yield have yet to be verified by a more detailed hydrological study. Otherconcerns raised by the DRA include:

o Uses for the canals: The report by Blackstone tourism consultants recommended that thecanals could be used for boating. However this would have serious implications forclearance under the new and existing bridges. The NPMO have now advised that the newcanals will not be designed to take tourist boats, however the moat will.

o Depth of canals: The FSR recommends that the new canals should be constructed with adepth of 3m below road level. The FSR raised concerns over the excavation of such deepcanals in very narrow streets and very close to existing buildings. The NPMO have sinceadvised that based on a top water level of 1.5 to 2.0m above YSD and a bottom level of 0.5m above YSD the overall depth of the canals will vary between 2.0 and 2.5 m.



* Integration of new canals with existing infrastructure: The DRA is concemed that theconstruction of the new canals should be properly co-ordinated with the existinginfrastructure. Issues that should be considered include the effect that the loss of severalexisting roads will have on the flow of vehicular traffic in the old town, particularlyemergency vehicles and the mterception of sewers and other services that will be cut by thenew canals.

Before the DRA can recommend the scheme a further analysis of the water supply capacity of thereservoir, detailed hydraulic calculations and a costing exercise will need to be carried out. The DRArecomrnend that the more detailed analysis of the water supply available for the canals is combinedwith the hydrological study required for justification of the flood protection scheme. The ongoingtraffic study should address the concems of the DRA regarding effects of the new canals ontransportation in the old town.

Roads

To protect and restore the environment and cultural heritage of Cicheng, the Mumcipal Govemmentof Ningbo proposed to carry out environmental improvement works to Cicheng. The main scope ofthe project included the dredgmg of moats and river channels to restore them to their originalappearance and the associated improvement and restoration of the road system within the town.

The main road improvement and restoration works cover the nng road surrounding the town as wellas 3 main roads within the town, which include the Jiefang Road and Renmin Road in the North-South direction and the Zhonghua Road in the East-West direction. There are secondary roadsincluded in the works such as Sannun Road, Congzhuxiang East Road and Shangzhi Road. All otherroads will be restored, as much as possible, to their original appearance. The total length of roads tobe improved/restored exceeds 17 km.

Details of the proposed roads are shown in Table 2.10:

Table 2.10: Proposed Roads in Cicheng

Road Length Property Line Road WidthNo. Nsame of Road Remarks

I East Town Beltway (Ring Road) 1,600 18 7 Main Road (new)

2 South Town Beltway (Ring Road) 1,110 18 7 Main Road (new)

3 West Town Beltway (Ring Road) 1,200 18 7 Main Road (new)

4 North Town Beltway(Ring Road) 1,100 18 7 Main Road

5 Zhonghua Road 1,070 16 10 Main Road

6 Jiefang Road 1,160 16 10 Main Road

7 Minquan Road 1,480 8 3 5

8 Minsheng Road 1,340 8 3 5

9 Mrnzhu Road North 975 8 3 5

10 Minzhu Road South 405 12 7 0

1 1 Minzu Road and Taiyangdian Road 1,250 8 3 5

12 Shangzhi Road 1,160 12 7.0 Secondary Road

13 Sanmin Road 670 12 7 0 Secondary Road

14 Congzhuxiang East Road 720 12 7.0 Secondary Road

15 Rixin Road 630 12 7 0 Secondary Road

16 Guanghua Road 547 12 7 0 Secondary Road

2-25



Road Length Property Line Road WidthNo. Name of Road Remarks

(mn) (in) (in)

17 Taihu Road 936 8 3.5

Total 17,353

The main traffic within the town will be using Renmin Road, Jiefang Road and the Ring Road, whichwill subsequently be connected up with the external main road network. However, the above roadwidths will be subject to further review with the main objective of conservation i.e. maintaining thecurrent road width wherever possible and minimisation of tree felling and resettlement. It isconsidered that a single-two carriageway of no more than 7m wide would be approprnate.

However, as the aim is to encourage the motor vehicles particularly the larger vehicles such as thelorries and tour buses a possible concern is on the road safety if they are to be mixed with theincreasing quantities of bicycles and rickshaws anticipated to be using the ring road and the proposedwidth of 12m (7m carriageway + 2 x 2.5m cycle tracks) may be justified subject to the results of thetraffic study. In view of the fact that some of the roads within the town will be reduced in width toaccommodate the canals, the traffic circulation within the town will be severely affected. In thisrespect, the Ningbo Cicheng Ancient-County Development and Construction Co. Ltd. hascommissioned the Ningbo Design Institute to carry out a traffic study with the aim of collecting trafficinformation, development of a traffic plan for the town as well as justifying the widths of the roadsparticularly the ring roads. It is understood that preliminary data on the study will be made availableat the end of September 2002. Nevertheless, the purpose for the provision of ring road has to bedefined. It can be considered that the ring road can serve the town by diverting some of the trafficaway from the town centre. However, the required width will only be ascertained after the trafficstudy has been completed.

The DRA has now been advised that the widths of the roads within the town are to be kept to no morethan their original. Should the width of the proposed ring road be reduced, there will be a majorreduction in the land acquisition and resettlement with a corresponding reduction in the project costs.

It is noted from the revised FSR that the design of the pavement for the ring roads comprises of 22cmthick concrete on top of 25cm cement stabilised road base. For all the footpaths, they consist of 5cmthick green stone paving blocks with 2cm cement mortar bedding together with 10cm cementstabilised road base on top of 10cm thick graded stone. It is considered that the use of concrete orbituminous road surfacing for the ring road is acceptable.

The Ningbo Cicheng Ancient-County Development and Construction Co. Ltd. confirmed that theywould prefer to use of local materials for the roads in the old city. The FSR describes the use of 20cmthick concrete on top of 20cm cement stabilised road base. The pavement design has now beenrevised by ENFI to include re-surfacing with stone paving.

The FSR has suggested to introduce/allow boating activities in the moats and water channels. Thepreliminary assessment indicated that the available headroom at bridge locations is too small to makeboating a feasible proposition. To maintain a clearance of 2.5m required for boats, arch bridges willbe required and thls is not desirable from road traffic point of view. Furthermore, the available widthsof the water channels may not be sufficient even for one-way boating traffic. Furthermore, thedifferences between the road and the water levels of over 2.5m for a 2.5m wide canal are not preferredfrom a visual perspective. In this respect, the Nmgbo Cicheng Ancient-County Development andConstruction Co. Ltd. indicated that the new canals will not be used for boats. In fact, they havepointed out that the old canals had not been used for boats in the past. However, the moats should beused for boats.



Upon completion of the restoration of the canal system, 36 numbers of bridges will be required.Despite of the large number of bridges to be constructed, there is no detail on their design given in theFSR. However, if the canals are not designed for boats, in which case the road bridges will be simplerand will not need to be arch shaped. The new form of bridges will need to be presented. Furthermore,it is important to consider the aesthetic of these bridges to harmonise with the theme of heritagepreservation.

2.3.7 Ningbo Municipal Sludge Management Plan

The June 2002 World Bank Aide Memoire required the preparation of a Ningbo Municipal SludgeManagement Plan for WB review. The FSR consultant has prepared a document titled 'MunicipalSludge Management Planning, Ningbo' (SMP). The DRA has reviewed the document and has passedcomments on to the NPMO and to the FSR consultant. The document is currently being revised inaccordance with the DRA comments.

The DRA has carried out its own estimate of sludge production. The DRA believes that the estimatesin the SMP may be too low. Table 2.11 compares the estimate of the DRA with that in the SMP.

Table 2.11: Sludge Production in the Ningbo Region from Municipal WWTPs

Year WWTP Capacity Sludge FSR MM

2005 450 Mld Dewatered sludge (t/d) 261 434.5

Dry sludge (t/d) 52 2 86.9

2010 660 Mld Dewatered sludge (t/d) 382.8 573

Dry sludge (t/d) 76 6 114.6

2020 1710 Mld m SMP Dewatered sludge (t/d) 991.8 1644

(1760 Mld DRA) Dry sludge (t/d) 198.3 328.8

The DRA sludge production rates equate to approximately 1.8 t/d of dry sludge produced per10,000m3 of incoming sewage flow. Current sludge production at the existing Jiangdongbei WWTP is

approximately 2.5 t/d of dry sludge per 10,000m3 of flow. Figures quoted for the AO plant inHangzhou equate to 2.0 t/d of dry sludge per 10,000m 3 of flow. This gives confidence that the DRA

figures are in the right order of magnitude.

The figures for sludge production rates used in the SMP are significantly less than the actual ratesexperienced at Jiangdongbei WWTP, thus the FSR consultant is currently reviewing the values in theSMP. The DRA has requested a more detailed comparative costing of the various options in order that

the best technical and economic option can be evaluated. A revised draft SMP document will be readyfor review during the WB pre appraisal visit.

It is currently proposed that sludge arising on site will be thickened and dewatered before disposal,along with washed screenings and grit, to a new municipal landfill at Ru Pu. The DRA estimates thatthe new Jiangdongnan WWTP will produce some 1,400 tds/yr of sludge (equivalent to approx. 6,800t/year of sludge cake at 20% solids). This will present a significant handling and disposal task thatwill need to be undertaken in an environmentally sustamable manner. NPMO are currently preparing a

Sludge Management Plan (SMP) with advice form the DRA.

Estimated costs for sludge transport are included the project operating cost estimate.

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2.3.8 Technical Assistance

The objective of the technical assistance (TA) program is to give support and advice so thatappropnate institutional, managerial, financial and operational arrangements are put in place to ensureoperational effectiveness, efficiency of management and the financial sustainability of the newlyformed solid waste and wastewater companies. The proposed TA program will optimise theinvestments of the ZUEP and help to insure that the recommendations of this EA are put in place.

2.4 Finance and Economics of Proposed Projects

2.4.1 General

Project cost estimates were prepared for all ZUEP components in accordance with World Bankrequirements. The cost estimates have been based on the FSRs prepared by the local design instituteswith subsequent clarifications and minor amendments as necessary. This costing exercise serves toverify the cost estimates prepared by the local design institutes and provides the basis of thesubsequent financial and economic analysis of the viability of the scheme and the size of the WorldBank loan that will be needed.

Cost estimates for the proposed scheme have been determined using the following data:

o unit rates for common elements of civil works derived specifically for this project;

o empirical cost functions for treatment works, previously used on other World Bank projectsin China and calibrated for use on this project; and

o Chinese assessments of the costs of land acquisition, resettlement and compensationchecked by the design consultants.

2.4.2 Capital Costs

The AC has carried out an independent check of the cost estimates presented in the FSR reports foreach sub-component. In undertaking this check the AC has used an in-house China costing model anddatabase of project costs derived from previous WB projects in China.

Hangzhou Landfill

The capital costs of the main solid waste components have been assembled in constant financial andeconomic prices as of mid-2002. A complete review of the capital cost estimates prepared by thedesign institutes and implementing agencies is presented in the Interim Reports. The most importantcosts components are:

o Goods (including electrical and mechanical equipment and HDPE membrane) - account for31.3% of total base costs;

o Civil works - account for 27.4%;

o Resettlement and compensation for temporary impacts - account for 21.7%;

o Permanent land acquisition - accounts for 11.0%;

o Engineering and management costs - account for 5.9%; and



* Technical assistance and training, construction supervision services, environmentalmonitoring (RAP and EIA) - account for 2.7%.

Taxes amount to an estimated RMB 14.2 million (US$ 1.8 million) or 5.8% of the total base costs. Perhead of population served (3 million in 2010), the investment amounts to RMB 94 (US$ I 1) per headin financial prices and RMB 87 (US$ 10) per head in economrc prices. Per household, the respectivefigures are RMB 321 (US$ 39) in financial prices and RMB 297 (US$ 36) in economic prices.

A capital cost summary for the Hangzhou Solid Waste Component project is shown in Table 2.12:

Table 2.12: Hangzhou Solid Waste Component - Capital Cost Summary

(RMB million, constant mid-2002 prices)

Component Local Foreign Total Foreign BaseExchange Costs

Civil Works 38.8 28.8 67.5 43% 27.4%

E&M Equipment 19 3 57.8 77.1 75% 31.3%

Permanent Land Acquisition 27.1 27.1 11 0%

Resettlement and Compcnsation 53.6 53 6 21.7%

Technical Assistance & Trainiug 0.7 2.2 2 9 75% 1.2%

Construction Supervision 1.5 1.5 0.6%

Environmental Monitoring 2.3 2.3 0 9%

Engineering and Management 14.5 14.5 5.9%/

Total Base Costs 157 6 88 8 246.4 36% 100.0%

Physical Contingencies 23.6 13.3 37.0 36% 15.0%

Total - Financial Prices exc. Price 181.3 102.1 283.4 36% 115.0%contingencies

Total - Economic Prices 157 6 102 1 259 7 39%

(US$ million)

Total - Financial Prices exc. Price 21.9 12.3 34.2 36% 115 0%contmgencies

Total - Economic Prces 19.0 12.3 31.3 39%

Shaoxing Component

The capital costs of the main components have been assembled in constant financial and economicprices as of mid-2002. A complete review of the capital cost estimates prepared by the designinstitutes and implementing agencies is presented in the Interim Report.

Table 2.13 sunimarises the capital cost estimates for the Shaoxing investment package. The estimatedfinancial capital cost is RMB 1,032.7 million (US$ 125 million), of which foreign exchange costsaccount for 29% of the total. In economic prices, the capital costs are 8% lower at RMB 951.3 million(US$ 115 million). The most important costs components are:

* Civil works - account for 61.7% of total base costs;

* Resettlement and compensation for temporary impacts - account for 19.2%;



o Permanent land acquisition - accounts for 9.6%;

o Engineering and management - account for 4.8%

o Electrical and meehanical equipment - account for 2%; and

o Technical assistance and training, construction supervision services, and environmental

momtoring (RAP and EIA) - account for 3.5%.

Taxes amount to an estimated RMB 38.9 million (US$ 4.7 million) or 4.3% of the total base costs.

Within the civil works component, capital costs are dommnated by the renovation and reconstruction of

histone buildings at RMB 391.5 million (US$ 47.3 million) (43.6% of the base costs), and repair and

renovation of protected historic sites at RMB 90.8 million (US$ 11 million) (10.1%). The othernoteworthy items are land and resettlement costs, which together account for RMB 258.9 million

(US$ 31.3 million) or 28.8% of base costs. Investment in urban infrastructure is more modest at RMB

89.7 million (US$ 10.8 million) or 10% of base costs.

Table 2.13: Shaoxing Component - Capital Cost Summary


Component Local Foreign Total Foreign BaseExch. Costs

(%) (%)Civil Works

Historic Buildings Reconstruction & Renovation 224.7 166.8 391 5 43% 43 6%

Protected Historic Sites Repair & RenovationEnvironmental Landscaping & Public Parks 52.1 38.7 90.8 43% 10.1%

Canal Dredgmg and LingParking Areas and Public Spaces 11.6 8.6 20.2 43% 2.2%

Roads and New Bridges 7.0 5.2 12.2 43% 1.4%Water and Gas Pipelines 6.8 5.1 11.9 43% 1 3%

Sewerage 4.5 3.4 7.9 43% 0.9%River Pumping Stations & Flood Control Gates 5.2 3.9 9.1 43% 1.0%

Minor Structures & Urban Landscaping 2.6 1.9 4.5 43% 0.5%

Total- Civil Works 1.9 1.4 3.3 43% 0.4%

1.4 1.0 2.4 43% 0.3%317.9 235.9 553.8 43% 61.7%

M&E Equipment 4.6 13.7 18.3 75% 2 0%

Permanent Land Acquisition 86.3 86.3 9.6%

Resettlement and Compensation 172.6 172.6 19.2%

Technical Assistance & Training 3.0 6.2 9.2 68% 1.0%

Construction Supervision 5.7 5.7 0.6%

Environmental Monitonng (RAP & EIA) 8.3 8.3 0.9%

Engineering and Management 42.9 42.9 4.8%

Total Base Costs 641.3 255.8 897.1 29% 100%

Physical Contingencies 96.2 38.4 134.6 29% 15%

Total - Financial Prices 737.5 294.2 1,031. 29% 115%7

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Total - Economic Prices 657.1 | 294.2 951 3 | 31%

US$ million

| Total-FFmancialPrices 89.1 | 355 1246 | 29% | 115% |Total-EconomicPrices 794 35.5 114.9 31%

Ningbo

The capital costs of the four Ningbo components have been assembled in constant financial andeconomic prices as of mnid-2002. A complete review of the capital cost estimates prepared by thedesign institutes and implementing agencies is presented in the Interim Report. Table 2.14 summarisesthe capital cost estimates for the sewerage and wastewater treatment components in both financial andeconomic prices:

* Zhenhai sewerage and wastewater treatment - Y 231.8 million (US$ 28 million), of whichforeign exchange costs account for 35% of the total. In economnic prices, the capital costs are8% lower at Y 213.6 million (US$ 25.8 million). Taxes amount to Y 9.9 million (US$ 1.2million) or 4.9% of the base cost. Per head of population served (116,000 in 2010), theinvestment amounts Y 2000 (IUS$ 240) per head in financial prices and Y 1,840 (US$ 222)in economnc prices.

* Jiangdongnan sewerage and wastewater treatment - Y 410.2 million (US$ 49.5 million), ofwhich foreign exchange costs account for 40% of the total. In economic prices, the capitalcosts are 8% lower at Y 378.5 million (US$ 45.7 million). Taxes amount to Y 17.6 million(US$ 2.1 million) or 4 9% of the base cost. Per head of population served (416,000 in 2010),the investment amounts Y 990 (US$ 120) per head in financial prices and Y 912 (IUS$ 110)in econornic prices.

* Cicheng sewerage and wastewater treatment - Y 62.9 million (US$ 7.6 million), of whichforeign exchange costs account for 39% of the total. In economic prices, the capital costs are7% lower at Y 58.3 million (US$ 7 nmllion). Taxes amount to Y 2.2 million (US$ 260,000)or 4% of the base cost. Per head of population served (57,000 in 2010), the investmentamounts Y 1,100 (US$ 130) per head in financial prices and Y 1,020 (US$ 120) ineconomic prices -

* Dongqian Lake sewerage and wastewater treatment - Y 102.8 million (US$ 12.4 million),of which foreign exchange costs account for 42% of the total. In economic prices, the capitalcosts are 7% lower at Y 95.1 million (US$ 11.5 million). Taxes amount to Y 3.9 million(US$ 470,000) or 4.4% of the base cost. Per head of population served (63,000 in 2010), theinvestment amounts Y 1,630 (US$ 200) per head m financial prices and Y 1,510 (US$ 180)in economic prices.

The combined costs of the four sewerage and wastewater treatment projects are Y 807.7 million (US$97.6 million) in financial prices and Y 745.5 million (US$ 90 million) in economic pnces.

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Table 2.14: Ningbo Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment Projects - Capital CostSummaries (Yuan million, constant mid-2002 prices)

Project Local Foreign Total Foreign Distributionl___ ____ ____ ___ ____ ____ ___ l__ _ l |_ _ jE xch. (% )

Financial Prices

Zhenhai 151.6 80.1 231.8 35% 28%

Jiangdongnan 244.5 165 8 410.2 40% 51%

Cicheng 38 2 24.7 62.9 39% 8%

Dongqlanhu Lake 59.7 43.1 102.8 42% 13%

Total 494.0 313.7 807.7 39% 100%

Economic Prices

Zhenhai 133.5 80.1 213.6 38% 28%

Jiangdongnan 212.7 165 8 378.5 44% 51%

Cicheng 33.6 24.7 58.3 42% 8%

Dongqianhu Lake 52.0 43 1 95.1 45% 13%

Total 431.8 313.7 745.5 42% 100%

Total - Fmancial Prices 59.7 37.9 97.6 39% 100%

Total - Economic Prices 52 1 37.9 90.0 42% 100%

Table 2.15 summnanses the capital costs for the Cicheng Urban Infrastructure Improvement Project(CUIIP). It should be noted that the estimates include the sewerage and wastewater treatmentcomponent for Cicheng. The estimated capital costs are Y 356.7 million (US$ 43 million), of which

foreign exchange costs account for 27% of the total. In econornic prices, the capital costs are 8%lower at Y 329.2 million (US$ 39.7 million). The most important cost components are:

o Permanent land acquisition - accounts for 17.4% of total base costs

o Resettlement and compensation - 17.4%

o Sewerage (including E&M equipment) - 15.3%

o City moat dredging and flood banks - 12.5%

o Ring road and bridges - 8.4%

o Landscaping and green areas - 7.3%

o Engineering and management - 5.7%

o Roads and bndges inside Old Town - 4.6%

o Town canals reconstruction - 3%

Taxes amount to an estimated Y 14.4 million (US$ 1.7 million) or 4.6% of the total base costs.

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Table 2.15: Cicheng Urban Infrastructure Improvement Project - Capital CostSummary (Yuan million, constant mid-2002 prices)

Component Local Foreign Total Foreign Base

Exch. Costs

Civil WorksSewerage 26.4 19.6 46.0 43% 14.8%

City Moat - Dredging & Flood Banks 22.2 16 5 38.7 43% 12.5%Ring Road and Bridges 14.9 11.0 25.9 43% 8.4%Landscaping and Green Areas 13.0 9 7 22.7 43% 7.3%Roads and Bridges m Old Town 8.1 6.0 14 2 43% 4 6%Town Canals Reconstruction 5.4 4.0 9.3 43% 3 0%Flood Drainage Pump Station & Gates 2.7 2.0 4.6 43% 1.5%

Sub-total - Civil Works 92.8 68 8 161.6 43% 52.1%

Electrical and Mechanical EquipmentSewage Pumping 0.4 1.2 1.6 75% 0.5%Flood Drainage Pump Station & Gates 3.2 9.6 12.8 75% 4 2%

Sub-Total - E&M Equipment 3 6 10.8 14.4 75% 4.7%

Permanent Land Acquisition 53.8 53.8 17.4%


Technical Assistance and Training 1 2 3.2 4.4 74% 1.4%

Construction Supervision Services 1 8 1 8 0.6%

Environmental Monitoring 2 8 2 8 0.9%

Engineenng and Management 17.6 17.6 5.7%

Total Base Costs 227 3 82 9 310.2 27% 100.0%

Physical Contingencies 34 1 12 4 46 5 27% 15 0%

Total - Fnancial Prices 261.4 95.3 356.7 27% 115%Total - Economic Prices 233.9 95.3 329.2 29% 1 1

Table 2.16 summarises the capital costs for the Dongqian Lake Infrastructure Improvement andDevelopment Project (DLIIDP). It should be noted that the estimates include the sewerage andwastewater treatment component for Dongqian Lake. The estimated capital costs are Y 721.5 million

(US$ 87 mullion), of which foreign exchange costs account for 37% of the total. In economic prices,the capital costs are 7% lower at Y 668 million (US$ 80.7 million). The most important costcomponents are:

* Dredging and sediment disposal area - accounts for 46.9% of total base costs

* Roads, bridges and culverts around lake - 19.8%

* Sewerage (including E&M equipment) - 12.3%

* Engineering and management - 8.1 %

* Resettlement and compensation - 4.2%

* Permnanent land acquisition - 2.8%

* Technical assistance and training - 1.9%

Taxes amount to an estimated Y 25.5 million (US$ 3 million) or 4.1% of the total base costs.

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Table 2.16: Dongqian Lake Infrastructure Improvement and Development Project -Capital Cost Summary (Y million, constant mid-2002 prices)

Component Local Foreign Total Foreign BaseExch. Costs

Civil WorksSewerage 39.0 28.9 67.9 43% 10.8%Dredging and Sediment Disposal Area 168.9 125.3 294.2 43% 46.9%Road, Bridges and Culverts around Lake 71.2 52.8 124.0 43% 19.8%Dayantou Control Gate and Channel 3.8 2.8 6.6 43% 1.0%

Admmistration Building 3.1 2.3 5.4 43% 0.9%Sub-total - Civil Works 285.9 212.2 498.1 43% 79.4%

Electrical and Mechanical EquipmentSewage Pumping 2.3 7.0 9.4 75% 1.5%Dayantou Control Gate and Channel 0.1 0.2 0.3 75% 0.3%Vehicles, Monitoring & Comm. Equipment 0.4 1.1 1 5 75% 0.2%

Sub-Total - E&M Equipment 2.8 8.4 11.2 75% 1 8%

Permanent Land Acquisition 17.7 17 7 2.8%


Technical Assistance and Training 3.3 9.0 12.2 73% 1.9%

Construction Supervision Services 5.1 5.1 0.8%

Environmental Monitoring 5 5 5.5 0.9%

Engineering and Management 50.9 50.9 8.1%

Total Base Costs 397.9 229.6 627.4 37% 100.0%

Physical Contingencies 59.7 34.4 94.1 37% 15 0%

Total - Financial Prices 457.6 264.0 721.5 37% 115%

Total - Economic Prices 404.0 264.0 668.0 40%

The separate capital costs for the dredging and road components are presented in Table 2.17. Thefigures include allocated costs of land acquisition, resettlement, technical assistance and training,construction supervision, environmental monitoring, engineering and management; but exclude theadminstration building.

The estimated capital costs are:

o Dredging component: Y 421.4 million (US$ 50.8 million)

o Road component: Y 188.5 million (US$ 22.7 million)

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Table 2.17: Dongqian Lake: Dredging and Road Components - Capital Cost Summary(Y million, constant mid-2002 prices)

Component Local Foreign Total ForeignExch. (%)

Financial Prices

Dredging and Sediment Disposal 267 7 1153 7 421.4 36%Road, Bridges and Culverts around Lake 1125.2 63 3 188.5 34%

Economnc Prices

Dredging and Sediment Disposal 236.6 153.7 390.3 39%Road, Bridges and Culverts around Lake 111 1 63.3 174 4 36%

2.4.3 Operating Costs

Projected operating costs for ZUEP projects have been prepared and included in the financial andeconomic analysis. Civil and M&E maintenance costs were based on percentages of the base costsfor constructing the works. Power, chemical and sludge transport costs were based on the predictedperformance of the works as determined for the feasibility stage design. Staffing costs were based onthose discussed between the WB and cities.

Hangzhou

All electrical and mechanical equipment, with the exception of the HDPE membrane and the leachatetreatment plant, is assumed to have an economic life of 8 years. In addition, the HDPE membrane willbe extended every 3 to 4 years from 2012 as the site continues to fill. The resulting. capitalreplacement costs are summarised in Table 2.18.

Table 2.18: Hangzhou Solid Waste Component - Capital Replacement Costs


Year Financial Prices Economic Prices

Capital Replacement Costs2013 26.2 24.3

2021 26.2 243

Additions to Liner Membrane2012 6.80 6.32

2015 7.48 6.96

2019 8.71 8.10

2022 6.83 6.35

2025 6.61 6.15

2028 8.65 8.04

The economic assessment includes the closure costs (i.e. environmental rehabilitation) and theresidual land value of the landfill site at the end of its operational life in 2030.


Zhcjiang Urban Environment Project Environmental Assessment

Table 2.19 summarises the estimates. The closure costs are assessed at RMB 42.5 million (US$ 5:1

mullion), which is 15% of the original investment cost. The residual land value is RMB 27.1 million

(US$ 3.3 million) i.e. the same value as in the capital cost estimates .

Table 2.19: Hangzhou Solid Waste Component - Closure Costs and Residual LandValue (RMB million, constant mid-2002 prices)

Replacement Year Financial Prices Economic Prices

Closure Costs 42.5 39.5

Residual Land Value 27.1 27.1

Net Value 15.4 12.4

The estimated incremental annual operations and maintenance costs for the solid waste component are

summarised in Table 2.20 in both financial and economic prices. The cost breakdown for 2010indicates the following distribution:

o Fuel and lubricants - 45%

o Staff - 29%

o Maintenance and repairs - 9%

o Electricity - 7%

o Administration - 5%

o Auxiliary materials and water - 5%.

Table 2.20: Hangzhou Solid Waste Component - Incremental Annual Operations andMaintenance Costs (RMB million, constant mid-2002 prices)

Component 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Salanes and Wages 6 0 6.6 7.3 8.1 8.9 9.9

Electricity 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2

Water 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Fuel and Lubricants 10.3 10.0 12.3 14.9 18.1 21.6

Auxiliary Matenals 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Maintenance and Repairs 2.1 2.1 2 1 2.1 2.1 2.1

Administration 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Total - Financial Prices 22.0 22.4 25.7 29.5 33.8 38.7

Total - Economic Prices 20.6 20.9 24.0 27.4 31.4 36.0

Shaoxing

All of the electrical and mechanical equipment is assumed to have an economic life of 15 years. The

resulting capital replacement costs are summarised in Table 2.21.

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Table 2.21: Shaoxing Historic City-Centre Component - Capital Replacement Costs


Replacement Year Financial Costs Economic Costs

2023 18.3 17.0

The estimated incremental annual operations and maintenance costs for the Shaoxing component aresummarised in Table 2.22 in both financial and economic prices.. The resulting incremental annualoperations and maintenance costs are estimated at RMB 8.6 million (US$ 1 milllon) in financialprices and RMB 8.8 million (US$ 1.1 million) in economic prices

Table 2.22: Shaoxing Component - Incremental Annual Operations and MaintenanceCosts (RMB million, constant mid-2002 prices)

Component Financial Costs Economic Costs

Maintenance:Civil Works 5.2 4.8

Electrical & Mechamcal Equipment 0.5 0.4

Labour 0.2 0.2

Electricity 2.3 3 0

Administration 0.4 0.4

Total 8.6 8 8

Ningbo

All electrical and mechanical equipment is assumed to have an economic life of 15 years, and will bereplaced in year 2022. The resulting capital replacement costs are summarised in Table 2.23.

Table 2.23: Ningbo Components - Capital Replacement Costs

(Yuan million, constant mid-2002 prices)

Project I Financial Prices Economic Prices

Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment Projects

Zhenhai 30.0 27.9Jiangdongnan 66 9 62.2

Cicheng 1.7 1.5

Dongqian Lake 9.4 8.7

Total 108.0 100.3Infrastructure Improvement and Development Projects

Cicheng 1 14.4 1 13 4Dongqian Lake 1 11.2 | 10.4

The estimated incremental annual operations and maintenance costs for the four sewerage andwastewater treatment projects are summarised in Table 2.24 in both financial and economic pnces.The resulting mcremental financial annual operations and maintenance costs in 2010 are: Zhenhai - Y



8.8 million (US$ 1.1 rnillion); Jiangdongnan - Y 26.6 million (US$ 3.2 million); Cicheng - Y 0.7million (US$ 85,000); and Dongqian Lake -Y 1.8 million (US$ 215,000).

Table 2.24: Ningbo: Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment Projects - IncrementalAnnual Operations and Maintenance Costs (Yuan million, constant mid-2002 prices)

Project 2007 2010 2015 2020

Financial Costs

Zhenhai 5.2 8 8 9.3 9 9

Jlangdongnanhu 16.2 26.6 28.2 30.0

Cicheng 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8

Dongqianhu Lake 1.4 1.8 1.9 2.0

Total 23.3 37.9 40.1 42.7

Economnic Costs

Zhenhai 4.9 8.4 9.0 9.5

Jiangdongnanhu 15.3 25 5 27.0 28.7

Cicheng 0.5 0.6 0.7 0 7

Dongqianhu Lake 1.3 1.7 1.8 2.0

Total 22.0 36 2 38.5 40.9

The incremental annual operations and maintenance costs for the two infrastructure improvement anddevelopment projects are summarized in Table 2.25.

Table 2.25: Ningbo: Infrastructure Improvement and Development Projects -Incremental Annual Operations and Maintenance Costs

(Yuan million, constant mid-2002 prices)

Project Financial Prices Economic Prices

Cicheng 3.0 3.1

Dongqian LakeTotal 4.0 3.9Dredging Component 1.6 1.5

Road Component 0.7 0 6

2.4.4 Financial and Economic Analyses

Detailed economic and financial evaluations of the proposed projects were conducted. The followingprovides a summary of the conclusions of these evaluations:

Hangzhou

The economic mtemal rates of return (EIRR) are summarised in Table 2.26 for the base case and arange of sensitivity tests. The Base Case result indicates an acceptable EIRR of 26%. The sensitivitytests indicate that the EIRR is sufficiently robust to remain above the opportunity cost of capital (OCC)of 10% in all cases, even with costs increased by 10% and benefits lagged by two years. In addition, ifthe tourism benefits are excluded, the base case EIRR would still be positive at 11%.

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Table 2.26: Hangzhou Solid Waste Component - Economic Internal Rates of Return

Component EIRR

1. Base Case 26 0%

Sensitivity Tests

2. Costs +10% 22.9%

3. Costs-10% 280%

4. Benefits +10% 27.7%

5 Benefits -10% 22.6%

6. Benefits lagged 2 years 16.7%

7. Costs +10% and Benefits Lagged 2 years 15.1%

The Hangzhou component amounts to an average of 0.4% of Hangzhou City Council revenue, with apeak of 0.9% and an average of 0.8% of the UCMF or capital budget, with a peak of 1.9%. Thisindicates that project costs should be well within the linmts of affordability. Despite this the heavyreliance on loans as a source of revenue for the UCMF provides for a less stabLe financial platform.This is, however, a manifestation of the very significant amount of urban improvement work that hasbeen undertaken in recent years in Hangzhou.

Shaoxing

The economic internal rates of return (EIRR) are summarised in Table 2.27 for the base case and arange of sensitivity tests. The Base Case result indicates an acceptable EIRR of 12.8%. The sensitivitytests indicate that the EIRR is sufficiently robust to remain above the opportunity cost of capital (OCC)of 10% in all cases, even when costs are increased by 10% and benefits lagged by two years. It shouldbe emphasised that the benefit estimates are conservative; therefore, the ElRRs are likely to be

minimum values.

Table 2.27: Shaoxing Component - Economic Internal Rate of Return

Component EIRR

1. Base Case 12 8%

Sensitivity Tests

2. Costs+10% 11.9%

3. Costs -10% 13.8%

4 Benefits +10% 13 7%

5. Benefits -10% 11 8%

6. Benefits lagged 2 years 10 8%

7. Costs +10% and Benefits Lagged 2 years 10.1%

The Shaoxing component amounts to an average of 4.6% of Shaoxing City Council revenue, with a

peak of 8.5% and an average of 7.0% of the UCMF or capital budget, with a peak of 11.7%. Thisindicates that project costs should be within the limits of affordability. Despite this the heavy reliance

on loans as a source of revenue for the UCMF provides for a less stable financial platform. This is,however, a manifestation of the very sigmficant amount of urban improvement work that has beenundertaken in recent years in Shaoxing.

Ningbo

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[ \WB Consolidated EA_250303 doc/


The econornic intemal rates of return (EIRR) for the Ningbo components are presented in Table 2.28for the base case and a range of sensitivity tests. The results are sumrnarized as follows:

Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment Projects:

o Zhenhai: 11.9% rate of return for the base case. The EIRR falls below 10% in two testscases: when benefits are lagged by two years: and the combination of costs increased by10% and benefits lagged by two years.

o Jiangdongnan: 14.7% rate of return for the base case. The sensitivity tests indicate that theresult is robust to variations in the main evaluation parameters.

O Cicheng: 18.8% rate of return for the base case. The sensitivity tests indicate that the resultis robust to variations in the main evaluation parameters.

o Dongqian Lake: 13.6% rate of return for the base case. The sensitivity tests indicate that theresult is robust to variations in the main evaluation parameters.

Infrastructure Improvement and Development Projects:

o Cicheng: 12.4% rate of return for the base case. The EIRR falls below 10% when costs areincreased by 10% and benefits lagged by two years. However, it has been noted that thetourism benefits are probably conservative.

Table 2.28: Ningbo Components - Economic Internal Rates of Return

Component I Zhenhai Jiangdong Cicheng Dongqian Lake

Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment

1. Base Case 11.9% 14.7% 18.8% 13.6%

Sensitivity Tests2. Costs +10% 10.7% 13.3% 17.7% 12.6%3. Costs -10% 13.2% 16.2% 20.1% 14.9%4. Benefits +10% 13.0% 16.1% 20.0% 14.8%5. Benefits -10% 10.6% 13.2% 17.5% 12.5%6. Benefits Lagged 2 years 9.5% 11.5% 15.4% 11.2%7. Tests 2 and 6 8.6% 10.4% 14.6% 10.3%Infrastructure Improvement and Development

1. Base Case 12.4%

Sensitivity Tests2. Costs +10% 11.5%3. Costs -10% 13.5%4. Benefits +10% 13.4%5. Benefits -10% 11.4%6 Benefits Lagged 2 years 10.4%7. Tests 2 and 6 1 9.7% _ _ _

According to the Ningbo Municipal Finance Bureau, Ningbo City Council Budget is the intendedsource of finance for the locally funded elements of project components B (Jiangdongnan WWTP)and D (Dongqian Lake). In particular the Urban Construction and Maintenance Fund (UCMF) will bethe principal source of local project funding. Project components B and D amount to an average of2.2% of Ningbo City Council revenue, with a peak of 5.6% and an average of 10.8% of the UCMF or



capital budget, with a peak of 26.7%. This indicates that project costs should be within the limits ofaffordability, although the ability of Ningbo City Council to invest in additional urban infrastructurewill be significantly reduced during peak project cost years.

Jiangbei District has agreed to provide the local contribution towards project component C (CichengTown) costs. A letter of agreement has been submitted by Jiangbei District to the Ningbo MunicipalFinance Bureau. The source of finance for these costs will be the Jiangbei District Budget and inparticular the district UCMF. Project component C amounts to an average of 8.0% of Jiangbei Districtrevenue, with a peak of 16.8% and an average of 26.2% of the UCMF or capital budget, with a peakof 56.2%. This indicates that project component C will form a very significant part of the overallcapital development Jiangbei is able to undertake in the medium term, the ability of Jiangbei Districtto invest in additional urban infrastructure will be significantly reduced for up to four years.

Zhenhai District has agreed to provide the local contribution towards project component A (ZhenhaiWWVTP) costs. A letter of agreement has been submitted by Zhenhai District to the Ningbo MunicipalFinance Bureau. The source of finance for these costs will be the Zhenhal District Budget and inparticular the district UCMF. Project component A amounts to an average of 3.8% of Zhenhai Districtrevenue, with a peak of 6.1% and an average of 23 1% of the UCMF or capital budget, with a peak of33.6%. This indicates that project component A will form a very significant part of the overall capitaldevelopment Zhenhai is able to undertake in the medium term, the ability of Zhenhai District to investin additional urban infrastructure will be sigmficantly reduced for up to four years.

2.4.5 Implementation Programme

Hangzhou

H1MG has agreed to implement institutional and financial reforms that will meet the World Bank'sshorter-term reform objectives. A major reform of the MSW sector is proposed, including theestablishment of a legal entity, financially autonomous MSW Company. In principle, the MSWCompany (Hangzhou Solid Waste Company - HSWC) should be fully operationalised prior to loaneffectiveness by making all necessary transfers of fixed assets, staff and funds to the company. Toachieve the proposed reforms, the following existing 'outside service providers' will be absorbed intoHSWC:

* All existing MSW transfer stations (currently owned and operated by HMG/districtgovernments). HSWC will be responsible for the provision and operation of new transferstations.

* The bulk MSW transfer service (HSWC intends to sub-contract the delivery of this serviceto the private sector).

* The HPMO.

The following services/facilities will not be transferred into the new company but will remain in theprivate sector:

* The existing Qiaosi Incinerator.

* The Binjiang Incinerator - currently under construction and owned by a public/private JV.

* The existing landfill gas power generation company at the existing landfill site.

HPMO has suggested an asset transfer schedule as shown in Table 2.29:



Table 2.29: Suggested Asset Transfer Schedule

Step Details Timeline

Step 1 Transfer all existing landfill assets, mcludmg associated By end 2002appurtenances such as the admin. building, access roads,weighbridge, vehicles etc to HSWC.Vest the new landfill assets being provided under ZUEP in HSWC.Transfer those MSW transfer stations invested by HMG (about one-third of the total number of stations) to HSWC.Transfer responsibility for the bulk MSW transfer operation toHSWC.

Step 2 Transfer those MSW transfer stations mvested by district timetable to be agreedgovernments to HSWC.

The implementation programme will be subject to the following constraints:

Technical Constraints:

o The existing landfill is filling up and the new is urgently needed to take future MSW.

o The new leachate treatment plant (LTP) must be constructed and operating before theexisting LTP can be decommissioned and demolished.

o The existing LTP is located on the site of the proposed rockfill dam for the new landfill andhence must be demolished before construction of the dam.

Financial/procedural Constraints.

O Assuming WB loan approval in FY03 loans will not be fully effective until Q3'03.

O Construction could start before Q3'03 using retroactive financing and local funds. However,retroactive financing limited to 10% of loan.

O The timetable for national approvals (eg. SDPC) is uncertain and these could delayconstruction start.

o Tendering, tender evaluation and award, even using NCB procedures, will take more thanthree months to complete.

o WB contract approval requirements need to be incorporated into the implementationprogramme.

o TA Consultants for construction supervision support/training need to be appointed beforeconstruction contracts can be signed.

These issues have been discussed with HPMO and an implementation programune is being preparedfor the draft PIP.

Shaoxing

Table 2.30 provides the SPMO's suggested implementation periods for each of the civil works andgoods packages. The table indicates that the first construction package will commence in June 2003and that all packages will be completed by November 2005. This implies that resettlement willcommence earlier in 2003 and that some of the work will require retroactive financing (assuming loaneffectiveness in Q3'03).

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I \WB Consoldated EA_250303 doe/


Given the nature and scale of the renovation works to be undertaken the DRA considers that thistimetable is optimistic. For the purposes of calculating expenditure profiles the DRA has assumedthat building renovation work will continue to 2008. The draft PIP, currently being prepared withassistance from the DRA, will provide more detailed assessment if implementation periods.

Table 2.30: SPMO Proposed Contract Implementation Periods

Contract Descriptioii Procure- ConstructioUl PeriodRef ment Start Finish

RouteCivil Works Contracts

Cl Repair of Yuezicheng and Luxun historical and cultural spots under NCB 2003.6 2004.5protection

C2-C3 Repair of Xtxiaohe historical and cultural spots under protection NCB 2004.1 2005.5

C4 Repair of Jishan historical and cultural spots under protection NCB 2003.7 2004.4

C5 Repair of Baziqiao historical and cultural spots under protection NCB 2004.1 2004.1

C6 Improvement and protection of Yuezicheng local-style dwelling houses NCB 2003 6 2004 1

C7-C8 Modification and improvement of Yuezicheng local-style dwellng NCB 2003.6 2003.11houses

C9-Cl l Improvement and reconstruction of Yuezicheng local-style dwellmg NCB 2003.8 2005 5houses

C12 Improvement and putting in order of Yuezicheng local-style dwellmg NCB 2003.8 2004.5houses

C13 Improvement of Luxunlu local-style dwellmg houses NCB 2004.3 2005.5

C14 lmprovement, reconstruction and protection of Xlxiaohe local-style NCB 2004.5 2005.6dwellmg houses

C15 Improvement and puttmg mn order of Xlxiaohe local-style dwelling NCB 2004.6 2005.1houses

C16-CI7 Modification and improvement of Jishan locicl-style dwelling houses NCB 2004.5 2005.4

C18 Reconstruction and puttmg in order of Jishan local-style dwellmng NCB 2004.7 2005.5houses

C19 Improvement of Baziqiao local-style dwelling houses NCB 2004.9 2005 1

C20 EnvLronmental furmishmgs for roads, squares and public greening field NCB 2004.4 2005.11

C21-C22 New pipelines (Water supply, drainage, sewers, natural gas and others) NCB 2003 11 2005 5and road works

C23 Canal dredging/excavation, pump stations and gates NCB 2004.4 2005.6

Contract for supply and installation of mechanical equipment

M I New nver flushmg pumps ICB 2004.5 2005.2

Contract for supply of electric equipment LEl Power equipment [ICB 2004.8 2005.6

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Ningbo

Tables 2.31 to 2.34 provides the NPMO's suggested implementation periods for each of the civilworks and goods packages.

Table 2.31: NPMO Proposed Contract Implementation Periods -Zhenhai

Ref Contract Packages Procurement Construction periodtype Start Finish

Civil Works Contracts

ZHI/C Zhenning Rd. Sewers (Retroactive Fund) NCB July of July of

_________ 2003 2004

ZH/C2 Suidao Rd., Daxien Rd. and Linj iang Rd. Sewers, NCB Dec. of Feb. of

Linjiang Rd. PS 2003 2006

ZH:C3 Dongmen PS-Anhai Rd. and Weihai Rd. Sea Outfall Pipes NCB June of Dec. ofand Sewers, Dongrnen PS and Weihai Rd. PS 2004 2007

ZHIC4 Binhai Highway Sewers, Haitian PS and Hongyuan Rd. PS NCB June of Dec. of2005 2008

ZHIC5 WWTP Works NCB June of June of2004 2006

M&E "Supply and Installation" Contracts

ZH/Ml Equipment for all 6 pump stations ICB Nov. of Apr. of2003 2006

ZH/M2 WWTP equipment ICB Dec. of Dec. ofI__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 6

Table 2.32: NPMO Proposed Contract Implementation Periods - Jiangdongnan


Civil Works ContractsJDN/C 1 Jiangdongnan Rd., Changchun Rd. and Qlwen Rd. Sewers NCB July of July of

(incl. Wudongzha PS and Ningzhong PS) 2004 2007

JDN/C2 Xiwuaihuan Rd.(outer west ring road) and Wangchun Rd. NCB July of Oct. ofSewers, Wangchun PS (Retroactive Fund) 2003 2004

JDN/C3 Baiyun Rd. and Lantian Rd. Sewers (Retroactive Fund) NCB Dec. of Dec. of2003 2004

JDN/C4 Nanwuaihuan Rd.(outer south ring road) Sewers (incl. NCB Mar. of Dec. ofQiubi PS) 2005 2008

JDN/C5 Yinfeng Rd. Sewers NCB Oct. of Oct. of2004 2008

JDN/C6 WWTP Works ICB June of June of2004 2006

M&E "Supply and Installation" ContractsJDN/M 1 Equipment for 4 pump stations ICB March of March of

2004 2006

JDN/M2 WWTP equipment ICB Dec. of Dec. of2004 2006



Table 2.33: NPMO Proposed Contract Implementation Periods - Cicheng


Civil Works ContractsCC/Cl C1: the east Ring road, 3-inner roads such as Taiyangdian NCB Aug. of .-Sept. of

Rd., canals, Wastewater interception pipes, dredgingand 2003 2005bank protection of the east moat and the canal in the southtown (Retroactive Fund). ._._._.

CC/C2 C2: the south, north and west Ring road NCB June of June of2004 2006

CC/C3 C3: the east, south and west moat, the flood control NCB Oct. of Oct. ofembankrnent of Ci River, sludge storehouse 2004 2006

CC/C4 C4: inner roads such as Mingzhu Rd., Jiefang Rd., NCB Dec. of Dec. ofZhonghua Rd., Mingzu Rd., Shanming Rd., etc. 2005 2008

CC/CS C5: transfer pipes (Cicheng to JDN WWTP) and PS NCB Aug. of June of2004 2006

M&E "Supply and Installation" ContractsCC/Ml Pump station equipment ( 2 river PS, 1 sewage pump ICB Aug. of Aug. of

station) 2004 2007

Table 2.34: NPMO Proposed Contract Implementation Periods -Dongqian Lake


i'DQH/C1 Ring road from Guojiazhi to Shangshui (Part B)-& Hanling Aug. of Dec. ofVillage-4# PS-6# PS (Main pipes of the South Line) Mains 2003 2004_____(Retroactive Fund) -l

DQH/C2 Ring road from Shangshui to Yinxian Rd. (Part C) NCB Dec. of June of2004 2008

DQH/C3 Ring road from Qianyantou to Yinxian Rd. to Guojiazhi NCB Dec. of Dec. of_(Part A, Part B) 2004 2008

DQH/C4 Sewers of the North Line (incl. 1# PS and 2# PS) NCB June of Dec. of2005 2008

DQH/C5 Sewers of the South Line and Middle Line (incl. 2# PS, 4# NCB June of June ofPS, 5# PS, 6# PS and 7# PS) 2004 2005

DQH/C6 WWTP Works ICB March of June of2004 2006

DQH/MI Equipment forPS (7 PS)

DQHIM2 Equipment for WWTP ICB Sept. of Dec. of2004 2006



Institutional lssues

Hangzhou

HMG has established a Municipal Level Project Leading Group to direct the implementation of theHangzhou components of ZUEP. The membership of the Leading Group is as follows:

Director: Yang Xuebiao Vice Mayor, HMG

Members: Wangzhuxing HPDCXiaokezhong HCCTongxin CAAB

Liuhaohua CAABChenwei CAAB

Key:

HMG: Hangzhou Murucipal GovernmentCAAB: Municipal Works and City Appearance Administration BureauHCC: Hangzhou Construction CommuissionHPDC: Hangzhou Planning and Development Commission

A Project Management Office (HPMO) under the leadership of the Leading Group has beenestablished under CAAB.

Shaoxing

The proposed project for a World Bank loan comprises cultural conservation and redevelopment in thefive precincts, together with improvements to the canals and infrastructure in the area. State,provincial and city governments and their cultural relics bureaux and cultural conservation units areinvolved in the various steps in cultural conservation management. These steps are: identification,classification and designation of cultural relics; introduction of means to control development in theenvirons of cultural relics; planning for redevelopment and cultural conservation areas;implementation of redevelopment and cultural conservation measures; and on-going management andmaintenance. The improvements to the canals and infrastructure are aimed to be complementary to theconservation and redevelopment and to complete the process of upgrading the precincts. They areprogranmned to be implemented simultaneously. The various steps are described below:

Classification, Designation and Development Controls

Classification ui Shaoxing ancient city has been completed, and there are designated cultural relics("units") of State, provincial and city level importance. Development controls are in place for controlareas in the environs of cultural relics, under the Shaoxing Historic Relics Conservation Area andConstruction Control Area Regulations, 1989. The functions of the different levels of governnent(which follow the general model for the operation of the three levels of government in a wide range ofendeavours) in the control areas related to control area boundaries and conditions for cultural relicsare as follows:

o State level - city proposes and approves; province approves; and final approval is by StateCouncil;

o Provincial level - city proposes and approves; and submits to province which approves; and

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* City level - city can decide on its own.

For all three levels, the city alone is responsible for the management of controls. In addition to thedesignated cultural relics units, there are "cultural relics conservation spots" (or sites). These areadministered by the Shaoxmg Cuttural Relics Bureau, but there are no legal enforcement powers. It ispossible that in future, with good conservation management, these spots could be elevated to culturalrelics conservation units.

Planningfor redevelopment and cultural conservation areas

Plans are prepared by the City Planning Bureau, within the Construction Bureau, in conjunction withthe Cultural Relics Bureau. Plans for the five precincts have been prepared, and by the end of 2001were approved by city, provincial and State governments.

Implementation and the Shaoxing Project Management Office

The Historic Precincts Conservation Management Office (HPCMO), withm the Construction Bureau(and also reporting to the Shaoxing Cultural Relics Bureau on technical and regulatory issues), wasformed in October 2000 as the organisation responsible for implementation of cultural conservationand redevelopment works in the five precincts. It was formed specifically for the Shaoxing componentof ZUEP, and its remit is limited to this.

In 2002 a new orgamsation, the Shaoxing Project Management Office (SPMO), was establishedspecifically to deal with the procedural work under the proposed World Bank loan. Later, as a result ofdiscussions with the DRA Consultants and the World Bank, HPCMO and SPMO were combinedunder the name SPMO. The staff of HPCMO was transferred to SPMO, and 7 additional staff wereadded, all seconded from the Construction Bureau or associated Institutes. All but one of the latterstaff work on a part-time basis in SPMO, although most for more than 50% of their time. The staff ofthe combined SPMO therefore consists of 20 staff, 14 of whom are full time including one of thedeputy directors. SPMO reports to the city government on policy issues and general co-ordinationthrough the Municipal Level Project Leading Group. SPMO is physically located within theConstruction Bureau and continues to report directly to the Construction Bureau as HPCMO did inthe past on technical issues. It also continues to report to SCRB on specific issues, as did HPCMO.The Leading Group comprises the Directors from the relevant bureaux of Shaoxing MunicipalGovernment (SMG), and of the Yue Cheng District Government. The functional commnssions andbureaux of SMG provide support to the Leading Group. SPMO, but not H-IPCMO, will be disbandedon completion of ZUEP.

Ningbo

Central Urban Area

The Ningbo Construction Committee (NCC) has overall responsibility for the provision and operationof urban infrastructure in Ningbo. As a consequence of the recent municipal government reforms inNingbo the Municipal Management Bureau (NMMB) has been created m order to manage urbanfacilities, and this Bureau operates under the broad dLrection of the NCC. The responsibilities ofNMMB include:

* Water supply (via Ningbo Water Supply Co)

* Roads, bridges and traffic management

* Open spaces and parks



o Sewerage, pumping stations and WWTP

o Municipal solid waste management (inci septic tanks and nightsoil services)

o Management of urban rivers and water courses.

The NMMB is essentially responsible for operations and service provision. It is not involved in large-scale construction. Construction activity and related project management is the direct responsibility ofNCC and normally undertaken by specialist project management companies set up for the purpose.Assets once commissioned are then passed over to the relevant part of NMMB for operation andmaintenance. This arrangement is commonplace in China.

The wastewater functions of NMMB are managed by the Urban Facilities Management Division(UFMD) which itself has three separate sub-units responsible for sewers, pumping stations and theWWTP. It has also been clarified that:

o The UFMD manages all sewers within the central urban area.

O The Ningbo EPB currently undertakes the momtoring and control of industrial discharges tosewer. The UJFMD has no role in this.

o UFMD is not involved in septic tank or night soil operations. These are the responsibility ofthe Environmental Sanitation Division of NMMB.

The role of NMMB is restricted to the central urban area of Ningbo and the current allocation ofwastewater responsibilities in this central area is provided in Table 2.32. Separate arrangements applyfor the management of the local wastewater systems in Zhenhai, Cicheng and in the Dongqian lakearea.

248I \WB Consolidated EA_250303 doc/


Table 2.35: Summary of Current Wastewater Management Responsibilities in Ningbo

Function or Activity Responsibility Others Involved

Wastewater master-plannug NCC NMMB/UFMD

NEPB, NPDC

Development and review of policy, laws and regulations NCC NMMB, NEPB.

Feasibility studies and Project Preparations NCC NPDC,

NMMB/UFMD

Approval of major projects NPDC NCC

Arranging Finance for major projects NFB NPDC

Construction of new Infrastructure NCC NMMB/UFMD

Setting Operational standards NCC NMMB

Monitoring of Operational Performance NMMB NEPB

Asset management UFMD

Coordination of Flood control NMMB NWCB

Management of Trunk Sewer network UFMD

Management of Local sewers UFMD

Mamtenance of Septic Tanks ESD

Management of Pumping Stations UFMD

Management of WWTP UFMD

Income collection NWSC NFB

Distnbution of funds NFB NMMB

Determning Tariff levels NMG NPO, NMMB

Approval of new sewer connections UFMD

Making new sewer connections UFMD Developers

Approval of New discharges to sewer NEPB UFMD

Monitoring of wastewater discharges to sewer NEPB

Monitoring of WWTP effluent discharges NEPB NMMB

Momtorng of sludge disposal activity NEPB NMMB

Enforcement of wastewater regulations NMMB UFMD,

Traimnig and development of staff UFMD NMMB, NCC

KeyNMMB - Ningbo Municipal Management BureauNMG - Ningbo Municipal GovemmentNCC - Ningbo Construction CommissionNFB - Ningbo Municipal Finance Bureau.NPO - Ningbo Municipal Pncing Office (a sub-unit of NPDC)NEPB - Ningbo Municipal Environmental Protection BureauNPDC - Ningbo Municipal Planning & Development CommissionNWSC - Ningbo Municipal Water Supply CompanyNWCB - Ningbo Water Conservancy Bureau.UFMD - Urban Facilties Management Division (a sub-unit of NMMB)ESD - Environmenital Sanitation Division (a sub-unit of NMMB)

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Within the UFMD there are three separate units with responsibility for the different parts of thewastewater system.

o Maintenance Company (MC); (responsible for sewerage network maintenance)

o Pumping Station Management Institute (PSMI);

o Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP).

Zhenhai District

Zhenhai is a satellite urban district some 25km away from the centre of Ningbo on the coast. As suchthe District has a greater degree of autonomy and self determination than the central urban districts.Zhenhai has its own local arrangements for operations and maintenance of the sewerage system. Thiswork is undertaken directly by a distinct unit of some 20 persons (for both sewers and pumpingstations) within the District Construction and Traffic Bureau. There are District level equivalents tomost of the municipal agencies referred to in table 8.1 above. Water supply in Zhenhai is provided bya branch company of the Ningbo Municipal Water Supply Company. The term Branch Company isused to mean a Division of NWSC that has a significant degree of managerial autonomy, but is NOT aseparate legal entity.

Cicheng Town

Cicheng is a town within Jiangbei District of Ningbo. Jiangbei, like Zhenhai, is not part of the centralurban area and is not therefore within the current jurisdiction of NMMB. The existing wastewatersystem in the old Cicheng town (which is where all the WB project is focused) is an entirelycombined system. The system is currently operated and maintained by the Engineering Division ofCicheng Town Government.

Dongqian Lake

Dongqian Lake is in the geographical area of Ningbo's Yin County (recently re-designated as a newurban distnct to be called Ningzhou). However, the area of the lake and its immediate surrounds isunder the control of the Dongqian Lake Management Commission (DLMC). A document (reference(2002)7) issued jointly by Ningbo Communist Party Committee and Ningbo Municipal Governmenthas recently given DLMC a special administrative status and placed it under the direct jurisdiction ofNMG. Thus DLMC is effectively independent of Yin County Government and DLMC itself has astatus equivalent to a county government.

The existing sewerage system in the DLMC area, to the extent this currently exists, is operated andmaintained by the Water Control Agency, a sub unit of the Construction and Environmental Bureau ofDLMC.

The World Bank has asked the project cities to prepare individual Institutional Development Plans(IDP) and Action Plans (AP) showing the practical steps to be taken to establish self-financing andsustainable wastewater utility companies. In addition, the Provincial PMO and the municipal PUJshave been requested to prepare similar documents for the institutional arrangements during projectimplementation. These are being prepared with the assistance of the AC.

The documents are based on the World Bank requirements for IDP/APs and Individual IDP/APs willbe prepared as draft stand-alone documents, which will evolve as the project cycle progresses.Specific responsibility for regular updating of each document will be identified in the AP.

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The draft IDP will detail the arrangements and details presently known, and the draft AP will givetimeframes for the finalisation of outstanding information. In particular, the timeframes for the legalestablishment of the companies, the human resource requirements, the training needs assessment andfor the terms of reference for TA commissions will be identified.

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Zhejiang Urban Environment Project Envtronmnental Assessment

Figure 2.1: Hangzhou Landfill No. 2 Component Project Location

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Figure 2.2: Photos of Hangzhou Landfill No. 2 Site

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2-53

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xisting/under construction ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ist c

Zhejiang Urban Envtronment Project Environmental Assessment

Figure 2.4: Proposed Landfill Facilities In Schematic Form in Hangzhou

2 Prop s oed Le achate

,1~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2

7j Treatment Plant -

p-u \~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ regulatingpond

- I~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Nw adil-eet

2-55 cveseitiglnfl swl


Figure 2.5: Shaoxing Location Map

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Figure 2.6: Proposed Shaoxing Component Features

N

NaT~inofuo Newana

t o- 'rigCulvert. -Canalto be Wdeded

! - Cal I b Dredged

Zhejiang Urban Envtronment Project Environmental Assessment

Figure 2.7: Photos Of Shaoxing Component Project Site

NO 1-

4~~~~~~~~~4

4_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ' 3+'

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Figure 2.8: Existing and Proposed WWTPs in Ningbo

-District Boundary

i Zhenha a c 1&2 & J-angdongnan WWTPl

gt1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~aJimi6ei 2-5


Figure 2.9: Proposed Zhenhai Sewerage

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Figure 2.10: Photos Of The Zhenhai WWTP Site

2 6

2-61

Figure 2.11

Details of Proposed Zhenhai WWTP Layout

; ~ ~~~~~ --- _

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t=== Xi JL==L

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* C~~~~~~~26


Figure 2.12: Location of Jiangdongnanqu WWTP

KeyCatchment ofJiangdongbet sn2Jfandongbe

Catchment oflsengdongnen in 2005_xlsng'</ t 4$ Jt~~~Sangdongian VWTP Jiangdong Distnct @$ @

in Yt:uSewerage not |S

|Key :- =

|-Catchmnent of Jiangdongbei mn 2005 ~ - Catchment of Jiangdongnan in 2005: =i--

| Addhtional C atchment of Jiangdongnan in 2020

~hcjiaflg Urban *n Pro eCnt Env iro nmental Assessm et

FU .13 photos Of The Jiangdon9

? -64


Figure 2.14: Proposed Sewerage in Jiangdongnanqu Component

Key F~-

Existing Sewerage -22005 Pipeline

2010 Pipeline _...2020 Pipeline -- :=

(D Exitng Pump Station ed Pmpced Pump Station

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Figure 2.15: Proposed Layout of Jiangdongnanqu WWTP

\ Garage for _-Garae

| udgei½ckf F] ( condaiy Aeration Tank3

Li\ udE SDedimntatio (1Return Warehouse!ank 0d. , eneSludge

lu d g e D ew aten (1reen G nt mPu m p Ilouse ~~~~House Ce

11N Dephosphonzation House Shop

F me S Geee d/ W ater t nlet

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KeyNew StructuresFuture Scheme

?-66


Figure 2.16: Location Of The Dongqian Lake Component Project

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Zhejiang Urban Enviromnent Project Environmental Assessment

