Dr. BR AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY – SRIKAKULAM

Dr. B. R. AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY – SRIKAKULAM

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

Outcome based curriculum

(With Effect From 2019-20 Admitted Batch)

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam

Etcherla– 532410 Dr. B.R. AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY-SRIKAKULAM

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

University Vision

Creation of an enabling environment where in universities would act as agents of social change

and transformation through innovativeness and outreaching and make it a “People’s University”.

University Mission

Mitigating the economic and social sufferings of the region by invoking the strengths of faculty

through community oriented actions by optimal usage of human resources.

Department of physics

VISION:

To build a foundation for excellence and encourage the development of the Institution as a

premier Institution by promoting enthusiasm, interests and passion towards research, in the study

of physics as a part of curriculum.

MISSION:

Our mission is to provide a high level of education in the various fields of physics, to develop the

educational process and to keep up with global developments in science. In addition,

our mission is to prepare graduates with high degrees of efficiency and competence.

SWOC Analysis

Strength:-

All Faculty are well qualified, friendly nature, easy going & there is a strong bond & high

Level of interaction between faculty and students

Good Internal Communication

Cultural programme, seminar and scholarships for eligible

Faculty& staff support the campus students

Weakness:-

Lack of financial support

Even though faculty having well qualification not able to do Research work in laboratory.

Resource limitations for faculty & staff development.

Opportunities:-

Teaching positions

Defence, Electronics, Research oriented jobs

Match between curricular & social interest

Challenges:-

Planning to conduct National & international conferences.

Research orientation Programme

Placements in Industrial sectors

STRATEGIC PLAN

The physics department embraces the University’s precedence to erect the College of

Science into a world-class, high visibility institution. Over the next decade, this goal can be

proficient by creating a balanced research group containing fundamental and application-oriented

programs that will attract the attention of top faculty and students.

STRATEGIC PLANNING

1. Teaching & Learning

High quality and efficient teaching of the most promising students.

2. Research

The brightest researchers carrying out world-class research of high impact in top quality

facilities.

3. Outreach

Communicating the role of science in contributing to the solutions of the challenges facing the

world.

4. Fundraising

Attracting the most promising students, whatever their background.

5. Facilities and Accommodation

Provide world-leading facilities designed to provide an inspiring learning, teaching and

research environment to ensure optimized student satisfaction and research success.

6. Governance

Creating a sustainable model for Faculty and University operations.

To improve the contact of the research activities and current activity in the physics department,

we plan a strategic focus on faculty members who support and enlarge the existing strengths,

Further, we plan to promote visibility, productivity, and growth in the next decade by expanding

the department infrastructure to enhance all of the research programs.

Short term goals

Excellence in Academic performance

To evolve strategies towards performance planning of the department

Guest lecturers/seminars from eminent faculty

Faculty development programmes

Project proposals and fund raising

Publish articles research papers special books in regularly

Preparing students as potential to board on a journey towards innovation and invention.

Long term goals

Application of knowledge to independent research projects.

Interdisplinary research activities

To create high standards of education to developing the strength of students and

guiding them towards scientific and technical fields

To mould the students through methodological teaching and modern tools

Bring intellectual thinking and individuality into students mind

Organize the International Conferences

Programme Educational Objectives

Maintain proficiency in advanced scientific and technical areas.

Introduce Students into the research world and motivated for higher Education then

innovating in Interdisciplinary domain.

Getting opportunity in defense, electronic and research and developments industry as a

Scientific Assistant.

Demonstrate specialized and ethical attitude, efficient communication, collaboration and

move towards multidisciplinary and an ability to relate scientific issues to broader in social

context.

Programme Outcomes:

Understanding the fundamental principles of physics and exhibit the knowledge of

mathematics, science and engineering.

Illustrate to design and conduct experiments, as well as analyze and Interpret data

Participate and contribute in multidisciplinary fields

Analyze formulae and solve problems

Ability to communicate effectively

Understand the impact of physics in global, economic, environmental and societal context.

Eligibility of M.Sc. Physics:

B.Sc. (Maths, Physics, Chemistry),

B.Sc. (Maths, Physics, Computer Science),

B.Sc. (Maths, Physics, Electronics),

B.Sc. (Maths, Physics, Statistics).

Dr. B. R. AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, SRIKAKULAM General Regulations relating to

POST GRAUDATE AND PROFESSIONAL COURSES

Syllabus under Credit Based Semester System

(With effect from 2019-2020 admitted batch)

1. Candidates seeking admission for the Masters/Professional Degree Courses shall be required to have passed the qualifying examination prescribed for the course of any University recognized by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam as equivalent there to.

2. The course and scope shall be as defined in the Scheme of Instruction and syllabus

prescribed.

3. The course consists of 2/4/6 semesters, @ two semesters/year, unless otherwise specified.

4. The candidates shall be required to take an examination at the end of each semester of the study as detailed in the Scheme of Examination.

i. (a). Each semester theory paper except Mathematical Software (3rd semester) and

Programming in C (4th semester) carries a maximum of 100 marks, of which 80 marks shall be for semester-end theory examination of the paper of three hours duration and 20 marks shall be for internal assessment.

(b). Mathematical Software (3rd semester) and Programming in C (4th semester) carries a maximum of 100 marks, of which 50 marks shall be for semester-end

theory examination of the paper of 1ଵ

ଶduration, 20 marks shall be for internal

assessment and 30 marks of which 10 marks shall be for Lab, 5 marks shall be for record work and 15 marks shall be for viva examination (External).

ii. Internal Assessment for 20 Marks: Three mid-term exams, two conventional

(descriptive) for 15 marks and the third – ‘on-line’ with multiple choice questions for 5 marks for each theory paper shall be conducted. The average of these first two mid-term and the marks in the online mid exams shall be taken as marks obtained for the paper under internal assessment. If any candidate appears for only one mid-term exam, the average mark, dividing by two shall be awarded. If any candidate fails to appear for all the midterm exams of a paper, only marks obtained in the theory paper shall be taken into consideration for declaring the result. Each mid-term exam shall be conducted only once.

iii. Candidates shall be declared to have passed each theory paper if he/she obtains not

less than E Grade ie., an aggregate of 40 % of the total marks inclusive of semester-end and internal assessment marks in each paper.

5. A candidate appearing for the whole examination shall be declared to have passed the

examination if he/she obtains a Semester Grade Point (SGP) of 5.0 and a CGPA of 5.0 to be declared to have passed the Course.

6. Notwithstanding anything contained in the regulations, in the case of Project

Report/Dissertation/ Practical/Field Work/Viva-voce etc., candidates shall obtain not less than D grade, i.e., 50% of marks to be declared to have passed the examination.

7. ATTENDANCE: Candidates shall put in attendance of not less than 75% of attendance, out of the total number of working periods in each semester. Only such candidates shall be allowed to appear for the semester-end examination.

(a) A candidate with attendance between 74.99% and 66.66% shall be allowed to appear for the semester-end examination and continue the next semester only on medical and other valid grounds, after paying the required condonation fee.

(b) In case of candidates who are continuously absent for 10 days without prior permission on valid grounds, his/her name shall automatically be removed from the rolls.

(c) If a candidate represents the University at games, sports or other officially organized extra-curricular activities, it will be deemed that he/she has attended the college on the days/periods

8 Candidates who put in a minimum of 50% attendance shall also be permitted to

continue for the next semester. However, such candidates have to re-study the semester course only after completion of the course period for which they are admitted. The candidate shall have to meet the course fees and other expenditure.

9 Candidates who have completed a semester course and have fulfilled the necessary

attendance requirement shall be permitted to continue the next semester course irrespective of whether they have appeared or not at the semester-end examination, at their own cost.

Such candidates may be permitted to appear for the particular semester-end examination

only in the following academic year; they should reregister/ reapply for the Semester examination.

The above procedure shall be followed for all the semesters

10. Candidates who appear and pass the examination in all the papers of each and every

semester at first appearance only are eligible for the award of Medals/Prizes/Rank Certificates

11. BETTERMENT: Candidates declared to have passed the whole examination may reappear

for the same examination to improve their SGPA, with the existing regulations without further attendance, paying examination and other fees. Such reappearance shall be permitted only with in 3 consecutive years from the date of first passing the final examination. Candidates who wish to appear thereafter should take the whole examination under the regulations then in vogue.

12. The semester-end examination shall be based on the question paper set by an external

paper-setter and there shall be double valuation for post-Graduate courses. The concerned Department has to submit a panel of paper-setters and examiners approved by the BOS and the Vice-chancellor nominates the paper-setters and examiners from the panel.

13. In order to be eligible to be appointed as an internal examiner for the semester-end

examination, a teacher shall have to put in at least three years of service. Relaxation of service can be exempted by the Vice-Chancellor in specific cases.

14. If the disparity between the marks awarded in the semester-end examination by internal

and external examiners is 25% or less, the average marks shall be taken as the mark obtained in the

paper. If the disparity happens to be more, the paper shall be referred to another examiner for third valuation. In cases of third valuation, of the marks obtained either in the first or

second valuation marks, whichever is nearest to the third valuation marks are added for arriving at the average marks.

15. Candidates can seek revaluation of the scripts of the theory papers by paying the

prescribed fee as per the rules and regulations in vogue.

16. The Project Report/Dissertation/ Practical/Field Work/Viva-voce etc shall have double valuation by internal and external examiners.

17. A Committee comprising of the HOD, one internal teacher by nomination on rotation and

one external member, shall conduct viva-voce examination. The department has to submit the panel, and the Vice-chancellor nominates viva-voce Committee.

18. Grades and Grade Point Details (with effect from 2009-10 admitted batches)

S.No. Range of Marks % Grade Grade Points 1. > 90 ≤ 100 O 10.0 Out Standing 2. > 80 ≤ 90 A+ 9.0 Excellent 3. > 70 ≤ 80 A 8.0 Very Good 4. > 60 ≤ 70 B+ 7.0 Good 5. > 55 ≤ 60 B 6.0 Above Average 6. > 50 ≤ 55 C 5.0 Average 7. ≥ 40 ˂ 50 D 4.0 Pass 8. ˂ 40 F 0.0 Fail 9. 0.0 Absent

19. Calculation of SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average) & CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average):

For example, if a student gets the grades in one semester A,A,B,B,B,D in six subjects having credits 2(S1), 4(S2), 4(S3), 4(S4), 4(S5), 2(S6), respectively. The SGPA is calculated as follows:

{ 9(A)x2(S1)+9(A)x4(S2)+8(B)x4(S3)+8(B)x4(S4)+8(B)x4(S5)+6(D)x2(S6)} 162

SGPA = --------------------------------------------------------------------------- = ------ = 8.10 {2(S1) +4(S2) +4(S3) +4(S4) +4(S5) +2(S6)} 20

i. A student securing ‘F’ grade thereby securing 0.0 grade points has to appear and secure at

least ‘E’ grade at the subsequent examination(s) in that subject.

ii. If a student gets the grades in another semester D, A, B, C, A, E, A, in seven subjects having credits 4(S1),

2(S2), 4(S3), 2(S4), 4(S5), 4(S6), 2(S7) respectively,

{6(D)x4(S1)+9(A)x2(S2)+8(B)x4(S3)+7(C)x2(S4)+9(A)x4(S5)+5(E)x4(S6)+9(A)x2(S7)} 162 SGPA = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = ------ = 7.36

{4(S1) +2(S2) +4(S3) +2(S4) +4(S5) +4(S6) +2(S7)} 22

(9x2+9x4+8x4+8x4+6x2+6x4+9x2+8x4+7x2+9x4+5x4+9x2) 324 CGPA = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ = -------- = 7.71

(20+22) 42

a) A candidate has to secure a minimum of 5.0 SGPA for a pass in each semester in case of

all PG and Professional Courses. Further, a candidate will be permitted to choose any paper(s) to appear for improvement in case the candidate fails to secure the minimum prescribed SGPA/CGPA to enable the candidate to pass at the end of any semester examination.

b) There will be no indication of pass/fail in the marks statement against each individual

paper.

c) A candidate will be declared to have passed if a candidate secures 5.0 CGPA for all PG and Professional Courses.

d) The Classification of successful candidates is based on CGPA as follows: i) Distinction –CGPA 8.0 or more; ii) First Class –CGPA 6.5 or more but less than 8.0 iii) Second Class –CGPA 5.5 or more but less than 6.5 iv) Pass –CGPA 5.0 or more but less than 5.5

e) Improving CGPA for betterment of class will be continued as per the rules in vogue.

f) CGPA will be calculated from II Semester onwards up to the final semester. CGPA multiplied by gives“10” aggregate percentage of marks obtained by a candidate.

CURRICULUM STRUCTURE FOR CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) (W.E.F. 2019-20 ADMITTED BATCH)

FIRST YEAR – SEMESTER-I

PAPER CODE

SUBJECTS

Category CREDITS

INTERNAL MARKS

EXTERNAL MARKS

MAX MARKS

P101

CLASSICAL MECHANICS

Core 4

25

75

100

P102

INTRODUCTION To QUANTUM MECHANICS

Core 4

25

75

100

P103

MATHAMATICAL METHODS OF PHYSICS

Core 4

25

75

100

P104

ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

Core 4

25

75

100

P105

MODERN PHYSICS LAB-I

Core 2

100

100

P106

ELECTRONICS LAB-I

2

100

100

SKILL DEVELOPMENT

2

50

EXTENSION WORK

2

50

TOTAL

24

700

CURRICULUM STRUCTURE FOR CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS)

(W.E.F. 2019-20 ADMITTED BATCH)

FIRST YEAR – SEMESTER-II

PAPER CODE

SUBJECTS

Category

CREDITS

INTERNAL MARKS

EXTERNAL MARKS

MAX MARKS

P201

ELECTRODYNAMICS Core

4

25

75

100

P202

STATISTICAL MECHANICS

Core

4

25

75

100

P203

ATOMIC and MOLECULAR PHYSICS

Core

4

25

75

100

P204

SOLIDSTATE PHYSICS Core

4

25

75

100

P205

MODERN PHYSICS LAB-II

2 100

100

P206

ELECTRONICS LAB-II

2

100

100

SKILL DEVELOPMENT

2

50

EXTENSION WORK

2

50

MOOCS

2

50

INTERNSHIP WORK 1

TOTAL

27

750


SECOND YEAR – SEMESTER-III

PAPER CODE

SUBJECTS

Category

CREDITS

INTERNAL MARKS

EXTERNAL MARKS

MAX MARKS

P301

NUCLEAR and PARTICLE PHYSICS

Core

4

25

75

100

P302

CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS-I

Core

4

25

75

100

P303 (I)

I) NANOSCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

Elective

4

25

75

100

P303 (II) II) FERROELECTRICS P303 (III) III) RADAR SYSTEMS and

SATTELITE COMMUNICATIONS

P303 (IV) IV) THIN FILM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

P304 (I)

I) DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

AND MICROPROCESSORS

Elective

4

25

75

100 P304 (II) II) BIOPHYSICS P304 (III) III) PHOTONICS P304 (IV) IV) RENEWABLE ENERGY

SOURCES P305

SOLID STATE PHYSICS LAB

2

100

100

P306

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB

2 100

100

SKILL DEVELOPMENT

2

50

EXTENSION WORK

2

50

MOOCS

2

50

INTERNSHIP WORK

1

TOTAL

27

750


SECOND YEAR – SEMESTER-IV

PAPER CODE

SUBJECTS Category

CREDITS

INTERNAL MARKS

EXTERNAL MARKS

MAX MARKS

P401

ADVANCED QUANTUM MECHANICS

Core

4

25

75

100

P402 CONDENSED MATTERR PHYSICS-II Core

4

25

75

100

P403(I)

I) PROPERTITES AND CHARACTERISATION OF MATERIALS

Elective

4

25

75

100

P403(II) II) NUCLEAR

TECHNIQUES

P403(III) III) INDUSTRIAL

NANOTECHNOLOGY

P403(IV) IV) ENERGY

CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES

P404 (I)

I) LASER AND FIBER OPTICS

Elective 4

25

75 100 P404 (II)

II) ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

P404 (III) III) ANTENNA THEORY

and RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION

P404 (IV) IV) RADIATION PHYSICS P405

PROJECT WORK 8 200 200

SKILL DEVELOPMENT 2 50

EXTENSION WORK

2

50

MOOCS

2

50

TOTAL

26

750

Total credits: 24+27+27+26=104

Semester –I Paper code: P-101 Classical Mechanics

Course objectives:

An introduction to modern classical mechanics as applied to the particles and solid bodies. Distinguish between “Inertia frame of reference and Non inertia frame of reference” and also

know how to impose constraints on a system Importance of Central and conservative forces in mathematically Understand the conservative theorems and their applications. Importance of generalized coordinates Evaluation of Hamilton’s equation of motion and Kepler’s laws of planetary motion Understand Poisson’s brackets and Canonical transformation, Knowledge on how to derive

and solve the wave equation for small oscillations

Unit-I: Lagrangian Formulation Introduction to classical mechanics, Mechanics of a particle. Mechanics of a system of particles, constraints and their classifications, Generalized coordinates, Principle of virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle, Lagrange’s equations, Velocity Dependent potentials and the Dissipation function, Applications of the Lagrangian Formulation. Hamilton’s Principle Hamilton’s principle, calculus of variations.Derivation of Lagrange’s equations from Hamilton’s principle. Conservation theorems and symmetry properties, Energy function and the conservation of Energy

Learning Outcomes: After completion of this unit, the student will be able to Understand the conservation theorems for mechanics of a particle as well as system of particles Learn about the concepts of constraints, generalized coordinates and principle of virtual work. Understand and apply D’Alemberts and calculus of variations to derive the Lagrangian equations

of motion. Have a deep understanding about the Lagrangian formulation and its applications. Gain knowledge on symmetry properties and energy conservation.

Unit-II: Central Forces Reduction to the equivalent one body problem.The equation of motion and first Integrals, The equivalent One – Dimensional problem and classification of orbits, the differential equation for the orbit, and Integrable power –law potentials, Conditions for closed orbits (Bertrand’s theorem). The Kepler problem inverse square law of force, the differential equation for the orbit, integrable power law in time in the Kepler’s problem. Scattering in a central force field.

Learning Outcomes: After completion of this unit, the student will be able to Get ideas of reduction to equivalent one body problem Identify classification of orbits and calculate power law potentials. Understand Kepler’s inverse square law of force and its applications.

Unit-III: Canonical transformation Equations of canonical transformation, Examples of Canonical transformations, The harmonic Oscillator, Poisson brackets and other Canonical invariants, Equations of motion, Infinitesimal canonical transformations, and conservation theorems in the Poisson bracket formulation, the angular momentum, Poisson’s bracket relations.

Learning Outcomes: After completion of this unit, the student will be able to

Gain knowledge on canonical transformations, Poisson brackets and its applications (harmonic oscillator)

Analyze conservation theorems in Poisson bracket formulation and their relations Calculation the angular momentum of poisson brackets

Unit-IV: Hamilton’s equations Legendre transformations and Hamilton’s equations of motion.Cyclic Coordinates and conservation theorems, Derivation of Hamilton’s equations of motion from variational principle, Principle of Least Action. Hamilton – Jacobi TheoryHamilton – Jacobi equation of Hamilton’s principal function, The Harmonic oscillator problem as an example of the Hamilton – Jacobi Method, Hamilton –Jacobi equation for Hamilton’s characteristic function. Action – angle variables in systems of one degree of freedom. Learning Outcomes: After completion of this unit, student will be able to Understand the Hamilton-Jacobi equation and Harmonic oscillator as an application for H-J theory Use of Hamilton’s principle and characteristic function to derive H-J equation. Learn the concepts about Action angle variables in systems of one degree of freedom Use of variational principle to derive Hamilton’s equations of motion. Understand the concepts of cyclic coordinates and principle of least action

Unit-V: Rigid body Dynamics Independent coordinates of rigid body (Degrees of freedom; space-fixed and body-fixed set of axes and orthogonal transformations); The Euler angles, Euler’s theorem on the Motion of a rigid body, Infinitesimal rotations, Rate of change of a vector, The Coriolis Effect. Inertia tensor and Theory of small oscillations: The Inertia tensor and the moment of inertia, The Eigen values of the inertia tensor and the principal axis transformation, Solving rigid body problems and Euler equations of motion, Torque – free motion of a rigid body. The Eigen value equation and the principal axis transformation. Theory of small oscillations: Frequencies of free vibration, and normal coordinates, Free vibrations of a linear triatomic molecule.

Learning Outcomes: After completion of this unit student will able to Ideas on concepts of rigid body, independent coordinates. Have knowledge on Euler’s theorem and concept of Euler’s angles Understand the concepts of inertia tensor and principal axis transformation Solving rigid body problems Understand theory of small oscillations and concept of Coriolis force

Course outcomes:

Learn about the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations Understand the two body central force problem and its applications Apply D’Alemberts principle and calculus of variations to derive the Lagrange equation of

motion Have a deep understanding of canonical transformation and Poissons equations Acquire knowledge on rigid body dynamics and its applications Learning about Inertia tensor and principle axis transformation.

TEXT BOOKS : Classical Mechanics- H. Goldstein (Addison-Wesley, 1st & 2nd ed.) REFERENCE BOOKS: Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems J.B. Marion. Classical Mechanics- J.C. Upadhyaya Classical Mechanics- Gupta Kumar Sharma Classical Mechanics-Aruldas

Semester –I Paper code: P-102

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Course objectives: Acquire knowledge on postulates of quantum mechanics Evaluation of Schrodinger wave equation Illustration of Ehrenfest theorem Analysis of operators, Eigen values and Eigen functions Develop commutation relations Importance of perturbation theory Analyze Variation method and its applications

Unit-I: The Conceptual aspect Wave particle duality, Bohr’s complementarily principle. Wave unction and its interpretation -Principle of superposition- Wave packets – phase velocity and group velocity-Uncertainty relation, Postulates of Quantum Mechanics - Schrodinger wave equation - Conservation of probability. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge about fundamental quantum postulates. Approximate methods for solving the Schrodinger equation. Learn the importance of the principle of superposition Identify the relation between phase velocity and group velocity Ideas on physical significance of wave function

Unit-II: Operators and their properties Equation of Motion for operators, Hermitian operators and their Eigen values and Eigen functions Stationary states, Bohr’s correspondence principle - Coordinate and Momentum representation- Ehrenfest’s theorem- Commutator Algebra. Dirac Delta function, definition and properties. Dirac Delta Normalization Learning Outcomes: Apply principles of quantum mechanics to calculate observables wave functions Gain knowledge on Dirac delta functions Calculation of Eigen values and Eigen vectors

Unit-III: One dimensional problems One dimensional problems - Free Particle, Particle in a box-, Potential step, potential Well, Rectangular Potential Barrier - Linear Harmonic Oscillator, Angular Momentum, Angular Momentum in spherical polar coordinates, Eigen values and eigenfunctions of Lx, Lz , L + and L_ operators. Eigen values and Eigen functions of rigid rotator and Hydrogen atom.

Learning Outcomes: Analyze spin, angular momentum states Knowledge on potentials like harmonic oscillator and hydrogen like atoms Importance of Commutation relations

Unit-IV: Time- independent perturbation theory Time- independent perturbation theory for non-degenerate systems and application Hydrogen atom: Kinetic energy correction, spin-orbit interaction, fine structure. Ground state of Helium atom.

Learning Outcomes: Understanding the non-relativistic quantum mechanics and useful for theoretical physics Knowledge about degenerate and non-degenerate states Importance of fine structure hydrogen and helium atoms

Unit-V: Degenerate Systems Degenerate systems, application to linear stark effect in Hydrogen.Variation method and its application to Helium atom. Exchange energy and low lying excited states of Helium atom. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.Selection rules.

Learning outcomes: Apply variation method for solving problems Ideas about se lection rules Analyze the Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter

Course outcomes:

Importance wave function

Physical significance of Dirac delta functions

Analyze different types of barriers

Significance of Selection rules

Knowledge on degenerate and non-degenerate systems

TEXT BOOKS: 1. Quantum Mechanics : R.D. Ratan Raj 2. Quantum Mechanics: Aruldhas 3. Quantum Mechanics: Gupta kumar Sharma

REFERENCES BOOKS: 1. Quantum Mechanics: E Merzbacher 2. Quantum Mechanics: N. Zettle

3. Quantum Mechanics: S.L. Kakani and H.M. Chandalia


Mathematical Methods of Physics Course objectives:

Understand the basic ideas of complex variables, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Taylor’s and Laurent's theorems.

Evaluation of the residues of a complex function and use of this residue theorem to compute certain types of integrals

Introduce the Fourier series, Fourier transformation and Laplace transformations and its applications to the solution of differential equations

To provide knowledge about Beta, Gamma functions and how they related To impart knowledge about various Polynomials, Numerical methods, interpolation to study

physics problems Unit-I: Complex Variables Function of complex number- definition-properties, analytic function-Cauchy –Riemann conditions-polar form-problems, Complex differentiation, complex integration –Cauchy’s integral theorem- Cauchy’s integral formulae-multiply connected region- problems, Infinite series-Taylor’s theorem- Laurent's theorem-Problems, Cauchy’s Residue theorem- evaluation of definite integrals-problems. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the basics of complex numbers such as Integration and derivation of complex numbers Understand the fundamental theorems of complex analysis, which includes definition, properties Discuss the applications of Cauchy’s integral, Taylor’s, Laurent’s and Cauchy’s residual theorems

Unit-II:Beta, Gamma functions &Special functions Beta & Gamma functions -Definition, relation between them- properties-evaluation of some integrals. Special Functions -Legendre, Associated Legendre, Hermite, and Lagaurre Polynomial-Generating function-recurrence relations- Rodrigues's formula - Orthonormal property. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Have a deep understanding about Polynomials and able to solve mathematical problems relevant to

the physical sciences Calculations of generating functions, recurrence relations, rodrigues formula and orthonormal

property of different polynomials Analyzing physical science data with help of polynomials.

Unit-III: Laplace Transforms & Fourier series, Fourier Transforms: Laplace Transforms – definition- properties – Laplace transform of elementary functions-Inverse Laplace transforms-properties- evaluation of Inverse Laplace Transforms-elementary function method-Partial fraction method- Heaviside expansion method-Convolution method-complex inversion formula method- application to differential equations Fourier series-evaluation of Fourier coefficients- Fourier integral theorem-problems-square wave-rectangular wave-triangular wave, Fourier Transforms- infinite Fourier Transforms-Finite Fourier Transforms-Properties-problems-application to Boundary value problem Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the relation between Fourier and Laplace transformations Have a deep understanding about evaluation of inverse Laplace transformation using different

methods

Preparing solutions of quantum mechanics problems with the help of Fourier integral theorem and boundary value problem.

Unit-IV: Numerical Analysis: Solutions of algebraic and transcendental equations-Bisection method-method of successive approximations-method of false position, Iteration method-Newton Rapson method Simultaneous linear algebraic equations-Gauss elimination method-Gauss Jordan method-Matrix inversion method-Jacobi method – Gauss-Siedel method. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Have a deep understanding about solutions of algebraic and transcendental equations. Learning the different matrix methods such as successive approximation, Gauss elimination,

Gauss-jordan , Matrix inversion, Jacobi and Gauss-Siedel methods to solve problems in physics easily.

Creating solutions of wave mechanics with the help of matrix methods. Unit-V:Interpolation: Interpolation with equal intervals-Finite differences-Newton Forward & Backward Interpolation formulae, Interpolation with unequal internals-Newtons divided difference formula-Lagrange interpolation formula, Numerical Integration-General Quadrature formula-Trapezoidal rule -Simpson’s1/3 rule & 3/8 rule Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understanding the basic concepts of Numerical analysis and interpolation. Learning about Newton Forward & Backward Interpolation formulae and Trapezoidal rule -

Simpson’s1/3 rule & 3/8 rule. Applying numerical analysis to the classical and quantum mechanics.

Course outcomes:

Have received the basic concepts of complex analysis, which includes integral theorems. Have learned how to expand a function in a Fourier series, conditions for valid. They have understood the connection between Fourier and Laplace transformations. Have a deep understanding about Polynomials and able to solve mathematical problems

relevant to the physical sciences Good understanding of Numerical analysis and interpolation, which includes different types of

approximation methods, Newton Forward & Backward Interpolation formulae and Trapezoidal rule -Simpson’s1/3 rule & 3/8 rule

Text Books: 1.Mathematical Methods of Physics-G.Arfken, 2.Mathematical Physics-SatyaPrakash, 3.Complex Variables Murray R. Spiegel, 4. Laplace n Fourier Transforms-Goyal& Gupta 5. Introductory methods of Numerical analysis - S.S.Sastry REFERENCE BOOKS: 1.Mathematical Methods B.D. Gupta 2. Mathematical Physics- B S Rajput, 3. Special Finctions : M.D. Raisinghania 4. Integral Transforms - M.D.Raisinghanna, 5. Integral Transforms- Goyal& Gupta, 6. Mathematical Physics - B S Rajput

Semester –I Paper code: P-104 Electronic Devices and Circuits

Course Objectives:

Evaluation of semiconductor devices.

Illustration of various diodes.

Analysis of Uni Junction Transistor, Silicon controlled Rectifier, Field Effect Transistor.

Architecture of operational and differential amplifiers, differential stage, gain stage

Evaluation and generation Amplitude Modulation, generation of DSBSC and SSBSC

Illustrate the frequency generation of frequency modulation and Frequency detectors

Pulse code modulation generation

UNIT-I: Semiconductor devices: Tunnel diode, photo diode, solar cell, Schottky Barrier Diode, Varactor diode, Gunn Diode, PIN Diode, APD, LED Transistors: Uni Junction Transistor, Silicon controlled Rectifier, Field Effect Transistor, (JFET & MOSFET), CMOS.

Learning outcomes

Learn Tunnel diode, photo diode, Schottky Barrier Diode, Varactor diode, Gunn Diode, PIN Diode.