Figure 2.17: Photos Of The Dongqian Lake Component Project Area

2-68I \WB Consohdated EA_250303 docl


Figure 2.18: Proposed Roads and Sewerage in Dongqian Lake Component Project

~~~~~~~~L~~~~~~~ N N

v8 llt ,> g OcualVFW Onstldea&

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- l2Widg iopsed R'Ad -P±v~xposed GravtyPxpe12rttWide Proposed Road ~~~~~~~~PzoposedPurip Statni

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Figure 2.19: Other Features of Dongqian Lake Component Project

Dropos e Detail-slat Disposal Location 1

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2-70

Zhejiang Urban Environmenit Project -- Environmental Assessment

Figure 2.20: Project Area Of The Cicheng Component Project

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Figure 2.21: Photos Of The Cicheng Project Area

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2-72


Figure 2.22: Proposed Canal Improvements and Sewerage in Cicheng ComponentProject

Proposed Moat

_ . _ & NewEmCanalsmet i

ExLgtnig Sluice Gate~~ Cihen

& Seerge&x np

soldosedn U Cara-

Proposed Slewate Pressure Maln i

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Figure 2.23: Other Features of Cicheng Component Project

Location (ofProposed Ne%s r.

Roads and \ ..existing Roads

Propod Ring I - Ch

- Pro)posed Minor § -< i7it0>i ../ l Z

-Road~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- Pedestrian Street -1

ProposedRoute of RCSewage Pressure Main to .

Jiangdongnan WWTP

Proposed 12.7 km long, DN ;' ) > . ~~700 ductile iron pressure . /i/ \'

.pipeline from Ccheng

>XII~I

700 ductie iron pessureTP

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3 Description of the Environment (Provincial Overview)

3.1 Physical Environment

3.1.1 Geographical Location

The following information was obtained from the FSRs, component EAs and ZUEP Consolidated EA.The basic situation of the geographical location of each sub-project is shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Geographical Location of Sub-Project Located Area

Project location Geographical locationnorth latitude east longitude

Hangzhou Landfill No. 229°l1 "- 30°34" ~ 11 8°20"-1 20°37"~

Shaoxing 29013'36 "- 30016'17 119053'02" -121013'38"

Ningbo Zhenhal WWTW 29°53'-30006' 121027'- 12146'

Ningbo JiandongnanquSouth WWTW 29°31' to 30000' 121°30' to 122055'

Ningbo Dongqian Lake 29052' 134034'

Ningbo -Cicheng 29°31' - 30°00' 121030' - 122°55'

Hangzhou

Hangzhou City, situated in the Northwest of Zhejiang Province, is between Northern Latitude 29011 "30°34"and Eastern Longitude 118°20"-120°37". Its central geographical coordination is NorthernLatitude 30016"and Eastern Longitudel2 0°12". The city's outline is diamond-shaped with longdiagonal direction extends from Southwest toward Northeast. The maximal distance is about 250 kmbetween the city's eastern and western extremity, and about 130 km between southern and northernextremity.

The second Municipal Solid Waste Landfill will be sited at Qinglongwu of Hangzhou northern suburb,between Shitang Village of Banshan Town and Hongmiao Village of Chongxian Town. The yard area,400 m away from the existing Tianziling Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, lies in the west of GaotingMountain, the main peak of Banshan Mountains, the east of Yanshan River, a branch of the GreatCanal, the southeast of Tianziling, and the north of Huanghe Mountain. Linping-Banshan Highwaypasses through the mouth of the yard area. The office area of the MSW landfill is 100 m away from320 National Highway, 17 km away from the city centre along the Banshan Highway.

Shaoxing

Shaoxing City is located in the south area of the Yangtze River Delta and in the west area of theNingbo-Shaoxing Plain. The city connects Ningbo in the east, closed to Jinhua in the south, bordered



with Hangzhou in the west and faced Shanghai across the Hangzhou Bay in the north. The geologicalregion of Shaoxing is 119°53'02" -- 121°13'38" E and 29°13'36 "- 30°16'17"N. The total populationof Shaoxing is about 4.29 million.

Yuecheng district of Shaoxing City, which the project is located in, is in the central area of theXiaoshan-Shaoxing Plain. The municipality of Shaoxing City is laid in Yuecheng. The totalpopulation of Yuecheng is about 320,000. The land in Yuecheng flat with a low elevation, withvarious rivers and lakes inter-crossed. The Hangzhou-Ningbo Canal and Xiaoshan-Ningbo Railwaypass through the district, so the communication of Yuecheng is good.

Ningbo

Located in east altitude 12130' to 122055' and north latitude 29°31' to 30°00', Ningbo is a coast citym south east of China as well as an Eastern Port City, location (at east of Ning Shao Plain).

Ningbo Zhenhai

Zhenhai's geological location is situated in the east facing Hui Bie Sea, south facing Yong Jiang River,west facing north river region, north facing Ci Xi city. Of the land area, 71.4% is plain, 16.9% ismountain, 11.7% is water, so it has the name of " one water, two mountains, seven pieces of land."The total length from south-east to north-west is about 13 km due to its narrow geological condition.Zhenhai has 5 inlands, a total coastline of 21.3 km, total sea area of 158.1 km2.

Ningbo Jiangdongnan

The proposed Jiangdongnanqu WWTP is located in the urbanised area of Ningbo.

Ningbo-Dongqian Lake

Located in Dongqian Lake town, Ningbo city, east coast of Zhejiang province, Dongqian Lake is 15kilometres away from the downtown area of Ningbo city. It connects Xiangsan Harbor in the southand Beirun Harbor in the north. As the largest fresh water lake in Zhejiang province, Dongqian Laketraces back to the LOCATING Age. Being a sea lake originally, it gradually became a manmade lakeof present size through construction by past generations.

Ningbo-Cicheng

Cicheng Town is located in the north-western part in Jiangbei District, Ningbo. It is one of the centrepart of Jiangbei District, Ningbo, the distance from the centre part of Ningbo is 16.5 kilometers. Itlinks with Donghai District east, links with Sanqlshi Town of Yuyao City town west, links with CixiCity north, faces with Gaoqiao Town of Yin County which separated by Yuyao River south.

3.1.2 Geology/Soils and Topography

HE3angzhou Landfill

Most parts of Hangzhou belong to Western Zhejiang medium-low mountains and hills, and small partsbelong to Northern Zhejiang Plain. The relief of the west part is higher than that of the east. Themountains can be divided into two kinds: medium-low mountain consisting of clay shale, clasoliteand volcanic rock, and karst medium-low mountain of carbonates the erosion and foliation medium-low mountain, and the Karst medium-low mountain consisting. The hills consist of the deposits suchas sandstone, shale and limestone, etc., and extend from northeast towards southwest. The hills mostly



located in the southwest of the municipal region include high hills and low hills. The high hills consistof feldspar-quartz sandstone, quartz sandstone and quartz' gravel of Silunan Period and DevomanPeriod. The low hills are mostly located in the axis of synclinal structure. Many faults occur in thelimestone of Carboniferous Period and Permian Period and surface water and ground water activateviolently, Karst is widespread such as Karrenfeld, sotches, lapies and caverns, so there are manyscenic spots in the area.

Hangzhou City is located at the inside of Qiantang River and Puyang River, valley plains distributealong both sides of each river. Geotexture of the city belongs to Qiantang fold zone of Yangtze Quasi-platform. The municipal region includes three main fold zones: Westlake Multiple Syncline, ShilongMountain Fold Zone and Gaoting Fold Zone of Banshan.

Banshan Mountain where the project will be sited is the east-extended part of the branching ofTianmu Mountain with line of strike of 40°-45° and hillside grade of 10°-40°. The landform of thearea belongs to low hills. On the ridge, some small-scale lateral direction gullies develop. Qinglongwuis one of these gullies. The yard area in the east borders on Gaoting Mountain, the main peak ofBanshan Mountains, with the height of 361.24m and the rather abrupt slope gradient of 320. Themountain bodies of the north and south of the yard area distribute in a belt form from northeasttowards southwest with the peak height of 150-200m. Figure 3.1 provides a schematic topographicdiagram of the landfill site.

Qinglongwu surrounded by mountains in three directions is a valley-shaped small basm with opentoward northwest west and the length of 2km. The munimum height mark of the valley is about 1 lm.The peak at the northern side of the yard area has a height mark of 195m with relative elevationdifference of 120m and the slope gradient of 260. The peak at the southern side has an elevation of156m with the difference of 9l m and the slope of 280.

Except for Southern Mountain tree farm, the regions are bare valleys. On the surface of mountainbodies, residual overburden layer with the small thickness of 0.5-3.Om is mainly composed ofdetritus-bearing clay soil and clay-bearing detritus, but on the intermont and piedmont, detntus-bearing sandy clay and lay-bearing detritus, derived from deluvial layer with the thickness of 5-lOm,are distributed. The plant cover flourishes in the region and the surrounding hillsides are mainlyplanted with shrub and young Masson's pine.

Tianziling lies in southeast wing of Fenghuang Mountain Syncline, exposed limestone ofCarboniferous System Middle Series constitutes axis of the syncline, mud stone, sandstone and sandconglomerate of Carboniferous System Later Series constitutes two wings. Quartz sandstone andmudstone of Devonian System Early Series developed by tension and tension-shear faults are mainlyexposed in the gully. Quatemary System strata overlaps the ground surface, and the thickness ofoverlying strata in the gully is below 10m, however, Outside the gully the strata belong to the fluvialand lake deposits of Hangjiahu Plain.

As a whole, there is a natural dividing ridge mountainous land in the east, the north and the south ofthe yard area, a rather flat gully in the middle and a narrow chute in the west. The exposed stratamainly include a set of strata of Palaeozoic era and strata of Quatemary System Middle serials andHolocene serials, these strata are rated in order of precedence relationship as followings:

* Quatemary System Holocene serials slope and pluvial layer (dl-plQ4): brown yellow,slightly - middle dense broken stone, block stone, sand and clay soil.

* Quaternary System Pleistocene senals (dl-plQ2): brown red, hard-plastic reduced stone -bearing silty clay.

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o Carboniferous System Middle Series Huanglong Group (C2h): light gray, thick layered -massive dolomitic limestone.

o Carboniferous System Later Series Yejiatang Group (Cly): grayish-white, middle-thinlayered carbon shale-bearng quartz sand-gravel stone.

o Devonian System Early Series Zhucangwu Group (D3z): violate-red, thin-middle layeredsilty shale, silty sandy mudstone, locally contaming quartz sandstone.

O Devonian System Early Series Xihu Group (D3x): grayish-white-heaven gray, middle-thicklayered quartz sandstone locally containing yellowish-green thin layered muddy siltstone.The group is parallel-discordantly contacted with the underlying Tangjiawu Group (S3 t).

o Silurian System Early Series Tangjiawu Group (S3 t): according to rock character, the groupcan be divided into three segments. The bottom segment, grayish-yellow middle-thinlayered silt sandy mudstone containing thin-layered quartz siltstone, distributes in thedownstream of the second refuse-catch damn near the 320 National Highway. The middlesegment, yellowish-green thick-layered debris quartz grit stone or caesious thick-layeredfeldspathic quartz fine sandstone, distributes in the second refuse-catch damnn and itsdownstream. The top segment, violate-red middle-thick layered debris quartz grit containingviolate-red siltstone, distributes in the yard area of the second MSW landfill and the refuse-catch damn of Tianziling MSW landfill.

The bed trend in this region is generally NE20-25°, with a south-east inclination of 30-40°. In addition,there are a large number of unfavourable geological conditions in the yard area. Landslide of the slopeof 3# highway is one of the two kinds of unfavourable geological conditions. The landslide mass withthe width of 95m and the height of 5m is composed of clay-bearing detritus derived from pluvial andslope deposits. Characters of the detritus are expressed as followings: grayish-yellow, humid, theparticle size of 2-5cm, the maximal size of 40cm, the particles of edge angle are lightly sorted. Cubiccontent of the whole landslide mass is about 24000m 3, seepage phenomena are discovered. At present,the landslide is in stabilisation, but it will collapse in case of heavy precipitation. The second issolution cavity. During the detailed geological exploration, it can be shown that karst develops fully inthe limestone of Huanglong Group, crack and solution cavity are found in the five bores of limestoneregion and height of the maximal cavity can reach 6.7m. Karst will have an unfavourable effect on thehydrological and engineering geology of the yard area, so it is an unfavourable geological condition.

The yard area locates in the north-west inclination part of Qiantang giant complex fold, so thestructures are affected by Jiangshan-Shaoxing major dislocation. Major structure grillwork of the yardarea is Cathaysian structure formed by northeast syncline, a series of northeast compression,compresso-shear faults and northwest tension, tension-shear faults (shown in Figure 3.2,).

The yard area is located in the Gaotingshan syncline whose axes of NE45°-50° extends alongBanshan-Gaoting shan-Foriwu and plunges toward the northeast. Axial region of the synclineplunges toward the southeast. The southeast wing whose strata slope angle is 70°, is steeper than thenorthwest wing of 30°-50°. The nucleus region of the syncline is composed of limestone ofCarboniferous System Middle Series Huanglong Group (C2h), and in the nucleus region alongitudinal fault parallel to the axes develops, the fault's two wings consist of strata of DevonianSystem and Silurian System.

Influenced by regional structure, northeast, northwest faults and joint belts in the yard area develop.Two (Fl, F2) of 13 faults found during the detailed geological exploration are major faults that have adecisive action on the hydrogeologic conditions. These faults are described in detailed as followings:



* Fl fault: The fault whose trend consistent with axis line distributes in the axes of theGaotingshan syncline. Its trend is NE 600, inclination SE, slope angle 800. Emergencelength and crush belt width of the fault is respectively about 1.4km and 5-155km. Cleavagesin the crush belt exist. Fracture plane of the fault seems a gentle undulance-shape, the faultbelongs to compression, compression-shear fault. In its lower plate, limestone of HuanglongGroup is crushed and broken and the karst exists. The fault extends across the southeast ofthe yard area and is cut off by F2, F5 fault.

* F2 fault: The fault, which controls the growth dtrection of Qinglongwu gully, is the majorfaults of the yard area. F2 fault with the length of 1.5km is mostly overlapped by QuatemarySystem stratum. Its occurrence is: trend NE 60°, slope angle 70°.80°. The fault extends thewhole MSW landfill, the false thickness of the fault and its associated crush belt is2.2-12.70m. In addition, the crush belt of 55-65kmn has a prominent character of lowerelectrical resistivity. F2 belongs to tension, tension-shear fault.

* F3 fault: The fault, whose length and width are respectively 500m and 3-6m, distributes inthe upstream of the first refuse-catch damn. Its occurrence is: trend 10°-20°, inclination NW,slope angle 65°. F3 belongs to compression fault.

* F4 fault: The fault, whose length and width are respectively 500m and 5-9m, lies in the eastof Fl fault. Its occurrence is: trend 400, inclination SE, slope angle 700. F4 belongs tocompression reverse fault.

* F5 fault: The fault exposes in the northeast corner of the MSW landfill, its length and widthare respectively 200m and 5-7m. Its occurrence is: trend 700, inclination NW, slope angle750. F4 belongs to tension, tension-shear fault.

* F6 fault: The length and width of the fault distributed in the Huanglongwu gully outside thesecond MSW landfill are respectively 650m and 5-10m. Its occurrence is: trend 3350,inclination SW, slope angle 850. Based on the physical prospecting data, the fault extends tothe power plant and its influence belt is as wide as 28m, in addition it can be seen that thereare scratches on the fracture plane. The fault belongs to tension, tension-shear fault.

* F7 fault: The fault with the length of 400m and the width of 3m lies in the downstream leftbank of the second MSW landfill. Its occurrence is: trend 60°, inclination NW, slope angle820. The compression fault also extends to the power plant.

* F8 fault: The fault with the extended length of 750m and the width of 3-15m emerges inthe second refuse-catch damn. Its trend and inclination is respectively NNW, and NEE, andslope angle is lager than 35°. It can be seen from the creep wall of I# Highway that there arescratches represented by broken rocks on the fracture plane. The fault belongs tocompression reverse fault.

* F9 fault: The fault emerges in the axial region of the syncline. Its extended length exceeds400m, and the width of the fault belt is 10-30m. The occurrence of the fault is 3050<39°,however, the occurrence of strata beside the fault changes obviously. Breccia-sand-statedbroken rocks and loose structure are the characters of the fault zone. The fault belongs tocompression reverse fault and appears definite water permeability.

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o FIO fault: The fault lies between initial planning 1# and 2# auxiliary damn (according todetailed geological exploration data, there are some such as solution cavities and fracturebelts in the northeast of the initial MSW landfill, so the ultimate filling height decreasesfrom 195m level to 165m level and the two initial planning auxiliary damn are cancelled inorder to avoid lateral leakage of leached liquid after the second MSW landfill begin to work).Extended strength of the faults reaches 280m. Its trend and inclination is respectively 350,and NWW, and slope angle is about 570. The compression-shear shift fault parallels to F9fault.

o Fll fault: The fault, whose length and width are respectively 250m and 5-10m, exposes inthe east of the initial planning auxiliary damn. Its occurrence is280°<540. Dense jointscorresponding to joint ratio of 12/m are distributed in the fault zone of the compression-shear shift fault.

o F12 fault: The fault, whose length and width are respectively 750m and 7-12m, lies in theeast of Fl fault. Its occurrence is 130°<80°. Rocks in the fault zone of the compression-shear fault are broken.

o F13 fault: The fault, whose length and width are respectively 120m and 5-18m, lies in thenorthwest of the initial planning 1# auxiliary damn. Its occurrence is 190°<63°. Rocks in thefault zone of the tension-shear fault are relatively broken.

Strata in the two wings of Fl and F9 fault exposed in the axes of the syncline are composed of quartzsandstone (D3x), silty shale (D3z) and dolomitic limestone (C2h). The syncline plunges toward thenortheast, and limestone of Huanglong Group in the southwest region valishes. The width larger than40m of fault zone is common characters of Fl and F9 fault. Breccia-sand-stated rocks in the faultzone are quite broken. The earthquake level is under 6 magnitude, belongs to soft quake affectedregion.

Shaoxing

Yuecheng district of Shaoxing City, which the project is located m, is in the central area of theXiaoshan-Shaoxing Plain. The municipality of Shaoxing City is laid in Yuecheng. The totalpopulation of Yuecheng is about 320 thousand. The land in Yuecheng flat with a low elevation, withvarious rivers and lakes inter-crossed. The Hangzhou-Ningbo Canal and Xiaoshan-Ningbo Railwaypass through the district, so the communication of Yuecheng is good.

The region of the project is a typical river-net plain, which is an alluvial one formed by the co-effectof rivers, lakes and the sea. This area is flat, with a mean altitude of 4 - 6m. The altitude of the KuaijiHills in the south of the plain is about 500 - 1000m. The rumps of the Hills near the the urban areaform a lot of low hills on the plain, which are lower than 300 m, such as Fushan, Jishan, and Tashan,etc. The seawalls and riverbanks protect the low-flat river-net plain to avoid the menace of flood andtide. Here, most of the bare stratum is alluvial deposit of the Quatemary with the coastal, river andlake sedimentary facies. The substrate is a silt & clay layer with a great thickness, with peat inclusionsinside. The upper part is covered with rice clay and artificial soil. In addition, there are some smallareas of igeous rocks of the Mesozoic.

The natural vegetation of the area is mainly evergreen broad-leaved forest, with deep factitiousinfluence. Artificial forest, bamboo or sub-shrub wood is domninated in the hill area. The plain ischiefly an agricultural area and lack of well-preserved forest vegetation.

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Ningbo Zhenhai

Ningbo plain, seashore plain, is formed by brand-new black slurry (about 30m thickness) coveringover reversing slurry (about 80m thickness) that subsided and formed land, called fourth gradestratum. West region of Da Zhong River presents gray surface, gray-yellow clayey loam, partly lake-like wetland and worse foundation formed by wetland sludge. At the mouth of Yong Jiang River likeZhenhai and Bei Lun Area, there remains corroded mountain such as Zhao Bao Mountain, Jin JiMountain etc. At west and east Yong Jiang coastlme, presenting composting and sea corrosionphysiognomy, which has forned deep water for harbour utilisation.

Zhenhai is located at Xin Hua Xia, south secondary ridge area of huge geology structure system.having been consisted by latitude structure, Zhenhai creates ridge and sunk low billabong of east-north and north-north-east. The plant is situated in inning sea region where has been composted byrefuse, belonging to south shore of Hang Zhou Bay. The property of the land is low physiognomy, flatand wide geology. The earthquake level is under 6 magnitude, belongs to soft quake affected region.

Ningbo Jiandongnanqu South

There are two types of soil: alluvial soil and paddy soil at the site of the WWTP. The profile structureof alluvial soil consists of layers of surface soil/subsoil/parent material or surface soil/subsoil/salt-containing parent material. The depth of the soil layer is about 1 m. The soil is characterized by alarge pH variation, a loose texture, good aeration condition and water permeability, a dampnessregolith, and easiness of tillage. The parent material of paddy soil is ancient river or lake or lake-seafacies deposit, belongs to factitiously cultivated soil. The properties of the paddy soil are reflected bymoderate texture, proper pH range, deep soil layer, high curing degree, no special disturbance layer,and easiness for amendment and cultivation. It is mainly used for planting food crops.

The soil in this region is highly slaked and cultivated soil with high productivity. It is mainly used forplanting vegetables and rice crop. Due to the interference of already existed human activities in theinfluencing scope of the plant, the wild animals are mainly those of small kind who are used toinfluences of human beings like mouse, these is no wild animals valuable for conservation. Birds aremainly of aquatic variety, living on the Fenghuajiang River, the numbers are few due to the nearnessto the city.

The district of the project is planned to be a central area for economic development, since economy inthis district is already comparably well developed. The land to be occupied by the sewage disposalplant has relatively high productivity, and is mainly used for planting vegetable, thus its output valueis rather high. The area surrounding the plant is fairly flaiter, thus is suitable for various municipalconstruction. The soil is stable and highly resistant to erosion since the land is flatter and the soilcontains as high as 3% of organic matter.

The project locates about 100 m to the east of Fenghuajiang River, thus the execution of the projectand the laying down of sewer pipelines cross the river may cause rather large influences on theecological environment of Fenghuajiang River. The earthquake level is under 6 magnitude, belongs tosoft quake affected region.

Ningbo Dongqian Lake

Dongqian Lake is located at southeast of the China land, a portion of Zhemian geology, and becomestable after Mosozoic, and the volcano once was active at the Mosozoic. The Dongqian Lake is a sea-remams lake forned by the geologic movement, and become stable after dredging control of dynasties.The earthquake level is under 6 magnitude, belongs to soft quake affected region.

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Ningbo -Cicheng

Ningbo belongs to Binhai alluvial Plain, its terrain is high in the southwest and is low in the northeast.Ningbo locates in the south of second rising district in tectonic system of Xinhuaxia District. In termsof topography, Ningbo lies in the place sloping northeast into the sea of Tiantaishan Pulse and itsoffshoot pulse Siming Mountain, Yong Jiang traverse urban district into Dong Hai eastwards.

Cicheng Town is surrounded by mountains from three directions: east, west, north. Its average abovesea level is 3 to 4m(Wusong Elevation). The total topography is high north, low south and is part ofNing-Tai plain. The terrain is relatively smooth, the soil is fertile, and crop production is abundant. Itis one of the relatively well- known towns in Ningbo.

The geological condition in Cicheng Town is relatively good, its form is artificial filling soil or ploughfield. Lacustrine bog accumulating layer is 2 to 3m deep. Its part has mud charcoal layer distnbuted,which allow the ground to bear the weight 57t/m2. Glue soil layer in sea accumulating layer is 1.5mdeep, is saturant and flexible, which allow the ground to bear the weight 2t-3t/m2. Lake-Sea inferiorglue soil layer is about 2m deep, which allow the ground to bear the weight 5t-6t/m2. Sea lake inferiorglue soil layer is 10m deep, which allow the ground to bear the weight 7t-9t/m2. Clash-Lake inferiorglue soil layer is about 4m deep, which allow the ground to bear the weight 30t-40t/m2 and isrelatively good layer for weight. Glue soil layer buried 50m-80m deeply of diluvian-flood sand orgravel ( al-PIQ3 1), of slope-bake accumulating soil broken stone ( dl-PIQ31) and underpart base rock,is the most ideal layer of holding weight for the high and senior high building foundations. Theearthquake level is under 6 magnitude, belongs to soft quake affected region.

3.1.3 Climate and Meteorology

Hangzhou Landfill

The yard site belongs to Taihu drainage area north to Qiantangjiang River and it eastwards facesocean. Under the impact of ocean warm-humid monsoon the precipitation there is very high,especially the concentrated precipitation of the spring rain and plum rains from late spring to earlysummer. This region belongs to tropical mountainous monsoon climate region, which has the uniquefeatures of mountainous minor climate and four distinctive seasons and a warm and humid climate.The prevailing wind direction is southwest by south and the annual mean wind speed is 2.6m/s. Thedata of Hangzhou Meteorology Station shows that the annual mean temperature of Hangzhou is 18°,extreme highest temperature 37.9 0, extreme lowest temperature -9.6 °. The annual mean precipitationis 1454.1 mm and thunderstorm is the main kind of precipitation, which accounts for 1/3 of the annualprecipitation. During July to September, it is subject to the impact of typhoon with a maximumstrength of the central passing wind of classification 12 and a basic wind pressure of 0.35kN/m 2,which is likely accompanied by heavy precipitation and results in flood. The historic annualevaporation is 1309.6mm, especially during August, the evaporation is higher than the precipitationand would result in drought. There, winter is a cold season.

Shaoxing

Shaoxing City, near to the East China Sea, belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate district, withremarkable monsoon and warm-humid climate. The rainy period is between April 16th. to July 15th.During this period, the warm wind stream, caused by the monsoon, meet the southward cooler airmass here, with a front formed. It often leads to a long period frontal precipitation, which is even ingeneral and with long time. During that time, waterlogging occurs to some degree. The typhoonperiod is started from 16th July to 25th October. The typhoon rain is heavy and centralised, which

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easily results in flood disasters. From the December to the next February, the cold air mass controlsthe area of Shaoxing with a fine but cold weather and less precipitation

Basic weather factors (1961 - 1990) from Shaoxing Weather Station are listed in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2: Basic Weather Factors in Shaoxing

Factors January April July October All-year

Air Pressure (hpa) 1026.0 1015.0 1003.9 1019.0 10160

Uttermost Maximal Air Temperature (°C) 26.7 34.4 39 5 34.9 39 5

Uttermost Mmnmum Air Temperature (C) -9.6 0.2 17.4 2.8 -10.1

Mean Air Temperature (C) 4.1 15.7 28.8 18.3 16.5

Relative Humidity (°C) 79 81 79 83 81

Precipitation (mm) 617 132.9 136.1 97.6 1435.2

Evaporation (mm) 38.2 94.5 190.0 78.7 11360

Sunlight Hours (hour) 119.5 142.8 246.6 157.1 1902 8

Sunlight Rate (%) 37 37 58 44 43

Raining Days (day) 11.2 16.2 120 11.3 157.2

Thunderstorm Days (day) 0.0 3.5 9.8 0.5 366

Gale Days (day) 0.2 0.3 0.4 01 3.1

Ningbo - Zhenhai

Zhenhai belongs to the typical subtropical monsoon climate with clear-cut four seasons, aboundingrainfall and sufficient sunshine, however, Zhenhai also has catastrophic weather, mainly presentingcold wave in winter, low temperature, successive rain and flood in spring and fall, high temperature,drought, typhoon and rainstorm in summer. Following is the basic elements of Zhenhai Meteorology.

* The highest temperature 38.70

* The lowest temperature -8.8 °

* Annual average temperature 16.3 0

* Annual average rainfall 1330.7mm

* Maximum capacity of rainfall per day 145.2mm

* Maximum capacity of rainfall per hour 100.9mm

* Annual average evaporation 1499.5mm

* Annual average comparative moisture 78.8%

* Annual sunshine hours 1927.8h

* Annual sunshine percentage 45%

* Annual average air pressure 1016.3hPa

* Annual average wind speed 2.9m/s

* Annual main wind direction NW, SSE

* Non-frost period per year 236days

Ningbo-Jiangdongnanqu

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The basic meteorological parameters of Ningbo are follows:

o The average air temperature is 16.9°C with a highest temperature of 36.3°C and a lowest of-5.0°C;

o The average rainfall is 1,128.7 mm/yr and the highest hourly rainfall is 100.9 mm. Theannual average relative humidity is 77%;

o The average sunshine times are 1,800.4 h/yr, the frost-free period is 228 days;

o The annual average air pressure is 1,016.3 hPa;

o The average wind speed is 2.9 mr/s, the prevailing wind direction is NW and SSE.


The Dongqian Lake is located at the coastal area of East Zhejiang, belonging to the tropic monsoonclimate, mild and wet, profuse rain, four seasons clear. The meet of Spring and Summer is intermittentdrizzle in the rainy season, hot in the summer, periodic typhoons, resulting in destructive climate, thetemperature decreasing due to the effect by the north-comung cold snap, but the lake surface is vast,the water thermal capacity big, so the Dongqian Lake has an adjustive role to the temperature of thelake region. The lake surface temperature is lower than the lake bank's in summer, but higher inwinter, causing the temperature daily annual difference of the lake and nearby region to becomesmaller, leading to warm winter and cold summer. The climate statistics of years are as follows:

Temperature:

o The average T of years: 16.10

o The highest T of years: 38.70

o The lowest T of years: -8.8°

o The highest average T of months (July): 28.0 0

o The lowest average T of months (January): 4.20

Rainfall:

o The average rainfall of years: 1,555nmm

o The most rainfall of hours: 100.9mm

o The most annual rainfall: 2,478mm

o The least annual rainfall: 701.2mm

o The average annual rainfall: 173day

o The average annual snow: 8.2day

o The average annual evaporation: 1,303.4mm

Wetness:

o The average relative wetness of years: 82.4%

o The lowest relative wetness of years: 3%

Wind direction and wind speed:

o The dominant wind direction in winter: NW

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* The domninant wind direction in summner: SSE

* The average wind speed of years: 2.6m/s

Air pressure and sunlight.

* The average air pressure of years: 101,655Pa

* The average annual sunlight hours: 1,906h

Ningbo-Cicheng

All key meteorological elements for Cicheng are as follows:

* Average temperature of the whole year 16.9°C

* The highest temperature of extreme 38.70C

* Minimum temperature extremely -8.8 0C

* Annual average rainfall 1374.7mm

* Annual average evaporation capacity 1320.1 mm

* Annual sunshine time 1800.4h

* Annual average relative humidity 82%

* Annual average atmosphenc pressure 1016.3hPa

* Annual average wind speed 2.9m/s

* The largest wind speed 19.7m/s

* Leading wind direction in winter Northwest

* Leading wind direction in summer Southern ,Southeast

* Annual frost-free period 228days

3.1.4 Air Quality

The ambient air quality is generally better in ZUEP cities than Chinese large urban areas with somevariation due to topography and pollutant source mix, but air quality can still be characterised asinternittently poor. There is some concern that these conditions will cause problems related to odourfrom the proposed ZUIEP WWTPs and the proposed landfill, especially since some existing WWTPsin China have experienced severe odour problems, usually due to inadequate O&M. This odourpotential is more fully discussed in the impacts and mitigation section. It is expected that properdesign and operation of the WWTPs will greatly reduce odour problems. There are few residences orsensitive receptors in the project areas and appropriate mitigation measures are proposed.

Hangzhou

There are few residents in the vicinity of the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill at Tianziling and thenearest residential quarter is more than lkm away from there. According to the Hangzhou functionaldivision of air environment, it was decided that the Air Quality Standards (GB3095-1996) Category IIshould be adopted for the evaluation of particles in the air. For evaluation of odorous pollutants suchas NH3, NH 2, NEPRI adopted the upper limits of concentration value of harmful substances in theatmosphere of residential quarters specified in the Sanitation Standards for Industrial Design (TJ36-79). For standard values, please see Table 3.3.



Table 3.3: Standards for Air Quality Evaluation

Items Standard values (mg/Nm3) Items Standard values (mg/Nm3)TSP Annual average 0.20 NH3 0.2

Daily average 0.30 H2S 0.01

In order to determnine the background status of Atmospheric Environmental Quality in TianzilingMunicipal Solid Waste Landfill and the nearby area, ZEPRI entrusted Hangzhou MunicipalEnvironmental Monitoring Central Station to conduct three days' atmospheric environmentalmomtoring. The monitoring items include NH3, H2S and TSP. The monitoring spots were set withinthe area lKm near the border of the refuse landfill, and during this monitoring process, threemonitoring spots were set, including the warehouse area in the refuse landfill (11) the managementstation (21) and the country residential spot (3#) in the west side of NO.320 Highway, general planecollocations figure. The monitoring date selected the days, which have stable weather conditions andobvious atmospheric pollution phenomena.

ZEPRI selected three and a half continuous days, from Apr.11, 2000 to early Apr.14, 2000, everyday's sampling time is 8:00-9:00, 10:00-11:00, 13:00-14:00, 15:00-16:00 and 17:00-18:00. Then,24 hours' continuous monitoring was exerted from Apr. 13 to Apr. 14. During the monitoring process,ZEPRI also monitored the meteorologic parameters in the landfill area. The monitoring results ofmeteorologic parameters were listed in Table 3.4 and 3.5, including the gathered atmosphericpollutants' monitoring concentrations. The 24 hours' continuous monitoring concentration data werelisted in Table 3.6 and 3.7.

Analyzing these monitoring statistic data, ZEPRI came to the following conclusions:

o TSP: The daily mean concentration m some monitoring spots exceed the standards severely,especially the monitoring spots in the management station and the fanning residential spot,which exceedence percentage reached 100, and that of the landfilling area, which is 25%.ZEPRI believes that the floating dust resulted from the transportation on NO.320 Highwayand the architecture construction nearby the monitoring spot.

o 1H112S: From the concentration in every hour, the monitoring spot in the landfilling areaexceed the standard, which exceedence percentage reached 10.5, and the other monitoringspots all met the national standard.

o NH113: From the concentration in every hour, all the monitoring spots met the nationalstandard.

From this monitoring and past data, ZEPRI performed an atmospheric assessment of the project area.The results indicated that the pollution classification of the management station is intermediate andthe atmospheric pollution level is in the "Alarming" level.

According to ZEPRI, the main reason is that the management station locates at the entrance-exit doorof NO.320 Highway and Tianziling Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, the floating-dust resulted fromthe transportation vehicle directly influence the regional gas environmental quality; the pollutionclassification of the refuse landfilling area and farming residential spot is little and the atmosphericpollution level is in the same level with the standards; the pollution classification of the whole regionis little and the atmospheric pollution level is in the same level with the standards.



Table 3.4: Monitoring Results of Meteorologic Parameters of the Refuse LandfillingArea during the Monitoring Period

Monitoring data Apr. 11, 2000Monitoring Dailytime mean

8:15 10:15 13:15 15:15 17:15windspeed

WindNNE S SSW ,S SW /

direction .

Windspeed 1.5 1.2 1.1 '0.6 0.9 1.06(rn/s) I I

Monitoring 8:15 10:15 13:15 15:15 17:15 Daily meantime wind speed

Wind S S ENE SW WSW /direction

Wind speed 2s) 2 1 0.67 0 9 1.2 1.6 1.29

Monitoring 8:15 10:15 13:15 15:15 17:15 20:15 23:15 2:15 6:15 Daily meantime . wind speedWind direction S SSW SW S W S SSW WSW SSW /

Wind speed 2.6 0.6 2 3 1.95 2.6 1.8 3 6 0 5 1.5 1.94

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Table 3.5: Monitoring Concentration of H2S, NH3 and TSP in the Gas of the Refuse Landfill and the Surrounding Area

Serial One hour concentration (mg/Nm 3) Average concentration (mg/Nm3 )number

Location ofMonitoring Number Percentage Three Number Percentage

monitoring Concentrationitems Sample that exceeded Daily average Concentration days' that exceeded

sots range3amount 3 exceeded standards amount range (mg/nm3) average exceeded standards

(mgtuu. 3)standards % amount standards %

The refuse H2S 19 Unmonitored-0 020 2 10 5 4 0 002-0011 )0 006 / /1 landfilling NH3 19 0.016-0 109 0 0 4 0 038-0 054 0 045 / /

area TSP 4 / / / 4 0.216-0.392 0.279 1 25

The H2S 19 Unmonitored -0 010 0 0 4 0 002-0 005 0 003 / /

20 management NH3 19 0 010-0 051 0 0 4 0 017-0.032 0.025 / /

station TSP 4 / / / 4 0 384-0 703 0 558 4 100

The farning H2S 19 Unmonitored -0 007 0 0 4 0.001-0.005 0 003

residential NH3 19 0 010-0.058 0 0 4 0 026-0 036 0 029 I I

spot TSP 4 / / I 4 0 319-0 467 0.369 4 100



Table 3.6: 24 Hours' Variation Condition of H2S Concentration in Each MonitoringSpot

_Monitoring date: Apr. 13- wee hours in 14

Location\time 8:00-9:00 10:00-11:00 13:00-14:00 15:00-16:00 17:00-18:00

The refuse0.004 0.002 0 0001 0 001 0.001

landfillng area

The management 0.005 0.002 0.001 0 0001 0.002station

The fanning 0.006 0 001 0.001 0.0001 0.001residential spot

Location\tine 20:00-21.00 23:00-24.00 2:00-3 00 6:00-7:00 /

The refuse 0.004 0.002 0.008 0.009 /landfilling area

The management 0 003 0.005 0 005 0.007 /station

The fanning 0 003 0.004 0.004 0.007 /residential spot I I_I_I_I

Table 3.7: 24 Hours' Variation Condition of NH3 Concentration in Each MonitoringSpot

I_Monitoring date: Apr. 13 wee hours in 14

Location\time 8:00-9:00 10:00-11:00 13:00-14:00 15:00-16:00 17:00-18:00

The refulse 0 080 0.054 0.063 0.032 0.055landfilling area

The management 0 035 0.051 0.021 0.023 0.024station

The farming 0.032 0.058 0.024 0.010 0.032residential spot

Location\time 20:00-21 00 23:00-24 00 2:00-3:00 6 00-7:00

The refuse 0.052 0.109 0 016 0.024 /landfilling area

The management 0.030 0.051 0.021 0.028 /station

The fanning 0.033 0.037 0.028 0.030 /residential spot

Shaoxing

Three monitoring stations are arranged in the urban area of Shaoxing, being at ShaoxingEnvironmental Station, Shaoxing's Daily Station and Chengnan Water Supply Factory.

Table 3.8 Table 3.9 and Table 3.10 show the monitoring result of air environmental quality.

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The tables indicate that the yearly averaged concentrations of SO2 and NOx in the air of the urbanarea are 0.021mg/m3 and 0.029mg/m3. The daily averaged in each station doesnt surpass the standard.It meets the Grade 2 of The National Environmental Quality Standard of the Air. The annual averagedconcentration of TPS is 0.1 84mg/m3 and meets the Grade 2 of the standard. But the daily averagedconcentrations in winter, spring, summer and autumn surpass the standard limitation sometimes. Inwinter, spring and summer, the surpassing standard ratio, daily averaged concentrations, are 2.08%-2.38%. However in autumn, the surpassing standard ratio is 37.5%, the highest. The annual averagedconcentration of the falling dust is 7.56t/km2 per month and doesnl surpass the standard. But itssurpassing standard ratio is 33.3% (monthly averaged).

In the monitoring result of the rainwater in the urban area of Shaoxing in 1998, there are 25 acid rainsamples in total 88 samples. And the acid rain ratio is 28.4%. The range of pH is from 4.56 to 7.44with the annual averaged value of 5.56. The following is the annual averaged concentrations of eachchemical composition in the rainwater: S042- 5.10mg/l, NH4+ 0.71mg/l, Ca2+ 1.37mg/l and theconductivity 42.62us/cm. According to the Gradation of Acid Rain in Table 3.3-3.7, Shaoxing City isa light-acid region, the Grade 2 in fact.



Table 3.8: Statistical Monitoring Result of Air Environmental Quality in the Urban Areaof Shaoxing in 1998 (mg/m

3)

Pollutan Se n Winter Spring Summer Autumn Whole year

Number of samples 95 108 117 120 440

Daily averaged density 0 0.002-0.067 0 002-0 023 0 002-0 127 0 002-0 1490.149

Daily averaged density in 0.044 0.019 0.005 0.021 0 021S02 a season

Surpassing standard ratioof the daily averaged 0 0 0 0 0density (%)


Daily averaged density 0.002- 0.001-0.046 0.003-0.008 0 001-0.099 0.0010.089

Daily averaged density in0.027 0 023 0.022 0.041 0.099NOX a season

Surpassing standard ratioof the daily averaged 0 0 0 0 0.029density (%)


Daily averaged density 01932 0.058-0.383 0 028-0.383 0.052-0.485 1800.332

Daily averaged density in0.153 0.160 0.145 0 271 0.019TSP a season

Surpassing standard ratioof the daily averaged 2.830 2.08 2 38 37.5 0.485density (%)

Number of samples 9 9 9 9 0.184

Monthly averaged density 2.41 3.60-13.28 5.69-9.10 6 83-11.43 2.41-13.28Falling 8091Dust Monthly averaged density 802 7.93(t/km2 in a season

month) Surpassing standard ratio

of the monthly averaged 11 1 33.3 44.4 44 4 33 3density (%)

3-17



Table 3.9: Statistical Result of the Monitored Rainfall in the Urban Area of Shaoxing in1998

Samples Precipitati

Rain of acid PHi Yearly averaged chemical compositionon

rain _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Conductivity S042 NH4+ Ca2+Times % (mm) Range Averageusemm m

(us/cm) -m/) (mg/l) ml

2 4 56- 248 8 5 28 4 1274.4 7 44 5.56 O 42 62 5 10 0.71 173

Table 3.10: Monthly Statistical pH of the Monitored Rainfall in the Urban Area ofShaoxing in 1998

Month 1 2 3 4 5 6pH 5.01 5.00 5.71 5.30 6.62 5.84Month 7 8 9 10 11 12pH 6.19 5.56 6.55 5.80 6.55 6.00Month Average in a yearpH 5.56

Ningbo- Zhenhai

NEPRI conducted an evaluation of current air quality in Zhenhai. The WWTP location was markedout as Level Two in line with Ningbo Environmental Air Function Regionalisation TechniqueReport"(1997.1), so that current evaluation standard belongs to Level Two according toEnvironrnental Air Quality Standard (GB3095-1996). According to Environment Influence EvaluationTechnical Guidance (HJ/2.1-2.3-1993), five testing points on atmosphere supervision were set in thefollowing representative spots such as People's Park, textile factory, Shui Qu Mountain, Zhao BaoMountain and Mian Feng Nian Zi Bridge..

The supervision was camed out two times. The first was on Sep 10th to 16th 1998 (See First TimePeriod in Table 3.11. The second was on Jan 26th to Feb 1 st. The time for SO2 and NO2 sampling wason 07:00, 10:00, 14:00, 16:00, 19:00,22:00, 02:00 and 04:00 respectively. TSP was supervised onetime a day.

The SO2 index (including one hour supervision index and daily average thickness index) on eachperiod of time at the five testing points all reached standard; however, parts of the NO2 index (onehour supervision index) and TSP (daily average thickness index) exceed standard, which illustrate thatLevel Two in Environment Air Quality Standard (GB3095-1996) could not be ensured in this region.The exhaust gas emitted from surrounding powerplants and vehicles may seriously affect NO2 indexwhile construction in city and rear sea basin as well as coal place may seriously affect TSP index.

From Table 3.12, except TSP, Daily average thickness of SO2 and NO2 all meet standards, whichclearly show that contamination substance emission bears on nearby enterprises operation.



Table 3.11: City Environment Air Quality Supervision Results

Monitoring Monitor. Items so, NO, TSP

site times

Hourly concentration <0.007-0.138 0 005-0.138 /extension

1 ~~Daily concentration0.008-0.043 0.008-0.055 0.030-0 083

extensionPeople's park

People'sparkHourly concentration <0.007-0 061 <0 005-0 217 Iextension

2Daily concentration 0.008-0.028 0.024-0.072 0.052-0.400extension

Hourly concentration <0.007-0.132 <0.005-0.188 /extension I

I

<0.007-0 032 0.027-0 055 0.014-0.098Textile extension

factory Hourly concentration <0.007-0.019 <0.005-0.171

extension

Datly concentration <0.007-0.009 0.029-0.067 0.042-0.400extension I

Hourly concentration <0.007-0.056 0.007-0.141 /extension

Daily concentration <0.007-0.020 0.017-0 074 0.031-0 096ShuiQu extension

mountain Hourly concentration <0.007-0.060 <0.005-0 164

extension2

Daily concentration 0.007-0.018 0 023-0.050 0.029-0.267extension

Hourly concentration<0.007-0.206 0.005-0.132 /

extension

Daily concentration <0.007-0.047 0.032-0.097 0.017-0.231Zhaobao extension

mountain Hourly concentration <0.007-0.055 <0.005-0 249

extensionDaily concentration

0.009 0.021 0.029-0 083 0.024-0 406extension

Hourly concentration <0.007-0.240 0.005-0.103 /Mianfengnian extension

zi bridge Daily concentration <0.007-0.029 0.016-0.056 0.019-0.089extension

3-19

\WB Consolidated EA_250303 doc/


Table 3.12: Contamination Substance Daily Average Thickness Index over StandardAnalysis

Monitoring site Items SO2 NO2 TSP

Times inferior to standards 0 0 0

First period Rate of inferior to standards 0 0 0People's Max multitude exceeding standards 0 0 0gardon


Secondary perriod Rate of inferior to standards 0 0 28.6%

l___________ Max multitude exceeding standards 0 0 0.33


First period Rate of inferior to standards 0 0 0Textile Max multitude exceeding standards 0 0 0

factory Times inferior to standards 0 0 1

Secondary perriod Rate of inferior to standards 0 0 14 3%

Max multitude exceeding standards 0 0 0.35


First period Rate of inferior to standards 0 0 0Shuiyu Max multitude exceeding standards 0 0 0mountain


Secondary perriod Rate of inferior to standards 0 0 0

Max multitude exceeding standards 0 0 0

Times mferior to standards 0 0 0

First period Rate of inferior to standards 0 0 0

Zhaobao Max multitude exceeding standards 0 0 0

mountain Times inferior to standards 0 0 1

Secondary pernod Rate of inferior to standards 0 0 14.3%



First penod Rate of inferior to standards 0 0 0

Mianfengman Max multitude exceedmg standards 0 0 0zi bridge Times inferior to standards 0 0 2

Secondary perriod Rate of inferior to standards 0 0 28.6%




Ningbo - Jiangdongnanqu

NEPRI also performed an air quality assessment of the Jiangdongnanqu WWTP site. According to thetechnical report of function area planmng of environmental air quality of Ningbo City (1997.01), theengineering site of Southern Jiangdong WWTP was defined as the Class II functional area ofenvironment air quality. The evaluating standard is the second standard of the environment air qualitystandard (GB3095-1996). Because the WWTP will not discharge normal air pollutant, the evaluationwill not analyze the effect of normal air pollutant on the environment. The present situation ofenvironmental quality was evaluated according to the guide of environmental impact evaluatingtechnique (HJ/T2.1-2.3-93) and using the data of routine monitonng.

Five routine momtoring sites were set up in urban district of Ningbo: Baoguosi (control site), NingboMiddle School, the third hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo college for professional training and Zhenhaigardens. There were monitoring instruments in the latter three sites. S02, NO,, TSP are monitoredonce on every other day. All monitoring continued for 24 hours. SO2, and NO, were monitoredeffectively more than 12 days every month, TSP more than 5 days. In one year, the momtonng workwas carried out 4 times, in January, April, July and October. Each time it continued 5 days, samplingfor 4 time intervals. Dust was sampled once every month.

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In 1998, the average daily content of SO2 was in the range of 0.002-0.061 mg/m3 , one of it hasexceeded the Class II standard of environmental air quality (GB3012-1996), the rate of exceedingstandard is 0.16%; the average yearly content of SO2 Is 0.019 mg/mr3. The average daily content ofNO, is 0.001 _0.190 mg/m3, six of it has exceeded the Class II standard, the rate of exceeding standard

is 0.97%; the average yearly content of NO, is 0.040 mg/m3 The average daily content of TSP is0.011-0.943 mg/m3, twenty eight of it has exceeded the Class II standard, the rate of exceedingstandard is 8.83%; the average yearly content of TSP is 0.129 mg/m3. The amount of dust is 4.987t/km2xmonth, six of it exceeded the standard, the rate of exceeding standard is 12.77%. The pH ofrainwater is in the range of 3.72-7.70, 187 of which is less than 5.6, the rate of acid rain is 74.5%. Theurban area of Ningbo City is a heavy acid rain area, due mainly to coal-fired power plants west of thecity.


No data available.

Ningbo - Cicheng

ZEPRI set set up two sites of current air quality of Cicheng, with the first monitoring site in the townarea (town government, NO.1), and the other monitoring site is at the intersection of Nancheng Roadand Jiefang Road. The monitoring content was SO2, NO2, TSP, CO and weather parameters. Themonitoring time and frequency was June 3, 2002 - June 7, 2002, wth five days of sampling, samplingof SO2, NO2, CO took 18 hours everyday and sampling of TSP took 12 hours everyday.

Based on the results of this sampling, NEPRI concluded that the current air quality of Cicheng townarea is good, the index of SO2, NO2, CO are up to "Standard of Air Environmental Quality"(GB3095-1996). Of the two momtoring sites, the maximum pollution index is 0.13, the range of TSP day-density is from 0.067 to 0.193 mg/mr3. For the influence of road dust, the day-average data of No.2monitoring site is higher than the day-average data of No.1, the pollution index are 0.33 and 0.56respectively, but all the data of two monitoring sites are up to the Class II standard of the GB3095-1996.



3.1.5 Noise

All major urban areas in the province have locations that exceed ambient noise standards. Monitoringof ambient noise levels has been conducted at the proposed project sites, especially pump stations andWVVWTPs, and used in detailed noise modelling by the design institute. Details of this modelling andrecommended mitigation measures can be found in Chapters 5 and 7.

3.1.6 Surface and Groundwater Hydrology

The existing surface and groundwater conditions of Zhejiang Province were introduced in Chapter 1.Detailed water quality monitoring data can be found in Chapter 4. This section provides some basichydrological context to the component projects.

HlE3angzhou

The landfill area is surrounded in the three directions by the mountains and monocline strata basicallyconstitute an independent hydrological unit. The aquifers of shallow pore water and bedrock pore-crack water are supplied by atmospheric precipitation. The atmospheric precipitation verticallypermeates to supply bedrock crack groundwater, and flow out the surface in the form of spring withthe flow of 0.0050.03 I/s from high to low evaluation.

Enrichment, storage and flow of bedrock crack groundwater in the yard area are rigidly controlled bystructures. Many faults develop in the east of the yard area due to the presence of syncline core.Although the compression Fl, F3 and F4 faults are of weak permeability because of extrusion action,brittleness of rocks and presence of cracks in the fault belts are favourable to the storage and flow ofgroundwater. However, the tension, tension-shear F2, F5 and F6 faults cutting the above compressionfaults are of good permeability. Based on data measured by pressurized water tests and pumping tests,permeability coefficient in the crush belts of F2 fault is an increases an order of magnitudescomparing with that of the surrounding confining rock, which suggests good water enrichment of F2fault; in addition, water output 86.4m3/d (precipitation depth of 9.34m) of a present-operating well inthe yard area suggests good water enrichment of F2 fault. Deep strata become relative water-resistinglayer due to their integralities and close-tendency cracks. Under the natural conditions, surfacedividing ridges of the yard area approximately consist with the underground ridge.

Shaoxing

There are 15 rivers existing in Gucheng, Shaoxmg, with total length of 18.35 kilometres and widthvarying from 3.5 meter to 9.5 meter, as shown in Table 3.13. And there are 22 stone bridges over therivers, which have been listed as units or points for preservation of cultural relics at the provincial ormunicipal levels. At present, the major function of the rivers is water drainage and that of bridges isfor commumcation. Together with the ancient resident houses still existed in both sides of the rivers,those ancient water conservation facilities, mentioned above, still benefit the people and form theunique frame pattern of homeland and cultural scenery with rivers, streets and bridges, etc. The mainproblem now of the rivers in Gucheng is the sedimentation in the rivers, which is serious in general.Some of them are even completely blocked, such as Luomengang, Guiyuanfan River, etc.



Table 3.13: Rivers in Ancient City of Shaoxing

Serial Length(m) Width(m) Elevation(m)

No Name of River Starting - Ending Existing After Remarks

Existing Planned Range Mean Planned Existing dredging

I Shangdalu X aoshanj e River - 1550 1550 5 - 8 7 87 5 - 8 3 10 2 50Xilangdiao Bndge

2 Xiaoshanjie Changqiao River- 600 600 5-6 5 75 5-6 3.10 2.50Shangdalu River ,

ilaoshanjie River - Eas3 Changqiao moat 1200 1200 5 - 10 9 10 5 - 10 3 19 2 50

moatI

4 Jishan Guangning Bridge- 1150 1150 4 - 8 7 60 4 - 8 3.19 2.50Luomcngang River

5 Xianhuan Fu River- Jishan River 1337 1337 3 - 7 5 05 5 - 7 3 20 2 50

6 Luxunlu Fu River-Jishan River 1550 1550 3 5 - 7 5.57 6 - 7 3 43 2 50

Huanshan River - Fu I New nver to7 Guanxiang River be opened

Waifushan Bndge -

8 Huanshan Baozhu Bridge- 2930 2930 5 -10 8.42 5 - 10 3.43 2 50

Shuipian Gate

Huanshan River -9 Xixiao 700 700 5 - 10 9 88 5 - 10 3 10 2 50

Shangdalu River

Xiaoshanjie River -

10 Tishanqiao Cross of Xijie Rd & 500 500 4 - 8 6.89 4 - 8 3 29 2 50

Zhongxing Rd

Xianhuan River - South11 Fu 1150 1150 3 5-9 4 77 4 5-9 3 41 2 50

Gate

Fu River - front of12 Toumiao 510 510 3 6 - 8 6 78 3 6-8 3 46 2 50

Jngang Temple

Front of Jingang Luomengang River -13 900 900 3 - 17 5 48 5 - 17 3 27 2 50

Temple Luxunlu River

Jishuinong River - To be got14 Guiyuanfan 650 950 5-40 14 77 5 -40 3 15 2 50

Luomengang River through

Fu River - cross of

15 Luomengang Renmin Rd & 2740 2950 3.7-95 53 58 6 - 95 3 13 2 50 tough

Huandong Rd through

Area ofTotal 17467 18347 256,010 m'



The rivers in the urban area and in the suburb area are in plain and connect each other, so the waterlevel of the nvers m the urban area is almost the same as that of the rivers in the suburb area. Thewater level of the urban rivers is mainly influenced by precipitation. Annually mean water level in thearea is 3.81 meters (Yellow Sea Base, the same as below), and the monthly changes of water level arelisted in the Table 3.14.

Table 3.14: Water-level Changes of the Rivers in the Urban Area

Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Water 3 81 3 86 3.88 3.91 3.90 3.85 3.54 3.54 3.76 3.81 3.81 3 80Level (m)

It can be divided into three periods:

o The high-water period (February - July). The monthly mean water level is higher than3.85m.

o The low-water period (August). The monthly mean water level is 3.54 - 3.76 m.

O The average-water period (September - next January). The monthly mean water level is3.76 - 3.85 m.

On the analysis on the relevant data, the maximal monthly water level in the urban area is 5.30 m,daily minimum water level is 1.71 m. On the normal water level (3.81 m), the total water storage ofthe rivers in the urban area is 31,000 m3, in which that of Luomengang River is the largest, about 77%.The water storage has a well relation with the water level in the rivers. The monthly water-storage inthe rivers is listed in Table 3.15.

Table 3.15: Monthly Changes of Water-storage in the Urban Area

Month 1 2 3 4 5 6

Water-storage (m3) 31.02 32.28 32.79 32.79 33.55 33.29

Month 7 8 9 10 11 12

Water-storage (m3 ) 32.03 24.24 29.25 31.02 31.02 30.76

Without water intake, the rivers are stagnant in the low water period and the average period. Andgenerally the velocity is lower than 0.02 m/s, with the direction from the south to north.

Ningbo

At present the majority of the sewage from Ningbo, is discharged untreated directly into the Sanjiang(three nvers) system and some urban watercourses causing serious pollution. According to monitoringdata the water quality m urban sections of the Yongjiang and Fenghuajiang rivers is classified as ClassV, and the quality of some smaller urban watercourses is even worse.

At Zhenhai the urban wastewater, is discharged untreated to the inner rivers and Yongjiang River. Theinland rivers in the urban areas are severely polluted, most at Grade IV-V. Rivers in the Zhongdaheurban area are Grade IV with COD being Grade V.

There is virtually no sewage treatment for the communities in the Dongqian Lake area or for thesewage generated within Cicheng. The water quality in Dongqian Lake and in the moat at Cichenghas fallen to class IV or V.



The assimilative, or "carrying", capacity of any river is a complex function of natural and regulatedwater flows, background water quality, water quality alterations through reservoirs and otherregulating structures, added waste loads from human activities (rural and urban) and natural re-aeration ability. The ability of a river to naturally recover its dissolved oxygen concentration is afunction of its width, depth, gradient, mixing capacity, temperature, light penetration and the length ofreach available for re-aeration. The benthal deposits (quantity and type) also affects the ability of ariver to recover since oxygen-consuming substances re-solubilise from them and re-enter the streamflow.

Each river reach has quite specific factors that allow the decay rate of BOD or COD to be estimated.The assimilative capacity of a river or river reach is therefore very site specific and its calculationrequires good data The definition of the beneficial use(s) of the river reaches is necessary, with theassignment to each of a "standard" value for one or more quality parameters. The assimilativecapacity can then be calculated in terms of the mass load of pollutants that can be carried by the riverwithout loss of the defined beneficial use.

Sufficient and reliable data to perform calculations of the assimilative capacity of the stream reachesat the ZUEP project sites was not available at this time. In addition, the tidal nature of the estuaries inthe project areas also complicates assimilative capacity calculations.

3.1.7 Non-Point Pollution, Agricultural and Urban Runoff

With respect to agricultural non-point source pollution, two factors are of key importance to thepollution of watercourses; the use of fertiliser for arable farmning and the disposal of animal waste.One pig generates approximately 5 times the waste of a human so this is a significant source oforganic pollutants. In following phases of the ZUEP the following investigations should be carriedout and a strategy for dealing with these pollution sources developed.

* Estimates of pollution loads generated within the river basins from fertiliser run-off,animal wastes and the rural population should be estimated.

* By examination of nutrient balances within the river systems, estimates should beprepared of the percentage of BOD, N and P washed into the rivers from the ruralpollution loads. These estimates should be compared with data from elsewhere.

* The estimated loads washed into the rivers should be compared with the loadsgenerated from urban residential and industrial activities in order to determine thesignificance of the non-point discharges.

* Arable fanning practice should be examined to determine means by which fertiliseruse can be reduced and the wash-off of nutrients can be controlled. The economucimpacts of such interventions should be evaluated and compared with the costs ofpollution reduction by urban wastewater treatment.

* The disposal and reuse practice as applied to animal waste should be studied with aview to establishing improved practices to minimise wash-off. Again costs should becompared with altemative urban control alternatives.

* Recommendations should be prepared for discussion at provincial and state levels forchanges to agricultural practices in order to reduce water pollution in a cost-effectiveway.

Urban runoff from non-point source pollution is also a significant source of pollutants in the urbanareas of the ZUEP cities. It will be difficult to develop significant interest in this area, until the



sewerage and point source pollution problems have been addressed and solved over the next few years.Many of the recommended studies in the previous sections for agricultural areas can be performedwith slight variation for urban runoff. Chemical fertiliser is less of a concern but transport issues suchas oil and fuel contamination become more of a concern. Until vehicle fuels are improved, leadpollution can also be a concern.

3.2 Biological Environment

The individual ZUEP project component EAs included general information about the flora and faunaof the Zhejiang Province and ZUEP cities. The project areas are a combination of urban and intensiveagricultural areas with no undeveloped land affected. As such, native species of flora and fauna arefew. The polluted levels of the watercourses limnit aquatic life to a great degree.

ZEPRI has verified that there are no species of endangered flora or fauna in the project areas, asdescribed in Chapter 3.4.

3.2.1 Flora

The rural ZUEP WWTP sites and project areas contain only crops used for agriculture. There are noundeveloped areas affected. In the urban areas where sewerage is to be constructed, there is no nativevegetation of any significance.

3.2.2 Fauna

There are only domestic poultry and other farm animals located in the study areas and no wild animalsare located in the vicinity of any ZUEP projects.

3.2.3 Special Issues

There were no special issues noted in the project areas such as sensitive plant or aquatic species,wetlands or wildlife habitat, cultural or historic sites except as noted in Section 3.4, or sensitivereceptor groups.

3.3 Socio-cultural Environment

3.3.1 Project Area Overview

Zhejiang Province is one of the most important eastern coastal provinces in China and is an integralcomponent of the Yangtze Economic Zone with an effective hinterland of 200 to 300 million people inthe neighbouring Shanghai Municipality and the provinces of Jiangsu and Anhui. The region formsone of the largest concentrations of international trade and commerce in the Asia-Pacific region.

The province covers an area of 101,800 km2 (1% of the national total), and includes 24 cities; 25districts; and 39 counties. In 2000, the total population was about 45 million (3.5% of national total),of whom 22% were classified as urban (non-agricultural) and 78% as rural. Since 1985, thepopulation growth has averaged 0.7% per year, with an average urban growth rate of 3.2% per year

3-26I \WB Corsolidated EA 250303 doc/

Zhejtang Urban Environment Project Environmental Assessment

which has risen to about 4.5% per year in the late 1990s. The rural growth rate was 0.2% per year -indicating a clear trend in rural-urban migration.

3.3.2 Social and Public Health Issues

Hangzhou

Data on filth-bome diseases has been requested through the HPMO from the Hangzhou Centre forDisease Control and Prevention (HCDCP). These data will provide an indicator of the currentincidence of these types of diseases. The results of the Socio-Economic Survey show that 2% ofhouseholds reported that farmly members have suffered from filth-related diseases in the last year.While the percentage is relatively small, the actual impact on individual families can be considerable,especially among young chlldren and wage-eaming adults who may suffer long bouts of illness andincur significant costs in terns of medical expenses and lost income.

Shaoxing

Data on waterbome and water-related diseases have been requested through the SPMO from theShaoxing Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (SCDCP). These data will provide an indicatorof the current incidence of water-related diseases.

Ningbo

In Ningbo, official data on reported cases of waterborne and water-related diseases (dysentery,hepatitis, typhoid, cholera, and malaria) in the four project districts show reported cases ranging from4,066 in 1999 to 5,604 in 1996, with an average incidence of 8.9 cases per 10,000 population (resident)over the five-year period (range: 7.6 to 10.6 cases per 10,000). Dysentery accounted for 58% ofreported cases in the five-year period, followed by hepatitis 25%, typhoid 16%, and cholera 1%.However, it is important to point out that the official statistics only record the serious cases, whichrequire close medical attention and/or hospitalisation. Many nmlder forms of waterbome and water-related diseases (e.g. diarrhoea, gastroententis, etc.) may be treated at home and can be disruptive tonormal family life, especially if children contract these diseases.

The figures by district are discussed briefly as follows:

* Jiangbei District (location of Cicheng Town) - reported cases range from 178 in 1999 to 304in 1998, with an average incidence 10.3 cases 10,000 population (range: 7.9 to 13.7 casesper 10,000 population). Dysentery accounted for 70% of reported cases, followed byhepatitis 20%, typhoid 8%, and cholera 2%.

* Jiangdong District - reported cases range from 234 in 1999 to 461 in 2000, with the highestaverage incidence of 16.4 cases per 10,000 population (range: 11.8 to 22.2 cases per 10,000population). Dysentery accounted for 52% of reported cases, followed by hepatitis 34%,typhoid 14%, and cholera less than 1%.

* Zhenhai Distnct - reported cases range from 121 in 1999 to 260 in 1996, with an averageincidence of 9.1 cases per 10,000 population (range: 5.7 to 12.3 cases per 10,000population). Dysentery accounted for 60% of reported cases, followed by hepatitis 25%,typhoid 13%, and cholera 2%.

3-27



o Yinzhou District (formerly Yin County, and location of Dongqian Lake) - reported casesrange from 664 in 1999 to 870 in 2000, with an average incidence of 10.5 per 10,000population (range: 9.2 to 12.1 cases per 10,000 population. Dysentery accounted for 58% ofreported cases, followed by hepatitis 25%, typhoid 16%, and cholera 1%.

Most of the diseases are spread by hand contact, or through the soil, food or flies. For these diseases,the proper disposal of faeces and personal hygiene practices are most important. This reinforces theneed for the sewerage and treatment facilities.

Water quality data indicates that the Zhejiang Province rivers and coastal areas have levels ofpollutants in excess of standards set for their intended purpose. Of greater concem to human health isthe faecal contamination of the rivers, and the presence of chemicals from industrial wastewater.Eutrophication can lead to toxic algal blooms posing an additional threat.

These water quality problems pose not only a potential health risk to the local communumties butpresent significant environrnental threat for the local rivers and marme environment. The publichealth and environmental impacts provide justification for providing sewerage and treatment facilitiesin Zhejiang province ZUEP project cities to protect water sources.

The level of treatment proposed by the project at the WWTPs and associated protection of thedrinking water sources will improve the current situation and provide a more acceptable margin ofsafety for drinking water. A "do nothing" situation would see an increase in environmental problemsand degradation of the water sources, with consequential negative health impacts, as well as thefurther over-exploitation of groundwater sources in an attempt to avoid using polluted surface watersources.

The public health condition in the region is very much related to the water quality of the surface andcoastal water of Zhejiang Province. It is expected that water quality improvement will lead to areduction in the need for and expenditures on medical care. The existing water quality problem posesnot only a potential health risk to the local communities but presents a significant environmentalthreat for the local rivers and marine environment.

Despite the difficulty of measuring the precise health impact of improved water supply and quality,some benefits can be observed. More abundant water of better quality (resulting from parallel watertreatment improvement programs), improved sanitation and greater awareness of thewater/sanitation/disease chain can lead to a reduction in sickness. Better health in turn dmiinishes thesocial and economic cost of low productivity and human suffering.

The data indicates there are potential health benefits that can be derived from improvements indrainage and sanitation throughout the project areas in ZUEP project cities in Zhejiang province, andm reducing the risk to the safety of the public water supply. Health Improvements gained by theproject will reduce famuly health costs, which in turn will contribute to poverty reduction for the lowincome groups and elderly.

3.4 Areas of Special Designation

ZEPRI attempted to verify that all project components in all ZUEP project cities had no effect onareas of special designation. They noted that the local EPBs have approved all individual projectcomponents, and they noted that the local EPBs have the detailed information on sensitive areas undertheir jurisdiction. In addition, ZEPRI visited the sites of all proposed ZUEP facilities and verified thatthe projects will have no effect on areas of special designation.



3.4.1 Endangered Flora and Fauna

In 1986, the Environmental Protection Committee of the State Council published a "Chinese Rare andIn Severe Danger Protection Plant List". It was subsequently revised in 1987 by NEPA. In addition,a "State Key Protection Wildlife List" was published and approved by the State Council in 1988.ZEPRI consulted local EPBs and scientific research institutes, and found that there are no listedspecies in the project area that could be affected by the ZUEP project construction. Also, none werefound during site visits.

The construction areas of the components of ZUEP are all located in the developed urban functionalzones. In these project areas and corresponding affected areas there are no wild animals. In the projectconstruction area of Shaoxing urban infrastructure upgrading project component, there are 15 oldfamous trees. Their locations are shown in Table 3.16. In that of Cicheng environment renovationcomponent, there are old trees distributed in three places. For details, see Table 3.17. Except thecomponents above mentioned, other components have no protection issues of plants on verge ofextinction.



Table 3.16: Locations of Old Famous Trees in Construction Area of ShaoxingComponent

Serial Name of tree Age Protection LocationsNo. (year) level

002 Camphor 700 Grade I Beside the apartments for singles ofShaoxing Silk Factory

003 Camphor 700 Grade I West door of Fushan Hill (Peng's________ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ________P ond)

004 Camphor 700 Grade I Fushan Hill (Longshezui)

005 Camellia 700 Grade I Penjing Park of Fushan

008 fOsmanthus 500 Grade I In front of King Yue's Palace in Fushanfragrans 50 GaeParkPreservation

009 Elm 500 Grade I Area of Yuezi King Yue's Platformn in Fushan ParkCity

0011 Camphor 300 Grade I Fushan Hill (Longshezui)

0012 Camphor 100 Grade 11 Fushan (Huanshan Road)

0015 Camphor 100 Grade 11 Foreign Affairs Office of Shaoxing

0022 Jujube 100 Grade 11 Entrance to 254 Fuheng Street

0025 Ligustrum 100 Grade 11 Entrance to Penjing Park of Fushanlucidum

0029 Osmanthus 100 Grade II Shaoxing Administrative Agency offragrans Cultural Relics

0035 Chimonan- 100 Grade 11 Preservation Three -flavor studythus fragrans ________ ___________ Area of Lu

0037 Cycas revoluta 100 Grade 11 Xun Road Lu Xun Memorial

0039 Osmanthus 100 Grade It Reception room Lu Xun Memorialfragrans I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Table 3.17: Locations of Old Famous Trees in Construction Area of CichengComponent

No. Name of tree Location Distance from Project1 Old tree jConfucius Temple Nearest 50 m2 Old tree Cihu Lake Side North side of north ring road

3 Old tree | Surrounding hills Nearest 150 m



3.4.2 Historic and Cultural Sites

A state law called the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics"was adopted by the 25th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Fifth National People's Congressand promulgated by Order No. It of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress onNovember 19, 1982.

ZEPRI consulted with the scientific research institutes and found that no protected sites were affectedby ZUIEP components. Also, none were found during site visits.

Under ZUEP, only Shaoxing and Cicheng components involve historic sites. Under Shaoxingcomponent there are 67 typical houses, and conservation units at national, provincial or municipallevel. Presently 19 of them have been repaired, and the rest 48 will be repaired under the project. SeeTable 3.18.

There are 22 ancient bridges of the dynasties of Yuan, Song, Ming and Qing over the canals inShaoxing old city. They will be overall reinforced under the project. Their locations are shown inTable 3.19. In the project area of Cicheng component, there are 22 places of ancient houses, most ofwhich are of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Basic information about them is listed in Table 3.20.



Table 3.18: Information of Historic Sites Renovation in Five Historical Precincts

Quantities OfNames Of Level Of Historic Situation Of

Names Of Subprojects RenovationPrecincts Heritage Renovation m2

King Yue's Platform Group Finished

Martyr's Grave Finished

Flying Wing Pavilion Finished

Wen Zhong Grave Finished

Inscriptions on precipices in theFinished

Tang and Song dynasties

Wind & Rain Pavilion FinishedMunicipal Spring Hill Residence Finished

Preservation UnitsHtstorical Pearl Bridge Finished

Precinct of Fan Wenlan's Former Residence To be renovated 230

Yuezi City Sun Qingjian Ancestral Temple To be renovated 1044

Fire God Temple Finished

Jingxiu Nunnery Finished

Jinglin Bndge Finished

Damu Bridge Finished

Lingxiao House To be renovated 42

Typical houses Yao's Taimen (Shaoxing typical To be renovated 456residences)

Mo and Zhang's Taimens To be renovated 220

NationalPreservational nits Lu Xun's Fonner Residence FinishedPrescrvation units

Three-flavor Study Finished

Municipal Zhou's Old Taimen To be renovated 1495preservation points

Xianheng Dnnkery FinishedHistorical Changqing Temple To be renovated 558

Precinct of Tazi Bridge To be renovated 22

Lu Xun Tugu Ancestral Temple To be renovated 215

RoadHengji Pawnshop To be renovated 150

Typical house Zhu's Taimen To be renovated 910

Shou's Taimen To be renovated 1138

Yu's Taimen To be renovated 1030

Chen's Taimen To be renovated 1014

National PU Lv's Mansion To be renovated 14720

Historical Provincial PUPrecinct of Datong School To be renovated 2940

Xixiao Guyue Library Finished 750

River Municipal Wang Yangming's Observatory To be renovatedpreservation point

Site of Wang Yangming's FormerTo be renovated 342

Residence

Xiegong Bridge To be renovated 200

3-32I \WB Consolidated EA_250303 doc!

Zhepang Urban Environment Project Environmental Assessment

Names Of Level Of Historic Situation Of Quantities OfNames Of Subprojects Renovation

Precincts Heritage Renovation (m2)

Typical houses Liu Zongzhou's Fonner Residence To be renovated 434

Hu's Taimen To be renovated 1030

Ying's Taimen To be renovated 562

Typical Taimen To be renovated 620

Ma, Song,Qlan, Chen and Shen To be renovated 7000

Yonghe's Taimens

National PU Cai Yuanpei's Former Residence Finished

Municipal PU Wang Xizhi's Former Residence Finished

Inscription of Dong Changsheng's Finished

Ancestral Temple

Tanhua Taimen To be renovated 376

Tishan Bridge To be renovated 167

Histoncal Municipal PP Mochi Pool To be renovated 683

Precinct of Xianning Bridge To be renovated 12

Jishan Hill Baihua Nunnery To be renovated 149

Qianye Assembly Hall To be renovated 1340

Tanhua Bridge To be renovated 50

Typical houses Jieyuan Taimen To be renovated 2318

Shi's Taimen To be renovated 898

Typical Taimcns(2 places) To be renovated 3150

National PU Bazi Bndge To be renovated 598

Provincial PU Guangning Bridge To be renovated 634

Municipal PU Papistic Church To be renovated 1380

Municipal PP Longhua Temple To be renovated 345

Xuantan Temple To be renovated 273

Longhua Bridge To be renovated 94Historical Dongshuang Bndge To be renovated 440Precinct ofBazi Bridge Wangchun Bridge To be renovated 85

Fangche Bridge To be renovated 41

Typical houses Wang's Taimen To be renovated 770

Hu's Taimen To be renovated 530

Zhang's Taimen To be renovated 1054

I Typical Houses(2 places) To be renovated 1185

Total 56 036

3-33



Table 3.19: Information of Old Bridges in Shaoxing Project Area

No. Level of Category Name Dynasty LocationPreservation

1 Guangxiang Bridge Yuan Beside Belhai Bridge

Provincial Water2 PU conservancy Bazi Bndge Song Baziqiao Zhijie Street

facilities3 Guangimng Bridge Ming Changqiao Zhijie Street

4 Municipal PU Old Bridge Tishan Bndge Qing 66 Jishan Street

Water5 Municipal PU conservancy Xiegong Bridge Qing West end of Xmhe Lane

facilities

6 Municipal PU Longhua Bridge Qing Inside Dusi Gate

7 Muricilpal PU Water Fengyi Bridge Ming West Of Lu Xun Road

conservancy West Of Guangming8 Municipal PU facilities Baozhu Brdge Ming Road

South Of Fushanzhijie9 Mumoipal PU Baihuang Bridge Street

10 Municipal PU Xinlang Bridge South Of South JiefangROC Road

I I Municipal Jian'an Bridge 38 South Jiefang Road

12 Municipal PU Jmlim Bridge Qmg Beside 150 Shengli Road

13 Municipal PU Dongshuang Bridge ROC Dongjie Street

North end of Yandian14 Municipal PU Jindou Bridge Qing Lane

Mid Of Wangchunqiao15 Mumcipal PU Fangche Bridge Qing Riverside

16 Municipal PU Xiaojiang Bridge Qing North Of Beihou Street

_ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Daqmgqiao Houjie17 Municipal PU Daqing Bridge Qing Street

End Of South Jiefang18 Municipal PU Nanxiu Bridge Qmg Road

1 9 Municipal PU Xianning Bridge Qing North Of Jishan Street

_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Beside 64 Duchangfang20 Municipal PU Mengjia Bndge Qing Road

. ~~~~Beside Dongshuang21 Municipal PU Wangchun Bridge Bndge

126 Longshan Houjie22 Municipal PU Damu Bridge ROC Street

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _S tre e t

3-34


Zhejiang Urban Environmnent Project Environmental Assessment

Table 3.20: Locations of Old Buildings in Cicheng Project Area

No. Nanie of Ancient Location Structure Floor Area

Building (m2

1 Fuqmgdi 29 Minquan Road Wood 1085 5

2 Zhou Xinfang Former Rixin Road Wood 195.4

Residence (Zhous'

Ancestral Temple)

3 Lmg's House 11 Rixin Road Wood 2332 7

4 Assembly Hall of 16 Xmgnong Wood 1363.7

Kingdom of Heavenly

Peace

5 Chens' Qmngyu Hall 7 Chayuan Lane Wood 211.8

6 Mofuma's House 19 Mos' Lane Wood 400 7

7 Fang's House 4 Fangs' Lane Wood 384.5

8 Ying's House 4 Yangjia Lane Wood 335 0

9 Jiadishijia 3-5 Qianjia Lane, I Jins' Wood 1530 2

Well Lane

10 Fuzhimentou 6 Jins' Well Lane Lane Wood 1054.7

11 Buzhengfang 10 and 11 Jins' Well Lane Wood 593 5

12 Osmanthus Hall Guihuating, Minzu Road Wood 1255 9

13 Lius' Memorial Temple Lius' Lane Wood 224.0

14 Yao Mo's Former 16 Mmzu Road Wood 210.0

Residence

15 Xiang's House 68-84 Minzhu Road Wood 1955 3

16 Da'nan Hall 68-70 Minzhu Road Wood 417.2

17 Chastity Arch 2-8 Shangzhi Road Wood 329.2

18 Feng Yue Colorful I Wanjiefang Wood

Pamnted Talinen

19 Shi'enfang 72-117 Minsheng Road Wood 350.0

20 Confucius Temple Zhuxiang East Road Wood 2643.3

21 Feng's House Taiyang dian Road, Shipmg Road, Wood 7582.8

1 Xiaobeimen

22 Yu's House Taihu Road, Taiyangdlan Road Wood 20094.3

Total 44550

3-35



3.4.3 Parklands or Other Special Sites

There were only a few sensitive areas or receptors noted in any of the ZUEP project areas such asparklands, schools, hospitals or others that needed special protection from the proposed ZlJEPconstruction or operational impacts. These have been identified and mainly additional noisemitigation measures proposed.

According to ZEPRI, there are no natural reserves in the project areas that will be adversely affectedby the ZUEP.

3.4.4 Watershed Protection Zones

The national and provincial authorities have made significant strides toward protecting watersheds,especially those related to municipal water supplies. Industries are directed away from thesewatershed protection zones and existing polluting industries are given incentives to close and/orrelocate. However, there is enormous competition for the water resources of the province.

There are no identified Watershed Protection Zones in the project cities. ZEPRI have noted thenearest downstream water supplies m all project cities and have proposed appropriate mitigationmeasures to protect these supplies. The ZUEP component projects will have positive impacts on theseintakes under normal operating circumstances.

Dongqian Lake Status -to be added

Zhenhai Marine Status - to be added

3.4.5 Ocean and Beach Resources

NEPRI and the DRA prepared a detailed ocean water quality assessment at Zhenhai in conjunctionwith the proposed ocean outfall at the Zhenhai WWTP. This assessment is summarised in Section 4.3.

3-36



Figure 3.1: Schematic Topographic Diagram of Tianziling

7J37

) rj

I-37

Zhejiang Urban Environment Project Envirownental Assessment

Figure 3.2: Regional Tectonic Chart

0 5 tO

it] LZJ

+/2}j1~~~~~ ~~~~~~ K- l v X 4 it O ]8

LIII I-1l

e+o, J g< E3 *5J3s~9

FNP'CX sy a // o / Wo -38


4 Environmental Management and Problems

4.1 Water and Environmental Institutional Arrangements

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1982) provides the framework for environmentalprotection law in China. Article 26 of the Constitution stipulates that the "the State protects andimproves the living environment and the ecological environment, prevents and remedies pollution andother public hazards." National legislation is comprehensive and appears to cover most areas ofenvironmental concern. However, the level of enforcemerit in Zhejiang, as in the rest of China, issometimes less than satisfactory. The Chinese economy continues to grow rapidly and there is often atrade-off between the strict enforcement of environmental legislation and promoting economnic growthand employment.

4.1.1 The National Level

Table 4.1 shows the national water and environmental laws that are relevant to the ZUEP proj ects.

Table 4.1: National Water and Environmental Laws Important to ZUEP

Sector Law

Water Water Law of the PRCAnd Water Pollution Prevention Law of the PRCWastewater Implementing Regulations for Water Pollution Prevention Law of the PRC

Water Pollution Control Technical Strategy issued by the People's State Council,PRCTemporary Managmg Method for Water Pollution (license for discharging waterpollution)Environmental Protection Supervision Management Method for Sewage TreatmentFacilitiesPollution Control Management Regulation for Water Sources, Protection Zones forDnnking WaterTemporary Method for Collecting Discharge FeesFinancial Management and Accounting of Collection of Discharge Fees

Environmental Environmental Protection Law of PRCProtection Environmental Protection Law and regulation of the atmosphere

Regulation for Noise controlsNational Environmental Momtoring Management RegulationEnvironmental Protection Law and Regulation for Enterprises Owned by Street

CommussionNatural Resources Protection Law and Regulation for the Natural Environment

Land Management Law of the PRCForest Law of the PRC

All surface waters in China have been classified according to the ambient stream standards below.The following is a general translation of the surface water classes:

4-1



Class Description

I used for water sources and state nature reserves

II used for class I protection areas for drinking water sources, protection zonesfor valuable fish, spawning grounds of fish and shrimps

111 used for class II protection areas for drinking water sources, generalprotection zones for fish and bathing areas

IV used for general industrial water areas and water recreation areas where nodirect contact with humans occurs

v used for agricultural water areas and scenic water areas.

Note that multi-purposed water areas are classified according to their highest function. To achieve aparticular water quality class the following ten indices should all meet the target standards for theclass (i.e. 100% compliance) in wet, normal and dry seasons:

o dissolved oxygen

o COD

o volatile phenol

o ammonia nitrate

o cyanide

o total mercury

o total arsenic

o total lead

o chromium (Cr6+)

o total cadmium.

The Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water, GB 3838-2002, was issued on April 28, 2002,and became effective on June 1, 2002. This standard replaced GB3838-88. Tables 4.2 - 4.4 providethe full set of numerical standards associated with these classifications:

4-2I \WB Consolidated EA_250303 doe/


Table 4.2: Environment Quality Standard for Surface Water, GB 3838-2002

Unit: mg/l

No. Indices Class I Class II Class HI I Class IV I Class V

Man-made water temperature vanations should be limited below

1 Water temperature (°C) Maximum weekly average increase • I

Maximum weekly average decrease S 2

2 pH 6 - 9

3 Dissolved oxygen > 90% 6 5 3 2- (satur.)

4 CODhln < 2 4 6 10 15

5 CODcr S 15 15 20 30 40

6 BOD 5 S 3 3 4 6 10

7 NH 3-N • 0.15 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

0.02 010.2 0.3 0.48 Total phosphorus (P) <

Lake 0 01 Lake 0.025 Lake 0.05 Lake 0.1 Lake 0.2

9 Total N S 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5 2 0

10 Total copper S 0.01 1 0 1.0 1.0 1.0

11 Total znc S 0.05 1 0 1.0 2.0 2 0

12 Fluoride (F) < 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5

13 Selenium (Se4+) < 0.01 0.01 0 01 0.02 0 02

14 Total arseruc • 0.05 0.05 0.05 0 1 0.1

15 Total mercury < 0.00005 0.00005 0.0001 0 001 0 001

16 Total cadmuum S 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.005 0 01

17 Chromuum (Cr6+) S 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1

18 Total lead S 0.01 0.01 0 05 0.05 0.1

19 Total cyamude < 0.005 0.05 0.2 0.2 0.2

20 Volatile phenol • 0.002 0 002 0.005 0.01 0.1

Oil (extracted from21 S 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.5 1.0

petroleum ether)

22 Anionic surfactant S 0 2 0 2 0.2 0.3 0.3

23 Sulphide • 0 05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0

24 e-coll (number/L) S 200 2000 10000 20000 40000

Table 4.3: Standard Limit of Added Items for Centralised Domestic Drinking SurfaceWater Source

Unit: mg/LNo. Indices Limit

I Sulfate 250

2 Chloride 250

3 Nitrate 10

4 Iron 0.3

5 Manganese 0.1

4-3



Table 4.4: Standards of Specific Indices in Class 1, 11, 111 Surface Waters

NEED TO COMPLETE

No. Indices Standard Values No. Indices Standard Values

1 CHCI3 0.06 29

2 CCt4 0.002 30

3 CHBr 3 0.1 31

4 CH2Cl2 0.02 32

5 CH 2 - CH2 33

6 34

7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

8 = 3 636

9 37

10 38

11 39

12 40

13 41

14 42

15 43

16 44

17 45

18 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

19 47

20 48

2 1 4922 50

23 5 1

24 52

25 53

26 54

27 55 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2 856_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4-4



Other standards that are particularly relevant to ZUEP EAs include:

* CJ 3020-93 Water Quality Standard for Drinking Water Sources

* CJ 3025-93 Water and Sludge Disposal Standards for Domestic WWTP

* CJ 18-86 Discharge Water Quality into Urbaii Sewerage

* GB 8978-96 Comprehensive Discharge Standard for Wastewater (All)

* GB 5084-92 Agriculture krrigation Water Quality

* GB 11607-89 Fishery Waters Quality Standard

* GB 3097-82 Marine Water Quality Standard

* GB 4284-84 Agricultural Use of Sludge

* GB 3096-93 Standard for Environmental Noise of Urban Area

* GB 3095-96 Ambient Air Quality Standard

4.1.2 The Provincial Level

Environmental management at the provincial level is performed in accordance with an integratedsystem of environmental control from the national to local levels. Figure 4.1 (end of chapter) showsthe general relationships of the provincial level EPB in relation to the other levels. The Provincialtargets of the national Tenth Five-year Plan for environmental protection are shown below:

* By 2005 the environmental pollution severity should be mitigated;

* The tendency of ecosystem deterioration should be initially kept under control;

* The environment quality in urban and rural areas, especially large- and mnddle-sized citiesand major areas as well, should be improved;

* A system of the environmental protection regulations, policies and administration should beperfected, which will be suitable to the economic system of the socialist market.

According to ZEPRI, the targets of Zhejiang Province Tenth Five-year Plan for environmentalprotection being implemented by the Zhejiang EPB

* By 2005 a system of the environmental protection regulations, policies and administration,which will fit the development of economy and'society in Zhejiang Province, should beinitially set up;

* A system of controlling and dispatching total amount of pollution discharge should beestablished in Zhejiang;

* The tendency of environmental pollution and ecological destruction should be effectivelycontrolled in the province;

* The environment quality in major cities and regions should be much improved;

* The province should strive to take the lead in the country in building a benign ecosystemwhich should meet the requirements of sustainable development, and try to makeenvironmental protection in the Province be in the front rank in the country.

* By 2005, the water quality compliance standard rates of surface water quality (in conformityto functional zoning) should be 100% in Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Shaoxing and othermajor environmental protection cities.



o The main water quality indicators of offshore sea areas should be effectively controlled onthe basis of the requirements of functional zones, and somewhat improved year after year.

By 2000, there had been 13 urban WWTPs built in the province, with a total capacity of 676 thousandm3/a. In 2000, the cumulative volume of wastewater treatment was 192 million m3/a. ZEPRI indicatesthat all the requirements of the national discharge standards had been met on the whole, but this hasnot been verified.

By 2001, there had been 5 additional new or extended WWTPs built in the province, a total increasedcapacity of 520,000 m3/d, total cumulative wastewater treatment volume reached 358 million m3. Inthe line with the objective requirement, the urban wastewater treatment rate of the province should beraised to 53%.

In 2000, the total volume of industrial wastewater discharge in the province was 1.364 bilhon m3, thewater quality meeting compliance standard discharge 1.15683 billion m3, rate of discharge meetingthe standard 84.79%. Again, these numbers have not been verified with statistically-valid monitoringdata or programs.

4.1.3 The City and County Level

The City and County level EPBs are mainly involved in monitoring and enforcing standards andregulations set by the national level (SEPA) or the Provincial EPB. There is, however, some locallevel planning for environmental management such as city-wide master planning which generallyincludes river enhancement work for aesthetics, recreation and tounsm. This work includes riversideparks and walkways.

4.2 Attainment of Goals, Standards, Regulations

China has made the issue of environmental protection one of its fundamental policies for the country'ssustainable development. It was the national goal that the present pollution situation shall bealleviated so that all the major cities shall be improved in tenrs of environmental quality by the year2000. One of the main policy statements is the so called "three at the same time" which means thatplanning, implementing and progressing shall be achieved simultaneously with economicdevelopment, urban/rural development and environmental improvements. Other main policystatements include:

o prevention combined with mitigation is preferred;

o pollution shall be mitigated by the one who has generated the pollution (polluter pays).

Concerning water quality, focus is on the following issues:

o control of industrial discharge of heavy metals, organic and chemical pollutants;

o introduction of clean technology, updating of production procedures to conserve water andto increase production efficiency;

o construction of centralised domestic wastewater treatment works to improve theenvironmental quality in urban areas and to reduce the pollution of rivers.

o improvement of surface water quality by means of river pollution mitigation, water resourceconservation, and enhanced management of the water sector

4-6



4.2.1 Surface Water Quality

The environmental function zonings of surface water and sea areas are shown in Tables 4.5 aiid 4.6.

Table 4.5: Environmental Function Zoning Of Surface Water

Name of Main Control ControlRegion Water System Range

Functional Zone Functions Section Objective

Multi-function zoneFanshidu-

with Cat III water Tongpenpu Cat. IIlFenghua R Tongpenpu quit

Sect ofGeneral indust water

Yongjtanig R Tongpenpu Chenglag- IVuscezonc with Cat IV Chatlang

Sanjpangkouyawater quality yan

Yongjiang R. . Industry,Gcncral indust water

Sect of Sanjiangkou- ihruse zone with Cat. IV fishery, Sanguantang Cat IV

Yongjiang Estuary . navigation,water qualityi g ti n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

R S _n gation

Cijiang R General fish

section of Luongpu preservation zone with Cijiang Gate Cat III

Yaojiang R S Cat Ill water quality

Cicheng inner Multi-function water

canals of Moat use zone with Cat Ill Moat Cat Ill

Yaojiang R S water quality

Guzi Lake Cat LIGrade I protection Drinking water Lake center

The NorthLake North zone for central source Cat. ILake

Dongqian Dnnking,

Lake fishery,The South Grade It protection

Lake zone for central navigation,irrgation,

sight-seeing

Genenc indust watero Zhenhai river Tunshan--w use with Cat IV water Yufan Cat IV= system Xiepuzha Industry,z . navigation,

ui Inner-cityw Cana-lsM Multi-function zone of sight-seeing

>e Canals of R Moat Moat Cat IIICat III water quality

u I systcm in plain

Hangzhou

Yanshan R of Steel Mill's General indust watern ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Industry and New

o Grand Canal Ww discharge use zone with Cat. IV Cat. IVs ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~sight-seeing Kangqiao R

in water system canal-Grand water quality

_____________ Canal

4-7



Table 4.6: Environmental Function Zoning of Offshore Sea Areas

Region Name of Function Zone Area Main Usable Target of Waterkm2 Function Quality (Category)

Ningbo Zhenhai-Beilun-Daxle 150 Port II

Category IV area

4.2.2 Water Supplies, Treatment and Distribution

Potable water treatment plants (WTPs) in ZUEP cities generally use local surface water for their watersupply sources. The natural and man-made problems in the raw water used by WTPs in the study arearesult in many cases in treated water that fails to meet Chinese standards for part of the time.Furthermore, these standards are somewhat less stringent than those used in most developed countries.

Water supplied at the tap is considered non-potable in all ZUEP cities and bottled and boiled water isused for domestic purposes. However, the ZUJEP project cities have constructed new water supplyreservoirs outside of the urban areas, and are m the process of piping new and better water qualitysource water to these existing WTPs. The improved source water, in conjunction with improvingwater treatment technologies, is improving the quality of potable water in these cities to a great degree.

4.2.3 Wastewater Collection and Septic Tanks

Sewerage systems in the project area are usually combined in the older areas and separate in thenewer development areas. The policy in China is to gradually separate existing combined systemsand in several of the cities there are plans for rehabilitation of existing sewerage systems, changing toseparate systems in the process. This process will generally occur as the older city centres areredeveloped in the future.

Treatment of wastewater starts at the housing blocks where wastewater often passes through a septictank before discharge to the public sewer system. This treatment reduces the suspended solids andalso, to a varying degree, the level of BOD and nutrients. If these septic tanks are abandoned afterconstruction of treatment works, the loading estimates to the WWTP would increase by about 10% forBOD and 30% for suspended solids if it is assumed that existing tanks are in widespread use and areworking effectively. In practice one finds that the tanks are emptied infrequently, in many cases oncein three years. In practice therefore one would expect the concentrations of BOD and SS to rise byonly small amounts.

Wastewater collection has been steadily improving in the area, considering that open stormwaterdrains were widely used in most areas until a few years ago. Urban areas have required the use ofseptic tanks in homes and other buildings for many years with the overflow to the combined sewersystems. The early sewerage was usually a combined system that conveyed stormwater plus sanitarywastewater. The new areas of the cities are being built with separated sewer systems to keepstormwater away from the sanitary wastewater. However, the use of septic tanks is still usuallyrequired since few central WWTPs have yet been constructed.

There is no common timetable for the construction of separate sewers, WWTPs and the elimination ofseptic tanks. It would appear that many septic tanks will continue to be used in the ZUEP study areafor at least another decade.

4-8



4.2.4 Wastewater Discharges - Domestic

Ningbo completed the first major WWTP in Zhejiang province within the past few years, and manyother projects are currently under design, construction or initial comnmissioning. Hangzhou andShaoxing have new WWTPs in operation. There is only limited and recent experience with WWTPoperation and performance. Experience m other parts, of China indicate that operation andmaintenance of WWTPs can be problematic due to operational inexpenence and a local desire to saveon operation costs, especially power and chemicals.

The problems at similar WWTPs in China provide an added,level of "need" for the ZUEP wastewaterfacilities to adequately design and operate facilities, have enforcement mechanisms in place for theprovincial EPB to ensure adequate operations, and also train a cadre of professionals in the properoperation and maintenance of central WWTPs for the province.

4.2.5 Wastewater Discharges - Industrial Pollution

The status of industrial wastewater discharge in the province and the project cities was provided byZEPRI and can be seen in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7: Status of Industrial Wastewater Discharge

Region Industrial Wastewater Meeting-Standard Rate of Meeting StandardDischarge Volume Discharge' Volume (%)

(million m3 ) (millioh m 3)

Hangzhou 495.44 424 50 85 68Ningbo 105.51 100.:59 95.3

Shaoxing 441.06 389.63 88.34

Province 1364.36 1156.83 84.79

Note The statistical data of the three project municipalities include those of their counties/cities at county level

Wastewater reports and loadings contained in the feasibility reports and ZEPRI EA indicate thatmodem and clean technology industries are not the rule in Zhejiang Province. This has been verifiedin the ZUEP IPCAP framework. Many of the older factories, especially State Owned Enterprises(SOEs) are being closed down for both econornic and environmental reasons, especially to meet thegoals of pollution load reduction.

4.2.6 Industrial Discharges to Sewerage Systems

From Table 4.8, the expected influent quality analysis of proposed WWTPs are presented.

4-9



Table 4.8: Quality Analysis of Water In and Out of WWTPs

Proportion Index of pollutant

Category Description of total (mg/l)

ZUEP Category Descripton wastewaterComponent quantity _

Project Domestic wastewater ?? 9? 9? ??Estimated value

Industrial wastewater ?? ?? ?? ??of wastewater

Other wastewater 7? ?? ??quality

Ningbo weighted average(total) 9? ?? ?7 ??

Zhenhai Feasibility Water quality of water in ?? ?? ??

WWTP study designed Water quality of water out ?? ?? ?9 7value Removing ratio (%) "? ?9 ?? ??

Estimated value Domestic wastewater ?9 ?9 97

of wastewater Industnal wastewater ?9 ?9 ?9 ?9Ningbo - quality weighted average(total) ?9 ?9 ??

JiangdongnanWWTP Feasibility Water quality of water in ?9 ?9 77 ?9

study designed Water quality of water out ?9 ?? ?? 9?

value Removing ratio (%) ?? ?? ?9 ?7

Estimated value Domestic wastewater ?? ?9 ?? 79

of wastewater Industrial wastewater ?? 9? ?9 9?Ningbo - quality weighted average(total) 9? 9? ?? 77

Dongqian LakeFeasibility Water quality of water in ?9 ?? ?9study designed Water quality of water out ?? ? 7? ??

value Removing ratio (%) ?? 9? 7" 97

A limited review of the major industries in the project cities indicates that organic wastes are verypredominant, but industrial processes using heavy metals or toxic substances may be present projectcities. Even small neighbourhood industries such as plating shops discharging to sewers can causedangerous problems in the collection systems, the wastewater treatment process, and the resultingsludge quality. A rigorous approach to industrial monitoring and pre-treatment is a necessity for anycomprehensive municipal wastewater scheme. Table 4.9 and 4.10 provides a summary of industrialwasteloads in Zhej iang Province.

There are significant industrial waste contributions to the proposed ZUIEP WVVTPs and the staff ofthese VVWTPs will require training in the testing of raw sewage quality and the detection of wastesthat could cause problems in the operations of the WWTPs. It will be particularly important toeliminate any potential sources of hazardous or toxic wastes that are both difficult to handle in theWWTPs, but also could present a safety hazard to sewer and sewage treatment workers. As seen inthe previous tables, organic wastes predominate and hazardous materials and heavy metals would beexpected to be a minor problem, but rigorous pre-treatment and monitoring will be required. Table4. 11 provides a detailed summary of industrial wastewater loads tributary to proposed ZUEP WWTPs,and Table 4.12 provides the pre-treatment standands.

4-10I \WB Consolidated EA_250303 doc(


Table 4.9: Industry Categories and Pollution Loads in Zhejiang Province

WW COD % of Ave COD% of Total Coulnt of Ave \\VW per

Volume Load Total Load perNo. Industry Type WWV Industry Ind. (10 3m3/a)

(103 mi3 /a) (t/a) COD .d.

I Paper

2 Brewing

3 Food

4 Chemical

5 Pharmaceutical

6 Textile

7 Fertilizer

8 Lather/Tannery

9 Power

10 Steel/Metallurgy

11 Other light Ind

12 Machine

13 Mining

14 Build. Materials _

15 Coking

16 Others*

Total

Souirce:

4-11



Table 4.10: Industries in Each Administrative District in Zhejiang Province

Prefecture total Prefecture totalNo. Prefecture (lOO /a)* COD (t/a) Count of Industry

2

3

4

25 =

6

8

910 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

I11

12 ______________4-

13 EA 250303 doc/

14 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

15__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

16

17 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

18 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

19 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

20 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

22

23

24

25 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

26 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

27

28

29

32 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _



Table 4.11: Drainage Wastewater Quantity and Water Quality of Main IndustrialEnterprises

Drainage wastewater quantity Water quality (mg/L)Project city Title of enterprise (100 3 /)CDr S(100OOm3/a) COD,r SS

Ningbo

Zhenhai

W WVVT P__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Nmgbo -

Jiangdongnan

WWTP

4-13I \WB Consohdated EA_250303 doe/


Table 4.12: Water Quality Standard of Sewers in City of Wastewater Discharge

Project numerical value standard CODcr BOD5 SS

Water quality standard 500 300 400of sewers in city with WWTP

4.2.7 Sludge Disposal for Septic Tanks and WWTP

Nightsoil and septic tank sludge have historically been applied directly to agricultural land. Thepublic health problems associated with these practices, in direct contact as well as potential cropcontamination, have been well documented. Local officials are moving to elirninate these practices assoon as practicable. The construction of WWTP and the production of sludge from WWTPs is arelatively new issue in the province. In many cases, sludge from WWTPs in China has been applieddirectly to agricultural land, either with or without dewatering.

Due to a lack of sludge disinfection facilities in the project and a lack of a market for compostedsludge, ZEPRI has required landfilling of the WWTP sludge. In Ningbo, a new landfill will beconstructed at Ru Pu within two years, and this landfill will be the designated disposal site for allWWTP sludge from ZUEP facilities.

4.2.8 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal

Most of domestic rubbish is landfilled in Zhejiang. According to the statistics 2001, there were 65landfills in the province. In addition, there were 3 incineration plants and one rubbish compost plant.The total solid wastes disposal capacity in the province is about 17 800 t/d, or 5.055 million t/a. Theincineration facilities have suffered due to poor heat value of the solid waste, wet solid waste in thewet season, and high operating costs. Landfills appear to continue to be important solid waste disposaloptions for now, while other technologies fully mature.

Surface water systems in the province, like most areas of China, suffer from significant solid wasteaccumulation since rainwater runoff conveys much of this MSW into nearly streams and watercourses.

4.3 River Systems, Marine Water, Groundwater Conditions

4.3.1 Monitoring Locations

The monitoring locations in the three project cities are shown in Figures 4.2 to 4.6 at the end of thechapter.

4.3.2 Monitoring Data of Surface Water, Sea Areas and Ground Water

Main surface water bodies are the Fenghua River, Yongjiang River, Dongqian Lake, Cicheng canals,Cijiang River and Zhenhai river system in Ningbo, the canals in Shaoxing, the Yanshan River inHangzhou, etc. The relations between the water systems and the project are shown in Table 4.13. Thewater quality data monitored in the recent years are tabulated in Tables 4.14 - 4.2 1.



Table 4.13: Relationships of Surface Water Bodies with Project

Region Surface Water Relationship with Project

Ningbo Fenghua R Outfall of South Jiangdong WWTP lies in river sect. between Chenglangyan

and Sanjiangkou;

Yongjiang R. Completed Project can reducc CODc,7008 t/a to Fenghua R, positive effects

to FR and downstream YR for water quality improvement

Zhenhai inner river Zhenhai WWTP can reduce CODCr 1971 t/a to Zhenhai inner R., positive

effects to FR and downstream YR for water quality improvement

Dongqian Lake Dongqian Lake environment improvement project will intercept wastewater

of lakeside, having positive benefit for protecting the lake's environment

functions

Cicheng canals and Cicheng component will construct Ww collecting sewerage, reducing CODcr

Cijiang R 1252 t/a, having positive effects for improving water quality of the canals and

downstream CUiiang R.

Shaoxing Innter-city canals Shaoxing component will reduce CODC, 2830 t/a to canals, having positive

effects for protecting functions of the inner city canals in the old city.

Hangzhou Yanshan R. The construction of supporting WWTP of the No. 2 Landfill project can

prevent leachate from discharging directly to the Yanshan R during flood

period, having positive effect to improving water quality of the YR.



Not used.



Table 4.14: Summary of Water Quality Monitoring Data of Yongjiang and Fenghua Rivers

Sect Year Item pH mgDO Oils BOD5 CODMnl NH3-NM91L TP Hg Pb Cd As Cyanidemg/L mg/L mg/L11 3-mg/L mgIL ltg/L vig/L pgL g/L pg/L /L

Medium water 7.06 5.54 0.163 2.88 3.85 1.22 0.134 / / / / / /

Highlwater 6 87 4.24 0 100 1.35 3 47 1.12 0.069 / / / / / /

1999 Low water 7.35 7.54 0.093 1.64 4.56 0.28 0.172 <0.05 2.1 0.16 <7 <4 <0.004Yearly average 7.09 5.77 0.119 1.96 3.96 0.87 0.125

Water qual. Cat / III IV I II III III

MW 7.16 5.95 0.095 2.49 4.59 0.654 0 145 Unchecked outHW 7.44 3.04 0.093 2.12 5 76 1.108 0.210

2 2000 LW 6.98 7.51 0.114 2.22 6.37 0.865 0.150 0.02 1.13 0.11 4 2 2

YA 7.19 5.50 0.100 2.28 5.57 0.876 0.168

WQC = III IV I II III III

MW 7.07 4.52 0.04 2.59 4.5 0.658 0 193 UncheckedHW 6.93 3.74 0.136 2.52 4.13 0.438 0 217Unhceou

i 2001 LW 7 11 5.41 0.153 2 11 3.38 0.509 0 235 0.02 1.75 0.05 4 2 2I YA 7 04 4.56 0.110 2 41 4.00 0 535 0.215

_____ WQC I 1V IV I 11 III IV

MW 7.26 0.89 0.365 4.68 6 44 1.82 0.333 I I I I I I

HW 7.06 1.77 0.178 3.81 5 21 0.77 0.127 / / I / / I

c 1999 LW 7.73 2.38 0.385 8.47 6.28 0.91 0.320 <0 05 1.9 0.14 <7 <4 <0.004Ca YA 7.35 1.68 0.309 5 65 5.98 1.17 0.260

WQC > V IV IV III IV IV

MW 7.73 3.46 0.278 6.26 7.66 1.066 0.320

Ca 2 HW 7.73 3.54 0.279 4 65 7.60 2.651 0.390

2000 LW 7 44 4.57 0 258 6.76 8.78 1.349 0 163 0.02 1.5 0 13 4 2 2T> YA 7.63 3 86 0.272 5.89 8 01 1.69 0.291o _ WQC / IV IV IV IV V IV

u V __1 MW 7.65 3.45 0.073 5.50 7.00 0.986 0.246 Unchecked out

4-17



2001 HW 7.17 3.33 0.286 4.89 5.73 1.000 0.210 Unchecked outLW 7.72 3.43 0.195 4.32 4.76 0.928 0.161 0.02 1.13 0.05 4 2 2

YA 7.51 3.40 0.185 4.90 5.83 0.971 0.206

WQC IV IV IV III III IV

(Continued)

DO Oils BOD5 CODmi, NH3 -N TP Hg Pb Cd As Cd6 - CyanideSect. Year Item pH mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L pg/L jig/L pg/L pg/L 1ig/L /L

MW 7.13 3.78 0.247 3.51 5.68 1.50 0.191 / / / / / |

HW 7.19 2.49 0.208 4 10 4 79 1.86 0.192 / / / / / /

G, 1999 LW 7.62 3.42 0.245 8.10 6.68 1 07 0.342 <0.05 1.5 0.10 <7 <4 <0.004YA 7.31 3.23 0 23 5.24 5.72 1.48 0.24

WQC / IV IV IV 1II IV IV

MW 7.72 3.54 0.410 5.57 6.73 1.779 0.413 U

3 W 7.59 3.26 0.412 3.83 4.41 1.606 0.378 Unchecke out _

cJ5 2000 LW 7.67 3.54 0.435 4.97 7.76 1.22 0.225 _ _ |

YA 7.66 3.45 0.42 4.79 6.30 1 54 0.34

WQC IV IVIV IV Iv V V

MW 7.66 3.26 0.302 3.52 5.92 1.083 0.195= ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Unchecked outI

X ~~ ~~HW 7.23 3.38 0.342 3.75 5.48 1.178 0.139I

rH 2001 LW 7.47 3.41 0.150 3.9 4.37 1.032 0.130 0.02 1.44 0.05 4 2 2

, YA 7.45 3.35 0.26 3.72 5.26 1.10 0.15

Cl) WQC I IV IV 1II III IV III

MW 7.62 5.96 0.182 0.63 2.48 0.87 0.108

HW 7.45 4.11 0.158 2.01 2.05 1.42 0.111

V 3 1999 LW 7.99 5.80 0.212 5.48 2.57 0.76 0.279 <0 05 0 9 0.06 <7 <4 <0.004

YA 7.69 5.29 0.18 2.71 2.37 1.02 0 17 _ _ _______

co _ WQC I III IV I II IV III _ ___ _ ____|

co 2000 MW 7.9 6.99 0.128 1.45 1.56 0.738 0.0632. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Unchecked out

N - a HW 7.76 4.24 0.102 1.87 2.49 0.883 0.045 Uncheckedout

4-18



LW 8.14 8 46 0.094 1.52 1 87 0.734 0.101 0.02 1 0.05 4 | 2 2

YA 7.93 6.56 0.11 1 61 1 97 0.79 0.07

WQC I II IV I I III II

MW 7.76 6.32 0 036 1.210 2.64 0.711 0.025

HW 7.77 4.32 0.270 2.83 3.92 0.807 0.088 Unchecked out

2001 LW 7.88 5.71 0.209 1.78 2.48 0.878 0.111 0.02 1 0.05 4 2 2

YA 7.80 5.45 0.17 1.94 3.01 0.80 0.07

_____________ WQC / III IV I II III II

4-19



(Continued)DO Oils BOD5 CODM. NH3 -N TP Hg Pb Cd As Cd6 + Cyanide

Sect. Year Item pH mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L pg/L gL [i gp/L g/L pg/L /L

MW 7.86 7.94 0.121 0.59 1.91 0.43 0.064 / / / / / /

HW 7.64 6.13 0.620 0 61 1.84 0 53 0.055 / / / / / /

1999 LW 7.99 7.77 0.133 1.08 1.40 0.38 0.043 <0.05 1.1 0.14 <7 <4 <0.004

YA 7.83 7.28 0.29 0.76 1.72 0.45 0.05

co WQC II IV I I II II0

MW 7.99 9.59 0 049 1.17 0.71 0 415 0.026Unchecked out

2- HW 7.91 5.71 0.059 0.52 0.91 0.428 0.015

3 2000 LW 8.17 8.63 0.052 0.95 1.30 0.58 0.061 0.02 1 0.05 4 2 2

YA 8.02 7.98 0.05 0.88 0.97 0.47 0.03

WQC / I III I I II II

MW 7.91 8.04 0.084 0.61 1.29 0.35 0.019Unchecked out

HW 7.88 5.33 0 257 1.84 2.24 0.457 0.019

2001 LW 8.00 6.97 0.197 1.51 1.67 0.553 0.045 0.02 1 0.04 4 2 2

YA 7.93 6.78 0.18 1.32 1.73 0.45 0 03

WQC / II IV I I II II



Table 4.15: Routine Water Quality Monitoring Data of Zhenhai Inner River

Sect Year Item pH DO CODMfl BOD5 NH 3-N Volatile Cyanide Hg Pb Cd As Cd6 +Phenol

Max 7.44 6.43 8.45 9.46 0 003 0 002 <0.004 <0 05 9 9 0 22 <7 12

U 1999 Mm 7.24 1.70 7.32 1.94 0.025 <0.002 <0.004 <0 05 9.9 0.22 <7 <4cli Mean 7 37 3.36 7.82 5.64 0 038 0.002 <0.004 <0.05 9.9 0.22 <7 8

o WQC IV IV IV I I I I I

Max 7.43 8.71 8.72 9.38 2.8 0.001 0.002 0 00 2 0.05 0.06 0.002

Min 7.02 2.60 3.15 1.32 0.58 0.001 0.002 0.00 0 0 0 0.002co 2000

Mean 7.22 6.14 5.29 4.41 1.52 0.001 0.002 0.00 0 0 02 0 0 002

WQC / II III IV V I I I I I I I

Max 7 45 9.8 12.93 10.8 3.38 <0.002 <0.004 <0.05 <0.4 <0.04 <7 <4

c Mm 6.79 3.8 3 01 2.8 0.94 <0.002 <0 004 <0.05 <0.4 <0.04 <7 <4, 2001

Mean 7.18 5.68 9.42 6.23 2.24 <0 002 <0 004 <0.05 <0 4 <0.04 <7 <4

WQC / III IV V V I I I I I I I

Max 7.49 8.99 10.10 7.55 0 044 0.002 0 005 <0.05 6.4 0 28 <7 29

MMin 7.19 4.90 6.56 2.96 0.016 <0.002 <0.004 <0.05 6.4 0.28 <7 141999

Mean 7.31 6.88 8 45 5 33 0 027 0 002 0.004 <0.05 6.4 0.28 <7 21

_____ WQC / II IV IV I I I I I I I 113t Max 7.76 9 07 13.4 5.99 4.21 0.001 0.002 0 00 I 0 0 0.002

Min 7.26 1.1 7 12 4.66 2.98 0.001 0.002 0.00 0 0.05 0 0.0022000 Mean 7.52 6.04 10.81 5 18 3423 0.001 0.002 0.00 0 0.02 0 0.002

______ WQC / II V IV >V I I I I I I IMax 7.89 12.3 11.44 10.84 8.54 <0 002 <0.004 <0.05 <0 4 <0.04 <7 <4Min 6.57 5.2 7.02 2.58 0.62 <0.002 <0.004 <0.05 <0.4 <0 04 <7 <4

co 2001N Mean 7.15 9.37 8.88 6.54 4.50 <0.002 <0 004 <0.05 <0.4 <0.04 <7 <4

WQC / I IV V >V I I I I I I I

4-21



Note: In the table, the unit of dissolved oxygen, COD., BODs, ammonia nitrogen, volatile phenol and cyanide is mg/L, that of Hg, Pb, Cd, As and Cr6 is pg/L,pH has no dimension.

4-22



Table 4.16: Routine Monitoring Results of Water Environment of Dongqian Lake 1999-2001

Monitoring Item pH DO CODm, BOD5 NH,-N Oils Fluoride TP TNPoint

Xiashul MW 7.06 10.60 4.07 2.18 0 34 0.025 0.64 0.088 3.85

1999 HW 7.31 8 34 4.96 2.06 0.43 0.085 0.06 0.053 /

LW 7.00 10.53 4.54 4.54 0 24 0.175 0.06 0.073 1.96

hMW 7 21 8.71 3.27 0.82 0 13 0080 0.06 0.059 1.41Xiashui2000 HW 7.66 6.97 5.01 2 33 0.21 0.210 0.07 0.141 0.81

LW 8.47 11.05 3.23 2.52 0.37 0131 0.05 0.043 1.06

MW 7. 25 10. 20 4. 38 3. 09 0. 25 0. 080 0. 08 0. 073 1. 39

2001hu1 HW 7.86 6.82 5.32 2.98 0 77 0.110 0.10 0.111 0.69

LW 7.04 8.82 4.53 3.37 0.28 0.080 0. 11 0.022 0.76

The South MW 7.08 11. 13 4.29 2.29 0.27 0.025 0. 67 0.086 1 72

Lake center HW 7.46 8.24 5.46 1 99 0.46 0 058 0.06 0.051 /1999 LW 7.14 10.66 4.66 2.22 0.26 0.149 0.05 0 061 1.67

The South MW 7.33 8.68 3.07 1 28 0.08 0 080 0.09 0.038 1.41

Lake center HW 7.71 7.09 4.68 2.17 0. 18 0.220 0.06 0.147 0.71

2000 LW 8. 11 11.00 3.12 2.21 0.28 0.104 0.06 0.045 1. 14

The South MW 7 10 8.99 4.37 3.37 0.20 0.095 0.08 0.129 1 80

Lake center HW 7.74 6.47 4.98 3.97 0.53 0.110 0. 12 0.132 0.75

2001 LW 7.33 8.74 5.13 2.01 0.22 0.085 0.60 0.065 0.76

The North MW 7.17 10.65 4.61 3.06 0.34 0.038 0.66 0 076 2.19

Lake Center HW 7.41 8.24 5.84 2.13 0.67 0.088 0 06 0.051 /

1999 LW 7.16 10.04 4.37 1.94 0.23 0 092 0.05 0.063 1.81

The North MW 7.24 8.65 3.76 1.03 0.08 0.115 0.07 0.052 1.55

Lake Center H1W 7. 71 7. 11 4.97 2.34 0.24 0.245 0.07 0.158 0.86

2000 LW 7.63 11 20 2.69 1.59 0. 14 0.096 0.05 0.037 1. 19

The North MW 7.20 8 65 3.76 1.03 0.08 0.120 0 07 0.056 1 55

Lake Center HW 7.66 7. 11 4.97 2.34 0.24 0.295 0.07 0.158 0.86

2001 LW 7.63 11.2 2.69 1 59 0.14 0.196 0.05 0.037 1.19



Note: (In the table, MW, HW and LW represent medium water, high water and low water )The unit of dissolved oxygen, CODmn, BOD5, nonionic ammonia, nitrate nitrogen,volatile phenol, fluoride and cyanide is mg/L; that of Hg, Pb, Cd, As and Cr6 + is vig/L, pH has no dimension (D The South Lake belongs in Category III water function zone,while Xiashui and the North Lake, Category 11.

4-24



Table 4.17: Monitored Results of Existing Inner-town Water Environment in Cicheng

ItemMonitoring Point pH DO (mg/i) SS (mg/i) CODMn (mg/l) Oils (mg/i) NH3-N (mg/i) TP (mg/l)

MOnitOring POInt

am 6 60 8.25 8 5 35 0.20 0.45 0.0754 June -

Pm 9.90 8.30 17 5 48 0.43 0 43 0.410

#1 am 6 92 4.15 9 6 44 0.35 2.34 0.1545 June

East Moat Pm 6.93 4.25 13 6.44 0 23 1.42 0.180

Mean value 7 59 6 24 11.75 5.93 0.30 1.16 0.20

Category of water quality I II III IV IV III

am 7.29 0.60 16 13.4 0 89 15.4 3.124 June

Pm 7.20 0.70 24 12.9 0.77 13.2 3.50

#2 am 7.03 0.79 22 11.6 0.26 16.1 1 685 June

West Moat Pm 7.17 0.58 28 11 8 0.35 12.5 1.04

Mean value 7.17 0.67 22.50 12.43 0.57 14.30 2.34

Category of water quality I I V V > V > V

am 7.60 0.70 15 14.1 0.47 6.49 1.504 June

Pm 7.52 0.90 21 13 7 0 62 5.78 1.45

#3 am 7.13 0.36 18 13.3 0.50 6.99 1 265 June

SouthMoat Pm 7.15 0.27 20 13.1 0 44 6.73 1.22

Mean value 7.35 0.56 18 50 13.55 0.51 6.50 1 36

Category of water quality I I V V > V > V

#4 am 9 81 9.35 10 13.1 0.44 0 48 0.5574 June

Cihu Lake Pm 7.38 10.10 6 14.0 0.25 0.83 0 085

am - 9.38 8.05 7 11.5 0.07 1 86 0 5485 June

Pm 9.12 8 50 11 11.7 0.11 1.67 0.525

Mean value 8.92 9.00 8 50 12.58 0.22 1 21 0.43



I I Category of water quality | I I I I V I IV I IV I > V INote Surface water bodies in the table are all Category III water function zones



Table 4.18: Routine Monitored Results of Water Quality of Cijiang River 1999-2001

Monitoring Tempera- DO COD,, NH3I-N Hg Cu Cd As Cr6+ Oils TPStation ture (°C) (mg/l ) (mg/I) (ing/l) (pg/I) (pg/I) (pg/I) (pg/I) (pg/I) (pg/I) (mg/I)

8 Apr 17.2 7 24 6.18 6.65 1 44 <0.05 4.5 0 5 <7 <4 110 0.154

8 Jul 25 5 6 82 4 6 5.86 0 69 <0.05 2 0 5 <7 <4 270 0.092

- 1999 8 Dec. 10 9 6 95 6 3 4.95 0.99 <0.05 10 0 2 <7 <4 260 0.115

Yearly average 17 87 7 00 5.69 5.82 1 04 <0.05 5.5 0 4 <7 <4 213 3 0.120

u Water quality cat. I III 111 IV I I I I 1 IV III

> e 10 Apr 16 7 34 7.55 7 08 0.68 <0.05 5 0 4 <7 <4 50 0 119

tJo N | lIJul 7 42 4 91 7 03 0 93 <005 01 <7 <4 326 0 12

2000 4Dec. 12.1 7.09 6.15 5 16 1 34 <0 05 10 0.2 <7 <4 18 0 0228

Yearly average 14 1 7 28 6 20 6.42 0 98 <0 05 7 5 0 23 <7 <4 185 3 0 156oo ___ Water quality cat I II IV 111 I I I I I IIV II

3 Apr. 16 0 7 70 9 90 4 74 0 47 <0 05 5 <0.10 <7 <4 540 0.087

5 2001 6 Jul. 29 8 7 37 2 50 7 44 0 55 <0 05 <50 <0.10 <7 <4 90 0 078- ~ 2001

Yearly average 22 9 7 54 6 20 6 09 0 51 <0 05 15 <0 10 <7 <4 315 0.083

Waterqualitycat I If IV HI I 11 I I I IV 11

8 Apr 17 2 7 19 7 02 5.54 1.26 <0 05 14 2 0 5 <7 <4 150 0 141

8 Jul. 25 7 6 88 7 56 2 88 0.65 <0 05 11 0 5 <7 <4 180 0 077

s 1999 8 Dec 10.1 7.08 9 9 4 92 0.62 <005 17 0 4 <7 <4 50 0 04

e Yearly average 17 7 7 05 8 16 4 45 0.84 <0.05 14.07 0.47 <7 <4 126 7 0 0860 Water quality cat I I III III I II I I I JV

10 Apr 15 6 7 47 10.4 6 19 0 63 <0 05 11 0.5 <7 <4 51 0 11

e1~ s., I Jul. 7 74 9 11 7.72 0.7 <0 05 0 1 <7 <4 216 0.104

s 3 2000 4 Dec 12 1 7.23 6.5 5 23 0 68 <0 05 10 I 1 <7 <4 80 0.123

Yearly average 13.9 7 48 8 67 6 38 0 67 <0 05 10 5 0 57 <7 <4 115 7 0 112

u3 Water quality cat I I IV III I 11 I I 1 IV III

2001 4 A 3 1-1 15 7 7 77 10 70 4 48 0.41 <0 05 19 <0 10 <7 <4 480 0 093

7 ) 6 11 30 4 7.35 3.90 7.10 0.57 <0 05 <50 0 20 <7 <4 120 0 125

Yearly average 23 1 7 56 7 30 5 79 0 49 <0.05 22 0 13 <7 <4 300 0.109



I I I Water quality cat I I 1 I 11 I1 11 I I I 11 I I I I IV I III

4-28



Table 4.19: Water Quality Monitoring Results of Inner-city Canals in Shaoxing 2000

pH - T _ knuof Nnionc Vatb _ As Hg Ci _ Pb Cd Ois\_ si i Ss - DO ee BOD an NiN NieN p gl v gA P g gl gl N g

smplenr 6 6 2 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 6

rrmax 774 700 985 3 84 7.54 673 0058 0178 062 0031 0002 4 003 2 1 0 0.05 026 591 260

rg d nmm 740 200 845 268 521 4.46 0016 0056 051 0001 0002 4 003 2 1.0 005 0100 2 14 60

nwmn 752 378 915 338 672 502 0038 0095 056 0001 0002 4 003 2 1.0 005 0164 362 153

WQC IV IV IV IV II I I I I I I I I IV IV

snplenr 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4

ima 755 670 145 227 970 950 0167 0044 020 0015 0032 4 003 2 120 030 0202 11.9 1150

mn 724 150 141 210 572 880 0093 0.015 010 0005 0032 4 003 2 40 020 0156 112 410

o nexn 739 398 143 214 782 913 0.124 0.029 015 0008 0032 4 003 2 80 025 0179 116 745

L __ WQC v IV v IV I I IV I I I I I I IV IV

%uplenr 6 6 2 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 6

> n max 758 440 123 2038 952 102 0180 0251 1.61 0001 0.002 4 003 2 50 020 026) 677 1203

_mn 720 100 108 200 694 870 0037 0013 018 0001 0002 4 0.03 2 20 0.10 0139 6.03 220

ncmn 7.44 277 116 211 833 952 0107 0111 090 0001 0002 4 0.03 2 35 0.15 0200 640 538

WQC V V V IV III I I I I I I I I IV IV

x smT*lenr 6 6 2 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 6

mmax 812 650 897 3.67 862 682 0088 0251 III 0031 0002 4 003 2 130 020 0264 6100 260

n mm 7740 150 841 318 476 428 0011 0.053 080 0001 0(002 4 003 2 110 010 0052 226 90

nxmn 763 365 86.9 339 675 538 0053 0.142 09 0031 0032 4 003 2 120 015 0158 413 157

WQC IV IV IV IV III I I I I I I I I IV IV

4-29I \WB Consoiidated EA 250303 doc/


Note WQC -- water quality category

(Continued)

Water Sec- pH 1 d Nmiic Voile As Hg O* Pb Cd OasItemn SS TH DO p ga- BOD a NitateN NitliteN QgA l TP TN i

area tion Ziue r _ arrnno l i igi u igil ig81 1iig/l _ghgn

v sanpM*nr 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

nt 7.76 33.0 10 i 107 110 0.167 0.400 0.00i3 003 770

nin 7.60 260 194 &30 720 0.120 0018 0001 003 2908 man 768 295 202 950 9.10 0.144 0209 0002 003 = = 530

___ WQC V V V IV IV I I V

5 n*nr 6 6 2 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6

O n m 7.77 840 81.1 338 11.8 7.79 0222 0275 101 0001 0.002 4 003 2 90 020 0.108 475 390N 00__ __

mi 710 110 791 211 12.55 3.72 0.017 0119 057 0.001 0002 4 0.03 2 90 0.20 0.073 4.36 50*0

o C} ~me 7.47 427 801 274 625 5.87 0.094 0174 079 0.001 00G2 4 003 2 9.0 0.20 0090 455 200

__ WQC V IV IV IV IV I I I I I I I I 11 IV

_ , on s!enr 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4C0

- nm 755 590 119 332 940 9.80 0.112 0183 018 0013 0032 4 003 2 80 030 0230 955 1150

u to mi 724 270 115 1.47 847 &70 0.081 0024 016 0004 0032 4 003 2 30 0.10 0170 9.28 370U 00 __ 00_020_9_1 65

en :a M nun 7.41 433 117 225 9.04 940 0.099 0092 017 0.OD8 0002 4 0.03 2 55 020 020 941 653

WQC V IV IV r v IV I I I I I I I I II IV

o > nnnr 6 6 2 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6

-= se ax 8.07 56.0 89.1 5.63 8.45 5.80 0.181 0850 143 0.001 0.03 4 003 2 250 0250 0087 6.98 530

o.0 nzn 738 1&0 80.1 269 247 3.96 0020 0.178 046 0001 0.00 4 003 2 220 040 0068 5 88 210

c ~mm 7.69 423 846 390 6.04 521 0.072 0.452 094 0001 0.00 4 003 2 235 0.45 0.077 643 348Z

WQC v v v IV 11 I IV I I I I I I IV V



_ sTlerr 6 6 2 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6o max 730 440 581 575 4.56 553 0.021 0.408 136 0001 0002 4 003 2 4 0 0 40 0 042 4 83 170

nin 681 180 501 285 222 125 0002 0.038 107 0001 0002 4 003 2 3 0 0 20 0.038 4.15 25

man 7(506 283 541 401 384 328 0.009 0.109 I 0.001 C002 4 003 2 3 5 0.30 0 040 4 49 88

,QC IV 11 111 I III I I I I I I I I 11 IV

4-31



Table 4.20: Water Quality Monitoring Data of Yanshan River 1999-2002

Yr 1999 2000 2001 2002 (Jan.-May)

Item No. 01 No. 02 No. 01 No. 02 No. 01 No. 02 No. 01 No. 02

pH 7.0 7.1 6.87 6.83 7.6 7.6 6.6 7.4

TN 17.7 25.17 25.23 24.17 36.84 27.88 13 25 13 85

TP 0.54 0.53 0.47 0.46 0.44 0.46 0.32 0.34

CODcr 52 2 62.85 87.5 64.33 75.19 105.57 60.45 61.13

BODs 22.04 28 73 23.98 18.78 11.96 8.30 9.28 10.22

Note: (0) Nos. 01 and 02 represent the monitoring sections, which are located at 50 m upstream and 150 m downstream to the wastewater outlet of the original No.1 Landfill ofHangzhou.

@) Before March 2000 the wastewater (part treated) of the No. I Landfill was released into the Yanshan River; since March 2000, all the wastewater of the No. 1Landfill has been transmitted via the main sewers of Hangzhou to Sibao WWTP for centralized treatment. No wastewater is discharged mto the Yanshan River since then.

4-32



Table 4.21: Monitoring Results of Water Quality Status in Sea Area Neighboring Zhenhai WWTP

Active Non-Monitoring Indicators pH CODN41. DO Phosphate organic N sulfide Ods SS Cu Pb Cr Cd HgPoints mg/L Mg/L mgL mgLm g/L mg/L mg/L p g/L jig/L p g/L p g/L p.igA

Mm 8.12 1.42 10.43 0.0487 1.403 0 135 0.001 1610 3.82 0.26 0.42 0.13 0.0246

Max 8.15 1.93 10.78 0.0702 1.757 0 176 0.016 4848 4.54 3 23 2 0 2 0.0362A

Mean 8.14 1.70 10.54 0.0585 1.540 0 154 0.009 3268 4.21 1.55 1.23 0.17 0.03

WQ Cat I I >IV >IV Iv I I I I I

Mm 8 14 1.69 9.74 0.0478 1.191 0 099 0.01 1982 2 44 0 25 0.83 02 0.0025

Max 8 16 2.82 10.61 0..0708 1.445 0.181 0.013 5064 7 76 4.12 2.39 0.35 0.0317

Mean 8.15 2.12 10 12 0.0555 1.324 0.137 0012 3881 454 2.37 1.68 0.27 0.015

WQ Cat / H I >IV >IV IV I / I II I I I

Min 8.13 1.53 1046 0.0472 1.472 0.14 0.003 590 2 61 0.45 0.52 0.11 0.0207

Max 8.17 3.04 10.83 0 1553 1.68 0.181 0.04 7268 4 13 1.87 4.92 0.36 0.0395C

Mean 8.15 2.22 10.63 0.0816 1.559 0.158 0 004 3524 3.16 138 2.75 0.19 0 033

WQ Cat I II I >IV >IV IV I / I II I I I

Min 8.15 1.68 9.65 0.0484 1.261 0.145 0 006 1440 1.41 0.85 0.57 0 05 0 0161

Max 8.19 2 04 10.15 0 0791 1.49 0.166 0 013 4204 8.23 244 2 0.19 0.0492D

Mean 8.17 1.79 9.86 00629 1361 0 154 0015 2687 3.85 1.77 1.18 0.13 0.032

WQ Cat I I I >IV >IV IV I / I 11 I I I

mm 8.15 1.87 7.22 0 0526 1.316 0.089 0 007 1032 1.65 1.9 048 0.15 0044

Max 8.19 2.59 10.35 0.1344 1.619 0 181 0 009 4114 7 8 6.11 1.28 0.3 0 0498

Mean 8.18 2.38 9.14 0.0816 1.404 0.138 0.008 3498 5.33 4.24 0.79 0.21 0.047

WQ Cat I II I >IV >IV IV I I II I I I I

4-33



The following conclusions can be drawn from the above mentioned monitored data:

o Water quality status of Yongjiang and Fenghua rivers of Yongjiang River System

The results of monitoring in the recent three years disclose that the water quality of the Fenghua andYongjiang rivers is steady on the whole, tending to be somewhat improved. DO, NH 3-N and TP wereCategory V or a bit worse respectively in 1999 and 2000 in the originally most serious pollutedsection between Chenglangyan and Sanj iangkou of the Fenghua River. In 2001, all the monitored datareached the standard of Category [V, meeting the requirements of environmental functions. Theindicators of the Yongjiang River have reached Category IV functional requirements steadily in recentyears. Overall, the downstream water quality is better than that of the upstream, which is related to thegreat dilution effect of tides in the Yongjiang River estuary.

o Dongqian Lake water quality status

The water quality status of Dongqian Lake has not been so optimistic in recent years. 100% of theindicators, TP, TN and oils, exceed the standard limits at the center monitoring points of Xiashui andthe North Lake, their yearly average values only meeting the requirements of Category IV water,unable to satisfy the function of Class 1 protection area for drinking water. Also 100% of theindicators, TP, TN and oils, exceed the standard limits at the center monitoring points of the SouthLake, the yearly average value of TN only reaching Category V standard, and those of TN and oils,Category IV, all worse than the water quality requirements for Category HI functional zone.

As contrasted to the judgment criteria of water body eutrophication, basically the eutrophic degrees atroutine monitoring points belong in medium-high eutrophication, a few being medium or higheutrophication. A Class l water source protection area for drinking water, The North Lake haspresented medium-high eutrophication. The South Lake is highly eutrophic. Dongqian Lake isseriously polluted by P and N, which are the main causes of lake eutrophication.

o Water quality statuses of inner-town rivers and Cijiang River

The watercourses in Cicheng Town all belong to the Cijiang River system. At both cross-sections ofSanban Bridge and Cijiang Gate, water quality was of Category V during 1999-2001. The mainpollutants exceeding the standard limits were NH 3-N, oils and TP. The water body was seriouslyeutrophic, whose quality was worse than the requirements of Category Em surface water functionalzone.

The existing waterway in the center of Cicheng Town is the moat (West, South and East Moats).Because the moat and Cihu Lake directly receive the domestic and partial industrial wastewaters inthe town, the water quality of them is not good at present. Except that the East Moat is Category IVwater body, the water quality of others are all worse than Category V. Main pollutants exceeding thestandard limnits are CODMn, oils, NH 3-N, and TP. The water quality of the water bodies cannot meetthe requirements of Category HI water function.

o Water quality status of watercourses in Zhenhai

The data monitored in the previous three years display that none of heavy metal indicators exceedingSLs during 1999-2001; in 1999 DO, CODMn and BOD5 only exceeded the standard limits (SLs)individually; in 2000, main pollutants exceeding SLs were NH3-N and CODMn, DO and BOD5individually exceeding SLs; in 2001, main pollutants above SLs were NH3-N and BOD5, CODMnindividually beyond SLs. Overall, the water quality of the inner rivers in the assessed area is CategoryIV, main pollution indicators being CODMn, BOD5, DO and non-ionic ammonia.

o Water quality status of inner-city canals in Shaoxing



The data monitored in 2000 show that the water quality in the inner-city canals in Shaoxing was notgood. Among 9 monitoring cross-sections, only one section was Category III in water quality,representing 11.1% of the total monitored cross-sections; three cross-sections, Category IV, 33.3%;five worse than Category IV, 55.6%. Only four could meet the requirements of water functionsdefined, amounting to 44.4%, none of the rest five was able to satisfy the relevant functionalrequirements, accounting for 55.6%. Main indicators exceeding SLs were DO, BOD5, non-ionicammonia and permanganate index. Overall, the water quality of the canals in Shaoxing was worsethan Category IV.

* Water quality status of Yanshan River in Hangzhou

The data monitored during 1999-2001 display that the water quality of the Yanshan River was bad.Main indicators, CODc,, BOD5, TP, etc., were worse than the requirements of Category V waterfunctions; the water quality has been a bit improved since March 2001 when all the leachate of the No.I Landfill had been intercepted by sewers, but overall the water quality of the nver is still at CategoryV or worse, which indicates the river is largely affected by the industrial, domestic and agriculturalwastewater from its peripheral areas, only by overall wastewater interception and integrated treatment,can its functions be recovered.

* Monitoring data of seawater in project area

The sea area in relation to the project area is only Ningbo Zhenhai sea area, which will receive themeeting-standard treated effluent from Zhenhai WWTP. The construction of the WWTP may bring acertain negative impact. However, the dilution and dispersion capacities of the sea area, strictenforcement of the regulation of meeting-standard discharge and optimized selection of outlet willminimize the unfavorable effects. Furthermnore, the implementation of the South Jiangdong WWTPand other projects concerned will be good for protecting the environmental function of the sea area atthe Yongj iang River estuary. Originally there were no routme water quality monitoring points. For thisEIA, 5 field monitoring points (Points A-E) were set up in the assessed sea area.

The data in the table indicate that the indicators of CODM,l, oils and various items of heavy metals canall meet the water quality of Category H or better, however, all the indicators of active phosphate andnon-organic nitrogen exceed Category IV in the assessed sea area, indicating that the water quality isseriously polluted by N and P in this sea area, which is overall consistent with the general status of Nand P pollutions in the offshore sea areas in our country, implying that the control on land pollutionsources should be strengthened.

The groundwater data monitored in the No. I Landfill of Hangzhou in the past years are tabulated inTable 4.22. The Nos. 1 and 2 observation wells are respectively located at 20 m and 600 mdownstream to the interception dam of the landfill. The data monitored at the two observation wellscan reflect the leachate pollution impact on the groundwater source in Nanwu.

4-35



Table 4.22: Landfill Groundwater Quality Data Varying with Years

Unit: mg/l

Monitoring Observation Well 01* Observation Well 02#Welll

Data Hangzhou Sanitation and Data . . DataData Source Antiepidemic Station Landfill atiepidemic Satahoniand Landfill

Antiepidemic Stathon MonitoredMonitored Provided Provided

Moytoring 91 92 95 98 2000 91 192 95 98 2000year__ _ _ _ _ __ _4

Chrominance 0 0 8 5 0 0 O 13 30 8Stand-

Colorless Yello SadColor & smell Colorent Yello Colorless transparent ard Yellowish

transparent w-Ish I yello

pH 6.2 6 6.5 6.63 6.0 6.2 6 6 7 7.59 6.0

CODMn 0.3 0.34 0.74 0.41 0.65 0.34 0.42 0.74 0 58 1.35

SS 21 23 5 25 19 62

TN 0.0 0.06 0.17 ND9 __ __ _

TP 3 0.09 0.61 0.01 0.07 0.083

Total bacteria 4 2 * 3 6 1 170* 1

Coll groups <3 <3 >230 <3 <3 <3 >230* <3

Note * Unit (CFU/ml); ** Unit (MPN/A) The data the landfill provided were routine monitoring values of Apnl

2000 after the obscrvation wells had been washed.

It can be seen from the table that the quality of the groundwater downstream to the landfill have beenrelatively steady in the recent 10 years. Only the No. 2 observation well's CODMn value (1.35 mg/l)rose, which was monitored in 2000, reflects slight pollution of groundwater. But this monitored valuewas still better than the requirement (CODMn < 2.0 mg/A, a natural background content of groundwater)of Category II of Groundwater Quality Standard. It implies that observations should be strengthened,and leakage-proof treatment should be done well.

4.3.3 Total Discharged Quantities of Wastewater, Organic Pollutants and NutrientSalts in Province

In 2000, the wastewater discharge volume was 2.133 billion mn3 in the province, of which theindustrial wastewater was 1.364 billion m3, the domestic wastewater 769 million m3 . The total COD

discharge quantity of wastewater was 588.6 thousand tons, in which the COD discharge amount ofindustrial wastewater was 343.3 thousand tons, that of domestic wastewater 245.3 thousand tons,representing 42% of the total COD discharge. The total ammonia nitrogen discharge amount was117.7 thousand tons. See Table 4.23.

4-36



Table 4.23: Status of Wastewater and Pollutant Discharge in Province in 2000

Year Wastewater (B mi3 ) COD ('000 t) NH3-N ('000 t)Total Indust. Dom. Total Indust. Dom. Total Indust Dom.

2000 21.3 13.6 7.7 589 343 245 117.7 86.6 31.1

4.3.4 Objective Reduction of Total Water Pollutant Discharged in Zhejiang duringPeriod of Tenth Five-year Plan

The objective reductions of total water pollutant Discharges in Zhej iang during the penod of the TenthFive-year Plan are shown in Table 4.24, on the basis of the requirement set forth in the Outline ofTenth Five-year Plan for Development of Economy and Society, and the National Tenth Five-yearPlan for Environmental Protection - by 2005 the total discharge amounts of the main pollutantsshould be 10% less than those of 2000,

Table 4.24: Objective Reductions of Total Water Pollutant Discharges in Zhejiangduring Period of Tenth Five-year Plan (Unit: '000 tons)

Year Discharge of CODcr Discharge of NH 3-NTotal Industrial Domestic Total Industrial Domestic

2000 588.6 343 8 244.8 117.7 86.6 31.1

2005 529 8 309.4 220 3 111.8 82.3 29 5

Reduction in2005ctlon in -10.0 -5.01

4.3.5 Treatment Requirements on Wastewater Treatment and Other Projects inZhejiang

The Tenth Five-year Plan for Environmental Protection in Zhejiang requires:

* By 2005 the centralized treatment rates of domestic wastewater treatment should reach over45%, especially those of Hangzhou, Ningbo and Wenzhou should be more than 60%..

* In the cities where the 11 municipalities' governments are seated, in all the counties/cities inHangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou region in the Taihu Lake Catchment, as well as in majorcounties/cities, centralized wastewater treatment facilities and sewerage should be built up.

* Centralized wastewater treatment should be promoted in small towns, more than 15 townsshould construct centralized WWTPs; the domestic wastewater which cannot enter WWTPshould be treated separately.

4.3.6 Organic Load Reduction and Surface Water Environmental Benefits afterCompletion of ZUEP

After the completion of ZUEP the cumulative reduction of CODc, load, which would be originallydischarged into surface water bodies, would be 17,191 t/a. This has important practical significance toimplementing of the plans for reductions of pollutant discharges in Zhejiang and its counties/cities,and to promoting the development of local economy and society. After the completion of the project,in the project cities the statuses of the surface water bodies (except the Yanshan River beside the

4-37



landfill in Hangzhou) being polluted can be controlled on the whole, and water quality can meet therequirements of corresponding surface water functions.

The water quality of the Yanshan River beside the landfill of Hangzhou cannot yet be recovered tomeet the requirements of water quality functional objectives of Category IV of GB3838-2002standard, even though all the leachate is intercepted and transmitted to WWTP in the city for centraltreatment, because the river also receives other industrial and domestic wastewaters. Therefore, it isnecessary to additionally adopt other comprehensive pollution abatement measures.

Information of Organic Load Reduction and Environmental Benefits for Surface Waters is shown inTable 4.25.

Table 4.25: Organic Load Reduction and Environmental Benefits for Surface Waters

Name of Oranic Load Reduction_(tia)Nameof Org ic Load Reduction (t/a) Environmental Benefits for Surface WatersComponents CODer BOD5 NH3-N TP

SouthJiangdong 7008 5256 292 17 7 WQ of Sanjiangkou section of Fenghua River

WWTP meets Category IV water functional objective

ZhenhaiWWTP 1971 1314 109.5 21.9 Inner-distnct rivers meets Category IV

DongqLang (176 3) (88 14) (19 59) (3.92) Reaching functional targets of Category 11/111

Cicheng Comp. (1252) (894) (72 9) (14 6) WQ of canals in Cicheng meets Category IIIwater functional objective

Shaoxing (2830) (1213) (780) (46 6) WQ of canals in Shaoxing meets Category IV

Comp. water functional objective

Hangzhou No.2HLangzhou No 8212 2956 821 1.872 Landfill I___

Total 17191 9526 1222.5 41.47

Note In the table, the organic load reduction by Dongqian Lake rehabilitation, Cicheng environment improvement and

Shaoxing urban upgrading subprojects refer to the corresponding pollutant reduction due to wastewater being

collected into sewerage and transmitted to municipal WWTP for treatment The above reductions are not taken

into account in the total reduction to avoid repeated calculation.

4.3.7 Contributions of ZUEP and Other Projects Concerned to Water QualityImprovement after Their Completion

In accordance with Zhejiang Tenth Five-year Plan for Environmental Protection, the estimatedenvironmental mvestment would reach 66.0 billion yuan during the period of the Tenth Five-year Planperiod, an increase of 55.6% over that during the period of the Ninth Five-year Plan. ZUTEP belongs inItem 2 Urban Environment Infrastructures. (See Table 4.26)



Table 4.26: Zhejiang Investment Plan for Environmental Protection during Period ofTenth Five-year Plan

No. Item Investment (billion yuan)

I Industrial pollution source treatment 18 90

2 Urban environmental infrastructures 12 50

3 Enviromrent comprehensive improvement 11.10

4 Ecologic construction 20.30

5 Environmental scientific research 0.33

6 Development of environmental institutions 0.66

7 Fund of environmental subsidies 1.27

Total 66.0

After completion of ZUEP and other environment projects to be implemented as requLred by ZhejiangTenth Five-year Plan, the water environment quality will be much improved in the province. Main

aspects are below:

* The water-quality-meeting-standard rates (on the basis of functional zoning) should be

raised by 5-10 per cent points in the eight river systems, such as the Qiantang, Cao'e,

Yongjiang, Jiaojiang, Oujiang, Feiyun, Aojiang and Tiaoxi rivers;

* The water-quality-meeting-standard rates (on the basis of functional zoning) should be

raised by 5-10 per cent points in Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou region, which belongs to the

catchment of Taihu Lake, and in the river systems in the plain whose water is seriously

polluted;

* The water-quality-meeting-standard rates (on the basis of functional zoning) of lakes andreservoirs should be over 70%, and the water quality of the Xin'an River Reservoir should

be better than Category II;

* In terms of water quality in urban drinking water source areas, the meeting-the-standardrates should reach 95% if the existing rates are below it; and those should reach 100%

through every effort if the existing have reached 95%;

* The main water quality indicators of offshore sea areas should be effectively controlledaccording to the requirements of functional zoning, and somewhat improved year by year.

4.3.8 Ocean Water Quality Assessment, Zhenhai

NEPRI performed a detailed ocean water quality assessment of the proposed ocean discharge outfall

at the Zhenhai WWTP, which was verified by an independent evaluation by the DRA This evaluation

came to the following conclusions

* Well calibrated hydrodynamic and water quality models predict concentrations of pollutantsin the nmd and far field accurately. However, in general, they are not accurate in the near

field and some other method of calculation, such as the initial dtlution calculations, should

be used in areas close to the outfall.;

* The modelled COD concentrations presented in the EIA are all below 1.4 mg/l, abackground level of 0.92 m/l was used in the hydrodynamic and water quality simulations.

4-39

I \WB Consolidated EA_250303 doc(


o Consented discharges to Hangzhou Bay through the proposed 3 port diffuser arrangementare predicted to result in failure of the Class 3 COD standard in the near-field, for up to 60%,70% and 85% of the time, for background concentrations of 0.92, 1.7 and 2.38 mg/I,respectively. However, plume widths are very small ranging from 1 to 5 metres.

o For the normal discharge condition the wastewater plume is predicted to achieve the Class 3standard for a plume width of 7 metres, for a background of 0.92 mg/I, 9 metres, for abackground of 1.7 mg/l, and 13 metres, for a background of 2.38 mg/l.

o The 3 port diffuser arrangement is predicted to achieve compliance with the Class 3standard within approximately 10 metres of each port. Therefore it is likely that providing arestncted mixing zone is permitted, the proposed diffuser arrangement will meet the waterquality criteria.

o The wastewater plume is unlikely to impinge on the Class I area some 2 kilometres offshore,while COD concentrations are above the 2 mgll Class I standard.

o It is proposed that the distance between diffuser ports be set at approximately 2 metres. Theimtial dilution model results indicate that the wastewater plumes from the 3 ports wouldoverlap at this port spacing. It is recommended that the port spacing be review to minimiseoverlap. A port spacing of 10 metres would ensure that Class 3 standard was achievedbefore plume overlap, for the minimum mean background concentration.

o In order to ensure that the imtial dilution calculations correctly represent the dilution anddispersion in the area, it is recommended that a current meter and tide gauge are deployed atthe outfall site for a period of 7 days. Similarly, it is recommended that water qualitysampling be carried out at the proposed discharge point over the same time period. Theinitial dilution calculations should be repeated when the hydrographic and water quality dataare available.

The sewage marine disposal standard (GWKB4-2000) was received by ZEPRI, NEPRI and the DRAconsultants after the modelling was completed. The results of this modelling has been comparedthoroughly with the requirements of the standard and the proposed outfall will have no problemmeeting this standard.

4.3.9 Summary

The surface water systems in Zhejiang Province will be unlikely to meet the Class 11 or Class IVtargets during the dry season for the foreseeable future. There are a wide variety of pollutant sourceswithin the project cities and upstream areas. However, ZEPRI water quality assessments indicatesignificant water quality improvement from implementation of the ZUEP projects. The majorindustrial dischargers have reduced their basin wide COD impacts to a great extent, but expandingurbanisation in the cities is causing increasing domestic sewage impacts, while construction ofproposed WWTPs lags far behind the planned schedule.


Zhejiang Urban Environment Project Envtronmental Assessment

Chinese Government

National 7 State Environmental National ]Environmental Protection Agency Environmental

Research Institute (SEPA) j Montoring Station

Natiornal Env=neta Nitiiia Envrorumzientai I Morutonig Gumdamepollcms S tardazie

Provncial _ IEnvironmnental L

Provincial mProtecton Bureau Provincial _Environmental D (PEPB) Environmental

Research InshtuteI - Moritonnsg Station ProvmCLal MomtonrW

(PEIU) _ Research and Motormng Division Informathon Center (PEMS) Data Sitnutted to NEPAPollution Control Division Assessment Center

Scientific Studies ExploitationlDevel Division (EA Approvals to NEPA) Environmental Monitonng,Environmental Natural Cons efvation Division Publcity and Education Center AllMediaAssessments Publcity and Education Division Environmental Industry Association I

Intemational CooperatLon Division Society for Environmental SciencesAccounting DivsionLaw and Regulatory DiVision

I Momtonng Guidarne

City EnvironmentalProtection Bureau

City Environrmental (CEPB) City Envirorunental _Research InstLtute _ I_Morutorzg Stathon

(not all cdies) _ _

Environmental Compliance { Citycounty MostoinigAssessments and I Momtoiig Guidantce Data Subtutted to PEMS

Monitorng All Media

Figure 4.1Zheiiang ProvinceEnvironnental Protection Organisations County Environmental I County Environrnental

|ProtectonBureau |||MoorgStaton|41

4-41


Figure 4.2: Monitoring Locations near Hangzhou Landfill

r j~~~~~~~~r

t~~~~~~~~~-t,

Water quality cross

4-42


Figure 4.3: Monitoring Locations In Shaoxing

.~~~~~~~~~~

13 .4 ) - !_

9 ~~~t H L: t *se -. < | e- b t > s l~~~-.- 7 r 7

6~~~

| ~~LN cZ$t, 4 11 ,F9. __,

r .flC.

. Ft F w; .l . 4 '~ ¾ . , ; , ,.

4 -~~4 ~

Cat~~~~~ IL 44

J 'J

0a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ej ~ ~ ~ 5

IV . *~"' ~ 1 a L ' a - n o ' 1 h~~ J~ j , . O . a.WIt ~

rrrrA

4-43~~~~~


1'>.L~L

4~~~44


Figure 4.5: Monitoring Locations in Ningbo Related to Jiangdongnanqu

_-, -- A %A V.

1~~~~~~~~~~~0

¾'. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M

4 45

4-45

Zhejiang Urban Envirornent Project Environmental Assessment

Figure 4.6: Monitoring Locations of Cicheng

Cicheng ComponentZbenhai WWTP

~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~L.J. ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T ufa

-New canals~~ .,- ~Moat to be dredged

~>Gte EmbankmentNew water gate

New flushing PSFlood dike of Cij iang

Sludge storage A 137

4-64

15 ~~vvam dLW Ud1Ii ivir

Bottom Sludge MP

4-46


5 Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project

The ZUEP envisages the following environmental improvements:

* Hangzhou. The Hangzhou proposals include the construction of a new solid waste landfillwith a capacity of 22.10 million cubic metres.

* Ningbo. The Ningbo proposals include the construction of three new wastewater treatmentfacilities with a total capacity of 220,000 m3/d, construction, expansion and rehabilitation ofthe sewerage network, rehabilitation of inner-city watercourses, Dongqianhu Lake clean-upand development, and infrastructure upgrading in Cicheng town.

* Shaoxing. Shaoxing proposals include the rehabilitation of urban watercourses, upgradingof urban infrastructure services and conservation of historic sites and buildings in five areasof the Old City.

In addition to the physical works, the project will promote and facilitate institutional and financialreforms in wastewater and solid waste management sub-sectors. In order to support these reforms, theproject will also provide techmcal assistance for capacity building within the various projectimplementing and operating entities.

In China, as elsewhere in the world, these types of scheme normally create a common series of impacts,both positive and negative.

* In Sections 5.1-5.4, the typical positive and negative impacts are presented for theconstruction and operation of these types of infrastructure proj ects.

* In Section 5.5, the positive impacts of the individual project components are summarised.

* In Section 5.6, the short-term negative impacts arising from construction are presented foreach of the project components.

* In Section 5.7, the potential longer-term impacts that can occur during operation arepresented for each scheme.

* In Section 5.8, potential project risks are discussed.

In Chapter 7, a series of generic mitigation measures, to counteract the adverse impacts identified, arepresented. Also presented are proposals for the monitoring of the implementation of the genenemitigation measures and details of the organisations responsible. These are presented as schedules intabular form.

Also included in Chapter 7, are proposals for the long term monitonng of the success of the project. Themain Performance Indicator is the quality of the river waters and sampling and analytical prdgramrnesare proposed. Other Perfornance Indicators to be monitored relate to the effective operation of thecomponent engineering works.

The construction of environmental infrastructure of all types has a series of rather general constructionimpacts, regardless of the type of component project. They are summarised below:

* The construction and operation of environmental works costs money that must be repaid bythe beneficiaries. It is necessary to ensure that the project can be afforded and that the publicconsiders the improved services to be worth the price to be paid.

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o Land has to be acquired for the construction of the project and therefore those at presentusing the land must be cared for. Similarly where people are to lose their homes and/or haveto change their jobs, it is necessary to ensure that satisfactory arrangements are made forthose affected. For the ZUEP, all of those who will be affected by the construction of thecomponent projects have been identified and compensation has been planned in detail.These plans are covered in a "Resettlement Action Plan" which is being prepared in tandemwith this EA. It is worth noting that in China the means and levels of compensation paid arelaid down under State laws and directives and the terms are widely accepted as generous. Somuch so that problems are frequently experienced where people try to illegally move into anarea immediately prior to the development of a scheme in order to take advantage of thegenerous compensation.

o The construction of civil engineering structures cannot be conducted without creating anumber of negative impacts. These are principally concerned with; noise, dust, increasingtransport, disposal of spoil from excavations and risks to construction staff. The ZUEPcomponents will all create such impacts. Mitigation methods are proposed to limit theseimpacts to levels that are generally acceptable in China. Such levels might not be acceptableto all countries in the west since in some cases a different approach is adopted. It has beenconsidered to be important that the EA mitigation measures proposed should reflectexpectations in China.

o Spoil disposal creates little problem in China. In most cases there is a demand for spoil andoften spoil from a construction site even can be sold.

O Higher risks during construction are experienced in China than in the west. This is due inpart to the greater use of manual labour as opposed to mechanical assistance in construction.For the ZUEP, where a number of international contracts are likely to be let, risks are likelyto be less than normal. Risks occur mainly due to working in deep excavations and at height.Standard mitigation measures can be applied to minimise such risks.

o Standard mitigation measures such as water spraying are effective in controlling dust onconstruction sites.

o In sensitive areas construction noise can be limited by reasonable working hours and theadoption of quiet practices although it appears that, throughout daily life, the Chinese areless sensitive to excessive noise than those in the west.

5.1 Typical Impacts of Water Pollution Control Projects

5.1.1 Positive Impacts

The normal positive impacts one expects for water pollution control schemes, which also relate to theZUEP schemes are summarised below:

o Connection of household foul drains to effective, enclosed sewers creates a range of benefits:

Contact with sanitary waste within the home is reduced

Contact with infectious waste in open sewers/drains/streams is reduced.

Odour problems are reduced or eliminated.

Contamination of foodstuffs is reduced.

The general environment of those living close to open drains is improved.

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Amenity is improved and exposure to harmful materials is reduced, particularly or the morevulnerable members of the communities (e.g. the young and the old.)

The handling of nightsoil is eliminated. This is believed to be one of the major sources ofillness from waterbome diseases.

* The discharge of treated or untreated wastewater at a point downstream of the project arearemoves the possibility of access by project area citizens to the harmful constituents of thewastewater.

* The biological treatment of wastewater before discharge to adjacent surface waters hasmany benefits:

The concentration of pathogenic organisms in the wastewater is greatly reduced.

The concentrations of BOD and ammoma are reduced thereby reducing the oxygen demandin rivers and making the rivers "healthier."

The Suspended Solids content of the wastewater is reduced and therefore the generalappearance and amenity value of the river can be improved.

Ammonia is toxic to fish and therefore the removal of ammonia encourages fishing andfishery development.

When removal of nutrients is practised, the risk of algae development in downstream lakesor slow flowing water is reduced.

* Good public health facilities have been found worldwide to increase the feeling of well-being in those served and to create an environment conducive to effective development, andsocial and environmental well-being.

5.1.2 Negative Impacts

The normal negative impacts one expects for water pollution control schemes, which also relate to theZUTEP schemes are summarised below:

* Sewerage pipework and channels are installed or constructed below ground. Negativeimpacts can arise from dust produced during excavation, the removal of spoil from the site,the provision of access for site equipment and machinery and the hazards of working belowground level. These impacts are mimmised by good engineering design and the use of soundconstruction practices.

* WWTP construction has similar negative impacts including; noise, dust, interference oftransport by site equipment, and the hazards referred to above of working in deepexcavations or at height.

* Adverse operational aspects of wastewater treatment are commonly:

Excessive noise

Unacceptable odour generation

Health and aesthetic impacts associated with the disposal of sludge

The adverse effects on treatment performance that can be created by the disposal of toxicindustrial discharges to the sewers.

* Ocean outfalls constructed to dispose of WWTP effluent can cause problems m recreationalareas, with adjacent fishery resources including potential bioaccumulation in shellfish, andgeneral aesthetic problems during operational problems and/or specific tidal circumstances.



5.2 Typical Impacts of Solid Waste Management Projects


The normal positive impacts one expects for solid waste management disposal schemes, which alsorelate to the ZUEP schemes are summarised below:

o Solid waste collection and disposal systems improve the environmental sanitation conditionsof the cities, and also counteract the effects of washing dumped solid waste into surfacewaters.

o MSW collection and disposal systems allow the collection and removal rates to rise, theservice area to expand, and the exploitation of economic development opportunities.

o The lack of adequate MSW collection systems can contnbute to a wide variety of potentialpublic health concerns and the promotion of disease, vectors, and rodents. These potentialproblems also occur when MSW collection involves a high degree of human contact.

o Although it is difficult to quantify the water quality impacts associated with floating debris,but the nvers in this area are highly degraded by floating materials.

o The supply of adequate MSW collection and disposal systems is a minimum need forallowing the city to grow and develop economically into the future. In addition, themaintenance of a clean appearance will foster a city's image as a tourist destination.


The normal negative impacts one expects for solid waste management disposal schemes, which alsorelate to the ZUEP schemes are summarised below:

o There could be temporary noise impacts from construction machines, trucks andtransportation machines.

o Management of leachate and gas production from existing landfill operations whenexpanding landfill operations to a new area or related site can be difficult.

O Dust and air pollution from construction activities is likely.

O There are regulations against the dumping of industrial toxic and hazardous wastes in themunicipal landfill. However, the level of enforcement of this regulation is unknown. Inaddition, the disposal of hazardous materials from household use will also be increasingwith increasing affluence, without controls at the pickup locations. It is irnportant to keepsuch wastes out of the improved landfill so that the site does not require future cleanup as ahazardous waste site.

o Operational noise, dust and odours require close control.

O Maintenance of adequate leachate collection and treatment systems.

O Maintenance of adequate gas collection and disposal systems, and inherent danger of fireand explosions must be monitored and controlled.

o The landfill must ensure proper handling of sludge and other liquid wastes.

O Proper surface drainage must be provided to mitigate potential flooding washout ofpollutants during high storm events.

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* Proper fill and management procedures must be maintained to minimise health problemsassociated with vectors and disease.

5.3 Typical Impacts of Canal Dredging Projects


The normal positive impacts one expects for canal dredging schemes, which also relate to the ZUEPschemes are summarised below:

* Removal of pollutants that can exacerbate water quality problems.

* Improved navigation, flood control and water storage capabilities.

Improved public health conditions through removal of habitat for vectors.

* Increased recreational and tourism potential.

* Improvcd sense of community.


The normal negative impacts one expects for canal dredging schemes, which also relate to the ZUEPschemes are summarised below:

• Collection and disposal of sediments, especially highly polluted sediments, can cause avariety of potential health concerns, especially at disposal sites.

* Dredging operations can cause impacts to local residents, aquatic life and other users of thesurface water, especially public water supply intakes.

* Noise and exhaust gases from dredging operations.

* Sediment transfer and transportation systems can cause localised impacts.

* Sediment disposal sites can have a variety of impacts including surface and groundwaterpollution, dust problems, and improper reclamation and re-vegetation.

5.4 Typical Impacts of Road Construction Projects


The normal positive impacts one expects for road construction schemes, which also relate to theZUEP schemes are summarised below:

* Improved mobility and ability for extended commerce.

* Reduced travel times and congestion of existing roadways.

* Increased tourist access for economic development.

* Better access to emergency and public vehicles.

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The normal negative impacts one expects for road construction schemes, whlch also relate to theZUEP schemes are summarised below:

o Encroachment on precious ecological resources.

O Encroachment on histoncal, cultural, or monument areas.

o Impairment of fisheries, aquatic ecology, and other beneficial uses.

o Increased potential for erosion and siltation.

c Negative effects on local environmental aesthetics.

O Increased noise and vibration, construction and operation.

c Increased air pollution hazards and loads during construction and operation.

o Drainage concems, including potential for increased runoff pollution.

o Potential for highway spills of hazardous materials.

O Potential for localised hydrologic impacts, including interception of sheet flows, propersizing of culverts and bridges, and proper design of bridge abutments and supports andculverts so that the structures minimize impacts on hydrology and terrestrial and aquaticsystems. In addition, drainage facilities need to constructed and maintained so that they donot result in scour, erosion, and other hydrologic problems.

5.5 Positive Impacts of the Specific ZUEP Components

5.5.1 Main Project Impacts

Hangzhou

The construction of the Hangzhou Landfill No. 2 has positive impacts for the environment, as it willprovide a techmically, environmentally and financially sound, long term, MSW disposal facility forHangzhou. This in turn will allow MSW collection and removal rates to continue increasing, theservice area to expand and hence ensure further improvements in urban environmental sanitation andthe exploitation of economic development opportunities.

The lack of adequate MSW collection systems can contribute to a wide variety of potential publichealth concerns and the promotion of disease, vectors, and rodents. These potential problems alsooccur when MSW handling involves a high degree of human contact. The proposed ZUEP projectwill alleviate these concems and also provide a more attractive city appearance. The supply ofadequate MSW collection and disposal systems is a minimum need for allowing the city to grow anddevelop economically into the future. In addition, tourism is a major existing and proposed economicactivity in Hangzhou and the maintenance of a clean city will foster its image as a tourist destination.

Facilities to prevent run-off entering the landfill and uncontrolled escape of leachate will helpminimise pollution of both surface and ground water and hence protect water resources. The use ofman-made composite materials in the landfill liner will effectively reduce leachate seepage and useconsiderably less earth material - reducing excavation of earth from valuable arable land. Theproposed modem leachate treatment processes, replacing the existing inadequate LTP, will treat theleachate to the required standard for discharge of effluent to the municipal sewer.

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The increased generation of landfill gases from the new landfill will be used to generate power,increasing the financial and economic benefit of the project. The impacts of the proposed project areall beneficial because they preserve and sustain the positive benefits of the successful operation of theexisting landfill operation at Tianziling. The main project impacts are discussed and quantified, below:

Public Health

The project will protect and safeguard public health against filth-borne diseases that rnight occur if noaction was taken to continue and improve the hygienic disposal of domestic solid waste after theTianziling No.1 Landfill Site is fully utillsed in 2003-2004. This is reinforced by the results of theSocio-Econonmc Survey in which households gave high priority to better garbage and waste removal,cleaner streets, reduction in the number of flies and bad smells associated with rotting garbage, andthe overall importance of controlling and reducing environmental pollution, especially in localneighbourhoods.

Data on filth-borne diseases has been requested through the HPMO from the Hangzhou Centre forDisease Control and Prevention (HCDCP). These data will provide an indicator of the currentincidence of these types of diseases. The results of the Socio-Economic Survey show that 2% ofhouseholds reported that family members have suffered from filth-related diseases in the last year.While the percentage is relatively small, the actual impact on individual families can be considerable,especially among young children and wage-earning adults who may suffer long bouts of illness andincur significant costs in terms of medical expenses and lost income.

Discussions with HPMO and representatives of the Hangzhou Municipal Works and City AppearanceAdministration Bureau indicated that there are no reported health problems related to the operation ofthe existing landfill operation, in terms of: (a) leachate contamination of local groundwater andsurface water, which might impact on downstream users; or (b) periodic illness of operational staff atthe landfill site.

Poverty Impact

Poverty alleviation is an important issue for both HMG and the World Bank. The aim is to ensure thatlow-income and other disadvantaged groups within the project area participate fully m theenvironmental benefits and improved solid waste service that will accrue from the successfulimplementation and operation of the No.2 Landfill Project at Tianziling.

Official statistics for Hangzhou indicate that poverty is not a significant problem in the urban areas ofthe municipality. However, the results of the socio-economic survey, carried out as part of the DRAconsultancy, indicate that about 10% of the surveyed population is below the World Bank povertyguideline level of US$ 1 (RMB 8.3) per day (equivalent to RMB 750 or US$ 90) per month for ahousehold of three persons). The income distribution results are presented in Table 5.1. Poorhouseholds are mainly concentrated in Jianggan, Shangcheng and Xihu Districts.

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Table 5.1: Hangzhou Municipality - Household Income Distribution by District - May2002

Income Band Hongshu Jianggan Shangcheng Xihu Xiacheng Total

(RMB per month)

Less than RMB 500 2.4% 2.0% 0 8%

RMB 500 to 1000 4.6% 17.0% 2.4% 11.8% 8.3% 90%

RMB 1000 to 1500 6.8% 25.5% 19.1% 3.9% 11.7% 13.1%

RMB 1500 to 2000 13.6% 19.2% 14.3% 11.8% 18.3% 15.6%

RMvB 2000 to 3000 15.9% 10.6% 26 2% 33.3% 21.7% 21.7%

RMB 3000 to 5000 13.6% 10.6% 16.7% 19.6% 25.0% 17.6%

More than RMB 5000 13.6% 4.8% 5.0% 4.5%

No response 31.8% 17.0% 14.2% 17.6% 10.0% 17.6%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Average Income (RMB) 3,408 1,776 2,563 2,393 2,718 2,542

Survey (nos ) 44 47 42 51 60 244

Source: ZUEP Socio-Economic Survey, May 2002

Based on the results of the socio-economic survey, it is estimated that nearly 240,000 people in about

70,000 low income households (9.8% of the project area population in the year 2000) will benefit

from the proposed investment to improve mumcipal collection and disposal of domestic solid waste,

and extend the life of the Tianziling landfill site.

Environmental Impact

Effective environmental protection and pollution control is a municipal priority in Hangzhou.

Therefore, the maintenance and development of efficient solid waste services is essential if this

objective is to be achieved and sustained. The Socio-Economic Survey clearly shows that

householders are keen to mimmise and eliminate foul smells, flies and mosquitoes, and haphazard

dumping on open ground and in the streets. In addition, it is worth emphasising that the environmentalconsequences of "doing nothing" would have an immediate adverse impact on public health, tourism

and property values.

Landfill GasAnd Energy

The extraction of landfill gas (LFG) and conversion into electricity will be the only important output

from the proposed investment. The existing landfill site (Tianziling No.1) has a gas extraction system

and power generation plant, which was constructed in 1998 as a BOT project with a 15-year

concession in joint venture with a US solid waste management company. The project was the first of

its kind in China. The gas generation plant is operated by Hangzhou Zhong Jia Environmental

Technology Co. Ltd. (Onyx is the current international joint venture partner). The present operating

characteristics are as follows:

The LFG-to-energy project produces a number of important environmental and economic benefits and

impacts:

o Turns solid waste into a useable product - the plant generates 1,940 kW per hour of energyfrom methane (which would otherwise be emitted into the atmosphere and be harmful to theenvironment.) The Yuhang Power Supply Bureau purchases all of the electricity generatedby the plant.

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* Saves natural resources and reduces air pollution - methane is one of the cleanest burningfuels and helps reduce the use of non-renewable fossil fuels, such as oil and coal to generateelectricity. This in turn saves natural resources and reduces air pollution.

* Reduces the greenhouse cffect - thermal combustion reduces the volumes of methane gaswhich would otherwise escape into the atmosphere and contnbute to the greenhouse gaseffect.

* Improves health and safety - collection and proper treatment of LFG improves the healthand safety conditions for people working at the site and living in the vicimty. Reduction inthe emnssions of LFG also improves local air quality and substantially reduces the risk offires and explosions.

Calculations indicate potential LFG volumes rising from 4,250 m3 per hour in 2005 to about 6,000 m3

per hour by 2025. Annual gross energy generated rises from an estimated 52.4 million kWh in 2010 to76.6 million kWh by 2025. It is anticipated that the electricity will continue to be sold to the YuhangPower Supply Bureau

Tourism

In the "without" project case, inadequate solid waste collection and disposal would have a direct andadverse effect on Hangzhou's status as a major tourist destination in China, for both domestic andoverseas visitors. The tourism sector accounts for 6% of GDP and RMB 8.5 billion (US$ I billion) ofvalue added to the local economy in the year 2000. In the same year, total visitor numbers were 23.8million spending an estimated RMB 21.4 billion (US$ 2.6 billion) - according to official figures: (a)domestic visitors - 23.1 nmllion spending RMB 19 billion (US$ 2.3 billion); and (b) overseas visitors- 707,000 visitors spending RMB 2.4 billion (US$ 292 million). If reasonable standards of solid wastecollection and disposal are not maintained, then tourist numbers and revenue will not increase asrapidly as predicted in the Hangzhou Municipal Master Plan and may even decline.

Property And Rental Values

The proposed improvement and extension of the services provided by the Tianziling Landfill facilitywill maintain property and rental values in Hangzhou City. The results of the socio-economic surveydemonstrate the high to medium priority which respondents attach to their living environment, keyurban services and measures that will enhance the status of the city. Therefore, if the project is notimplemented (i.e. the "without" project case), it is reasonable to expect that property and rental valueswill decline in areas that would experience increasing problems with inadequate collection anddisposal of domestic solid waste. Under this scenario, it is likely that the worst affected areas wouldbe the low income, densely populated, older areas of the city outside the central business district. Thiswas confirmed in discussions with the Hangzhou Municipal Housing and Land ResourcesAdministration Bureau. The Bureau also indicated that inadequate collection and disposal of garbagecould affect property values in certain areas of the city by between 2% and 5%.

Recreation And Amenity

The results of the Socio-Economic Survey indicate that expenditure on recreation and amenity isbecoming an important part of everyday life in Hangzhou. On average, families are spending 9.2% ofmonthly household income on these activities. As the local economy continues to expand andhousehold incomes grow in real terns, so the proportion of income expended on recreation andamenity activities will continue to rise. In this context, sustained improvements in solid waste andrelated environmental services will be welcomed by most of the people in Hangzhou.

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Employment Creation

The proposed investment in solid waste facilities will create a modest number of job opportunitiesduring the construction phase and maintain existing jobs during the operational phase. The two-yearconstruction programme for the civil works (2004 and 2005) will create approximately 250 to 300jobs, with total salaries and wages of about RMB 16 million (US$ 1.9 million). The actual operationof the landfill facility will require an estimated 200 workers (27 skilled and 173 unskilled) earning atotal of about RMB 5.7 million (US$ 700,000) per year, based on average salaries/wages of RMB50,000 (US$ 6,000) per year for skilled workers and RMB 25,000 (US$ 3,000) per year for unskilledworkers . In addition, the salaries and wages paid to construction and operational employees will havea modest multiplier effect on the local economy.

Municipal Development Plans

The ZUEP solid waste component will fulfil key environmental and public utility service objectives inthe Hangzhou Municipal Master Plan (2001-2020) and Hangzhou 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005).The sustained improvement in the City's image and potential for attracting local and internationalinvestment are also important factors for promoting the solid waste project.

Shaoxing

The impacts of the proposed project to redevelop and restore the historic city centre are many andvaried, with broader implications to modemise the city and build bridges to connect with and preservethe heritage of Shaoxing's historical past. The main project impacts are discussed and quantified,where possible, as follows:

Tourism

The mamn economic impact of the proposed investment in renovation and conservation of the OldCity's cultural heritage will be felt by the tourism sector and the multiplier effect it will havethroughout the whole of the local economy. The direct beneficiary will be the Shaoxing CulturalTourism Investment & Development Corporation, which will be the custodian and managemententerprise responsible for the historic sites on behalf of SMG. The other beneficiaries will be thehotels, restaurants, shops and other conmmercial outlets, transport and telecommunications agenciesproviding services to the tourism industry. Indeed, the sector will account for a rising proportion ofGDP and will be an important source of future direct and indirect employment opportunities.

In order to assess the incremental tourism impact of the Shaoxing component, the DRA Consultantshave used the projections prepared by a team of Canadian Consultants commissioned by CIDA toprepare A Tourism and Cultural Heritage Conservation Strategy for the Ningbo-Shaoxing Region. TheCIDA team has prepared comprehensive projections for the "with" and "without" project scenarios forboth domestic and foreign visitors and tourists.

The "with" project scenario forecasts the total tourist numbers to rise at 3.5% per year from 2000 to2005, 5% per year from 2005 to 2010, and 5.5% per year from 2010 to 2015. The actual figures showthe number of visitors nearly doubling over the next 15 years, from 2.5 million in 2000 to 2.9 millionin 2005, 3.7 million by 2010 and 4.8 miltlon by 2015. Domestic visitors are expected to account formore than 95% of the potential market; although, there is predicted to be nearly a four-fold increase inforeign tourists, rising from 73,000 in 2000 to 275,000 by 2015. Average tourist expenditure per dayis predicted to more than double as real incomes continue to rise and expenditure on recreationalactivities increases. The average length of stay for overnight visitors (domestic and foreign) is alsopredicted to rise from the current average of 1.2 days to between 1.5 and 2.2 days by 2015. The

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projections show total expenditure increasing from RMB 1.7 billion (USS 206 million) in 2000 toRMB 3.0 billion (US$ 370 million) in 2005, RMB 6.6 billion (US$ 795 million) by 2010 and RMB11.6 billion (US$ 1.4 billion) by 2015. Domestic tourists are expected to account for more than 93%of expenditure.

The "without" project scenario predicts slower growth, with tourist numbers increasing by 3% peryear throughout the projection period from 2000 to 2015. The total number of tourists increases by50% from 2.5 million in 2000 to 3.7 million by 2015. Domestic visitors are expected to account formore than 95% of the potential market. Average tourist expenditure per day is predicted to rise by60% to 70%, and the average length of stay for ovemight visitors will only rise from 1.2 to 1.5 daysby 2015. The projections indicate total expenditure increasing from RMB 1.7 billion (US$ 206million) in 2000 to RMB 2.8 billion (US$ 345 million) in 2005, RMB 4.4 billion (US$ 535 million)by 2010 and RMB 5.1 billion (US$ 610 billion) by 2015.

The incremental tourism projections (difference between the "with" and "without" project scenarios)show the number of additional visitors rising from 82,000 in 2005 to 410,000 by 2010 and 1. I millionby 2015. Total incremental expenditure amounts to RMB 205 million (US$ 25 million) in 2005, RMB2.2 billion (US$ 260 million) by 2010 and RMB 6.5 billion (US$ 780 million) by 2015.

Property and Rental Values

The proposed improvemenit and upgrading of traditional houses in the five historic precincts willsignificantly enhance property and rental values in the project area. The results of the socio-economicsurvey demonstrate the high to medium priority which respondents attach to improvements in theirhousing conditions, living environment, key urban services and measures which will enhance thestatus of Shaoxing, especially the conservation of the historic city centre. Therefore, it is expected thatthe improvements will generate an increase in property and rental values in the immediate project areaand potentially in adjacent neighbourhoods. This was confirmed in discussions with the ShaoxingConstruction Bureau and Shaoxing Land Resources Bureau.

The property market in Shaoxing is still m the early stages of development. Land and property pncesare still generally state-controlled; although official municipal auctions commenced in 1999 as ameans of generating revenue for SMG and opening up the land and property market, especially in thecity centre. It is also noteworthy that small private real estate enterprises have been established tofacilitate property and letting transactions. However, there is still only a lImuted amount of data onproperty sales and prices. Residential household rents have been used as a proxy for enhancedproperty values.

The FSR (July 2002) estimates that a total of 19,267 people in 6,021 households will benefit from theproposed repair, renovation and improvement of traditional houses within the five historic precincts.As a result of the proposed investment, the FSR (July 2002) forecasts that average property rents inthe five historic precincts will increase five-fold in real terms over the next 10 years. The FSRforecasts for representative years are summarised as follows:

* 2002 - average rent of RMB 71 (US$ 8.5) per month, representing 2.7% of average familyincome of RMB 2,641 (US$ 319) per month.

* 2006 - average rent of RMB 222 (US$ 27) per month, representing 8% of average familyincome of RMB 2,773 (US$ 335) per month.

* 2011 - average rent of RMB 350 (US$ 42) per month, representing 10% of average familyincome of RMB 3,505 (US$ 423) per month.

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o 2016 - average rent of RMB 507 (US$ 61) per month, representing 12% of average familyincome of RMB 4,223 (US$ 510) per month.

The DRA Consultants have been more conservative in the projections, based on the results of theSocio-Economnc Survey (May 2002), which indicates that average rent is RMB 91 (US$ 11) permonth and amounts to 5.5% of a much lower average household income of RMB 1,653 (US$ 200) permonth. The estimates indicate incremental residential rents of RMB 100 (US$ 12) per month by 2005,RMB 199 (US$ 24) per month by 2010 and RMB 284 (USS 34) per month by 2020. These sumsamount to between 5% and 9% of projected average household income. The total projectedincremental residential property rents are modest, rising from RMB 7.2 million (US$ 900,000) in2005, to RMB 13.6 million (US$ 1.6 million) in 2010 and RMB 20.5 million (US$ 2.5 million) by2020.

Finally, it is important to point out that some families may not be able to afford the projected rentincreases and may be obliged to relocate to more affordable accommodation in the city suburbs. Thesame pressures will affect households in family-owned properties, especially if they are expected topart-fund and repay the investment costs associated with the repair and renovation of their homes. TheFSR does not address this important point.

Public Utility Services

One of the minor components of the Shaoxing project is to improve water, sewerage and gas servicesto the future population within the five historic precincts. The FSR estimates that the population in thehistoric areas will fall from 26,488 to 19,267 as a result of the project and the resettlement programme.Therefore, the proposed improvement in public utility services will benefit 6,021 households (basedon an average of 3.2 persons per household).

Water supply will be augmented with an improved distribution network, plus the upgrading of manyresidences with the installation of modem bathroom, toilet and kitchen facilities. Complementarysewer pipes will link the five precincts to the city's main sewerage system. This will largely replacethe old system of septic tanks, public toilets, night soil collection and the discharge of "grey" water(kitchen and bathroom wastewater) into the canals and rivers. The proposed gas pipelines will connectinto the city's natural gas distribution system which is due to be operational in 2004. The new systemwill replace the current use of bottled LPG and piped coal gas. All of these improvements willmodernise public utility services in the five precincts, raise the living standards of local residents,increase consumer satisfaction and convenience, and reduce the environmental pollution associatedwith the old systems.

The concept of ability to pay refers to the capability of the beneficiaries (individual households) toallocate a reasonable and acceptable proportion of their projected income to cover the real economiccosts of providing improved urban services. Based on the results of the Socio-Economic Survey,estimates have been made of the incremental ability to pay for improved water supply, sewerage andgas services in the five historic precincts.

Based on these considerations, projections of ability to pay have been prepared for the period 2005 to2030. The total ability to pay estimates for water, sewerage and gas services in the five historicprecincts are forecast to rise from RMB 6 million (USS 725,000) in 2005 to RMB 7.3 million (US$880,000) in 2010, RMB 9.9 million (US$ 1.2 million) by 2020, and RMB 11.4 million (US$ 1.4rnillion) by 2025. Finally, it should be emphasised that while ability to pay is used as a measure ofeconomic value, the real benefit to the community is probably higher when consumer surplus is takeninto account.



Poverty Impact

Poverty alleviation is an important issue for both SMG and the World Bank. The aim is to ensure thatlow-income and other disadvantaged groups within the project area participate as fully as possible inthe redevelopment and restoration of the historic city centre.

Official statistics for Shaoxing indicate that poverty is not a significant problem in the urban areas ofthe municipality. However, the results of the socio-econormc survey, carried out as part of the DRAconsultancy, indicate that as much as 20% to 25% of the population m Yuecheng District could bebelow the World Bank poverty guideline of US$ 1 (RMB 8.3) per day, which is equivalent to RMB800 or US$ 96 per month for a household of 3.2 persons.

Based on the results of the Socio-Economic Survey, it is estimated that 30,000 to 37,500 people inabout 9,400 to 11,700 low-income households in the Old City area will be directly or indirectlyaffected by the proposed redevelopment and conservation project.

Public Health

The proposed modest investment in improved water supply and sewerage facilities for about 6,000households in the five (5) historic conservation precincts will provide a measure of improvement insafeguarding public health against waterbome and water-related diseases in the central anddownstream areas. This is reinforced by the results of the Socio-Economic Survey in whichhouseholds gave medium priority to health issues, control of pollution in the rivers and canals, andenvironmental conditions in the city centre.

If no action is taken to implement the proposed water supply and sewerage components (the "without"project case), then the inadequate provision of potable water, washing of clothes and other householditems in the canals, discharge of domestic "grey" water into the canals, and the outmoded night soilservice will continue. In these circumstances, waterbome and water-related diseases will pose acontinuing health problem especially in the poorer and more densely populated areas of the Old Citywhere houses are often in poor condition and in need of renovation.

Data on waterbome and water-related diseases have been requested through the SPMO from theShaoxing Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (SCDCP). These data will provide an indicatorof the current incidence of water-related diseases.

Environmental Impact

Effective environmental protection and pollution control is a municipal pnority in Shaoxing. Theproposed project formns part of the overall strategy to redevelop and modernise the city centre, whilerestoring and conserving the cultural heritage of the Old City itself. This medium to long-termdevelopment programme will have a beneficial environmental impact in a number of areas:

* Environmental landscaping and public parks - these will improve the general appearance ofthe Old City and complement many of the other development imtiatives take by SMG toenhance the image of Shaoxing as a modem city which welcomes tourists (e.g. theredevelopment of the main square and landscaping of the main rivers). Sumilardevelopments have been successfully implemented in the centre of Ningbo.

* Reduced pollution in the rivers and canals of the Old City - the dredging and lining of thecanals, coupled with the proposed flushing and reduced direct wastewater discharges fromthe five historic precincts, will improve water quality and enhance the overall ambience ofthe city centre.



o Reduced air pollution - more provision of open spaces and green areas, plus more effectivecontrol of city traffic in and around the Old City, will lead to an improvement in local airquality.

o Renovation and upgrading of historic buildings and traditional residential houses - therestoration and improvements to many ancient buildings will preserve the old cultural heartof the city and reverse the dilapidation and disrepair in the historic areas.

o The results of the Socio-Economic Survey clearly show that residents and commercialenterprises are keen to restore the environment of the Old City. Environmentalconsequences of "doing nothing" would be a continuing downward trend in the generaldilapidation of buildings and infrastructure, increasing water and air pollution, loss ofcultural heritage, and damage to the local economy especially in the areas of tourism andproperty values.

Recreation and Amenity

The results of the Socio-Econornic Survey indicate that most respondents (63%) support theredevelopment and restoration of the historic city centre. The major reasons given are: preserve theCity's heritage (32%); beautify the city environment (21%); increase recreation and leisure facilities(18%); and enhance the city's image (17%). This reaction is reinforced by the fact that substantialredevelopment work has already been completed in the central business district (e.g. the main square)and along some of the main rivers and canals in and around the Old City. Furthermore, the surveyindicates that 61% of households surveyed would expect to visit the historic city centre between oncea week and once a month. Recreation and amenity activities will become a more important part ofeveryday life in Shaoxing as the local economy continues to expand and household incomes grow inreal terms.

At present, families are spending an average of 5.6% of monthly household income on these activities.In this context, it is interesting to note that parallel surveys conducted in Hangzhou and Ningbo (May2002), and Shanghai showed that 8% to 9% of monthly household income is spent on recreation andamenity activities. The future impact on demand patterns and the multiplier effect on the localeconomy will be significant. This is reinforced by the survey responses of commercial and industrialenterprises in Yuecheng District. They expressed enthusiastic support for the historic city centreproject (76%), coupled with the opinion that there will be direct economic benefits (81% ofrespondents) derived from higher incomes and more tourists.