Knowledge on solar cell and LED. Analyze and working and construction of Tunnel diode, photo diode, Schottky Barrier Diode,

Varactor diode, Gunn Diode, PIN Diode. Learn the different types of Transistors. Analyze and working and construction of JFET & MOSFET. Analyze Silicon controlled Rectifier

UNIT-II Amplitude Modulation (AM): Introduction, Amplitude modulation, modulation index, Frequency spectrum, Amplitude modulator and demodulator circuits, Generation of both Double side band, suppressed carrier ( DSBSC) Modulation, Single Side Band Modulation (SSB), super hetero dyne receiver Learning outcomes: Fundamentals of basic communication system Analyzing the types of modulations(DSBSC and SSBSC) Ideas about modulation techniques and modulation index Practically design the amplitude modulation and generate the wave spectrum Significance of balanced modulator in DSBSC

UNIT-III Frequency modulation (FM): Generation of Frequency modulation, Phase modulation, Equivalence between PM and FM, FM detectors: Slope detector, balanced slope detector, Foster-Seley discriminator, Ratio detector, Amplitude limiter, FM Receiver. Learning outcomes Identify the transmitter and receiver signals Generation of frequency spectrum and calculate modulation index Knowledge on different types of frequency modulation detectors Comparative study of frequency and phase modulation techniques Practically design the Frequency modulation using IC-555

UNIT- IV Pulse Amplitude Modulation: Principles of pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and Pulse time Modulation (PTM), Pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), Delta Modulation (DM). Oscillators: Phase shift oscillator, Wien-Bridge Oscillator, Voltage Controlled Oscillator, Schmitt Trigger Special applications – Monstable and Astablemultivibrators using 555, Phase locked loop,Voltage regulators. Learning outcomes Significance of digital modulation and different codes Knowledge of pulse Amplitude Modulation and Practically design Comparative study of PAM ,PPM PWM Learn deep knowledge of pulse code modulation and its applications Analysis of Delta modulation and differential pulse code modulation Knowledge of different oscillators and its applications

UNIT- VOperational amplifiers: The ideal Op Amp – Practical inverting and Non inverting Op Amp stages. Op Amp Architecture differential stage, gain stage, DC level shifting, output stage, offsetvoltages and currents, Operational Amplifier parameters- input offset voltage, input bias current ,Common Mode Rejection Ratio, Slew Rate. Op- amp applications: Summing amplifier, Integrator, Differentiator, Voltage to Current converter, Current to Voltage converter. Learning outcomes

Learn The ideal Op Amp -Practical inverting and Non inverting Op Amp stages. Demonstrate knowledge of operational Amplifier parameters-input

offset voltage, input bias current. Analyze Design of Common Mode Rejection Ratio, Summing Amplifier, Integrator, Differentiator, Voltage

to Current convertor and Current to Voltage convertor Learn the knowledge of oscillator, Demonstrate knowledge of Monostable and Astable multivibrators Analyze, working and construction of Phase shift oscillator, Wien Bridge Oscillator, Voltage

Controlled Oscillator Course outcomes:

Generation of AM and other carrier modulations, calculate the modulation index of AM in practically

Generation of FM and study the different types of FM detectors, Comparison between frequency modulation and phase modulation

Evaluation of digital modulations, practically design the PAM, knowledge of PCM and applications

Study the different types of amplifiers and applications TEXT BOOKS: 1. Integrated Electronics - Jacob Millman& C.C. Halkies (TMH) 2. Op.Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits – RamakantA.Gayakwad (PHI) 3. Electronic Communication Systems – George Kennedy(PHI) REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Microelectronics - Jacob Millman& Arvin Grabel (McGraw Hill) 2. Electronic Devices and Circuits – G.K. Mithal (Khanna) 3. Op-amps and Linear Integrated Circuits – D. Mahesh Kumar (MacMillan). 4. Electronic communication: D.Roody and John coolin


Modern Physics Lab - I

List of Experiments (Any SIX from the following)

Course Objectives:

Impart Knowledge of Physical Optics phenomena like polarization, Diffraction patterns.

Teach Concepts of coherent sources, its realization and utility optical instrumentation.

Analyze the structure of materials and the direction of planes present in those crystals.

Apply the knowledge of optical fibers in communication technology.

Determine the Rydberg constant value practically.

1. Grating spectrometer

a. Wavelengths of Hg spectrum, b. wavelength of Balmer series, Rydberg constant

2. Reciprocal dispersion curve.

3. Application of Point Groups.

a)Identification of symmetry operations in H2O, BH3 , NH3 and H2CO b)Reducible representations and Vibrational modes of H2O.

4. Determination of Planck’s constant, work function and threshold frequency.

5. Band gap of a semiconductor. (Two Probe Method)

6. Thermo emf

7. The Franck-Hertz experiment

8. Band spectrum of CN in the violet

a)conversion of given wavelengths to wavenumbers and assignment of (v’, v”) b)Deslandres’ table and Vibrational constants.

Course outcomes

Distinguish between polarization, Diffraction

Identifying the Splitting of spectral lines

Determine the Planks Constant with varying the different slits


Electronics Lab -I

List of Experiments (Any SIX from the following)

Course objectives:

To understand operation of semiconductor devices.

To analyze the different RC and LC oscillators to determine the frequency oscillation.

To know about the concepts and applications of integrated circuits

To implement mini projects based on concepts of electronic circuits

To understand the effects of negative feedback on amplifier circuits

1. FET amplifier (BFW 10/11) 2. Negative feedback amplifier (BC 147) 3. Colpitts Oscillator (BF 194) 4. Phase shift Oscillator (BC 147) 5. AstableMultivibrator (BF 194) 6.Op.Amp.Characteristics (IC 741) 7. UJT Characteristics (2 N 2646) 8. R.F.Amplifier (BF 194) 9. Boot-strap time base generator (2N 2222)

Course outcomes:

Understand the fundamentals of electronic devices and circuits

Understand the current voltage characteristics of semiconductor devices.

Design, analyze and implementation of electronic circuits

Know about different types of filters used for frequency applications

Understand use of oscillators

Understand the applications of operational amplifier to design electronic circuits

Semester –II Paper code: P-201

Electrodynamics

Course objectives: Recall the fundamental concepts in Electromagnetic theory.

Evaluation of Gauss theorem, Laplace’s and Poisson’s equation

Explain and demonstrate the Ampere’s circuit law and Faradays laws of electromagnetic

induction

Evaluation of Maxwell’s equations and its physical significance

Charged particles in electric and magnetic fields

To learn about Radiating systems, Plasma physics and Relativistic electrodynamics

Unit-I: Electrostatics and Magnetostatics Gauss Theorem, Poisson's equation, Laplace's equation, solution to Laplace's equation in Cartesian coordinates, spherical coordinates, cylindrical coordinates, use of Laplace's equation in the solutions of electrostatic problems. Ampere’s circuital law, magnetic vector potential, displacement current, Faraday’s law of electromagnetic indication. Learning Outcomes: After completion of this unit student will able to Understand Gauss theorem and its applications in physical sciences Analyze the Poisson’s and Laplace equations and its solutions in different coordinate systems Use of Laplace’s equation in electrostatic problems. Have a deep understanding about Ampere’s circuit law and Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic

induction. Unit-II Maxwell’s Field equations Maxwell’s equations, differential and integral forms, physical significance of Maxwell’s equations. Wave equation, plane electromagnetic waves in free space , in non-conducting isotropic medium, in conducting medium, electromagnetic vector and scalar potentials, uniqueness of electromagnetic potentials and concept of gauge, Lorentz gauge, Coulomb gauge Learning Outcomes: After completion of this unit student will able to Understand significance of Maxwell’s equations Use of Maxwell’s equations in solving different problems in physical sciences Derive and Distinguish between the plane electromagnetic waves in different mediums. Gain knowledge about electromagnetic vector and scalar potentials Understand the concept of Gauge and different types of Gauges.

Unit-III Charged particles in electric and magnetic fields Charged particles in uniform electric field, charged particles in homogenous magnetic fields, charged particles in simultaneous electric and magnetic fields, charged particles in non-homogeneous magnetic fields. Plasma physics Condition for plasma existence, occurrence of plasma, magneto hydrodynamics, plasma waves. Learning Outcomes: After completion this unit student will able to Understand the concept of charged particles in both electric and magnetic fields

Learn about by applying simultaneous electric and magnetic fields on charged particles Distinguish between charged particles in homogeneous and non-homogeneous magnetic fields Understand the concept of Plasma physics

Unit-IV Radiation from moving point charge Lienard-Wiechert potentials, electromagnetic fields from Lienard-Wiechert potentials of a moving charge, electromagnetic fields of a uniformly moving charge, radiation due to non- relativistic charges, radiation damping, Abraham-Lorentz formula, Cherenkov radiation, radiation due to an oscillatory electric dipole, radiation due to a small current element. Learning Outcomes: After completion this unit student will able to Understand the concept of uniformly moving charge in electric and magnetic fields Understand the concept of non-uniformly moving charge in electric and magnetic fields Understand the importance of Lienard-Wiechert potentials in electromagnetic fields. Learn the concepts of radiation damping, Abraham-Lorentz formula and Cherenkov radiation

Unit-V Relativistic electrodynamics Transformation of electromagnetic potentials, Lorentz condition in covariant form, invariance or covariance of Maxwell field equations in terms of 4 vectors, electromagnetic field tensor, Lorentz transformation of electric and magnetic fields. Learning Outcomes: After completion this unit student will able to Understand transformation of electromagnetic potentials Use of Maxwell’s equations in terms of 4 vectors Learn about Lorentz transformation of electric and magnetic fields

Course outcomes:

Understand the Gauss theorem, Poisson’s and Laplace equations and its applications

Utilization of the Maxwell’s equations in solving physics problems

Have a deep understanding about plane electromagnetic waves in different mediums

Know the concept of gauge and types of gauge

They have understood the concepts of uniformly and non-uniformly moving charges in both

electric and magnetic fields. Plasma physics

Understand the transformation of electromagnetic potentials and four vectors

TEXT BOOKS:

1.Introduction to Electrodynamics :D.R. Griffiths REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. J.D. Jackson- Classical Electrodynamics 2. 3.Electrodynamics- KL Kakani


Statistical Mechanics

Course objectives:

Evaluation of liouvillies theorem with law of conservation of density in phase space and extension of

phase space.

Illustrate the fluctuation energy of canonical and grand canonical ensembles.

Analysis of Equipartition theorem and specific heat of solid with Einstein and Debye models.

Distribution of Classical and Quantum Statistics and their applications.

Demonstrate the Phase transition, phase equilibrium and Clausis –Clayperon Equation.

Unit-I Basic Methods and Results of Statistical Mechanics: Specification of the state of a system, phase space and quantum states,Liouvilles theorem, Basic postulates, Probability calculations, concept of ensembles, thermalinteraction, Mechanical interaction, quasi static process, distribution of energy between systems in equilibrium, statistical calculations of thermo dynamic quantities Learning outcomes Learn Concept of Ensembles ,basic postulates and probability calculations Ideas about phase space and volume of phase space Calculate the Density Distribution of energy and thermo dynamic quantities Knowledge on statistical, thermal and mechanical interactions

Unit-IIIsolated systems (Micro canonical ensemble): Entropy of a perfect gas in micro canonical ensemble. Canonical ensemble -system in contact with heat reservoir, system with specified mean energy, connection with thermodynamics, Energy fluctuations in the canonical ensemble .Grand canonical ensemble, Thermodynamic function for the grand canonical ensemble.Density and energy fluctuations in the grand canonical ensemble.Thermodynamic equivalence of ensembles. Learning outcomes

Difference between heat reservoir in Canonical ensemble and grand canonical ensemble. Calculate Energy fluctuations in Canonical ensemble and grand canonical ensemble Comparison of between Canonical, Micro canonical and grand canonical ensemble

Unit-IIISimple Applications of Statistical Mechanics: Partition functions and their properties,Calculation of thermo dynamic quantities to an idealmono atomic gas.Gibbs paradox, validity of the classical approximation Proof of theequipartition theorem. Simple applications mean K.E. of a molecule in a gas. Brownian motion.Harmonic Oscillator, Specific heats of solids (Einstein and Debye model of solids). Learning outcomes Significance of Partition functions, properties and applications Learn applications of equipartition theorem. Effect of Nuclear spin-ortho and Para Hydrogen Analysis of thermo dynamic quantities and Gibbs paradox Deep knowledge on specific heat of solids with Einstein and Debye model

Unit-IV Quantum statistics: Formulation of the statistical problem.Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics. Photon statistics, Bose-Einstein statistics, Fermi–Dirac statistics, Quantum statistics in the classical limit,calculation of dispersion for MB, BE & FD statistics Equation of state of an Ideal Bose Gas, Blackbody radiation, Bose-Einstein condensation, Equation of state for a weakly degenerated, strongly degenerate ideal Fermi gas. Thermionic emission. The theory of white dwarf stars. Learning outcomes Learn the importance Classical Distribution and Quantum Distributions Comparison between Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics , Bose-Einstein statistics, Fermi–

Dirac statistics Knowledge of Bose-Einstein condensation , thermionic emission and Blackbody radiation Applications of Fermi Dirac statistics

Unit-V Non Ideal Classical Gas: Calculation of the partition function for low densities. Equation of state and virial coefficients (Van Der Walls equation) Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, Phase transitions , conditions for Phase equilibrium, First order Phase transition – the Clausius - Clayperon equation, Second order phase transition, The critical indices, Van derWaals theory of liquid gas transition. Order parameter, Landau theory. Learning outcomes Knowledge on Vander Walls Equation, equation of state and virial coefficients Ideas about phase transition ,phase equilibrium, first and second order phase transition Calculation of Clausius - Clayperon equation Analysis of order parameter and Landau theory

Course outcomes:

Postulates of Statistical mechanics, calculate the volume of phase space, prove the liouvillies

theorem, ideas on types of interactions and calculate thermodynamic quantities.

Comparative Analysis of ensembles and calculation of their energy fluctuations

Study the partition function, properties and its Applications and knowledge on specific heat of

solids

Comparison of classical and Quantum distributions,

Applications of Fermi Dirac statistics

Analysis of Landau theory and significance of Clausisclayperon equation and vander walls

equation.

TEXT BOOKS:

1.Statistical Mechanics: Gupta Kumar Sharma 2.Statistical Mechanics: F.Rief 3.Statistical Mechanics: B.K. Agarwal

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Statistical Mechanics: BB Laud 2. Statistical Mechanics: SK Sinha 3. Statistical Mechanics: Pathira 4. Statistical Physics: Bhattacharjee


Atomic and Molecular Physics Course Objectives:

Evaluation of Stern-Gerlach experiment and electron spin.

Spin orbit interaction and selection Rules.

Illustration of Lasers-Spontaneous emission stimulated emission, population inversion.

Quantum theory of Zeeman and Paschen-Back effects.

Understand Hyperfine Structure of Hα line of hydro of hydrogen.

Understand Exchange force and Spectral series of Helium.

Unit-I:One electron atoms: Quantum numbers, Term values.Relation between Magnetic Dipolemoment and angular momentum of an orbiting electron. Stern-Gerlachexperiment and electron spin. Spin- orbit interaction, relativistic kinetic energy correction and dependence of energy on J value only.Selection rules.Fine structure of Balmer series of Hydrogen and Fowler series of ionized Helium. Hyperfine Structure of Hα line of hydro of hydrogen. Learning Outcomes: Learn knowledge of Quantum numbers and Term values Demonstrate knowledge of Relation between Magnetic Dipole moment and

angular momentum of an orbiting electron. Analyze Stern-Gerlach experiment and electron spin.

Unit-II: One valence electron atoms:

Modified term values (quantum defect) due to lifting of orbital degeneracy by core penetration (penetrating orbits) and core polarization (non-penetrating orbits) by electrons. Term values and fine structure of chief spectral series of sodium. Intensity rules and application to doublets of sodium.Hyperfine structure of 2P-2S of sodium. Learning Outcomes: Learn knowledge of Modified term values. Demonstrate knowledge of lifting of orbital degeneracy by core penetration and core

polarization by electrons. Analyze the Intensity rules and application to doublets of sodium and Hyperfine structure of 2P-

2S of sodium Unit-III: Many electron atoms : Indistinguishable particles, bosons, fermions.Pauli’s principle.Ground states. LS coupling and Hund’s rules based on Residual coulombic interaction and spin-orbit interaction. Lande’s interval rule.Equivalent and non quivalent electrons. Spectral terms in LS and JJ coupling. Exchange force and Spectral series of Helium. Lasers-spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, population inversion, Einstein coefficients, metastable levels, resonance transfer and population inversion in He-Ne laser. Learning Outcomes: Learn knowledge of bosons, fermions. Lasers- Spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, population inversion. Demonstrate knowledge of LS coupling and Hund’s rules based on Residual coulombic

interaction and spin-orbit interaction. Lande’s interval rule. Analyze the Einstein coefficients. Working and construction of He-Ne laser.

Unit-IV Atoms in external magnetic field: Quantum theory of Zeeman and Paschen-Back effects and application to 2P-2S, 3P 3S, transitions. Atoms in external electric field: Linear stark pattern of Hα line of hydrogen and Quadratic stark pattern of D1 and D2 lines of Sodium Learning Outcomes: Learn Quantum theory of Zeeman effect. Demonstrate Paschen-Back effects and application. Analyze the Quadratic stark pattern of D1 and D2 lines of Sodium.

Unit-V:Diatomic molecules: Molecular quantum numbers.Bonding and anti-bonding orbitals from LCAO’s.Explanation of bond order for N2 and O2 and their ions. Rotational spectra and the effect of isotopic substitution. Effect of nuclear spin functions on Raman rotation spectra of H2 (Fermion) and D2 (Boson).Vibrating rotator.Spectrum. Combination relations and evaluations of rotational constants (infrared and Raman). Intensity of vibrational bands of an electronic band system in absorption. (The Franck- Condon principle).Sequences and progressions.Deslandre’s Table and vibrational Constants. Learning Outcomes: Learn knowledge of Molecular quantum numbers and Bonding and anti-bonding orbitals from

LCAO’s. Rotational spectra and the effect of isotopic substitution. Effect of nuclear spin functions on Raman rotation spectra of H2 (Fermion) and D2 (Boson). Demonstrate knowledge of Raman rotation spectra. Analyze the Franck- Condon principle and Deslandre’s Table and vibrational Constants.

Course Outcomes: Learn LS coupling and Hunds rules based on Residual columbic interaction spin-orbit interaction

and Lande’s interval rule. Resonance transfer and population inversion in He-Ne laser. Demonstrate knowledge of Molecular quantum numbers. Bonding and anti-bonding orbitals. Combination relation and evaluation of rotational constants. Intensity of vibrational bands of an electronic band system in absorption.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Atomic and Molecular Spectra- Rajkumar. REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy- C.N.Banwell. 2. Group Theory- K.V.Raman. 3. Introduction to Atomic Spectra- H.E.White.


Solid State Physics Course objectives:

Students learn about basic theories of solid state structure.

Understand about the crystalline structure, lattice vibrations on thermal behavior and defects

etc.

Illustrate how the crystalline structure relate to X-ray diffraction data and reciprocal lattice

Students gain knowledge of Free electron fermi gas

To study the band theory of solids and fermi surfaces of metals

Unit-I Crystal structure: Periodic array of atoms—Lattice translation vectors and lattices, symmetry operations, The Basis and the Crystal Structure, Primitive Lattice cell, Fundamental types of lattices—Two Dimensional lattice types, three Dimensional lattice types, Index system for crystal planes, simple crystal structures-- sodium chloride, cesium chloride and diamond structures. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Understand the basic concepts that are used to describe the structure and physical properties of crystalline substances.

Understand the various types of crystal structures and symmetry operations. Discuss two and three dimensional lattice types and also explain the crystal structures of NaCl,

CsCl and Diamond structures. Unit-II: Crystal diffraction and Reciprocal lattice: Bragg’s law, Experimental diffraction methods-- Laue method and powder method, Derivation of scattered wave amplitude, indexing pattern of cubic crystals and non-cubic crystals (analytical methods).Geometrical Structure Factor, Determination of number of atoms in a cell and position of atoms. Reciprocal lattice, Brillouin Zone, Reciprocal lattice to bcc and fcc Lattices. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn about Bragg’s law and different diffraction methods. Interpret and assign X-ray diffraction patterns Analyze how to find number of atoms in a unit cell and position of atoms. Understand the concept of Brillouin Zone, Reciprocal lattice to bcc and fcc Lattices

Unit-III: Phonons and lattice vibrations: Vibrations of monatomic lattices, First Brillouin Zone, Group velocity, Long wave length, Lattice with two atoms per primitive cell, Quantization of Lattice Vibrations-Phonon momentum. Free electron fermi gas: Energy levels and density of orbitals in one dimension, Free electron gas in 3 dimensions, Heat capacity of the electron gas, Experimental heat capacity of metals, Motion in Magnetic Fields- Hall effect, Ratio of thermal to electrical conductivity. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Have a deep understand about vibrations of monatomic lattices, First Brillouin Zone, Group velocity and also have understood about Quantization of Lattice Vibrations-Phonon momentum.

Learn about the concepts of free electron gas in 3 dimensional and heat capacity of electron gas.

How to calculate electrical conductivity and Hall coefficient from Hall Effect. Unit-IV: The band theory of solids: Nearly free electron model, Origin of the energy gap, The Block Theorem, Kronig-Penny Model, wave equation of electron in a periodic potential, Crystal momentum of an electron-Approximate solution near a zone boundary, Number of orbitals in a band--metals and isolators. The distinction between metals, insulators and semiconductors. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Classify solids on the basis of band theory and to calculate conductivity of semiconductors Derive and discuss about Block theorem, Kronig-Penny model and crystal momentum of an

electron. Distinguish between metals, semiconductors and insulators.

Unit-V: Fermi surfaces of metals: Reduced zone scheme, Periodic Zone schemes, Construction of Fermi surfaces, Electron orbits, hole orbits and open orbits, Experimental methods in Fermi surface studies-- Quantization of orbits in a magnetic field, De-Hass-van Alphen Effect, external orbits, Fermi surface of Copper. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Understand the concept of Fermi surfaces and energy gaps in solids. Receive knowledge on reduced zone and periodic zone schemes and also how to construct

Fermi surfaces, electron, hole and open orbits. Study the experimental methods that are involved in Fermi surfaces, like quantization of

orbits, De-Hass-van Alphen Effect Course outcomes:

Students learned the physics behind structural properties of solids.

Apply the free electron theory to solids to describe electronic behavior

Ability to study the fermi surfaces of metals

Have a deep understanding about Band theory of solids

They have understood concepts of different properties of solids to pursue the research work in

the field of material science and nano technology

TEXT BOOKS: 1.Introdcution to Solid State Physics, C. Kittel 2.Solid State Physics, A.J. DEKKER. REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Elementary Solid State Physics, M. Ali Omar, Addison-Wesley. 2. Solid State Physics, M.A. Wahab, Narosa Publishing House. 3. Solid State Physics, S.O. Pillai. 4. Solid State Physics, S.L. Kakani and C. Hemarajan.


Modern Physics Lab - II

List of Experiments (Any SIX of the following) Course Objectives:

Illustrate the Bandgap by using the four probe and two probe method.

Measuring the dielectric constant and curie temperature of the materials

Determination of e/m value practically

AlO, carbon tetra chloride and Bengene spectral analysis

1. Atomic Spectrum of Sodium. a) Identification of sharp and diffuse doublets b) Doublet separation c) Assignment of principal quantum numbers 2. Raman Spectrum of Carbon Tetrachloride a) Raman shifts b) Fermi resonance 3. Vibrational analysis of AlO Green system. a) Identification of sequences, assignment of vibrational quantum numbers, b) Deslandre’s table and Vibrational constants. 4. Determination of Specific Charge of an electron by Thomson’s Method. 5. Experiments with He- Ne laser. a) Polarization of laser light b) Divergence of laser beam and monochromaticity. 6. Band gap of a semiconductor (Four probe method). 7. Dielectric constant as a function of temperature and determination of Curie temperature. 8. Susceptibility of a substance Gouy’s method. 9. Dissociation energy of Iodine molecule from the given data.

Course outcomes:

Understanding the curie temperature of different materials

Comparing the both Practical and Theoretical values

Calculation of energy band gap of semiconductors

Identification nodes and antinodes in Raman effect


Electronics Lab -II

List of Experiments (Any SIX of the following) Course objectives:

To understand the operation and design of different types of filters used for radio frequency

applications

To analyze the different RC and LC oscillators to determine the frequency oscillation.

To design circuits and systems for specific applications using integrated circuits

To verify the theoretical concepts and simulated experiments

To understand concepts of oscillators, operational amplifier and multivibrators

1. Active Low pass and High Pass filters (IC 741) 2.Twin -T filter (IC 741) 3. Logarithmic Amplifier (IC 741) 4.Wein Bridge Oscillator (IC 741) 5. Monostable multivibrator (IC 555) 6. Voltage Regulator (IC 723) 7. Phase Shift Oscillator (IC 741) 8. Astable multivibrator (IC 555) 9.Active band pass filter (IC 741) 10. Voltage controlled oscillator (IC 741, IC 555)

Course outcomes: Understand the difference between theoretical and practical results in different electronic

circuits

Understand the current voltage characteristics of semiconductor devices.

Design, analyze and implementation of electronic circuits

Understand the applications of operational amplifier to design electronic circuits

Semester –III Paper code: P-301

Nuclear and Particle Physics

Course Objectives:

Understand nuclear size, shape and characteristics of Nuclear forces.

Evaluation of Electric quadrupole moment, parity and symmetry.

Illustration of Liquid drop model and nuclear shell model.

Analysis of Characteristics of fission, delayed neutrons.

Illustration of Gas filled counters, scintillation detectors.

Analysis of various particle interactions and symmetric laws.

Unit-I: General properties of nuclei Objective of Studying Nuclear Physics, Nomenclature, nuclear radius, mass & Binding energy, angular momentum, magnetic dipole moment, Electric quadrupole moment, parity and symmetry, domains of instability, Energy levels, mirror nuclei. Nuclear forces: Simple theory of the deuteron, scattering cross-sections, qualitative discussion of neutron-proton and proton- proton scattering, charge independence and charge symmetry of nuclear forces, exchange forces, Yukawa’s Potential, Characteristics of Nuclear Forces.

Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand importance of nuclear properties and Nuclear forces. Measurement of nuclear sizes, Binding Energy, Nuclear mass, domains of stability. A high level thinking of Different types of Scattering crossections Knowledge about binding energy and meson theory.

Unit-II: Nuclear Model Liquid drop model,Weissacker’ssemiemperical mass formula, Mass parabolas. Nuclear shell model: Spin orbit interaction, magic numbers, prediction of angular momentaand parities for ground states. Nuclear Decay:Alpha decay process, Energy release in Beta-decay, Fermi’s Theory of β- decay, selection rules, parity violation in β -decay, Energetics of gamma deacay. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Capture the applications of liquid drop model-semi-empirical mass formula. Importance of shell model and magic numbers Calculate the binding energy per nucleon with the help of liquid drop model Significance of various selection rule and decay process

Unit-III:Nuclear Reactions: Types of reactions and conservation laws, the Q – equation, Optical model, and heavy ion Reactions. Nuclear Energy: Stability limit against spontaneous fission, Characteristics offission, delayed neutrons, four factor formula or controlled fission, nuclear fusion, prospects of continued fusion energy. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Understand the mechanism of nuclear reactions such as chain reaction, heavy ion reactions and also simply derive the conservative rules.

Characteristics of nuclear fusion and fission models

Understand Applications of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion such as hydrogen bomb and atom bomb

Unit-IV: Detecting nuclear radiation Interaction of radiation with matter, Gas filled counters, scintillation detectors, semiconductor detectors, energy measurements, coincidence measurements and time resolution, magnetic spectrometers. Applications of nuclear physics: Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine, Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Understand the concept of charged particle interaction with matter and also knowledge about nuclear Detectors.

Learn the concept of nuclear accelerators and applications of accelerators- nuclear energy applications such as nuclear power.

Understand the trace elemental analysis of nuclear reactions and medical applications of nuclear physics.

Unit-V Elementary particle physics Particle interactions and families, symmetries and conservation laws ( energy and momentum, angular momentum, parity, Baryon number, Lepton number, isospin, strangeness quantum number( Gellmann and Nishijima formula) and charm), Elementary ideas of CP and CPT invariance, SU(2), SU(3) multiplets, Quark model. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn the concept of various particle interactions and applications of particle interactions. Knowledge about SU(2) and SU(3) multiples. Learn the ideas about baryon numbers and lepton numbers.

Course Outcomes: Learn importance of nuclear properties and nuclearforces

mass &binding energy, angular momentum. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon with the help of liquid drop model. Understand Applications of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion such as hydrogen bomb and atom

bomb. Understand the trace elemental analysis of nuclear reactions and medical applications of nuclear

physics. Particle interactions and families, symmetries and conservation laws

TEXT BOOKS:

1. “Introduction to Nuclear Physics “ Harald A.Enge 2. “Concepts of Nuclear Physics “ Bernard L.Cohen. 3. “Introduction to High Energy physics” D.H. Perkins 4. “Introduction to Elementary Particles” D. Griffiths

REFERNCE BOOKS:

Nuclear Physics –DC Tayal Nuclear Physics – R S Sharma Nuclear Physics –Kenneth krane


Condensed Matter Physics-I

Course Objectives:

Introduction to classification of materials

Understand the structure of metals and lattice defects

Understand the thermal and magnetic properties of solids

Analysis the Dielectric properties of solids

Importance of superconductor and its applications

UNIT-I: Defects Classification of Materials: Types of materials, Metals, Ceramics (Sand glasses) polymers, composites, semiconductors. Properties of metallic lattices and simple alloys: The structure of metals classification of lattice defects. The formation of lattice defects in metals. Lattice defect in ionic crystals and estimation of concentration of defects in ionic crystals. Edge and screw dislocation The Frank read mechanism of dislocation multiplication.