Employment Creation

The proposed investment package for the historic city centre redevelopment and conservation project,plus the modest development of urban infrastructure in the Old City will create additionalemployment opportunities dunng the construction phase and regular maintenance and operation in thefuture. The five-year construction programme for the civil works (2004 to 2008) will create between650 and 750 jobs, with total salaries and wages of more than RMB 100 million (US$ 12 million).

Future operation and maintenance of the renovated buildings and new infrastructure assets willprobably provide permanent employment for 200 to 300 workers earning about RMB 7.5 million(US$ 900,000) per year, based on average wages of RMB 25,000 (US$ 3,000) per year. In addition,the salaries and wages paid to construction and operational employees will have modest multipliereffects on the local economy.


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The renovation and restoration ot the historic city centre will fulfil key development objectives in theCity's Urban Strategic Plan (2201-2020), the Cultural Conservation Plan, and the Shaoxing 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005). The substantial investment will enhance the City's image as one of China'smajor historic centres with significant tourism potential.

Ningbo

The impacts of the proposed project to improve the environmental infrastructure of Ningbo involve aseries of proposed component projects. The main project impacts are discussed and quantified, wherepossible, as follows:

Public Health

One of the main objectives for developing and improving sewerage and wastewater treatment servicesin Nmgbo is to safeguard and improve general standards of public health. The proposed four seweragesub-components will contribute to health improvements through the reduction in many of the physicalvectors which can transmit waterbome and water-related diseases (c.g. septic tanks, night soilfacilities, other basic sanitation facilities, vermin and rodents, unsanitary canals and waterways, etc.),but parallel initiatives will be needed in public health education and improvements on personalhygiene to ensure that all the potential health benefits are realised.

Official data on reported cases of waterbome and water-related diseases (dysentery, hepatitis, typhoid,cholera, and malaria) in the four project districts show reported cases ranging from 4,066 in 1999 to5,604 in 1996, with an average incidence of 8.9 cases per 10,000 population (resident) over the five-year period (range: 7.6 to 10.6 cases per 10,000). Dysentery accounted for 58% of reported cases inthe five-year penod, followed by hepatitis 25%, typhoid 16%, and cholera 1%. However, it isimportant to point out that the official statistics only record the serious cases, which require closemedical attention and/or hospitalisation. Many milder forms of waterbome and water-related diseases(e.g. diarrhoea, gastroenteritis, etc.) may be treated at home and can be disruptive to normal familylife, especially if children contract these diseases.

The figures by district are discussed briefly as follows:

* Jiangbei District (location of Cicheng Town) - reported cases range from 178 in 1999 to 304in 1998, with an average mcidence of 10.3 cases per 10,000 population (range: 7.9 to 13.7cases per 10,000 population). Dysentery accounted for 70% of reported cases, followed byhepatitis 20%, typhoid 8%, and cholera 2%.

* Jiangdong District - reported cases range from 234 in 1999 to 461 in 2000, with the highestaverage incidence of 16.4 cases per 10,000 population (range: 11.8 to 22.2 cases per 10,000population). Dysentery accounted for 52% of reported cases, followed by hepatitis 34%,typhoid 14%, and cholera less than 1%.

* Zhenhai District - reported cases range from 121 in 1999 to 260 in 1996, with an averageincidence of 9.1 cases per 10,000 population (range: 5.7 to 12.3 cases per 10,000population). Dysentery accounted for 60% of reported cases, followed by hepatitis 25%,typhoid 13%, and cholera 2%.

* Yinzhou District (formerly Yin County, and location of Dongqian Lake) - reported casesrange from 664 In 1999 to 870 in 2000, with an average incidence of 10.5 per 10,000population (range: 9.2 to 12.1 cases per 10,000 population. Dysentery accounted for 58% ofreported cases, followed by hepatitis 25%, typhoid 16%, and cholera 1%.

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Zhejiang Urban Environrment Project Environmental Assessment

The Ningbo Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention was also able to provide data on theincidence of waterbome and water-related diseases by age group. The figures show:

o Working population (15 to 60 years of age) account for 55% to 60% of reported cases

o Infants (less than 5 years of age) account for 17%, ranging from 11% in Jiangdong Districtto 20% in Zhenhai District

o Children (5 to 15 years of age) account for 14%, ranging from 12% in Yingzhou District to22% in Jiangdong District

o Elderly (over 60 years of age) account for 11%, ranging from 7% in Jiangdong District to13% in Yingzhou District

More detailed information on the incidence and costs of waterborne and water-related diseases wasgathered through the Socio-Economuc Survey. Details of the health data from the survey follow:

o Sickness from waterbome and water-related diseases - 8% of households reported thatfamily members have suffered from these diseases in the last year (6% in Jiangbei District,10% in Jiangdong District, 14% in Zhenhai District, and 3% in Yinzhou District);

o Cases of illness - respondents indicated a total of 108 cases of illness from diarrhoea,dysentery, gastroenteritis and typhoid, of which 37% were among children below 15 yearsof age and 63% among adults

o Days of sickness - respondents reported 1,475 days of sickness (474 days among childrenand 1,001 days among adults);

o Consulting a doctor - 23% of households reported that they consult a doctor in the event ofillness (33% in Jiangbei District, 26% in Jiangdong District, 22% in Zhenhai District, and15% in Yinzhou District); and

o Medical costs - reported medical costs in dealing with waterbome and water-relateddiseases are high, with an average of Y 5,169 (US$ 620) per family over the last year: Y3,881 (US$ 470) in Jiangbei District; Y 6,594 (US$ 800) in Jiangdong District, Y 2,034(US$ 245) in Zhenhai District and Y 8,783 (US$ 1,060) in Yinzhou District.

Estimates have been made of the economic losses related to the incidence of waterbome and water-related diseases under two headings: (a) the value of loss production time due to illness, which is aloss incurred by the economy and more especially by the family concerned; and (b) the economiccosts of medical treatment.

The full potential health benefits will only be realised with parallel improvements m public healtheducation, higher standards of personal hygiene, and improved housing and living conditionsespecially for low-income and disadvantaged households. The project-related health benefits arerelatively modest:

o Cicheng - project health benefits rise from Y 0.7 million (US$ 85,000) in 2005 to Y 1.1million (US$ 130,000) in 2010 and Y 2 million (US$ 240,000) by 2020

o Jiangdong - project health benefits rise from Y 7.4 million (US$ 890,000) in 2005 to Y 9.8million (US$ 1.2 million) in 2010 and Y 13.2 million (US$ 1.6 million) by 2020

o Zhenhai - project health benefits rise from Y 1.5 million (US$ 180,000) in 2005 to Y 1.8million (US$ 215,000) in 2010 and Y 2.5 million (US$ 300,000) by 2020

o Dongqian Lake - project health benefits rise from Y 0.9 million (US$ 110,000) in 2005 to Y1.4 million (US$ 170,000) in 2010 and Y 1.9 million (US$ 230,000) by 2020.

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Property and Rental Values

The provision and extension of sewerage and wastewater treatment facilities in Ningbo will enhanceproperty values in the four project areas. The results of the Socio-Economic Survey demonstrate thehigh to medium pnority that respondents attach to improvements in their living environment, keyurban services and measures which will enhance the status of the local communities and NingboMunicipality in general. The potential positive impact on property values was confirmed indiscussions with the Nmgbo Real Estate Exchange Centre. Residential household rents have beenused as a proxy for enhanced property values.

The results of the Socio-Economic Survey indicate the following household rents in each project area:

* Zhenhai - average household rent is Y 93 (US$ 11) per month or 4.6% of averagehousehold income of Y 2,008 (US$ 242) per month

* Jiangdong- average household rent is Y 88 (US$ 11) per month or 4.7% of averagehousehold income of Y 1,880 (US$ 227) per month

* Cicheng - average household rent is Y 56 (US$ 7) per month or 2.8% of average householdincome of Y 2,006 (US$ 242) per month

* Dongqian Lake - average household rent is Y 80 (US$ 10) per month or 4.5% of averagehousehold income of Y 1,784 (US$ 215) per month

Rents are acknowledged to be below realistic market levels, but most properties are state controlled orowned by state-owned and collective enterpnses. The distnbution of residential property benefits willalso vary according to location within the project areas. Properties close to (say within 200 to 300metres) creeks, canals, tributaries, rivers, lakes and other watercourses will be the main beneficiariesin terms enhanced environmental conditions and benefits (e.g. reduced and eliminated smells, fliesand other vermin, phasing out of septic tanks and night soil services, and reduced pollution in allwater courses, etc.). Full estimation of distributed property benefits would require more resources andtime. Therefore, a more general approach has been adopted based on conservative increases inresidential property rents. The results indicate the following:

* Zhenhal - average incremental property rents rise from Y 18 (US$ 2) per month (0.8% ofhousehold income) in 2005 to Y 49 (US$ 6) per month (1.7%) in 2010, and Y 98 (US$ 12)per month (2.6%) by 2020. The total incremental property rent will amount to Y 9.5 million(US$ 1.1 million) by 2010 and Y 18.9 million (US$ 2.3 mullion) by 2020.

* Jiangdongnan - average incremental property rents rise from Y 16 (US$ 2) per month (0.7%of household income) in 2005 to Y 44 (US$ 5) per month (1.7%) in 2010, and Y 89 (US$ 11)per month (2.5%) by 2020. The total incremental property rent will amount to Y 21.9million (US$ 2.6 million) by 2010 and Y 44.6 million (US$ 5.4 million) by 2020.

* Cicheng - average incremental property rents rise from Y 11 (US$ 1) per month (0.5% ofhousehold income) in 2005 to Y 28 (US$ 3) per month (1%) in 2010, and Y 58 (US$ 7) permonth (1.5%) by 2020. The total incremental property rent will amount to Y 1.9 million(US$ 230,000) by 2010 and Y 5.4 million (US$ 650,000) by 2020.

* Dongqian Lake - average incremental property rents rise from Y 16 (US$ 2) per month(0.8% of household income) in 2005 to Y 45 (US$ 5) per month (1.8%) in 2010, and Y 88(US$ 1) per month (2.6%) by 2020. The total incremental property rent will amount to Y3.3 million (US$ 400,000) by 2010 and Y 6.5 million (US$ 780,000) by 2020.

Other Forms of Sanitation

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l\WB Conlsolidated EA_250303 doc/


The projects should generate significant cost savings through the replacement of septic tanks andnight soil facilities, which are old and outdated but still important modes of sanitation in the fourproject areas. The environmental pollution from these basic forrns of sanitation will also be eliminatedor significantly reduced.

It was not possible to quantify the potential savings. The FSRs do not discuss and quantify theexisting sanitation and sewerage services in each of the project areas, in terns of: people andhouseholds served by type of sanitation; number of facilities, their age and condition; health andenvironmental impacts; and costs.

Fisheries

None of the four FSRs discuss the potential impact of the proposed sewerage projects on local andregional fisheries (natural and fish farms) in the "with" and "without" project cases. In addition, thereis no discussion of whether or not polluting discharges from municipal and industrial sources intocanals, creeks, lakes, other water bodies, and the main rivers have had any adverse impact over timeon the fisheries sector, especially freshwater fisheries.

In 2000, the net value of the fisheries sector was Y 2.9 billion (US$ 350 million) or 2.5% of total GDPand 30% of the primary industry sector. Between 1995 and 2000, total output of aquatic productsincreased by 60% from 510,000 tonnes in 1995 to 816,000 tonnes in 2000. However, production fromfresh water sources (rivers, lakes, ponds, etc.) accounts for only 7% to 8% of total output, withproduction increasing from nearly 40,000 tonnes in 1995 to nearly 58,000 in 2000. In addition, thefisheries sector provides employment for 65,000 people (200 in Jiangbei District, 500 in ZhenhaiDistrict, and 3,800 in Yinzhou District).

Freshwater fisheries is of only minor economic importance in all four districts. In 2000, ZhenhaiDistrict produced 810 tonnes of freshwater aquatic products (1.4% of the total) and accounted for1.2% of the GDP for the fisheries sector. The contribution of Yinzhou District was more significant,with freshwater production of 7,776 tonnes (13.5%) and 5.4% of fisheries GDP. The contributions ofJiangdong and Jiangbei Districts are relatively insignificant. In the light of these statistics, thepotential beneficial impact of individual sewerage projects on freshwater fisheries is probably small.However, the cumulative regional impact of the four projects (and others in the future) may be moresignificant, including the impact on inshore fishing in Hangzhou Bay.

Environmental Impacts

Effective environmental protection and pollution reduction is a municipal priority in Ningbo. In thiscontext, one of the central objectives is the rehabilitation and clean-up of many of the principalwaterways and water bodies in the City and the districts: (a) Zhenhai - Yong River, minor tributariesand water courses, and the inshore waters of Hangzhou Bay itself; (b) Jiangdong - Yuyao andFenghua Rivers, Yong River, and rmnor tributaries and water courses; (c) Cicheng - canals andwaterways in the Old Town, Ci River, and minor tributaries and water courses; and (d) DongqlanLake - the lake itself, and minor tributaries and water courses. Improvements in the local environmentare also important in terms of reducing and eliminating discoloured and foul-smelling water, flies andmosquitoes, rats and other water-related vermin, and the phasing-out of older sanitation methods. Inthe Socio-Economic Survey, 70% to 75% of respondents (households and commercial/mdustrialenterprises) in the four project areas highlighted the importance of the local environment in justifyingfurther investment in municipal sewerage and wastewater treatment systems.

Flooding

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The results of the Socio-Economic Survey indicate that periodic flooding has been a problem forhouseholds and commercial/industrial enterprises in all four project districts. However, the FSRs donot address the issue of flooding and whether the increased sewer network and capacities will providesome relief in the form of increased stortnwater drainage capacity. The DRA team's specialistsexpressed the view that the flood alleviation potential of the new sewers will be minimal.

Roads

The aim of the proposed road around Dongqian Lake is to improve transport communications forlocal residcnts and facilitate access to the natural countryside and beauty spots within the catchmentarea of the lake as part of the programme to support tourism development.

The total length of the proposed road is 43.4 km (15.3 km of new road, and 18.1 km of an existingroad which will be improved and upgraded). The FSR reports traffic volumes on the existing road at200 vehicles per hour in 2001 and projected growth of 8% per year to reach about 850 vehicles perhour by 2020. The growth projections assume that the local resident population around the lake willincrease at 3.5% per year plus a substantial increase in tourist traffic. The FSR does not presentadequate supporting information to substantiate the figures and projections for the "with" and"without" project scenarios for traffic flows, tourist visitor numbers and general economicdevelopment associated with the road component. Information on these and other aspects wererequested from NPMO and ENFI in July 2002. Therefore, estimation of the benefits attributable to theroad around the lake are still pending.

Recreation and Amenity

Recreation and amenity activities will become a more important part of everyday life in Ningbo as thelocal economy continues to expand and household incomes grow in real terms. Therefore, the projectwill make a valuable contribution to the local community by making the City (and project areas) moreinteresting and attractive places to visit on a regular basis. This in tum will create more commercialopportunities for local businesses. At present, famulies are spending an average of 6.4% (Cicheng) ofmonthly household income on recreation and cultural activities. In this context, it is interesting to notethat parallel surveys conducted in Hangzhou and Shaoxing (May 2002), and Shanghai (January 2002),show that 6% to 9% of monthly household income is spent on recreation and cultural activities. Theproportion of recreational expenditure is likely to increase with the growth in real income, which willalso have an important multiplier effect on the local economy.

Poverty Impact

Poverty alleviation is an important issue for both NMG and the World Bank. The aim is to ensure thatlow-income and other disadvantaged groups within the project areas participate fully in theenvironmental benefits and improved urban services that will accrue from the successfulimplementation and operation of the wastewater and other infrastructure components in NingboMumcipality.

Official statistics for Ningbo indicate that poverty is not a significant problem in the urban areas of themunicipality. However, the results of the Socio-economic Survey, indicate that 10% tol2% of thesurveyed population is below the World Bank's poverty guideline of US$ I (Y 8.3) per day(equivalent to Y 750 or US$ 90 per month for a household of 3 persons).

Based on the results of the Socio-Economuc Survey, the following estimates have been made of thenumbers in the low-income group who will benefit from the proposed four wastewater projects andthe two infrastructure improvement projects (based on the target populations in 2010):

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o Sewerage and Wastewater Projects:

Zhenhai- 10,000 people in about 3,500 low-income households (8.5% in the low-income group)

Jiangdongnan - 58,000 people in about 19,000 low-income households (14% in the low-income group)

Cicheng - 7,400 people in about 2,400 low-income households (13% in the low-income group)

Dongqian Lake - 6,300 people in about 2,000 low-income households (10% in the low-income group)

o Infrastructure Improvement Projects:

Cicheng - 7,400 people in about 2,400 low-income households (13% in the low-income group)

Dongqian Lake - 6,700 people in about 2,200 low-income households (13% in the low-income group)

Employment Creation

The proposed investment projects in sewerage and wastewater treatment and infrastructureimprovement will create additional employment opportunities within Ningbo Municipality, both in theconstruction phase and regular maintenance and operation in the future. The estimates indicate a totalof 1,500 construction jobs with total salaries and wages of about Y 178 million (US$ 21.5 million).Future operation and maintenance of the facilities and infrastructure will provide permanentemployment for 250 to 350 workers (skilled and unskilled) earning about Y 9 to 12 million (US$ 1.1to 1.4 million) per year. In addition, the salaries and wages paid to construction workers andoperational employees will have modest multiplier effects on the local economy.


The four ZUEP project will fulfil key development objectives in the Ningbo Municipal Master Plan(2001-2020), the Ningbo Tourism Plan 2020, the Ningbo 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005), and thedistrict development plans in each of the target communities. The substantial investment will enhancethe Municipality's image as one of the dynamic development centres in China.

Economic benefits for the sewerage and wastewater components have been quantified under threeheadings:

o Willingness and ability to pay - as an indicator of the main benefits for which users arewilling and able to pay for improved sewerage and wastewater treatment services;

o Health benefits - reflecting estimates of the savings in lost production time and medicaltreatment costs due to the incidence of waterborne and water-related diseases; and

o Residential property rents - used as a proxy for enhanced property values over time for theproperties that will benefit from the provision of a modem sewerage and wastewatertreatment system.

The quantification of the benefits follows:



* Zhenhai - estimated benefits increase from Y 22.1 million (US$ 2.7 million) in 2007 to Y31.3 million (US$ 3.8 million) in 2010 and Y 57.3 million (US$ 6.9 million) by 2020. In2010, willingness and ability to pay accounts for 64% of estimated benefits, followed byresidential property rents with 30% and health benefits with 6%.

* Jiangdongnan - estimated benefits increase from Y 51.3 million (UJS$ 6.2 million) in 2007to Y 75.8 rnillion (US$ 9.1 million) in 2010 and Y 146.5 million (US$ 17.7 million) by 2020.In 2010, willingness and ability to pay accounts for 58% of estimated benefits, followed byresidential property rents with 29% and health benefits with 13%.

* Cicheng - estimated benefits increase from Y 7.1 million (US$ 850,000) in 2007 to Y 11.6mllion (US$ 1.4 mnllion) in 2010 and Y 29.1 million (US$ 3.5 million) by 2020. In 2010,willingness and ability to pay accounts for 75% of estimated benefits, followed byresidential property rents with 16% and health benefits with 9%.

* Dongqian Lake - estimated benefits increase from Y 9.3 million (US$ 1.1 million) in 2007to Y 15.0 million (US$ 1.8 million) in 2010 and Y 26.3 million (US$ 3.2 million) by 2020.In 2010, willingness and ability to pay accounts for 68% of estimated benefits, followed byresidential property rents with 22% and health benefits with 10%.

5.5.2 Improved Surface Water Quality, ZUEP Cities and Basin

Hangzhou

As described in Chapter 4, the leachate from the existing and proposed landfill has been interceptedand is now treated by the Hangzhou WWTP. The interception of thls leachate was accomplished in2001, and resulted in only modest water quality improvements to the Yanshan River. This is due to thefact that the Yanshan River is senously polluted by other industrial sources upstream of the previousdischarge location of the landfill.

Shaoxing

The ShaoxLng city government has stated that as part of their planned improvements to the urbaninfrastructure and historic areas of the city it is their aim to have clean, clear water running throughthe canals in order to improve the local environment and amenity for both residents and touristsHence, vanous water quality improvement measures have been proposed for inclusion in ZUIEP inorder to help achieve this objective.

On their own these measures will not be sufficient. For example, after the proposed ZUEPcomponents are completed, further canal water quality improvements will only occur as seweragecoverage is extended across the whole city and the quality of the moat water (used to flush the canals)is improved. However, these ongoing environmental improvements elsewhere in Shaoxing City donot form part of ZUEP.

The environmental improvements included in the Shaoxing municipality planning up to the year 2005,will result m an improvement in the water quality in the waters around Shaoxing, and thus assist inimproving water quality in the inner canal system. These improvements include:

* Shaoxing WWTP with capacity of 300Mld completed in 2001. A further 200Mld expansionis scheduled for operation by 2004.

* Expansion of sewerage system with 80km of pipeline and 21 pumping stations. The trunksewerage system will be completed in 2003.



o Prevention of sewage discharges entering the outer moat. A new perimeter moat is underconstruction around Shaoxing, mainly for flood control, but there should also be animprovement to the water quality being fed into the inner moat system.

o According to the Shaoxing master plan it is intended to expand the sewerage coverage inShaoxing City from 65% in 2000 to 80% in 2005 and 90% by 2020.

Water quality modelling was performed on the canal system of Shaoxing. The main objectives were:

o To establish the pollutant loads discharging into each canal area.

o To estimate the water quality impact of these pollutant loads.

O To estimate the reductions in pollutant loads likely to result from the proposed sewerageschemes.

o To estimate the likely future water quality in the canals following sewerage and canalflushing / dredging schemes.

o To optimise the scheme to ensure that the water quality objectives can be met.

O To highlight where flows or pollutants from other sources may compromise the ability ofthe proposed scheme to achieve its objectives.

o To review the circulation system of the canals and identify possible improvements with theprovision of new gates and pumps.

o Establish the cost benefit relationship between the cost of pumping flushmg water and thewater quality improvements achieved.

o To assess the likely water quality benefits from dredging sediments from the canals.

A simplified schematic of the canal system was produced and a spreadsheet water quality modeldeveloped. The model was based on mass-balanced muxing of flows into and out of each canaljunction and there is no dynamic hydraulic calculation involved. Junctions are represented as Nodesand canals as Links the connectivity is defined in the model. Flows are provided by the pumpingstations in the southem half of the catchment and flow northwards through the network. The onwardflow split at each junction is defined on the basis of user defined flow proportions to each downstreamlink, e.g. 80% to one link and 20% to the other.

The model schematic is shown in Figure 5.1, over laying a map of Shaoxing and in Figure 5.2showing the flow split at each Junction with the width of each canal proportional to the flow in thatcanal. The quality of the water being pumped into the system is based upon measurements at nearbywater quality monitoring points in the city moat. The water quality model has been developed forBOD only. BOD is the parameter with the most data available and is considered to best representoverall water quality conditions.

As the water flows through the canal system it will pick up additional pollution, primarily fromdomestic and commercial sewage, which has not been collected by the city's sewer system. Thispollution has been defined as originating from two sources: sewage from the non-sewered historicareas; sewage not collected from the sewered areas of the main town.

The predictions of the model were compared with the measurements of BOD taken by routinesampling programmes. Adjustments were made to the estimates of sewage loads reaching the canalsuntil a match with the data was obtained.

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From Figure 5.3 it may be seen that water quality is expected to be much worse in the north of thecanal network than in the south. This is due to the general South-North flow of the system. However,it has not been possible to verify this result because there are no water quality monitoring pointsreported in the canals of the southern part of the old city.

From this diagram, it can be seen that the water quality is much improved but does not reach theobjective of Class IV, <6 mg/l BOD. This is largely because the water coming into the system fromthe moat is already polluted, with a BOD in excess of 5 mg/l which exceeds its class HI objective.The only solution to this problem would be to improve the sewerage and industrial discharges in theouter city until they meet the Class III objective. If the Moat reaches Class III (BOD 4mg/I), then theinner canals can be expected to meet class IV in almost all areas (except Jishan) with 15 hours per daypumping.

Even if the outer canal is improved and the pumping is undertaken as proposed, it is likely that thewater quality in the canals will still occasionally become poor. This could bc caused by the runofffrom storm events. Though the general, long-term effect of surface runoff has been included in themodel, it would in fact occur as occasional intense loads to the canals.

In addition to direct surface runoff the sewer system is expected to include a number of CombinedSewer Overflows (CSO) that spill excess flows from the sewers into the surface water system duringwet weather. No details of these structures were made available for this study, but these can be asignificant source of pollution. Detailed studies would be required to quantify the extent of thispollution source, but it is likely that certain storm conditions will still result in occasional episodes ofsevere water pollution (worse than class V), and will constitute the major source of contaminatingsolids in the canals in the future.

The FSR proposes an extensive programme of dredging with one of the stated aims beingimprovements in water quality in the canal. The FSR envisages that improvements in water qualitywill result from two mechanisms:

* Removal of polluted sediment (which the Shaoxmg authorities believe contaminates thecanal water.)

* Improve cleansing of the canals in the future by providing a solid bed from which tomechamcally scrape or suck accumulated debris.

However, from analysis undertaken by the DRA, the net flow of pollution is currently estimated to befrom the water body to the sediments. It is not reported that there are particular concerns regardingcontaminated sediments with regard to toxic residues or heavy metals. The reservoir of orgamc matterin the sediments will decompose fairly rapidly once the source of pollution has been removed.

It is expected that after the sewerage works there will still remain significant sewage flows into thecanal system. In addition, surface water run-off will supply contaminated sediments to the canals.Thus it is likely that the contaminated sediments will continue to build up in the canals, but at aslower rate.

Phosphorous concentrations in the sediment are reported to be high and this is a possible source ofconcern (the SPMO have commissioned the EPB to carry out sampling of the sediment, it isanticipated that data will be available for the pre appraisal visit). In some circumstances this P in thesediments can be released back into the water body and cause problems of eutrophication and algalblooms. Phosphorous bonds strongly to the sediments and is only released into the active solubleform by the action of anaerobic bacteria. These bacteria can only survive in conditions of low DO(<1.5 mg/l).



The reported DO in the canals is quite low at 2.1 to 4 mg/l so there is some risk of DO falling lowenough to solublise the P. The reductions in BOD discharges to the canals should reduce this risk, aswill the flushing regime, however, it is possible that the DO will fall close to zero during periods ofpumps resting, especially in the water closest to the sedimnents. Hence, the pump regime used forflushing may be important. There is the option of pumping for longer periods, but at a lower rate, inorder to ensure that local DO levels do not fall to significantly low levels.

The removal of the most contaminated upper layers of the sediments will help reduce this risk.Deepening the canals will also help by reducing the amount of sediment disturbance caused bypassing canal vessels. However, it should only be necessary to remove the top 10 to 30 cm ofsediment to achieve these objectives. It is doubtful that there is a strong water quality reason fordredging the canals to a level lower than this. In any case care must be taken not to go below theoriginal canal bottom level (potentially undermining the existing canal wall revetments) and requiringthe construction of new supporting stone wall sections. High P levels are present in the water fromthe outer moat (0.10 to 0.20 mg/I) being used to flush the canals. This will still remain by far thelargest source of P even if the contaminated sediments are removed.

The overall conclusion from this is that dredging sediments will have little long-tern water qualitybenefit at this stage. The case for dredging should be judged solely on navigational and aestheticcriteria.

Ningbo

The DRA has carried out modelling of the whole Yongjiang river catchment, with the aim of assessingthe likely water quality in the rivers following the implementation of the wastewater treatmentproposals. Figures 5.4 to 5.5 show the Ningbo rivers and modelling system. The modelling examinedseveral scenarios:

o No Action. Assessing the effect of increased population and development on water quality ifno measures are taken to manage pollution, looking at 2005, 2010, and 2020 horizons.

O WWTP construction in accordance with Ningbo Master Plan (NMP) and ZIJEP componentFeasibility Study Reports (FSR). Assuming that the effluent meets and where likely bettersClass H standard. Sewage from outlying towns (Cicheng & Dongqian Lake) to be pumpedto Ningbo for centralised treatment.

o WWTP Effluent to Class I Standard. Full secondary treatment with nutrient removal.

O WWTP with Distributed treatment. As the second scenario but Cicheng and Dongqian willhave their own local WWTPs discharging to Class HI.

o Industrial Discharges all meeting Class II. The effect of ensurng that all industrialdischarges comply with a Class II industrial discharge consent. (This option only considers asmall number of Discharges in Central Ningbo and Zhenhai cities)

From this analysis it can be concluded that the construction of the planned works at Jiangdongnan,Zhenhai, and elsewhere, together with the existing plant at Jiangdongbei and the planned sewerage atDongqian Lake and Cicheng will result in significant improvements in water quality in the Yongjiangcatchment.

5.5.3 Additional Potential Benefits

Implementation of the ZUEP components is likely to result in additional benefits, including:



* Reduced risk of groundwater contarnination in the service areas.

* The impact of making realistic charges for wastewater services, should help to encouragewaste nmnimisation at source, and intemalise the costs of pollution control.

* Amenity benefits to the population of project cities are likely to accrue as the quality of theadjacent rivers improve. This could include use of the river for recreational purposes andthe development of riverside walks and parks for public use.

5.5.4 Summary of Project Positive Impacts

The ZUEP positive benefits listed in the previous sections will be great assets to the cities affected andto Zhejiang Province in general. In the following sections, potential construction phase andoperational phase impacts are identified. There are no significant environmental problems identifiedin either phase. Compared with the positive benefits, these potential negative impacts are minor andeasily mutigated. Detailed mitigation and monitoring strategies should alleviate these concerns.

5.6 Potential Short Term Construction Impacts

The ZUEP projects could cause a variety of short-tenn construction impacts that must be monitoredand mitigated during the construction period. These construction impacts have been sorted accordingto their geographic location within the overall project scheme. In Chapter 7, for each identifiedpotential impact, a corresponding mitigation method is proposed along with the method of monitoringand the responsible monitoring agency. The Zhejiang PMO and city PIUs will have an ongoingresponsibility to track and report the monitoring work of all the identified agencies, in addition totheir direct momtonng activities. Although all potential impacts must be accounted for, the followingsections outline the details and more major potential impacts by individual component project.

5.6.1 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)

Overview

Temporary and permanent land acquisition including some resettlement will occur as a result of theproject. The ZllEP project cities have prepared Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) for each ZUiEPproject component, and these have been consolidated into a provincial project RAP.

Tables 5.2 to 5.4 summarise the key RAP data.

Table 5.2: Summary of Project Affected Land Statistics

Name of Household to Affected Area of Cost for Orientation forComponent Be Resettled Population Demolition] Resettlement Resettlement

(nr) (Persons) Removal (M yuan)('000 m2)

Dongqian 93 234 8.50 11.90 Within DongqlanLake Lake Town

Cicheng 1994 4899 97.07 175.21 Cicheng new

residential areaSouth 120 366 13.00 48 00 NearbyJiangdong

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WWTP

Zhenhal 44 133 2.47 7.42 Nearby

WWTPShaoxmg 1127 6833 63 00 107.10 New North, East and

West Residential_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A re a s

Total 3328 12465 184.04 349.63 1 1

Table 5.3: Households and Population to Be Resettled

Urban Urban Rural RuralHouseholds Population Households Population

Cicheng 840 2,302 672 1,841

Jlangdongnanqu - 120 366

Zhenhai 119 361 - -

Dongqianhu 93 234

Shaoxing 2,289 6,936

Hangzhou _____

Total 3,341 9,833 792 2,207

Table 5.4: Enterprises to Be Relocated

Urban Urban Collective CollectiveEnterprises Enterprises:No. Enterprises/ Enterprises:No.

(Private) Employees Institutions EmployeesCicheng 432 1080 20 n.a. (total area

21,200 sq m)Jiangdongnanqu -

Zhenhai 8 80 12 n.a. (total area15,190 sqm)

Dongqianhu 8 16 -

Shaoxing 250 502 31 n.a. (total area177,459 sq m)

Hangzhou - 2 n.a. (cultivated

area 220 mu)

Total 698 1678 65 n.a. (total area213,849 sq m).

(soil cultivatedarea 220 mu)

The implementation of the components will require house demolition and the resettlement of residents,causing people to migrate, change the structure of population and residential environs, which maybring some inconvemence to the lives and works of some residents.

During FSR preparation forthe components of ZUEP, corresponding RAPs were also worked outsimultaneously. In pursuance of the territonal management planning and the economic and socialdevelopment planning of the project cities, and on the basis of adequately requesting for commentsand suggestions of the persons to be resettled, the resettlement orientations were determined; the

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local-governnents-issued implementation provisions of compensation for house demolition andpeople resettlement shall be enforced practically. The costs of resettlement have been included in thetotal investment of the project, to ensure that the living standards work conditions of the personsresettled can be better than the existing, or, at least not lower than the existing status.

On the basis of investigation, the existing population is densely distributed in the project areas, whereliving spaces are small, the quality of residents' lives can hardly be improved effectively. For example,in the Yuezi City historic preservation zones in Shaoxing, there are 8056 permanent residents, landuse per capita only 55 m2, far lower than that of the national stipulation of Class II land use, 75.1-90.0m2 per capita. It is planned to evacuate population adequately, say 3589 persons (45% of the existingpopulation), in combination with the project implementation. In addition, green surfaces will beincreased, and residential environs improved so as to raise the living standards of local residents.

Generally, the persons to be resettled will be resettled in new residential areas of the cities or resettledlocally. In the new residential areas, the environs will be good with complete infrastructures andpublic facilities, such as schools, hospitals, kindergartens, stores, etc. Traffic is also convenient.Living spaces and residential conditions will be better than the existing.

On the basis of the feedback information of the public participation questionnaires, most of residentsare satisfactory with the programs of resettlement for the project.

Hangzhou

Based upon the Resettlement Policy Framework document, a draft RAP for the sub-components inHangzhou, in English, is being prepared by the PMO with assistance from the DRA. This RAPincludes all the key components to meet both the WB OP 4.12 guidelines and policy on resettlementand PRC laws and regulations.

Development of the landfill site requires limited resettlement -the relocation of two state-owned,public enterprises, required for improving road access to the site. These are buildings used currentlyfor administration of the existing landfill site. Woodland covers much of the upland areas of the site,interspersed with some fruit trees. Only 30 mu (1 mu = 1/15th hectare) of the 900 mu site currently iscultivated. Most of the surrounding population are either working in local industries, or have migratedto take up work both within Zhejiang, and outside the province. The key question for the project,therefore, is to ensure that those employed currently in tending the woodland and cultivating the fruittrees are compensated for loss of work as a result of landfill construction. The extent of the landacquisition and resettlement is summarised in Table 5.5.

Table 5.5: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Data for Hangzhou

Collective enterprises Resettlement Costs (million RMB)

Cultivated area (mu) Project Affected Persons Base Total220 TBA 90 108

Shaoxing

Demolition of households for project implementation will be carried out mostly adjacent to the mainroad running north-south through the ancient city, and in the north-west, by the city entrance. TheDRA has made site visits both to these areas, and to the proposed sites for resettlement, discussingthese with members of the PMO and, in particular, with the head of the Resettlement Office. Theproposed sites for resettlement are five-storey apartment blocks, currently being built in residential

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parks to the north and north-east of Shaoxing city. The urban enterprises to be relocated are all small-scale - mostly street-facing shops. The intention is to relocate these in similar street-facing locations,but the areas have not yet been specified. In comparison, the collective enterprises designated forrelocation are larger in scale, comprising units such as textile mills, perfume, ceramics andpharmaceutical factories. Most of these are to be relocated to Paoying Industrial Zone, a sitedesignated for "polluting industries", to the north of Shaoxing. The total area of the 31 industries to beremoved covers 177,459 sq metres. The extent of the land acquisition and resettlement issummarised in Table 5.6.

Table 5.6: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Data for Shaoxing

Collective Resettlement CostsHousing Urban Enterprises enter rses millio RMB

A,rea Area Floor area2 PAP 2 PAP 2 PAP Base Total

63,000 6936 4775 502 177459 264 290

Ningbo

Draft RAPs for the sub-components in Ningbo, in English, have been prepared by the PMO withassistance from the DRA.

This RAP includes all the key components to meet the WB OP 4.12 guidelines and policy onresettlement and PRC laws and regulations. The extent of the land acquisition and resettlement issummarised in Table 5.7.

Table 5.7: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Data for Ningbo

Resettlement Costs

Sub Urban using Rural Housing Urban Enterprises Collective enterprises (.Million RMB)

Component Area Area Area Floor area 1(2) PAP PAPi) PAP <) PAP Base Total

Zhenhai 6,924 361 80 15,190 48.3

Jiangdongnan 13,000 366 38 0

Dongqsan Lake 8,500 234 16 50 1

Cicheng 344,s20 2302 3653 1,080 21,200 175 2

Total 359,944 2897 16,653 1,176 36,390 311.6

Note This data is extracted from the Resettlement Policy Framework and FSR documents The PMOs are currently

carrying out more detailed survey work in order to prepare the RAPs

Zhenhai

Construction of the sewer networks will require the resettlement of 119 households (361 people).Many of these were formerly staff at a now disused pumping station. Additionally, 8 urban enterprisesand 12 collective enterprises will be relocated. The latter include a pumping station, coal store, andadministrative offices, whilst the fonner are mostly retail outlets and restaurants. Households to beresettled will be given a choice of three sites for resettlement. Two of these are on sites adjacent to

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roads (Yanqing and Chenghedong Roads) close to the Yongjlang River, and nearer to the town centre,on which housing has yet to be built. The third (adjacent to Daximen Road, near the town centre) is anewly built residential site, containing blocks of six storey apartments, in a landscaped area. All threesites are approximately 3 kilometres from the sites of origin. As with the households, the small urbanenterprises will be offered a choice either of relocating to the new residential sites, or receivingcompensation.

Jzangdongnanqu

Based on the Resettlement Policy Framework, construction requires the resettlement of 120households (366 people). Although the households are categorised in the documents as rural, the vastmajority of them appear to be former farmers, who are working currently in factories in Ningbo, or asmigrant workers. Resettlement sites have yet to be designated, and PMO officials state that workerswill retain their existing jobs, after resettlement. There will be no provision for additional employment.

Dongqianhu

Resettlement for this project is required for widening the current road (from a current average of 3mto a proposed 12 m), and for the construction of a dredged silt pond, contained by a new 62 metrehigh dam. Most of the 93 households (234 people) to be resettled cultivate crops such as tea, rice andfruit (peaches, pears) (despite their designation in the Resettlement Framework Document as urbanhouseholds). The eight enterprises to be relocated are lakeside kiosks, with the exception of ahousehold-based tile manufacturer. Households will be resettled at four new sites, each about 3-4 kmfrom Dongqian town. Construction has begun only on one of these sites, where 4-5 storey apartmentblocks are being built. Households resettled on these sites will be responsible for finding new jobs,once they have moved. Electronics and textile factories are located in industrial zones approximatelyone kilometre from the site currently under construction. Lakeside enterprises are to be relocated onthe new sites, but details as yet are not available.

Cicheng

The environmental improvements specified in this project require substantial resettlement, largely as aresult of the proposed canal and road widening. In areas visited, for example, housing units wereplanned to be demolished 30 metres either side of existing canals. The urban enterprises to berelocated vary, from street-front shops to small industnal units. The number of employees affected is1080, the highest in any of the enterprise relocations in ZUEP's component projects. As yet, it isunclear where these units are to be relocated. Households are to be resettled temporarily in RexingRoad, a site approximately I km from the old town. The site has 12, six storey apartment blocks,some of which are still being built. From Rexing Road, households will eventually be moved toXinglian, a permanent site, currently comprising 900 acres of fertile farmland, about 2 km from theold town. Existing farming household dwellings on this site will be demolished, and cultivationceased, with farmers being relocated in six-storey apartment blocks, together with families resettledfrom the old town. Farmers are to receive compensation, and to be offered jobs in an industrial zone2-3 kms from Xinglian. Most of the resettlers from the old town are also working in the zone, which isdevoted mostly to machine tool production.

5.6.2 Demolition/Spoil

There is minimum demolition required for the project components and the issue has been covered inthe RAP for the project. ZEPRI has quantified an estimate of excess spoil from each project

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component as shown in Table 5.8. ZEPRI have also review the proposed disposal sites and found nospecial environrnental problems or issues related to these proposed sites.

Constructional solid wastes come mainly from the sludge generated in the process of dredgingrivers/canals and lakes, and abandoned earth and stone, and constructional solid wastes produced inthe course of pipeline and road construction and canals widening. The total quantity is estimated10.54 million m3 , including 10.27 million m3 sludge, 268.8 thousand m3 abandoned earth and stone.



Table 5.8: Summary on Sources, Quantities and Disposal Methods of AbandonedSolid Wastes (Unit: mg/kg except organic matters)

Type of Abandoned Quantity DisposalSolid Wastes ('000 m3 ) Method

South Jlangdong . Abandoned solidWWTP ~~Pipelin wses 53 .69

WWTP wastes ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fill depressionsZhenhai WWTP Plant area, and Abandoned solid 9.00

sewerage wastesAbandoned solid

WWTPwastes

Dongqlan Lake . Covered on topAbandoned solid

Road 60.00 of sludgestorage

Dredging Sludge 72.60 Stored In sludge

Cicheng Covered on top

Abandoned solid of sludgePipelines and roads wastes 168.80 storage, and

wastes ~~~~~~landscaping

riversides

Dredging Sludge 200.00 SanjiangShaoxing Urban LandfillUpgrading .. Abandoned solid

Canal widening wasted 31 00 Fill depressionswastes

Sludge 10272 6Total Abandoned solid

wastes 268.8

Note. In the construction of the No 2 Landfill in Hangzhou, no constructional abandoned solid wastes wouldgenerate due to self-balanced earthwork

The monitoring data of dredged sludge compositions are tabulated in Table 5.9. It can be seen in thetable that except that Pb value monitored at one point (the East Moat) was beyond the range of thestandard, the values at all the rest points all conformed to the requirements of the Pollutant ControlStandard for Sludge for Agricultural Use (GB4284-84).



Table 5.9: Monitored Results of Sludge Constituents of Components Concerned

Item Nr of Organic

Monitoring Hg Cr Cd Pb Zn Cu matters

Points (%)Dongqian Lake 6 0.164- 14.0- 0.051- 31.0- 90.0- 20.0- 4.41-Comp. 0.283 82 0 0.276 47.2 29.0 49.0 10.5

Conformtty 8.98-9.44

CichengComp. 3 0.386- 84.0- 0.211- 940- 282- 188-

0 671 312 0.242 1700 969 339Conformity - -- - +l) -- --

Shaoxmg 3 0.98- 127- 1.52- 119- 199-Comp 1.46 353 4.55 313 356Confornity -- -- - -- -

National Acid soil 5 600 5 300 500 250

Pollutants (pH<6.5)

Control Alkali andStandard for neutral soilsSludge for (pH>5) 15 1000 20 1000 1000 500Agricultural

Use

5.6.3 Dredging Sediments

The sediment comes from dredging and canals in Cicheng and Shaoxing. All sediment will be storedin sediment storages. The results of simulative experiment of sludge settlement show that none of theharmful heavy metal compositions in the supematant and leachate exceeds the limits of Category Hstandard (for drinking) (GB3838-2002); the rest indicators, CODCr, pH, TP, etc., also conform withthe requirements of Class 1, Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge Standard. Refer to Table 5.1 0.

Table 5.10: Analysis Results of Cicheng and Shaoxing Sediment

Water Sample pH COD TN TP Cr Cd Pb Zn Cu

Supernatant ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?9

Leachate 9? 7? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??

Cat. II, 6-9 15 0.1 50 5 10 1000 1000GB3838-2002

ClassI, 6-9 100 0 5 500 100 1000 2000 500GB8978- 1996 _ I 1 _ 1

Note In the table, except pH, the unit for Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu is pg/l, and that of the rest, mg/l.

Using sediment storage to store sludge would not bring about pollution or harms to the soil andgroundwater due to the fact that the compositions of the sediment basically meet the NationalPollutants Control Standard for Sludge for Agricultural Use; and also all the simulative heavy metalcompositions in the leachate conform with the requirements of Category H water (applicable todrinking water function) of the Surface Water Environment Quality Standard; moreover, thegroundwater in Ningbo has little usable value, since most of it is slightly saline or even saline because

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Nmgbo is in the coastal region. Nonetheless, for the purpose of safety, it is recommended that a 30 cmthick clay layer be lined on the bottom of the sediment storage in Cicheng for seepage control.

In dredging the canals in Cicheng and Shaoxing, weirs will be constructed section by section to pumpwater up, then excavation will be carried out manually and mechamcally. Trucks will transportsediment to discharge site (for Cicheng) and landfill (in Shaoxing) for disposal.

In the course of dredging and transporting sediment, smell will ermit; dried sediment temporarilystored on banks would bnng about raise dusts after being rolled; runoff wastewater would influencehygiene and views during rain; in the process of transportation, if attention is not paid to preventingsediment from loss along route, environment views would be affected. Nevertheless, such conditionsmentioned above are all temporary. After completion, the impacts will disappear.

5.6.4 Abandoned Earth and Stone

ZEPRI estimated the abandoned earth and stone from the project at 268.8 thousand m3 , andconstructional solid wastes would be generated in the process of laying sewers, constructing roads,widening canals and site preparation for the components. As stated in the FSR, abandoned earth willbe used under the subprojects of Dongqlan Lake and Cicheng as covers on the sludge storage surfacesafter the sludge being dewatered and hardened. It is considered using the other subprojects abandonedearth to fill depressions and landscape riversides according to the opinions of the municipal publicfacilities bureau and the urban planning bureau.

Because there are constructional projects densely distributed in these project cities, which need a greatamount of earth for backfill, the disposal of abandoned earth and stone would not bring aboutunfavorable environmental impact. ZEPRI recommended the following measures of mitigatmgimpacts:

* Complete flood intercepting and leakage water discharging systems shall be constructed forthe sludge storages to support for the components concemed to prevent the sludge in thestorages from being brought away by runoff stormwater to pollute environment, and tomake the sludge and water separate quickly to promote the sludge to be dned and stabilized.A 30 cm thick clay layer should be laid on the bottom of the sludge storage in Cicheng forseepage control.

* If necessary, a certain amount of coagulant should be added m the course of transportingsludge to ensure that the discharged tail water can meet Class 1 standard of the WastewaterComprehensive Discharge Standard.

* After surface layer of the sludge storage is dried, 50-150 cm thick dry soil shall be covered,and the original vegetation recovered to avoid soil erosion and water loss.

Demolition/Spoil Mitigation

* To increase the frequencies of monitoring the sludge in the canals in Cicheng Town andShaoxing City. If found, abnormal situation of heavy metals shall be handled with efforts.

* To adopt seepage control measure in the sludge storage yard in Cicheng. On the bottom ofthe storage, a 20-30 cm thick clay layer shall be laid to prevent the sludge leachate frompolluting groundwater.

* To prepare programs for vegetation rehabilitation on the top of the sludge storage.

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The Zhenhai WWTP site is being built by filling a low-lying seashore area with power plant ash froman adjacent coal fired power plant. The intent is to slurry wet ash to the site for filling, to eliminateany concerns over dust problems. Dewatering facilities will then remove the water and the ash willharden in place. In addition, there is an adjacent solid waste dump near the WWTP site. This site willbe covered with soil and converted into greenspace, and become part of the buffer area surroundingthe WWTP. None of the proposed WWTP facilities are to be built on the solid waste site.

5.6.5 Noise

Construction noise is produced mainly by construction plants and transport vehicles. Noise strengthswill vary in different constructional periods, different places and different operations. In addition, dueto the fact that the components are spread widely with long construction periods and quitecomplicated operational contents, varying strength noises will be generated in excavating canals,embanking, dredging (operations by dredges and man power), constructing various pumping stations,water gates, wastewater structures, roads and bridges, installing pipelines (water supply, drainage, fuelgas, etc.), repairing houses, ancient bridges and cultural heritages, etc. Main construction plants andnoises radiating sound levels are shown in Table 5.11.

Table 5.11: Monitored Noise Values of Commonly Used Constructional Plants

(Unit: LAeq Db )

Name of Noise Name of NoiseConstructional Plants Level Constructional Plants Level

Bulldozer (120hp) 71-107 Wheeled road roller (80hp) 75

Scraper (160hp) 77 Loader (30hp) 83-93

Monobucket excavator(SPWY60) 74-89 Self-unloadmg truck 72Three-foot road roller 76 Tipping lorry 70Two-foot road Roller 57 Concrete mixer 80-105Piling machine 81 Manual pneumatic drill 85(drilling and pouring)Sawing machine and planer 95 Lift 72

Note The distance of measunng wood sawing machine and planer is I m, and for other monitoring points, the distancefrom noise source is 15rn, and height 1 2 m

Attenuation condition of single constructional plant is indicated in Table 5.12. In it, the variable r,expresses the distance needed for the sound level to attenuate to i dB. The limits set forth in the Noiseat Construction Site Boundary (GB 12523-90) are shown in Table 5.13. The affected distance ofconstructional noises would be within 50 m in daytime. But the effect of impacting-type pilingmachine would reach farther.

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Table 5.12: Disturbance Radiuses of Main Constructional Plants (Unit: m)

Construction Sound Source r55 r66 r7o r75 r85

PeriodEarthwork & Loader 350 130 70 40Stonework Excavator 190 75 40 22

Piling work Impact-type 1950 1000 700 440 139piling machine

Structure work Concrete200 66 37 2 1

vibrators

Wood discsawing 170 85 56 30machine

Decoration Lift 80 25 14 10

Table 5.13: Limits of Noises at Boundary of Construction Site

Construction Period Main Noise Sources Daytime Nighttime

Earthwork & Stonework Bulldozer, excavator, 78 55loader

Piling work Various types of pilmng 85 Prohibitedmachmnes

Structure Concrete vibrators, 70 55mixers, motor saws

Decoration Cranes, lifts 65 55

Noise environmental impact analysis

Impacts of Noises during Periods of Constructing Components on Sound Environments andCorresponding Preventive Measures are shown in Table 5.14.

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Table 5.14: Summaries on Impacts of Noises due to Construction of Components

Name of Description Distribution of Sensitive Points Environment Impacts Preventive MeasuresComponents

After existing Lingjia village isPlant site construction removed, there will be no residents in Basically no impact Night operation of piling machines forbidden

South Jiangdong the range within 300m

WWTP Night construction forbidden, vehicle speed limited,

Pump stations and sewers Residents distributed with 100 m There will be disturbance impact operation periods of constructional plants with strong

noises reasonably arranged to avoid continual operations

Plant site construction Residential spots over 1000 m away Basically no impact Night operation of piling machines forbidden

Zhenhai WWTP NNght construction forbidden, vehicle speed limited,Pump stations and sewers Residents distributed within 70 m There will be disturbance impact. operation periods of constructional plants with strong

noises reasonably arranged to avoid continual operations

Houses 50-2700 m from construction Meeting standard in daytime; having Night construction forbidden near villages and hotelsDredgingsotimatinmhtm ghcosrcinfridnnavilgsadoes

Dongqian Lake spots impacts in nighttime

Component Houses 10-300 m from construction Having impacts in both daytime and Night construction forbidden, vehicle speed limited,Road construction . operation periods of constructional plants with strong

spots nighttime noises reasonably arranged to avoid continual operations

Canal renovation 800 households within 50 m Meeting standard in daytime; having Night construction avoided; temporary protective

Bridge construction 600 households within 60 m impacts in nighttime measures adopted if necessary

Cicheng Component Having impacts in both daytime and Night construction forbidden, vehicle speed limited,

Laying pipelines Houses from 10-200m nighttime operation periods of constructional plants with strongnoises reasonably arranged to avoid continual operations

Canal renovation 600 households within 50 mMeeting standard in daytime, having Night construction avoided; temporary protective

Shaoxing Component Bridge construction 200 households within 60 m ipcsi ihtm esrsaotdi eesrg ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~impacts in nighttime measures adopted If necessary

Building repair 900 households within 70 m

Hangzhou No. 2 All work No residents with 100 m Basically no impact Night operation of piling machines forbiddenLandfill

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Noise Mitigation

Nighttime construction shall be prohibited at the construction spots of pumping stations, pipelines,roads and bridges in urban districts. Speeds of vehicles shall be limited. Construction durations shallbe arranged rationally to avoid continual operations of machines with strong noises. Temporary soundisolation measures shall be adopted where necessary.

Limiting construction to the daytime hours will mitigate noise problems. The pipelines will beexcavated using manual labour in many cases so dust and noise will be minimised. If it is necessaryto utilise groundwater pumps, they will be provided with appropriate noise and vibration protectiondevices. This will be especially important for mght-time dewatering.

5.6.6 Dust

Dust during the construction period is mainly produced out of earth and stone excavating, sitelevelling, pipeline laying, soils abandoned, building materials handling, vehicles moving, etc. Perstatistical data, main raise dust sources in construction site are movement of transporting vehicles,representing about 60% of the total dust. The amount of raise dusts varies with weather, situation ofroads, velocities of vehicles and speeds of winds. Usually the impact range of road raise dusts causedby winds is within 100 m. In gale days, the dust amount and its impact range will be enlarged.

The following materials would also caus raise dust levels if not appropriately covered when piled upor lost in handling and transporting: the abandoned soil, sand, tangzha (weathered stone mixed withmud, generally produced in tununelling and used for foundation ground treatment), lime, etc. Theimpact range is also 100 m.

The following mitigation measures were proposed by ZEPRI:

* Strengthen the management, construct in a civilised way and handle construction materialscarefully. Before vehicles go out of construction site, mud adhermg on their surfaces shouldbe cleaned; the vehicles of transporting limes, gravels, cements and coal ash should becovered with tarpaulin.

* The dusts in the air in site and road can be restrained with watering and cleaning. If onlywatenng and not cleaning, the dust in the air will be lessened about 70-80 percent, ifcleaning after watenng, the rate of dust reduction will be above 90 percent. Someexpenments show that the TSP pollution distance caused by dusts in the air will shnnk to20-50 m if watering and cleaning works are done 4-5 times every day in construction site.

* Water should be sprayed on constructional roads and spots 4-5 times a day; abandoned soilscleared and transported timely, and transport trucks covered with tarpaulin; landfillingplaces covered with soil and compacted; temporary land use recovered with vegetationsafter utilisation.

* In addition, lime and sand should not be piled up in the open space, if it has to be piled inthe open space, watering measure should be taken to improve the containing water rate inthe surface, and it will be helpful to reduce the dusts in the air.

* Choose the construction company with strong strength and adopt pre-mnixed merchandiseconcrete and closed vehicles. The designated merchandise concrete producers should berequired to do "Three Same-time's" and to adopt effective measures to decrease theinfluences on the environment, ensuring the air environment free from pollution by themeasures of strengthening environmental monitoring and management.

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o Try best to make temporary and scattered concrete mixing spots far away from residents'houses.

o Abandoned soil should be cleared away or backfilled as timely as possible.

O Recover vegetations of temporary land uses after completion of works to avoid water lossand soil erosion.

5.6.7 Transportation

The construction of project will bring traffic impacts upon transportation by land and by water. SeeTable 5.15.

Table 5.15: Constructional Impacts on Traffic and Mitigating Measures

Description Component Having Impact on Traffic Mitigating MeasuresImpacts

Traffic flows in urban districts (D Strengthen traffic dispatch andincreased may cause management to avoid transport at

Material congestion; soil, stones, sand peak period;trlansportg All components lost and scattered in (® Strengthen education for drivers,

transporting transportation may affect strictly prohibit overload

traffic safety and damage road transportation, and timely clear uppavement. maternals dripped.

South Jiangdong and ()D Construct section by section,Zhenhai WWTPs Damage road pavement, excavating and backfill asap;

earthwork piled up may () Temporary roads and warningPipelineclayhegDongqianLe Comp. obstruct transportation by signs should be set up. SpecificCicheng Comp. vehicles. person should be designated to

S Cntigate traffics.

Construction of Shaoxing Component (D Notice issued in advance, andcanals, bridges, Dongqian Lake Affect navigation warmng signs set up;docks and gates Component () Strengthen dispatchig and

leadng boats

There are minimal road crossings required and operational and scheduling plans have been developedto minimise traffic impacts. Noise concerns normally would limit construction to the daytime butroad crossings will be allowed at night to minimise traffic disruption on major roads.

5.6.8 Safety Issues

The quantities of the components of ZUEP are great; there are a large number of builders comingfrom all parts of the country, floating from place to place. Because construction sites are scattered, theresidential and hygienic conditions in the sites are relatively bad, and labour intensities of workers areheavy, epidemic disease could happen. In order to guarantee construction safety, general physicalexaminations shall be conducted for builders entering sites, and persons with infectious diseases arestrictly prohibited entering construction sites. In terms of dining-room workers, they shall beconducted physical examinations regularly. In case a patient with an infectious disease is found, heshall be cured timely and dispatched away from the dining-room, so as to prevent infectious diseasefrom being epidemic.

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In site, central water supply devices should be set up, and water sources disinfected and monitored. Inconstruction site, medical and hygienic devices shall be set up, and doctors and nurses staffed. Labourprotection work shall be done well for builders to safeguard their health and safety and to make theProject be implemented successfully.

The pipe trenches will be excavated by hand through existing sand and gravel strata that will requirewide, battered, trenches to protect against trench collapse. Strict safety measures will berecommended.

General physical examinations shall be conducted for builders and workers in dining-rooms in site,and persons with infectious diseases are strictly prohibited entering construction sites. In site, centralwater supply devices shall be set up; medical and hygienic devices set up, and doctors and nursesstaffed to safeguard builders' health and safety and to make the Project be implemented successfully.

5.6.9 Sensitive Sites and Public Facilities

Hangzhou

Around the Tianziling Solid Waste Landfill are four natural villages i.e. Shenjiabang, Shuihongmiao,Shitang, and Liuwen with a population of 3400 and water field land of more than 2000 mu. Severalenterprises have been established along the 320 national highway which is under the administrationrange of the four villages. Eight kilometers from the south of 320 highway is the factory site ofHangzhou Steel Works Co., Ltd. Apart from the villages along the 320 national highway, there are noother sensitive areas. ZEPRI indicates that no sensitive sites or public facilities will be negativelyimpacted by construction of the ZUEP component project. There are no sensitive sites identified inthis component project that require special protection during construction.

Shaoxing

Some construction sites are fixed in this project. When there are some special sensitive places aroundthe construction sites, the temporary enclosures should be built on the side facing to the sensitiveplaces. Because there are often residences around the most of the historical relics and ancientbuildings, there should be some chemnical fabric cloth set up around the constructions to avoid dustand the impact on landscape, or temporary enclosures if necessary. The wall should be 3m high whileit's length is determined by needs. According to the primary assessment, the expenditure to build thetemporary walls will be 6x 105 Yuan. Control Measures for the Sensitive Sites

The new-built parking lots will be constructed on the land of some present factories or companies. Itis proposed that while these units are removed, the houses of residences or other sensitive sites within50m outside the parking lots boundary should also be removed. The barrier for sound insulation(bounding walls) will be adopted to the Sanwei Bookshop and the Shous' Stage Door which lie on theeast of the east parking lot in the historical block of the Luxun Road; and to the constructions in thenew-built area on the east side of the west parking lot in this block, greenbelt (including green fence)is to be adopted for isolation. As for the East Street Primary School near the parking lot of the EastDouble Bridge in the histoncal block of Bazi Bridge, the measure of sound insulation (withventilators and noise elimination or fixed with conditioners) is to be adapted to the doors andwindows of the teaching building of the school. There are no sensitive sites identified in thiscomponent project that require special protection during construction.

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Ningbo-Zhenhai

There are no sensitive sites identified in this component project tlat require special protection duriigconstruction.

Ningbo-Jiangdongnanqu

There are no sensitive sites identified in this component project that require special protection duringconstruction.



Ningbo-Cicheng


5.6.10 Domestic Wastewater

Washing, eating and drinking sewage and night soil sewage produced in builders' daily lives are mainpollution sources during construction period. It not suitably treated, they will bring about pollutionimpacts on surface water bodies. The volume of domestic sewage to be produced by the builders, anddisposal measures are tabulated in Table 5.16.

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Table 5.16: Domestic Sewage Produced by Builders in Constructing Components andDisposal Measures

Name of Sewage CODcrBuilders (nr) Discharged Load Disposal Measures

Component (m3/d) (kg/d)

SouthJiangdong 500 75 25WWTP 7( Build temporary domestic facilitiesZhenhal (dming-room, toilet);

200 30 10WWTPDongqTan (D Simple oil separatmg device set up;Dongqian 300 45 15 Septic tank set up for toilet, and

Cicheng Comcleared up timely;Cicheng 400 60 20Comp. (3 Domestic solid wastes piled up in

Co in 500 75 25 designated place, timely cleaned andCaP transported.

Hangzhou No. anprtd2 Landfill 200 30 10

Total 1 2100 315 105 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Oil separating device shall be set up; septic tanik set up for toilet, and cleared up timely; domesticsolid wastes piled up in designated places, timely cleaned and transported.

5.6.11 Production Wastewater During Construction

Production wastewater of builders mainly comes from concrete preparation, flushing water for curing,water of washing vehlcles, machines, oily wastewater of dredges, and equipment repair wastewater,etc. The volumes of wastewater vary with construction features and quantities of different components.Typical pollution sources and relevant disposal requirements are shown in Table 5.17.

Table 5.17: Summary on Production Wastewater and Disposal Requirements

Wastewater Pollution Source Main Pollution Element Disposal RequirementConcrete preparation SS 1000-2000 mg/I Discharge after sedimentation pondWashing vehicles and machines SS 1000 mg/l treatment

Collected with oil tray central treatmentOily wastewater of dredges Oil 1000-5000 mg/Ilnbn on bank

Centrally collected at repair spots, treatedMachinery repaLr Oil 100-500 mg/l with oil/water separating device and then

discharged

Generic wastewater containing silts and grits shall be discharged after being treated in sedimentationpond. Oily wastewater shall be collected, separated oil via oil-water separating device and thendischarged.

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5.6.12 Ocean and Beach Impacts, Ocean Outfall Construction

The construction of the ocean outfall at the Zhenhai WWTP will undoubtedly cause some minornegative impacts to the surrounding beaches and ocean resources. Coastal and marine biologistsshould be consulted relative to necessary scheduling and other necessary mitigation measures tominimise these disturbances. This is especially crucial for reproduction periods of the fauna, althoughZEPRI has indicated there are no important fauna in this area.

The outfall location at Zhenhai is located in a shallow coastal area that is being reclaimed forindustrial zones onshore, and for a small boat harbour offshore. There are no important flora andfauna identified in this area.

5.6.13 Summary of Potential Construction Phase Impacts

These potential construction phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. Details ofmitigation measures, and a programme for monitoring the effective implementation of the measures,and the responsibility for the measures are summarised in Chapter 7.

5.7 Potential Operational Phase Impacts

5.7.1 Sewage Overflows (Collection, Pump Stations, WWTPs)

After WWTP commissioning, raw sewage may bypass the collection systems, pump stations, andWVVTPs during storm events (until sewerage systems have been completely separated), electricaloutages or when the WWTP experiences operational problems. The wet well at the pump stations andinlet to the WWTP will provide only a short-term buffer for such situations and raw sewage will besoon bypassed under these circumstances.

According to analogous surveys, the overflows of collecting systems and pumping stations are mainlygenerated out of:

o Rupture of pipes;

o Power cut or maintenance of pumping stations.

Under condition 1., wastewater overflows from pipes, flows in all directions on the ground, andfinally into nearby surface water bodies, generally because of incautious excavation or ground basesettlement causing rupture of pipes. Due to the fact that flows in pipes are great (e.g. the maximumflow of inflow main of South Jiangdong WWTP can reach 6700 m3/hr) with high concentrations ofpollutants. After overflow, the wastewater will bring about serious pollution impacts on environmentalsanitation and surface water bodies in the urban districts; in case the collecting system leaks for long,the little depth groundwater will be significantly impacted in the area where the collecting systemexists.

Under condition 2., according to analogous surveys in Zhejiang, currently power is supplied to allpumping stations in double circuits. In addition, power networks at present are more reliable thanthose in the past, the possibilities of the overflows from pumping stations due to power cuts have beenmuch depleted. However, overflows may occur because of secondary mains connecting and so onwhich cause networks not to be operated normally. Because when overflowing, wastewater is



discharged in a great amount in short time, the environment quality of receiving water body will beheavily impacted.

ZEPRI suggested the following measures of impact prevention and mitigation:

* Careful design and construction. Runs of pipelines shall bypass the areas where the groundis likely to settle or unstable; the pipe sections crossing major traffic primary roads shall besleeved, and apparent signs set up on the ground; when other major works or nearby roadsare under construction, in-situ safety, supervision and protection works shall be done well.

* Power must be supplied to pumping station in double circuits to guarantee the reliability ofpower network; diesel driven pumps and generating units should be equipped as far aspossible.

* Maintenance for pumping station and pipeline shall be conducted when main factories alongthe route have stopped production for inspection and repair; when a pipeline is undermaintenance, tributartes or surpassing pipes shall be opened to deplete overflows as much aspossible.

* Runs of pipelines shall bypass the areas where the ground is likely to settle or unstable; thepipe sections crossing major traffic pnmary roads shall be sleeved, and apparent signs set upon the ground; when other major works or nearby roads are under construction, in-situsafety, supervision and protection works shall be done well. Power must be supplied topumping station in double circuits.

During emergencies/power outages, raw sewage at Zhenhai will pass though an emergency short seaoutfall. Although not a requirement under Chinese regulations and not contained in the Chinese EA,the DRA recomrnends that a warning device be installed to sound in the harbour when the emergencyoutfall is utilised.

5.7.2 Industrial Waste Upsets

There are large industrial contribution to the ZUEP sewerage systems and WWTPs, and pre-treatmenthas been a problem in the project areas, as well as most of China. There is a possibility of industrialwaste upsets to the sewerage systems and WWTPs but rigorous influent monitorng will be specifiedas well as operational plans to mitigate such problems. Of the inflow wastewater compositions ofSouth Jiangdong and Zhenhai WWTPs of ZUEP, industrial wastewater represents 38% and 50%respectively, most of which is discharged from small-sized enterprises. The industries of them covermachine building, electronic, textile, dyestuff, foods, pharmacy and chemucal industries.

Pursuance to the environmental protection law and regulations, and the requirements of design as well,the Water Quality Standard for Wastewater Discharge into Municipal Sewers (GB3082-1999) shall beenforced for industrial wastewater discharged into sewers, shown in Table 5.18. The standard clearlyspecifies the high limits of organic pollutant indicators and toxic indicators of heavy metals, requiringif some enterprise concemed cannot reach the standard for wastewater entering sewers, thewastewater must be adequately pretreated till meeting the standard for discharge so as to ensureWVVWTP can be operated normally.

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Table 5.18: Water Quality Standard of Wastewater Discharge into Municipal Sewers(CJ3082-1999)

Unit: mg/i (except water temperature, pH and sedimentable solids)

Nr. Item Highest Pernissible Nr. Item Highest PermissibleConcentration Concentration

1 pH 6-9 15 Amudobenzene 3

2 SS 400 16 Fluonde 15

Sediment- able l0mL/L Hg and its non-organic3_ solids 15min compounds _ _ _ _

4 Grease 100 18 Cd and its non-organic 0.1compounds

Pb and its non-organic 15 Mineral oils 20 191

compounds

6 Benzene 2.5 20 Cu and its non-organic 1derivatives compounds

7 Cyanide 0.5 21 Zn and its non-organic 5compounds

8 Sulfide 1.0 22 Ni and its non-orgamc 2compounds

9 Volatile phenol 1.0 23 Mn and its non-orgamc 2compounds

10 Temperature 55 C 24 Fe and its non-organic 10compounds

BOD (5 Ti and its non-organicdays, 20'C) compounds

COD(potassium Cr 6+ and its non-organicdichromate compoundsmethod )

13 Dissolved 2000 27 Cr and its non-organic 3solids compounds

14 Organic .14 Phosphorous 0.5 =

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In case production or pretreatment devices are out of order, pretreatment devices are not operated, orwastewater is discharged stealthily, the wastewater could fail to meet the standard for discharge intosewers, bringing about impact load to WWTP; if organic load is too great, or pH value or the extent ofvarious toxics exceeding the standard is large, normal operation of WWTP will be severely affected.Under such conditions, activity of microorganisms treating wastewater decline, the biological phasewill be disrupted, sludge expanded, wastewater treatment efficiency decreased, effluent water qualitydeteriorated, and consequently the environment quality of receiving water body will be affected.

Per investigation, in some individual areas In the province, there are such phenomena becauseindustrial enterpnses are centrally located in wastewater interception system, and proportion ofindustrial wastewater is great, especially in a WWTP that receives chemical and pharmaceuticalwastewater in great amounts. Nevertheless, the proportions of industrial wastewater are not high inthe collection ranges of South Jiangdong and Zhenhai WWTPs. On the basis of investigation on theoperational conditions of North Jiangdong VWWTP, which is also located in Jiangdong District ofNingbo, CODc, concentration in the inflow is not high (< 250 mg/l), indicating the industrialwastewater discharge brings no obvious impact on the operation of WWTP. In order to guaranteenormal operation of WWTP and realise optimum environmental benefits, however, it is a must tocarry out effective supervision and management on industrial wastewater entering sewers.

It is suggested that the enterpnses with a daily discharge volume of 500 m3 have to install on-linemomtormg instruments to monitor wastewater flow and CODc,; that Ningbo EnvironmentalMonitoring Station carry out irregular selective inspections in combination with enterprises'applications for discharges so as to restrain enterprises to conscientiously enforce the laws andregulations of the state and to accomplish discharging after meeting the standard, to guarantee normaland stable operation of WWTP. Supervision shall be strengthened.

5.7.3 Noise

Noise impacts come mainly from machines and pumps of WWTPs, wastewater pumping stations,water flushing pumping stations, roads, parking lots, boats on canals, solid wastes trucks, etc. Noiseanalyses of the components are shown in Table 5.19.

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Table 5.19: NJoise Impact Analyses

Name Of Type Of Source Strength Of Noise Impact Predicted Mitigating Measures

Comp. Noise Main Equipment

SJWWTP Plant Ww pump 75 dB Noises at plant boundary meet the

site Blast 95 dB requirements of Category II,

Sludge dewatering 80 dB GB12348-90

Sludge pump 70 dB

P.S Daytime noises at plant boundary build underground

meet the requirements of Category pumping station;

Centrifugal pump 80 dB 11, GB 12348-90, nighttime improve soundCentrifgalpup 80 exceeding standard (background separating measures,

impact) employ sound insulation

door and window.

Zhenhai Plant Ww pump 75dB Noises at plant boundary meet the further improve sound

WWTP site Blast 95dB requirements of Category II, insulation effect of

Sludge dewatenng 80dB GB12348-90 pumping station

Sludge pump 70dB

P.S. Daytime noises at plant boundary build underground

meet the requirements of Category pumping station,

Centnfugal pump 80 dB II, GB 12348-90, nighttime improve sound

exceeding standard (background separating measures,

impact) employ sound insulation

Dongqian P.S. Six PSs such as Hutang PS and so door and window.

Lake on located beside primary roads

Centrifugal pump 80 dB reach the standard; Tao Gong

village PS, etc near residential

points, exceed standard

Road All the main sensitive points, such landscape roadside,

as hotels, villages, etc., exceed plant high treesCar, bus 70-80dB, ,

requirement of Category 1, limit vehicle speed,

GB3096-82 forbid tooting

Cicheng P.S. No houses within 50m, only a little construct undergroundRadial pump 80 dB

impact pumping station

Flushing Operation (I hr/once) will brng improve sound

Gate about impact on nearby farmers' insulation measures,

houses. In the nearest household the employ sound insulation

noise exceeds the standard by 8 door and window

dB stop operation in

_______________________ ni~~ghttim e

Road Noises at first rows by both adequately increase

roadsides exceed standard by resettlement amount,

Car, bus 70-80dB 3.28dB in nighttime. keep road flatlimit vehicle speed,

_____ ____ ___ _____ ____ ____ ____ _____ __ _ ____ ____ _____ ____ ____ ____ forb id tooting





Shaoxing Flushing Operation (1 hr/once) will bring employ low noise

station about impact on 8 households In hydraulic on-off

the nearest household the noise machine and radial

Pump 92-95dB exceeds the standard by 3 dB pump

On-off machine of pump stations should be

gate92-98 dB enclosed as far as

possible, sound

insulation door and

window used.

Tounsm Generally no impact Only where forbid entering of boat

boat river width <20 m and when without cabin (motorBoat with cabin 65 -70dB

tooting, noise exceeds by 2 dB. boat with paddles)

forbid tooting

Parking Entering and leaving of vehicles employ underground

lot will bnng about impact on parking lots

households In about 36 households perfect running signs,

Car, bus 70-8OdB the noises exceed standard by 0-15 forbid tooting

dB gradually remove houses

within 50m from

parking lot

Hangzhou Trucks olid waste tck Basically no impact, because theLandfill site is extensive, and there are no

80-90dBresidential points in the periphery.

Tianziling Solid Waste Landfill is situated in Tianziling gully, surrounded by hills at its three sides.The noises in the area are mainly the mechanical noises generated during operation, no noise impactsfrom outside. This area shall implement Kind 11 zone standard of "Urban Area Environmental NoiseStandard" (GB3096-93) pursuant to the boundary definition set forth in the Urban AreaEnvironmental Noise Standard of Hangzhou, which is applicable to zoning and the classifications ofnoise functions.

According to the monitored data, the noise level A in this area in daytime is 48-65 dB(A). The noisesources are mainly the refuse-transportation vehicles, the engineering machines, and the runmng ofthe machines in the sewage treatment plant. The noise level in most of this area is about 50 dB(A).The noise level in most of this area is lower than the national standard limit and the noise level of thetransportation vehicles in the operation area usually exceeds the national standard limit.

After completion of the Hangzhou No. 2 Solid Waste Landfill, with urban population growth, thequantity of solid wastes will increase, the solid wastes transportation vehicles will run muchfrequently, and the noise lastmg duration of both traffic and engineering machines will be extended inthe operational area. Since this yard has a large range and is surrounded by hills at 3 sides, theboundary noises from these noise sources, except for vehicles, can be controlled within Kind IIdaytime standard limits specified in GB12348-90 "The Boundary Noise Standard for IndustrialEnterprise".

To summarise the mitigation measures, build underground pumping station; improve sound separatingmeasures; lirmit vehicle speed, and forbid tooting in urban districts; landscape roadsides, and planthigh trees in the Dongqian Lake area; adequately increase resettlement amount in Cicheng; graduallyremove houses within 50m from parking lots.

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5.7.4 Odours

In the operation period of the components of ZUEP, mainly the WWTPs and the landfill will producepotential odours. Their characteristics are below:

Mutnicipal WWTP

WWTP uses microorganisms to degrade organic matters in wastewater. Organic matters in wastewaterwill generate smell under anaerobic condition, whose concentration varies with temperature, severe insummer. The WWTP smell is a mixed gas, consisting of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methylhydrosulfide, Methyl sulfide, trimethylamine, etc. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are two maincompositions of the smell. The smell mainly comes from screen, grit pond, aeration pond, sludgedewatering machine house, and sludge storage pond. It is estimated according to the parameters fortreatment structures, the source strength of NH3 in SJWWTP would be 5.33 kg/hr, and that of H2S,0.0 11 kg/hr. The source strength of NH3 in Zhenhai WWTP would be 2.0 kg/hr, and that of H2S, 0.004kg/hr.

Accordant with the calculation formula of non-organized emission sources for health protection setforth in the Technical Methodology for Working out Local Air Pollutant Emission (GB/T1320-91):

__ = 1 (BLC +0.25r2) LD

Cm A

In the formula,

Qc- amount of non-organized pollutant emission, kg/hr

Cm-standard limit of concentration, mg/m3

L- necessary health protection distance, m

R- equivalent radius of non-organized emission source, m

A, B, C, D - coefficients.

The health protection distances for South Jiangdong and Zhenhai WWTPs can be denved throughcalculations, 300 and 200 m respectively.

As to odour pollution mitigation measures, it is suggested that around the boundaries of WWTPs,green belts with high trees be planted; in addition, it be prohibited to build residences within thedefined heath protection distance. Within the heath protection distance for SJWWTP there are 100households of Lingjia Village, which have been arranged for resettlement; within HPD for ZhenhaiWWTP there is no residence, little impact on residents.

Landfill

In the process of disposing domestic solid wastes, organic matters of them will produce mixed gasesthrough anaerobic degradation consisting of CH4, CO2, H2, N2, H2S, NH3, heptane, octane, hexane, etc.According to the compositions of the solid wastes in Hangzhou, 125.56 m3 mixed gases would beproduced per ton of solid wastes. On the basis of the monitoring data of the No. 1 Landfill ofHangzhou, CH4 and CO2 represent about 95-99%, while H2S, NH3 and other smelly substances onlyamount 0.2>1.4% or so.



In the landfill there exists a power station using the waste gases. The collection coefficient of design is70%; 30% IS emitted non-organisationally. It is predicted that the landfill gas (LFG) generation wouldbe under peak period by 2006. The calculated non-organized emissions of H2S and NH3 are 69.2 kg/hrand 72.6 kg/hr.

On the basis of the Technical Guidelines for ETA (HJ/T2.1-2.3-93) the non-point source dispersionmodel is recommended as shown below:

C(x,y,O)- ~~~ Y2 He2C(x, y 0)= Q *exp -t + HeA07fIOT CZ 2 a 2 2a 21

y zy z}~

The Maximum leeward surface concentrations (hourly average, with additive background value) ofH2S and Ni- 3 are obtained via calculations, 0.0348 mg/m3 and 0.174 mg/m3 respectively, neitherexceeding the standard limit value at plant boundary of the Standard for Offensive Odor PollutantEmission (GB 14554-93). Because there is no residential spot is located within 900 m from the landfill,little impact will be brought upon the masses.

To summarise the recommended mitigation, maintain 300m and 200m hygienic protection distancesfor South Jiangdong and Zhenhai WWTPs respectively. It has been arranged to remove about 100households with the protective distance from SJWWTP. Within the protective distance from ZWWTPthere is no housing; however, it is strictly forbidden to build new houses.

5.7.5 Effluent Water Quality Impact

Treated effluent will constitute a pollution source and impact on the receiving streams locally and forseveral km downstream. This condition is also aggravated by the fact that raw and treated wastewatermakes up much of the surface water flow during the dry season. The treated effluent from ZUEPWWTPs will cause an impact but the overall river condition will improve due to a reduction in totalorganic loading.

Hlangzhou No. 2 Landfill

The Yanshan River, with a small flow, once was the main water body receiving wastewater of the No.1 Landfill, belonging in the river system of the Grand Canal (Hangzhou section) on the plain.

The Yanshan River is seriously affected by the background water quality of the water coming from theupstream Grand Canal, the industrial wastewater of Hangzhou Iron & Steel Mill, neighbouringresidents' domestic wastewater, etc.. The water quality of the Yanshan River is bad, with water qualitymomtoring indicators have exceeded the standard limits of Category V, the water body is severelypolluted.

Before March 2001, part of the leachate of the No. 1 Landfill was untreated and discharged directlyinto the Yanshan River, being directly responsible for polluting the water body of the Yanshan River.However, since March 2001, the leachate (partly treated) of the landfill have been collected intomunicipal wastewater main and transmitted to Sibao WWTP for centralized treatment.

After the completion and operation of the No. 2 Landfill, the existing leachate treatment station will

be reconstructed. All the leachate of the Nos. I and 2 Landfills will be treated in the new wastewatertreatment station with a capacity of 1500 m3 /d and the process of A2 0, and after achieving Class 3standard (GB 16899-1997, CODc, 1000 mg/l). The treated leachate will enter the municipal sewerage

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system and be transmitted to Sibao WWTP for central treatment and then discharged. The domesticwastewater in the management area will also be treated to meet the standard and then enter themunicipal sewerage system.

Removal of the leachate from the river has played an important role in mitigating the water qualitydeterioration of the river. The water quality of the Yanshan River would yet be unable to be improvedobviously due to being affected by multiple factors, which needs the unified planning by Hangzhougovernment and integrated treatment.

The design capacity of Sibao WWTP is 600 000 m3/d, effluent reaching Class I standard of GB8978-1996 (CODcr 60 mg/I, BOD5 20 mg/I), with discharge into the Qiantang River. The volume ofleachate wastewater and the load of CODc, of the landfills only represent 0.25% and 0.63% of thetotal influent into Sibao WWTP. Therefore, generally it will not bring significant impact on theoperation of Sibao WWTP.

The volume of leachate generated is subject to many factors, such as water content of solid wastes,hydrologic and geological conditions of the site, weather conditions, ways of landfilling, etc.Precipitation is a direct factor of affecting generation of leachate. The years' operation records of theNo. 1 Landfill show that the daily average generation is 1066 in3, and yearly 389 100 nm3 .

According to the geo-tech investigation report, the landfill is an independent hydrological andgeological unit. Liquid entering the landfill is mainly direct precipitation within the landfilling areaand fountain water formed of precipitation in the ambient catchment. The volume of water absorbedby solid wastes is quite small by comparison with the net seepage volume.