Learning outcomes Distinguish between conductors, semiconductors and insulators Understand the concepts of polymers and composites Know the concept of formation of lattice defects in metals

UNIT-II: Thermal Properties of Solids Quantum theory of lattice vibrations – Properties of phonons – Lattice specific heat at low temperatures Einstein and Debye models – Born cut-off procedure – Inelastic scattering of neutrons by phonons – Experimental study of dispersion curves.Inadequacy of harmonic model.

Learning outcomes Understand the quantum theory of lattice vibrations Know the concepts of phonons and its applications Learn the concept of Einstein’s and Debye model

UNIT-III: Magnetic Properties of Solids Quantum theory of Para magnetism, Crystal Field Splitting, Quenching of the orbital Angular Momentum Ferromagnetism Curie point and the Exchange integral, Saturation Magnetization at Absolute Zero, Magnons, Bloch’s T3/2 law . Ferromagnetic Domains.Anti-ferromagnetism. The saturation magnetization, Susceptibility and permeability from Hysteresis loop, Elements of Neel’s theory.

Learning outcomes Know the concept of Para magnetism Understand the quenching of the orbital angular momentum Analysis of saturation magnetic from hysteresis loop Learn the concepts of ferromagnetic domains and anti-ferromagnetism.

UNIT-IV: Dielectrics Macroscopic description of the static dielectric constant , The static electronic and ionic polarizabilities of molecules , Orientation Polarization, The static dielectric constant of gases. The internal field according to Lorentz, The static dielectric constant of solids, Clasius –Mosetti Equation, The complex dielectric constant and dielectric losses, Cole-Cole diagrams.

Learning outcomes Learn the macroscopic description of dielectric constant Understand the concepts of polarisation and its types Analyse the dielectric constant and dielectric losses

UNIT-V: Superconductivity Concept of zero resistance, Magnetic behavior, type -1 and type -2 superconductor, Meissner effect, Isotope effect, Specific heat, London’s equations Penetration dept, BCS theory, Josephson junctions, SQUIDS and its applications, Applications of superconductors, High TC superconductors.

Learning outcomes Learn the concept of Superconductivity Know the concepts of meissner effect, BCS theory, Sqiud and applications Idea about Types of superconductors

Corse outcomes: Analyse the properties of different materials and classification

Identify and analyse magnetic and superconducting materials

List and analyse the dielectric properties

Study and observing the properties of phonons

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Solid State Physics, C. Kittel, John Wiley & Sons. 2. Solid State Physics, A.J. Dekkar, Macmillan India Ltd.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Elementary Solid State Physics, M. Ali Omar, Addison-Wesley. 2. Solid State Physics, M.A. Wahab, Narosa Publishing House. 3. Solid State Electronic Devices, B.G. Streetman. 4. High TC Superconductivity, C.N.R. Rao and S.V. Subramanyam. 5. Solid State Physics, S.O. Pillai. 6. Solid State Physics, S.L. Kakani and C. Hemarajan. 7. Electrons in Solids, Richard H. Bube.

Semester –III Elective-I Paper code: P-303(I)

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Course Objectives:

Understand the basics of nanoparticles and its classification

Synthesis of nanomaterials in different physical methods

Synthesis of nanomaterials in different chemical protocols

Have knowledge on polymer nanoparticles and nanocomposites

Having ideas about application of nanoparticles of nanomaterials in physics, chemistry and

medicinal areas

UNIT –I: Introduction to NanoScience and Technology Introduction to Nanomaterials – classification of nanomaterials Zero, One, Two and three Dimensional Nanostructures – Quantum confinement - Properties and types of Nanomaterials –nanotubes. Bottom-up and Top-down approaches. Carbon nanotubes, types of Carbon nanotubes, Classification Carbon nanotubes, synthesis of chemical routes to carbon nanotubes, Properties of Carbon Nanotubes and applications. Learning outcomes

Learning knowledge on nanoparticles,nanomaterials and classification of nanoparticles Ideas properties of nanomaterials and synthetic approaches Describe the carbon nanotubes, classification and its applications.

UNIT –II: Synthesis of nanomaterials in Physical Techniques Ball Milling, Plasma Arc Deposition, Inert Gas Condensation, Physical Vapour Deposition, Sputtering: Glow discharge. Learning outcomes Analysis of different physical methods of synthesis of nanoparticles Gain knowledge on importance of various techniques Analysis of yield comparison

UNIT –III: Synthesis of nanomaterials in Chemical Techniques Solvo thermal process, Autoclave or Hydrothermal synthesis, Sol-Gel Process, Self Assembly process, Chemical Vapour Deposition, spray pyrolysis, Spin Coating. Learning outcomes Knowledge on chemical synthesis process of nanoparticles Analyse which method is better for getting good yield The technique which is more useful and suitable for synthesis of nanomaterials

UNIT-IV: Nanocomposites Introduction to Nanocomposites, Polymer Nanocompsites, Natural Nanocomposites, Hybrid nanocomposite materials, polymer matrix and metal matrix composites.Synthesis of different techniques to nano composite materials and applications. Preparation and characterization of di-block Copolymer based nanocomposites.

Learning outcomes Learn the concept polymer nanoparticles and nanocomposites Get idea about differences between nanomaterial and nanocomposites Study the polymer matrix and metal matrix and its importance

UNIT –V: Nanomaterials Applications Introduction- MEMS - Single Electron Transistor – Solar Cells – Light Emitting diodes – Gas Sensors – Micro batteries- Field emission display devices – Fuel Cells. Nanomaterials Applications: Catalysis, Drug delivery and Biochips devices Learning outcomes Ideas on nanomaterials applications in various fields Study the single electron transistor applications Gain knowledge on solar cells, fuel cells and LED applications Study the biological applications like drug delivery systems and its types

Course outcomes

Learn the basics and Classification of nanoparticles

Study the various physical techniques for synthesis of nanoparticles

Study the various chemical techniques for synthesis of nanoparticles

Ideas about polymer nanoparticles, nanocomposites and analysis of matrix formation

Gain information of different types of nanoparticles in various applications

REFERENCES BOOKS: 1. Nanotechnology - Molecularly Designed Materials – G.M.Chow and K.E.Gonslaves 2. Physics of semiconductor Nanostructures: K.P.Jain, Narosa Publishers 3. The Materials Science of Thin Films, M. Ohring, Academic Press, 4Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P Poole Jr and Frank J Ownes, 5 Nanocomposite Science and Technology, Pulickelm.Ajayan, Linda S.Schadler, Paul V.Braun, 6Nanotechnology: Basic sciences and emerging technologies, Mick Wilson, Kamali Kannangara, Geoff Smith, Michelle Simmons, BurkarRaguse, Overseas Press, 2005. 7 Introduction to nanoscience and technology-HS NALWA

Semester –III Elective-II Paper code: P-303(II)

Ferroelectrics Course Objectives:

Introducing the concept of Ferroelectrics

Understand the concept of Barium Titanate

Study of Piezoelectric and pyroelectric materials

Understand the magnetic orders exchange interactions

Analysis of type-I and type-II multiferroics

Having ideas about applications of Ferroics.

Unit-I: Ferroics Introduction Characteristic properties and classification of ferroelectrics, spontaneous polarization, phase transition and temperature variation of dielectric constant, Crystal structures and space groups, Ferromagnetic materials, Magnetoelectric effects, Incompatibility between ferroelectricity and magnetism, Mechanisms for ferroelectric and magnetic integration, Ferroelasticity, Ferroelastic materials. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student will able to Having a knowledge on introduction to ferroics. Study the different classes of materials. Gain knowledge on ferroelectricity and magnetism. Understand the physical mechanisms for ferroelectrics.

Unit-II: Ferroelectric oders Barium titanate: Ferroelectric oders Barium titanateTheory, Formation and Dynamics of Domains, phase transitions and critical phenomenon, Antiferroelectric Transition, Piezoelectric Phenomena, Piezoelectric Materials Pyroelectric Phenomena, Pyroelectric Materials, Dielectrics - Time-Domain Approach and the Frequency-Domain Approach, Complex Permittivity, Debye Equations. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student will able to Understand the theory of Barium Titanate. Study the phase transitions and different phenomena’s of materials Understand the concepts of time domain and frequency domain approach. Having an idea about complex permittivity and Debye equations

Unit-III: Magnetic orders Exchange interactions: Magnetic orders Exchange interactions, Anisotropies in [100], [110] and [111] directions, Domains: size, shape and motion. Bloch wall, Magnetization processes, Molecular field theory of antiferromagnetism, Types of antiferromagnetism, Ferrimagnets, Frustration, Spin glasses, Crystal field effects, Rare-earth ions and the electrostatic potential, ligand fields, Transitionmetal ions-The Jahn-Teller effect, Quenching of the orbital angular momentum. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student will able to Understand the magnetic orders exchange interactions. Gain knowledge on molecular field theory of antiferromagnetism. Study the types of antiferromagnetism Study the crystal field effects, John-Teller effect, etc.

Learn the concept of Quenching of Orbital angular momentum. Unit-IV: Multiferoics Magnetoelectric coupling,Magnetoelectric materials, Multiferoics, Type-1 and Type-2 multiferroics, Approaches to the coexistence of ferroelectricity and magnetism, Independent systems, Ferroelectricity induced by lone-pair electrons, Geometric ferroelectricity in hexagonal manganites, Spiral spin-order-induced multiferroicity. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student will able to Understand the concepts of magnetoelectric coupling magnetoelectric materials and multiferroics. Study the types of multiferroics. Gain knowledge on geometric ferroelectricity in hexagonal manganites Learn the concept of Spiral spin-order-induced multiferroicity.

Unit-V: Applications of Ferroics Applications of Ferroics: Magnetic field sensors using multiferroics, Electric field control of exchange bias by multiferroics: Exchange bias in CoFeB/BiFeO3 spin-valve structure, Exchange bias in Py/YMnO3 spin-valve structure, Multiferroics/semiconductor heterostructures as spin filters, four logical states realized in a tunnelling junction using multiferroics, Negative index materials. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student will able to Analyze the magnetic field sensors using multiferroics. Gain knowledge on Exchange bias in CoFeB/BiFeO3and Py/YMnO3 spin-valve structures. Study the Multiferroicsheterostructures as spin filters. Study the Negative index materials.

Course outcomes:

Learn the basics and Classification of Ferroelectrics

Study the theory of Barium Titanate

Understand the concepts of Magnetic orders Exchange interactions,Types of

antiferromagnetism, Ferrimagnets.

Study the various techniques for Ferroelectrics

Learn the various types of multiferroics

Gain the knowledge on ferroics in various applications.

Text Books: 1. Dielectric phenomena in solids,Kwan Chi Kao, Elsevier Academic Press,2004 2. Ferroelectricity,Julio A. Gonzalo, BasilioJirntnez, Wiley-VCH VerlagGinbH& Co 2005. 3. Magnetism and Magnetic materials J. M. D. Coey, Cambridge University Press, 2009. 4. Multiferroicity: the coupling between magnetic and polarization orders, K.F. Wang, J.-M. Liu and Z.F. Ren, Advances in Physics, 58, No. 4, 321–448, 2009

Semester –III Elective-III Paper code: P-303(III)

Radar Systems & Satellite Communication

Course objectives:

Evaluation of Antenna gain Radar equation.

Tracking Radar and Tracking accuracy and process.

Analysis of satellite communication system.

An ability to understand orbiting satellites and satellite frequency bands.

Evaluation of Multiple Access Techniques.

UNIT – I Radar Systems: Fundamental – A simple RADAR – overview of frequencies – Antenna gain Radar Equation –Accuracy and Resolution – Integration time and the Doppler shift. Designing a surveillance radar – Rader and surveillance – Antenna beam – width consideration –pulse repetition frequency – unambiguous range and velocity – pulse length and sampling – radar cross section – clutter noise. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn knowledge of Fundamental – A simple RADAR and frequencies – Antenna gain Radar

Equation. Demonstrate knowledge of Doppler shift Designing a surveillance radar – Rader and surveillance –

Antenna beam – width consideration. Analyze the unambiguous range and velocity – pulse length and sampling – radar cross section –

clutter noise.

UNIT – II Tracking Radar: Tracking Radar – Sequential lobbing – conial scanning – Monopoles Radar – Tracking accuracy and Process – Frequency Agility – Radar guidance. Signal and Data Processing Properties of clutter – Moving Target Indicator Processing Shareholding – Plot extraction – Tract Association, Initiation and Tracking. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn knowledge of Tracking accuracy and Process – Frequency Agility – Radar guidance Signal

and Data Processing. Demonstrate knowledge of Tracking Radar – Sequential lobbing –conial scanning Monopoles Radar – Tracking accuracy and Process Analyze the Moving Target Indicator

Processing Shareholding

UNIT – III Radar Antenna: Radar Antenna – Antenna parameters – Antenna Radiation Pattern and aperture distribution –Parabolic reflector – cosecant squared antenna pattern – effect of errors on radiation pattern –Stabilization of antennas. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn knowledge of Radar Antenna – Antenna parameters. Demonstrate of Antenna Radiation Pattern and aperture distribution – Parabolic reflector. Analyze the cosecant squared antenna pattern – effect of errors on radiation pattern – Stabilization of antennas.

UNIT – IV Satellite Communication: Satellite System – Historical development of satellites – communication satellite systems –Communication satellites – orbiting satellites – satellite frequency bands – satellite multipleaccess formats. Satellite orbits and inclination – Look angles, orbital perturbations, space craft and its subsystems – attitude and orbit control system – Telemetry, Tracking and Command – Power system – Transponder – Reliability and space qualification – launch vehicles. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn knowledge of Satellite Communication Satellite System – Historical development of

satellites –communication Demonstrate of orbiting satellites – satellite frequency bands. Analyze the Look angles, orbital perturbations, space craft and its subsystems – attitude and orbit

control system. Launch vehicles.

UNIT – V Multiple Access Techniques: Multiple Access Techniques – Time division multiple access – Frequency division multipleaccess – Code division multiple access – Space domain multiple access. Earth Station technology – Subsystem of an earth station – Transmitter – Receiver Tracking and pointing – Small earth station – different types of earth stations – Frequency coordination –Basic principles of special communication satellites – INMARSAT VSAT, GPS, RADARSAT,INTELST.

Course outcomes: Learn knowledge of Multiple Access Techniques –Time Division multiple access – Frequency

division multiple access –Code division multiple access – Space domain multiple access.

Demonstrate of Earth Station technology – Subsystem of an earth station –Transmitter – Receiver

Tracking and Pointing –Small earth station – different types of earth stations.

Analyze the Frequency coordination Basic principles of special communication satellites –

INMARSAT VSAT, GPS, RADARSAT, INTELST

Text Books: 1. Understanding Radar Systems – Simon Kingsley and Shaun Quegan. 2. Introduction to Radar Systems – MI Skolnik 3. Satellite Communication – Robert M. Gagliardi 4. Satellite Communication – ManojitMitra

Semester –III Elective-IV Paper code: P-303(IV)

Thin Film Science and Technology

Course objectives:

Understand the different synthesis methods of thin films.

Gain knowledge on characterization techniques of thin films.

Learn about adsorption and diffusion in thin films.

Understand the stress effects on thin films.

Learn the Laser modification, compositional modification and applications.

UNIT I - Thin Film Deposition Techniques Introduction – Kinetic theory of gases - Physical vapour deposition techniques – Physics and Chemistry of Evaporation - Thermal evaporation – Pulsed laser deposition – Molecular beam epitaxy –Sputtering deposition – DC, RF, Magnetron, Ion beam and reactive sputtering - Chemical methods –Thermal CVD – Plasma enhanced CVD – Spray Pyrolysis – Sol Gel method – Spin and Dip coating –Electro plating and Electroless plating – Deposition mechanisms

Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the different thin film deposition techniques. Learn the evaporation methods, pulsed laser deposition and MBE. Understand the physical vapour deposition method and chemical vapour deposition methods. Knowledge on spray pyrolysis and sol-gel methods.

UNIT II - Characterization Techniques Surface analysis techniques – Auger Electron spectroscopy – Photoelectron Spectroscopy– Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy – X-ray Energy Dispersive Analysis – Rutherford Backscattering spectroscopy Imaging Analysis Techniques – Scanning Electron Microscopy – Transmission Electron Microscopy Optical analysis Techniques – Ellipsometry – Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Photoluminescence Spectroscopy.

Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the different thin film characterization techniques. Learn the surface analysis techniques electron spectroscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy. Understand the image analysis techniques. Knowledge on FTIR and luminescence spectroscopy.

UNIT III - Adsorption And Diffusion In Thin Films Physisorption – Chemisorption – Work function changes induced by adsorbates – Two dimensional phase transititions in adsorbate layers – Adsorption kinetics – Desorption techniques.Fundamentals of diffusion –Grain Boundary Diffusion – Thin Film Diffusion Couples - Inter Diffusion-Electromigration in thin films – Diffusion during film growth.

Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the adsorption and diffusion in thin films. Learn the two dimensional phase transitions adsorbate layers. Understand the desorption techniques and thin film deposition techniques. Knowledge on electromigration in thin films and diffusion.

UNIT IV - Stress In Thin Films Origin of Thin film stress - Classifications of stress – Stress in epitaxial films – Growth Stress in polycrystalline films – Correlation between film stress and grain structure – Mechanisms of stress evolution – film stress and substrate curvature – Stoney formula – Methods of curvature measurement – Scanning laser method.

Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the stress effects on thin films. Learn theclassifications stress, stress in epitaxial films and growth stress in polycrystalline films. Understand thecorrelation between film stress and grain structure. Knowledge on scanning laser method.

UNIT V - Modification of Surfaces and Films Introduction – Laser and their Interactions with Surfaces – Laser modification effects and applications – Laser sources and Laser scanning methods - Thermal analysis of Laser annealing- Laser surface alloying Ion implantation effects in solids – Energy loss and structural modification– compositional modification Ion beam modification phenomena and applications.

Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the Laser and Laser interactions with surfaces. Learn theLaser scanning methods. Understand theenergy loss and structural modifications. Knowledge on compositional modifications and ion beam modifications..

Course outcomes: Gains deep understand on thin film deposition techniques.

Understand various characterization techniques.

Knowledge on adsorption and diffusion in thin films.

Learn the stress effects on thin films.

Knowledge on surface modifications of thin films.

Text Books: 1. Amy. E, Wendt, “Thin Films - High density Plasmas”, Volume 27, Springer Publishers. 2006. 2. Rointan. F, Bunshah,” Hand Book of Deposition technologies for Thin Films and coatings by Science, Technology and Applications” ,Second Edition , Noyes Publications, 1993. 3. Milton Ohring, “Materials Science of Thin films” Published by Academic Press Limited 1991. 4. Freund. L.B and S.Suresh, “Thin Film Materias”, 2003. 5. Hans Luth, “Solid surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films”’ 4th edition, Springer Publishers 2010. 6. HaraldIbach, “Physics of Surfaces and Interfaces”, Springer Publishers 2006.AM

Semester –III Elective-I Paper code: P-304(I)

Digital Electronics and Microprocessor Course objectives:

Evaluation of logic gates, design of encoder and decoder and construction of MUX and DMUX

Illustration of flip flops, Analysis of shift registers design practically

Study the perspectives models of analog to digital and digital to analog conversion

Introduction of Microprocessor 8085 and its components

Micro controllers (8251, 8253, 8255) Importance in Microprocessor

Unit-I: Digital Circuits Number Systems and Codes: Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal number system,Gray code, BCD code, ASCII code. Logic Gates and Boolean algebra: OR, AND, NOT, NOR, NAND gates, Boolean theorems, DE Morgan laws. I) Combinational Logic Circuits: (i) Simplification of Boolean Expressions: Algebraic method, Karnaugh Map method, EX-OR, EX-NOR gates, ENCODER, DECODER, Multiplexer, DeMultiplexer. (ii) Digital Arithmetic Operations and Circuits: Binary addition, Design of Adders andSubtractors, Parallel binary adder, IC parallel adder.Applications of Boolean algebra:Magnitude Comparator, Parity generator, Checker, Code converter, Seven-segment decoder/ Driver display.

Learning outcomes

Ideas about number system and conversion Design of logic gates and evaluate the output practically Prove the Boolean theorems, DeMorgan laws and applications

Unit-II: Sequential Logic Circuits: Flip-Flops and Related Devices: NAND latch, NOR latch, Clocked flip-flops, Clocked S-C flip-flop, J-K flip flop, D flip-flop, D latch, Asynchronous inputs, Timing problem in flip-flops. Counters: Asynchronous counters (Ripple), Counters with MOD number < 2N, Asynchronous down counter, Synchronous counters, Up-down counter, Pre-settable counter.Registers: Shift Register, Integrated Circuit registers, Parallel in Parallel out (PIPO), SISO, SIPO, PISO. Applications of Counters: Frequency Counter and Digital clock.

Learning outcomes:

Practically designed above mentioned flip-flop and working of flip-flops Demonstrates Flip-Flops applications Design Synchronous and Asynchronous counters in experimentally Construct the types of shift registers practically and evaluate output

Unit-III: A/D and D/A Converter Circuits: D/A Converter, Linear weighted and ladder type, An integrated circuit DAC; Analog-to Digital Conversion, Digital Ramp ADC, Successive Approximation Method, Sample and Hold Circuit, Digital Voltmeter. Learning outcomes Conversion of Analog to Digital signal using linear and ladder type methods Conversion of Digital to Analog signal using Successive Approximation Method, Significance of Sample and Hold Circuit in other circuit designs

Learn other Digital to Analog signal conversion method such as counter method and parallel method

Unit-IV Intel 8085 Microprocessor: Architecture, Functional diagram, Pin description, Timing Diagram of Read Cycle, Timing diagram of write Cycle.Programming the 8085 Microprocessor: (i) Addressing Methods, Instruction set, Assembly language programming. (ii) Examples of Assembly Language Programming: Simple Arithmetic - Addition/Subtraction of two 8-bit/16-bit numbers, Addition of two decimal numbers, Masking of digits, word disassembly. (iii) Programming using Loops: Sum of series of 8-bit numbers, largest element in the array, Multiple byte addition, Delay sub-routine.

Learning outcomes

Learn the components in 8085 Microprocessor Architecture Significance of Pin diagram, addressing methods and instruction set Knowledge on Assembly level Language and Mechine level languages Idea about Timing Diagram of Read Cycle and write cycle Develop programs like addition, subtraction, multibite addition, larger number in a array

Unit-V: Data Transfer Technique: Serial transfer, Parallel transfer, Synchronous, Asynchronous, DMA transfer, Interrupt driven Data transfer. 8085 Interfacing: I/O Interfacing: Programmable Peripheral Interfacing, 8255, Programmable Peripheral Interval timer 8253, Programmable Communication Interface 8251, DAC 0800 and ADC 0800 interfacing.

Learning outcomes

Influence of Programmable Peripheral Devices in microprocessors Significance of Direct memory access controllers Knowledge on different types of data transfer techniques Learn Difference between CPU and DMA

Course outcomes:

Design the logic gates, encoder, decoder, MUX, DMUX and verify with truth tables in practically Construct flip flops and shift registers are verify practically in lab Deep knowledge of Analogue to Digital and Digital to Analogue conversion Design the 8085 Microprocessor, Pin diagram, addressing methods and developing programmes. Programmable Peripheral devices importance in microprocessors

TEXT BOOKS: 1.Digital Systems: Ronald J Tocci 2.Principles of Digital electronics and Applications : Malvino and Leach 3.Fundamentals of microprocessors and micro computers: B Ram 4.Microprocessors Architecture, Programming and Applications: Ramesh S Goanker REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Micro Electronics by Milliman and Halkias. TMH Publications 2. Micro Electronics by Sedra and Smith 3. Electronic Principles by Malvino, 6th Ed. TMH

Semester –III Elective-II Paper code: P-304(II)

Biophysics

Course objectives:

Understand the biological phenomena with physical principles.

Gain knowledge on energies, forces and bonds in biological aspects.

Learn about transport processes, energy productions-ATP and ADP.

Understand the Force, moment, fluid and air flow in muscles.

Learn the membrane protein and carbohydrate environment, membrane protein transporters.

Unit-I: Energies, Forces and Bonds: Inter atomic potentials for strong bonds, Inter atomic potentials for weak bonds, Non central Forces, Bond energies, spring constants.Molecular Contacts-Dissociation constants, Methods of measuring dissociation constants, Metal–molecular coordination bonds, Hydrogen bonds. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the Forces, bonds and energies in human body. Learn the molecular contacts. Understand the coordination bonds and hydrogen bonds.

Unit-II: Transport Processes: Forces and flows, Fick’s laws of diffusion, Brownian motion, Physiological diffusion of ions and molecules, Molecular motors, Thermal conduction, Energy production-ATP and ADP, Phosphocreatine, Glycolysis. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Knowledge on forces, diffusion and motion. Understand the molecular motors and thermal conductivity Learn the energy production-ATP and ADP. Understand the Phosphocreatine, Glycolysis.

Unit-III: Force and movement: The skeletal length–tension relation, Muscle contractions after windup, Cardiac and smooth muscle length–tension relations, The Hill formalism of the cross-bridge cycle, Muscle shortening, lengthening and power, Calcium dependence of muscle velocity, Smooth muscle latch, Muscle tension transients, The Law of Laplace for hollow organs, Non-muscle motility. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the skeletal length-tension relation and Muscle contractions. Learn the formalism of the cross-bridge cycle. Knowledge on cycle, Muscle shortening, lengthening and power, Calcium dependence of muscle

velocity, Smooth muscle latch. Understand the law of Laplace for hallows organs.

Unit-IV: Fluid and air flow: Fluid properties, Synovial fluid flow, Arterial blood flow, Arteriole blood flow, Viscosity and haematocrit, Arterial stenosis, Arterial asymmetry: atherosclerosis and buckling, Lung air flow, Aqueous humor and cerebrospinal fluid flow. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the Fluid properties, Arterial blood flow, and Arteriole blood flow. Knowledge on Viscosity and hematocrit and Arterial stenosis. Understand Arterial asymmetry. Learn the Lung air flow, Aqueous humor and cerebrospinal fluid flow.

Unit-V: Biophysical interfaces: Surface tension, action of surfactant on lung surface tension, membrane lipids, membrane curvature, membrane protein and carbohydrate environment, membrane protein transporters, membrane organization, ultrasonic pore formation, membrane diffusion and viscoelasticity and membrane ethanol effects. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the Surface tension, action of surfactant on lung surface tension. Knowledge on membrane lipids, membrane curvature, membrane protein. Learn the membrane protein transporters, membrane organization, ultrasonic pore formation Understand the viscoelasticity and membrane ethanol effects.

Course outcomes: Gains deep understand on biological properties with physical principles.

Understand various transport phenomena for energy production.

To understand the force and movement and their dependence in humans.

To interpret biophysical phenomena across the interfaces.

Learn the biological applications.

Text Books: 1. Biophysics: An Introduction Cotterill, Rodney

2. Biophysics: A Physiological Approach Patrick F. Dillon

3. Biophysics by Daniel Goldfarb

Semester –III Elective-III Paper code: P-304(III)

Photonics Course objectives:

Evaluation of Photons and electrons.

Illustration of Quantum Confined Materials.

Analysis of optical properties of metal-dielectric composites.

Illustration of Photonic Crystals.

Analysis of laser trapping and dissection for biological systems.

UNIT I - Foundations For Nanophotonics Photons and electrons: similarities and differences,freespace propagation. Confinement of photons and electrons. Propagation through a classicallyforbidden zone: tunnelling. Localization under a periodic potential: Band gap. Cooperative effects for photons and electrons.Nanoscale optical interactions, axial and lateral nanoscopic localization.Nanoscale confinement of electronic interactions: Quantum confinement effects,nanoscale interaction dynamics, nanoscale electronic energy transfer. Cooperative emissions. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Knowledge about Nanophotonics. Understanding the confinement of photons and electrons. Learn the importance of the Nanophotonics. Identify the Nanoscale confinement of electronic interactions. Analyze the applications of cooperative emissions.

UNIT II - Quantum Confined Materials Inorganic semiconductors, quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum dots, quantum rings. Manifestation of quantum confinement: Optical properties nonlinear optical properties. Quantum confined stark effect. Dielectric confinement effect, superlattices.Core-shell quantum dots and quantum-dot-quantum wells. Quantum confined structures as Lasing media. Organic Quantum-confined structures Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Knowledge about the Inorganic semiconductors. Understanding the quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum dots, quantum rings. Learn the importance of the manifestation of quantum confinement. Analyze the properties of Quantum confined stark effect. Understanding the Organic Quantum-confined structures.

UNIT III - Plasmonics and Metamaterials Introduction to Plasmonics and Metamaterials-Optical properties of metals - Surface Plasmon polariton at metal/dielectric interface- Localized surface Plasmon Extraordinary optical transmission mediated by surface Plasmon-Optical properties of metal-dielectric composites-Electric and Magnetic Metamaterials- Negative index metamaterials- Applications of Metamaterials: Super-imaging; Transformation Optics and Invisibility Cloaks. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn the importance of the Plasmonics and Metamaterials. Knowledge about the optical properties of metals.

Understanding the Localized surface Plasmon Extraordinary optical transmission mediated by surface Plasmon.

To explain the Electric and Magnetic Metamaterials- Negative index Metamaterials- Applications

of Metamaterials. Explain the Super-imaging; Transformation Optics and Invisibility Cloaks.

UNIT IV - Photonic Crystals Important features of photonic crystals-Presence of photonic bandgap-anomalous group velocity dispersion-Microcavity-effects in Photonic Crystals-fabrication of photonic Crystals-Dielectric mirrors and interference filters-photonic crystal laser-PBC based LEDs-Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs)-Photonic crystal sensing. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Learn the importance of the photonic crystals Knowledge about the Microcavity-effects in Photonic Crystals. Understanding the Presence of photonic bandgap-anomalous group velocity dispersion. Explain the fabrication of photonic Crystals-Dielectric mirrors and interference filters-photonic

crystal laser. Explain the Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs)-Photonic crystal sensing .