On the basis of the weather parameters on multi-year average of Hangzhou, as well as area of thecatchment, runoff ratio, evaporation amount, etc., it is estimated that after the No. 2 is completed andput into operation, the volume of leachate generated would be about 1500 m3/d, or 547,500 m3/a. Thecomposition of leachate is very complicated. Among others, the age of landfill is the most importantfactor. Through analysis on the years' routine monitoring data of the No. 1 Landfill, it is found that asthe landfill becomes older, concentrations of various pollution factors increase gradually. Thevariation range of CODcr is the greatest, 240-30,300 mg/I; biodegradability of wastewater deceasesgradually, the rate of BOD5/CODCr reduced from 0.543 at the beginning to 0.37 at present. Thevariation ranges of TN and TP are great. The main water quality indicators of the leachate entering theWastewater Treatment Station are shown in Table 5.20 based on the multi-year monitoring data of theleachate of the No. 1 Landfill.

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Table 5.20: Main Water Quality Indicators of Leachate in No. 1 Landfill (Unit: mglL)

Item pH CODcr BOD5 SS TN TP

Concentration6.7-8.2 240-30300 28.9-8390 4-660 55-1493 0 37-20.32

range

Mean value 7.7 3059 1217 260 1180 6.84

Comprehensively considering the average leachate concentration of the No. I Landfill, the typical

leachate concentrations of some landfills at home and abroad, and the variation tendency of future

solid waste compositions in Hangzhou, we predicted the concentrations of the main pollution factors

in the leachate of solid wastes, shown in Table 5.21.

Table 5.21: Projected Water Quality Indicators of Leachate in No. 2 Landfill

Item I pIt COD,, BODs SS | NH13-N

Projected concentration (mg/I) 1 6-9 14000 7000 400 1600 1

Currently there is an existmg leachate treatment station with a capacity of 300 m3/d, or 110,000 m3/a,

which employs biological oxidation treatment process with "two aeration's", "three sedimentation's".

Because the capacity of treatment is somewhat small, about 279 100 m3/a untreated wastewater is

discharge directly into the municipal sewerage system via the pipelmes in site (before March 2001

into the Yanshan River). The operational results of the wastewater treatment station measured during

this ELA are shown in Table 5.22.

Table 5.22: Statistical Results of Influent and Effluent Water Quality of LeachateTreatment Station

Nr. pH CODcr SS NH3-N Total Coli Groups(mg/l) (mg/I) (mg/l) (nr/l)

Influent 7.98 3300 120 1150 223800

Effluent 7 22 1370 84 664 23800

Influent 8 08 3390 220 1110 Ž238002

Effluent .42 1360 68 425 23800

Influent 8 01 3450 160 1170 2238003

Effluent 7 59 1340 57 415 23800

Influent 8 05 2050 440 1260 Ž!238004

Effluent 7 89 1290 185 481 23800

Influent 8.03 2070 390 1210 >238005

Effluent 7 90 1360 165 476 23800

Influent 8.05 2030 260 1200 2238006

Effluent 8.03 1240 110 481 23800

Influent 8.03 2715 265 1183 3 223800Mean

Effluent 7 22 1370 84 664 23800

Mean Removal Rate(%) / F 4954 683 439 I

Accordmg to the Landfill accumulated statistical data and the measured data during the EIA, it is

ascertained that the mean values of water quality indicators of effluent after treatment by the existing

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treatment station are: pH 7.22, CODcr 1370 mg/L, BOD5 70mg/L, SS 84mglL, and NH 3-N 660mg/L.Table 5.23 shows the calculated average quantities of pollutants discharge per annum at present.

Table 5.23: Leachate Pollutant Discharge Quantities before/after Construction of SWComponent

No. 1 Landfill After Completion of VariationItem No. 2 Landfill (%)

generate discharge generate discharge generate discharge

Vol. (103 i 3 ) 389.1 389.1 547.5 547.5 40.7 40.7

CODCr (t/a) 1190.3 997.3 8760 547.5 636 45.1

BOD5 (t/a) 473.5 347.2 3285 328.5 593 8 -5.4

SS (t/a) 101.2 81.8 219 109.5 216 8.2

NH3-N (t/a) 459.1 401.9 876 / 90.8 /

A new leachate treatment plant will be built under the No. 2 Landfill component, with a capacity of1500 m3/d. In light of the features of the SW leachate - high concentrations of organic pollutants andNH3 -N, and reduction of biochemical decomposability during post-landfilling period, it is proposed,via demonstration, to employ biochemical process plus strengthened physiochemical processes fortreatment. The biochemical process stage includes anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process flow, using highefficient anaerobic reactor and subsequent anoxic-oxic device for removal of N.

Adopting the above-mentioned processes can ensure the treated effluent to achieve Class 3 dischargestandard of the Pollution Control Standard for Landfilling Domestic Solid Wastes (GB16889-1997),

and then to be discharged into the municipal secondary treatment WWTP. When the water quality ofthe treated effluent meets the standard, the discharge quantity of CODcr would be reduced by 45.1%,and that of BOD5, by 5.4%.

The leachate will be pretreated in the leachate treatment plant, meeting Class 3 discharge standard,and the effluent will flow via Kangqiao branch pipeline into the No. 3 Sewerage System, finallyentering Sibao WWTP, treated with the domestic wastewater of the city, and then discharged into theQiantang River after reaching Class 1 standard.

Shaoxing Urban Infrastructure Upgrading

Shaoxing is a well-known historic and cultural city of the state, also a typical city south of the YangtzeRiver, with featured scenery of water and land. In order to improve the ecosystem of the ancient cityand raise the grade of it, it is proposed to implement the subproject of rehabilitating the inner-citycanals and that of upgrading the infrastructures in the historic precincts in the ancient city. Theconstruction of drainage network and canal dredging works may bring about impacts on the waterenvironment.

Impact on operation of municipal WWTP

Shaoxmg mumcipal WWTP is situated on the Cao'e River, 10 km from the old urban district, withsecondary treatment and a proposed capacity of 500 000 m3 /d. Phase I was put into operation in 2001,with a capacity of 300 000 m3 /d, and Phase II of 200 000 m3 /d will be completed by 2004. Thecompletion and operation of this WWTP have made most wastewater in both Shaoxing City andShaoxing County be treated centrally, fundamentally controlling the tendency that the waterenvironments of the canals are polluted and deteriorated. This shows that it is feasible for thecomponent to intercept wastewater and transmit it to Shaoxing municipal WWTP for treatment.

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Analysis ofpositive benefits of component

After completing Shaoxing Component, water pollutants entenng the canals will be depleted greatly,e.g. CODcrby 2830 t/d and BOD5 , 1213 t/d, both representing 44.8% of the onginal total quantity ofentering the canals.

The box model was employed by NEPRI to calculate the permissible discharge quantity of CODcr.With normal water drawing of 9 m3/s, when the canals need to maintain the water quality objective ofCategory IV, the permnssible discharge quantity is 8.32 t/d; after wastewater being intercepted, theCODcr discharged into the canals would be about 6.30 t/d. It can be seen by comparison that theenvironment permissible discharge quantity is larger than the pollutant discharge quantity, indicatingthat after drawing water the water quality of the canals will be improved, able to meet the functionalrequirements of Category IV water body.

The overall flow direction of the canals in the city is from the south to the north, the downstreamdirection is the Cao'e River. After upgrading the old urban district, wastewater interception rate willbe raised greatly; the wastewater discharged into the canals will be reduced, which will make thewater quality of the canals improved. Therefore, the pollutants to be discharged into the downstreamriver systems will be decreased, advantageous for the downstream river systems to improve theirwater quality.

South Jiangdong WWTP

SJWWTP lies on the east side about 100 m to the Fenghua River in Yinzhou Distnct, Ningbo City,and on the south side about 75 m to Hangzhou-Ningbo Highway The service range of planmngcovers the southwest part of Sanjiangkou, central area of Yinzhou District, Cicheng Town, DongqianLake Town and its ambient areas. The capacity of design is 160 000 m3/d. A/O process is adopted toremove P. The treated effluent will be discharged into the nver section of the Fenghua River betweenTongpenpu and Sanjiangkou.

The surface water function of the nver section belongs in Category IV of the Environment QualityStandard for Surface Water (GB3838-2002), and corresponding effluent treated enforces Class 2discharge stalndard of the Wastewater Integrated Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996). The influent andeffluent water quality of design for SJWWTP, pollutant removal rates, quantities removed anddischarge volumes are shown in Table 5.24.

Table 5.24: The Influent and Effluent Water Quality of Design for SJWWTP andDischarge Loads

Influent Effluent Removal Rate Discharge Quantity(mg/) (mg/l) (%) Quantity (tVd) Removed (t/d)

BOD5 120 <30 275 4 8 14.4

CODcr 240 s120 250 19.2 19 2

SS 150 <30 280 4.8 19.2

NH3-N 30 <25 4 0.8

TP 4 •1.0 275 0.16 0.48

The Fenghua and Yongjiang rivers are tidal ones, water bodies of receiving wastewater. According tothe requirements of the standard, NEPRI used a 2D inconstant mathematic water flow and qualitymodel for water quality prediction.

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(9 Water flow model

G6Z d(Hu) V+ d(HV) -o (4-1)

dt d9x

au d9u d au HZ W 2~~~~~~~42d9t dx dy , dr H Cz2 H (4-2)

d9 du d9 di=a (Ex - )+ - (CY-)

+ Li + v - z+ g -+ fu-- +gv-+U-+v & +gd 03 f H CZ2H (43)

-(ex -)+-(e--)

£d(HU)" +d(Hv)- (+ ~+ ,q 1) =O0 (4-4)

A ~ + A

(fjJn, 0 ) _ WX c o d f o C

- _ dJ d 5)±(g _ ,n+l A g(JU2 ±V2 V)n

(g)+(U,-T + VJ )+ T_ ) c2,i+I '¢J)

A A A A

+ - (fu , )Hn+1 y (4-6)

(Z Water quality model

Water quality model adopts inconstant convection-diffusion equation:

aD 8+ 1 Ex _ 1-)+-( EH-D -K 1L+f (4-7)at ax &y H ax ( ax ax Y

Calculation format of water quality model adopts the explicit facing-current finite elementscalculation formula similar to the water flow momentum equation:

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D, =D At U +DV +(E.flD+E rD 4K) /422+f,JAt{uJ 22 lJJ

(4-8)

0 Validation of model

This assessment collected the data of tide processes in Zhenhai, Ningbo and Chenglangyanhydrological stations to validate water levels and flow velocities; and collected data of main pollutionsources on both banks of the Yongjiang and Fenghua rivers to demonstrate water quality. The resultsindicated that the parameters selected were rational, and the calculation method was reliable,applicable for EIA of proj ect.

Assessment on water environment impact

(0 Condition of design

According to the standard, the hydrological condition of design is a dependable rate 80-90%. Theaverage ebb tide flows and tide range parameters at dependable rates of 10% and 90% are shown inTable 5.25.

@) Calculation scenarios

Four calculation scenarios can be grouped accordmg to wastewater 160 000 m3/d under differenttreatment degrees and different hydrological conditions, shown in Table 5.26.



Table 5.25: Hydrologic Parameters at Dependable Rates of 10% and 90% in ZhenhaiHydrological Station

3 ~~Tide RangeEbb Tide Flow (m3/s) (m)

P=10% 1260 2.8

P=90% 450 1.3

Table 5.26: Summary of Calculation Scenarios

Waste-Scenario Tidal water CODcr BOD5 Treatment Note

Nr. Type Flow (mg/I) (mg/I) Degree_____________ ~(m 3Is)

1 spring 1.852 120 30 secondary

2 tide 1.852 240 120 no treatment additive impacts

3 neap 1.852 120 30 secondary considered4 tide 1.852 240 120 no treatment

(D Analysis of results

Through numerical value simulative calculations for near 20 tide cycles, pollutant concentrations ofwater body reached dynarnic balance on the whole. The results of the scenarios are shown in Table5.27. In the results, the factors have been taken into account, such as status quo, additive sourcestrengths of built projects and projects assessed which are to be built in the Fenghua River section.

Table 5.27: Summary of Results of Scenarios

Scenario 1 2 3 4Treatment Degree secondary no treatment secondary no treatmentTide Type spring tide neap tide

2mg/I4mg/I __ _ _ ***m______4***

Max. 6mg/I 4.43Envelope Area 8mg/l 0.36 3.08 1.80 2.57

10mg/l 0.00 2.21 0.67 2.2612mg/1 0.00 1.16 0.001 2.02

Max. Concen. in Source Zone 9.75 14 U 12.2 18.80(m g/i) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2mg/l ____**_**_**

4mg/l ___ _ ****______****

Mean 6mg/i 2.58 **** **** _***

Envelope Area 8mg/I 0.10 1.62 0.92 1.94

10 Og/l 0.00 0 78 0.00 1.3312mg/1 0.00 0.006 0.00 0.78

Mean Concen. m Source Zone 8.80 12.6 9.88 15.9(m g/i) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _



Note **** expresses the impact value is among those of other outlets.

Of the results, the average value refers to the spatial average at the point where the maximum valueexists, a calculation result under unfavourable condition. Findings can be drawn from the results in thetablc as such:

* Under the condition that the WWTP's discharge reaches the standard, the average maximumconcentrations of CODMf in the mixed zone of the outlet are 8.80 mg/l and 9.88 mg/lrespectively under spring and neap tides, both conforming to Category IV, GB3838-2002.

* Under the condition of discharging directly without any treatment, the areas of the mixedzone with function worse than Category IV are 0.78 km2 and 1.33 km2 respectively underspring and neap tides, the maximum concentrations of CODM,, in the mixed zone are 4-6mg/l more than those under the condition of discharge up to standard. It can be seen thatdirect discharge without any treatment will bring about very unfavourable environmentalimpact on the Fenghua River, which shall be strictly prevented and prohibited.

Analysis of Positive Benefits of Project

In the analysis and calculation, box model and conception of complete mixing reactor were adopted.Based on the statistic analysis of the main pollution sources discharged into the Fenghua River atpresent, the features of the Fenghua River waterway and water volume balance as well, it can becalculated that after SJWWTP has been put into operation, the multi-year average value of CODM,, inthe Sanjiangkou river section could be depleted from 7.7mg/l to 5.6mg/l, steadily meeting therequirements of Category IV, GB3838-2002, average water quality imlprovement of 2.1mg/l CODMf,and the improvement in the Sanjiangkou downstream river section, 0.2-0.5mg/l. It can be seen theenvironmental benefits of the project are obvious.

Ningbo Zhenhai WWTP

Zhenhai WWTP is situated in the original ash storage of Zhenhai Power Station, on the north beach inZhenhai District, Nmgbo City. The site borders the sea in the north. On its east side is the ash storageundeveloped. In the south there is a grain-storage, and in the west it is Zhenhai Landfill. The site islocated in the downstream area of the surface water system in Zhenhai, bordering the sea area,favourable to collect wastewater and discharge treated effluent.

The planning service scope of ZWWTP covers a 9.7 km2 built-up area of Zhenhai with a servicepopulation of 87 100 persons. The capacity of design is 30 000 m3/d with oxidation ditch processemployed. The treated effluent is discharged into the sea area in Zhenhai. This sea area belongs inCategory IV environmental functional zone, whose water quality enforces Category III of the WaterQuality Standard for Seawater (GB3097-1997).

However, the sea area 2 km away from the bank is Category I functional zone, thus Category I waterquality standard shall be enforced Correspondingly, discharge of the treated effluent shall enforceClass 2 discharge standard of the Wastewater Integrated Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996). Theinfluent and effluent water quality of design for ZWWTP, pollutant removal rates, quantities removedand discharge volumes are shown in Table 5.28.

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Table 5.28: Influent And Effluent Water Quality Of Design For ZVVWTP, PollutantRemoval Rates, Quantities Removed And Discharge Volumes

Removal Discharge QuantityInfluent Effluent

Item (mg/l) (mg/l) Rate Vol. Removed(mg/I) (mg/I) ~~~(%) (t/d) (t/d)

BOD5 150 •30 Ž80 0.9 3.6

CODc. 300 <120 '60 3.6 5.4

SS 200 <30 Ž85 0.9 5.1

NH3 -N 35 •25 >29 0.75 0.3

TP 3 •1.0 >66 0.03 0.06

Sea area water environment impact assessment

() Conditions of design

This assessment adopted the water flow and quality mathematic model of 2D inconstant current,whose boundary conditions are all subject to tidal levels; the water flows in the sea area where theoutlets are located are controlled mainly by tidal currents. Tidal range is an indicator of measuringtide strength, i.e. an indicator of hydrological dependable rate. To this end, statistics is conducted ondependable rates of tidal ranges at Zhenhai Hydrological Station near the outlets. See Table 5.29.

Large and small tidal ranges are 2.30 and 1.10 m at the dependable rates of 80% and 90%. Theboundary tidal level processes corresponding to the above two tidal ranges are used as tidal types ofdesign.

Table 5.29: Statistic Data of Dependable Rates of Tidal Range at Zhenhai Station

Frequency (%) 5 10 20 50 80 90 95

Tidal Range (m) 2.8 2.67 2.30 1.50 1.10 0.80 0.75

0 Calculation scenarios

There are four groups of scenarios tabulated in Table 5.30 under the circumstances of dischargingthrough normal treatment, accidentally discharging without treatment, in combination with spring andneap tidal types under different hydrological conditions.



Table 5.30: Summary of Mathematic Calculation Scenarios for Outlets by Houhaitang

Ww Nr. of Tidal Ww Vol. Ww Concentration (mg/l)Treatment Scenario Type (x 1 04 m3/d) CODCr BODs

Degree

Normal Si Neap 3.0 120 30Discharge intoSea S2 Spring 3.0 120 30

Direct S3 Neap 3 0 300 150

Discharge S4 Spring 3.0 300 150

() Analysis of calculation results

Numerical value calculations were conducted for 6 tidal cycles according to the calculation scenariosproposed. The pollutant concentrations reach dynamic balance in this water area. The areas envelopedby isolines of the maximum and mean CODMn (main control factor) concentrations under all tides ofthe scenarios are shown in Table 5.31.

Table 5.31: Areas Enveloped By Isolines Of The Maximum And Mean CODMf (MainControl Factor) Concentrations Under All Tides (kM2)

Mode of Discharge Normal Treatment Direct Discharge

Nr of Scenario Si S2 S3 S4

Tidal Type Neap Spring Neap Spring

>1mg/l 72.86 14.86 422.56 222.76

>3mg/l 0 0 0.399 0

Max. ->4mg/1 0 0.124 0Max. of >m/ all tides >5mg/l 0 0 0.0329 0

>8mg/I 0 0 0 0

Max. concen.(mg/l) concen2.24 1.46 6.07 3.01(mg/,)>Img/l 6.39 0.574 243 22 54.62

Mean of >3mg/i 0 0 0 0

all tides >4mg/i 0 0 0 0>Smg/l 0 0 0 0

>8mg/I 0 0 0 0

Max. concen.(mg/l) concen1 27 1.12 2.28 1.68_ _ _ _ _ _ (m g/1)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Main findings are below:

* Wastewater discharge impact is disadvantageous under the condition of neap tide.

* There exists no area exceeding the standard under the condition of discharging wastewaterthrough normal treatment to meet the standard for discharge under different tidal types.Under the circumstance of accidentally discharging without treatment, the impact on the seaarea will be much more severe. Under neap tide, the maximum concentration of CODMn is6.07mg/I in the sea area beside the outlet, about 0.124 kmi2 mixed zone exceeds the standard.

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o The wastewater (30 000 m3/d) of ZWWTP can reach Class 2 discharge standard throughoxidation ditch treatment, and the discharge sea area in the north of Houhaitang in Zhenhaiis feasible. Nevertheless, accidental discharge of wastewater must be resolutely stopped toavoid unfavourable impact on the sea area.

Dongqian Lake Rehabilitation Component

Dongqian Lake is a famous scenic resort in Ningbo and it is an important drinking water source. Toprotect the water environrnent of Dongqian Lake, Ningbo City has prepared an integratedrehabilitation program with main contents of "dredging the lake and enlarging its capacity" and"intercepting wastewater to make the lake clean". Also associated works of sludge storage, stonewater gate and lake ring road will be implemented. After these subprojects are put into operation, thewastewater interception and sludge storage works may bring about potential impacts on the waterenvironment.

Wastewater collected by the wastewater interception works of Dongqian Lake Component is mainlyof domestic wastewater in the ambient rural area and wastewater from hotels and tourism facilities. Itis estimated that wastewater volume collected would be about 6000 m3/d, typical water quality:CODc, 180 mg/l, BOD5 90 mg/l, TN 20mg/l and TP 4mg/l, which meet the water quality controlstandard requirements of influent. On the basis of the FSR of South Jiangdong WWTP and EIA dataanalysis, Dongqian Lake area belongs to the service range of South Jiangdong WWTP; the treatedeffluent of SJWWTP will not bring about sigrificant pollution impacts on the wastewater receivingwater body, Sanjiangkou river section of the Fenghua River, which indicates that it is feasible for thewastewater from the interception works of Dongqian Lake Component to be discharge into SJWWTPfor central treatment, whose impact on the water environment is acceptable.

Dongqian Lake area is extensive and the wastewater of the villages around the lake will be collectedby the interception system. There will be domestic wastewater of 243 m3/d that is unable to becollected, which comes from some scattered scenic spots and 1040 residents of Yangshan, Lvye,Fuquan Hill Tea Plantation, and Hengjie villages, which are distributed in the upstream, remote andout-of-the-way hilly areas. To thus end, the FSR has proposed to employ small-sized package domesticwastewater treatment devices to treat it locally. The treated effluent can be reused in farmland after itmeeting the Water Quality Standard for Farmland Irrigation Water (GB5804-92). According toanalysis, due to the fact that basically the wastewater of such type is domestic, and there are no toxicsubstances in it on the whole, it is feasible to reuse the treated effluent in farmland, which will notbring about significant unfavourable impacts on the surface water bodies.

On the supposition that Dongqian Lake is a completely mixed water body, on the basis of massequilibrium principle, and such indicators as volumes of inflow and outflow of the lake and pollutantconcentrations, it can be calculated that after completion of the component, both indicators of TN andTP, the two main indicators of affecting the water quality, can achieve Category II standard of theWater Environment Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838-2002), conforming with therequirements of drinking water function. See Table 5.32 and Figures 5.6 and 5.7 .



Table 5.32: Predicted Results of TN and TP after Intercepting Wastewater forDongqian Lake

Cat. ofIndicator Concentration (mg/I) GB3838-2002

Present 1year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 10 years I IIlater later later later later later

TN 1.322 0.3421 0.1077 0.0516 0.0382 0 0350 0.0340 0 2 0 5TP 0.042 0 0253 0.0210 0.0199 0 0197 0 0196 0 0196 0 01 0.025

Cicheng Urban Upgrading

Cicheng Town of Ningbo is a famous historic and cultural town in Zhejiang Province. To improveurban infrastructures and living quality of residents it is proposed to implement the urban upgradingcomponent consisting of integrated realignment of rivers/canals, roads upgrading and renovation ofwastewater collecting network. The works of wastewater collecting network and canal dredging maybring about potential impacts on the water environment.

Under the works of wastewater collecting network of Cicheng Component, a separate seweragesystem will be constructed in Cicheng central town. It is proposed to transmit the collected municipalwastewater to SJWWTP for central treatment. After the sewerage system is completed, wastewater ofabout 10 000 m3/d would be collected in the short-term according to estimation, the typical waterquality CODC, 350 mg/l and BOD5 250mg/l, both reaching the water quality control standard forinfluent of municipal WWTP. Cicheng area also belongs to the service range of SJWWTP. Therefore,it is feasible to transrnit the wastewater collected by Cicheng Urban Upgrading Component toSJWWTP for central treatment, and the impact is acceptable on the water environrnent of the FenghuaRiver. After completing Cicheng Urban Upgrading Component, the collection rate of municipalwastewater network will be 80%, pollutants being reduced substantially to discharge into the canals:CODcr 1252 t/d, and BOD5 894 t/d.

After completion, maximum water drawing volume of supporting environmental water use can reach17 m3/s. Under the normal condition, the water flushing pumping station (2 pumps working, 2 standby)can draw water flow of 7 m3/s. The calculation indicates that with normally pumped water flow of 7m3/s, when the water quality of the water from reservoir is Category II, the permissible discharge loadof CODCr is 15.1 t/d, under such circumstances, the water quality of the canals can maintain thewater quality objective, Category [II. Thls indicates that after implementing the works of wastewaterinterception and water drawing, the water quality function of the canals can be recovered to CategoryIm.

In addition, under this component, 72 600 m3 sludge will be cleared up, thus oxygen consumption ofbottom sludge will be much decreased, favourable for pollutants to be biologically decomposed in thecanals; DO will be increased by a certain margin in the water bodies. Under the component, about 10km long canals will bc excavated or renovated, conducive to connecting river system, improvingwater quality and rehabilitating the functions of water bodies in the canals. Furthermore, landscapingalong the banks will play a certain role in preventing pollution, protecting and improving local waterenvironment.

Effluent Impact Mitigation Summary

* Landfill



To reduce wastewater produced from precipitation, a separation system shall be set up in the No. 2Landfill of Hangzhou. Rain water outside working surfaces should be drained via flood interceptionditches at different elevations to offsite. Rainwater within the operational area shall be dramed into thewastewater regulating pond. Since there exist faults Fl and F2, the seepage coefficient (>10-7cm/s)cannot satisfy the requirements of the standard. To address this, a horizontal seepage control layer(HDPE membrane + geotextile + pebbles) shall be employed on the storage bottom, in combinationwith vertical grouted curtain set beneath the wastewater interception dam, thus forming dual seepagecontrol measures to prevent the leachate from polluting groundwater.

To control the leachate, a leachate transmission system shall be set up consisting of leachatetransmission layer on the landfill bottom and vertical gas guide wells; and horizontal leachatediversion underdrains shall be laid at intervals of 25 m elevation, to allow the wastewater to passthrough the system, and via the main underdrains on the bottom and drains outside the dam, then intothe wastewater collectmg pond.

To ensure that the wastewater can be discharged after meeting the standard (Class 3 of GB16898-1997), it is recommended that A20 technology plus strengthened physiochemical processes beadopted, in the first stage of which there are facilities of anaerobic-anoxic-oxic processes, which areappropriate for treating high concentration organic wastewater, followed by the aero-chemical effectsof supersonic and magnetic fields and the actions of active oxygen atoms. Such processes will providea guarantee of effective removing pollutants in the leachate. The treated effluent shall be dischargedinto the municipal wastewater main, and transmitted to Sibao WWTP for central treatment.

0WWTP

To guarantee the dilution and diffusion conditions for the effluent discharged, the outlets of SJWWTPshall be situated below the neap tide level, inundated discharge mode being adopted; those ofZWWTP, below the neap tide level in the Zhenhai sea area by the north side of Houhaitang, alladopting multijet diffusers.

To take precautions against accidental discharge, WWTPs shall establish responsibilities systems ofoperation and management. In case of force majeure, when wastewater is discharged untreated, itshall be required that factories in the service ranges stop discharging wastewater into sewerages toensure the functions and safety of water bodies.

5.7.6 Solid Waste and Sludge Treatment And Disposal

Sludge is mainly produced in the process of operations of SJWWTP and ZWWTP, composed of barscreen residues, sediment grits, and retained sludge. Most screen residues are big suspended orfloating substances, e.g. fibers, hair, wood debris, vegetable, plastic products, etc., water content about60%; the sludge contains many organic compositions, mainly microorganism remains and otherorganic decomposed matters, and soils as well. The water content of sludge after being dewateredshould be below 80%. The features of the sludge are that their particles are fine, cohesion is weak,likely to be lost with water flow and decomposed to emit smell, causing secondary pollution. Table5.33 shows sludge sources and quantities of the WWTPs concerned.



Table 5.33: Sludge Produced by WWTPs (Unit: tVd)

Source Screen /Residues Grit Sludge(Water Content 60%) (Water Content 60%) (Water Content 80%)

South Jsangdong 15.0 5 0WWTPZhenhai WWTP 3.0 1.35 22.5

Total 18.0 6.35 118.5

Presently most WWTPs in the country employ the disposal methods of dewatering sludge, andtransporting it to landfill for final disposal. Thus method has advantages of less secondary pollutionand easy operation. But the landfill must employ landfilling operations. The sludge of SouthJiangdong and Zhenhai WWTPs will be dewatered and stored tentatively in sludge sheds (rainproofand leakage-free), and then will be transported by the WWTP-owned dump trucks for hygiernuclandfilling.

There is only Fenglin SW Landfill in Ningbo for the time being, which, with a capacity of 1.30million tons, is now used for landfilling the ash and residue of the SW Incinerating Plant of Ningbo. Itwas proposed to use Fenglin SW Landfill for landfilling the sludge for 3 years as transitional disposal.Ningbo is proceeding with planning studies leading to the construction of a new landfill. Ningbo hasselected a site at Ru Pu, 55km from the centre city, and this landfill will be designed and built withinthe next two years. As such, the Ru Pu landfill will be the recommended disposal route for allWWTPs in Ningbo.

It is currently proposed that sludge arising on site will be thickened and dewatered before disposal,along with washed screenings and grit, to the Ru Pu landfill. The DRA estimates that the newJiangdongnan WWTP will produce some 1,400 tds/yr of sludge (equivalent to approx. 6,800 t/year ofsludge cake at 20% solids).

To understand the pollution degree of sludge leachate, ZEPRI sampled the sludge of WWTP, soakedthem in water with a ratio of 1: 1 and measured the heavy metal contents in the sludge immersionliquid with different immersion duratlons, results shown in Table 5.34. It can be seen that the heavymetal contents of the sludge immersion liquid are all lower than those of generic MSW except Zn.Therefore, the impacts of the landfilled sludge immersion liquid on water bodies are basically thesame as municipal MSW, the landfill disposal of sludge being feasible.

Nonetheless the water content of sludge is high (80% or so) generally. The mixture of it is loose. Solesludge landfillng may cause landfilling machines to sink into sludge piles, which are unable to worknormally. Hence, during actual operation, activities shall be conducted in order, a layer of sludgeiuxed and compacted with a layer of MSW to prevent landfilling from being retarded.

To avoid the offensive odour produced in the course of stacking to affect environment, attention shallbe paid to timely clearing and transporting sludge after being produced. The vehicles shall be wellsealed to prevent the sludge from being lost and scattered along the transportation route to polluteenvironment.

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Table 5.34: Heavy Metal Content in Solid Wastes and Sludge Immersion Liquid withDifferent Immersion Durations

ImmersionDuration 1 hr 2 hrs 4 hrs 8 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs Candard

Item ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~StandardItemZni sludge 1.11 2.73 3.70 3.32 4.14

Zn____ SW 1.22 1.07 1.32 1.12 1.68 1.80

Cu Sludge 0.05 0 07 0.09 0 10 0.11 1.0

SW 0.09 0 120 0.168 0 136 0.174 0.144

4.35 4.31 5.39 8.49 9.58Pb Sludge x- x10-3 x 10- x 103 x10-3 0.05

SW 0.033 0.048 0.078 0 048 0.065 0.062

Cr6+ Sludge 0.015 0.027 0.039 0.068 0.075 0.05

SW 0.113 0.128 0.132 0.127 0.128 0 124

Cd Sludge ° 10.75 0.77 1 03 1.23 1.2Cd SlugeI o-I x o X 10-3 x I io- X 10o3 0.oo

SW 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.002

Sludge Unchecked out 0.0001

Hg SW 0.154 Unchecked out 0.084 1 UCO meansSWI x l U x 10 J <0.05x10-3

Sludge Disposal Mitigation

The Ru Pu landfill will be designed as a modem landfill with appropriate leachate control andtreatment facilities. Timely clear up and transport the sludge when produced. The transportingvehicles shall have good sealing devices, to prevent it from being lost and scattered, emitting smelland polluting environment.

5.7.7 O&M Problems

Observation of centralised WWTP in other Chinese cities would indicate that operation andmaintenance (O&M) could be a problem. The design of the ZUEP WWTPs has taken simplicity ofoperation into account but mitigation monitoring will need to insure that the wastewater companydoes not try to save operational costs by cutting back on power consumption for aeration, sludgedigestion and processing, etc. The operation of the WWTPs should have incentives based on WWTPperformance rather than minimising the cost of operations, so that management is keyed to ensurngproper WWTP performance.

In accordance with World Bank practice, detailed financial projections have been prepared for theproposed wastewater companies being established under this project to operate the planned sewerageand wastewater treatment facilities. These projections take into account the need for the newwastewater companies to be financially sustainable for the foreseeable future. Thus sources ofincome, including tariffs charged to users, have been assessed to ensure that they will be sufficient tocover operation and maintenance expenses and planned expansion of facilities in the future. Thetariffs have also been checked to ensure that they are affordable for the service population.

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5.7.8 Organic Loading and Standards

There is a concern relative to the actual influent concentrations of organic pollutants at ZUJEPWWTPs to either be much greater than or much less than the design parameters for the WWTPs. Thcinfluent domestic sewage at the ZUEP NVWTPs will still be combined with stormwater that causeslower concentrations of orgamc pollutants and the widespread use of septic tanks upstream of sewersalso contributes to these low loadmgs.

Relative to low-loading, the design values used for the ZUEP WWTPs appear reasonable whencompared to the limited sewer sampling results, taking into account that the sewers have beenseparated, and septic tanks will eventually be eliminated.

The concern over the potential for organic loading to be too high relative to design standards isindicative of problems with pre-treatment of industrial wastewater in the sewerage catchments. Ifsuch a problem occurs, the solution is for the EPB and the Wastewater Companies to apply andenforce adequate industrial pre-treatment standards, not to apply unrealistic design standards on theZUEP WWTPs.

5.7.9 Wastewater Effluent Re-Use, Secondary Impacts

According to the designed outlet water quality of the ZUEP WWTPs, the indicators of the effluentwater quality could meet the basic COD/BOD requirements of watering trees and irrigating farmland,but does not accord with the water supply standard for industry and inhabitants. The purifiedwastewater is not suitable for a drinlcing water source under current technologies and cost-effectiveness.

The WWTP effluent could be used for industry, but it would require significant additional treatmentbefore use, requiring large investments by industnal users. It could be directly used for watering trees,but a complete secondary water supply system must be built. In line with the present economicalconditions and the existing water sources, it is not economical to use the treated wastewater forindustry and watering trees. The treated wastewater could only be re-used for irmgating farmland, andeven then some precautions would be required due to bacteriological concerns since disinfection isnot used. The effluent will not meet the coliform bacteria standard for an agricultural water supply,but much of the surface water used in China does not meet this standard.

Reuse in the city or industry needs significant treatment to WWTP effluent. At present, the question isnot well solved in China. The reason lies in project technology, but more import, lies in policymanagement. Because the present pnce of clean water resources (including surface water,groundwater) can't reflect the value enough, which leads to waste of water resource, for examplemore and more serious disconnect problem in the Yellow River recent years. The relatively cheapwastewater resource can find market and produce benefit only the price is raised. The purpose of thisevaluation with the above opinions is to promote the project makes the environmental, social andeconomic benefit efficiently, which needs efforts from project technology departments andgovernment managing departments. The meaning of the substitute scheme is that the governmentmanaging department carries out related water resource policy is the prerequisite for wastewater reusework.

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5.7.10 Ocean Outfall atZhenhai

During emergency stoppages (eg power failures) raw wastewater will overflow from the proposedWWTP though the ocean outfall. The discharge point is at the low tide mark and is in the vicinity ofthe port and fish farm ponds. Emergency discharges could cause severe impacts to the immediatevicinity for short periods. Although not a requirement under Chinese regulations and not contained inthe Chinese EA, the AC recommends that a warning device be installed to sound in the harbour whenthe emergency outfall is utillsed.

The Provincial EPB has verified that the proposed ocean outfall does not violate any internationaltreaties signed by China.

5.7.11 Miscellaneous Landfill Operational Issues

LFG

LFG is a mixed gas produced through anaerobic decomposition of organic solid wastes in the processof disposing domestic solid wastes in a landfill. According to the analysis of LFG compositions in theNo. 1 Landfill of Hangzhou, CH 4 and CO2 represent about 95-99% of the LFG and foul odoursubstances, such as H2S, NH3 and so on, about 0.2-1.4%. Based on the compositions of solid wastes inHangzhou, theoretical gas generation in this landfill would be 125.56 m3/t.

By the end of 2000, the No. 1 Landfill had disposed municipal solid wastes of 8.87 million tons, dailyLFG generation about 30 000 in3 . To make full use of the resource, Chinese and Canadian sidesjointly built a LFG power station at the place 70 m west of the existing wastewater treatment station,with a capacity of 2 MW. The collection rate of LFG amounts to 70%.

According to the FSR, the No. 2 Landfill will produce gases till 2006. In addition, the gas generationof the No. 1 Landfill will reach peak period, peak value of gas generated being about 124 000 rn3. Thepower generating capacity would be 6 MW.

According to the above pollution analysis, foul smell substances NH3 and H2S were selected asassessment factors of gas projection. As the investigation and monitoring materials and FSR indicate,presently the existing landfill emits 9000 m3 LFG into air per day. Till 2006, although LFG will becollected by gas collecting system, yet there would be 37200 m3/d of LFG to emit into the air. Thecalculated results of source strengths are shown in Table 5.35.

Table 5.35: Non-organized Emission and Source Strength of Pollutants in LFG inTianziling Landfill

Pollutants C4 | H2S NH3

Emnission speed (mg/s) 1.84 X 105 801 840

Emitted Quantity (kg/d) 1.6 X 104 69.2 72.6

The operations are conducted step by step in a landfill. As solid wastes are landfilled, ecosystemconditions in site will be changed. On one hand, original soil and vegetation are gradually embeddedby solid wastes, replaced by foreign soil covering solid wastes stacks, ecological conditionsthoroughly changed; on the other hand, afforested land is decreased progressively, ecologicallyregulating function abated gradually, ecosystem cannot be recovered until final soil coverage.

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Zhejiang Urban Environmetit Project Environmental Assessment

LFG of a landfill is a typical non-point source. Therefore, the non-point source diffusion model wasadopted for projection. The projection results show that in the direction of the sensitive points, themaximum concentration of H2S is 0.0348 mg/Nm3 and that of NH3, 0.174 mg/Nm3 (both withbackground concentrations added), neither exceeding the standard limits at the plant (site) boundary.There are no residential spots in the range within 900 m from the boundary. Therefore, there will beno impact on residential area.

Though during landfilling operation, LFG is collected and reused for generating power, there is still agreat amount of odourous gases diffusing to the atmosphere to impair the living quality of thecreatures in the area. The greenhouse effect will be strengthened due to a great amount of methaneemnission, making a slight contribution to global wanning.

Vectors

A great amount of flies, maggots, rats, etc., with potential diseases transmission risks, may affect thehealth of nearby people and ammals. When the landfilling solid wastes has ended, the leachate andodourous gases will continue affecting the ecosystem quality in the area because the process of solidwastes decomposition takes a long penod of time, while overall afforestation will gradually improvethe ecosystem in the area after the landfill is closed.

Groundwater Contamination

The discharge of leachate is the most important environment pollution problem during the operationof landfill. If not cautiously controlled, it may cause serious pollution to the surface water andgroundwater in the neighbouring areas of the site. The analysis concerning surface water environmenthas been mentioned in a previous section. Here we predict and analyze the impacts of the leachate onthe groundwater body in the storage site.

As projection indicates, after the No. 2 Landfill is completed and put into operation, leachate will beproduced about 1500 m3 per day, which belongs in high concentration organic wastewater containinga variety of harmful compositions, bacteria, coli groups, etc., likely to permeate into the ground,polluting the groundwater.

Pursuant to the geological survey report, there are mainly three groundwater sources, Nanwu, Fori Wuand Qinglongwu, surrounding the landfill, all being indcpendent fault aquifers. A 1.5 km and a 2.5 kmlong combined strata exist respectively between them with different rock properties. Most of synclinalaxes are located at divides and there are little hydraulic relationships between the three water sources.Therefore, the pollution impacts of leachate to groundwater is mainly on Qinglongwu water sourcearea beneath the bottom of the storage area, which will not disperse to the other two water sourceareas under nornal conditions.

However, because the bedrock is affected by regional structure in the storage area, loosened zones aredeveloped in the storage area. When the No. 2 Landfill is put into operation, in case the wastewaterlevel in the solid wastes stack is caused to rise above 110 m, the wastewater may permeate intoadjacent gullies.

Therefore, the groundwater level must be strictly controlled, which shall not be higher than theelevation of 110 m. Otherwise, other ngorous measures must be adopted to prevent the landfillleachate from polluting the groundwater environment in the peripheral areas.

The geological survey of the site shows that there are 13 faults identified during the process of thedetail investigation, two (Fl and F2 ) of which play a decisive role to the hydraulic conditions. F2 is

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the main fault in the storage area, controlling the development orientation of the Gully of Qinglongwu.This fault crosses the whole landfill with a length of 1.5 km within the area, most of which is coveredwith the Quaternary stratum, water transmissible.

In conformity with the data of tests of drilling holes to extract water and press water, the permeabilitycoefficient of the loosened zone of F2 is apparently higher an order of magnitude that that of thebedrock 3.1 X10-4 cm/s; that of the affected zone,10-5cm/s. This is higher than that specified in theTechrnical Standard for Hygiemcally Landfilling Municipal Domestic Solid Wastes (CJJ17-88), 10-7cm/s, which indicates its water transrnissibility is strong. The leachate of the No. 2 Landfill is likely topollute the groundwater through this zone. Hence, there exists the pollution impact of the No. 2Landfill leachate on the groundwater, and the passages are apparent.

Accordant to the stratum seepage test, the Provincial Physical Probing Institute conductedsynchronously with geological survey in the site, the permeability of the site strata is good. Exceptthat the stratum beneath both shoulders of the wastewater interception dam is relatively complete, itspermeability coefficient below 40 m or deeper, K < 1.0 x 10 7cmts, the coefficients of the strata withinthe depth of 100 m in the rest site area are all >1.Ox 10 7cM/s, unable to naturally control seepage.Reliable man-made leakage-free measures must be employed.

It was decided to adopt groundwater pollution prevention option, focusing on horizontal seepagecontrol measure in association with vertical seepage control measure. This option is technicallyfeasible, and environmentally acceptable, basically able to meet the requirement of preventinggroundwater from being polluted. Furthermore, adopting the horizontal seepage control measure canalso avoid the possibility of leachate laterally permeating to the adjacent gullies when the water levelof the pile body is higher than 110 m.

The monitoring data of Guangzhou Laohulong Solid Waste Landfill after enclosure shows that evenafter 4 years from closure, the concentrations of the main compositions CODCr, BOD5 and NH3-N ofthe leachate are still very high and it is estimated that it would take about 11 years to lower theconcentrations to meet Category m standard. The methane gas concentration of LFG is still high, andit will affect the stability of the biosphere in a rather long period of time.

After closure, in the range of the No. 2 Landfill, the natural water will be insulated from the pile bodyof solid wastes. The leachate will mainly come from the following aspects:

o In the No. 1 Landfill range where there are 5.00 million tons of solid wastes landfilled,vertical curtain grouting method is adopted. Hence, there will be some groundwater enteringthe pile body. However, since the No. 1 Landfill will have been closed for 25 years (2003-2028), the polluted degree of water quality will be much lightened.

o Most leachate of the No. 2 Landfill is the leachate produced in the process of fermentationand decomposition of 24.00 million tons of solid waste pile body.

O There will be a little amount of surface water entering the pile body. As estimated, thevolume of leachate produced after the closure of the No. 2 Landfill would be about 200-250m3/d. Water quality indicators CODc, 8000 mg/l, BOD5 3000 mg/l, NH3-N 1500 mg/l willbe decreased year by year. 10-15 years later, when CODCr can reach the standard limit 1000mg/l, the leachate will be allowed to directly enter the municipal sewerage system withoutpretreatment. Prior to that time, the leachate treatment system of the No. 2 Landfill shallcontinue operation to pre-treat it, and after meeting the discharge standard it will enter themunicipal main sewer.

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Reclamation and Re-vegetation

With landfilling of solid wastes, the existing vegetation in the landfilling area will be completelydestroyed, the regional afforested area reduced, the ecological regulating and control capacityweakened, and regional flood and drought may occur frequently There will be obvious water loss andsoil erosion from the top of earth-covered pile body of solid wastes, which will not only impair thestability of the solid waste, but also bring more silt and contamination to the rivers downstream tooutside Qinglongwu, and impair the ecological and environmental quality of the further downstreamstreams.

There is good vegetation covering the landfill area all around, which prevent LFG from diffusingoutward and weaken the noise propagation. Furthermore, since the valley is an independenthydrological unit, the dividing range of the surface water basically coincides with that of thegroundwater, the other valley water systems will not be impacted.

In the valley, except operating workers of the landfill, there are neither villages nor residents.Therefore, the impact on residents is small.

The soil and stones used for covering solid wastes landfilled will be excavated in the landfilling area(with a distance of 300 m, about 1 million m), and construction refuse will also be used. In addition,soil and stones source areas will be selected in the vicinity of the landfill. According to FSR, 5 soiland stones source areas adjacent to the landfill are selected. Another 2 soil and stone source areas areselected in the range within 2 km distance from the landfill. It is estimated the total earthworkquantity would be over 1.30 million m3 , the excavation of soil and stones in these source areas willdestroy the original surface structure with an area of about 45 hectares, and the original vegetationswill be cleared. Only with reclamation and planting, can the ecosystem in these areas be recoveredgradually.

To rehabilitate the ecosystem of the landfill favourable to growths of plants, it is proposed in design touse nutrient topsoil with its thickness greater than 20cm. Pursuant to the Comprehensive TreatmentTechnical Specifications for Water and Soil Conservation, wood and grasses can be reared in thelandfill area as barren slope field. At the beginning of closure, it is suitable to choose plants withshallow roots with resistances to Ni13 , S02, HCL, H2S, such as bamboo and other evergreen shrubs(such as Pittosporum tobira, camellia, oleander, moundlily, Amorpha fruiticosa with small leaves) andgreensward, such as wire grass, ciliate desert-grass, etc.).

After the closure of the landfill, since the site is located near the expressway bypassing the city andnot far from the city centre, with convenient traffic conditions and good surrounding environment, itcan be planned as a park for use in the long-term future.

Commercial/Industrial Solid Waste

Very little information is available on the quantity or nature of Hangzhou's commercial and industrialwaste. Experience in other Chinese cities would indicate that the quantities of this waste is of theorder of five to six times the quantities of MSW and a very high proportion such as 90 % is recycled.There is visual evidence of large amounts of cardboard, paper, packaging and polystyrene beingcarned to recycling by bicycle, pedestrian and vehicles. Because industry is supposed to look after itsown waste, the CAAB does not keep a check on quantities (although the EPB monitors and regulatesdisposal of industrial waste). Information on hazardous waste is also scarce and future efforts shouldbe allocated to a survey of how much hazardous waste the city generates and what happens to it. It isassumed that some is taken by the incinerators. Significantly more damage to the environment couldbe caused by improper disposal of hazardous waste than of MSW.



There are no plans to accept industrial waste - hazardous or otherwise - in the proposed Landfill 2.In fact, GB 16889 (1997), the PRC Pollution Control Standard for MSW Landfills, specificallyprohibits disposal of industrial waste in designated MSW landfills.

5.7.12 Road Operations

To be added.

5.7.13 Summary of Potential Operational Phase Impacts

These potential operation phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. Details ofmntigation measures, monitoring program and responsibilities are given in Chapter 7.

5.8 Potential Project Risks

The design of the scheme is such that any potential technical risks e.g. sewer blockage have beenminimised as far as practicable. However, careful monitoring of industrial wastewater discharges tosewer would be advisable to avoid the possibility of discharges that have a deleterious effect on theoperation of the new WWTP.

Potential financial and institutional risks associated with the ZUEP schemes have been identified, bythe DRA as:

o Devaluation of the RMB

o Improper project implementation arrangements

o Delay in setting up of the wastewater companies

o Slow implementation of the projects through lengthy procedures

n Local financing shortfalls and delays

In addition, other potential risks could include:

o Operation and management shortcomings within the new wastewater companies. It shouldbe noted that this is the first wastewater company to be formed in project cities. During theinitial years of operation management and staff will be on a steep leaming curve.

o Less than expected revenues, for a variety of reasons, including slow or delayed paymentsby industry and ineffective billing and collection.

The potential institutional and financial implications of the most likely risks to be faced were assessedin the utility level institutional and financial analyses.

5.8.1 Flooding

lH[angzhou

According to the project design, No.2 Solid Waste Landfill incorporates sewage storage pool designedfor flooding once in a hundred years with a storage capacity of 150,000 m3, therefore, raimng andflooding will not cause direct discharge of sewage water. Only in case of flooding with the probabilityof once in a hundred years, accidental direct discharge may occur.



Shaoxing

Shaoxing is located in the coastal plain with low altitude. It is easy to suffer typhoon, flood andwaterlog disasters. There are many historical records of flood and waterlog disasters in the localchronicles of Shaoxing. The flood disasters which occurred before 1949 are:

* In August 1850 (Qing Dynasty), there was a heavy rain with strong wind in Shanyin, Kuaiji,Shangyu, Shengxian, Xinchang and Zhuji, the flash flood happened. And the urban area wassubmerged.

* In June 1899 (Qing Dynasty), there was a flash flood in Shanyin, Kuaiji, Xmchang andZhuji.

* In October 1940 (29 the Republic Year), Cao-e River was overrun. And the riverside areas,such as Shaoxing, Shangyu, Shengxian and Xinchang, etc. were all submerged.

From 1949, there were some typhoon disastcrs in this area, such as, typhoon #12 in 1956, #14 in 1962,#13 in 1974 etc. The flood disaster, caused by typhoon #14 in 1962, was very serious. It is the mostserious flood disaster from 1949. The maximal water level of East Lake was 5.3m. It lasted a muchlong time, 5 days the water level maintained higher than 5.0m.

A new outer moat system is being constructed around the perimeter of the city, with its major focusfor flood protection from floodwaters that can concentrate in Shaoxing from three directions. Part ofthis outer moat has been completed and part is under construction. It is scheduled for completion by2010, although the flood protection afforded by the project has not been verified.

Zhenhai WWTP

NEPRI indicates that the existing floodwall built offshore at Zhenhat is sufficient to protect theWWTP site up to a storm of 50-year frequency. There are apparently no standards in existence inChina for flood protection at WWTPs, and NEPRI believes that this 50-year protection is sufficient.

Jiangdongnanqu

Surface flooding, typhoon protection

Dongqian Lake

Surface flooding, typhoon protection

Cicheng

When the flood with a recurrent interval of 50 years occurs, the water level of Cijiang River will be2.9m, when flood with a recurrent interval of 20 years occurs, the water level of Cijiang River will be2.623m, and average water level (P=50%) for years also reaches to 2.145m. This is also representativefigure of water level of the moats connected with Cljiang River, but the elevation of ground surface mCicheng town and the area in the south of the town is almost below 2.0m. the elevation on the top oflevee is between 1.4-2.9m. When the water level of Cijiang river and the moats is lower than 1.4m,the runoff in Cicheng town can flow by gravity; when the water level of Cijiang River and the moatsis higher than the elcvation of moat levee or when heavy storm occurs in Cicheng town, the runoffcould hardly flow by gravity to Cijiang River thus causing inner flood prone.

According to the statistics information of the past years in the Ningbo Master Plan (1995-2010), thecomprehensive renovation measures should be adopted for the Ci river's flooding protection,



including storing up stream (building reservoir of floodmg protection), increasing surrounding(increasing embankment) and enforcing drainage (dredging, deepening and excavating). In order toresolve the flooding protection of Cicheng town, the measure of increasing embankment must beadopted with pump station construction of lifting water, and it is also one of this project's components.

5.8.2 Raw Sewage Overflows During Storms

ZEPRI is consulting with the local EPB and making recommendations for appropriate warningdevices or signage to protect the public from raw sewage outfall locations during storms. It is not costeffective to completely separate the sewer systems immediately, so some level of risk of exposure willremain after the project.

5.8.3 Raw Sewage Overflows Due To O&M Problems

Based on the mechanism of biological treatment of wastewater and the operational experiences ofsimilar WWTPs in the country, main causes of making WWTP overflow untreated wastewater arebelow:

o Quality problems or inappropriate mamtenance of wastewater treatment equipment andstructures will bring about troubles to the equipment and structures, causing declination oftreatment efficiency or even discharge of untreated wastewater.

O In case of loss of power to the WWTP, such condition will directly cause wastewater to bedischarged without treatment.

Direct discharge of untreated wastewater violates the environment laws and regulations of the state,with extremely disadvantageous impact to surface water environment. Inconstant current model ofwater flow and quality was adopted to simulate the impacts on water environment under theconditions that the Jiangdongnanqu, Dongqian Lake and Zhenhai WWTPs directly dischargeuntreated wastewater. Main findings are as the following:

o During the spring tide, when SJWWTP discharges untreated wastewater into the FenghuaRiver, a mixed zone with an area of 0.78 km2 would be produced exceeding the standardlimits of Category IV of GB3838-2002. The CODMn concentration in the source area will beincreased by about 4 mg/l than that of normal discharge; during the neap tide, a mixed zoneof exceeding Category IV standard lirnits will present with an area of 1.33 km2, and themaximum CODMn concentration in the source area would be 6 mg/l higher that that ofnormnal discharge. Discharging untreated wastewater will bring about great adverse impactson the water functions of the Fenghua River.

o During the neap tide, when Zhenhai WWTP discharges untreated wastewater into the seaarea of Zhenhai, a mixed zone of exceeding Category III standard limits (GB3097- 1997) (by2.07 mgl1) will present with an area of 0.124 km2, and the maximum CODMf concentrationin the source area would be 3.83 mg/l higher that that of normal discharge; during the springtide, there will not be a local area of exceeding the standard limits due to good diluting anddiffusing conditions of this sea area. The above mentioned things show that there existapparent disadvantageous impacts on the water functions of the sea area if untreatedwastewater is discharged into the sea area of Zhenhai.

Main measures of preventing accidents of untreated wastewater overflow are below:



* Set up responsibilities systems of operation and management of WWTPs; well conducttraining for the workers and staff, and establish their technical performance examinationrecords, unqualified person prohibited to be assigned the job.

* Strengthen maintenance and management of the equipment and structures. There must bestandby machines for key equipment. Power shall be supplied in double circuits.

* In case of force majeure, e.g. double circuits stop supply of power, natural disasters occursuddenly, and so on, when the WWTP has to discharge untreated wastewater, it shall berequired that the factories connected partially or entirely stop discharging wastewater intothe sewers, to guarantee the safety of water body functions.

The pump stations are being equipped with dual power supply sources as well as backup pumps tominimise overflows due to pumping problems. The TA and monitoring programs will help to trainoperating staff to handle problems and mninumse the down-time of the WWTP. The mitigationmonitoring program will attempt to ensure that the facilities are operated as intended and no attemptsare made to save on operational costs by using less power at the WWTPs.

5.8.4 Improper Sludge Handling And Disposal

The WWTP sludge is now being approved for disposal to the proposed Ru Pu Landfill with priorstabilisation. However, there may be attempts after completion of the WWTP to use the WWTPsludge for farmland land application, with or without the appropriate checks on heavy metal contentor the use of lime stabilisation/composting as recommended by ZEPRI. The mitigation monitoringprogram will attempt to ensure safe handlmg of the WWTP sludge, as the most serious potentialnegative environmental impact of the operation of the WWTPs. In addition, periodic monitoring ofthe landfills should be undertaken to ensure that the sludge is not causing any unsanitary conditions orproblems with the leachate control facilities.

South Jiangdong and Zhenhai WWTPs will respectively produce sludge of 116 t/d and 27 t/d (bothcontaining water 80%). Because the sludge is great in amount, and also contains certain quantities oforganic matters, pathogens and other pollution substances, if not disposed timely and suitably, it willemit smell or enter surface water bodies with runoff, bringing about secondary pollution to theenvironment, and harming the health of people.

After being dewatered in WWTP, the sludge shall be stored in rainproof and leakage-free pile sheds,and cleared and transported timely. In transportation, well closed trucks shall be employed to preventsmell from emitting, and the sludge from being lost and scattering in the circumstances.

Heavy metal compositions in the sludge shall be monitored regularly. In terms of harmless sludgeidentified (in conformity with the National Pollutants Control Standard for Sludge for AgriculturalUse), priority shall be given to it's return to farmland or use for landscaping, then the rest sludge willbe sent to the landfill for orderly, hygienic landfillmg, evenly mixed with solid wastes, to finallyaccomplish the accommodation of solid wastes without any harmful effects.

5.8.5 WWTP Accidents

To prevent the poisonous gas like H2S, the measure lies in strengthening management. The managingstaff of the WWTPs should strengthen running management, keep the plant run regularly. So thishazard is reduced as much as possible. The measures are:

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o Construct benching/platforns in manholes so that workers can stand safely during access.Educate the operating staff.

o Arrange trained people to check H2S on the spot, first -aid trucks wait at the access pointdurmg maintenance.

o Wear gas-proof mask. Ring the alarm bell if the workers dont feel well.

O Inportant checks use GF2 launching Equipment.

o Check the gas in the sewers at regular time intervals. Study the protection technology andwastewater system repairs.

5.8.6 Lack Of Industrial Pre-Treatment

When the industry wastewater contains pollutant concentrations over standards, the raw wastewaterquality entering the WWVTP can exceed the allowable concentration. This can also restrain micro-organism activity, even lead to WWTP failure. Concrete measures suggested are:

o WWTP and related enterprises should sign a contract on pollutants discharging andstrengthen check and control managing, check the intake water quality at fixed time. Oncethe problem is found out, the responsibility should be investigated and the problem shouldbe solved. Then the parameter can be adjusted to guarantee discharging reaching a setstandard.

o Strengthen training. Working staff should obtain training and certificates. WWTPs systemof personal responsibility and operating system should be carried out. Different people havedifferent responsibilities. In order to guarantee the various treatment units run regularly,strict management is necessary.

The treatment efficiency of WWTP will be affected by parameters of influent, such as wastewatervolume, loads of CODC, and BOD5, pH value, toxic substance content, etc. Both South Jiangdong andZhenhai WWTPs will centrally treat a part of industrial wastewater (industrial wastewater in SouthJiangdong area represents 40% of the total wastewater, and that in Zhenhai, 50%) in their interceptionareas. In line with the requirements of the national environment protection laws and regulations,industrial wastewater discharged by enterprises must be pretreated, which is not allowed to bedischarged into sewers until meeting the standard (Class 3 discharge standard GB8978-1996).

To prevent occurrences of such accidents, it is critical to strengthen management of industrialpollution sources. Main measures are below:

o The EPBs shall, in accordance with the Water Pollution Control Law of PRC, establish andperfect wastewater-discharge-permits management systems, and strictly conform with therequirements of the national discharge standard and the total amount control as well incontrolling and supervising pretreatment and normal discharge of industrial enterprises.Control should be focused on chemical, pharmacy, dyestuff enterprises.

o Reliable monitoring systems shall be established in the EPBs and enterprises, including on-line monitoring systems (display terminals are set respectively in WWTP and EPB) set up atthe outlets of major enterprises with a capacity of wastewater discharge of over 500 m3/d tomonitor discharge flows and the indicator of CODCr (if necessary, pH value, etc. can beadded); in WWTPs, on-line monitoring and warnng systems shall be set up, too. When anyabnormal information feedback is found, operational parameters shall be adjusted promptly.In addition, request the environment management agency to carry out field inspection, towell prevent abnormal wastewater from being discharged by WWTP.



5.8.7 Landfill Leachate Contamination

According to the design, the volume of the regulating pond of the No. 2 Solid Waste Landfill isdesigned for sustaining the 50-year maximum flood, checked with 100 years, flood regulatingcapacity being 200 000 in3 . Hence, under generic conditions, rain runoff or flood will not causewastewater to discharge directly. Only the flood occurring once per 100 years comes, may accidental,direct wastewater discharge happen.

Since the leachate is an organic wastewater, which has high concentration, difficult to be degraded, inaddition, whose ingredients are complex, toxicity strong, containing high concentration heavy metals,it will do great harm to the vegetations, human beings and animals if directly contacting the leachate.Furthermore, in the downstream area of the Yanshan River adjacent to the No. 2 Landfill, populationis densely distributed. Therefore there will exist a great potential pollution impact. In case a flood ofhappenung once per 100 years or more occurs, the safeties of the ambient people and environment willbe severely affected. Though the probability of the flood occurring once per over 100 years is little,yet the administrative agencies concerned shall work out emergency pre-program includingmonitonng, warning, and measures of direct discharging wastewater into municipal sewerage system.

The analysis of the existing collected data shows that the construction and operation of the No. ISolid Waste Landfill have not obvious influence on the downstream underground water, the waterquality to date still reaching Category H (the standard values are the natural background contents ofgroundwater chemical compositions) of Groundwater Quality Standard (GB/T14848-93). But fromthe time succession analysis, there presents a certain organic pollution tendency, to which attentionmust be paid, and corresponding measures should be adopted.

According to the plan, the No. 1 Solid Waste Landfill will be closed in 2003. In order to prevent thedownstream underground water from being further polluted, the relative closure treatment shall bemade timely, including membrane covering and landscaping on the surface and constructing flood-interception ditches around the SW pile, thus to prevent rainwater from percolating into the pile tomake more pollutants in the pile move outward. With these measures adopted, the further pollutionimpact of the leachate from the No. 1 Solid Waste Landfill can be controlled basically.

Meanwhle, the construction of percolation-preventive works of wastewater intercepting curtainbeneath the dam in the No. 2 Solid Waste Landfill will play a certain role in preventing the pollutantsof the No. 1 Solid Waste Landfill from diffusing downstream.

To prevent leachate from polluting groundwater is the most important issue of landfill project. Usingthe good geological conditions of the No. 1 Landfill bottom and the environmental condition that thewhole storage area is an independent hydrological unit, and setting up a vertical grouted curtainbeneath the interception dam have played good roles in preventing the leachate from polluting thegroundwater. In addition to the grouted curtain, the No. 2 Landfill will also set up horizontal seepagecontrol layer (HiDPE membrane + geotextile + pebble layer) to form the dual seepage controlmeasures horizontally and vertically. The seepage coefficient of HDPE membrane is 0.5 10-13 cm/s.The seepage control level of the No. 2 Landfill will be much higher than that of the No. I due toextremely small coefficient of HDPE membrane adopted. This will effectively avoid the risk of theleachate polluting the groundwater.

5.8.8 WWTP Sludge in Landfill

The sludge mainly comes from the sediments produced in the sedimentation ponds in WWTPs. Dueto the features of a large quantity, high water content and having some harmful compositions, if not



disposed adequately, the sludge may bring about unfavorable influences to the operations of landfill.Because of high water content (average 80%) and loose soil mixture of the sludge, if normaloperational mode is adopted, when bulldozers and compactors landfill and compact it, the equipmentmay sink into the sludge piles, unable to operate continually. Hence, Hangzhou landfill does notreceive the sludge for landfill disposal, which is sent to a specific sludge stacking yard for disposal.

5.8.9 Landfill Subsidence and Slides

Since Sep. 1996, mark points have been set up stage by stage on the surface of the MSW pile, and therelative elevations and relative angles measured. The collected data during Sep. 1996-Nov. 1998 showthat the two marks on the dam platform of MSW landfilled for long with an elevation of 65m, theirelevations remained unchanged basically through two years' observation, indicating that the MSWdam was stable; and the 27 months' monitoring results of the two marks at the drains of the 65melevation on the MSW pile show that their elevations decreased by 0.075 m and 0.051 m respectively,also presenting the tendency of being stable. The 27 months' monitoring results of the observationpoints on the slope of 77.50-90 m elevation also show that their elevations were declined by 0.476 mand 0.565 m respectively, their settlements were also unobvious. The 25 months' monitoring results ofthe observation point on the 90-102.5 m elevation platform show that its elevation was depleted 1.8m,obvious settlement, because when this was point set, it was just 4 months from the landfilling. Thesettlement in the first 6 months was the fastest, 1.498 m, or 83.2% of the total settlement in the 25months.

In terms of relative angle variations, the relative angle of the observation point on the platform at the90-102.5 m elevation was increased by 26°6'9", and the angle displacements of the rest observationpoints were unobvious, with a difference of 5'7", all of which show the big relative angledisplacement of the observation point on the platform at the 90-102.5 m elevation has a direct relationwith the large settlement of the observation point.

During the heavy rain on Jun. 30, 1996, there a landslide of 1200 rn3 MSW occurred on the slopebetween the platform at the 77.5m and that at the 90m elevation. The analysis indicates that it wasmainly related with the storm, the water within the MSW pile body could not be drained smoothly,and that the MSW were landfilled for a short period.

According to the first stage observed data and the on-spot survey, on the condition of ensuringlandfilling quality and smooth drainage of the drain system, the possibility of occurring the landslideof the MSW piles should be small.

The MSW in the No. 2 Landfill will be landfilled layer by layer, each layer evenly spread with athickness of 1-2 m, then compacted by compactors, the compacted density shall be not below 0.95t/m3. After 3-4 layers are laid in such procedures with a total thickness of 7-8 m, earth will be coveredon the pile body, the thickness of the earth coverage 0.2-0.3 m. The outer slope of the pile body shallbe 1:3, and the average total gradient of the pile body shall reach 1:3.96. The SW pile body will be112.5 m higher than the main SWs dam, the final landfill elevation will reach 165 m.

Since the No. 1 and No. 2 landfills use the same landfill technologies basically, and the mean gradientof the pile bodies in the No. 2 Landfill will be below that of the No. 1, the risk of generating ageologic disaster of the pile body landslide shall be little on the basis of the analogy and analysis ofthe No. 1 Landfill, providing that the works of water drainage and gas transmission can be done well,and the quality of landfill technologies can be ensured.

5-76I IWB Consolidated EA 250303 doc/

Zhejiang Urban Environmcnt Project Environmental Assessment

5.8.10 Landfill Gas Explosions

In the process of disposing domestic solid wastes, organic matters of them will produce mixed gasesthrough anaerobic degradation consisting of CH4, CO2, H2, N2, and 02, as well as some trace gases,such as H2S, NH3, heptane, octane, chloroethylene, etc. Non-orgamzed emission of LFG will causemany environmental problems. Its high concentration CH4 (plus CO2, representing 95-99% of thetotal) is not only a potential explosion source, but also a major gas with greenhouse effect; and thepotential harms of its H2S and NH3 (amounting to 0.2-1.4% of the total) and other smelly gases tohuman bodies are not negligible.

To address the issues of environmental pollution by LFG and effective recycle of resource m acomprehensive way, a LFG collecting and power generating system was built in the No. 1 Landfill in1998 LFG is transmitted through 29 gas wells and via DN 300 HPDE pipelines to the power stationfor generating power. The estimated gas collection rate is about 70%. The LFG collected is able tomaintain the operation of two low caloric fuel gas generating units of G3516LE. The rated outputpower is some 970 kW. Since the system was put into run, the LFG pollution problem has beenappropriately solved. There has been no safety accident to date.

On the foundation of the successful practices in the No. 1 Landfill, a LFG collecting system will belaid, too, as designed. Not to affect landfilling operations, a combined means will be adopted, layinghorizontal wells, and HDPE pipelines on and under the ground, so as to ensure that the gases can becollected safer. As the actual landfill amount will increase, it is proposed to add another generatingunit, to allow the generating capacity to reach 4 MW.

To avoid the potential harms of LFG emitted in an odd or a non-organized way, the Landfillmanagement shall set up eye-catching signs of fire prevention in the landfill area, conduct safetytraining for the workers and staff, and persons from other places, regularly do fire fighting exercises,install specific fire pipelines in the sitC, and construct a fire pond at the elevation of 165 m.

By means of the abovementioned scientific, systematic LFG collecting and disposing system, andscientific management of the Landfill's operation, the risky accident of LFG can be effectivelyprevented from occurring.

5.8.11 Dredge Disposal Site Impacts on Groundwater

It is proposed that all the sludge out of the dredging works of Cicheng component in Ningbo, andShaoxing Component will be transported to sludge storages for stacking and drying. Due to theimpacts of heavy metal compositions in sludge, there will be a potential risk of polluting groundwater.

According to monitoring the heavy metal composition contents of the sludge abovementioned allmeet the National Pollutants Control Standard for Sludge for Agricultural Use (GB4284-84) exceptthat Pb content (monitored value 1700 mg/kg) at one point (in the East Moat) in Cicheng exceeded thestandard limit (by 0.7 times). Most of the sludge of such kind can be applied in farmland safely, nopollution to groundwater.

As the simulative tests findings of Dongqian Lake sludge indicate, the harmful heavy metalcompositions in the supematant and the leachate all reach Category H standard (applicable fordrinking water function) of the Surface Water Environment Quality Standard (GB3838-2002). SeeTables 4.1-4.4. Hence, adopting sludge storage disposal should not bring about pollution to thegroundwater.



However, the sludge is widely distributed in a great amount, though heavy metal contents of mostsludge are not high according to the monitoring data available, the possibility is unable to beeliminated that heavy metal indicators exceed the standard in some part, e.g. the East Moat in Cicheng,because of lunted monitoring points. Importance shall be attached to this.

The following measures should be adopted to prevent the groundwater from being polluted:

o To increase the frequencies of monitoring the sludge in the canals in Cicheng Town andShaoxing City. If found, abnormal situation shall be handled with efforts.

O To adopt seepage control measure in the sludge storage yard in Cicheng. On the bottom ofthe storage, a 20-30 cm thick clay layer shall be laid to prevent the sludge leachate frompolluting the groundwater.

o To prepare vegetation rehabilitation programs.

5.8.12 Summary of Project Risks

Project risks have been properly identified and appropriate design and mitigation measures have beenemployed to minimise risks.

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Figure 5.1: Water Quality Model Schematic

- Model of Canals dirrdge----------Ji an


Figure 5.2: Model Flow Split

122

000 0.30

0040 1 01

.00

1.0l0.0 _ .0

0.20 0.00 I

1 -


Figure 5.3: Shaoxing Water Quality Model Results

\ 72 8.0 U

1277.9

7 2 | zj 8. 1

1 9 lb l 6 _ 7 11

91 8.1 b

t 61 686 8

_ 4 5.50 6255 6.2

E --9 5 5

River Class (mg/l BOD) NanduBridgePSClass IIIClass IV (4-6 mg/I)Class V (6 to 8 mg/1)Class V (8 to 10 mg/I)Class V+ (> I 0 mg/l) _


Figure 5.4: River Monitoring Points in Yongjiang Catchment

Green are EPB WQ Points, Yellow are MWR Level and some WQ Points.

'~~~~~~~~~~~~~ *PuKou'Gate

-7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~h

r WI; I I flJIanqkoL,

'~~~~~xIiaoz~' ~7 Xishm

XI Kolrn %/ -tt01 l t 0 ' .;,/ / -_w

Nu s < ;_l _ < 2 t 9 Tg§ -Xt (2 s_=w/~i'-trl 1J=T_-ttb


Figure 5.5: Layout of Model Nodes and Links, with Catchments Marked

__________________ )~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- --- -- --- --- -- -- - -- - -- --- - -

am, 0~~~~~~~~~~~Yosa

Chenglanyan> pan

/ -j .r--- r4~~~~~~he ,,-- --------

5-R3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


I'i

~ _0=

0 2 4 6 8 10

Time (Year)

Figure 5.6: TN Projection after Dredging Dongqian Lake

5-84


Lti

-3 o4

Time (year)

Figure 5.7 TP Projection after Dredging Dongqian Lake

s-xS


6 Analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project

6.1 Introduction

In the preparation of Feasibility Studies and Preluminary Designs for Appraisal a number of optionshave been considered before finalisation of the details of each component. Some of the alternativesevaluated have environmental implications, for example the selection of a sludge disposal scheme.Other alternatives cover alternative engineering solutions. Many of these latter evaluations have raisedno environmental issues but some do, for example the selection of the type of wastewater treatmentprocess to be adopted. In this Chapter the main alternatives investigated are summarised and wheresignificant environmental issues are raised they are discussed.

6.2 Alternatives Reviewed in Water Pollution Control Project Development

6.2.1 Interception Ratio

In the interim until complete sewer separation can be accomplished, it is proposed to construct newinterceptor sewers under this project, and to collect the combined sewer flows for treatment. Stormflows in excess of the capacity of the interceptor will be spilled to the river from overflow structureson the interceptor sewers. In the future, when the sewerage system is separated, these interceptorsewers will operate as wastewater only sewers, conveying all flows to the treatment works, and theoverflows will be decommissioned or retained as emergency overflows. The interceptor sewersproposed under this project have been designed for either an interception ratio of 1 or the maximumdaily dry weather flow (DWF) estimated for the 2010 design horizon. However, at design capacitythe sewers vary from 50% to 75% full, in accordance with Chinese design standards, and hence thereis still some available capacity for increased flows. This design basis appears to be reasonable givenlocal funding constraints and Chinese design standards.

6.2.2 Pipe Materials

The following pipe materials and laying methods will be used on this project, as shown in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1: Proposed Pipe Materials

Functionlsize range Material Joint Type Bedding Type

Sewers (DN300 to DN400) PVC Push-fit GranularSewers (>DN400) Reinforced Concrete Rubber ring joint Granular on firm ground

Mass concrete for soft ground.Pressure mains (<DN400) Ductile Iron Rubber ring joint GranularPressure mains (>DN400) Reinforced Concrete Rubber ring joint GranularRiver crossings (inverted Steel Welded Granular surround with scoursiphons) protection

In practice, NUCDI consider that nearly all ground conditions in the Ningbo area are 'soft' andtherefore propose using mass concrete bedding for nearly all gravity concrete pipelines despite thefact that the rubber ring joint would allow some flexibility and protection from the effects of minor



settlement The DRA has emphasised the need for geotechnical data from trial pits along the pipelineroutes to be used in finalising bedding design. Although the use of concrete foundations may be moreexpensive than properly compacted granular bedding for rubber ring joint/spigot and socket pipes,ensuring adequate compaction on site is particularly important for sewers (compared to pressuremains) and hence this may be a more reliable option in this case

The FSR does not comment on whether corrosion damage is occurring in the sewer system due tosulphide attack or discharges of untreated industrial wastewater. No evidence of sewer corrosion hasbeen provided to the DRA. A further concern may be chloride attack on the concrete due to salinity.Both these issues also need to be addressed during the detailed design stage.

Pipeline material specifications and bedding details will be defined in detail during the detailed designstage. Proposed pipe materials appear to be rational at this stage of project development.

6.2.3 Interceptor Pipeline Construction

Cicheng Transfer Pipeline

The present value costs for a range of pumping main diameters with the proposed Cicheng pumpcapacities were assessed to determine the optimum diameter. The analysis takes into account theimpact of variations in flows and pipe diameters on pumping head and hence the capital and powercosts of pumping.

The results indicate that the proposed DN 700 pipeline is the most economical in the longer termalthough the PV for a DN 600 pipe, as proposed in the FSR, was only some 7% more expensive. Forthe short term a DN 400 pipeline had the lowest PV, with the PV for the DN 600 being 12% higher.Furthermore, in the short term the DN 600 pipe only achieves self-cleansing velocity for peak flows.Hence, the following issues will need to be examined in more detail during the prelimninary anddetailed design phases:

* The risk of sediment deposition in the pipeline due to low peak velocities, and

* Measures to deal with septicity in the pumped sewage due to long retention times resultingfrom low velocities and internittent operation (minimum 5.75 hours travel time at 0.65 mns).

Potential solutions may involve the use of phased construction of smaller diameter transfer pipelinesto match the build-up in flows and other measures to control septicity such as chemical dosing atCicheng PS. The project costs currently include 15% for physical contingency, which will besufficient to meet the potential cost increase arising from any of the likely solutions septicity andsediment build-up.

6.2.4 Number of Pump Stations and Pressure Mains

The approach used for selecting pump station capacity was described in the FSRs. The approach takesinto account the type of flows to be received (combined or separate) and the likely future populationincrease of the area to be served. The approach seems rational and should ensure sufficient capacityto prevent frequent sewage spills from overflows on the interceptor sewer.

Wet-well type pumping stations are proposed, incorporating duty and standby upright mixed flowpumps with one variable speed pump in each station to reduce start-up frequency and optimise

6-2



operation. All proposed pumping stations lift flow into trunk sewers and no pressure pipelines arerequired.

In general, pumping station structures have been designed to accommodate the peak flows expected in2020. However, the FSR proposes that pumping equipment to be installed under this project will onlyhave capacity for short terrm peak flows (up to around 2010) and that space has been left in each PSfor additional pumps for future flows.

This is a reasonable approach that allows some flexibility given the uncertainty inherent in wastewaterflow forecasts in China. However, it will mean that further money will need to be allocated to capitalworks within a relatively short period following this project and that this will need to be included inthe company financial projections.

While the choice of WWTP location will greatly influence the sewerage layout, no specific sewerageoptions are described in the FSR. Insufficient data has been available at this stage (eg. topographicdata) to confirrn whether the proposed number and arrangement of pumping stations and trunk sewersin Ningbo is the optimum solution.

ZEPRI noted that there were no special environmental sensitive points nearby and the constructionand operation of pump stations will have no impact on the surroundings. Therefore, the designedlocations of all the pump stations are reasonable and feasible. Subject to the recommended additionaltechnical reviews and optimisation work, the proposed layouts appear appropriate.

6.2.5 Number of WWTPs

The Ningbo Planning and Design Institute has provided the following information (Table 6.2) onWWTP's which are either existing or planned to meet the predicted future wastewater treatmentrequirements of the Ningbo region:

Table 6.2: Existing and Planned WWTP's in Ningbo

2002 2005 2010 2015 2020

Jiangdongbei 100 100 200 200 200Yandong (Beilun) 120 120 240 240 240Xiaogang (Beilun) 40 40 60 60 60

Zhenhai 30 30 60 60Jhangdongnan 160 160 320 320

Jiangbei 150 150 150

Gaotang 70 70 70

Jiangnan 60 60 60

Qingshi ____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _70

Total capacity 260 450 970 1160 1230

The collecting wastewater area and design of all the WWTPs in the cities accord with the urbangeneral plan and discharge plan, econornises the project investment and minimises the technical

6-3



difficulty, meet the requirements of water pollution control and environmental protection, and has nodamage to the cultural relics and historic sites. Therefore, the collecting wastewater design of all thecities is rational, at the angles of urban plan, technique and economy, environmental protection andthe protection of cultural relics and historic sites.

6.2.6 WWTP Site Selection

In "The Regulations for Outdoor Drainage Design" (GBJ14-87), it is stipulated that the locationchoices for proposed WWTPs must accord with the urban general plan and drainage project plan andbe defined according to the following factors:

* in the downstream part of the town;

* at the leeward of the town with the lowest wind frequency in summer;

* good construction geological conditions;

* minimal farmland removal and occupation with certain samitation protection distance;

* sufficient capacity for upgrading;

* convenient for wastewater and sludge disposal;

* complete drainage in the WWTP section;

* easier transportation, water and power supply.

In view of the ZUEP WWTP cities' general plans and drainage project plan, the proposed locationsare the areas defined in the local plan as treatment works. Therefore, the locations chosen accord withthe requirement of urban general plan and drainage project plan and are reliable in lIme with the urbanplans.

Zhenhai

The FSR presents a qualitative assessment for selection of the proposed WWTP location. Theproposed WWTP location near the coast, is selected for the following reasons:

* Availability of reclaimable land with relatively low economic value.

* It is far enough away from the urban area to avoid unpleasant odours;

* The site is flat with few obstacles and provides room for future expansion;

* It is close to the sea for easier discharge of treated effluent;

* No housing will need to be demolished on the site;

* The site is close to the main power plant for Zhenhai.

Based on the above explanation and subsequent site visits the DRA considers the proposed location ofthe WWTP to be reasonable.

Jiangdongnanqu

The planned WWTP will be located in Yinxian County, in the south of the Sanjiang area. It fits intothe city's treatment strategy as follows:

* Jiangdongnan WWTP- south (proposed capacity 160,000 m3/d)



o Jiangdongbei WWTP - centre (existing capacity 100,000 m3/d completed in year 2000;currently treating 50,000 m3/d)

o Jiangbei WWTP (proposed - possible construction start between 2005 and 2010 dependingon funds availability).

The service area will include the district of Haisu, the southern part of Jiangdong district, YinzhouCentral area and, potentially, Cicheng Town and Dongqian Lake. The treated effluent from theproposed works will discharge to the Fenghuaj iang River at the upper reaches of the Yongj iang River.

The new and existing sewerage system in Sanjiang and Yinzhou Central Area will collect flows froma catchment area of 4377 hectares in 2005 and planned expansion of the sewerage system willincrease the catchment area to 7900 hectares by 2020.

Jiangdongnan and Jiangdongbei will together provide around 69% coverage for the city WWtreatment (mandatory treatment capacity target is 65%). The other 31% of the total Sanjiang flow isgenerated in the Jiangbei district and discharges into rivers in the north west of the city. Weunderstand from the Ningbo PMO that this will be treated by the Jiangbei WWTP in the future.

The proposed WW'TPs are near to the urban roads, convenient for transport, water and power supply.The proposed sites for the WWTPs appear to have been properly selected.

Dongqian Lake

To be added.

6.2.7 Wastewater Flows and Capacity of the WWTPs

The forecast flows to the works were presented together with projections prepared by DRA and usedin checking and sensitivity analysis. The capacities proposed for the WWTPs were evaluated andconsidered to be sensible choices. The "sensitivity" values were selected on the basis of theexperience of the DRA in China and should provide a sensible basis against which projections can bechecked. There was good agreement between the FSRs estimates and the "Sensitivity" projections.

6.2.8 The Quality of Wastewater to be Treated

The FSR Consultants have recognised the difficulty of obtaining representative samples of industrialand domestic wastewater and the difficulty of interpreting the results of analysis where only grabsamples are collected or in some cases reported results are derived from factory returns. Under thesecircumstances the FSR Consultants have selected a quality for the combined wastewater at theWWTPs based upon local information, results from other cities in China and sensible judgement.

6.2.9 The Use of Septic Tanks

The use, or not, of septic tanks will have an impact upon the design of WWTPs and was carefullyconsidered in the DRA analysis. Septic tanks are simple and, if they are regularly emptied, they arereliable and effective. However, there are two key reasons why they are no longer favoured by theChinese in general:

o The handling and disposal of solids, without due care, creates a health risk and satisfactorydisposal is becoming more difficult as farmers are more reluctant to use the material.

6-5I \WB Consohdated EA 250303 doct


The degree of treatment provided is insufficient to meet discharge needs where dilutionavailable in the watercourses is small. Under these circumstances the process can only beconsidered as a pre-treatment upstream of a biological treatment process.

In China it is planned to phase out septic tanks, as separate foul sewerage and full treatment facilitiesbecome available. Under the above circumstances the following policy was recommended for thisproject, which seems rational:

* Advantage should be taken of the present septic tanks as a pre-treatment stage for biologicaltreatment works until they are phased out. In Ningbo, there is no current schedule forphasing out septic tanks.

* New WWTPs should be constructed so that they are capable of treating the wastewaterwithout such pre-treatment but advantage should be taken of the existing tanks, while theyare still in use, and the savings in operating costs which will arise from their use.

* Since the sizing of most of the biological treatment components is primarily related to flow,rather than solids content or BOD, the capital cost penalty in constructmg works for thestronger sewage, will be small. There will be the advantage that the works will be able tohandle septic tank sludges if they are discharged to the sewer.

6.2.10 Treated Effluent Standards

Zhenhai WWTP

The EPB has confirmed that as the new WWTP will be discharging to a Class III sea area as definedin GB3097-1997, the Sea Water Quality Standard, it will be required to meet a Class 2 dischargestandard as defined in GB 8978-1996, the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard. The specificrequirements of classes I and 2 of this standard are shown in Table 6.3:

Table 6.3: Requirements of the National Standard GB 8978

Criteria Class 1 Class 2

BOD mg/l 20 30

COD mg/l 60 120

NH4-N mg/i 15 25

Total P mg/l 0.5 1

SS mg/l 20 30

To achieve this standard nutrient removal will be required.