UNIT V - New Approaches in Nanophotonics Near Field Optics-Aperture less near field optics-near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM or SNOM)-SNOM based detection of plasmonic energy transportSNOM based visualization of waveguide structures-SNOM in nanolithography-SNOM based optical data storage and recovery-generation of optical forces-optical trapping and manipulation of single molecules and cells in optical confinement-laser trapping and dissection for biological systems. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Learn the importance of the nanophotonics. Knowledge about the near field scanning optical microscopy. Understanding SNOM based detection of plasmonic energy transport SNOM based visualization

of waveguide structures. Explain to the SNOM in nanolithography-SNOM based optical data storage and recovery-

generation of optical forces. Explain to the optical trapping and manipulation of single molecules and cells in optical

confinement. Course outcomes: Learn the nanophotonics. Demonstrate the localized Surface Plasmon extraordinary optical transmission mediated by

surface Plasmon. Analyze the presence of photonic bandgap-anomalous group velocity dispersion. Learn about the the optical trapping and manipulation of single molecules.

Text Books: 1. Lucas Novotny and Bert Hecht, "Principles of Nano-Optics" ,Cambridge University Press, 2012.

2. Masuhara. H. Kawata. S and Tokunga. F “NanoBiophotoics”, Elsevier Science, 2007.

3. Saleh. B. E. A and Teich. A. C “Fundamentals of Photonics”, John Wiley and Sons, NewYork,1993.

4. Prasad. P. N“Introduction to Biophotonics”, John Wiley and Sons, 2003.

5. Ohtsu. M. Kobayashi. K. Kawazoe. T and Yatsui. T. “Principals of Nanophotonics (Optics and Optoelectronics)” University of Tokyo, Japan, 2003.

Semester –III Elective-III Paper code: P-304(IV)

Renewable Energy Sources

Course Objectives:

Understand the various forms of conventional energy resources.

Learn the present energy scenario and the need for energy conservation.

Explain the concept of various forms of renewable energy.

Outline division aspects and utilization of renewable energy sources for both domestics and

industrial application.

Analyze the environmental aspects of renewable energy resources.

UNIT-I: Solar Energy: Solar constant, spectral distribution of extraterrestrial radiation, Terrestrial Solar radiation geometry, empirical equation for estimating solar radiation, Instruments for measuring solar radiation-Pyranometer, sun shine recorder, solar thermal energy collectors- flat plate collectors, liquid heating flat plate collectors, concentrating type collectors. Thermodynamic limits to concentration, solar cookers, types of solar cookers, solar water heater, solar air heaters, solar distillation, Solar water pumping and solar thermal power plant. Solar photo-voltaic system, photovoltaic effect, efficiency of solar cells, semiconductor materials for solar cells, solar photovoltaic system, applications of solar photo-voltaic devices. Learning Outcomes: Understand the use of solar energy and the various components used in the energy production with

respect to applications. Gain Knowledge on Instruments for measuring the solar radiation. Study various applications on solar energy.

UNIT-II: Wind Energy: Origin and classification of winds. Wind turbines, types of rotors, aerodynamics of wind turbines, wind energy extraction, wind characteristics, horizontal axis wind turbine generator. Modes of wind power generation. Advantages and disadvantages of a wind energy system. Learning Outcomes: Understand the need of Wind Energy and the various components used in energy generation. Know the classifications of Wind energy. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of wind energy.

UNIT-III: Tidal Energy: Tidal characteristics, tidal range, tidal energy estimation, energy and power in a double cycle system, yearly power generation from tidal plants, types of tidal power plants, site selection for power plants, advantages and disadvantages of tidal power. Learning Outcomes: Understand the characteristics of Tidal energy. Study the various types of tidal power plants. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of Tidal power.

UNIT-IV: Biomass Energy: Biomass resources, biofuels, biogas, producer gas, biomass conversion technologies, biochemical conversion, biomass classification. Biogas technology, factors affecting biogas production, biogas plants – floating drum type plant, fixed dome type. Energy recovery from urban waste, power generation from landfill gas.Power generation from liquid waste.Ethanol from biomass. Learning Outcomes: Understand the concept of Biomass energy resources and their classification. Study the Production of biogas. Learn various applications on biomass energy. Study the power generation from liquid waste.

UNIT-V: Fuel Cells: Operation of an acidic fuel cell, technical parameters of a fuel cell, fuel processor, Methanol fuel cell, alkaline fuel cells, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, advantages fuel cell power plants, energy output of a fuel cell, efficiency and emf of a fuel cell, operating characteristics of fuel cells. Learning Outcomes: Understand the characteristics of Fuel cells. Study the various types of fuel cells. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of Fuel cells. Have a deep understanding about efficiency and emf of a fuel cell.

Course Outcomes:

Study the various types of renewable energy sources.

Compare Solar, Wind and Bio energy systems, their prospects, Advantages and limitations.

Acquire the knowledge of fuel cells, wave power, tidal power and geothermal principles.

Study various applications on renewable energy sources.

Text Books: Renewable energy sources and emerging technologies, D P Kothari, K C Singal, R Ranjan, PHI (

2018). Non-conventional sources of energy, G D Rai, Khanna publications (1979).

References Books: 1. Renewable energy technologies, R Ramesh, Narosa, (1997). 2. Renewable energy systems, K M Mittal, Wheeler pub.(1997). 3. Biomass, energy and environment,Ravindranath N.H., Oxford University Press (1995). 4. Solar Energy, S P Sukhatme and J K Nayak, Tata McGraw-Hill (2011). 5. Solar Energy, H P Garg, TMH (1997).


Solid State Physics Lab

List of Experiments (Any SIX of the following)

Course Objectives:

To verify the X-ray diffraction studies by using Kcl and Naclcyrstal.

To analyze the hall coefficient, charge carries density and carriers mobility.

To provide fundamental concept of electro spin resonance.

To implement the frequency of normal modes of two coupled pendulum.

To write assembly language programs of microprocessor for various applications.

1. Latice dynamics – study of phonon dispersion characterestics.

2. Determination of dielectric constant-determination of guide

3. Wavelength of an x-band test bench and determination ofdielectric constant of benzene.

4. Hall effect: determination of hall coefficient and estimation ofcarrier concentration.

5. ESR studies and dpph- determination of ‘g’ value of an electron.

6. Coupled oscillations and study of the strength of the couplingconstant.

7. X-ray diffration studiesDetermination of elastic constant.

8. Thermoluminiscence-determination of activation energy ofelectrons.

9. Determination of magneto resistance

10. Study of magnetic hysteresis loops of ferromagnetic materials (BH-curve)

Course Outcomes:

Understand about various types of crystals lattice constants and unit cell volumes.

Evaluate the Hall coefficients and mobility.

Identify the energy loss in the transformer core.

Able to analyze the value of free electron ‘g’

Learn the basic principle of Coupled oscillator.


Digital Electronics Lab

List of Experiments (Any SIX of the following)

Course objectives:

Fundamentals of Digital integrated circuits

Verify the theoretical concepts through laboratory experiments

Implement mini projects based on the concepts

Understand the concepts of sequential circuits and analyze the sequential systems.

1. Verification of Gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EX –OR, EX – NOR gates

2. Encoder and Decoder

3. Multiplexer and De multiplexer

4. Adders: Half adder, Full Adder, Paraller Adder

5. Flip Flops ( 7400,7402,7408,7446)

6. Decade Counter (IC 7490)

7. Seven segment Decoder/ Driver (7490,7447)

8. UP/DOWN Counter IC 74193

9. Digital Comparator ( 7485)

10. Micrprocessor 8085 Addition/ subtraction of 8 bit numbers, Sum of series of 8 – bit numbers.

Course outcomes:

Classify different semiconductor devices

Analyze, Design and Implement combinational logic circuits

Design Multiplexer and Demultiplexer circuits for memory devices

Construction of Encoder and Decoder for evolution of error findings

Semester –IV Paper code: P-401

Advanced Quantum Mechanics Course Objectives

Evaluation of Linear Vector Spaces in Quantum Mechanics.

Illustration of Quantum Dynamics.

Analysis of Matrix elements of vector operators.

Illustration of Relativistic Quantum Mechanics.

Unit-I: Linear Vector Spaces in Quantum Mechanics Vectors and operators, change of basis, Dirac’s bra and ket notations. Eigen value problem for operators.The continuous spectrum.Application to wave mechanics in one dimension. Learning Outcomes: Have a deep understanding about vectors and different operators.

Ability to know how an operator operates on a wave function and also know about change of basis

Knowledge about Dirac's bra and ket notations and Eigen value problem for an operator

Applications to wave mechanics in one dimension

Unit-II: Quantum Dynamics The equation of motion, Quantization postulates, canonical quantization, Constants of motion and invariance properties. Scrӧdinger, Heisenberg and Dirac interaction pictures.Harmonic Oscillator. Learning outcomes: Ideas about quantization postulates and canonical quantization

Have a deep understand about constants of motion and invariance properties

Understand the Heisenberg picture and Harmonic oscillator.

Unit-III: Time-dependent perturbation theory Development of time-dependent perturbation theory. The golden rule for constant transition rates. Addition of two angular momentas. Tensor operators. Wigner Eckart’s theorem. Matrix elements of vector operators.Parity and time reversal symmetries. Learning outcomes:

Have a deep understanding of the time dependent perturbation theory and golden rule for constant

transition rates.

Be able to solve addition of two angular momentas.

To explain Wigner-Eckart’s theorem.

To understand matrix elements of vector operators and effect of parity and time reversal

symmetries in quantum mechanics

Unit-IV: Scattering Concept of differential crosssection. Scattering of a wave packet. Born approximation. Partial waves and phase shift analysis. Learning Outcomes:

Understand and explain the concept of differential cross-section

To explain Scattering of a wave packet and Born approximation.

To learn about Partial waves and phase shift analysis

Unit-V: Relativistic Quantum Mechanics Klein – Gordon equation, Dirac equation for a free particle, Equation of continuity, Spin of a Dirac particle, Solutions of free particle Dirac equation, Negative energy states and hole theory. Learning Outcomes:

Have a deep understanding of Dirac equation for a free particle and also about Klein-Gordon

equation

Explain the concepts of Equation of continuity and spin of Dirac particle

Explain how to calculate Solutions of free particle Dirac equation

Explain how to find negative energy states and also explain the concept of Hole theory.

Course Outcomes:

Learn The continuous spectrum. Application to wave mechanics in one dimension.

Demonstrate knowledge of quantization postulates, canonical quantization, Constants of

motion and invariance properties.

Analyze Scattering of a wave packet. Born approximation.

Learn about the spin of a Dirac particle, Solutions of free particle Dirac equation and Klein –

Gordon equation,

TEXT BOOKS: 1.“Quantum Mechanics “ by E. Merzbacher REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. “Quantum Mechanics” by R.D. Ratna Raju 2.” Quantum Mechanics” by Thankappan 3. “Quantum Mechanics” by Biswas

Semester –IV Paper code: P-402 Condensed Matter Physics-II

Course Objectives

Evaluation of diffusion, nucleation and growth.

Illustration of glass materials.

Analysis of Hydroxyapatite glass ceramics, Carbon Implant materials

Illustration of Crystal growth techniques.

Unit-I: Classification of Materials Types of materials, Metals, Ceramics (Sand glasses) polymers, composites, semiconductors.Metals and alloys: Phase diagrams of single component, binary and ternary systems, diffusion, nucleation and growth. Diffusional and diffusionless transformations. Mechanical properties. Metallic glasses. Preparation, structure and properties like electrical, magnetic, thermal and mechanical, applications.

Learning Outcomes:

Knowledge about types of materials. Understanding the preparation methods. Learn the importance of the semiconductors. Identify the structure and properties. Analyze the applications of Ceramics materials.

Unit-II: Glasses The glass transition - theories for the glass transition, Factors that determine the glass-transition temperature.Glass forming systems and ease of glass formation, preparation of glass materials. Applications of Glasses: Introduction: Electronic applications, Electrochemical applications, optical applications, Magnetic applications.

Learning outcomes:

Knowledge about the glass transition. Understanding the theories for the glass transition Learn the importance of the glass materials. Analyze the properties of glass materials. Understanding the Magnetic applications of glass materials.

Unit-III: Biomaterials Implant materials: Stainless steels and its alloys, Ti and Ti based alloys, Ceramic implant materials; Hydroxyapatite glass ceramics, Carbon Implant materials, Polymeric Implant materials, Soft tissue replacement implants, Sutures, Surgical tapes and adhesives, heart valve implants, Artificial organs, Hard Tissue replacement Implants, Internal Fracture Fixation Devices, Wires, Pins, and Screws, Fracture Plates.

Learning outcomes: Learn the importance of the implant materials. Knowledge about the biomaterials. Understanding the applications of biomaterials.

To explain the artificial organs. Explain the Carbon Implant materials.

Unit-IV: Liquid Crystals: Mesomorphism of anisotropic systems, Different liquid crystalline phases and phase transitions, Few applications of liquid crystals. Crystal growth techniques: Bridgeman-Czochralski-liquid encapsulated czochralski (LEC) growth technique-zone refining and floating zone growth-vapour phase epitaxy-hydrothermal groth-Growth from melt solutions-Flame fusion method.

Learning Outcomes:

Learn the importance of the liquid crystals Knowledge about the Crystal growth techniques. Understanding the Growth from melt solutions. Explain the Bridgeman-Czochralski-liquid encapsulated Bridgeman-Czochralski-liquid

encapsulated. Explain the Flame fusion method.

Unit-V: Absorption: Absorption in insulators, Polaritons, One – phonon absorption, optical properties of metals,skin effect and anomalous skin effect.Interaction of electrons with acoustic and optical phonons.

Learning Outcomes: Learn the absorption in insulators. Knowledge about the phonons. Understanding skin effect and anomalous skin effect. Explain to the optical properties of metals. Explain to the Interaction of electrons with acoustic.

Course Outcomes: Learn Phase diagrams of single component, binary and ternary systems,diffusion, nucleation and

growth.

Demonstrate knowledge of Glass forming systems and ease of glass formation,Preparation of glass

materials.

Analyze the importance of the implant materials.

Learn about the Interaction of electrons with acoustic and opticalphonons

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Nanocrystalline materials- H. Gleiter 2. Biomaterials Science and Engg. J.B. Park 3. Materials Science and Engg. – C. M. Srivastava 4. Phase transformation in metal and alloys, D. A. Porter and K. E. Easterling 5. Fundamental of thermotropic liquid crystals deJen and Vertogen

Semester –IV Elective-I Paper code: P-403(I)

Properties and Characterization of Materials Course objectives:

To understand thermal and optical properties of materials

The study of crystal structure using TEM and study of microstructure using SEM

Study the concepts regarding resonance methods (ESR, NMR, Mossbauer Spectroscopy etc)

and their applications

To learn about electrical and magnetic characterization techniques

IR spectroscopy and applications

Unit-I: Introduction and preliminary concepts Micro, meso, macro and nanostructure of materials.Fundamentals of crystal structures and working Principle of X-ray Diffraction technique, Debye shearers for crystalline size, X-ray density calculations.