A process for phosphorus removal is selected rather than nitrogen removal although, eutrophication inmarine waters is usually nitrogen limited rather than phosphorus limited. Although the nationalstandard levels are <25 mg Amm-N/1 and < lmgP/l, the warm summer temperatures will makenitrification a possibility during the summer penod. The nitrate produced will almost certainlyinterfere with biological phosphorus removal unless full nitrification and denitrification are designedinto the process. Any option proposing phosphorus removal without nitrogen removal shouldtherefore be discounted.

For WWTP providing only primary treatment stages chemically assisted phosphorus removal is theonly means of consistently achieving < 1 mg P/1. It is generally recogmsed elsewhere (UK, USA,Europe and South Africa) that with few exceptions, biological nutrient removal alone cannot

6-6



consistently meet an absolute standard of < 1 mgP/l. Mainstream phosphorus removal by theactivated sludge process typically produces an effluent of around 2 mgP/l or less with a removalefficiency of 70 to 90 per cent. However, consistent phosphorus removal requires a steady biologicalload be delivered to the treatment plant and careful operation to ensure that appropriate conditions aremaintained in the plant. Conditions known to reduce the efficiency of phosphorus removal include:

o Weak influent wastewater (the ratio of BOD: P in the influent wastewater should normallyexceed 10 to 20).

o Presence of dissolved oxygen or chemical oxygen (N03-N, N02-N) in the influentwastewater or recycled sludge.

o Return of soluble phosphorus in the liquors from the sludge handling tank following re-release of phosphorus under anaerobic conditions.

The Zhenhal sewage in nutrient terns is weak with very low levels of P in the influent sewage (2 to 4mg/I). Hence, this will not support efficient P removal by biological processes. Tils view issupported by the experience at the existing Jiangdongbei WWTP which cannot meet the existingstandard of <1 mgP/I. At Jiangdongbei, the older conventional activated sludge plant without Premoval is removing the same, if not more, P than the more recent parallel A20 plant that has beenspecifically designed for this purpose.

To achieve the discharge consent of <I mgP/l additional measures will be required such as chemicaldosing to precipitate soluble phosphorus or tertiary filtration to remove phosphorus containing solidsfrom the final effluent. From discussions with the FSR consultant we understand that chemicaldosing is the preferred option for achieving P removal with the proposed biological treatment plant.

Jiangdongnanqu

The proposed WWTP will discharge to the Fenghua River which then flows into the Yongjiang River.The water quality objective for the receiving waters, set by the EPB in accordance with nationalstandard GHZB 1-1999 (the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water) is Class IV in theshort term with Class lII proposed by 2010. For WWTP discharging to Class IV rivers, the ChineseIntegrated Discharge Consent Standard (GB 8978-1996) specifies that the effluent must achieve theClass 2 discharge standard.

The standard requires compliance with the limit values irrespective of the potential impact on thereceiving water. That is these standards are applied irrespective of whether they make any significantimpact on the receiving water. Recent SEPA guidance has implied a move towards taking intoaccount the ability of the surface water to absorb pollution without detrimental impact when settingwater quality objectives and discharge standards.

In Ningbo, there is doubt concerning whether nutrient removal, particularly total phosphorus removalcan be justified on pollution grounds as the potential impact of the provision of phosphorus removal islimited by the anticipated phosphorus load from upstream sources. The results of the water qualitymodelling undertaken by the DRA support this view. However, given the sensitivity of the pollutionproblems in the Hangzhou Bay area the EPB has reiterated its requirement for a Class 2 dischargestandard including nutrient removal.

The standard for phosphorus is an absolute limit rather than one based on some percentagecompliance figure. For WWTP providing only primary treatment stages chemically assistedphosphorus removal is the only means of consistently achieving < I mg P/l. It is generally recognisedelsewhere (UK, USA, Europe and South Africa) that with few exceptions, biological nutrient removal



alone cannot consistently meet an absolute standard of < 1 mgP/I. Mainstream phosphorus removalby the activated sludge process typically produces an effluent of around 2 mgP/I or less with aremoval efficiency of 70 to 90 per cent. However, consistent phosphorus removal requires a steadybiological load be delivered to the treatment plant and careful operatton to ensure that appropriateconditions are maintained in the plant. Conditions known to reduce the efficiency of phosphorusremoval include:

* Weak influent wastewater (the ratio of BOD: P in the influcnt wastewater should normallyexceed 10 to 20).

* Presence of dissolved oxygen or chemical oxygen (N03-N, N0 2-N) in the influentwastewater or recycled sludge.

* Return of soluble phosphorus in the liquors from the sludge handling tank following re-release of phosphorus under anaerobic conditions.

The Nmgbo sewage in nutrient terms is weak with very low levels of P in the influent sewage (2 to 4mg/I). Hence, this will not support efficient P removal by biological processes. This view issupported by the experience at the existing Jiangdongbei WWTP that cannot meet the existingstandard of <1 mgP/I. At Jiangdongbei, the older conventional activated sludge plant without Premoval is removing the same, if not more, P than the more recent parallel A20 plant that has beenspecifically designed for this purpose.

To achieve the discharge consent of <1 mgP/l additional measures will be required such as chemicaldosing to precipitate soluble phosphorus or tertiary filtration to remove phosphorus containing solidsfrom the final effluent. From discussions with the FSR consultant we understand that chemical dosingis the preferred option for achieving P removal with the proposed biological treatment plant.

Dongqian Lake

To be added.

6.2.11 The Degree of Treatment

Where funding is short it is important to phase the works and to employ the most cost-effectivenessdegree of treatment, answering questions such as:

* Is it more cost effective to construct a larger primary treatment works as opposed to a smallsecondary treatment works?

Such an evaluation was conducted by the DRA for the Sichuan Urban Environment Project, funded bythe World Bank, and the results are directly relevant to the Zhejiang Urban Environment Project. Thisanalysis showed, through the Benefit / Cost ratios, that secondary treatment has a clear advantage inbenefit/cost ratio over the option of using primary treatment alone whether the costs of sewerage areincluded in the analysis or not. It also showed that secondary treatment was clearly more costeffective in the removal of components creating an oxygen demand than the option of adding atertiary treatment stage, to follow secondary treatment.

Whilst costs might be somewhat different in Zhejiang Province, the margin of superiority of thesecondary treatment with nitrification is so great that the conclusion will certainly be equally valid forthis project. From the "degree of treatment" analysis it was concluded that the process to be adoptedshould secondary treatment .

6-8I\WB Consolidated EA_250303 doc/


If phosphorus removal were the only issue then it would be feasibly to provide chemically assistedprimary treatment to remove phosphorus to the required discharge standard of 1 mg/l. This wouldallow a cheaper WW'IP to be built or enable construction of a larger capacity primary treatment plantfor the same cost, extending the design horizon of the proposed plant. However, in the case of ZUEPWWTPs, this is not considered a viable option for the following reasons:

o Given that a Class 2 discharge standard has been specified by the EPB, primary treatmentwould not achieve the required BOD, SS and ammonia to the limit values.

O Water quality modelling undertaken by the DRA shows that the provision of the proposedsecondary WWTP, and the resulting decrease in organic pollution loading, is a vital step toprevent further deterioration of river water quality. However, it is not certain that the riverswill achieve their water quality objectives following the scheme, particularly with respect toDO levels. Relative to Zhenhai, secondary treatment is also required due to the short oceanoutfall proposed and adjacent land uses.

o Studies undertaken by the DRA for previous projects in China (including Sichuan UEP)have show that the benefit/cost ratio (defined in terms of t/d of OD removed/present value ofcapital and operating costs) for secondary treatment was greater than that for primarytreatment alone for the same design capacity (0.114 compared to 0.065 for primarytreatment). The situation in this case is not directly comparable - the Jiangdongnan WWTPis designed for biological nutrient removal which will increase the unit treatment cost bysome 10% compared to a conventional extended aeration secondary treatment plant.However, even with the increased capex the secondary treatment option still has the higherbenefit/cost ratio.

In summary, provision of chemically assisted biological treatment should achieve the requireddischarge standard and bring greater environmental benefits than chemically assisted primarytreatment only options.

6.2.12 Wastewater Treatment Options

Zhenhai

For Zhenhai, the FSR consultant has compared Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) process and theoxidation ditch process and concludes that the oxidation ditch is the preferred option. The DRAcarried out a parallel analysis (using their process and cost data) to compare the whole life costs of theprocess options to determine the least cost solution which also complies with national and WorldBank requirements. The analysis has been expanded to also include the option of using extendedaeration activated sludge (A20). More complex and compact processes such as BAFF units, lamellaseparators, etc, have not been included in this analysis since due to their high cost and lack ofexperience in this technology in China.

In carrying out this analysis the following factors were taken into account:

o The costs of preliminary treatment, chemically assisted phosphorus removal, sludgehandling and effluent disposal have been assumed to be the same for each option.

o Variations in land use and hence land cost associated with each option (in general SBRplants occupy a smaller land footprint due to the absence of separate clarifiers) have beenincorporated into the analysis.

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* M&E renewal costs have been included in the analysis for all options but with additionrenewal costs for activated sludge and SBR options to reflect the need fordiffuser/membrane replacement at regular periods.

Although the results of the analysis were very close for all options, the oxidation ditch had amarginally lower present value cost. The higher operating cost associated with the oxidation ditch(due to lower aeration efficiency) is balanced by its lower capital investment cost (including renewals).In conclusion, assuming that a secondary treatment plant with nutrient removal is required forZhenhai, the oxidation ditch is a more cost effective process for this WWTP.

Jiangdongnanqu

Based on the discussion related to P removal, it would appear that the chemically assisted secondarytreatment is the preferred solution for Jiangdongnan WWTP. A number of secondary treatment planttypes are commonly used to provide removal of pollution loads including nutrient removal. For aplant of this capacity, the activated sludge process is regarded as the most appropriate. Reliance solelyon chemical dosing for removal of phosphorus is not considered as an option at this stage as it willincrease the amount of sludge for disposal and increase the operational costs of the proposed plant.

For biological nutrient removal various configurations of the activated sludge plant are available, Oneof the more commonly adopted configurations is the A/AIO or A20 process which provides anoxicand aerobic zones for the denitrification and nitrification processes required for nitrogen removalrespectively and upstream of this an anaerobic zone to promote luxury phosphate uptake. The A/A/Oprocess can be provided by a variety of options:

* Anaerobic tank with Oxidation ditch,

* Conventional A/A/O process,

* The A/O process (considered here as the requirement for N removal is not great),

* SBR process.

Anaerobic Tank with Oxidation Ditch

The oxidation ditch process is used throughout the world and a large number of medium and smallmunicipal sewage treatment plants now use variations on this process in China. The process isrelatively simple to operate and to maintain. When an anaerobic tank is provided it is effective in Nand total P removal. Compared to a conventional activated sludge plant oxidation tanks haverelatively shallow depths which may be useful in areas of high ground water levels. However, theprocess involves relatively longer hydraulic retention period and the shallow depth can result inunacceptable site area requirement. Since control of mechanical surface aeration to match pollutionload is more complicated than with, for example, fine bubble diffusion systems, oxidation ditches canbe less efficient in energy terms. This becomes more of an issue for larger works where high energyrequirements can have a greater impact on whole life costs.

A/AJO and AIO Process

The A/AIO process comprises an anaerobic zone, an anoxic zone and an aerobic zone and has beendeveloped over a long period. In the absence of the anoxic zone it is referred to as the AJO process,which is primarily designed for phosphorus removal only. Organic degradation begms in theanaerobic zone where the influent wastewater mixes with returned sludge from the settlement tanks.Under these conditions phosphorus is released from the sludge into solution. The sludge passes intothe anoxic zone, which also receives recirculated mixed liquor from the outlet end of the aerobic zone

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I \WB Consolidated EiA 250303 doc/


containing nitrate. Anoxic respiration in this zone eliminates nitrogen as di-nitrogen gas and theanoxic/oxic conditions in the anoxic and aerobic zones promote luxury phosphate uptake, where alarger amount of soluble phosphorus than was released in the anaerobic zone is taken up into aninsoluble form by the sludge. Oxidation of ammoniacal nitrogen to nitrate in the aerobic zoneprovides the nitrate for removal in the anoxic zone. Separation of the biomass in the settlement tankcompletes the process by removing the phosphorus enriched sludge from the treated wastewater eitherfor return to the anaerobic zone or to be thickened, dewatered and subsequent disposed of.

As the concentrations of N and NH3 in the influent sewage are low in Ningbo the FSR proposes thatonly P needs to be removed and hence, proposes the A/O process. Following discussions with the FSRconsultant it has been agreed that the proposed A10 process tanks will incorporate relatively simplemodifications to enable operation as an A20 plant in the future should effluent monitoring indicatethat the AO process alone in not sufficient.

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)

This is a cyclical process where, by variation of the conditions in a single reactor, it is possible toprovide pollutant and nutrient removal. The main structure of the SBR process is the reaction tank.Reaction, settling, decanting and sludge removal, etc. are carried out in the reactor, simplifying theprocess. Sewage enters the pond intermittently or continuously and is purified by the active sludgeprocess. After settling and separation, the upper clear water is decanted. This process is suitable forsmall scale and medium-scale sewage treatment projects. It is also starting to be used for increasinglarger plant in Western countries and medium scaled projects in China. It has advantages of shockload resistance, high capacity and flexible operation, etc. However its operation requires a high degreeof automation. Its equipment idling period is long and installed capacity is large. The reaction tankcan be rather big and the process is typically supplied as a proprietary process. So this process is notrecommended for this project. However, for comparison purposes it was included in the least costoption analysis.

Summary

For Jiangdongnan, the FSR consultant has considered the A/O process and the oxidation ditch processand concludes that the A/O is the preferred option. The DRA has discussed the process needs for theJiangdongnan WWTP and considers that an A20 process should be used instead of the proposed AOprocess. Furthermore, the DRA has expanded the range of options examined to include theSequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). More complex and compact processes such as BAFF units, lamellaseparators, etc, were not included in this analysis due to their high cost and lack of experience in thistechnology in China.

The DRA has carried out a whole life cost comparison of the process options to determnine the leastcost solution which also complies with national and World Bank requirements. In carrying out thisanalysis the following factors have been taken into account:

o The costs of prelimninary treatment, chemically assisted phosphorus removal, sludgehandling and effluent disposal have been assumed to be the same for each option.

o Variations in land use and hence land cost associated with each option (in general SBRplants occupy a smaller land footprint due to the absence of separate clarifiers) have beenincorporated into the analysis.

o M&E renewal costs have been included in the analysis for all options but with additionrenewal costs for activated sludge and SBR options to reflect the need fordiffuser/membrane replacement at regular periods.



Although the results of the analysis were relatively close for all options, SBR had a marginally lowerpresent value cost. This analysis confirmns that for larger WWTP the higher opex cost associated withoxidation ditches (due to lower aeration efficiency) remains a significant factor against their usedespite the additional capital investment costs (including renewals) incurred by the conventionalactivated sludge and SBR processes. Although the SBR process has the lowest whole life cost NPMOwould prefer to use a conventional activated sludge process for this WWTP. The reason for thispreference is that there is a considerable body of experience in China in building and operatingconventional activated sludge treatment plants using fine bubble diffused aeration (FBDA) systems.

There are comparatively very few SBR based processes in China. Furthennore, as a result of the largenumber of these plants diffusers are now made in China and maintenance of such facilities is thereforemore straightforward. This compares to the relative difficulttes of, for example, repairing SBRdecanters in China. Furthermnore, as stated above, the process is typically supplied as a propnetaryprocess and could only be procured on this project under some form of performance specificationcontract.

The present value costs of the two options are similar with the A20 process being only some 5 to 7%higher than those of the SBR. This difference is withim the potential error margins of the cost analysis.Hence, given the closeness of the present value costs, selection of the A20 process is reasonable. Inconclusion, assuming that a secondary treatment plant with nutrient removal is required forJiangdongnan then the selection of an AO or A20 process for the proposed WWTP would bepreferable to either an oxidation ditch or SBR.

Following discussions with the FSR consultant it has been agreed that the proposed AO process tankswill incorporate relatively simple modifications to enable operation as an A20 plant in the futureshould effluent monitoring indicate that the AO process alone in not sufficient. With this condition theDRA considers that the proposed AO process at Jiangdongnan is acceptable.

Cicheng

The following wastewater related options have been assessed:

* Provide wastewater treatment at Cicheng (de-centralised treatment) or pump toJiangdongnan WWTP in central Ningbo (centralised treatment).

* Optimum diameter for proposed pumping main transferring sewage to JiangdongnanWWTP.

De-centralised versus Centralised Treatment

The FSR concludes that the intercepted sewage is transferred to the new Jiangdongnan WWTP fortreatment, although the option of localised treatment is explored. The FSR states that as the Cijianghas a Class m objective, according to sub-clause 4.1.5 of the Sewage Combined Discharge Standard(GB 78-1996) it is forbidden to discharge treated sewage into the river or its tributaries.

Furthernore, water quality modelling undertaken by the DRA indicates that, although treatingwastewater at Cicheng would still have significant immediate water quality benefit, the Cijtang wouldstill not meet the Class III objective in the short term. However if flows are transferred toJiangdongnan WWTP then the Class m objective would be achievable until around 2020.

Thus, it would seem that de-centralised treatment is not a perrnitted option. However, to demonstratethe cost implications of this policy the DRA carried out an options analysis of centralised versus de-



centralised options. The de-centralised treatment has a present value (PV) cost some 30% lower thanfor the centralised treatment option.

PV analysis shows that the de-centralised treatment option has the least cost. However, regulatoryrequirements mean that a local WWTP would not be acceptable to the authorities and that pumping toa WWTP in central Ningbo, discharging to a river which is not used for water supply, is the onlyviable solution. Jiangdongnan WWTP is the most logical central treatment option as it is relativelyclose and preparation is still at the stage where tt can be modified to take the additional flows fromCicheng. The PMO state that in the future the flows from Cicheng will be diverted to the proposedJiangbei WWTP in the north of Ningbo city.

Hence, the DRA considers that the wastewater components proposed in the FSR, represent areasonable solution at this Interim Report stage although further design optimisation of the pumpingstation and pipeline should be carried out at the detailed design stage.

Dongqian Lake

The following wastewater related options have been assessed:

o Provide wastewater treatment at Dongqian Lake (de-centralised treatment) or pump toJiangdongnan WWTP in central Ningbo (centralised treatment).

O Optimum diameter for proposed pumping main transferring sewage to JlangdongnanWWTP.

De-centralised versus Centralised Treatment

The FSR proposes that the intercepted sewage is transferred to the new Jiangdongnan WWTP fortreatment. The option of localised treatment is not explored, because the FSR states that as the wateris Class II Standard, according to the Sewage Combined Discharge Standard (GB 78-1996) it isforbidden to discharge treated sewage into the lake or tributaries.

The DRA has also been informed by the NPMO that the protection objective of the water bodiesaround the lake are designated as Class H1. According to sub-clause 4.1.5 of the Sewage CombinedDischarge Standard (GB 78-1996) it is forbidden to discharge treated sewage into these adjacent waterbodies. Thus, it would seem that de-centralised treatment is not a permitted option. However, todemonstrate the cost implications of this policy the DRA still carried out an options analysis ofcentralised versus de-centralised options. The de-centralised treatment has a present value (PV) costsome 20% lower than for the centralised treatment option.

The FSR proposes small scale wastewater treatment facilities for outlying villages within theDongqian Lake watershed which are too far away to be economically connected to the proposedsewerage system around the lake. The proposed "biogas anaerobic treatment" facilities comprisesimple systems of underground tanks similar in structure to septic tanks but larger. Domestic andlivestock sewage decomposes under anaerobic conditions and treated effluent is discharged todrainage fields or local streams. The treatment plants come in standard configurations and capacitiesand the number of treatment plants in each location is determined by the population served. A usefulby-product of the system is biogas for domestic uses such as cooking. There is wide experience ofthis type of biogas system in China.

PV analysis shows that the de-centralised treatment option has the least cost. However, regulatoryrequirements mean that a local WWTP would not be acceptable to the authorities and that pumping toa WWTP in central Ningbo, discharging to a river that is not used for a potable water supply, is the

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only viable solution. Jiangdongnan WWTP is the most logical central treatment option as it isrelatively close and preparation is still at the stage where it can be modified to take the additionalflows from Dongqian Lake.

Hence, the DRA considers that the wastewater components proposed in the FSR, represent areasonable solution at this Interim Report stage although further design optimisation of the pumpingstation and pipeline should be carried out at the detailed design stage.

6.2.13 WWTP Sludge Disposal

Zhenhai

It is currently proposed that sludge arising on site will be thickened and dewatered before disposal,along with washed screenings and grit, to the proposed Ru Pu landfill. The DRA estimates that thenew Jiangdongnan WWTP will produce some 1,400 tds/yr of sludge (equivalent to approx. 6,800t/year of sludge cake at 20% solids).

This will present a significant handling and disposal task that will need to be undertaken in anenvironmentally sustainable manner. NPMO are currently preparing a Sludge Management Plan(SMP) with advice form the DRA. Imtial findmgs indicate a preference for landfill disposal in theproposed Ru Pu landfill, to be constructed within the next two years about 55 km from the city centre.

Jiangdongnanqu

It is currently proposed that sludge arising on site will be thickened and dewatered before disposal,along with washed screenings and grit, to landfill. The DRA estimates that the new JiangdongnanWWTP will produce some 7,000 tds/yr of sludge (equivalent to approx. 35,000 t/year of sludge cakeat 20% solids).

This will present a significant handling and disposal task that will need to be undertaken in anenvironmentally sustainable manner. NPMO are currently preparing a Sludge Management Plan(SMP) with advice form the DRA. Initial findings indicate a preference for landfill disposal in theproposed Ru Pu landfill, to be constructed within the next two years about 55 km from the city centre.

Dongqian Lake

To be added.

6.3 Landfill Options

Few options are evaluated in the FSR and where they have been analysed they tended to be based onqualitative comparison rather than quantitative (ie. perforrnance, least whole life cost) analyses.Options assessed in the FSR or this Interim Report included the following:

Landfill location and design

* Alternative solid waste disposal methods,

* Alternative locations for the proposed landfill facility,

* Alternative landfill layouts at Tianziling.

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Leachate Seepage Control and Collection

o Different lining materials/seepage control measures.

Leachate Treatment

o Comparison of different treatment processes.

These design options will be analysed and discussed below.

6.3.1 Selection of Landfill as Preferred Disposal Option

Hangzhou has two MSW incinerators (with power generation) and further incinerators are under

construction or planned. However, incineration is generally a more costly and complicated option

than landfill and preliminary costs provided by HPMO support this view. Hence, given the

availability of land at the Tianziling site, landfill is still the preferred disposal route for Hangzhou on

cost and environmental impact grounds.

However, the city recognises that increased recycling of waste is necessary for sustainable

development and to reduce the amount of further disposal capacity that needs to be found in the future.Hence, further recycling programmes are planned and the impact of these is reflected in the MSW

generation forecasts.

6.3.2 Selection of Landfill Site

The FSR describes how nine potential landfill sites were investigated around the Hangzhou area in the

last decade. The selection criteria included the following:

o constraints arising from current and future development planning including maintenance of

statutory required distances from nearby communities,

o environmental impacts,

o available whole life capacity,

o distance from the Hangzhou service area,

o availability of suitable material for impermeable capping and intermediate covering of solid

waste,

o suitability of geotechnical and hydrological conditions.

This assessment resulted in elimination of all but two sites:

o Adjacent to Tianziling Landfill I

o Jinling Mount, near Shima village

The FSR presents further analyses, mcluding more detailed comparison of impacts on both the natural

environrment and nearby communities which led to the selection of the existing landfill site at

Tianziling. A summary of the comparison is presented in Table 6.4.

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Table 6.4: Comparison of Tianziling and Shima Village Site Options

Criteria Tianziling Shima Village

60 ha (900 mu) - including 40 ha (600

Land mu) for the landfill and 20 ha (300 mu) 44.7 ha (670 mu)Requisition 10 km away for the clay capping/earth

cover borrow pit)

Existing land Relatively un-productive hills and valley 16 ha (240 mu) of tea garden and 4 hause with small amount of managed forest (60 mu) of rice paddy

Availablecapacity and 22,020,000 m3 MSW 14,275,000 m3 MSW

service lifePlanning No other development planned m the Planned to construct a higher educationConstraints valley or in the vicinity campus 300m away

1. 900mn away from residential areas1. 900m away from residential areas 1. 800m away from residential areas

2. The existing access roads and sewer2. New access roads and sewer

connection can be used.. .. . ~~~~~connection needed

Environmental 3 Prevailing wind direction away from 3. Prevailing wind direction towardsConstramts residential areas residential areas

4. Low underground water level4. Low underground water level 4. Low underground water level

5. Downstream of Hangzhou water5. Downstream of Hangzhou water 5. Upstream of Hangzhou water sources

sourcesBecause this is an expansion of the

Because it is a newly planned sanitaryLand Planning existmg landfill and the basic

landfill the plannng process will beApproval requLrements for new project constructionConstraints have been met, the planning approval more complcated Also local public

process will be simpler. opinon is unfavorable

No existing facilities for energy usage -Integrated The gas produced in the landfill can be

hence other landfill gas control facilitiesusage used by the existing power plant wl enee

will be needed

Distance from 18 km 24 kmservice area

Total lifetime

investment RMB -280,000,000 RMB -240,000,000(FSR figures)Cost/tonne ofMSW 12.7 RMB/in3 16.8 RMB/m3

landfilled

From this analysis, the Tianziling site was deemed preferable to the Shima Village option. Similar,but less detailed comparison data was provided in the FSR for the remainder of the 9 sites examined.However, most of these other sites are reported to be either already under development or generally

more unsuitable than the Shima site.

In summary, the main advantages of the Tianziling site are that:

* It offers the greatest usable capacity providing the longest useful project life,

* Potential geotechnical problems are already established and means of control exist,

* It makes use of existing facilities such as some office buildings and the gas power plant,

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o Additional environmental impacts are limited as the site is already affected by the existinglandfill and impacts are contained by the valley location.

The disadvantages of the site include geotechnical concerns related to the proposed disposal height of120 m (due to slope stability and the load on the base liner) and the complicated implementation ofthe new landfill while continuing to use the existing landfill and LTP. However, on balance theadvantages are considered to outweigh the disadvantages and the proposed site selection at Tianzilingwas considered reasonable.

6.3.3 Selection of Landfill Layout at Tianziling

The layout of the Tianziling Landfill 2 is dependent on the topographical and geotechnical constraintsof the proposed site and landfilled material as well as cost effectiveness.

Geological Background

The geological base of the site, including that of the existing landfill, generally comprisescarboniferous and devonian rocks (mainly sandstones and mudstones), folded and fractured. Thebottom of the valley is mostly covered with 5 to 10 m of quatemary alluvial materials including siltyclay. However, the main geological issue concerns the presence of a karstic dolomitic limestonecovering a small area in the upper part of the site. The limestone has been punctured by boreholedrilling. Some underground flowing water has been observed in boreholes and 3 small springsadjacent to the proposed site. Permeability tests have been carried out in the boreholes and generallyspeaking the observed figures are less than 10-9 m/s at 100m depth, which is effectively impervious.

However, carboniferous rocks are often highly fissured and hence measures of impermeability may bemusleading as groundwater will flow preferentially through the fissures. Indeed, along one of theboreholes an approx. 7m long cavity has been noted. This issue does not rule out the proposed site butmust be carefully addressed in the landfill design.

MSW Compacted Density

The initial unit density achieved in a landfill depends partly on the refuse composition but mainly onthe compaction method and power used. The usual densities achieved with modem compactors andoptimum compacting conditions in Europe vary from 0.75 t/m3 to 1.0 t/m3. Often the lower valuerepresents the initial compacted density whilst the higher value is achieved over time as the MSWdegrades and is compacted under successive layers of MSW.

In Hangzhou, the CAAB claims to have regular measurements in the range of 1.0 to 1.2 t/m3. Thisfigure seems a little high, particularly in view of the condition of the compaction plant currently beingused at the landfill. However, it is conceivable that long term compacted densities in at least a part ofthe landfill will achieve higher figures than would be expected based on European experience for thefollowing reasons:

o The Hangzhou MSW has a higher putrescible content than typically found in EuropeanMSW and this will tend to increase the degree of loss of mass and consolidation over timeas this matter degrades,

o The landfill will, relative to most European landfills, be very deep (120 m) and this shouldincrease the load, and hence compaction, of MSW lower in the landfill.

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Thus, the 1.09 t/m3 figure used in the FSR for calculating the landfill capacity is perhaps moreappropriate as an aspiration for the long term assuming optimum conditions for initial compaction andlater long term consolidation. However, for assessing landfill capacity the DRA has assumed a moreconservative figure of 1.0 t/m3. Which is considered to better reflect the final average density atcompletion of the landfill and takes into account the possibility that conditions for MSW compactionmay be less than optimum.

Slope Stability Aspects

The stability of the various landfill surfaces needs to be assessed:

* Front slope,

* Interface with Landfill 1,

* Base stability,

* Interface with valley sides.

The FSR does not include significant geotechnical data or analysis and numerous discussions wereheld to consider this important issue. In particular, the front slope of the proposed landfill has simplybeen based on that of the existing landfill (3H11V). However, due to the inclusion of intermediateplatforms (8 and 4 m wide) for vehicle access the equivalent slope becomes approximately 4H/1V.For comparison, UK practice is to initially limit side slopes to 6H1IV to enable access for compactionequipment. After settlement has occurred, this slope is allowed to be 8H/IV. The cap layer on top ofthe landfill must have a mimmum slope of 25H/1V to encourage drainage. In the absence of analysisin the FSR, the DRA carned out some slope stability calculations in order to assess the feasibility ofthe proposed landfill layout.

Values for the cohesion intercept and friction angle of the solid waste are often subject to considerabledebate. Few triaxial cells are available worldwide for carrying out these tests; moreover the originand the spreading of the refuse (including the possible use of compacting collection trucks) are themain parameters which affect solid waste behaviour. At this feasibility stage typical values have beenused by the DRA in slope stability analysis, such as C cd = 20 kPA and p ed = 15°. Using anapproximation of the landfill geometry, stability calculations were undertaken by the DRA withdifferent hypothesis using the Bishop fornula which considers the behaviour of soil adjoining slicesunder different loads leading to an equilibrium or to a land slip conforming to sliding circles. Theresults are as follows for two slope options, 4H/IV as the overall slope proposed by ENFI and a flatterslope (4.5H/1V), as shown in Table 6.5:

Table 6.5: Stability Safety Factors

Hypothesis Safety factor Comments

Downstream slope 4H/1V No earthquake (a = 0.00 g) 1.33 Not stable

Downstream slope 4H/IV Earthquake (a = 0.05 g) I 10 Not stable

Downstream slope 4.5H/1V No earthquake (a = 0.00 g) 1.46 Not stable

Downstream slope 4 5H/IV Earthquake (a = 0.05 g) 1.20 Stable

The safety factor results are worrying, because the usual practice for assessing the stability of landfillslopes used in Europe requires a safety factor exceeding 1.6 under normal loads and 1.2 underexceptional events such as earthquakes. Hence, the results indicate that the proposed slopes are notstable and that a maximum slope of 4.5H/1V would be required for stability under earthquakeconditions.



However, there is no official standard for MSW landfill slopes in China and the FSR consultant hasinstead referred to PRC standards for mining waste tips (ZBJJI-90). Using the requirements in thisstandard for tips more than 100 m high would allow slope safety factors of 1.3 for normal conditionsand 1.1 for unusual events such as earthquakes. However, it is doubtful that a standard intended formniung waste is applicable for MSW, which has very different properties. Hence, the DRA would still,based on the available data, advocate a shallower slope.

This suggests that all data should be checked during the design stage and further slope optionsassessed, for example, a 5HIIV which is equivalent to an actual slope of 4H/IV with the platformsand berms proposed in the FSR. The FSR also suggests monitoring the landfill slope during operation(once it reaches a platform elevation of 100 m) to derive actual solid waste properties and adjust thedesigned slope as required.

Roc4flhl dam

The proposed rockfill dam for Landfill 2 forms the toe of the new landfill disposal area. The schemetakes advantage of the valley topography by constructing the rockfill dam at a location where thevalley narrows. This is a reasonable solution to ensure stability of the base of the landfill slope and toprovide a structure for directing and collecting leachate. Above all it allows the creation of a IM m3

initial volume which can accumulate the expected refuse within the first 15 months of operation. Thefollowing design parameters have been assumed for the dam in the FSR:

o height at centre of structure: 22.5 m,

o upstream and downstream slopes :2H/1V,

o crest width: 5 m,

o foundation cut-off depth: about 5 m,

o Upstream and downstream slopes of the dam are faced with dry-stone masonry.

These parameters are in accordance with common practice for rockfill dams, assuming that the rockused for the construction materials is sound. However, further calculations will have to be doneduring the detailed design stage taking into account the proposed source of rock; the FSR does notinclude any data on the proposed rock source. Depending on the location of the proposed quarry thematerial cost could vary significantly.

The rockfill dam is provided with seepage pipes for leachate to drain through the dam to the leachatecollection pond on the downstream toe of the dam. However, the FSR also proposes that the dam bedesigned to allow controlled seepage of leachate through the rockfill to the leachate collection pond.In accordance with this second proposal the upstream face of the dam is also protected with a granularfill layer which is intended to limit the velocity of leachate infiltrating into the rockfill and henceprevent either scour or ingress of larger particles from the landfill. To prevent seepage into thebedrock under the dam the FSR proposes that the landfill base lining be continued under the dam.

However, the concept of collecting the leachate by allowing it to drain through the rockfill dam intothe leachate collection pond appears to offer no benefit over the seepage drain pipes or otherconventional solutions used in international practice. Furthermore, it has not been demonstrated inthe FSR that it is necessary to prevent seepage into the bedrock nor that the bedrock is not alreadysufficiently impervious.

Perhaps a more appropriate solution would be to lay the proposed base liner onto the upstream face ofthe rockfill dam in order to prevent seepage into either the dam or the bedrock. Leachate would then



be drained through the dam using a piped collection network with granular surround and lined toprevent ingress of solids. This is considered to be a more secure solution with nmmmum risk to theenvironment.

However, the FSR consultant has not agreed-to this modification at feasibility stage and it is proposedto resolve this issue with the new design institute appointed for the detailed design. Such a designchange would not have a significant impact on project costs.

With regards to the dam geometry the DRA considers that increasing the dam crest width from 5m to,say, lOm would improve access for operating and maintenance traffic and space for adequatelyanchoring of the geomembrane liner on the upstream face - as suggested above. Again, this wideningwould have no significant impact on the total project cost.

6.3.4 Leachate Control and Extraction

The rocks underlying the existing and proposed landfills at Tianziling contain groundwater. However,it is reported that there are no plans to utilise this groundwater for water supply in the future. Asreported above, the existing landfill is not contained within any engineered lining system and henceleachate is reported to have escaped into the groundwater.

Although the groundwater has already been affectcd to some extent and will not be used as a watersource good practice and Chinese regulations require that measures are taken to contam both theexisting and proposed landfills and hence linit future contarnination of groundwater by leachate.

6.3.5 Containment of the Existing Landfill

The project includes an impermeable cover for the existing landfill embankment in order to avoidleachate draining from Landfill 2 into the existing landfill. This solution is in accordance with normnalpractice and is accepted in principle.

However, the design of the cover proposed in the FSR must be assessed carefully. The FSR proposesto use a composite liner with the following layers (from bottom to top):

* A bottom layer of 0.50 m thick earthfill which must comply with requirements of Chinesestandard GB 16889 - 1997 (perrneability not more than IO -9 m/s),

* A 2 mm thick HDPE geomembrane liner,

* A non-woven geotextile reinforcement layer (described as 600 g/m2 in the FSR)

* A top layer of 0.30 m thick granular fill (described as small pebbles in the FSR).

From discussions with the FSR consultant we understand that the geotextile layer is only intended toact as a protective layer, protecting the HDPE geomembrane from puncture. The objective of theabove composite liner design is to collect leachate from Landfill 2 above a watcrtight interface with aprimary liner - the HDPE, and a secondary liner - the earthfill (clay) layer. This concept is often usedin westem countnes for impermeable liners under landfills. However, using this concept in this case,where the liner will be laid on an existing landfill and under a new landfill, could lead to difficulties.

It is likely that the existing landfill will continue to settle under its own weight and under that ofLandfill 2. It is often quoted that landfill settlement can reach 5% of the total height within fewmonths and often up to 15% after several years. Given the high organic content of Hangzhou MSW it



is possible that long-term settlement will be at the higher end of these estimates, ie. up to 15%.Moreover, due to variations in solid waste composition and compaction achieved the settlement isgenerally not homogeneous and significant differential settlement can occur.

Some measurements for the existing landfill are already showing settlements as high as 1.8 m at 90melevation and 0.5m at 77 m elevation; however, these figures are not necessarily reliable sincenormally settlement depth increases with height of the landfill. Typically, artificial lining materialshave an elastic breaking point in the range of 10% which is 2 m for a 20 m in length strip ofgeomembrane liner If settlement results in larger distortions then there is a high chance of materialfailure. The FSR consultant has suggested managing this issue by using a "wave pattern" when layingthe lining material which will allow some movement of the liner without stretching. In the DRA'sexperience there are no successful examples of this technique for laying such lining material.

In sumrnary, the DRA considers that the lining system to separate the existing and new landfillproposed in the FSR (designated as Option 1) has a high risk of failure due to the potential fordifferential settlement and the resulting stresses on the proposed HDPE geomembrane lining material.

The DRA proposes two additional linung options for this location based on international experience,which are likely to be more reliable and less expensive. The two options are:

o Option 2: Replacement of the HDPE geomembrane with a more flexible geomembrane,

o Option 3: Omit the geomembrane and increase the thickness of the earthfill and granularlayers to compensate.

6.3.6 Leachate Collection at Landfill Bottom

The base and sides of Landfill 2 will be founded on existing ground. The FSR proposes the sameliner arrangements as for the covering to the existing landfill:

o A bottom layer of 0.30 m thick earthfill which must comply with requirements of Chinesestandard GB 16889 - 1997 (permeability not more than 10 -9 m/s),

o A 2 mm thick HDPE geomembrane liner,

o A non-woven geotextile reinforcement layer (described as 600 g/m2 in the FSR)

o A top layer of 0.30 m thick granular fill (described as small pebbles in the FSR).

In principle, this proposal is an acceptable and robust solution. However, there are a number ofrelated issues to be resolved during detailed design, as follows:

Foundation preparation

The geomembrane liner has to be laid on a surface which is as smooth as possible and at an acceptablegradient in accordance with the manufacturers specification. The FSR proposes to use earthworkberms evenly spaced on the rocky slope which will be trimmed to a 20° angle. Because the naturalslope of the valley is around 25 to 300 and because of the berms, it seems difficult or even impossibleto trim the slopes to this angle and probably the foundation surface will have to be steeper. Thisconstraint strengthens the need for adequate compaction of the proposed earthfill layer discussedbelow.

The vertical distance between the berms at the valley sides is not clear at this time, varying from 6.25to 12.50 m in elevation. These berms are commonly used because they are needed for anchoring the



geomembrane liner and to provide access tracks for the works implementation. Nevertheless, they aredifficult - and hence expensive - to construct. Because the geomembrane liner can cope with a longervertical distance before being too stressed, it is a good opportunity to extend this figure to somethinglike 20m rather than the 6.50 or 12.5 m proposed. Further calculations during the detailed designstage will provide more accurate guidance.

Earthfill layer

The earthfill layer of the lining system proposed in the FSR is laid after the bedrock/landfill base isprepared. This layer has two objectives:

* to be a secondary liner for the leachate in the event of geomembrane liner breakdown ordamage,

* to provide a smooth, even, foundation for the geomembrane liner.

To achueve these objectives it is necessary to ensure that the earthfill layer is well compacted. Thiswill not be easy to achieve because of the difficulty of using compaction plant on such steep (20° ormore) slopes. Considering the volume of the earthfill layer and the compaction specification it is notconsidered possible to construct an earthfill layer which will achueve a penneability of 10 9 rn/s usingmanual labour.

The FSR does not provide a proposed methodology for carrying out these works, however, subsequentdiscussions with the FSR consultant suggests that the design assumes a labour intensive approachusing small compaction plant. The proposed design also assumes that intermediate berms will beconstructed every 10 metres up the side of the landfill valley with earthfill keys to help hold theHDPE geomembrane in place.

The proposed source and availability of suitable earthfill material with high clay content (330,000 m3

required) is not described in the FSR. This issue must be dealt with in the preliminary and detaileddesign stages, making use of reasonable soil investigation methods (pits or bore-hole, laboratory tests),in order to assess the optimum solution for the project. In addition, it is a good practice to include inthe design a filter layer under the earthfill layer to avoid possible build up of ground water pressurecausing uplift of the geomembrane liner during placement.

HDPE Geomembrane Liner

The proposed geomembrane liner is 2 mm thick HPDE material with welded joints. Typical materialsused in landfills in Europe are 1 to 2 mm thick HDPE for landfill base liners and I mm thick LLDPEfor landfill caps. Hence, the proposed HDPE material is in the normal range for use in base liners.This liner must comply with the requirements below (refer to "suggested geotextile solutions").

The FSR does not describe the methodology to be used for installing and protecting the HDPEgeomembrane liner. Nevertheless, theory and practical experience in Europe have shown that anytangential or shear strength stresses in the overlying materials will be transferred to the geomembrane,causing elongation and creep of the HDPE structure. Hence, the HDPE geomembrane must beprotected from the shear forces of the covering soil by using some form of geocomposite or reinforcedgeotextile or sand.

Hence, usual practice in Europe is to combine the use of geomembranes and other geotextiles. This isparticularly important in the case of the proposed Tianziling Landfill 2 where the vertical solid waste

6-22I \WB Coisolidated EA_250303 doc/


load on the geomembrane will eventually reach around (165m-55m)*1 KN/m3 = 0.12 Mpa.Consequently the FSR proposal for a geotextile reinforcement layer above the HDPE geomembrane iscorrect.

Granularfill

This layer is designed to protect the geomembrane liner and for collecting the leachate. The gradingof material used for this layer must be selected during the design detailed stage from a range of, forexample, 20 to 50mm. In addition, the thickness of the layer must be calculated assuming unsaturatedconditions and the Darcy formula. The main problem concerning this design is the risk of slidingabove the geomembrane; the average friction angle for an HDPE membrane is 1O'; which means thaton a 200 slope, the granular fill will not be stable unless restrained by some form of geotextile.

Alternative Geotextile Solution

The base liner system proposed tn the FSR is a preferable approach provided adequate compactton ofearth material can be achieved. However, if upon further review during the detailed design stage it isdecided that adequate compaction cannot be achieved, then an alternative solution will be needed.An alternative base liner solution has been proposed to the FSR consultant and the CAAB by theDRA. This is based on appropriate use of geotextile materials including geosynthetic compositematerials .

This solution has been used in Europe and the USA for landfill disposal because it is considered to behighly effective and because the implementation time is shorter than with more traditional methodsrelying on extensive earthworks.

Very commonly a geosynthetic textile compound can replace the earthfill layer, as well as, of coursethe geomembrane, and also the granular fill layer plus the reinforced geotextile suggested above.Some geosynthetic materials allow also the collection of landfill gas under the capping layer. InTianziling Landfill 2 in particular geosynthetic materials could replace the earthfill layer, which is thelayer presenting the most significant construction problems, using a protection network with drainageabilities. Thus the proposed geosynthetics system could be, from bottom to top:

o A non woven protection geotextile with drainage abilities

o An HDPE geomembrane liner

o A reinforced geosynthetic

In the case of the Tianziling Landfill 2 project, as the works will have a relatively long operational life,it would not be a good solution to include the drainage net in the reinforced geosynthetic; hence, thegranular fill solution seems to be a more appropriate solution for this project.

In conclusion, the suggested geotextile solution, from bottom to top, is as follows:

o An HIDPE drainage grid with fabric protection,

o An HDPE geomembrane liner,

o A reinforced geotextile for protecting the HDPE geomembrane liner,

o A 0.3 m thick granular fill top layer (rounded stones, not limestone).

As discussed with the CAAiB, it is suggested that a comparative study will be carried out during thedetail design stage, between the proposed FSR base liner solution and the liner solution suggestedabove. This comparison will include technical issues, accurate assessment of quantities and financial

6-23



evaluation. The costs of both options are simnlar and the impacts on the total project costs of a changein liner option will not be significant.

6.3.7 Proposed Grout Curtain under the Rock Fill Dam

The FSR presents a detailed discussion on the issue of "Florizontal seepage control" (ie. the base liner)versus "Vertical seepage control" and concludes on the need for both. The "vertical seepage controlplan" includes a grout curtain running under the length of the rock fill darn (grouLt curtain would be595 m long including the 165 m long dam and side sections, with grout holes at 1.5 m centres up to90m deep).

The proposed grout curtain is an additional leachate control feature primarily intended to retain anyleachate which may have escaped from Landfill 1 (which is not lined) and is passing through thebedrock beneath the Landfill 2 base liner.

If leachate has already escaped into the bedrock from Landfill 1 then subsequent collection against thegrout curtain will achieve little unless also cxtracted. Without extraction the collected leachate mayeventually find a route around the grout curtain.

Hence, the justification for this expensive measure is not proven and thus we would recommend thatthe grout curtain proposal is removed from the scheme during the detail design stage (reducing theproject base cost by some US$ 1 mnillion).

6.3.8 Leachate Collection within Landfill 2

In order to avoid leachate accumulating in the bottom of Landfill 2, which could saturated thegranular fill layer of the base liner, the FSR proposes that a "Blind ditch System" is implemented tocollect leachate generated throughout the new landfill as quickly as possible. The FSR proposes thatthis system would consist of grid patterns of 'blind ditches' - perforated HDPE pipes laid within agranular filled trench at 40-50m spacing - with grids laid at 25 m vertical intervals as the landfilldepth increases.

Whilst this type of system is adequate for typical land drainage applications the DRA considers that ithas the following drawbacks for draining solid waste landfills: Check AUDE Review Status

* the distribution and flow of leachate in a landfill is hlghly variable due to the heterogeneityof the solid waste; hence, the network of blind ditches cannot be hydraulically designed inthe same way as, for example, an ilgation or land drainage ditch.

* it is always preferable to avoid rigid structures such as pipes in a landfill because of the riskthat differential settlement will cause pipes to deformn and break along their lengths.

Hence, in accordance with international practice, the DRA recommends that the perforated pipes areomitted and that the granular material itself is used to convey the leachate. To retain the leachate inthe granular material and keep out solid waste a layer of HDPE geomembrane liner is used tosurround the bottom and side-walls of the trench. This form of drain will be better able to withstandany differential settlement that occurs.

The FSR also proposes two types of vertical drains. The first type of vertical drain comprisesperforated HDPE pipes which pass through the intersection points on the horizontal 'blind ditch' gridsused for leachate collection. These vertical drains assist landfill gas collection and upwards extraction,

6-24



however, they also allow leachate drainage down through the landfill to the base liner and subsequentdrainage through the rockfill dam.

The second type of vertical drains proposed in the FSR are intended to collect rainfall landing on thelandfill surface, as well as leachate, during the operating phase of the landfill. These drains comprisethree 3.8 m diameter concrete shafts (using precast rings) with 1.5 m diameter precast concretepipeline to the leachate collection pond though the rockfill dam. A similar system has already beenconstructed in Landfill 1 and it is proposed to connect this existing system to the proposed 1.5 mpipeline.

The justification for this system is not described in detail in the FSR other than to say that thearrangement was based on experience from Landfill 1. The proposal will be exarnined at detaileddesign stage.

6.3.9 Embankment Surface Run-off and Leachate Collection Ditches

Both surface water run-off on the completed landfill embankment slopes and part of the leachatecollected in blind ditch systems are collected in longitudinal ditches running alongside the accessroadways constructed on each platform of the embankment. Since they are constructed during theoperation phase of Landfill 2 they are not included in the project components or Capex estimate.

This proposal is acceptable in prnciple. However, due to the risk of differential settlement it isrecommended that the ditches are constructed using a flexible manner, for example, using LLDPElined ditches, filled with granular material and laid at reasonable gradient (so that they operate evenwith subsequent settlement), rather than the masonry proposed in the FSR.

6.3.10 Diversion of Surface Water lIows from Landfills

Open drainage ditches are used to prevent surface water run-off from the surrounding catchment fromrunning into the landfill. These ditches are constructed at various elevations up the sides of the valleyand comprise trapezoidal concrete channels. Each ditch is designed to convey flows arising from a 50year return rainfall.

As the level of solid waste in the landfill increases, intermediate level drainage ditches will becomesubmerged beneath the solid waste. When submergence is imminent the ditches are covered with pre-cast concrete covers and diverted to discharge into the embankment ditches and ultimately theleachate collection pond. Thus they form an additional means of collecting any escaping leachate.Although the surface water ditches are probably over-designed their eventual conversion to leachatecollection ditches does not have any adverse impacts on the landfill operation.

6.3.11 Leachate Quantity and Storage

Leachate collected in the landfill is first discharged to a leachate pond at the downstream toe of therockfill dam. Due to land constramts at this point storage is limited to 7,500 rn3 and leachate has to bepumped to a larger 'leachate regulating pond' where leachate is stored prior to treatment. Theproposed leachate regulating pond will be formed by constructing a 26 m high mortar masonry damacross the entrance to the dis-used quarry just down stream of the proposed rockfill dam. To ensurethat the regulating pond is watertight it is proposed to line it with 19,000 rn2 of 2 mm thick HDPElining with welded joints.

6-25



The DRA has discussed two issues with the FSR consultant (i) the capacity of the proposed regulatingpond in relation to the amount of leachate produced and (ii) structural integrity. The FSR proposesthat the regulating pond should have a capacity of 200,000 m3 and presents calculations to support thisbased on estimates of run-off and leachate production following a 100 year rainfall event frequency.However, the method for calculating storage volume does not take into account monthly variation inflows and the capacity of the LTP. Furthermore, the use of a 100-year return rainfall is consideredexcessive.

A further issue to consider is that if a phased implementation of the leachate treatment plant isconsidered, in order to match capacity more closely to expected leachate production, then this wouldhave to be taken into account in the storage calculations.

Leachate Minimisation Measuires

Apart from civil works to reduce the amount of surface water run-off entering the new landfill(intermediate and final capping, drainage ditches, etc) the FSR does not discuss the feasibility of otherleachate minimisation measures. These could help reduce the quantity of leachate to be treated andwould mclude recycling leachate back within the landfill to increase biodegradation and use unutillsedabsorptive capacity. These will be discussed with designers at detailed design stage.

6.3.12 Landfill Gas Extraction and Use

Gas generated in the existing Landfill I Is extracted using the system of horizontal and vertical drains,which are also used to drain leachate, and transferred to a dedicated power plant via a DN 300 HDPEpipe laid alongside a flood cut-off ditch at the north side of the valley. The power plant is located70 m down the valley from the existing LTP and hence just down stream of the proposed rockfill damfor Landfill 2. It currently uses the landfill gas to generate some 2 MW of electricity, using twoimported generators (G3516LE) with a nominal power rating of 970 kW each, which is then sold tothe electricity grid.

The power plant is operated under a 15-year concession contract by a French company (in JV with theLandfill 1 operators). It is proposed that gas from Landfill 2 will also be passed to this power station.As gas quantities build up it is proposed to increase generating capacity at the power plant to 4 MWthrough purchase of additional generators. There is space for these additional generators at the powerplant. According to HPMO gas extraction and power generation has not risen at the rate expectedwhen the generators were first installed in 1998. The FSR suggests that this is due to lower quantitiesof MSW being taken to Tianziling Landfill 1 than originally expected. The FSR reports that the dailyproduction of landfill gas in the second half of 2001 was some 800 m3/h.

The FSR does not address the issue of gas generation and collection from Landfill 2 in detail.According to HPMO this is because gas transfer and use in power generation will be entrusted to thepower generation concessionaire. The FSR simply proposes that gas is collected using the samevertical and horizontal 'blind ditch' systems used to collect leachate.

However, there are technical issues which the DRA considers should be addressed in the FSR. Thefollowing are the most significant in the DRA's opinion.

Gas Generation

The FSR states that the theoretical landfill gas generation for Hangzhou based on the composition ofthe MSW should be around 60 to 220 m3/t of solid waste. This figure is typical lifetime average,



however, gas is generated during the life of the landfill and over a long period of time, up to 50 to 100years in some cases, with quantity and content varying according to the age of the landfill and thecomposition of the waste. Hence, much of the gas generation can occur after the landfill has beenclosed and capped. In addition, the methane component of this gas is likely to be only around 50 m3/t.

In theory, given an effective collection system, the potential production from Landfill 2 could be inthe range of 4,000 to 5,000 Nm3/h within 15 years after the start of the disposal operation, accordingto typical design values used in the Europe.

Collection, Extraction and Transfer ojfGas

A properly designed and efficient gas collection and extraction system is essential to ensure that gasdoes not become a danger in the landfill and that the maximum economic gain is made from gaspower generation. The gas production figures quoted above can be achieved providing that thelandfill is adequately designed, particularly with reference to:

o the collection wells (designed using special materials to resist the high temperaturesoccurrmg at greater depth in the landfill, chemical attack and with a partial vacuum forcatching all the gas),

o the gas transfer system running through the landfill (ability to withstand differentialsettlement in the landfill and overburden pressure).

The relatively low volume in Landfill 1 probably hinders an efficient collection system design andhence the lower than expected gas generation. Standard industry practice is for vertical gas wellslocated at approximately 50m centres in a grid pattern from the bottom to the top of the landfill. Thewells should consist of perforated pipes with granular surrounds (designed to resist deformation andfracture) and be maintained at slight negative pressure to ensure that gas is pulled into them.Chemical and heat resistant materials should be used for pipes and valves and equipment (eg.automated valves) should be explosion proof. The vertical well system should also includecondensation traps.

The current design allows for vertical drains containing perforated HDPE pipes which pass throughthe intersection points on the horizontal 'blind ditch' grids used for leachate collection. This pipesystem is likely to be adequate. However, other details of the collection system will need to bereviewed at detailed design stage.

The FSR discusses the structural safety of the existing gas transfer pipe from Landfill 1 and concludesthat it will be able to comfortably withstand the additional compressive load from the compactedMSW in Landfill 2. A route has been selected and reserved for the transfer pipeline serving Landfill 2and this will be constructed under the ZUEP.

6.3.13 Leachate Treatment

The existing leachate treatment plant (LTP) uses a two stage activated sludge process and has acapacity of 300 m3/d. It will need to be replaced under the ZUEP component as it is located on landrequired for the new rockfill dam and, in addition, it has insufficient capacity for anticipated flowsfrom the new landfill.

Discharge standards for leachate from landfills are defined in GB 16889 (1997), the PRC PollutionControl Standard for MSW Landfills, as follows:

o Grade 1 - covers discharge to Class 3 freshwater or Class 2 sea water



* Grade 2 - covers discharge to Class 4 or 5 freshwater or Class 3 sea water

* Grade 3 - covers discharge to sewers draining to WWTP providing secondary treatment.

The existing process for Hangzhou Landfill I was required to meet Class 2 effluent standards.However, since March 2001 the treated leachate has been discharged to the municipal seweragesystem and passed to Hangzhou Sibao WVWTP. The new LTP will also discharge to the municipalsewer and hence will be required to meet Class 3 effluent standards. The relevant conditions for Class2 and 3 discharges are as per Table 6.6.

Table 6.6: Discharge Standards for LTP Effluent

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3PH 6-9 6-9 6-9COD (mg/l) < 100 < 300 < 1000BOD5 (mg/l) < 30 < 150 < 600SS (mg/i) < 70 < 200 < 400

NH3 -N (mg/i) < 15 < 25 Not specified

Coliform Index 10-1 to 0o-2 10-1 to lo-, Not specified

The existing LTP process does not comply with either the current discharge standard (Class 2) or thefuture discharge standard (Class 3) for COD - although BOD and SS are easily compliant and BODremoval is around 95%. The ratio of COD:BOD appears to increase from around 2 in the rawleachate to more than 12 in the treated leachate. This is not unexpected but it suggests that thedischarge standard is not appropriate for leachate, as the COD/BOD ratio in the discharge standard is1.66. However, if compliance with this standard is required then it implies that COD is the criticalcriteria to be met.

The FSR proposes a design loading for the new LTP as follows:

* COD 8,000 mg/l

* BOD 3,000 mg/l

* NH3-N 1,000 mg/l

* SS 400 mg/l

This appears to be reasonable basis for design of the new LTP. Leachate results from water draimngthrough the MSW in the landfill. This water arises from external sources including directprecipitation and catchment run-off (surface and ground water) and internal sources relating to themoisture content of the compacted MSW. As flood cut-off ditches will surround the existing andproposed landfills this should prevent most run-off from the surrounding valley surfaces from enteringthe landfill. Furthermore, some of the precipitation falling directly onto the landfills will also draminto the flood cut-off ditches.

The FSR presents a comparison between two options:

* A physiochemical process described as an "advanced molecule-decomposition technology(AMT),

* An UASB providing anaerobic treatment followed by an aeration stage.

The FSR mentions other processes including SBR but does not assess them in detail. The FSRconcludes that the UASB based process is preferable and presents drawings for this option. In order to



assess the most appropnate process type the DRA has also analysed a third option, a simplifiedaerobic sequential batch reactor (SBR) process, which will be capable of achieving the requireddischarge standard (Class 3).

Option 1 -AMTProcess

A pilot plant using the AMT is currently in operation at the existing LTP and the HPMO report thatresults are encouraging. Unfortunately, AMT is a proprietary process and it would not be able toprocure a LTP based on this process under the WB's procurement rules. Hence, AMT could not befunded by the V/B even if it was the preferred option on technological grounds. Hence, Option 1 isnot assessed further.

Option 2 - UASB Based Process

Anaerobic treatment of landfill leachate can be attractive. In many cases, the landfill tip itself is usedas the reactor. Alternatively, leachate may be treated in dedicated anaerobic reactors and the mostcommon type of reactor is the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket. USAB reactors for leachatetreatment are operated in many countnes, although the total number is limited.

Irrespective of whether the anaerobic treatment occurs in-situ or in a dedicated reactor, the treatmentnormally has to be followed by some form of aerobic treatment before the treated effluent can bedischarge to a watercourse or even to a public sewer. Typically, a USAB reactor will remove from 70to 90% of the dissolved COD from the leachate, with a reduced removal of suspended COD.

The size of anaerobic reactors is directly related to the temperature and strength of the wastewater andinversely related to the biodegradability of the substrate. The optimum wastewater temperature is37°C. In general, landfill leachate has a comparatively high strength and a low biodegradability sinceit receives prior partial treatment in the landfill site. Further, the temperature of the leachate at theTianziling Landfill Site will be considerably less than the optimum for most of the year and may beless than 10°C in winter. Such conditions do not favour anaerobic treatment.

The methane produced by anaerobic reactors can be used to heat the wastewater, a COD reduction of1000 mg/l giving a theoretical temperature rise of 3.30C. Thus, in practice, a COD reduction of, say,5000 mg/l could be used to heat the leachate by about 13°C. A suitable form of heating such assubmerged combustion is, of course, required.

To appraise the process proposed in the FSR for treating the leachate at the Tianziling Landfill, it isassumed that the system has been appropriately designed including a suitable form of supplementaryheating for use during the colder months of the year.

Option 3 -SBR Process

This option involves use of an aerobic sequential batch reactor (SBR) designed to give the sameoverall performance. SBRs have become the most popular treatment process used in Europe over thelast decade and are able to produce high quality effluents. Given the relatively high dischargestandard required in this case for discharge to sewer it would be possible to introduce a "simplified"SBR - which omits the complicated and expensive effluent decanting systems found in conventionalSBR systems. In this case the proposed scheme uses two aeration tanks in parallel with aerationprovided by floating surface aerators with vertical axes. Treated effluent is decanted using a simplesystem of outlet pipes and gate valves.

Summary



Options 1 (AMT) and 2 (UASB) for leachate treatment were presented in the FSR. The DRA hasadded an additional Option 3 (SBR) based on conventional leachate treatment technology in Europe.Option 1 has been eliinnated on the grounds that it cannot be procured under WIB guidelines. Option2 has limitations in that UASBs do not generally operate successfully in low temperatures,particularly below 10 to 15°C without a complicated system for heating the reactors. Furthermore,UASBs rely on relatively elaborate structures including multiple arrays of inlet pipes (to ensure evendistribution of flows) and means to collect methane gas whilst still retaining the sludge blanket.

Despite these limitations Option 2 has been included along with Option 3 in a least cost comparison.Options 2a and 2b are both based on the UASB process but were costed using the different tank sizesestimated by the DRA and FSR respectively. The results of the analysis indicate that Option 3, thesimplified SBR, is the least cost solution. It is proposed to discuss the DRA's findings with the newdesign institute taking over responsibility for the prelimninary and detailed design of the new LTP. Inthe mean time the DRA Option 2 cost estimate for the LTP has been included in the Interim Reportcost estimate.

6.4 Dredging Options

Shaoxing

To be added.

Cicheng


* Achieve Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard GHZB 1 - 1999, Grade III for CiLake and the moat

* Establish green areas along the Jiefang River and the moat

* Improve the environment along the moat, dredging the blocked channel, removing garbageetc

Currently the west, south and east moats are severely blocked with sediment, with very polluted water.Untreated domestic sewage and industnal wastewater is discharged directly into the moats. Thefollowing flood protection related options were assessed:

* Flood control in the valley - two water gates and flood pumping stations constructed at thejunction of the west and east moats and the Cijiang River

* Flood control in the urban area - gates constructed at the junction of all the new urbancanals and the moat, with pumping stations at thejunction of the Jiefang River and the moat.

The first option was chosen, with floodwater from the moat's catchment area being pumped into theCijiang River. A new flood embankment is proposed along the North bank of the Cijiang River.Although no detailed costings were provided in the FSR, it was stated that option 1 will cost 5 millionRMB compared to 2 mnillion RMB for option 2. However option 1 was stated to have the followingadvantages:

* Flood protection is provided to a much larger land area

* The new water gates will not be constructed within the old town, thus not compromising theconservation nature of the town



o Less facilities for water level control are required

o It is convenient for central management

The DRA has raised several quite serious concerns regarding the analysis carried out. The DRAbelieves that more investigation and study is required including the following:

o More detailed hydrological study is required

o Evaluation of options, quantifying benefits of each

o Effect of dredging and widening the moat on future sediment deposition

o Effects of the scheme on flooding elsewhere in the Cijiang floodplain

The DRA conclusion is that more analysis will be required before the scheme can be recommended.The DRA has issued the NPMO with a recommended methodology for carrying out the flood study.As this work will be quite extensive, it is not anticipated that it will be completed until after the preappraisal visit. The DRA are confident however that a satisfactory solution can be agreed upon beforeappraisal in order that these works can form part of the ZUEP scheme.

6.4.1 Dredging Methods

Shaoxing

Not covered

Cicheng

Options, selection, rationale

6.4.2 Handling Hazardous Contaminants

Shaoxing

Not covered

Cicheng

Options, selection, rationale

6.4.3 Transportation

Shaoxing

Not covered

Cicheng

Options, selection, rationale??


Zhejiang Urban Environment Project Environmental Assessmnent

6.4.4 Disposal Area Site Selection

Shaoxing

Not covered

Cicheng


6.4.5 Revegetation And Reclamation

Shaoxing

Not covered

Cicheng


6.4.6 Prevention Of Reoccurrence

Shaoxing

Not covered

Cicheng


6.5 Roadway Options

Cicheng

The main road improvement and restoration works cover the ring road surrounding the town as wellas 3 main roads within the town, which include the Jiefang Road and Renmin Road in the North-South direction and the Zhonghua Road in the East-West direction. There are secondary roadsincluded in the works such as Sanmin Road, Congzhuxoang East Road and Shangzhi Road. All otherroads will be restored, as much as possible, to their original appearance. The total length of roads tobe improved/restored exceeds 17km.

As the proposed scheme is intended to be environmental and cultural heritage based, the roadworks isprimarily of supporting role and is considered as a related secondary works item to facilitate theinstallation of municipal facilities including water supply pipeworks, sewer and stormnwater drains aswell as power and communication cables. In view of the extremely low traffic currently in the townand the limited population growth within the small town, traffic surveys and the determination trafficgrowth is considered to be less relevant. Furthermore, as the roadworks is mainly restoration works innature, consideration of altemative layout options is again of linmited relevance.

Dongqian Lake



The proposed road alignment generally follows the shore of the lake. An alternative alignment at thesouth-eastem corner of the lake from Shang Shui to Xia Shui was considered making use of anexisting 7km long road. The proposed altemative road alignment is a long detour away from thelakeshore with a maximum distance of 4.5km from the shore.

This option was not adopted based on the argument that this will defeat the purpose of providing asightseemg route along the shoreline. However, providing the road at the shoreline has not beenstipulated as the prime design consideration. Apart from this, it would appear that the reason for thechoice of option is over simplified, not convincing and not well presented with the lacking ofcomparisons on the pros and cons of the options considered. A weighted comparison on variouscriteria should be considered including costs (capital and recurrent), environmental impacts, drainageimpacts, traffic impacts, landscape and visual impacts, land use planning and etc. Without anyaltemative alignment presented and the lack of comparisons, it is difficult to assess whether theproposed alignment is the best aligmnent.

6.5.1 Route Selection

Cicheng


Dongqian Lake


6.5.2 Road Capacity and Sizing

Cicheng


Dongqian Lake


6.5.3 Construction Materials

Cicheng


Dongqian Lake


6.5.4 Erosion and Water Quality Controls

Cicheng




Dongqian Lake


The preferred alignment will cover the construction of 39 numbers of cross road pipe culverts withdiameter ranged from 1.0m to 2.Om and 9 numbers of bndges with span length ranged from 10m to20m. Because of the hilly terrain, it is estimated that the total volume of cut and fill earthworks willbe 1.02 million m3 and 0.96 million m3 respectively.

The volume of cut and fill is very significant. In view of the hilly terrain, slight shift of the alignmentwill affect sigmficantly the volumes of earthworks. Different alignment will yield completelydifferent quantities of earthworks. Currently, the volumes of cut and fill are approximately balancedwith a slight surplus of 60,000 m3 of excavated material. As the estimate of the volumes of cut andfill at this stage is very preliminary in nature, it is important that consideration should be given to theidentification of possible disposal site or borrowed pits in case there is a major different in thevolumes of cut and fill.

Apart from the understanding that there are going to be a number of bndges and culverts to beconstructed as part of highway works, there is no detail given in the FSR on the design of thesestructures such as form of construction for the superstructures, substructures and foundations and assuch, detailed review on the adequacy of these structures was not possible.

6.5.5 Noise Mitigation

Cicheng


Dongqian Lake


6.6 No Project Alternatives

Wastewater Collection and Treatment

The "No Project" alternatives merely continue the status quo of significant environmental pollution inZhejiang province. The regular surface water quality monitoring in the province provides significantevidence of the serious nature of river pollution in the project area and the small urban corridors andstreams conveying raw sewage may be an even greater concein. Adequate wastewater facilities are abasic human right. Without the project, environmental damage and economic losses will continue tobe incurred within the cities and wastewater discharges direct to urban water bodies will increase.The situation will be exacerbated as water use mcreases, as industnal and commercial activities growand population expands. Water quality in the rivers flowing through the project cities woulddeteriorate further, as would the situation downstream. The quality of urban life in the service areawould probably deteriorate at a time when expectations of higher standards of living are rising inparallel with growing incomes and increasing environmental awareness.

Solid Waste Management

6-34



The "No Project" alternative merely continues the status quo of insufficient and inadequate MSWcollection and disposal systems for the expanding Hangzhou urban area. This alternative is not reallya viable option.

Miscellaneous Urban Infrastructure

Summarize the need for remaining infrastructure as it evolves during pre-appraisal.

6.7 ZUEP Projects Connection to Ongoing Activities and Future ZUEP Projects

Summarize the overall Provincial Green Plan, and how ZllEP complements these activities

Future phases of ZUJEP.

6-35



7 Mitigation and Monitoring Management Plans

7.1 Mitigation and Monitoring of the Implementation of Mitigation

The project components of ZUEP will potentially cause a variety of short-termn construction andlonger-termn operation impacts. A series of mitigation measures have been planned to reduce theimpacts to acceptable levels. The implementation of these mitigation measures will occur duringconstruction and operation. In order to ensure that the mitigation measures are effectively carried out"mitigation monitoring" procedures have been established and the organisations to be responsible forthis monitoring have been designated.

The ZUEP PMO will have an ongoing responsibility to track and report the monitoring of mitigationmeasures of all the identified agencies, in addition to their direct responsibilities. In this chapter thegeneric approach to the selection of appropriate mitigation methods and the designation of typicalmonitoring measures and responsibilities is presented. The following coding was used to identify theagencies responsible for monitoring of mnitigation measures:

Agencies responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation

* Provincial Construction Commnission (implemented by PMO.)

* Provincial EPB

* City Construction Comnmssion / PIUs

* City EPB

* City Wastewater Company

* City Urban Drainage / Refuse Corporation (or department)

There are obvious differences of scope and impact,but there are generic similarities m the types ofimpacts and mnitigations that will be undertaken. Each of the projects will be analysed in both theconstruction and operation phases. The following are lists of the proposed project components alongwith the categories of EA issues involved with each component:

Summary of Project Components:

1. Hangzhou Landfill No. 2.

2. Shaoxing - Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses and Urban Infrastructure Services

3. Ningbo - Zhenhai WWTP and Sewerage

4. Ningbo - Jiangdongnanqu WWTP and Sewerage

5. Ningbo -Dongqian Lake WWTP and Sewerage

6. Ningbo - Cicheng Town Infrastructure Upgrading, Including Channels and Roads

Other components, non-infrastructure and minimal EIA involvement:

* Shaoxing - Conservation of Historic Sites and Buildings

* Industrial Pollution Control, Hangzhou and Ningbo



EI[A Categories:

One of the six projects is a solid waste landfill. Five of the six projects involve sewerage systems,including three with WWTPs. Two projects involve restoration of stream channels with dredgmg,(Cicheng and Shaoxing). Three of the projects involve urban infrastructure improvements.

o Landfills (Component 1)

o WWTP and Sewerage (Components 3, 4, 5 for WWTP; 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 for sewerage)

o Urban Watercourses Including Dredging (Components 2, 6)

o Urban Infrastructure - roads, bridges, utilities, etc (Components 2, 5, 6)

7.1.1 Construction Phase

Tables 7.1 to 7.13 provide summaries of the construction-phase impacts, proposed mitigationmeasures, type of monitoring and responsible agencies.

Landfills (Component 1)

Table 7.1: Collection and Transfer Systems

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible

Agencies

Relocations and land RAPs and adequate compensation Sampling and complaints c,d

conversion

Dust and Air quality Contract provisions, supervision Records f

Sensitive Areas And Realignment or protection Records f

Wetlands

Noise Limited hours, equipment design Monthly logs f,d

Matenal Hauling Operating hours, routing provisions Truck logs, complaints f,d,c

Safety Training and contract provisions Accident, training records f

Table 7.2: Sanitary Landfill


Agencies

Relocations and land RAPs and adequate compensation Sampling and complaints c

conversion

Aesthetics Architectural design and landscaping Visual, complaints d

Noise Limited hours, equipment design Monthly logs d

Erosion, site work Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs f

Safety Training and contract provisions Accident, training records f

Sensitive areas and Realignment or protection Records d

wetlands

Dust, hauling - air Contract provisions, supervision Rccords f,c,d

quality impacts

Dewatering Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs f

Leachate Control Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs f

7-2



Table 7.3: Leachate Handling, Removal of Existing Facility


Agencies


conversion



Erosion and site work BMPs Weekly logs e

Safety Training and contract provisions Accident and training records c

Sensitive areas and RAPs and adequate compensation Sampling and complaints c

wetlands

Dust, hauling - air quality Contract provisions, supervision Records e,c,d

impacts

Table 7.4: Construction Debris Disposal


Agencies

Uncontrolled dumps Monitor disposal Visual, truck logs c,d

Hazardous material use Monitor use and disposal Visual, truck logs c,d

and disposal

Direct or indirect Monitor disposal, contract provisions Visual, inspections c,d

dumping in streams I_I

WIWP and Sewerage (Components 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 for sewerage; 3, 4, 5 for WWTP)

Table 7.5: Wastewater Sewerage and Pumping

ResponsiblePotential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Aensie

Agencies


conversion

Dust and Air quality Contract provisions, supervision Records e

Sensitive Areas And Realignment or protection Records e

Wetlands

Noise Limited hours, equipment design Monthly logs e,d

Aesthetics Architectural design and landscaping Visual, complaints e

Stream crossings Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs e

Safety Training and contract provisions Accident/training records e, c

River/stream bank Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs e

stability and environment

Matenal hauling Operating hours, routing provisions Truck logs, complaints e,d,c

7-3



Table 7.6: Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Agencies

Relocations and land RAPs and adequate compensation Sampling and complaints c, d

conversion



Erosion/ site work Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs e

Safety Training and contract provisions Accident/training records e


wetlands

Dust, hauling -air Contract provisions, supervision Records e,c,d

quality impacts I

Dewatenng Best Management Practices (BMPs) Wcekly logs e

Table 7.7: Sludge Management System

ResponsiblePotential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Agencies

Relocations and land RAPs and adequate compensation Sampling and complaints c, d

conversion



Erosion and site work BMPs Weekly logs e

Safety Training and contract provisions Accident and training records e


wetlands

Dust, hauling - air quality Contract provisions, supervision Records e,c,d

impacts

Table 7.8: Construction Debris Disposal

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Agencies

Uncontrolled disposal Monitor disposal Visual, truck logs c,d

site

Hazardous matenal use Monitor use and disposal Visual, truck logs c,d

and disposal

Direct or indirect Monitor disposal, contract provisions Visual, inspections c,d

dumping in streams

7-4



Table 7.9: Ocean Outfall



conversion

Dust and Air quality Contract provisions, supervision Records e

Sensitive Areas Realignment or protection Records e

Noise Limited hours, equipment design Monthly logs e,d

Aesthetics Architectural design and landscaping Visual, complaints e

Ocean bottom impacts Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs e

Safety Training and contract provisions Accident/training records e, c

Beach and sensitive Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs e

ocean areas

Material hauling Operating hours, routing provisions Truck logs, complaints e,d,c

Urban Watercourses including Dredging(Components 2, 6)

Table 7.10: Channel Dredging


Agencies


conversion

Disruption of Existing Locate intakes, develop site-specific Records c

Water Supply Intakes protection plans with water suppliers, I

Sensitive Areas, Aquatic Realignment or protection Records f

Species And Wetlands


Material Hauling Operating hours, routing provisions Truck logs, complaints f,d,c

Safety Training and contract provisions Accident,training records f

7-5



Table 7.11: Spoils Transportation and Disposal


Agencies


conversion






wetlands

Dust, hauling - air Contract provisions, supervision Records f,c,d

quality impacts

Dewatering Best Management Practices (BM Ps) Weekly logs f

Runoff Control Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs f

Urban Infrastructure - roads, bridges, utilities, etc (Components 2,5,6)

Table 7.12: Infrastructure Construction


Agencies


conversion

Dust and Air quality Contract provisions, supervision Records f

Sensitive Areas And Realignment or protection Records f

Wetlands


Material Hauling Operating hours, routing provisions Truck logs, complaints f,d,c


7-6



Table 7.13: Spoils Transportation and Disposal


Agencies


conversion






wetlands


quality impactsDewatenng Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs f

Runoff Control Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs f

7.1.2 Construction EMP By Component Project

The construction contractor should take the responsibility of EP. According to the stipulation in ItemNo. 19.1 of Regulation on contract for civil engineering project appraisal of FIDIC, "in the wholeprocess of project construction, during the stage of constructing, accomplishment and renovation, thecontractor must take all reasonable steps to protect the project site and its surrounding environment toprevent the harm or trouble to public's health properly with the pollution, noise and other resultscaused from the construction". Therefore, in reference of the project design and the Report onenvironmental influence appraisal, the following requirements will be included m the biddingdocuments:

Hangzhou Landfill No. 2

(1) Air pollution control

* Strengthen management and construct reasonably; the building materials must be dealt withlightly; before the vehicles leave the work site, the mud must be removed; the tarpaulinshould cover the vehicles carrying lime, sandy stone matenals, and cement which easilyproduce flying dust.

* The flying dust in the work site and the road must be cleared with sprinkling water sweeping,and a sprinkler should be prepared. The lime and sand should not be piled outdoors; if theymust be piled outdoors, they should be watered so as to raise the surface water content andto reduce the flying dust.

* It should be arranged to select a constructive unit with definite strength, which uses thecommercial factory-made cement and sealing vehicles. The positioned manufacturer ofcommercial cement may be requested to carry out " three- simultaneity" comprehensive,operating with effective methods to reduce pollution, and guaranteed to protectenvironmental air by strengthening environmental monitor and EP management.

* When the land is temporally used, the vegetation should be recovered to prevent soil erosion.

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o If the contractor fails to take effective meatiness to prevent the dust and pollution caused bythe construction, which bring harm to the neighbouring residents, farm land or the hygieneenvironment, the contractor should take the sole responsibility for all the concerning lossand the consequence.

(2) Water pollution control

o The living wastewater and landfill should be centrally disposed, which must not be drainedto the water body.

o Building materials such as sand and cement should be piled far away from the rivers, ratherthan near the rivers or waters. The covering canvas shall be available to prevent the sand orcement from being rushed into the water by big storms.

o The contractor must take necessary measures to prevent the wastewater that containspollutants or visible suspended substances from being directly drained into the nearby riverswithout treatment.

(3) Noise pollution control

o The constructing unit must adopt building machinery and methods of low noise; If necessary,it should set up temporary sound-proof devices around the worksite or residentialconcentrations to ensure the sound environmental quality in the residential zone.

o The construction unit should arrange workmg staff to operate the high-noise machines inturn, so as to decrease workers' time in contact with high-noise. Meanwhile, it should keepgood maintenance to the machines to let the constructive machines be kept on lowest noise.Noise-proof earplugs shall be provided to the workers who work near the noisy place for along time.

o The construction organ shall strengthen management and carry out construction reasonablyin accord with the provisions and requirements stipulated in "Noise limit for building site"GB12523-90.

(4) Prevention and treatment measures to the ecological and scenic influence

o Owing to the concentrated vegetation in landfill zone, the constructive process must protectthe local ecological environment and keep the original vegetation as much as possible.

o The construction unit shall optimize the constructive organization and make out strictconstructive rules. The digging and land filling construction, possibly, should take place inthe non-flood season; shall decrease the piling-up time of earthwork, which must be strictlypiled in the borrowed area with such temporary preventive measures as straw-bag fillprotection and excavating damming/draining ditch. The earthwork transportation must abideby the operation rules, which shall be undertaken by the trolley in good condition, andexcessive load shall be forbidden so as to prevent the earth and stone from being sprinkledand lost and to reduce soil erosion.

o After the accomplishment of construction, the temporary buildings in all the constructivesites must be demolished and the building landfill must be cleared so as to recover thefunction of the original land as much as possible.

O As for the vegetation prevention to surface of temporary slug muck, select environmentalprevention aneurolpidium chinese and bermuda grass, distributed the seeds by artificial mixto improve sediments' anti-erosion ability and reduce soil erosion.

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* Use low-noise, water, and prevent the dust equipments, which can reduce the influence tothe surrounding animals and plants

Shaoxing

No EMP yet.

Ningbo - Zhenhai

No EMP yet.


(1) Prevention and Abatement Measures for Air Pollution

* Enclose the construction sites to avoid gravel and waste residue generated from theconstruction entering into the surrounding villages and watercourses.

* Careful loading and unloading the construction materials in the construction site; try toreduce the area of stacks for sand, carpolite and cement and spnnkle water on the materialsto prevent dust.

* Try to clean the mud and earth before the vehicles leaving the construction site; sprinklewater on passing roads by the various vehicles at fixed time.

* Carry away the abandoned earth in time when conducts excavation for the construction ofsewage pipe network, for temporary store, the earth should be stored far from the housing.

* Cover sand and gravel, cement, residue earth while transporting to prevent dust.

* If the contractor does not take effective measures to prevent and mitigate dust or otherpollution caused by construction and causes damage to the nearby ponds, farmland orsanitary environment, the contractor will be held responsible.

(2) Prevention and abatement measures for surface water pollution

The storm water, sewage in the WWTP, slurry by piling and seepage on the construction siteshould be collected and deposited before being discharged into Fenghua River. Temporaryliving facilities should be built on the construction site, such as temporary eatery, facility oilseparating tank, lavatory, and septic tank. Wastewater from the kitchen should be pretreatedby oil separating tank and then discharged into Fenghua River after treatment in the septictank with other domestic water to reach Class II standard prescribed in "ComprehensiveSewage Discharge Standard "GB 8978-1996. Sewage discharged into the nearby intemalnvers is forbidden.

* Pipeline construction workers should use the nearby existing living facilities. The builders inpipeline construction should try to use the existing living facilities near the construction site.

* The management of the construction site should be strengthened to keep constructionground level, and slope of the stack of earth and stone should be leveled up. The area whereconstruction is completed should be planted with trees and grass to avoid soil erosion duringthe construction period.

The rational schemes should be chosen for the construction of nver crossings and outfalls toreduce excavation of the sediment to the great extent. Strengthen maintenance of theconstruction equipment to check up construction equipment before using to avoid theincidents of oil leaking and others.

7-9



o The contractor should take necessary measures to prevent sewage containing pollutant orvisible suspended solids.

(3) Acoustic environmental pollution and mitigation measures

o The construction machines and construction processes with lower noise should be used likestatic pressure - driven pile or drilling affusion pile instead of the ones with high noise suchas the striking driven pile. The use of self-provided generators should be controlled strictly.

o When bulldozers, and other loading and unloading vehicles pass in and out the constructionsite, their speed should be limited and maintenance of the equipment and vehicles should bestrengthened to keep them in good condition.

o Arrange the time limit for work reasonably to avoid the noise of the machines placeinfluences on the residents continually.

o The noise pollution construction work, which will affect the residents, will be forbiddenafter 22:00 PM. If the special need for conducting the noise pollution operation at night, theapplication form should be filled in advance and submitted to the administration departmentfor approval. The operation can be conducted only after the " License for Night Operation"obtained and the operation should be carried out according to the requirements of the license.

(4) Mitigation Measures for ecological environment

o The land acquisition of the project is 170 Chinese mu so it is necessary to restore thevegetation after the project completed and restore the landscape to plant more tress andreduce soil erosion.

o Rational processes should be adopted in the construction at the bottom of the river, to reduceexcavation volume and reduce the impact on water environment.

(5) Mitigation Measures for Solid Wastes Generated in the Construction Stage

o Stack field should be far from the residential area and located in the leeward of the villagesto prevent foul smell influence the living environment of the residents.

O The bounding wall should be build around the abandoned earth stack field and catch drainshould be build around the side to ensure the smooth drainage to avoid overflow in rainingseason at the same time, dram the leakage of sludge by the catch drain to prevent sewageoverflow.

o Sludge may produce dusting after dry so the stacks should be sprinkled at fixed time toprevent dusting.

o In order to prevent soil erosion attention should be given to cultivate vegetation afterabandoned earth backfilled.

o The construction party should contact with the local departments in charge residues thetransport construction garbage and excavated earth out of the site in time and the earth willbe used to make bricks and for backfill earth. The living garbage of the builders will becollected to trust the sanitary department to handle.

(6) Social Environmental Protection

o Make rational compensation and resettlement to the affected people according to the policesand regulations issued by the state and the local government to reduce the negative impactsof the project on their work, study and living and ensure the stable of the income and livingstandard.

7-10



* The construction of sewage pipeline should be carried out section by section, at the sametime to get contact with the traffic department to set up temporary convenient channels, andarrange traffic policemen to maintain the normal order and try to avoid constructionmaterials transportation in rush hours to easy the pressure of traffic. Set up separatorsbetween construction site of pipeline and the roads.

• For pipeline construction, in some sensitivity points such as residential area and etc, it isnecessary to sprinkle water by watering cart to prevent dust on the way which theconstruction vehicles pass.

* During the construction of the nver crossings and outfall of the WWTP, to make contactwith the navigation department and obtain their acceptance to set up caution mark todemonstrate navigation director so as to let ships bypass in time. Caution signal lampsshould be set up during operation at night.


No EMP yet.

Ningbo - Cicheng

(1) Prevention of air pollution

* Strengthen the management, construct carefully and load or unload the constructionmaterials slightly. Before the vehlcles go out of the worksite, mud adhering on their surfaceshould be cleared away; the vehicles, which transport lime, gravel, cement and coal powder,should be covered with tarpaulin.

* The dust in air on the construction site and road can be restrained with watering andcleaning. If only watering and not cleaning, the dust in air will lessen about 70- 80 percent,if cleaning after watering, the rate of reducing dust will above 90 percent. Some expenmentsshow that the TSP pollution distance caused by dust in air will shrink to 20-50m if wateringand cleaning works are done 4-5 times every day on the construction site.

* Lime and sand can't be piled in the open air, if it has to be piled in the open air, wateringmeasure should be taken to improve the containing water rate in the surface, and it will behelpful to reduce the dust in air.

* Choose the construction company of strong strength and adopt the merchandise mixed-in-plant concrete and close vehicle. To the fixed merchandise concrete producer, require theyto do "Three same time" and to adopt effective measure to decrease the influence on theenvironment, ensure the air environment free from pollution by the measure ofstrengthening environmental monitoring and management.

* Construct the temporary and scattered concrete mixing sites far away the resident houses.

* Dumping soil should be cleared away or backfilled quickly.

* Recover the plants of temporary land when it does not use again, guarding against loss byrun-off of soil.

* If the contractor does not take effective measures to prevent the dust pollution produced inthe construction activities and it damages the near pools and agricultural fields or sanitaryenvironment, the contractor should be responsible for all the losses and results caused by thepollution fully.

(2) Prevention of water pollution



o Dredging in the river and flushing the construction matenals, such as flushing sands orstones, causes turbidness in water body and affects the water quality in the bridgeconstruction. Construction techniques should be taken to prevent the water pollution, suchas adopting cofferdam or sinking well method. For example, sinking well method can beused in the rivers of big annual flux to prevent water pollution. Cofferdam method can beused in the rivers of small annual flux to prevent turbidness in water body and waterpollution caused by construction garbage for the river width is comparatively wide.

O The domestic wastewater and garbage of construction precinct should be collected andtreated, not discharged into water body directly. Build temporary living facilities,separating-oil pool for temporary dinning-room and temporary toilets and septic tanks. Thewastewater will be collected and disposed by local sanitary department, or it should bereused with local sanitary equipments nearby. The domestic garbage should be piled at theappointed site with rain-proofing measure and be transported to landfill immediately.

o It will cause water pollution when the leakage of mechanism oil, leakage of constructionboat oil and waste oil are discharged into water body. Strengthen environmentalmanagement and adopt methods to collect leakage of mechanism oil.

o Construction material, such as oil and chemistry material, is not suitable to be dumped neardomestic water wells and rivers. It should be disposed from rivers and equipped withtemporary canvas to prevent the material enter into water body by storm water.

o Contractor should take all the necessary measures to prevent the pollutant or wastewatercontained in obvious suspend substance discharge into rivers and irrigation ditches withouttreatment.

(3) Prevention of noise pollution

o Construction units arrange workers to operate machines by turns and reduce the time thatworkers are under high noisy background. Maintain machines carefully and keep themachines in low noisy level. Distribute earplugs to workers who are working for a long timenear noise source.

o Strengthen management and civilize construction and abide the standard of GB12523-90(Noise Limitation of Construction Site) strictly.

o Choose low-noise machines and construction methods and arrange reasonable constructiontime. Many high-noise machines should not be used at the same time and high-noise workswill be arranged in the daytime. In order to reduce the noise impact on the surroundingresident houses and other sensitive sites, the construction, which results in noise pollution toresidential environment, will be banned in night (22:00- 06:00). And, it should be examinedand approved by local environment department, publish to all residents and get theirunderstandings if it is true needed that the continuous work must be done at night.

o If there are special sensitive sites nearby, such as the school, hospital, resident area, etc. theconstruction sites should be equipped with temporary sound insulation barrier (wall). Andthe construction time is decided by discussion with schools management in order to reducethe noisy impact on educational environment.

(4) Biology environment protection

o Shorten the construction time as much as possible, and the builder's camp should beselected in the area of comparatively small influence. When the project is finished, theconstruction company should clean the campsite, prefabricate site and construction site andrestore the original sight of the temporary-use land in time.



* Choose the operation routine of the construction machine strictly. The selection of theoperation routine should be based on high efficiency and reduce the damage on thevegetation and farmland.

* In order to reduce the influence on the near residents when the silt is piled on the bank andtransported to the silt pond, the dredged silt should be put into the straw bag to decrease thedust pollution and is convenient for transportation. The sites that the silt piled should beapart road with some distance or a small ditch in case of wastewater overflow in rainy day.The silt that contains is high in water content can't be transported with trunk directly in caseof dripping wastewater affect the environment sanitation along the transportation road, theprimary dried silt should be transported out in time.

* The vegetation recovery plan should be provided in the silt piling process, such as plantingtrees on the part of pond that has been refilled fully and maintaining the design level andweed control on the part of pond that hasn't been refilled with the design level but has to beexposed to the open air in a long time, to munimise dust concerns.

* The silt pond should be equipped with seepage prevention, such as waterproof layer, toavoid the seepage water polluting the ground water.

* The silt pond far should be built far from resident area, not less than 200m according to thenormal sanitary prevention distance of wastewater treatment plant's sludge disposal sites inother cities.

* In order reduce the influence of surplus water from silt pond on the moat water, the siltentrance should far from the outfall of surplus water. It is needed to put grit layer (segment)and geo-fabric filtration mesh of certain thickness on the outfall (drainpipe). It is suggestedthat further monitoring be put on the surplus water in future. If the pollution density is high,relevant measures should be adopted to ensure the discharging meet the standard, such asprolong the clear time, build oxidation pond, etc.

* In the construction, the earthwork and rock balance should be done well, the excavatedearthwork should be backfilled to level the construction site at the best. The earthwork canbe digested and balanced among different engineering. The excess dumping soil can be usedas construction material in nearby area and transported to appointed sites and piled up withthe help of local residue and soil office. For temporary piling site, more smooth sites shouldbe selected and recovered immediately with vegetation when its use is finished.

* The construction of thus project should be divided by time and area and done fully at thesame time to reduce the construction period of single engineering. Prevention measuresshould be put on the bare excavating surface to reduce the exposure time and the loss of soiland water.

* The prevention engineering of roadbed, sloping field, bridge, temporary-use land anddumping residue site should be done well, such as strengthening the greening on the twosides of roadbed and river, piling up straw bag around the sand and rock sites, excavatingsimple drain ditch around construction site to discharge the surface water on ground.

* Strengthen construction management and the education on workers about water and soilprotection, so that the construction is not undertaken durng storm events in case of waterand soil loss.

The sand stones in this project will mostly be bought from the local big stone field. Hillsidesand rivers will not be dug at will, more importantly, no stone pit will be chosen in thesurrounding area of the old city or on both sides of the highway.

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(5) Guarantee of transportation and security

o Road construction should be divided into several segment, the open sight should be ensuredbetween two segments and duty post should be established to ensure the smooth traffic andpassenger's security. For the cross site, construction can start after the temporary road isworking and ensure the passengers and vehicles can pass conveniently in rain day.

o Duty post should be established to sure passenger's security in the cross sites, populationconcentration sites and the sites near schools.

(6) Cultural relic protection

o The education and awareness of the manager and worker about cultural relic protectionshould be strengthened. For there are many underground earthworks in this project, all thestaff should pay attention to this concern.

o Once the cultural relic and historic site or ancient tumulus is found, the constructioncompany should notify the local cultural relic protection department imnmediately andprotect the local scene in time. Then, after the measure of protection department isimplemented, the construction continues.

(7) Vibration Monitoring

o If the construction of strong vibration is done near residential area, such as pier tamp,operation of vibration road roller, vibration monitoring should be put on the residential earthhouses to prevent emergency and necessary repairing measures should be taken on theresidential houses that are affected by the construction.

(8) Scenery protection

o According to the Protection Plan of Cicheng History and Heritage Protection Area, the east,west and north sensitive hills outside the ancient town are important components of urbangreen system. All the construction material, such as sands and rock, should be purchasedfrom the local material fields. The hillside and river should not be excavated at random,especially hills surrounding the ancient town and along highways.

7.1.3 Operation Phase

Tables 7.14 to 7.27 provide summaries of the generic operation-phase impacts, proposed mitigationmeasures, type of monitoring and responsible agencies for the proposed ZUEP projects.

Landfills (Component 1)

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Table 7.14: Solid Waste Sources

ResponsiblePotential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type AR encies

lndustnal haz/tox sources Enforce industrial regulations, monitor Inspections, industrial logs, d,c,b

in waste industrial use and disposal approved sites

Hospital/infectious Enforce hospital regulations, monitor hospital Inspections, hospital logs, d,c,b

sources in waste use and disposal approved sites

Household haz waste Provide household collection and disposal Inspections, verify d,c,b

increases system collection/disp system

Source quantity/mix Regular weighing and analysis of wastes Records and logs f,c

varies from design

Household removal Review neighborhood facilities and equipment Plans review, financial f,c,a

inadequate analysis

Table 7.15: Collection and Transfer Systems


Noise Operating hours, routing provisions Ambient levels, complaints c,d

Workcr Safety Training and contract provisions Accident,training records c,f

Public Safety Protective measures Accident records c,f

Sanitary conditions Establish/enforce health safeguards Visual, complaints f,d,health

Dust and Air quality Contract provisions, supervision Visual, complaints f,d

Equipment failure Design, O&lM methods Daily logs f,c

Lack of spare parts Design insures spare parts readily available Plans review, inventory f,c

locally inspection

Table 7.16: Sanitary Landfills



Noise Limited hours, equipment design Ambient levels and c,d

complaints

Erosion and runoff O&M Procedures Weekly logs, inspections f

control

Safety Training, protective measures and contract Accident,training records c,f

provisions

Gas Explosions Design, O&N4 procedures Accident,training records f,c,d


quality impacts

Sanitation of site Establish and enforce standards Visual, contract f,d,health

Leachate Control Design, O&M procedures Inspections, operating f,c,d

records

Subsidence Design, O&M procedures Inspections, operating f,c,d

records

Lack of adequate cover, Design, O&M procedures Inspections, operating f,c,d

daily/final records



Table 7.17: Leachate Treatment Plants


Higher quantity or Design, O&M, inspections Operating records, f,d

quality than design monitorng reports

Treatment plant bypasses Design, O&M, inspections Operating records, f,c,d

monitonng reports

'Safety Training, protective measures and contract Accident and training c,f

provisions records

Chemical handling Training, protective measures and contract Accident and training c,f

problems, accidents provisions records

Equipment failure Design, O&M, spare parts availability Daily logs c,f

Poor treatment Design, O&M, inspections Operating records, c,f

performance monitoring reports

Table 7.18: Local and Downstream Impacted Areas

ResponsiblePotential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Aensie

Agencies

Irrigated agricultural Altemative water supplies, change cropping Inspect crops and water f,c,d, agnc.

water users patterns sources

Impacts to groundwater Monitor wells of groundwater users Monthly sampling f,d

Impacts to sewerage Leachate WWTP effluent sampling program Daily sampling f,d,b

system and municipal

WWTP

WWTP and Sewerage (Components 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 for sewerage; 3, 4 5 for WWT1P

Table 7.19: Solid Waste, Septage, and Direct Discharge Sources


Uncontrolled direct or Enforce ordinances, provide better Solid Inspections and fines d, e, f

indirect dumping of solid Waste collection sites, cleanup campaigns

waste, to surface water

Septage dumped directly to Enact and enforce local ordinances, provide List of ordinances and d, c, e

streams or indirectly for septage treatment in Solid Waste or enforcement statistics

through sewer systems WWTP projects

Industrial solid waste direct Enforce ordinances, monitor adjacent Ordinances and b, d

dumping waterways enforcement statistics

Industnal hazardous and Enact and enforce a "cradle to grave" Installation of program and b,d

toxic waste direct dumping tracking and treatment system for tracking and treatment

or indirect imnpact to hazardous/toxic waste records

groundwater .

7-16



Table 7.20: Raw Sewage, Domestic and Industrial Sources to Sewer Systems


Agencies

Low strength domestic Eliminate septic tanks when not needed, Sample sewer systems, c

sewage, (use of septic ensure that local connections are made and are WWTP influent and

tanks, or high infiltration watertight connection record

or inflow)

Septage dumping causing Enact and enforce local ordinances, provide List of ordinances and c,d

treatment disruption or for septage treatment in SW or WWTP enforcement statistics,

bypasses projects inspect

Industrial pre-treatment Enact and enforce adequate pre-treatment Pre-treatment monitor & b,d,e

problems programs and make responsible to wastewater inspect, WWTP influent

company record

Industrial accidents and Enact regulations requinng notification of the List of ordinances and d

spills, problems- sewers or WWVTP as well as specified protection records of incidents and

treatment works measures compliance

Excessive infiltration or Perform visual/TV/or other inspections of the Records of sewer system e

inflow in sewer systems sewer systems and take corrective action evaluations

Changes in domestic Monitor changes in water use rates and Meter and plant records e

consumption causing wastewater generation rates by

design load vanration neighbourhoods

Changes in industrial Monitor changes in industrial quantity and Flow and quality records d,e

consumption causing quality through enforced pre-treatnent

design load variation program

Table 7.21: Raw Sewage Overflows, Various Locations

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type ResponsibleAgencies

Overflow impacts in Sewer separation, Infiltration/Inflow correction, Number, quantity estimate d,c

general to health and protect overflows of overflows

environment

Excess overflows from Evaluate and improve collection systems Number of overflows d,c

design calculations plotted against storm events

Human direct contact Protect outlets and downstream users Visual and health records d,c,health

Impacts to surface waters Develop mixing zones to dissipate impacts Visual and surface water d

monitonng

Sensitive area impacts Relocate or adjust overflow if possible Visual and compliance c,d

records

7-17



Table 7.22: Wastewater Sewerage and Pumping

ResponsiblePotential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Rensie

Agencies

Foul odours and gases Proper design and industrial waste controls Sampling and compliance c,d

records

Accidents working in Safety training Training and accident e

sewers records

Accidental overflows Detailed O&M procedures and prevention of Records e

while working in system direct dumping into system

Sewer system blockages Detailed O&M procedures and prevention of Records, visual observ of c,d, e

direct dumping, cleaning equipment available cleaning equip

Noise from pump stations Design and protective measures Ambient monitonng and c,d

complaints

Power failure at pump Backup power system or dual feed Electric meters and visual d,e

stations check of the backup system

or secondarv feed

Mechanical failure at Design, O&M procedures, spare parts available Weekly logs c, e

pump stations

Leaks contaminating Design and protective measures Ambient monitonng and c,d, e

local groundwater I__ complaints

Table 7.23: Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)

ResponsiblePotential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type ARencies

Lower or higher influent Septic tank usage rates, Infiltration/Inflow Connection and operating e

quantity or quality than monitonng, enforcement records of pre- records

expected treatment program

Bypasses more frequent Sewer system monitonng, O&M procedures WWTP and City EPB e,d

than planned records

Noise Design and protective measures Ambient, complaints c,d

Accidents, including gas, Training programs Training and accident c,e

explosions, etc records

Chemical handling Design, safety training, warming systems Training and accident c,e

accidents records, visual

Power failure Backup system and/or dual electnc feed Electric meters, visual c,e

Equipment failure Design, O&M program, spare part avail. Daily logs, meters e

Operational problems Design, operator training, laboratory testing Daily logs, training records e

Poor effluent quality Monitor and enforce discharge records Daily records and e,d

I enforcement, monitor

7-18\WB Consolidated EA_250303 doc/


Table 7.24: Sludge Management System

ResponsiblePotential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Rensie

Agencies

Lack of adequate Monitor stabilisation system use and Inspection and daily logs e,d,health

stabilisation performance, monitor sludge quality

High heavy metal Monitor raw sewage and sludge quality Quarterly sampling of e,d,b

concentrations for land metals in influent, semi-

application annual of sludge

Safety Design and training Training, accident records c,e

Inadequate liquid control Design, O&M, operator training Inspection and daily logs e,d

dunng dewatering

Odours Design, O&M, operator training Ambient levels, complaints e,d

Equipment failure Design, O&M program, spare part availability Safety training and visual c,e

checks of warning systems

Landfill problems in Design standards, leachate treatment systems Visual, inspections, leachate e,d

handling sludge I monitor

Table 7.25: Receiving Water Issues, Including Ocean


Unplanned overflow Warning devices for downstream users Visual and/or sound c,d

impacts on water users observations

and ambient quality

Poor effluent impacts on Telephone notification for downstream users of Daily logs, monitor e,d,c

water users and ambient problems occumng compliance

quality, including ocean

Sludge dumping, Monitor and enforce disposal ordinances Logs, monitor, enforcement e,d,b

industrial impact impacts records

on water users and

ambient quality

Health impacts due to all Protect from public contact Posting, fencing, health e,d

of above, ocean long- records

term bioaccumulation

Urban Watercourses Including Dredging (Components 2,6)

7-19

I \WB Consolidaied EA 250303 dou/


Table 7.26: Raw Sewage Overflows, Various Locations


Overflow impacts in Sewer separation, Infiltration/Inflow correction, Number, quantity estimate d,c

general to health and protect overflows of overflows

environment

Excess overflows from Evaluate and improve collection systems Number of overflows d,c

design calculations plotted against stonn events

Human direct contact Protect outlets and downstream users Visual and health records d,c,health

Impacts to surface waters Develop mixing zones to dissipate impacts Visual and surface water d

monitoring

Sensitive area impacts Relocate or adjust overflow if possible Visual and compliance c,d

records

Urban Infrastructure - roads, bridges, utilities, etc (Components 2, 5,6)

Table 7.27: Infrastructure Operations


Noise Operating hours, routing provisions Ambient levels,complaints c,d

Worker Safety Training and contract provisions Accident,training records c,f

Public Safety Protective measures Accident records c,f

Sanitary conditions Establish/enforce health safeguards Visual, complaints f,d,health

Dust and Air quality Contract provisions, supervision Visual, complaints f,d


Erosion and runoff O&M Procedures Weekly logs, inspections f

control I

7.1.4 Operational EMP By Component Project

lHlangzhou Landfill No. 2

(1) Air pollution prevention

o Improve the efficacy of collective system of the polluted air of the solid waste landfill;ensure the air-tightness of the covering and on the surface of the landfill. After reaching fillhigh range, should cover another complex film on the surface of landfill to separate the airand avoid forming the aerobic environment, and reduce the non-organized discharge amountof the waste gas.

o The constructive organs should strengthen the safe prevention of the explosive gas in thelandfill zone, i.e. fix the auto-monitor warning instrument of methane gas in 24 hours.



The environmental Monitoring Station should make routine monitor to TSP and smell airpollutants in the zone, if there's an abnormal situation, the operation of waste gas collectingsystem to sure the drainage of smell pollutants to meet with regulations and requirements.

* In order to prevent the recycle pollution of light landfill in high wind, take such measures asfilling pressing in the same time and covering earth, often waternng the operation area roadsand earth gainmg field to prevent flying dust.

* The operation of landfill should strictly abide by the day-by day covering earth under therequirement of job order.

* The project environmental appraisal for the hygiene preventive distance is 600m; in thisdistance, a definite-width green belt should be set up to decrease the stench influencing thesurroundings.

* Guarantee the efficacy of waste gas collective system of the landfill, is over 70%, ensuringthe normal operation of waste gas power plant.

(2) Water pollution prevention

* Strengthen the management and safe operation of the leachate treatment plant and ensure thecriteria drainage.

* Construct leachate collection pond of 150,000 m3 to prevent the refuse leachate overflowinginto the nearby land surface in storm.

* Before drainng into urban sewage pipe net, the living sewage and production sewage aredirectly drained into the leachate treatment station for treatment.

* The double filtration-proof measure of combining level filtration proof and vertical groutingis taken for project construction to prevent the refuse leachate enternng ground water.

* There are 7 monitored wells in the landfill area, which will timely monitor ground waterlevel and water quality.

* The separated flow of clear and polluted water can reduce the production refuse leachate;strengthen filtration-proof and drain-guiding system, control water-storage high distance.

(3) Noise pollution prevention

* Select low-noise machinery for landfill, make shake-reducing and sound-proof treatment tohigh-noise equipments.

* Strictly carry out the definition in "Noise criteria in urban regional environment."

(4) Hygiene preventive measures

* The project sets hygiene prevention distance 600m, make green belt around the zone toreduce the influence of the stench on the environment.

* The fill work of the landfill must strictly accord with day-by-day earth-covering fill atoperation unit and ensure the earth-covering quality and sealing effect.

* The constructive unit sets special sterilizers to timely spray drug, remove foul, get rid of flyand rats to the collected landfill, the sprinkler (sterilizing car) is equipped with water topress dust and sterilize the zone

(5) Ecological prevention measures



o Newly increase office zone and fill zone at the criteria of 30% green area, makeAfforestation under the high criteria of courtyard style, fully design the surroundings of thebuildings, both sides of the entry-exit roads, and other pre-set massif, set in combinationwith grassland, green hedge, flowers and bush and the ornamental little arbor, can selectmanila grass and bermuda grass for the grass land, the oval Chinese little leaf box, red-leaf,azalea and Chinese rose, etc. For green hedge and flower bush, choose the osmanthus red-leaf plum, round cypress and tobir, etc. For the ornamental, little arbor and bush.

o Take plants preventive measures to side slop and the land top, during the course of landfill,by getting higher and higher of the landfill, the exposed landfill piles at the bottom needprotection, so you should operate the fill while covering the earth and afforesting. Owing tothe successful expenence for the side slope of first landfill, transplanting the "high-jointbamboo" produced in Anji", the side slope and roof landfill adopted high-joint bambooproduced in Anji, whose protective earth-covering is I.Om thick.

o After excavating all the massif of the earth stock ground, timely take plant measures for thegreen protection to the slope, the plant measures take grass planting, select theaneurolpidium chinese and bermuda grass and lespedeza for the grassland.

(6) Mud pollution preventive measures

o After the mud from the sewage treatment plant is denied darted by spiral hydroextractor, itis recycled to the landfill for fill.

(7) Pollution preventive measures in the end period

o keep the leachate treatment plant running normally for more than 10-15 years, and verifywith environmental monitoring.

o keep the gas fill collective system and gas power plant run in order for over 10-15 years,and verify with environmental monitoring.

o spread complex film + earth-covering level and nutritious soil to the surface of the landfill.

o plant grass, trees, green bush and make afforestation in the land fill.

Shaoxing

No EMP yet.

Ningbo - Zhenhai

No EMP yet.


(1) Noise Pollution

o Sound insulation measures should be taken to the blower and pump house in the WWTP tosetup vibrating insulating cushion, noise elimination elbows, sound absorbing materials onthe walls of pump house.

o Build double deck windows and close the windows of the pumping house while operatingand using sound absorbing fitment in the pump house.

(2) Ambient Air Pollution Protection and Mitigation Measures



* Deodorization can takes the measures such as adsorption assimilation, incineration,catalyzing burning, chemical oxidation an biological treatment .The biological measuredevelopments very fast because it has many advantages such as simple process, smallinvestment, lower operation cost, easier maintenance, effective and etc.

* According to the sanitary protective distance, the affected range of the effluvium is within300 m around the WWTP. It is recommended that the tall plant to be grown in the four sidesof the plant green belt.

* The centralized residential area is forbidden to build within the range of protective distance.The existing village located in the protective area should be relocated.

(3) Surface Water Pollution

* The projection results show that the after the effluent of Jiangdongnan WWTP dischargedinto Fenghua River, the maximal average concentration in the source area have reached 9.88mg/l, which is close to the limit of the water body of class IV standard i.e. 10/1, so it isnecessary to control the discharge volume and sewage treatment degree.

* The current monitoring results to the effluent from the three sewage pumping stations in theservice area of Jlangdongnan WWTP show the sewage containing higher coliform, so theprocess antisepsis process should be added to the treatment process of the WWTP i.e. theeffluent of the WWTP should be disinfected.

* The separation between storm water and wastewater should be taken into practice.

(4) Solid Waste Pollution

* The sludge of Jiangdongnan WVVTP will be stored temporarily in the sludge shed (withraimng and leaking preventmng measures to be taken). And, it will then be transported to thenew Ru Pu landfill site for sanitary landfill.

* The domestic garbage will be in charge by specific persons for collection and the sanitationdepartment transport it to incineration power plant for centralized disposal.

* Strictly prevent the domestic garbage, sludge, wash water from the sludge treatmentfacilities and wash water of ground to flow into the surface water to cause waterenvironment pollution.


No EMP yet.

Ningbo - Cicheng

(1) Noise prevention

Traffic noise

* According to the master plan of Cicheng town, the tourism vehicles don't enter into theinner town and ring road is the necessary connection to the inner town, so this measure canreduce noise impacts on sensitive sites such as residential area, school and hospital greatly.

7-23



o It is predicted that the noise of first row house along the surrounding road is 61.14 db indaytime and 58.28 db in nighttime when the real traffic reach the design traffic capacity. Soin nighttime, the noise exceeds the standard about 3.28 db and causes the influence on theenvironment of resident house along the road. Increase the relocation quantity properly inthe design and construction period and enhancing construction quality to assure the smoothroad surface. It is needed to strengthen the maintaining of greening and road surface and thevehicle's whistling is prohibited in the urban area.

o Green belt, such as arbor, is planted between the buildings along roads and roads to beautythe road and to absorb noise and to protect the environment. In a long term, the building andunits have high requirement on environment, such as schools and hospitals, should not placein the range of 50m from roads.

Lifting-water pump station

o Select the low noise hydraulic pressure driver of strobe and shaft- stream pump. Theelectromotor basement of the strobe driver is equipped with vibration-less setting to reducethe noise produced with solid touch.

o Lay the pipeline of water gate under the ground. The pipe elbow should be adopted withclipper built form to reduce the water hammer.

o Obturate the water gate and pump station. The passageway should be equipped with thedoor and window of sound insulation to ensure the noise meet the standard of Class ?? in theplant area.

Sewage pump house

o Select low noisy equipments. The pump is placed in the half-basement, and sound insulationdoors and wmdows are placed in the entrance of pump house, to ensure boundary noisemeet the requirement of Class 1.

o For no sensitive sites, such as residential houses, are around pump house, the noise ofsewage pump house affect the surrounding sound environment a little bit with the measuresof sound insulation.

(2) Prevention of air pollution

o Reduce the effect on ambient air environment around pump station caused by odour byclosing the collection well. Sewerage should be punped into municipal sewage conduittimely and transported to South Jiangdong District Wastewater Plant; and the rakings shouldbe cleared away in time after dehydration. Biild border greenbelts to strengthen thevirescence.

o The green construction should be strengthened along two sides of road, especial in sensitivearea. It can purify and absorb the pollutants contained in trail gas of vehicles, attenuate totalsuspended solids contained in air, improve environment quality and scenery along highways.

O Vehicle-check system should be implemented for tail gas, the status of tail dischargingshould be checked regularly in random and the vehicle is not permitted to put into operationwhich tail gas exceeds standard severely.

(3) Prevention of water pollution

Control measure on pollution resource

7-24

I \WB Consolidated EA 250303 docl


* The total pollution volume control is put in practice on the urban water pollution source,especially the pollution discharged mto the inner river. The control goal of the COD:,pollution discharged into the inner river is less than 15.1 t/d. At same time, the controlmeasure will be put on other pollution sources. In the urban area the industry and domesticwastewater produced by new projects must be discharged into the sewage network, it isstrictly prohlbited that the wastewater is discharged into inner river.

* In order to strengthen renovation effect, ensure the river is clean and prevent river bed'ssediment again. One cleaning-dirt boat should be prepared to clean the river floater andsediment at the fixed time. At same time, the greening of river upstream and the'old townarea should be strengthened in order to reduce the loss of water and soil.

* The influent water quality must be above class II to ensure all the water gate is operatednormally and the water quality of inner river to reach the scheduled goal.

* If the wastewater pump station doesn't work normally for power cut or water pumpdestroyed, it will affect the wastewater transportation. In order to prevent the wastewateroverflow, the wastewater pump station should be equipped with standby pump and electricgenerator and two-circuit power supply, and the routine maintains should be strengthened.

* Overloaded vehicles are prohibited from running on ring road to prevent water pollutioncaused by lost cargo.

* The vehicle loaded with chemical is prohibited running on road.

(4) Green and beauty

* The green belt along two sides of the ring road shall be planted with arbor and bush andbuilt as a sight belt.

7.2 Institutional Responsibilities

Section 7.1 shows the organisations that are responsible for the implementation of the mnitigationmeasures for the different types of construction and operational impacts. The EnvironmentalProtection Law of China, requires that the project promoter must incorporate the environmentalprotection work into the project proposals and take effective measures to prevent and control anypollution, which may damage the ecological environment, caused by construction, operation or otheractivities.

Due to the nature of the project and the division of responsibilities within Zhejiang Province, a largenumber of institutions are involved in the environmental protection work of the project. Three typesof institutions are involved: project management offices (PMOs), environmental protection bureaus(EPBs) and sector or trade authorities (bureaux) at province, prefecture (or city), county and townlevel.

7.2.1 Management Institutions: Project Management Office System

Zhejiang Provincial PMO (ZPMO)

The ZPMO is responsible for:

* organising the feasibility study, environmental impact assessment and planning theimplementation of the project construction;



o co-ordinating the environmental management and monitoring between the sector authorityand the project unit;

o guiding the project unit in carrying out the environmental management measures;

o reporting regularly the environmental protection work status to the World Bank and theZhejiang Provincial EPB (ZEPB); and,

o guaranteeing sufficient funding of environmental protection from the total funds from theproject.

Local PUFUs

PIUs (prefecture or municipal PMOs) are responsible for:

o co-ordinating the overall management of the project construction;

o supervising each authority or department in carrying out the environmental protection planand management measures under the guidance of ZPMO;

o ensuring the investment in environmnental protection facilities; and reporting theenvironmental management work during the project construction to ZPMO and the localEPB.

7.2.2 Supervision Institutions

State Environmental Protection Agency of P. R. China (SEEPA)

State Environmental Protection Agency of P. R. China (SEPA) is responsible for:

o co-ordinating the overall environmental administration or management work;

o examining and approving the EIA report of the project; and,

o guiding the Zhejiang Environmental Protection Bureau (ZEPB) in enforcing theenvironmental laws and regulations.

Zhejiang Provincial Enviironmental Protection Bureau (ZEPB)

ZEPB is responsible for:

o co-ordinating the environmental protection management work of the project,

o organising the relevant institutions or departments to undertake the environmental protectionwork.

Local Environmental Protection Bureaus (LEPBs)

LEPBs (prefecture or municipal EPBs) work under the guidance of ZEPB and are responsible for:

o supervising the implementation of the environmental laws and regulations;

o coordinating the EP work among the institutions or departments;

o managing the construction check and final examination / acceptance of proj ects;

o supervising the implementation of environmental protection working plan of "ThreeWastes" control programmes of project units; and,

o reporting environmental protection work of projects to ZEPB.

7-26



7.2.3 Executive Institutions

Authorities or Bureaux in Charge of Project Management

Authorities or Bureaux in charge of project management at provincial, prefecture and municipal levelsare responsible for:

* supplying the financial guarantee;

* providing the design and construction of environmental protection facilities;

* ensuring related technologies of environmnental protection measures for project units; and,

* installing macro-management on operation and basic management on environmentalprotection work of projects.

Project Units

Project units, or owners of the project (wastewater companies), conduct their work under the guidanceand management of PMOs at different levels and are responsible for:

* accepting the supervision or monitoring of environmental protection institutions at differentlevels;

* implementing environmental laws and regulations, and carry out all the environmentalprotection measures specified by EA, design and environmental protection working plan;

* guaranteeing the norrnal operation of environmental protection facilities, and conduct self-monitoring through setting up environmental management department and monitoringdepartment, establish pollution files and reporting to top EPBs;

* providing funds for pollution source re-examination or selective examination.

7.2.4 Supervision Organisations of Component Projects

Hangzhou Landfill No. 2

In the construction stage, ZUDPO and ZEPB are the responsible authorities. Under instruction ofZEPB, Hangzhou Mumcipal EPB is responsible supervise the constructive organizations to carry outenvironmental action plans, to execute the regulations and criteria concerning environmentalmanagement; to adjust the department for good EP work, to carry out the constructionaccomplishment check of EP facility, and the examination, supervision and management of theoperation.

In the operation stage, ZEPB and Hangzhou Municipal EPB and Leachate Treatment Plant ofHangzhou No. 2 Mumcipal Solid Waste Landfill are the responsible organisations. The LTP takes theresponsibility of thoroughly executing the regulations and criteria of EP, making out rules andregulations of EP, the supervision and execution, getting to know project environmental state, makingout control objective of environmental quality easy for check, raising and reporting Managementmeasures, to uphold EP departments and authorized departments of the industry, organizing EP staffto work with certificates for check and personnel training, and carrying out EP technologicalexchange and scientific research.

The environmental monitoring in construction and operational periods shall be carried out byHangzhou Municipal Environmental Monitor Centre. During the construction period of the project,

7-27



World Bank Loan project office of Zhejiang Provincial construction Department will dispatch 2environmental Monitor engineers who will be in charge of environmental supervision of the localplace and the supervision of EP measures planned in the bidding documents and EAP.

After accomplishing the project, Hangzhou Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Co., Ltd will set up theLTP and position special personnel for the EP work of the project.

Shaoxing

No EMP Yet

Ningbo - Zhenhai

No EMP Yet


In the Construction Phase, the responsible agencies are Zhejiang Construction Bureau, EnvironmentalDepartment of World Bank Project Office under Zhejiang Construction Bureau (2 persons authorised),Zhejiang Provincial EPB. Ningbo Municipal EPB is under the supervision of the Provincial EPBresponsible for the supervision of the implementation of the environmental action plan carried out bythe construction unit, and implements related environmental administrative rules and regulations andstandards; coordinated environmental protection work among various agencies and units andresponsible for the construction of the environmental protection establishment, checking, accepting,operation inspecting and management.

In the Operation Phase, the responsible departments are Zhejiang Provincial EPB, ZhejiangConstruction Bureau, Ningbo Municipal EPB and Jiangdongnanqu WWTP. Jiangdongnanqu WWTPis responsible for the Project environmental performance, compliance with applicable regulations andstandards, and working out environmental project bylaws and supervising the implementation. It isresponsible for working out the objective of environmental quality control, which is easy to assessaccording to the environmental statues of the project and design mitigation measures and submits tothe environmental administrative and sector departments in charge and organises certificationexaminations and training for environmental protection personnel, technical exchanges and scientificstudies.

The environmental monitoring in the construction and operation stages will be carried out by NingboMunicipal Environmental Monitoring Center. In the construction stage of the project, the World BankProject Office of Zhejiang Construction Bureau will employ 2 environmental supervision andmanagement engineers responsible for environmental supervision for the engineering awarded andsupervises the implementation of EAP and environment protection measures prescribed in the biddingdocuments.

After completion of the project, the full time professional personnel will be employed to beresponsible for the environmental protection work of the project. Fire control and ambulance man willbe supervised under the government of Yinzhou District.


No EMP Yet

Ningbo - Cicheng

7-28

I \WB Consolidated EA 250303 doct


In the Construction Phase, the responsible agencies are Zhejiang Construction Bureau, EnvironmentalDepartment of World Bank Project Office under Zhejiang Construction Bureau. (2 personsauthorized),and the Zhejiang Provincial EPB. Ningbo Municipal EPB is under the supervision of theProvincial EPB and is responsible for the supervision of the implementation of the environmentalaction plan camned out by the construction unit, and implements related environmental administrativerules and regulations and standards; coordinated environmental protectton work among variousagencies and units and responsible for the construction of the environmental protection establishment,checking, accepting, operation inspecting and management.

In the Operation Phase, the responsible departments are Zhejiang Provincial EPB, ZhejiangConstruction Bureau, Ningbo Municipal EPB and Cicheng Town Government. Cicheng TownGovernment is responsible for the Project environmnental performance, compliance with applicableregulations and standards, and working out environmental project bylaws and supervising theimplementation. It is responsible for working out the objective of environmental quality control,which is easy to assess according to the environmental statues of the project and design rmitigationmeasures and submits to the environmental adminmstrative and sector departments in charge andorganizes certification examnations and training for environmental protection personnel, technicalexchanges and scientific studies.

The environmental momtoring in the construction and operation stages will be carried out by NingboMunicipal Environmental Momtoring Center. In the construction stage of the project, the World BankProject Office of Zhejiang Construction Bureau will employ 2 environmental supervision andmanagement engineers responsible for environmental supervision for the engineering awarded andsupervises the implementation of EAP and cnvironment protection measures prescribed in the biddingdocuments.

After completion of the project, the full time professional personnel will be employed to beresponsible for the environmental protection work of the project by Cicheng local government. Firecontrol and ambulance man will be supervised under the government of Jiangbei District.

7.3 Equipment and Training Requirements

The capital budgets prepared for all ZUEP component projects include an allowance for necessarylaboratory construction and equipment at the WWTPs. An allowance for testing and environmentalmonitoring costs to be incurred by the utility is also included in the operations budget for the project.

7.4 Impacts and Costs of Plan

The Zhej iang provincial PMO (ZPMO) estimated long-term environmental monitoring costsnecessary to implement this plan. Long-termn is defined annual monitonng required to verify theenvironmental performance and other operational mitigation measures previously outlined.

Hangzhou

Not provided.

Shaoxing

7-29

I \WB Consolidated EA-250303 doe/


The monitoring equipment must be decided according to the environmental monitoring items. Theconsigned monitoring department must have the relevant equipment and instruments. The instrumentsas follows:

o Water quality in the rivers: 1,455,000 Yuan;

o Atmosphere Quality: 22,000 Yuan;

o Noise 22,300 Yuan

Ningbo - Zhenhai

The project will give rise to some environmental problems. To resolve these problems some fundshave to be invested in environmental protection which are listed below:

o Compensation for buildings and people's resettlement: 21,900,000

o Afforestation: 400,000

o Sludge disposal: 4,850,000

o Monitoring instrument: 600,000

o Monitoring fee: included in the laboratory expenditure of the wastewater treatment plant

o Noise reduction: 60,000

o Environmental protecting measures during running period: included in construction costs


The monitoring instruments and equipment to be purchased are determined based on the items to bemonitored and the corresponding methods. The estimated cost is about 600,000 yuan. The non-routinemonitoring items can be performed in the central environmental monitoring station of Ningbo City.

Ningbo- Dongqian Lake

Monitoring fee:

o water monitoring: RMB 1,000,00

o air monitoring: RMB 300,000

o noise monitoring: RMB 100,000

Ningbo - Cicheng

Not provided

Costs for mitigation measures that relate to the management of construction will be included in thetender documents and costs included in the construction contractors' rates. The ZPMO have provideda table showing the World Bank project monitoring costs. Table 7.28 summarises the monitoring costestimates:


Zhejiang Urban Environnent Project Environmental Assessment

Table 7.28: ZPMO Environmental Monitoring Costs

Investment for Monitoring. ~~environmental mngmn

No. Sub-project Content managementprotection fee per year

(lOOOOyuan) (lOOOOyuan)I Hangzhou Landfill No 2. ?? ?? ??

Shaoxing A - Rehabilitation 9? 9? ??

2 of Urban Watercourses andUrban Infrastructure Services

3 Ningbo A - Zhenhal WWTP 9? 9? |and Sewerage

4 NLngbo B - Jiangdongnanqu ?? ?? 99

South WWTP and SewerageNingbo C - Cleanup and 9? ?? ??

5 Development of DongqianLakeNingbo D - Cicheng Town 9? ?? ??

6 Infrastructure Upgrading,Including Channels andRoadsTotal investment for ?? ?? ??environmental protection

Note Shandong Provincial Total under Huai River Project was 891 X 10000 Yuan, Or 8 9M Yuan

(1.5%of $150M USD = 18,675,000 Yuan, 1% is 12,450,000 Yuan)

7.5 Long-term Monitoring of the Performance of ZUEP

7.5.1 ZEPRI CEA Monitoring Plan

Accordant to the features of the components and environment, the environment monitoring contentsduring the periods of construction and operation are shown in Tables 7.29 and 7.30. The monitoringactivities will be undertaken pursuant to the monitoring methods set forth in the national standards.

Stage reports shall be submitted to the local environment agencies concerned in different constructionstages, whose contents shall include progresses of works, main construction contents and methods,comments on environmental impacts out of construction activities, and the status of implementingmitigating measures.

The environment management agencies of the components shall submit quarterly monitoring reportsto the local environment protection agencies concerned, and previous year's general monitoringreports by the end of January of the current year. The main contents of the monitoring reports arelisted in Table 7.31.

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Table 7.29: Environment Monitoring of Components during Construction Period



Table 7.30: Environment Monitoring of Components during Operation Period



Table 7.31: Summary of Main Contents of Monitoring Reports for Components



7.5.2 Wastewater Schemes, Performance Indicators

The overall benefits of the ZUEP will arnse from improvements in river water quality, improved solidwaste disposal, improved urban infrastructure and economic benefits therein. In addition to the' monitoring" of means adopted to mitigate against adverse environrmental impacts, it is planned toundertake monitoring to define the success of the overall project. This momtoring will be undertakenin the following way.

* River Water Quality

The overall objective in constructing and operating is to improve the quality of the receiving waters.In all cases therefore the sampling and analysis of the receiving waters will be the prime means ofmeasuring the performance of the schemes. The following programmes of sampling and analysis willbe undertaken to quantify the benefits arising from the WWTPs. The programme will be conducted asa normal part of the EPB duties.

* Solid Waste Management Performance Indicators

* Lake and Channel Dredging Performance Indicators

* Roadway Improvement Performance Indicators

7.6 Assessing the Effectiveness of the ZUEP Components

There are a number of key elements that can be used to indicate the satisfactory performance ofWWTPs. Records of the operation of the aeration system provide a good guide as to the effectivenessof the biological treatment works whilst the operation of sludge dewatering works and the quantitiesof sludge transferred to landfill provides an indicator for sludge treatment and disposal. The quality ofthe treated effluent is however the ultimate indicator.

7.6.1 Operational Monitoring

The Environmental Institute recommends other regular component monitoring as follows:

* To prevent the negative influences on environment made by the construction of the sub-projects, local environmental department should send special person to momtor the fumes,dust and the black degree of fuimes periodically and noise randomly, and finally make arecord of these factors.

* To ensure the normal operation of WWTPs to get the expected result of treatment, thequality of water to the WWTPs must be monitored regularly. If the quality of the watercannot reach the project's standard, there is need to report and make correspondingmeasures.

Frequency of Monitoring: once a day

Items of Monitoring: ph, CODcr, BOD5, SS, NHI-N, TP, S2-, oils, volatile hydroxybenzene

* As the basis of testing the efficiency of every link of WWTPs, the quality of water from theworks must be monitored regularly according to the discharge standard for townshipsecond-grade WWTP stipulated in Integrated Standards for Wastewater Discharge(GB8978-1996). The frequency and items are the same as the above-mentioned.



o For odour, set monitor site at plant border and sanitation protect distance border to monitor112S, NH3

o For noise, set monitor at 1 meter away from the enclosing walls of WWTPs, monitor noiselevel in day and night every season.

o An analysis on sludge component will be made annually. The items include the fertility ofthe sludge and the content of heavy metals. (As, Cu, Pb, Hg, Zn, Cd)

o Water area concerned in this environmental impact assessment should also be included inthe routine monitoring work besides the said project. Routine monitor is enough.

O Each sub-project report regularly to Zhejiang Province PMO of the WWTP's operatingsituation, include in/out water quality, treated quantity of water etc per month, and odourand noise near works and pump station borders per year.

o The local environmental monitoring stations report the results of the routine monitoring ofthe rivers related to the loan project to the Basin Office of Environmental Protection Bureauof Zhejiang Province monthly.

o The local environmental monitoring stations of the sub-projects should be in charge ofmonitoring the industrial wastewater discharged into wastewater treatment plants thoroughly,monitoring the wastewater from enterprises with serious pollution regularly. The localenvironmental protection departments should supervise the enterprises whose wastewaterquality could not reach the standard, to make a preliminary treatment of the wastewater, soas to enable the water quality to conform to Integrated Standard for Wastewater Discharge(GB8978-1996) and the standards stipulated in standards for water discharge from relatedbusiness.

o The local environrnental monitoring stations of the WWTPs should monitor regularly thequality of the water discharge from the works to promote its normal operation and reach theexpected goal. If the water quality does not reach the standard, the WWTPs should analyzeto find the reasons and readjust its operation or parameter to ensure the water meet thestandard. If the condition is ripe, an auto-monitor of water quality can be placed at the sewerof the WWTPs.

7.6.2 Annual Environmental Quality Report

The recommended environmental monitoring program is significant in both the construction andinitial operation phases of the project. In addition, the specified monitoring involves manyparticipants from the project level to the national level. The results of this environmental monitoringprogram should be summarized in an Annual Environmental Quality Report (AEQR), which isdistributed to all relevant project offices as well as the World Bank. The charts in the beginning of thechapter provide convenient checklists for these reports, as well as the Environmental Instituterecommendations of the previous section.

At the beginning of January every year, each project construction unit sorts the relative monitoringdata and reports it to Zhejiang Province Project Office, and Zhejiang Province Project Office collectsthe data and reports it to the World Bank every year in the form of an AEQR. The minimuminformation that should be reported in the AEQR is shown in Tables 7.32 and 7.33.



Table 7.32: Minimum Wastewater Monitoring Data in Annual Environmental QualityReport

Year ended December 31 Unit 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

1. Physical Parameters

Wastewatcr generated 1 000 rn3/y

Wastewater collected 1000 m3/y

Wastewater treated 1000 m3/y

Wastewater billed 1000 m3/y

Sewer connections Number

Length of combined sewers Km

Length of separate sewers Km

Length of interceptor sewers Km

Total treatment capacity 1000 m3/d

Capacity of treatment plant No ! 1000 m3/d

Capacity of treatment plant No 2 1000 m3/d

Biochem Oxygen Demand outlet (Nol ) Mg/liter

Chemical Oxygen Demand outlet (No 1) Mg/liter

Suspended Solids outlet (No I) Mg/liter

Biochem Oxygen Demand outlet (No2) Mg/liter

Chemical Oxygen Demand outlet (No 2) Mg/liter

Suspended Solids outlet (No 2) Mg/liter

BOD in the recipient downstream a) Mg/liter

COD in the recipient downstream Mg/liter

SS in the recipient downstream Mg/liter

DO in the recipient downstream b) Mg/liter

E-Coli (tnplicate sampling) c) MPN/lOOml

2. Management of Operating Agencies

Agency employees d) Number

Employees/1000 connections Number

3. Financial Parameters

Average sewerage tanff RMB/m3

Days of account receivable Number

Receivables over billing %

Working ratio %

Operating Ratio

Maintenance expenses to total cost of %

operations

Contnbution to investment %

Debt service coverage Number

Debt equity ratio Number

4. Institutional Development Parameters

Days training accomplished Number

TA days input Number

Number of Board meetings Number

Staff recruited Number



Key Action Plan target dates achieved

a) approval of business (A) license Date

(B) charter Date

b) appointment of Board Date

c) first Board Meeting Date

d) issue of RfP for TA Date .

e) commence TA Date

f) commence training program Date

a) BOD, COD, SS, DO and E-Coli in receiving river would be sampled quarterly and the respective progress

report would show lowest and highest results

b) Dissolved Oxygcn

c) Applicable methodology (multiple-tube fermentation technique or membrane filter technique),determined at

pre-appraisal

d) Excluding casual laborers

Table 7.33: Minimum Solid Waste Monitoring Data in Annual Environmental QualityReport

Year ended December 31 Unit 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

1. Physical Parameters

Solid Waste generated 1000 t/

Solid Waste collected 1000 t/y

Solid Waste recycled 1000 t/y

Solid Waste incinerated 1000 t/y

Solid Waste received by landfill 1000 t/y

Wastewater billed 1000 m3/y

Population served by MSW collection Number

Number of Transfer Stations Number

Number of MSW Transfer Vehicles Number

Total leachate treatment plant (LTP) capacity m3/d

Biochemical Oxygen Demand at LTP inlet Mg/litre

Chemical Oxygen Demand at LTP inlet MgAlitre

Suspended Solids outlet at LTP inlet Mg/litre

Biochemical Oxygen Demand at LTP outlet Mg/litre

Chemical Oxygen Demand at LTP outlet Mg/litre

Suspended Solids outlet at LTP outlet Mg/litre

2. Management of Operating Company

Company employees (a) Number

Employees/t MSW landfilled Number

3. Financial Parameters

Average MSW tariff RMB/t

Days of account receivable Number

Receivables over billing (collection efficiency) %

Working ratio %

Operating Ratio %

7-38



Maintenance expenses to total cost of operations %

Contnbution to investment

Debt service coverage Number

Debt equity ratio Number

4. Institutional Development Parameters =

Days training accomplished Number

TA days input Number

Number of Board meetings Number

Staff recruited Number

Key Action Plan target dates achieved

(i) Approval of business license and charter Date

(ii) Appointment of Board Date

(iii) First Board meeting Date

(iv) Issue RfP for TA Date

(v) Commence TA Date

(vi) Commcncc traiiing program Datc

7.6.3 Access to Data

The public shall have access to the above data on request.

The ZPMO will prepare an annual report to be submnitted to the ZPG, the ZEPB and the World Bank

summarising the above results and making recommendations for changes to counteract any

weaknesses identified.

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8 Public Process and EA Public Pardcipation

There are no laws in China covering requirements for public participation in Environmental ImpactAssessments. However guidelines were issued in 1993 in a paper issued jointly by:

O The State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA)

o The State Planning Commission

o The Peoples Bank of China

The full title of the document is "Strengthening the management of environmental impact assessmentsfor projects to be supported by loans from the international financing agencies".

This document includes a section covering public participation, which has been informally translatedas follows:

Public participation is an important part of environmental impacts assessment. Particularsections should be included within the EA report covering the interests of the public andsocial institutions including infornation on compensation. Public participation can takeplace during the stages of reviewing an Assessment Outline and reviewing the EA report. Inaccordance with present procedures in China, the following methods can be used:

The Construction Unit and the Environmental Authority can listen to the opinions of theCounty/District members, representatives of People's Committees, associations of the public,students, residents and villagers.

Ask for opinions and suggestions from the public at or near the site of the project.

The above work can be done by issuing public opinion surveys, inviting discussions,meetings or invitations to take part in the checking and reviewing meetings of assessmentoutlines and reports.

The concemed authorities should take fully into consideration of the public views andfeedback to the construction unit, when checking Assessment Outlines and Reports.

8.1 Meetings with Public Officials in Developing Project and EA

During the 9-month project development time leading up to pre-appraisal and this EA, there havebeen many meetings with the city PMOs, utility companies, city EPBs and other affected cityorganisations to discuss the proposed projects and environmental assessments. These meetings haveoccurred monthly at a minimum and have resulted in full collaboration with local officials and fullsupport of the project and the EA process.




8.2 Survey of Public Officials and Citizens in Project Area

8.2.1 Objectives

ZUEP proposes to apply the World Bank for using its loan aims at further accelerating theenvironmental infrastructure construction and culture conservation, improving the construction ofsystems of collecting, disposing and treatmg municipal wastewater and domestic solid wastes in thethree major cities in Zhejiang -- Ningbo, Shaoxing and Hangzhou.

The implementation of the Project will help improve urban water environment, energetically lift thefeatures and grades of the cities, raise the living quality and standards of residents, and lay a solidfoundation for the future sustainable development in the province. However, the project constructionand operation will involve the issue of land occupations, and may bring about local environmentalchanges. In line with the environment laws and administrative provisions, and the World Bank's EApolicies (OP4.01) as well, the public participation work is done during EIA, to hear comments andsuggestions from experts, administrative departments, and the residents and the units in the projectaffected areas.

Public consultation first consisted of surveys of public officials and other affected persons. After theComponent EA reports were completed, they were advertised in local media and the intemet forcomment by local citizens.

8.2.2 Principles of Public Participation Survey

The investigation of public participation is conducted on the principle of combining selectiveness andrandomness, to ensure faimess without any inclination of investigators, personal sensations, or othersubjective factors.

8.2.3 Forms of Public Participation

Where local conditions permit, this pubic involvement is conducted on two levels, namely, the publicinvolvement, and the participations of the experts and public affairs administration officials.

* Symposiums

At the symposiums with the experts and the officials, the project scopes are introduced; EIA outlinesreviewed, comments and suggestion heard through approaches of discussing and consulting theenvironment management policies and potential environment impacts in relation to the project, so asto improve the ETA work.

* Public Participation

In light of the structural features in the local areas, the Public Participation Questionnaires aredistributed to the units, residents and community commnittees, explaining the environmental, socialand economic benefits of the project, potential advantageous and disadvantageous influences theproject may bring about to the regional environment quality, human bodily health and so on, andrequesting for their comments and suggestions concermng the issues of environment protectionrelated to the project.

8-2



8.2.4 Organisation of Public Participation Work

The Public Participation work is organized and implemented by components of the cities. The ways ofsurvey are distributing questionnaires, symposiums, and oral surveys at random, to request for thecomments and suggestions of the residents in the project affected areas.

Representatives of public participation are composed of people of vanous cycles, including those withdifferent educational backgrounds, their jobs including cadres, teachers, students, technologist,accountants, workers, and their ages varying between 18 and 70.

8.2.5 Investigation and Analysis of Pubic Consensus

Hangzhou No. 2 Landfill Component

Survey Number 1.

During this survey 30 persons are inquired orally, and 200 questionnaires are released, 165 of whichcollected back. The persons investigated are deputies of the People's Congress, members of thePolitical Consultative Conference, government officials, professors, common citizens and theresidents in the project-affected area.

The survey results show that 100% of them consider that the construction and operation of the No. 1Landfill has played a great role in improving the municipal environment and sanitation in HangzhouCity. Other results indicated that:

o The public shows a great deal of consistency towards the significance construction andoperation of the first landfill has had in improving urban environment and sanitation, with86.7% of the surveyed subjects recognize "enormous significance," 12.7% recognizingmedium significance, none of them deciding on "little significance", and with 0.6% not sureof this issue.

o 63.0% of the surveyed subjects decide existing landfill odour is little, 28.5% reckon noodour problem, 7.9% reckon a serious odour problem, and 0.6% were not sure of this matter.

o Regarding the issue of the threat of the leachate drainage towards the waterway, 78.8%reckon "not too big threat", 12.1% reckon "serious problem" and 3.6% and 5.5% reckons"no threat" and "not sure" respectively;

o In the area subject to the influence of the project, 85.3% reckons that the underground wateris not polluted; 13.7% is not sure about this matter; only 1.0% reckons that the undergroundwater is polluted.

o 52.7% does not think that construction and operation of the landfill increased the density offlies in the nearby area; 39.4% thinks that density of flies goes higher; 7.3% is not sureabout this matter.

o 84.8% recognizes greatly improved management of the landfill, 10.9% does not see toomuch change, 1.8% sees a little bit of improvement, 2.4% is not sure of this matter.

o Regarding the issue of influence of the first landfill on the residents' daily lives, 65.5% and30.3% reckon "not too big influence " and "no influence " respectively, only 2.4% reckon"enormous influence ", and 1.8% is not sure of this matter.

o 100% reckons the significance No.2 Landfill will have in improving urban appearance ofHangzhou.



* 99.4% approves of locating No.2 Landfill at the lower reaches of the first landfill; 0.6% isnot sure of this matter; none of the surveyed subjects disapproves.

* 100% thinks that the environmental mfluence during the construction of the landfill isacceptable.

* Taking benefits and disadvantages into consideration, 100% shows support towards theconstruction of No.2 Landfill. 96.7% think that basically they do not feel the smell from thelandfill.

The members of experts group of evaluating EA Outlmes deem that in the course of EA, attention hasbeen adequately paid to the reviewing of ETA on the No. I Landfill, and the environmental andsanitary Impacts likely brought to the surrounding circumstances during the operation of the project.The design of the works shall attach importance to the reliability of the separate system, collection ofthe leachate, seepage control and discharge orientation of the treated effluent.

The issues that the public are much concerned about reflected in the survey are:

* The reliabilities of leachate collection, seepage control and discharge orientation;

* Since presently the solid wastes increase rapidly every year, whether the constructionprogress of the No. 2 Landfill can be dovetailed with the closure of the No. 1;

* The villagers near the landfill are concerned about whether the outward movement of thelandfill would further increase the fly density, and whether the management of the landfillhas attached adequate importance to this issue.

Survey Number 2

The survey results show that 100% of the 81 questionaires consider that the construction andoperation of the No. 1 Landfill has played a great role in improving the municipal environment andsanitation in Hangzhou City. Other results indicated that:

* The majonty of the public recognizes the absolute necessity for constructing No.2 Landfill.Reasons for their support for this project are basically the same as those drawn from the firstsurvey. Still, some survey subjects have the following concerns regarding construction ofthe project:

* 45.7% reckon "stinking smell, and fly issue" is the major environmental issue posed by thefirst landfill; 58.0% reckons "anti-seeping, disposal and final destination of leachatedrainage" more critical. Therefore, they have concerns whether these two majorenvironmental issues will be handled in No.2 Landfill;

* 75.3% reckon environmental issues as their major concern regarding the construction ofNo.2 Landfill. The constructing and managing body of the second landfill is stronglysuggested to pay full attention to solving environmental issue of No.2 Landfill, to carry outeffective pollution precaution and treatment measures, to protect public interests, and toguarantee smooth progressing of the project;

12.6% has concern about waste disposal charge. The government should install wastecharging mechanism on basis of "service shall charge" principle, in the meantime, thegovernment should also deliver preferential policy to protect the interests of the commonpeople.

* strengthen construction management to ensure the operation of the first landfill is notaffected;

8-4I \WB Corsolidated EA_250303 dcc/


o popularize the practice of categorized waste collection and disposal, to consider theapproach of "decrease the amount of waste" and "waste recycling", and to increase theserving period of the landfill.

o improve the facility of waste collecting and transporting, to reduce negative influence;

o use sewage pipes and valves made by stainless steel;

o set up commonweal enterprises to be responsible for operating the landfill with thegovernment determining on the operation rules of this enterprise for convenience offunctioning of the enterprise;

o related government services should clear the way for the implementation of this project.

Public Disclosure of EA Findings

Pending

Shaoxing Urban Infrastructure Upgrading Component

Survey Number I

In the process of this public participation survey, totally 30 questionnaires are disseminated to theresidents in the project affected old city area, all of which are collected back. The persons surveyedinclude cadres, workers and staff, teachers, doctors, individual businesspersons and retirees.

The survey results show that:

o 90% of them know well or hear about the main contents of the component;

o 92.8% express their supports to the construction of it;

o 81.4% are willing to pay a certain amount of money for the canals rehabilitation, varyingfrom several yuan to several hundred yuan;

o 94% think that the environment improvement in the urban district may cause the pnce ofreal estate to rise;

o 49.5% dissatisfy the environment quality of scenic spots in the urban district of Shaoxing,which need to be improved;

o 48.5% express that the compensations for house demolition and residents resettlement areon low side;

o 55.7% think that the costs for municipal wastewater treatment should be paid by wastewaterdischarging units,

o 24.7% think that the costs should be paid by the government, and

o 19.6 consider that the costs should be paid jointly by the government, wastewaterdischarging units and residents.

Survey Number 2

The second public investigation was carried out during August to September of 2002 while quantitiesof the material objects to be demolished was being investigated. All of the families, corporations,institutions and shops to be removed for the sake of this project are involved in the secondinvestigation. (There are 157 families, 21 corporations and institutions and 5 shops.) The members ofthe investigation group solicited the suggestions (including the inclination of the emigrates' settlement)



of the families, delegates of the juridical persons of the Units involved in the demolition.Contemporarily, the negotiation was carried through widely.

According to the result of the second investigation, all infornants think that this project will improvethe living environment; ninety percent of the informants know or partly know the policy ofcompensation of land acquisition; 85 percent of the infonnants know that they can appeal when theirlegitimate rights are infringed.


The result of the investigation and this report will strictly obey to the principle of opening and faimess.This report will be put away in the Provincial Environment Protection Bureau, the Civic EnviromnentProtection Bureau, the Provincial Environment Science Institute and the Office of the UrbanInfrastructure Reconstruction Projects of Shaoxing City. It will be promulgated in the Internet onMarch 1, the address of which is http://www.sx.gov.cn/. The telephone number of connection is 0575-511726 and the connected person's name is Zhujun. Welcoming the public to read and supervise.

Complete

Ningbo - Zhenhai WWTP and Supporting Sewerage

Survey Number I

In this public participation survey, totally 100 questionnaires are released, 90 of which in ZhenhaiDistrict (including Ningbo University), 86 collected back; and 10 of which in Ningbo old urbandistricts, 9 collected back, totally 95 collected back, the rate of return 95%.

The survey results show that all the public and communities support the construction of ZhenhaiWWTP, considering that as an environrnental protection project the implementation of WWTPcomponent will help improve the water environment quality and the environment in the area, raiseresidents' living quality; as far as the treatment, disposal and discharge of the "three-wastes" producedduring the operation of WWTP, they are much concerned about, requesting that correspondingenvironment protection measures be adopted for control and mitigation of pollution.

Suirvey Number 2


Pending

Ningbo - Jiangdongnan WWTP

Survey Number 1

In this public participation survey, totally 50 questionnaires are released to Lmgjia (which will beremoved because it is near the WWTP) and Fujia villages adjacent to the project area, 41 of which arecollected back, the rate of return, 82.5%.



The survey indicates that 100% of the population are dissatisfied with the status of water environment,and support the construction of the WWTP, thmking the construction will help improve the waterenvironment quality and the environment in the urban district, being beneficial to raising livingstandards and quality, promoting the sustainable development of the local economy. The residents inthe ambient areas around the VVWTP and near the sewerage system think that the resettlement mayhave some influences on their lives. However, they are basically satisfied with the compensation forland acquisition and house demolition, requesting their resettlement and compensations be arranged assoon as possible. The population is concemed about the treatment, disposal and discharge of the"three-wastes" during the operation of WWTP, requesting that corresponding environmnentalprotection measures be employed to control and mitigate their impacts.

Survey Number 2

In addition, a small-sized symposium is held in the project area. Participants include farmers, workers,sci-tech professionals and local officials. At the symposium, citizens think that Ningbo is a cityopening to the outside on the coastal region and also a plans-independently-listed (enjoying the rightof being directly led by the central government as a province in the fields of development planning)city, whose economy is quite developed. However, it is backward as far as municipal wastewatertreatment capacity concerned, which is neither proportional to the image of the city, nor supportive tothe urban construction and development. All the participating citizens hope the municipal governmentwill prepare and construct the component of WWTP, considering that the construction of WVVTP canresolve the current problem of inner-nlver pollution caused by domestic wastewater discharged fromsouth Jiangdong area and some part of Haishu District, to eliminate indirect influence of the inner-river pollution on the residents' health. It can also improve the natural environment of Ningbo andurban infrastructures, making the city's appearance look brand-new, raising its reputations at homeand abroad. The WWTP will vigorously support the modemisation construction of the city.

At the symposium with participants of the villagers in the adjacent areas of the component, though thevillagers consider that it is necessary to construct the WWTP, they also put forward some issues, e.g.employments shall be properly arranged for the farmers who have contracted the production of thefarmland to be acquired. Moreover, after the construction of WWTP, agricultural use power supplylines and irrigation canals may change their runs; it would be difficult for farmers to plant crops insmall-sized farmland after vast farmland being acquired.

Public Disclosuire of EA Findings

Pending

Ningbo - Dongqian Lake Rehabilitation Component

Survey Number 1

In this public participation survey totally 100 questionnaires are issued, 95 of which are collectedback, the rate of return 95%. This survey covers the common people in over 50% of the villages,community committees in the areas around the lake, deputies of the People's Congress andgovernment officials in the affected areas.

The survey results show that most people surveyed hold positive attitudes, thinking that the waterenvironment of the lake needs to be improved; the implementation of the component will not onlyimprove the water quality of the water body of the lake to protect human bodily health, but also



promote the development of tourism undertaking, having great significances in improving theinvestment environment, promoting local economic development and increasing employmentopportunities in Ningbo. However, considering that the impacts may be brought about upon the localresidents during the construction period, they request that measures be adopted to control the impacts,and the construction period be shortened as much as possible, and that the drinking water quality beprotected and influence on people's drinking water reduced as much as possible during theconstruction period. They also suggest that the component try its best to preserve the original localfeatures. The masses are much concerned about resettlement and compensations for house demolitionand land acquisition, hoping that the arrangements for resettlement and land acquisition will beadequate and reasonable.

Survey Number 2

Pending


Pending

Ningbo - Cicheng Town, Jiangbei District

Survey Number 1

Seventy questionnaires are issued in this survey, mainly to community cormrnittees, umts,communities, and officials of the local governments, and deputies of the People's Congress andPolitical Consultative Conference, 62 of which are collected back, a rate of return 88.6%.

The survey results indicate that 100% of the persons investigated support the Cicheng EnvironmentComponent; most of them think that the status quo the environment in Cicheng Town is bad, and thatthe construction of the component will help improve the urban ecosystem and the living quality of theresidents in the town, conducive to precipitate the urbanisation progress, and to promote thedevelopment of the society, economy and tourism in the area. In terms of the attitudes ofunderstanding of the impacts during the construction period, they consider them acceptable, but hopethe construction will be carried out in a civilized way, and the construction period should be shortenedas much as possible. Most of the industrial enterprises to be relocated and the individual businesses aswell as the residents hope that they can obtain sufficient compensations so as to timely settle downand that the government can provide them with convenience for their future lives and address theissues of their employments.

Survey Number 2

In addition, in the project area, a small-sized symposium is held. The participating citizens at largethink that Ningbo is a coastal city opening to the outside with a developed economy, also it is a waterland city featured popular south of the Yangtze River, and that the inner-city nvers play importantroles of urban flood control, navigation, sightseeing, environment beautification and air punfication,their appearances having significant influences on the status of the urban environment. A provincialhistoric well-known town and the centre of economy, commerce and trade, and culture in the west of



Jiangbei District, Cicheng has not yet rehabilitated its environment, and lost its original features of ahistoric, cultural town to a large extent.

A great amount of municipal wastewater untreated and part of industrial wastewater are directlydischarged into the inner-town canals (moat) and the Cijiang River, finally into the Yuyao River,bringing about great pollution to the water bodies in Nmgbo, which is not proportional to the image ofNingbo as an international port city. They hope that the municipal government will prepare andimplement the component. All the participating citizens think that the implementation of thecomponent will extraordinarily improve the ecosystem of the town, raise the water environmentquality, eliminate the indirect influence of the inner-canal pollution on the residents' health andperfect the urban infrastructures to better push forward the development of the tourist resources,society and economy in the area.

At the symposium, though all of the participants consider it necessary to implement the component,yet they put forward some issues and suggestions:

o It is suggested that adequate compensations be given to the relocated and resettledenterprises, individual businesses and residents in accordance with the regulationsconcerned.

o It is suggested that special attention be paid to noises and bottom sludge smell, especially inthe area where houses are densely distributed. They hope that vigorous measures will beadopted.

o Whether the construction will affect traffic and residents' trips, and whether the componentcan be completed on schedule.

o Since the investment is great, it is suggested that funds be utilized rationally and effectively.

O How to maintain the water quality in the canals during the operation period. It is hoped thatrational wastewater tariff standard should be worked out.


Pending

8.3 EA Disclosure

Publicity methods have included announcing existence of project and EA report on local radio andtelevision broadcasts, as well as being published in newspapers. These announcements give locallocations, generally the local PMO offices in each city, where EA and RAPs can be inspected andcomments made. They also give contact telephone numbers where information can be obtained.Posters summarising EA and RAPs are displayed in village centres and public meetings are held.These public disclosure methods began in June 2000 when the HDI submitted the EA to SEPA forreview, which is the specified time period in Chinese regulations. Since the project isenvironmentally positive, the late publication does not appear to be a problem, and there have been nomajor objections raised to the project.

After finishing the environmental assessment statements of each sub-project, each sub-project hasheld the second public participation. The construction unit of the each project city held meetings,inviting villagers' representatives in surrounding area of the proposed project. After realising the maincontent of environmental assessment statement, public widely expressed approval of the wastewater

8-9



treatment project. The proposed project will improve the water environmental quality of project area,optimuse the investment climate and accelerate the economic development.

In addition, according to the arrangement of the World Bank's experts, each project construction unitwill release project information by the media of newspaper, TV, etc. The public can consult relativefiles of environmental assessment in appointed place arranged by sub-project construction unit, andthe public can express standpoint and view adequately. The media information release was held fromJuly 15, 2000 to July 31, 2000. Each sub-project construction unit will feedback the results ofinformation release to the World Bank in good time.

ZEPRI has confirmed that the sub-project EAs and the consolidated Provincial EA have beenavailable for public review at the PMO/PTU offices.

Tables showmg details and dates for various consultation and disclosure activities for each city wereprepared by the Province, and they follow the chapter as Tables 8.1 and 8.2. Check ZEPRI and NEPRIto see if available!

Add compliance with World Bank disclosure policy of January 1, 2002.

8.4 Summary of Public Input

It can be seen from the above-mentioned surveys that the persons investigated during these surveysrepresent different estates, and the results show that all the governmental agencies and the masses inthe project areas, and the experts as well have cognitions on the significances of construction of theProject, holding "For" attitudes for the project construction. Nonetheless, as the survey reportsuggests, the media's attention and publicity strength should be stressed. As the feedback suggestionsand comments, the main issues that the public are concerned are: (1) resettlement and compensation;(2) length of construction period.

In termns of resettlement and compensation, all the local governments in the component areas haveworked out corresponding policies for resettlement and compensation, e.g. readjustment of productivefarmland, cash-compensation based on floor area of house, etc.; and the comments and opinions of themasses in the project affected areas are requested; the implementing agencies concerned will try theirbest to make the masses satisfied, ensuring that the residential and environmental quality afterresettlement will be better than the existing.

To guarantee the completion of the components on schedule, two main measures shall be adopted:first, it shall be ensured that the specific capital shall be used for the specific purpose; second, theconstruction engineering units shall be chosen whose construction quality and reputations are good,and the construction schedule shall be arranged rationally.

The many meetings with public officials in the province coupled with the ZEPRI surveys of publicsupport show that these projects are extremely positive and well received by the public. Noobjections have been received by the city PIUs and there is no indication that there is anyone that isnot in support of these projects or would try to stop their completion.



Table 8.1: Zhejiang EA - Information of Public Participation Survey



Table 8.2: Zhejiang EA- Summary Information Disclosure



9 Summary and Conclusions

9.1 General Conclusions

In order to control water pollution of Zhejiang Province and improve environment quality, the ZUEPwas forrnulated in Zhejiang province by using World Bank loans. At present, there is a serious needfor improved environmental infrastructure in Zhejiang Province, as outlined in the Green Plan of theProvince. This includes additional wastewater collection and treatment, additional solid wastemanagement facilities, lake and canal refurbishment, and other miscellaneous infrastructure. Currently,the surface waters and near coastal marine waters are polluted and unable to meet their designatedwater use classifications.


o by 2005, the systems of environmental protection policies & regulations and management,which are suitable to the development of economy and society in the province, as well asthose of controlling total pollutant discharge amount will have been initially established inthe province;

o tendency of environmental pollution and ecosystem destruction in the province effectivelycontrolled;

o environment quality much improved in major cities and regions;

o province will manage to take the lead in the country in setting up a benign ecologicalenvironmnent system meeting the requirements of sustainable development, and try its best togo ahead in the environmental protection work in the country.

The World Bank provided assistance to Zhejiang Province a decade ago under the Multi-Cities Project,which improved water supplies, transportation and other infrastructure. Environmental infrastructurewas to be covered under a later loan, and this was how the ZUEP was conceived and formulated.Local officials consider it urgent to carry out the ZUEP. The ZUEP envisages the followingenvironmental improvements:

o Hangzhou. The Hangzhou proposals include the construction of a new solid waste landfillwith a capacity of 22. 10 million cubic metres.

o Ningbo. The Ningbo proposals include the construction of three new wastewater treatmentfacilities with a total capacity of 220,000 m31d, construction, expansion and rehabilitation ofthe sewerage network, rehabilitation of inner-city watercourses, Dongqtanhu Lake clean-upand development, and infrastructure upgrading in Cicheng town.

O Shaoxing. Shaoxing proposals include the rehabilitation of urban watercourses, upgradingof urban infrastructure services and conservation of historic sites and buildings in five areasof the Old City.

The ZUEP projects have been properly formulated and they will form an important contribution to theachievement of the goals of the province. The construction of WWTPs has lagged behind the plannedschedule of the province, making it more important than ever to accelerate WWTP construction.Domestic wastewater collection and treatment remains far behind the anticipated construction

9-1I \WB Consolidated EA_250303 docd


milestones. Additional solid waste management facilities, lake and canal refurbishment, and othermiscellaneous infrastructure are also urgently needed.

With respect to the environmental protection, the general urban plan and the drainage project plan, thedesign of proposed ZUJEP component projects in the Zhejiang project cities has proved to bereasonable, as well as and the location selection of component facilities. The locations of componentprojects meet the requirements of the local urban plans and the environmental protection.

The objectives of ZUEP are consistent with the environmental objectives of the Tenth Five-year Plan,and they are closely related with each other. The implementation of ZUJEP will vigorously push thecentral wastewater treatment rates and the rates of domestic rubbish treatment without harmful effectsto be raised; treating and reducing wastewater pollutant loads will help realize the control objectivesof total pollutant discharge amounts, effectively control the environmental pollution tendency andmeet the standard of surface water during the period of the Tenth Five-year Plan. Especially, theappearances, styles and grades of the project cities can be much upgraded through environmentalrehabilitation and water environment quality improvement, laying a solid foundation for thesustainable development of the provmce in the future.

9.2 Existing Environmental Conditions, Zhejiang Province

In Zhejiang Province, the main surface water bodies are the Fenghua River, Yongjiang River,Dongqian Lake, Cicheng canals, Cijiang River and Zhenhai river system in Ningbo, the canals inShaoxing, the Yanshan River in Hangzhou, etc. The following conclusions were drawn from the waterquality monitoring data:

* Water quality status of Yongjiang and Fenghua rivers of Yongjiang River System - Theresults of monitoring in the recent three years disclose that the water quality of the Fenghuaand Yongjiang rivers is steady on the whole, tending to be somewhat improved. DO, NH3-Nand TP were only Category V or a bit worse respectively in 1999 and 2000 in the originallymost serious polluted section between Chenglangyan and Sanjiangkou of the Fenghua River.In 2001 all the monitored data reached the standard of Category [V, meeting therequirements of environmental functions. The indicators of the Yongjiang River havereached Category IV functional requirements steadily in recent years. Overall, thedownstream water quality is better than that of the upstream, which is related to the greatdilution effect of tides in the Yongjiang River estuary.

* Dongqian Lake water quality status. The water quality status of Dongqian Lake has not beenso optimistic in recent years. 100% of the indicators, TP, TN and oils, exceed the standardlimits at the centre monitoring points of Xiashui and the North Lake, their yearly averagevalues only meeting the requirements of Category IV water, unable to satisfy the function ofClass 1 protection area for drinking water. Also 100% of the indicators, TP, TN and oils,exceed the standard limits at the centre monitonng points of the South Lake, the yearlyaverage value of TN only reaching Category V standard, and those of TN and oils, CategoryIV, all worse than the water quality requirements for Category III functional zone. DongqianLake is senously polluted by P and N, which are the main causes of lake eutrophication.



o Water quality statuses of inner-town rivers and Cijiang River. The watercourses in CichengTown all belong to the Cijiang River system. At both cross-sections of Sanban Bridge andCijiang Gate, water quality was of Category V during 1999-2001. The main pollutantsexceeding the standard limits were NH3-N, oils and TP. The water body was seriouslyeutrophic, whose quality was worse than the requirements of Category HI surface waterfunctional zone. The existing waterway in the centre of Cicheng Town is the moat (West,South and East Moats). Because the moat and Cihu Lake directly receive the domestic andpartial industrial wastewaters in the town, the water quality of them is not good at present.Except that the East Moat is Category IV water body, the water quality of others are allworse than Category V. Main pollutants exceedmg the standard limits are CODMfl, oils,NH 3-N, and TP. The water quality of the water bodies cannot meet the requirements ofCategory III water function.

o Water quality status of watercourses in Zhenhai. The data monitored in the previous threeyears display that none of heavy metal indicators exceeding SLs during 1999-2001; in1999 DO, CODmn and BOD5 only exceeded the standard limits (SLs) individually; in2000, main pollutants exceeding SLs were NH3-N and CODMn, DO and BOD5

individually exceeding SLs; in 2001, main pollutants above SLs were NH3-N and BOD5,CODMn individually beyond SLs. Overall, the water quality of the inner rivers in theassessed area is Category IV, main pollution indicators being CODMn, BOD5, DO andnon-ionic ammonia.

o Water quality status of inner-city canals in Shaoxing. The data monitored in 2000 show thatthe water quality in the inner-city canals in Shaoxing was not good. Among 9 monitoringcross-sections, only one section was Category m in water quality, representing 1. 1% of thetotal monitored cross-sections; three cross-sections, Category IV, 33.3%; five worse thanCategory IV, 55.6%. Only four could meet the requirements of water functions defined,amounting to 44.4%, none of the rest five was able to satisfy the relevant functionalrequirements, accounting for 55.6%. Main indicators exceeding SLs were DO, BOD5, non-ionic ammonia and pernanganate index. Overall, the water quality of the canals in Shaoxingwas worse than Category IV.

o Water quality status of Yanshan River in Hangzhou. The data monitored during 1999-2001displayed that the water quality of the Yanshan River was bad. Main indicators, CODcr,BOD5, TP, etc., were worse than the requirements of Category V water functions; the waterquality has been a bit improved since March 2001 when all the leachate of the No. 1Landfill had been intercepted by sewers, but overall the water quality of the river is still atCategory V or worse, which indicates the river is largely affected by the industnal, domesticand agricultural wastewater from its penpheral areas. Only by overall wastewaterinterception and integrated treatment, can its functions be recovered.

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Monitoring data of seawater in project area. The sea area in relation to the project area isonly Ningbo Zhenhai sea area, which will receive the meeting-standard treated effluent fromZhenhai WWTP. The construction of the WWTP may bring a certain negative impact.However, the dilution and dispersion capacities of the sea area, strict enforcement of theregulation of meeting-standard discharge and optirnized selection of outlet will mrinimize theunfavourable effects. Furthermore, the implementation of the South Jiangdong WWTP andother projects concerned will be good for protecting the environmental function of the seaarea at the Yongjiang River estuary. Indicators of CODMfl, oils and various items of heavymetals can all meet the water quality of Category II or better, however, all the indicators ofactive phosphate and non-organic nitrogen exceed Category IV in the assessed sea area,indicating that the water quality is seriously polluted by N and P in this sea area, which isoverall consistent with the general status of N and P pollutions in the offshore sea areas inour country, implying that the control on land pollution sources should be strengthened.

9.3 Positive Impacts

9.3.1 General

Public health projects like the ZUEP carry many general benefits to the citizens of the project cities.These benefits were outlined m detail in Chapter 5. The project reports outline specific and quantifiedbenefits in the areas of:

* Public Health

* Poverty Impact

* Improved Environrnental Conditions

* Reduction in Other Forms of Sanitation

* Direct Economic Benefits (eg., landfill gas and energy, fisheries)

* Improved Public Utility Services

* Reduction in Flooding

* Improved Mobility from Roads

* Dredging Benefits to Urban Canals

* Tourism

* Property and Rental Values

* Recreation and Amenity

* Employment Creation

* Advancing Municipal Development Plans

* Improved Surface Water Quality

9.3.2 Improved Surface Water Quality, ZUEP Cities and Basin

Hangzhou

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As described in Chapter 4, the leachate from the existing and proposed landfills has been interceptedand is now treated by the Hangzhou WWTP. The interception of this leachate was accomplished in200 1, and resulted in only modest water quality improvements to the Yanshan River. This is due to thefact that the Yanshan River is seriously polluted by other industrial sources upstream of the previousdischarge location of the landfill.

Shaoxing

The Shaoxing city government has stated that as part of their planned improvements to the urbaninfrastructure and histonc areas of the city it is their aim to have clean, clear water running throughthe canals in order to improve the local environment and amenity for both residents and touristsHence, various water quality improvement measures have been proposed for inclusion in ZUEP inorder to help achieve this objective.

On their own these measures will not be sufficient. For example, after the proposed ZUIEPcomponents are completed further canal water quality improvements will only occur as seweragecoverage is extended across the whole city and the quality of the moat water, used to flush the canals,is improves. The City is constructing an outer moat system, scheduled for completion by 2010, whichwill attenuate flooding of the city as well as provide better quality water to the inner moat system. Theongoing environmental improvements elsewhere in Shaoxing City do not form part of ZUEP.

The environmental improvements included in the Shaoxing municipality planning up to the year 2005,which will result in an improvement in the water quality in the waters around Shaoxing and thus assistin improving water quality in the inner canal system include:

o Shaoxing WW7TP with capacity of 300Mld completed in 2001. A further 200Mld expansionis scheduled to be completed by 2004.

o Expansion of sewerage system with 80km of pipeline and 21 pumping stations. The trunksewerage system will be completed in 2003.

o Prevention of sewage discharges entering the outer moat.

o According to the Shaoxing master plan it is intended to expand the sewerage coverage inShaoxing City from 65% in 2000 to 80% in 2005 and 90% by 2020

Ningbo

The DRA has carried out modelling of the whole Yongjiang river catchment, with the aim of assessingthe likely water quality in the rivers following the implementation of the wastewater treatmentproposals The modelling examined several scenarios:

o No Action. Assessing the effect of increased population and development on water quality ifno measures are taken to manage pollution, looking at 2005, 2010, and 2020 horizons.

O WWTP construction in accordance with Ningbo Master Plan (NMP) and ZUEP componentFeasibility Study Reports (FSR). Assuming that the effluent meets and where likely bettersClass II standard. Sewage from outlying towns (Cicheng & Dongqian Lake) to be pumpedto Ningbo for centralised treatment.

o WWTP Effluent to Class I Standard. Full secondary treatment with nutrient removal.

O WWTP with Distributed treatment. As the second scenario but Cicheng and Dongqian willhave their own local WWTPs discharging to Class II.

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Zhejlang Urban Environment Project Environmental Assessment

* Industrial Discharges all meeting Class II. The effect of ensuring that all industrialdischarges comply with a Class II industrial discharge consent. (This option only considers asmall number of Discharges in Central Ningbo and Zhenhai cities)

From this analysis it can be concluded that the construction of the planned works at Jiangdongnan,Zhenhai, Dongqian Lake and elsewhere, together with the existing plant at Jiangdongbei and theplanned sewerage at Dongqian Lake and Cicheng will result in significant improvements in waterquality in the Yongj iang catchment.

9.3.3 Additional Potential Benefits

Implementation of the ZUEP components is likely to result in additional benefits, including:

* Reduced risk of groundwater contamination in the service areas.

* The impact of making realistic charges for wastewater services, should help to encouragewaste minimisation at source, and intemalise the costs of pollution control.

* Amenity benefits to the population of project cities are likely to accrue as the quality of theadjacent rivers improve. This could include use of the river for recreational purposes andthe development of riverside walks and parks for public use.

9.4 Potential Negative Impacts and Mitigations

9.4.1 Environmental Impacts, Construction Phase

Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)

Summary

Temporary and permanent land acquisition including some resettlement will occur as a result of theproject. The ZUEP project cities have prepared Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) for each ZUEPproject component, and these have been consolidated into a provincial project RAP.

Table 9.1 summarises the key RAP data.

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Table 9.1: Summary of Project Affected Land Statistics

Name of Household to Affected Area of Cost for Orientation forComponent Be Resettled Population Demolition/ Resettlement Resettlement

(nr) (Persons) Removal (M yuan)('000 mI)

Dongqian 93 234 8.50 11 90 Within DongqianLake Lake TownCicheng 1994 4899 97.07 175.21 Cicheng new

residential area

Jiangdongna 120 366 13.00 48.00 Nearbyn WWTPZhenhai 44 133 2.47 7.42 NearbyWWTPShaoxmg 1127 6833 63.00 107.10 NewNorth, East and

West ResidentialAreas

Total 3328 12465 184.04 349.63

Generally, the persons to be resettled will be resettled in new residential areas of the cities or resettledlocally. In the new residential areas, the environs will be good with complete infrastructures andpublic facilities, such as schools, hospitals, kindergartens, stores, etc. Traffic is also convenient.Living spaces and residential conditions will be better than the existing.

On the basis of the feedback information of the public participation questionnaires, most of residentsare satisfactory with the programs of resettlement for the project.

Hangzhou

The extent of the land acquisition and resettlement is summarised in Table 9.2.

Table 9.2: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Data for Hangzhou

Collective enterprises Resettlement Costs (million RMB)

Cultivated area Project Affected Base Total(mu) Persons

220 TBA 90 108

Shaoxing

The extent of the land acquisition and resettlement is summarised in Table 9.3.

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Table 9.3: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Data for Shaoxing

Collective Resettlement CostsHousing Urban Enterprises enterpr ises (niillion RMB)

Area Area Floor area2 PAP 2 PAP 2 PAP Base Total

63,000 6936 4775 502 177459 264 290

Ningbo

The extent of the land acquisition and resettlement is summarised m Table 9.4.

Table 9.4: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Data for Ningbo

ResettlementRural

Sub Urban Housing Housing Urban Collective CostsComponent Enter rises eniterp ises (Milli n RMB)

Area Floor(m2) PAP Area PAP (Are2) PAP area PAP Base Total

(m 2 ~m 2 I

Zhenhai 6,924 361 80 15,190 48.3

Jiangdongnan 13,000 366 38 0

Dongqian Lake 8,500 234 16 50 1

Cicheng 344,520 2302 3653 1,080 21,200 175 2

Total 359,944 2897 16,653 1,176 36,390 311.6

Note This data is extracted from the Resettlement Policy Framework and FSR documents. The PMOs are

currently carrying out more detailed survey work in order to prepare the RAPs

Demolition/Spoil

There is mimmum demolition required for the project components and the issue has been covered inthe RAP for the project. ZEPRI has quantified an estimate of excess spoil from each projectcomponent as shown in Table 9.5. ZEPRI have also review the proposed disposal sites and found nospecial environmental problems or issues related to these proposed sites.

Constructional solid wastes come mainly from the sludge generated in the process of dredgingrivers/canals and lakes, and abandoned earth and stone, and constructional solid wastes produced inthe course of pipeline and road construction and canals widening. The total quantity is estimated10.54 mullion m3, includmg 10.27 million m3 sludge, 268.8 thousand m3 abandoned earth and stone.

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Zhejiang Urban Environment Project Environmnental Assessment

Table 9.5: Summary on Sources, Quantities and DisposaD Methods of AbandonedSolid Wastes (Unit: mg/kg except organic matters)

Type ofType of ~ Quantity Disposal

Component. Description Abandoned Solid M) DisposWastes ('000 i 3) Method

South Jiangdong . Abandoned solidWWTP ~~~Pipelines wats53.69

Fill depressionsZhenhai WWTP Plant area, and Abandoned solid 9.00

sewerage wastes

WWTP ?? ? ??

Dongqian Lake Abandoned solid Covered on topRoad 60.00 of sludge

wastes storag

Dredging Sludge 72.60 Stored in sludgestorag,e

Cicheng Covered on topAbandoned solid of sludge

Pipelmes and roads wastes 168.80 storage, andlandscapmgriversides

Dredging Sludge 200.00 Sanj iangShaoxmg Urban Landfill

Upgrading Abandoned solidCanal widening wastes 31.00 Fill depressions

Sludge 10272.6

Total Abandoned solid 268.8

wastes

Note: In the construction of the No 2 Landfill in Hangzhou, no constructional abandoned solid wastes would generatedue to sclf-balanced earthwork.

Dredging Sediments

The sediment comes from dredging canals in Cicheng and Shaoxing. All sediment will be stored in

sediment storage facilities. The results of simulative experiment of sludge settlement in the canals

show that none of the harmful heavy metal compositions in the supematant and leachate exceeds thelimits of Category II standard (for drinking) (GB3838-2002); the rest indicators, CODCr, pH, TP, etc.,

also conform with the requirements of Class 1, Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge Standard. Refer

to Table 9.6.

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Table 9.6: Analysis Results of Cicheng and Shaoxing Sediment

Water Sample p1I COD TN TP Cr Cd Pb Zn Cu

Supernatant 99 ?? 9? 999 ? 9? ?9 99

Leachate

Cat II, 6-9 15 0.1 50 5 10 1000 1000

Class19, 6-9 100 / 0 5 500 100 1000 2000 - 500GB8978-1996 ____ ____ ____

Note: In the table, except pH , the unit for Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu is pig/l, and that of the rest, mg/l

Using sediment storage to store sludge would not bring about pollution or harms to the soil andgroundwater due to the fact that the compositions of the sediment basically meet the NationalPollutants Control Standard for Sludge for Agricultural Use; and also all the simulative heavy metalcompositions in the leachate conform with the requirements of Category II water (applicable todrinking water function) of the Surface Water Environment Quality Standard; moreover, thegroundwater in Ningbo has little usable value, since most of it is slightly saline or even saline becauseNingbo is in the coastal region. Nonetheless, for the purpose of safety, it is recommended that a 30 cmthick clay layer be lined on the bottom of the sediment storage in Cicheng for seepage control.

Monitonng data of dredged sludge compositions indicate that except that Pb value monitored at onepoint (the East Moat) was beyond the range of the standard, the values at all the rest points allconformed to the requirements of the Pollutant Control Standard for Sludge for Agricultural Use(GB4284-84). There appears to be little concern regarding toxicity of this sludge.

In the course of dredging and transporting sediment, smell will emit; dried sediment temporarilystored on banks would bring about raise dusts after being rolled; runoff wastewater would influencehygiene and views during rain; in the process of transportation, if attention is not paid to preventingsediment from loss along route, environment views would be affected. Nevertheless, such conditionsmentioned above are all temporary. After completion, the impacts will disappear.

Demolition/Spoil Mitigation:

* To increase the frequencies of monitoring the sludge in the canals in Cicheng Town andShaoxing City. If found, abnormal situation of heavy metals shall be handled with efforts.

* To adopt seepage control measure in the sludge storage yard in Cicheng. On the bottom ofthe storage, a 20-30 cm thick clay layer shall be laid to prevent the sludge leachate frompolluting groundwater.

• To prepare programs for vegetation rehabilitation on the top of the sludge storage.

Abandoned earth and stone

ZEPRI estimated the abandoned earth and stone from the project at 268.8 thousand m3, andconstructional solid wastes would be generated in the process of laying sewers, constructing roads,widenig canals and site preparation for the components. As stated m the FSR, abandoned earth willbe used under the subprojects of Dongqian Lake and Cicheng as covers on the sludge storage surfacesafter the sludge being dewatered and hardened. It is considered using the other subprojects abandonedearth to fill depressions and landscape riversides according to the opinions of the municipal publicfacilities bureau and the urban planning bureau.

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Because there are constructional projects densely distributed in these project cities, which need a greatamount of earth for backfill, the disposal of abandoned earth and stone would not brng aboutunfavourable environmental impact. ZEPRI recommended the following measures of mitigatingimpacts:

o Complete flood intercepting and leakage water discharging systems shall be constructed forthe sludge storages to support for the components concemed to prevent the sludge in thestorages from being brought away by runoff stormwater to pollute environment, and tomake the sludge and water separate quickly to promote the sludge to be dried and stabilized.A 30 cm thick clay layer should be laid on the bottom of the sludge storage in Cicheng forseepage control.

o If necessary, a certain amount of coagulant should be added in the course of transportingsludge to ensure that the discharged tail water can meet Class 1 standard of the WastewaterComprehensive Discharge Standard.

o After surface layer of the sludge storage is dried, 50-150 cm thick dry soil shall be covered,and the original vegetation recovered to avoid soil erosion and water loss.

Noise

Detailed noise assessment and results are provided in Chapter 5. The following mitigation measureswere recommended.

Nighttime construction shall be prohibited at the construction spots of pumping stations, pipelines,roads and bridges in urban districts. Speeds of vehicles shall be limited. Construction durations shallbe arranged rationally to avoid continual operations of machines with strong noises. Temporary soundisolation measures shall be adopted where necessary.

Heavy load trucks for transporting pipes are mobile and intermittent sources emitting significant noiseduring pipe laying, with noise levels in the range of 85-90 dB (A). The noise impact should not besignificant smce they will only operate in the daytime, they are less frequent than vehicle flows onexisting roadways, and the VWWTP sites are not in urban centres. The pipelines will often beexcavated using manual labour so dust and noise will be minimised.

Limiting construction to the daytime hours will mitigate noise problems. The pipelines will beexcavated using manual labour in many cases so dust and noise will be minimised. During theconstruction operation of construction equipment and the running of vehicles will generate noise. Thenoise levels will depend on the types and numbers of machines and vehicles. Generally their noiselevels range from 80 to 90 dB (A). The construction noise will have adverse impact on people livingnear the construction site or along the highway. In order to meet the requirements specified byBoundary Noise Lirmits for Construction Sites (GB12523-90), night-time construction activities willbe prohibited, with the use of trucks and equipment prohibited by 23:00 hr each day (except for roadcrossings which may be allowed to mimmise daytime construction impacts). If it is necessary toutilise groundwater pumps, they will be provided with appropriate noise and vibration protectiondevices. This will be especially important for night-time dewatering.

Dust

Dust during the construction period is mainly produced out of earth and stone excavating, sitelevelling, pipeline laying, soils abandoned, building materials handling, vehicles moving, etc. Perstatistical data, main raise dust sources in construction site are movement of transporting vehicles,representing about 60% of the total dust. The amount of raise dusts varies with weather, situation of

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roads, velocities of vehicles and speeds of winds. Usually the impact range of road raise dusts causedby winds is within 100 m. In gale days, the dust amount and its impact range will be enlarged.

The following materials would also bring about raise dusts if not appropriately covered when piled upor lost in handling and transporting: the abandoned soil, sand, tangzha (weathered stone mixed withmud, generally produced in tunnelling and used for foundation ground treatment), lime, etc. Theimpact range is also 100 m.

The following mitigation measures were proposed by ZEPRI:

* Strengthen the management, construct in a civilised way and handle construction materialscarefully. Before vehicles go out of construction site, mud adhering on their surfaces shouldbe cleaned; the vehicles of transporting limes, gravels, cements and coal ash should becovered with tarpaulin.

* The dust in the air in site and road can be restrained with watering and cleaning. If onlywatering and not cleaning, the dust in the air will be lessened about 70-80 percent, if

cleaning after waterng, the rate of dust reduction will be above 90 percent. Someexperiments show that the TSP pollution distance caused by dusts in the air will shrink to20-50 m if watering and cleaning works are done 4-5 times every day in construction site.

* Water should be sprayed on constructional roads and spots 4-5 times a day; abandoned soilscleared and transported timely, and transport trucks covered with tarpaulin; landfillingplaces covered with soil and compacted; temporary land use recovered with vegetationsafter utilisation.

* In addition, lime and sand should not be piled up in the open space, if it has to be piled inthe open space, watering measure should be taken to improve the containing water rate inthe surface, and it will be helpful to reduce the dusts in the air.

* Choose the construction company with strong strength and adopt pre-imxed merchandiseconcrete and closed vehicles. The designated merchandise concrete producers should berequired to do "Three Same-time's" and to adopt effective measures to decrease theinflucnces on the environment, ensuring the air cnvironment free from pollution by themeasures of strengthening environmental monitoring and management.

* Try best to make temporary and scattered concrete mixing spots far away from residents'houses.

* Abandoned soil should be cleared away or backfilled as timely as possible.

* Recover vegetations of temporary land uses after completion of works to avoid water loss

and soil erosion.

Transportation

The construction of project will bring traffic impacts upon transportation by land and by water. SeeTable 9.7.

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Table 9.7: Constructional Impacts on Traffic and Mitigating Measures

Description Component Having Impact on Traffic Mitigating Measures______ _____ _____Im pacts

Traffic flows m urban districts 6D Strengthen traffic dispatch andincreased may cause management to avoid transport atcongestion; soil, stones, sand peak period;

Materialsp g All components lost and scattered in CD Strengthen education for drivers,transportmng transportation may affect stnctly prohibit overload

traffic safety and damage road transportation, and ttinely clear up

pavement materials dripped.

SD Construct section by section,South Jiangdong, Damage road pavement, excavating and backfill asap;

PipeineDayi hnhaian Le a earthwork piled up may 0 Temporary roads and warning

Pipelinelaying cZhenhai W Tps obstruct transportation by signs should be set up. SpecificCicheng Comp. vehicles. person should be designated toShaoxing Comp. mitigate traffics.

( ) Notice issued in advance, andConstruction of Shaoxing Component

canals, bndges, Dongqian Lake Affect navigation warning signs set up;docks and gates Component (D Strengthen dispatching anddocks___________ and_________________ gates______Component______ leadmg boats

Safety Issues

The quantities of the components of ZUEP are great; there are a large number of builders coming

from all parts of the country, floating from place to place. Because construction sites are scattered, the

residential and hygienie conditions in site are relatively bad, and labour intensities of workers are

heavy, epidemic disease would be likely to happen. In order to guarantee construction safety, general

physical examninations shall be conducted for builders entering sites, and persons with infectious

diseases are strictly prohibited entering construction sites. In terms of dining-room workers, they shall

be conducted physical examinations regularly. In case a patient with an infectious disease is found, he

shall be cured timely and dispatched away from dining-room, so as to prevent infectious disease from

being epidemic.

Public Facilities

ZEPRI indicates that no public facilities will be negatively impacted by ZUTEP components in the

project cities.

Domestic Wastewater

Washing, eating and drinking sewage and night soil sewage produced in builders' daily lives are main

pollution sources during construction period. It not suitably treated, they will bnng about pollution

impacts on surface water bodies.

Oil separating device shall be set up; septic tank set up for toilet, and cleared up timely; domestic

solid wastes piled up in designated places, timely cleaned and transported.

Production Wastewater During Construction

9-13



Production wastewater of builders mainly comes from concrete preparation, flushing water for cunng,water of washing vehicles, machines, oily wastewater of dredges, and equipment repair wastewater,etc. The volumes of wastewater vary with construction features and quantities of different components.Typical pollution sources and relevant disposal requirements are shown in Table 9.8.

Table 9.8: Summary on Production Wastewater and Disposal Requirements

Wastewater Pollution Source Main Pollution Element Disposal Requirement

Concrete preparation SS 1000-2000 mg/l Discharge after sedLmentation pond

Washing vehicles and machines SS 1000 mg/l treatment

Collected with oil tray central treatmentOily wastewater of dredges Oil 1000-5000 mg/l on ban

on bank

Centrally collected at repair spots, treatedMachinery repair Oil 100-500 mg/l with oiUwater separating device and then

discharged

Generic wastewater containing silts and grits shall be discharged after being treated in sedimentationpond. Oily wastewater shall be collected, separated oil via oil-water separating device and thendischarged.

Ocean and Beach Impacts, Ocean Outfall Construction

The construction of the ocean outfall at the Zhenhai WWTP will undoubtedly cause some negativeimpacts to the surrounding beaches and ocean resources. Coastal and marine biologists should beconsulted relative to necessary scheduling and other necessary mnitigation measures to rnnminse thesedisturbances. This is especially crucial for reproduction periods of the fauna.

These potential construction phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. Details ofmitigation measures, and a programme for monitoring the effective implementation of the measures,and the responsibility for the measures are summarised in Chapter 7.

9.4.2 Environmental Impacts, Operation Phase

Sewage Overflows (collection, pump stations, WWTP)

After WWTP commissioning, raw sewage may bypass the collection systems, pump stations, andWWVTPs during storm events (until sewerage systems have been completely separated), electricaloutages or when the WWTP experiences operational problems. The wet well at the pump stations andinlet to the WWTP will provide only a short-term buffer for such situations and raw sewage will besoon bypassed under these circumstances.

According to analogous surveys, the overflows of collecting systems and pumping stations are mainlygenerated out of:

* Rupture of pipes;

* Power cut or maintenance of pumping stations.

ZEPRI suggested the following measures of impact prevention and mitigation:



o Careful design and construction. Runs of pipelines shall bypass the areas where the ground

is likely to settle or unstable; the pipe sections crossing major traffic primary roads shall besleeved, and apparent signs set up on the ground; when other major works or nearby roadsare under construction, in-situ safety, supervision and protection works shall be done well.

o Power must be supplied to pumping station in double circuits to guarantee the reliability of

power network; diesel driven pumps and generating units should be equipped as far aspossible.

o Maintenance for pumping station and pipeline shall be conducted when main factories along

the route have stopped production for inspection and repair; when a pipeline is undermaintenance, tributaries or surpassing pipes shall be opened to deplete overflows as much aspossible.

o Runs of pipelines shall bypass the areas where the ground is likely to settle or unstable; thepipe sections crossing major traffic primary roads shall be sleeved, and apparent signs set upon the ground; when other major works or nearby roads are under construction, in-situsafety, supervision and protection works shall be done well. Power must be supplied topumping station in double circuits.

During emergencies/power outages, raw sewage at Zhenhai will pass though an emergency short seaoutfall. Although not a requirement under Chinese regulations and not contained in the Chinese EA,the DRA recommends that a waming device be installed to sound in the harbour when the emergencyoutfall is utilised.

Industrial Waste Upsets

There are large industrial contribution to the ZUEP sewerage systems and WWTPs, and pre-treatmenthas been a problem in the project areas, as well as most of China. There is a possibility of industnalwaste upsets to the sewerage systems and WWTPs but rigorous influent monitoring will be specifiedas well as operational plans to mitigate such problems.

Of the inflow wastewater compositions of South Jiangdong and Zhenhai WWTPs of ZIUEP, industrialwastewater represents 38% and 50% respectively, most of which is discharged from small-sizedenterprises. The industries of them cover machine building, electronic, textile, dyestuff, foods,pharmacy and chemical industries.

It is suggested that the enterprises with a daily discharge volume of 500 m3 have to install on-linemonitoring instruments to monitor wastewater flow and CODCr; that Ningbo EnvironmentalMonitoring Station carry out irregular selective inspections in combination with enterprises'applications for discharges so as to restrain enterprises to conscientiously enforce the laws andregulations of the state and to accomplish discharging after meeting the standard, to guarantee normaland stable operation of WWTP.

Supervision shall be strengthened. Enterprises with a daily discharge volume of 500 m3 must installon-line monitoring instruments to monitor the indicators of wastewater flow and CODCr; NingboEnvironmental Monitoring Station shall carry out irregular selective inspections in combination withenterprises' applications for discharges so as to restrain enterprises to discharge wastewater after itsachieving the standard.

Noise

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Noise impacts come mainly from machines and pumps of WWTPs, wastewater pumping stations,water flushing pumping stations, roads, parking lots, boats on canals, solid wastes trucks, etc. Noiseanalyses of the components are shown in Table 9.9.

Table 9.9: Noise Impact Analyses



SJWWTP Plant site Ww pump 75 dB Noises at plant boundary meet

Blast 95 dB the requirements of Category

Sludge dewatering 80 dB 11, GB 12348-90

Sludge pump 70 dB

P.S Daytime noises at plant build underground pumping

boundary meet the station;

Centrifugal pump 80 dB requirements of Category II, improve sound separatingGB 1 2348-90, nighttime measures, employ sound

exceeding standard insulation door and window

(background impact)

Zhenhai Plant site Ww pump 75dB Noises at plant boundary meet further improve sound

WWTP Blast 95dB the requirements of Category insulation effect of pumping

Sludge dewatering 80dB 11, GB 12348-90 station

Sludge pump 70dB

P S Daytime noises at plant build underground pumping

boundary meet the station,

requirements of Category 11, improve sound separatingCentnfugal pump 80 dB

GB 12348-90, nighttime measures, employ sound

exceeding standard insulation door and window

(background impact)

Dongqian P S Six PSs such as Hutang PS and

Lake so on located beside primary

roads reach the standard, TaoCentrifugal pump 80 dB

Gong village PS, etc. near

residential points, exceed

standard

Road All the main sensitive points, landscape roadside, plant

such as hotels, villages, etc., high treesCar, bus 70-8OdB

exceed requirement of limit vehicle speed, forbid

Category 1, GB3096-82 tooting

Cicheng P S No houses within 50m, only a construct undergroundRadial pump 80 dB.

little impact pumping station

Flushing Operation (I hr/once) will improve sound insulation

Gate bring about impact on nearby measures, employ sound

Pump 92-95dB farmers' houses In the nearest insulation door and window

household the noise exceeds stop operation in nighttime

the standard by 8 dB

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Road Noises at first rows by both adequately increase

roadsides exceed standard by resettlement amount, keep

Car, bus 70-8OdB 3 28dB in night time road flat

limit vehicle speed, forbid

tooting

Shaoxing Flushing Operation (I hr/once) will employ low noise hydraulic

station bring about impact on 8 on-off machine and radial

Pump 92-95dB households In the nearest pump

On-off machine of household the noise exceeds pump stations should be

gate92-98 dB the standard by 3 dB enclosed as far as possible,

sound insulation door and

window used

Tounsm Generally no impact. Only forbid entering of boat

boat . where nver width <20 m and without cabin (motor boatBoat with cabin 65-70dB

when tooting, noise exceeds by with paddles)

2 dB. forbid tooting

Parking Entering and leaving of employ underground parking

lot vehicles will bring about lots

Car, bus 70-80dB impact on households In about perfect running signs, forbid36 households the noises tooting

exceed standard byl 0-15 dB gradually remove houses

within 50m from parking lot

Hang zhou Tr-ucks Basically no impact, because

Landfill the site is extensive, and thereSolid waste truckS 0~90dB

are no residential points in the

periphery

Odours

In the operation period of the components of ZUEP, mainly the WWTPs and the landfill will producepotential odours. Their characteristics are below:

Municipal WWTP

WWTP uses microorganisms to degrade organic matters in wastewater. Organic matters in wastewaterwill generate odour under anaerobic condition, whose concentration varies with temperature, severe insummer. The WWTP odour is a mixed gas, consisting of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methylhydrosulfide, Methyl sulfide, trimethylamine, etc. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are two maincompositions of the odour. The odour mainly comes from screen, grit pond, aeration pond, sludgedewatermg machine house, and sludge storage pond.

The health protection distances for South Jiangdong and Zhenhai WWTPs can be derived throughcalculations, 300 and 200 m respectively. As to smell pollution mitigation measures, it is suggestedthat around the boundaries of WWTPs, green belts with high trees be planted; in addition, it beprohibited to build residences within the defined heath protection distance. Within the heathprotection distance for SJWWTP there are 100 households of Lingjia Village, which have beenarranged for resettlement; within HPD for Zhenhai WWTP there is no residence, little impact onresidents.

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Landfill

In the process of disposing domestic solid wastes, organic matters of them will produce muxed gasesthrough anaerobic degradation consisting of CH4, C0 2, H2, N2, H2S, NH3, heptane, octane, hexane, etc.According to the compositions of the solid wastes in Hangzhou, 125.56 m3 mixed gases would beproduced per ton of solid wastes. On the basis of the monitoring data of the No. I Landfill ofHangzhou, CH4 and CO2 represent about 95-99%, whlle H2S, NH3 and other smelly substances onlyamount 0.2-1.4% or so.

In the landfill there exists a power station using the waste gases. The collection coefficient of design is70%; 30% is emitted non-organisationally. It is predicted that the landfill gas (LFG) generation wouldbe under peak period by 2006. The calculated non-organized emissions of H2S and NH3 are 69.2 kg/hrand 72.6 kg/hr.

The Maximum leeward surface concentrations (hourly average, with additive background value) ofH2S and NH3 are obtained via calculations, 0.0348 mg/mr3 and 0.174 mg/m3 respectively, neitherexceeding the standard limit value at plant boundary of the Standard for Offensive Odor PollutantEmission (GBI4554-93). Because there is no residential spot within 900 m from the landfill, littleimpact will be resulting.

Effluent Water Quality Impact

Treated effluent will constitute a pollution source and impact on the receiving streams locally and forseveral km downstream. This condition is also aggravated by the fact that raw and treated wastewatermakes up much of the surface water flow during the dry season. The treated effluent from ZUlEPWWTPs will cause an impact but the overall nver condition will improve due to a reduction in totalorganic loading.

Hangzhou No. 2 Landfill

The Yanshan River, with a small flow, once was the main water body receiving wastewater of the No.1 Landfill, belonging in the river system of the Grand Canal (Hangzhou section) on the plain.Comprehensively affected by the background water quality of the water coming from the upstreamGrand Canal, the industrial wastewater of Hangzhou Iron & Steel Mill, neighbouring residents'domestic wastewater, etc., the water quality of the Yanshan River is bad, whose water qualitymonitoring indicators have exceeded the standard limits of Category V, the water body being severelypolluted.

Before March 2001, part of the leachate of the No. 1 Landfill was treated, and part was untreated anddischarged directly into the Yanshan River, being directly responsible for polluting the water body ofthe Yanshan River. However, smce March 2001, the leachate (partly treated) of the landfill have beencollected into municipal wastewater main and transmitted to Sibao WWTP for centralized treatment.

After the completion and operation of the No. 2 Landfill, the existing leachate treatment station willbe reconstructed. All the leachate of the Nos. 1 and 2 Landfills will be treated in the new wastewatertreatment station with a capacity of 1500 m3/d and the process of A2 0, and after achieving Class 3standard (GB16899-1997, CODcr 1000 mg/l). The treated leachate will enter the municipal seweragesystem and be transmitted to Sibao WWTP for central treatment and then discharged. The domesticwastewater in the management area will also be treated to meet the standard and then enter themunicipal sewerage system.



Therefore, the impacts of the landfill leachate will be basically eliminated on the neighbouringYanshan River. Removal of the leachate from the river will play an important role in mitigating thewater quality deterioration of the river. The water quality of the Yanshan River would yet be unable tobe improved obviously due to being affected by multiple factors, which needs the unified planning byHangzhou govenmuent and integrated treatment.

Shaoxing

Shaoxing municipal WWTP is situated on the Cao'e River, 10 km from the old urban district, with acapacity of 600 000 m3/d, whose Phase I was put into operation in 2001, with a capacity of 300 000m3/d, secondary treatment; Phase II will be completed by 2003. The completion and operation of thisWWTP have made most wastewater in both Shaoxing City and Shaoxing County be treated centrally,fundamentally controlling the tendency that the water environrnents of the canals are polluted anddeteriorated. This shows that it is feasible for the component to intercept wastewater and transmit it toShaoxing mumcipal WWTP for treatment.

The overall flow direction of the canals in the city is from the south to the north, the downstreamdirection is the Cao'e River. After upgrading the old urban district, wastewater interception rate willbe raised greatly; the wastewater discharged into the canals will be reduced, which will make thewater quality of the canals improved. Therefore, the pollutants to be discharged into the downstreamriver systems will be decreased, advantageous for the downstream river systems to improve theirwater quality.

South Jiangdong WWTP

SJWVVWTP lies on the east side about 100 m to the Fenghua River in Yinzhou District, Ningbo City,and on the south side about 75 m to Hangzhou-Ningbo Highway. The service range of planningcovers the southwest part of Sanjiangkou, central area of Yinzhou District, Cicheng Town, DongqianLake Town and its ambient areas. The capacity of design is 160 000 m3/d. A/O process is adopted toremove P. The treated effluent will be discharged into the river section of the Fenghua River betweenTongpenpu and Sanjiangkou. The surface water function of the river section belongs in Category IVof the Environment Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838-2002), and corresponding effluenttreated enforces Class 2 discharge standard of the Wastewater Integrated Discharge Standard(GB8978-1996).

Of the results, the average value refers to the spatial average at the point where the maximum valueexists, a calculation result under unfavourable condition. Findings can be drawn from the results in thetable as such:

o Under the condition that the WWTP's discharge reaches the standard, the average maximumconcentrations of CODMn in the mixed zone of the outlet are 8.80 mg/l and 9.88 mg/lrespectively under spring and neap tides, both conforming to Category IV, GB3838-2002.

o Under the condition of discharging directly without any treatment, the areas of the mixedzone with function worse than Category IV are 0.78 km2 and 1.33 km2 respectively underspring and neap tides, the maximum concentrations of CODMn in the mixed zone are 4-6mg/l more than those under the condition of discharge up to standard. It can be seen thatdirect discharge without any treatment will bring about very unfavourable environmentalimpact on the Fenghua River, wlhich shall be strictly prevented and prohibited.

O To guarantee the dilution and diffusion conditions for the effluent discharged, the outlets ofSJWWTP shall be situated below the neap tide level, inundated discharge mode beingadopted, all adopting multijet diffusers.

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Ningbo Zhenhai WFWTP

Zhenhai WWTP is situated in the original ask storage of Zhenhai Power Station, on the north beach inZhenhal District, Ningbo City. The site borders the sea in the north. On its east side is the power plantash storage area. In the south there is a grain-storage, and in the west it is Zhenhai Landfill. The site islocated in the downstream area of the surface water system in Zhenhai, bordering the sea area,favourable to collect wastewater and discharge treated effluent.

The planning service scope of ZWWTP covers a 9.7 km2 built-up area of Zhenhai with a servicepopulation of 87 100 persons. The capacity of design is 30 000 m3/d with oxidation ditch processemployed. The treated effluent is discharged into the sea area in Zhenhai. This sea area belongs inCategory IV environmental functional zone, whose water quality enforces Category III of the WaterQuality Standard for Seawater (GB3097-1997).

However, the sea area 2 km away from the bank is Category I functional zone, thus Category I waterquality standard shall be enforced. Correspondingly, discharge of the treated effluent shall enforceClass 2 discharge standard of the Wastewater Integrated Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996).

Main findings are below:

* Wastewater discharge impact is disadvantageous under the condition of neap tide.

* There exists no area exceeding the standard under the condition of discharging wastewaterthrough normal treatment to meet the standard for discharge under different tidal types.Under the circumstance of accidentally discharging without treatment, the impact on the seaarea will be much more severe. Under neap tide, the maximum concentration of CODMil is6.07mg/l in the sea area beside the outlets, about 0.124 km2mixed zone of exceeding thestandard existing.

* It can be seen from the above, the wastewater (30 000 m3/d) of ZWWTP can reach Class 2discharge standard through oxidation ditch treatment, and the discharge sea area in the northof Houhaitang in Zhenhai is feasible. Nevertheless, accidental discharge of wastewater mustbe resolutely stopped to avoid unfavourable impact on the sea area.

To guarantee the dilution and diffusion conditions for the effluent discharged, the outlets of ZVVWTP,below the neap tide level in the Zhenhai sea area by the north side of Houhaitang, all adopting multijetdiffusers.


Dongqian Lake Rehabilitation Component

Revise with DQ Lake WWTP

Cicheng Urban Upgrading

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Under the works of wastewater collecting network of Cicheng Component, separate sewerage systemwill be constructed in Cicheng central town. It is proposed to transmit the collected municipalwastewater to SJWWTP for central treatment. After the sewerage system is completed, wastewater ofabout 10 000 m3/d would be collected in the short-term accordmg to estimation, the typical waterquality CODcr 350 mg/l and BOD5 250mg/l, both reaching the water quality control standard forinfluent of municipal WWTP. Cicheng area also belongs to the service range of SJWWTP. Therefore,it is feasible to transmit the wastewater collected by Cicheng Urban Upgrading Component toSJWWTP for central treatment, and the impact is acceptable on the water environment of the FenghuaRiver. After completing Cicheng Urban Upgrading Component, the collection rate of municipalwastewater network will be 80%, pollutants being reduced substantially to discharge into the canals:CODCr 1252 t/d, and BOD5 894 t/d.

After completion, maximum water drawing volume of supporting environmental water use can reach17 m3/s. Under the normal condition, the water flushing pumping station (2 pumps working, 2 standby)can draw water flow of 7 m3/s. The calculation indicates that with normally pumped water flow of 7m3/s, when the water quality of the water from reservoir is Category II, the permissible discharge loadof CODcr is 15.1 t/d, under such circumstances, the water quality of the canals can maintain the waterquality objective, Category ElI. This indicates that after implementing the works of wastewaterinterception and water drawing, the water quality function of the canals can be recovered to CategoryIll.

Solid Waste and Sludge Treatment And Disposal

Sludge is mainly produced in the process of operations of the proposed WWTPs at Zhenhai,Jiangdongnanqu, and Dongqlan Lake and are composed of bar screen residues, sediment grits, andremained sludge. Most screen residues are big suspended or floating substances, e.g. fibers, hair,wood debris, vegetable, plastic products, etc., water content about 60%; the sludge contains manyorganic compositions, mainly microorganism remains and other

It is proposed to transport the sludge from all three proposed WWTPs to a new Ningbo municipallandfill at Ru Pu, 55 km from the city centre. This landfill site has been selected from a landfill sitingstudy, and will be designed and built within the next two years.

O&M Problems

Observation of centralised WWTP in other Chinese cities would indicate that operation andmaintenance (O&M) could be a problem. The design of the ZUEP WWTPs has taken simplicity ofoperation into account but mitigation monitoring will need to insure that the wastewater companydoes not try to save operational costs by cutting back on power consumption for aeration, sludgedigestion and processing, etc. The operation of the WWTPs should have incentives based on WWTPperformance rather than minimising the cost of operations, so that management is keyed to ensuringproper WWTP performance.

In accordance with World Bank practice, detailed financial projections have been prepared for theproposed wastewater companies being established under this project to operate the planned sewerageand wastewater treatment facilities. These projections take into account the need for the newwastewater companies to be financially sustainable for the foreseeable future. Thus sources ofincome, including tariffs charged to users, have been assessed to ensure that they will be sufficient tocover operation and maintenance expenses and planned expansion of facilities in the future. Thetariffs have also been checked to ensure that they are affordable for the service population.

Organic Loading and Standards



There is a concern relative to the actual influent concentrations of organic pollutants at ZUEPWWTPs to either be much greater than or much less than the design parameters for the WWTPs. Theinfluent domestic sewage at the ZUEP WWTPs will still be combined with stormwater that causeslower concentrations of organic pollutants and the widespread use of septic tanks upstream of sewersalso contributes to these low loadings.

Relative to low-loading, the design values used for the ZUJEP WWTPs appear reasonable whencompared to the limited sewer sampling results, taking into account that the sewers have beenseparated, and septic tanks will eventually be eliminated.

The concern over the potential for organic loading to be too high relative to design standards isindicative of problems with pre-treatment of industrial wastewater in the sewerage catchments. Ifsuch a problem occurs, the solution is for the EPB and the Wastewater Companies to apply andenforce adequate industrial pre-treatment standards, not to apply unrealistic design standards on theZUEP WWTPs.

Wastewater Effluent Re-Use, Secondary Impacts

According to the designed outlet water quality of the ZUJEP WWTPs, the indicators of the effluentwater quality could meet the basic COD/BOD requirements of watering trees and Irrigating farmland,but does not accord with the water supply standard for industry and inhabitants. The purifiedwastewater is not suitable for a drinking water source under current technologies and cost-effectiveness. In the earlier FSRs for the ZUEP WWTPs, re-use of some wastewater effluent wasbeing considered, but this was dropped from the project.

The WWTP effluent could be used for industry, but it would require significant additional treatmentbefore use, requinng large investments by industrial users. It could be directly used for watering trees,but a complete secondary water supply system must be built. In line with the present economicalconditions and the existing water sources, it is not econonmcal to use the treated wastewater forindustry and watering trees. The treated wastewater could only be re-used for irngating farmland, andeven then some precautions would be required due to bacteriological concerns since disinfection isnot used. The effluent will not meet the coliform bactena standard for an agricultural water supply,but much of the surface water used in China does not meet this standard.

Reuse in the city or industry needs sigrificant treatment to WWTP effluent. At present, the question isnot well solved in China. The reason lies in project technology, but also in policy management.

Ocean Outfall at Zhenhai

During emergency stoppages (eg power failures) raw wastewater will overflow from the proposedWWTP though an emergency outfall. Emergency discharges could cause severe Impacts to theimmediate vicimty for short periods. Although not a requirement under Chinese regulations and notcontained in the Chinese EA, the DRA recommends that a warning device be installed to sound in theharbour when the emergency outfall is utilised.

Miscellaneous Landfill Operational Issues

LFG

LFG of a landfill is a typical non-point source. Therefore, the non-point source diffusion model isadopted for projection. The projection results show that in the direction of the sensitive points, themaximum concentration of H2S is 0.0348 mg/Nm 3 and that of NH3, 0.174 mg/Nm3 (both with



background concentrations added), neither exceeding the standard limnits at the plant (site) boundary.There are no residential spots in the range within 900 m from the boundary. Therefore, there will beno impact on residential area.

Though during landfilling operation, LFG is collected and reused for generating power, there is still agreat amount of odorous gases diffusing to the atmosphere to impair the living quality of the creaturesin the area.

Vectors

Vectors such as flies, maggots, rats, etc., with potential diseases transmission risks, may affect thehealth of nearby people and animals. When landfilling solid wastes has ended, the leachate and foulsmell gases will continue affecting the ecosystem quality in the area because the process of solidwastes decomposition takes a long period of time, while overall afforestation will gradually improvethe ecosystem in the area after the landfill is closed.

Groundwater Contamination

Through feasibility evaluation by experts, it was decided to adopt groundwater pollution preventionoption, focusing on horizontal seepage control measure in association with vertical seepage controlmeasure. This option is techmcally feasible, and environmentally acceptable, basically able to meetthe requirement of preventmg groundwater from being polluted. Furthermore, adopting the horizontalseepage control measure can also avoid the possibility of leachate laterally permeating to the adjacentgullies when the water level of the pile body is higher than 110 m.

The monitoring data of Guangzhou Laohulong Solid Waste Landfill after enclosure shows that evenafter 4 years from closure, the concentrations of the main compositions CODcr, BOD5 and NH3-N ofthe leachate are still very high and it is estimated that it would take about 11 years to lower theconcentrations to meet Category Ill standard. The methane gas concentration of LFG is still high, andit will affect the stability of the biosphere in a rather long period of time.

After closure, in the range of the No. 2 Landfill, the natural water will be insulated from the pile bodyof solid wastes. The leachate will mainly come from the following aspects:

o In the No. 1 Landfill range where there are 5.00 million tons of solid wastes landfilled,vertical curtain grouting method is adopted. Hence, there will be some groundwater enteringthe pile body. However, since the No. 1 Landfill will have been closed for 25 years (2003-2028), the polluted degree of water quality will be much lightened.

o Most leachate of the No. 2 Landfill is the leachate produced in the process of fermentationand decomposition of 24.00 million tons of solid waste pile body.

o There will be a little amount of surface water entering the pile body. As estimated, thevolume of leachate produced after the closure of the No. 2 Landfill would be about 200-250m3/d. Water quality indicators CODCr 8000 mg/I, BOD5 3000 mg/I, NH3-N 1500 mg/l willbe decreased year by year. 10-15 years later, when CODcr can reach the standard limit 1000mg/l, the leachate will be allowed to directly enter the municipal sewerage system withoutpretreatment. Prior to that time, the leachate treatment system of the No. 2 Landfill shallcontinue operation to pre-treat it, and after meeting the discharge standard it will enter themunicipal main sewer.

Soil and Stone Sources



The soil and stones used for covering solid wastes landfilled will be excavated in the landfilling area(with a distance of 300 m, about I million in3 ), and construction refuse will be used too. In addition,soil and stones source areas will be selected in the vicinity of the landfill. According to FSR, 5 soiland stones source areas adjacent to the landfill are selected. Another 2 soil and stone source areas areselected in the range within 2 km distance from the landfill. It is estimated the total earthworkquantity would be over 1.30 mnillion m3, the excavation of soil and stones in these source areas willdestroy the original surface structure with an area of about 45 hectares, and the original vegetationswill be cleared. Only with reclamation and planting, can the ecosystem in these areas be recoveredgradually.

Reclamation and Revegetation

To rehabilitate the ecosystem of the landfill favourable to growths of plants, it is proposed in design touse nutrient topsoil with its thickness greater than 20cm. Pursuant to the Comprehensive TreatmentTechnical Specifications for Water and Soil Conservation, wood and grasses can be reared in thelandfill area as barren slope field. At the beginning of closure, it is suitable to choose plants withshallow roots with resistances to N`-I3, SO2, HCL, H2S, such as bamboo and other evergreen shrubs(such as Pittosporum tobira, camellia, oleander, moundlily, Amorpha fruiticosa with small leaves) andgreensward, such as wire grass, ciliate desert-grass, etc.).

After the closure of the landfill, since the site is located near the expressway bypassing the city andnot far from the city center, with convenient traffic conditions and good surrounding environment, itcan be planned as a park for use in the long-term future.

Commercial/Industrial Solid Waste

Very little information is available on the quantity or nature of Hangzhou's commercial and industrialwaste. Experience in other Chinese cities would indicate that the quantities of this waste is of theorder of five to six times the quantities of MSW and a very high proportion such as 90 % is recycledThere is visual evidence of large amounts of cardboard, paper, packaging and polystyrene beingcarried to recycling by bicycle, pedestrian and vehicles. Because industry is supposed to look after itsown waste, the CAA13 does not keep a check on quantities (although the EPB monitors and regulatesdisposal of industrial waste).

Infornation on hazardous waste is also scarce and future efforts should be allocated to a survey ofhow much hazardous waste the city generates and what happens to it. It is assumed that some is takenby the incinerators. Significantly more damage to the environment could be caused by improperdisposal of hazardous waste than of MSW. According to ZEPRI, there is a planning study underway todesign and build a industrial hazardous waste disposal facility for the City.

There are no plans to accept industrial waste - hazardous or otherwise - in the proposed Landfill 2.In fact, GB 16889 (1997), the PRC Pollution Control Standard for MSW Landfills, specificallyprohibits disposal of industrial waste in designated MSW landfills.

Road Operations

Not in CEA Summary.

9.5 Total Pollutants Removed

Table 9.10 provides a sumnmary of the total pollutant load reduction calculated by ZEPRI:



Table 9.10: Organic Load Reduction and Environmental Benefits for Surface Waters

Name of Organic Load Reduction (t/a) Environmental Benefits for SurfaceComponents CODcr BODs NH,-N TP WatersSouth WQ of Sanjiangkou section of FenghuaJiangdong 7008 5256 292 17.7 River meets Category lVwater functional

WWTP objective

Zhenhai 1971 1314 109.5 21.9 Inner-district rivers meets Category IVWvW TP _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Dongqiang (176.3) (88.14) (19.59) (3.92) Reaching functional targets of CategoryLake Comp II/III

Cicheng (1252) (894) (72.9) (14.6) WQ of canals in Cicheng meets CategoryComp III water functional objective

Shaoxing (2830) (1213) (780) (46.6) WQ of canals in Shaoxmg meetsComp. 23_13 _780_ Category IV water functional objective

Hangzhou 8212 2956 821 1.87No. 2 Landfill

Total 17191 9526 1222.5 41.47

Note: In the table, the organic load reduction by Dongqian Lake rehabilitation, Cicheng environmentimprovement and Shaoxing urban upgrading subprojects refer to the corresponding pollutant reduction due towastewater being collected into sewerage and transmitted to municipal WWTP for treatment The abovereductions are not taken into account in the total reduction to avoid repeated calculation.

9.6 Alternatives

The evaluation of options for individual water pollution control project components covered issuessuch as:

o Sewerage System Interception Ratio

o Pipe Materials

o Interceptor Pipeline Construction

o Number of Pump Stations and Pressure Mains

o Number of WWTPs

o WWTP Site Selection

o Wastewater Flows and Capacity of the WWTPs

o The Quality of Wastewater to be Treated

o The Use of Septic Tanks

o Treated Effluent Standards

o The Degree of Treatment

o Wastewater Treatment Options

o WWTP Sludge Disposal

The evaluation of options for solid waste management project components covered issues such as:

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* Selection of Landfill as Preferred Disposal Option

* Selection of Landfill Site

* Selection of Landfill Layout at Tianziling

* Leachate Control and Extraction

* Containment of the Existing Landfill

* Leachate Collection at Landfill Bottom

* Proposed Grout Curtain under the Rock Fill Dam

* Leachate Collection within Landfill 2

* Embankment Surface Run-off and Leachate Collection Ditch

* Diversion of Surface Water Flows from Landfills

* Leachate Quantity and Storage

* Landfill Gas Extraction and Use

* Leachate Treatment

Options were also evaluated for other project components including:

* Dredging - need, procedures, transport, disposal, etc.

* Road - routes, road capacity and sizing, construction materials, water quality controls, noisemitigation, etc.

In addition to the evaluation of alternatives, the "no project" alternative was assessed for all categoriesof component projects.

9.7 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

A special environmental management unit will be set, responsible for the whole environmentalprotection in the operating period of all the sub-projects, and regularly submitting the environmentalmonitoring results and environmental management. Each WWTP needs to establish an environmentalmanagement umt headed by a vice director or general engineer. (The environmental management ofthe wastewater drainage projects will be guided under the environmental division set in the projectlegal unit.) All the WWTPs should set an individual environmental protection section and fixnecessary staff, responsible for the environmental protection.

The Environmental Monitoring Plan contains a definitive budget for the mitigation monitoringprogram in both the construction and initial operation phases of the project. An AnnualEnvironmental Quality Report will be compiled each January that will summarise the results of themitigation and monitoring programs. This report will be distributed to the relevant local officials andbe sent to the World Bank for review.

9.8 Public Process

During the 9-month project development time leading up to pre-appraisal and this EA, there havebeen many meetings with the city PMOs, utility compames, city EPBs and other affected cityorganisations to discuss the proposed projects and environmental assessments. These meetings have

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occurred monthly at a minimum and have resulted in full collaboration with local officials and fullsupport of the project and the EA process.


Symposiuims

At the symposiums with the experts and the officials, the project scopes are introduced; EIA outlinesreviewed, comments and suggestion heard through approaches of discussing and consulting theenvironment management policies and potential environment impacts in relation to the project, so asto improve the EIA work.

Public Participation

In light of the structural features in the local areas, the Public Participation Questionnaires aredistributed to the units, residents and community conmmittees, explaining the environmental, socialand economic benefits of the project, potential advantageous and disadvantageous influences theproject may bring about to the regional environment quality, human bodily health and so on, andrequestmg for their coniments and suggestions concerning the issues of environment protectionrelated to the project.

The many meetings with public officials in the province coupled with the HDI surveys of publicsupport show that these projects are extremely positive and well received by the public. Noobjections have been received by the city PMO's and there is no indication that there is anyone that isnot is support of these projects or would try to stop their completion.

The many meetings with public officials in the province coupled with the ZEPRI surveys of publicsupport show that these projects are extremely positive and well received by the public. Noobjections have been reeived by the city PrUs and there is no indication that there is anyone that is notin support of these projects or would try to stop their completion.

Public Disclosure

9.9 Environment Institute Suggestions

Hangzhou Component EA

o For administration of noises generated on construction site, "Construction Site BoundaryNoise Limits" (GB12523-90) must be implemented strictly. Highly noisy equipment shallbe installed with a noise-silencer. To reduce influences caused by noise, the constructor mayadjust or shorten the time of noisy construction and highly noisy works shall be done durngthe day.

o To protect the health of workers in the Yard, efforts shall be made to improve the quality ofsonic environment in the area. The owner shall control the noise by means of noiseelimination, soundproofing and shock-absorbing. If possible, the noisy equipment shall bereplaced with low noise models.

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* The owner shall strengthen safety and prevention measure for explosive gases in the refuselandfill field. For instance, they can install a 24-hour automatic methane monitor and alarmdevice.

To lessen secondary pollution caused by floating dust and light garbage in the constructionand operation penods, the owner shall make appropriate arrangements in construction andoperation. Attention shall be made to reducing exposed land area, watering frequently thetraffic roads, operation surface and earth-gathering field, pressing while filling and coveringearth, so as to limit floating dust pollution to the nmmmum.

* Within the determmed distance for samtary shelter, greenbelts of certain width shall be builtto decrease influences caused by offensive odours.

* Begin the layout of the covered earth resource as early as possible.

* To prevent the breeding of mosquitoes, insects and flies, the owner shall be strict withoperation process and pay attention to prompt earth covering and sterilisation.

* Workers in the refuse landfill field shall be equipped with labour protection appliances,including overalls and gauze masks to ensure their health.

* With the gradual advance of filling layers, importance shall be attached to ecologicalrecovery by earth covering and afforestation. With consideration of plants' ecologicaladaptability to the earth-covered refuse heap, efforts shall be made to afforest the area and tofoster varieties of better ecological effects so as to stabilize the refuse and to lessen waterloss and soil erosion.

* Attention shall be paid to perfecting the design of interception ditches and strengthening themanagement of operation work so as to avoid the rainfall in the interception ditches beingcontaminated by leachate, to improve separation of clean water and sewage, and to reducesewage discharge.

* Attention shall be paid to the administration of refuse-gathering process, use of garbagebags and sorting of gathered refuse, so as to reduce the amount of recoverable wastes in therefuse and to decrease the content of poisonous and harmful matters in refuse leachate, likeheavy metals.

* Percolation-preventive film or clay be paved at the bottoms of the field, sewage-gatheringpond and sewage reservoir so as to ensure the percolating coefficient below 10-7cm/s; thesewage reservoir shall be built at the upstream of the sewage-catch dam, if possible.

* To prevent the ground water at the lower reaches from being polluted, it is critical to takethe measure to prevent the horizontal and vertical percolation, and to keep the water levelunder 1 lOm.

* To reduce refuse leachate being generated after the Yard's enclosure, we suggest thatpercolation-preventive film be covered on the refuse heap and importance be attached toecological recovery To improve treatment effect, attention shall be paid to laboratoryexperiments on the basis of experiences in sewage treatment and with actual considerationto the characteristics of refuse leachate, so as to find reasonable and reliable processparameters. The process parameters shall be subject to continuous adjustment so that theprocess of treatment can achieve good effects. Importance shall be attached to making fullplay of the sewage reservoir and keeping the sewage in the reservoir as long as possible soas to lighten the burden of sewage treatment plant.

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o The accidental risk of in the sewage disposal plant is the partial and completely failure ofthe disposal system. We recommend that the leachate should accumulate in the reservoir,repair the disposal system timely and forbid to discharge the wastewater into urban sewagenetwork or Yanshan River.

o In order to ensure that after completing the construction project, the wastewater should betaken into urban sewage network and can due to the risk and accident, the discharge ductshould give an overall layout and be allocated rationally.

o When confront the continuous hard rain, which the advent frequency is once in 100 years,measures should be taken to strictly prevent the directly discharge of wastewater into thesurrounding surface, and timely, coming to an agreement with the local government and thesewage disposal plant, so as to discharge the wastewater into urban sewage networksdirectly or use other appropriate disposal method.

o On the basis of recommended biological treatment process, recharge of refuse leachate canalso be adopted so as to decrease sewage load and improve the effect of follow-up processes.

o To prevent pollution caused by domestic sewage, we recomnmend underground-unpowereddevice for domestic sewage treatment and the sewage shall be discharged into municipalsewage pipeline network when it meets requirements.

o Environmental admninistration of refuse landfill field shall be strengthened and an organspecialized in environmental administration shall be set up. Attention shall be paid to raisingfunds, drafting reasonable and reliable environmental monitoring plans, carrying outdynamic monitoring over the quality of surface water, ground water, air and sonicenvironment and the operation of sewage treatment plant, timely reporting problems,analyzing their causes and finding out solutions to them.

Shaoxing Component EA

o To adopt the mechanics and constructing methods with low noise in construction (such asfilling piles and static-pressure piles instead of the pressurized piles).

o To build some sound insulation wall at the side facing the resident area for the stationaryconstruction sites.

o To forbid constructing during nught-time. If some construction works have to last to thenight, it must be under the permission of the local department of environment protection andbe informed to the residents.

o To spray water to the constructed roads and the heaping spots.

o To use the commercial cement and pre-produced asphalt, which should be transported inclosed trucks. To apart the temporary agitation of cement and asphalt working from theresidences l 00m away leeward.

o To strengthen the management and test on the vehicles and ships and to do some educationfor the drivers and the loaders in the construction stage.

o To sweep the sand and earth sprinkled in time by the assigned persons.

O Some improper operations will destroy or cut the lines for power supply, communication,etc. and the drainage pipelines, etc., so the construction units and the relevant departmentsshould register and label out the materials and workers, etc. and to state the numbers of thembefore the construction. And the units and the departments should do some education for thebuilders before the construction. To solve the accident immediately after it happens with thehanding methods.

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* To build some anaerobic tanks to treat the fecal sewage in the constructing sites.

* To forbid the living garbage strictly from mixing with the building waste or dumping intothe rivers, but to dump the living garbage at the appointed sites and to clean out andtransport in time.

* To forbid the industrial and living sewage strictly from being discharged into the innerrivers, but to discharge them in the sewage interception lines for the construction units.

* To control the construction noise in the operation stage of the projects:

The pumping stations to use the lower noise mechanics for the pumping stations

To equip the stations with some devices to reduce the vibration and to install with the soundinsulation windows and doors

* To lay the pipes under the ground and to use the bends of the pipelines with streamline style

* For the water transportation:

To forbid the motorboats with oars from entering the ports and water tourist lines

To use the hand-driven boats for the tounsts in best, or to use the battery-driven boatsinstead of the motorboat, if needed

To perfect the traffic notice board

To erect the signs of no whistling in some special spots

To install the resident houses with sound insulating windows and doors 50m away from theDongshuanqsao Tourist Port

* For the parking places:

To construct the parking sites underground or closed in best, instead of the open ones

To keep the traffic signs in good condition

To run on its way for a vehlcle

To erect the signs of no whistling

To install the resident houses with sound insulating windows and doors at the parking placeswith ventilators and air-conditioner

* To take some measures in order to reduce the impact of the projects to the lowest degree onthe plant:

To strengthen the preservation of the famous and ancient trees

To install some buffering fences between the famous and ancient trees and the constructionsites

To transplant the plants with some preserved value

To replant the destroyed plants in the temporarily occupied lands after constructions

* To avoid the loss of soil and water by:

To balance the amount of the earth and stone, and to determine the received places of theabandoned ones and the sources of the supplemented one in the feasible study and in theconstruction stage

To carry out the project phase by phase and place by place

To shorten the construction duration of a single project

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To reduce the phase of soil exposure caused by excavation

To dig the discharge ditches around the earth stack to avoid the loss of soil

To squeeze the earth solidly and to keep the edge slope of the temporary earth stacks beingsmall in order to make the heaped soil have a small occupation of land and be difficult toerode

To strengthen the construction management and the education on the builders about the soiland water protection

To keep the constructions being ceased in storms

o To reduce the environmental impact of bottom mud to the lowest degree for the constructionunits:

To take some synthetic measures actively in the treatment of the bottom mud

To determine carefully the storage site of the bottom mud

o To strengthen the management of the preservation of the historical relics and the ancientarchitecture by:

To inform the cultural preservation units immediately if there are some relics discoveredduring the construction

To assist the cultural preservation umts to protect the historical relics

To make the pipelines avoid the archaeological relic by changing the direction of thepipeline

o To materialize the emigration of the projects according to the Official Document No. 55 (94)of Zhejiang Provincial Government and the Official Command No. 32 (99) to insureconstruction to be completed in success.

o To strengthen the management of environmental protection to insure the environmentalprotection measures to be taken:

To set up a Management Department of Environmental Protection under the constructionheadquarters to supervise and manage the environmental protection works in all the stagesof the construction

To draw out a monitoring plan to monitor the environmental impact of the projects in all thestages

Ningbo - Zhenhai Component EA

Construction phase

o The reconstruction of pipeline should be carried out preferably so that the wastewatertreatment plant can be put into use under the designing load.

o Afforestration on the land occupied temporally by the construction should be recovered as

soon as possible to guarantee to maximize the vegetation on the construction area.

o The construction field should be isolated and billboard for construction should be displayedto prevent the accident from happening.

Operation phase

o The wastewater should be reasonably charged and the rules on municipal wastewatercharging should be improved to ensure the sound operation of wastewater treatment plant.



* The environmental management should be strictly carried out. The quantity, quality of thewastewater entering the plant to ensure that it will not worsen the treatment efficiency.

* The audit on the wastewater should be intensified to ensure that there is no abnormalwastewater entering the plant and no unit discharge wastewater at will.

* Sludge should be disposed in landfill or incinerated in Ningbo electricity generation plant byincinerating solid waste. The vehicles transporting sludge should adopt measures to preventsludge from scattering. The transportation, acceptance and landfill of sludge should becarefully recorded

* The equipment should be properly overhauled and accidental discharge should be prevented.Stench and chlorine should be prevented from emrssion and polluting environment.

Ningbo - Jiangdongnanqu Component EA

Construction Period

* The project capital should be well planned since it is not very adequate. The investments ofsame kind disposal plant needs an investment of about 2000 yuan per ton of sewage disposalcapacity, and the total investment for this disposal is only 90.5757 million Yuan.

* The reconstruction of the sewer collecting pipe system should go before the construction ofthe plant, to ensure that the disposal plant exerts its full designed sewage disposal capacity.

Immnediate recovering of vegetation of occupied land during the construction period isneeded in order to keep maximum vegetation covering in the construction district.

* License for the construction permit is required for project performance.

* Construction activities in the surrounding areas should be stopped during the night.

* The abandoned soil and other construction rubbish should be transported to the landfillstation or places for use. The transport vehicles are covered with tarpaulin to avoid fallingoff or raised dust.

* The transportation should be kept away from the traffic high time to avoid traffic jam.

* Water spray should be carried out at the construction sites of the city and the suburb when it

is windy and the dust may be raised.

* The construction sites should be isolated and warning board should be put in case of danger.

Operation period

* Regulations on the charge of sewage emission should be consummated and rational toll rateshould be set so as to keep the normal operation of the sewage disposal plant.

* There must be a strict environment management system in the plant. The quality and amountof inlet and outlet wastewater should be controlled and monitored, to ensure the plant to rununder the designed conditions.

* Audit on the sewage-producing units should be enforced to make sure that no abnormalsewage is transported to the sewage disposal plant, or sewage is discharged in an illegal way.

* Sludge produced should be handled in time, transported and landfilled in the proposed RuPu Landfill. Scattering of the sludge should be prevented during transportation. Thereshould be receipts for the transport, receiving and landfill of sludge for the need of control.

* The facilities of the plant should be checked regularly to prevent accidental discharge ofsewage.


Zhejlang Urban Environment Project Environmental Assessment

o Secunty should be emphasized in the operation of the plant to avoid malodor toxication andinfluences of the leaked chlorine gas on the environment.

Ningbo - Dongqian Lake Component EA

o According to the regulation of banning the sale and use of scour with P of NingboGovernment, the sale and use of scour with P will be banned in the district of Ningbo. Scourwithout P will be introduced to use.

o To adopt the electric power dredging-boat.

O To adjust the agricultural structure in upstream and lake area of Dongqian Lake, reduce theoccurrence of soil and water loss.

o Try best to develop the wood of economic value and enrich the vegetation and scenery oftourism spot.

o Restrict the number of boats that are powered by oil and gasoline in the Bei Lake and GuziLake during the operation period.

o To commnunicate with the road management department in time before the constructionperiod and get their support in order to reduce the affection on the current means oftransportation and traffic.

Ningbo - Cicheng Component EA

Construction period

o Arranging the construction capital reasonably and effectively to ensure the project to bringinto play action fully and operate under the design condition when this project is finished.

o The education and awareness of the manager and worker about cultural relic protectionshould be strengthened. For there are many underground earthworks in this project, all thestaffs should pay attention on this thing. Once the cultural relic and historic site or ancienttumulus is found, the construction company should notice local cultural relic protectiondepartment immediately and protect the local scene in time. Then according to the opinionand requirement of protection department, all the protection measures will be implemented,including the adjustment and alteration of design and construction proposals.

o The builder's camp should be selected in the area of comparatively small influence. Whenthe project is finished, the construction company should clean the campsite, prefabricate siteand construction site, cleanup the construction garbage, take the extra material and machineout and restore the clear land. All the destroyed road surface and vegetation should berecovered immediately.

o The optional of new bridge, water gate, wastewater pump station, the town's layout andgreening should be demonstrated by many aspects. The public opinion on design optionalshould be collected to optirnize and perfect the design.

o It is suggested that further monitoring be put on the surplus water in future. If the pollutiondensity is high, relevant measures should be adopted to ensure the discharging meet thestandard, such as prolong the clear time, build oxidation pond, etc.

o The construction site should be insulated and the construction bulletin board should beshown to prevent the danger occurs.

Operation period

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• In order to strengthen renovation effect, ensure the river is clean and prevent river bed'ssediment again, it is suggested that one cleaning-dirt boat be prepared and clean the riverfloater and sediment at the fixed time.

* Repair and maintenance mechamsm should be established. Frequent or regular repatnng andmaintaining should be made to ensure the smooth operation of equipments and to preventoverflow incidents.

* The examination of discharge units within areas should be strengthened to ensure abnornalwastewater not to go into sewages and be discharged without permission is forbidden.

* Green land along roads and river channels and near pumping stations should be largelyconstructed. Green belt should be planned near pumping stations and wastewater treatmentplants to clean air and eliminate noise.

* Cicheng town is the famous historic and cultural town of Zhejiang province, in the planningand construction penod, it should consider the character and function of the old town, andstrengthen the protection of historic environment.

In sum, environment improvement works of Cicheng town in Jiangbei district of Ningbo is the projectof urban infrastructure renovation, and is the public project of environment protection that benefitshuman and improves living environment. It is under the guide of "Master plan of Ningbo City(1995-2010) and "Master Plan of Cicheng Center Town of Jiangbei District of Ningbo(2001-2020)". Theconstruction of this project will help to improve the ecological environment quality of Cicheng oldtown and tourism environment and residential living condition, protect urban scenery and culturalrelics and historic sites, have the obvious environmental and social benefits. So if the pollution controland mitigation measures that are mentioned in environmental impact assessment are done well, theenvironmental disadvantages will be controlled in the permission range. From the environmentalprotection view, this project is feasible.

9.10 Conclusions and Recommendations

* The environmental conditions are serious and the environmental infrastructure needs ofZhejiang Province are high, and expanding rapidly.

* The ZUEP projects have emerged from a basin-wide prioritisation process, are wellformulated, and have detailed and complete prelimunary designs and cost estimates.

* There is good public support for the projects based on meetings in the project cities andpublic opinion surveys.

* The proposed projects can meet financial and economic tests of sustainability and are

affordable to the local citizens.

* Social impacts, consisting mainly of land acquisition and resettlement, are addressed by adetailed RAP, and, in any case, are not significantly adverse.

* The potential environmental benefits of the Phase ZUEP projects are large, as reported inthe previous sections. However, there are significant additional point and non-point waterquality controls necessary, along with hydrologic needs to maintain minimum stream-flows,before the surface water quality goals can be realised in the Province.

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o Potential construction and operational phase impacts of the proposed ZUJEP projects havebeen adequately assessed and no major issues have been identified. Detailed mitigation andmonitoring procedures have been prepared which should adequately lessen the overall effectof these potential impacts. Monitoring costs have been included for this work andassignments detailed.

c The recommendations included herein by NEPRI in the Component EAs and ZEPRI in theConsolidated EA are rational and should be considered in the design and construction ofthese projects.

o The overall conclusion is that the potential positive impacts are large, the potential negativeconstruction and operation impacts can be successfully mitigated, and the projects containno serious problems or "fatal flaws" in its formulation. The project components areessentially environmentally positive and should be approved.

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