Learning Outcomes:Students will have achieved the ability to

Calculate Crystalline size by using Debye shearers formula

Learn concept of x-ray diffraction studies

Ideas about Principle of Atomic force microscope

Unit-II: Microscopic examination Fundamentals of Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, study of crystal structure using TEM, study of microstructure using SEM and EDAX Analysis, Scanning Probe Microscope, Principle of Atomic force microscope and applications


Learn the construction and working principle of SEM and TEM

Characterize a sample using SEM and TEM and also how to get micro structural information

from them

Distinguish between TEM and SEM

Unit-III: Resonance methods Spin and an applied field—the nature of spinning particles, interaction between spin and a magnetic field, population of energy levels, the Larmor precession, relaxation times—spin- spin relation, spin-lattice relaxation, Electron Spin Resonance: Introduction, g-factor, experimental methods.


Ideas about nature of spinning particle, interaction between spin and magnetic fields Learn about Larmor precession, relaxation times in different resonance methods Understanding Electron spin resonance

Unit-IV: Nuclear magnetic resonance Equations of motion, line width, motional narrowing, hyperfine splitting, Nuclear Gamma Ray Resonance: Principles of Mossbauer Spectroscopy, Line Width, Resonance absorption, Mossbauer Spectrometer, Isomer Shift, Quadrupole Splitting, magnetic field effects, Applications

Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Understand and explain the construction and working principle of NMR

Calculate Equation of motion, line width of NMR spectra

Understanding the principle of Mossbauer spectroscopy and also calculate Line

Contrast and compare NMR and Mossbauer spectroscopy and their applications

Learn about Quadrupole splitting in Mossbauer spectroscopy

Unit-V: Optical spectroscopy Fundamentals of Infra-red Spectroscopy and Applications. UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray Photo electron spectroscopy working principle and applications

Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Understanding about the concepts of IR spectroscopy and its application in physical sciences

Research ideas X-ray Photo electron spectroscopy working principle and applications

Course outcomes:

Ability to design the instruments to study the properties and characterizations of materials.

Understand Properties of solids

Knowledge about characterization technique and working in research fields.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Solid State Physics, 5th edition, C. Kittel REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy-C.N. Banwell 2. Mossbauer Effect and its Applications –V.G. Bhide

Semester –IV Elective-II Paper code: P-403(II)

Nuclear Techniques

Course objectives:

Recall the fundamental concepts in Nuclear Physics.

Understand the Nuclear reaction mechanisms.

Illustrate the X-ray fluorescence and Particle Induced Gamma ray Emissions.

Students learn about X-ray photo electron spectroscopy and limitations of XPS.

Learn about Neutron Activation Analysis and its applications.

Understand the applications of Nuclear physics in Medicine.

Unit-I: Nuclear Reaction analysis: Principle of NRA, Reaction Kinematics for NRA, Particle Induces Gamma ray Emission (PIGE) analysis, Experimental methods, Detection limit/Sensitivity, Applications of NRA, Applications of PIGE, Proton-Induced reactions, Deuteron-Induced reactions, He3, He4-Induced reactions.

Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the principle of Nuclear Reaction analysis. Learn principle and working mechanism of particle induced gamma ray emission. Understand the applications of neutron reaction mechanism. Knowledge on proton, Deuteron, Tritium and Alpha particle Induced mechanisms.

Unit-II: X-ray Fluorescence and Particle Induced X-ray Emission: Principle of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) technique, Instrumentation of XRF and PIXE, qualitative and quantitative analysis, applications of XRF and PIXE techniques, Comparison between XRF and PIXE techniques

Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn the construction and working principle of X-ray Fluorescence. Understand the principle and working of PIXE. Learn the applications of XRF and PIXE. Distinguish between XRF and PIXE.

Unit-III: X-ray Photo Electron Spectroscopy: Principle and characteristics of X-ray Photo Electron Spectroscopy (XPS), experimental: commonly used x-ray sources for XPS analysis, photo electron analyzers, experimental workstation, data acquisition and analysis, applications of XPS, advantages and limitations of XPS.

Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn the construction and working principle of X-ray Photo Electron Spectroscopy. Knowledge on photo electron analyzers. Understand mechanism of Data acquisition and analysis and of XPS. Understand limitations and applications of XPS.

Unit-IV: Neutron Activation Analysis: Principle of Neutron Activation Analysis, Prompt Vs delayed Neutron Activation Analysis. Epithermal and fast neutron activation analysis, Neutron sources, Scintillation and Semi-conductor gamma ray detectors,

gamma ray spectrometer, Quantitative analysis using NAA, applications of NAA, advantages and limitations of NAA.

Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn the principle and working of neutron activation analysis. Distinguish between prompt and delayed neutron. Understand mechanisms of nuclear detectors. Learn the applications, advantages and limitations of NAA.

Unit-V: Applications of Nuclear Physics: Induced Fission-fissile materials, Nuclear power reactors, Fusion reaction rates, Fusion reactors, biomedical applications: Biological effects of radiation- Radiation therapy, Medical imaging using radiation, And Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine.

Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the applications of Fission and Fusion. Learn the biomedical applications of nuclear physics. Understand the mechanism of radiation therapy. Knowledge on medical imaging using radiation and nuclear medicine.

Course outcomes:

To understand the different types of characterization techniques for analyze the nuclear

properties.

Learn the principle and working of neutron activation analysis and particle induced reactions.

Ability to design the instruments to study the nuclear properties.

Have a deep thinking about X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Particle Induced X-ray Emission

(PIXE), X-ray Photo Electron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Neutron Activation Analysis

techniques.

To understand the biomedical applications and radiation therapy.

Text Books:

1. Atomic and nuclear analytical methods-H R Verma

2. Nuclear and Particle Physics-B R Martin

3. Introductory Nuclear Physics Kenneth-S Krane

Semester –IV Elective-III Paper code: P-403(III)

Industrial Nanotechnology Course Objectives: Learn different types of information storage materials and devices.

Understand the techniques for optical data storage..

Have a deep understanding about solar cells and fuel cells.

Students learn about generation and significance of Nano pharmaceuticals.

Learn about drug therapy.

Understand the applications of Nanomaterials in various industries.

Unit I - Overview of Information Storage and Nanotechnology Different types of information storage materials and devices: solid state memory, optical memory, magnetic recording, emerging technologies, role of nanotechnology in data storage. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the concepts of solid state memory and optical memory. Learn magnetic recording. Understand emerging technologies in present days. Knowledge on role of nanotechnology in data storage.

Unit II - Optical Data Storage Write and read techniques (signal modulation, disk format, data reproduction), read and write principles (read-only, write-once, phase-change, magnetooptic disks), optical pickup heads (key components, diffraction-limited laser spot, focusing and tracking error signals, servo-loop design, actuator), optical media, near field optical recording, holographic data storage. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn the write and read techniques. Knowledge on read and write principles. Understand the concept of optical pickup heads. Understand the concepts of optical media, optical recording and holographic data storage.

Unit III – Energy Devices Solar cells - Thin film Si solar cells - Chemical semiconductor solar cells - Dye sensitized solar cells - Polymer solar cells - Nano quantum dot solar cells - Hybrid nano-polymer solar cells Fuel Cells – principle of working – basic thermodynamics and electrochemical principle, Fuel cell classification, Fuel cell Electrodes and Carbon nano tubes – application of power and transportation. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the different types of solar cells. Learn the principle and working of fuel cells. Understand the classification of fuel cells. Knowledge on applications of power and transportation.

Unit IV – Nano pharmaceuticals Generation and significance of Nano pharmaceuticals like nanosuspensions, nanogels, nanocarrier systems - Nano formulation – Nano incapsulation – Enhancement of drug therapy epitaxy. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the different types of solar cells. Learn the principle and working of fuel cells. Understand the classification of fuel cells. Knowledge on applications of power and transportation

Unit V - Industrial applications of nanomaterials Nanoparticles and Micro–organism, Nano-materials in bone substitutes & Dentistry, Food and Cosmetic applications, Textiles, Paints, Catalysis, Drug delivery and its applications, Biochips- analytical devices, Biosensors. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the various applications of nanoparticles. Have a deep understanding about nanomaterials in food and cosmetic industry. Understand the applications of nanomaterials in medicine. Knowledge on applications of nanomaterials in analytical devices and Biosensors.

Course outcomes:

To understand the different types of information storage materials and devices.

Learn read and write techniques and principles.

Study the optical data storage devices.

Ability to design the solar cells and fuel cells.

Have a deep thinking about industrial applications of nanomaterials

To understand the biomedical applications of nanoparticles.

Text Books

1. B. Hart and G. J. Womack, “Fuel Cells: Theory & Applications”, Prentice Hall, NY 2. J. Domb, Y. Tabata, M. N. V. Ravi Kumar, and S. Farber, “Nanoparticles for Pharmaceutical

Applications” American Scientific publishers, 2007 3. Dr.ParagDiwan And AshishBharadwaj, Nano Electronics, Pentagen press, 2006 4. Optical Data Storage, Erwin R. Meinders , Matthias Wuttig, Liesbeth Van Pieterson, Andrei

V.Mijiritskii, 2006, Springer. 5. Balandin, K. L. Wang “Handbook of Semiconductor Nanostructures and Nanodevices”

Semester –IV Elective-IV Paper code: P-403(IV)

Energy Conversion Technologies Course Objectives:

Evaluation of energy sources.

Illustration of Energy conversion process.

Analysis of battery operation.

Illustration of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell.

Analysis of conjugated polymer solar cells.

UNIT - I Energy sources Introduction Principles of renewable energy – Introduction, Energy and sustainable development, Fundamentals, Scientific principles of renewable energy, Societal implications. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Knowledge about the energy sources. Understanding the energy and sustainable development. Learn the importance of the renewable energy. Identify the scientific principles of renewable energy. Analyze the principles of renewable energy.

UNIT-II Nanotechnology for sustainable energy Energy conversion process; indirect and direct energy conversion; Nanotechnology enabled renewable energy technologies -Energy transport, conversion and storage. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Knowledge about the indirect and direct energy conversion. Understanding the Nanotechnology enabled renewable energy technologies. Learn the importance of the sustainable energys. Analyze the conversion and storage. Understanding the energy transport.

Unit-III: Batteries Principles of battery operation; Battery components; Types of batteries – Primary and secondary batteries; Lead acid, Nickel-cadmium and Lithium ion batteries Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Learn the principles of battery operation. Knowledge about the battery components. Understanding the types of batteries. To explain the primary and secondary batteries. Explain the Lead acid, Nickel-cadmium and Lithium ion batteries.

Unit-IV: Fuel Cells Fuel Cell principles; Types of fuel cells - Alkaline Electrolyte, Phosphoric acid, Molten Carbonate, solid oxide and direct methanol fuel cells; Principle and operation of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel

cell -Construction of PEM fuel cell stack, efficiency characteristics of PEM fuel cells; Direct methanol fuel cells. Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn the Fuel Cell principles. Knowledge about the types of fuel cells. Understanding the solid oxide and direct methanol fuel cells. Explain the Construction of PEM fuel cell stack. Explain the efficiency characteristics of PEM fuel cells.

Unit-V: Solar Cells Importance of solar cells; Principle of operation; Current-voltage characteristics,; Comparison of inorganic and organic solar cells, silicone solar cells - manufacture of polycrystalline and nanocrystalline silicon; Conjugated polymer solar cells - Concept of heterojunction (dispersed and molecular heterojunctions); Function of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Learn the Importance of solar cells. Knowledge about the Current-voltage characteristics. Understanding the comparison of inorganic and organic solar cells, silicone solar cells. Explain to the manufacture of polycrystalline and nanocrystalline silicon. Explain to the function of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC).

Course outcomes:

Learn the nanotechnology enabled renewable energy technologies. Demonstrate knowledge of the primary and secondary batteries. Analyze the Construction of PEM fuel cell stack. Learn about the comparison of inorganic and organic solar cells.

Text Books: 1. J. Twidell and T. Weir, Renewable Energy Resources, Routledge, Taylor & Francis group, New York, Third Edition (2015). 2. Vielstich, Hand Book of Fuel Cells: Fuel Cell Technology and applications, Wiley CRC Press 3. C.Rayment, S.Sherwin. Introduction to fuel cell technology (2003) 4. D.M.Roundhil, John P.Facker, Optoelectronic properties of inorganic compounds, Plenum press, New York (2009). 5. A brief history of the development of organic and polymeric photovoltoics, H.Spanggaard and F.C. Krebs, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 83 (2004) 125-146.

Semester –IV Elective-I Paper code: P-404(I)

Lasers and Fiber Optics Course objectives:

Explain and demonstrate the fundamental concepts in Lasers and Fiber optics.

Distinguish between three level and four level laser systems and also learn about different types of

lasers

Understand different types of broadening mechanisms, Q-switching and Mode locking in lasers

Knowledge of structure of fibers, various fiber types, modes and power flow in fibers

Learn about concepts of signal degradation in fibers, Lensing schemes and fiber splicing

techniques

UNIT-I : Laser Systems : Light Amplification and relation between Einstein A and B Coefficients. Rate equations for three level and four level systems. Laser systems: Ruby laser, Nd-YAG laser, CO2 Laser, Dye laser, Excimer laser, Semiconductor laser.

Learning outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to

Have a deep understanding about fundamentals of LASERs and Einstein Coefficients. Understand the rate equations for three and four level laser systems Learn about the construction of different types lasers with their applications in daily life.

UNIT – II: Laser Cavity Modes: Line shape function and Full Width at half maximum (FWHM) for Natural broadening, Collision broadening, Doppler broadening, Saturation behavior of broadened transitions, Longitudinal and Transverse modes.


learn about different line shape functions Understanding the types of broadening and also how to Have a knowledge on how to calculate Full Width at half maximum (FWHM) for Natural

broadening, Collision broadening, Doppler broadening. To distinguish between longitudinal and transverse modes

UNIT-III ABCD matrices and cavity Stability criteria for confocal resonators.Quality factor, Q-Switching, Mode Locking in lasers. Expression for Intensity for modes oscillating at random and modes locked in phase. Methods of Q-Switching and Mode locking.


Have a deep understanding about ABCD matrices and cavity stability criteria for confocal resonators.

Know the concepts of Quality factor, Q-switching and Mode locking Distinguish between Q-switching and Mode locking in lasers

UNIT-IV Optical Fiber Waveguides: Basic optical laws and self focusing.Optical fiber modes and configurations Fiber types, Rays and Modes, Step-index fiber structure.Ray optics representation, wave representation. Mode theory of circular step-index wave guides. Wave equation for step-index fibers, modes in step-index fibers and power flow in step-index fibers. Graded – index fiber structure, Graded-index numerical aperture, modes in Graded-index fibers.


Understand and explain the Basic optical laws, modes in optical fiber and types of fibers. Understand the Ray theory transmission, Principle of optical fiber, numerical aperture and skew

rays Understanding optical fiber communication, modes in different types of fibers, applications and

evolution of fiber optic systems. Contrast and compare single mode and multimode fibers, linearly polarized modes

UNIT-V Fiber Characteristics: Signal Degradation In Fibers - Attenuation, Absorption, Scattering and Bending losses in fibers, radiative losses, Core and Cladding losses. Signaldistortion in optical wave guides: Group delay, material dispersion, waveguide dispersion and intermodal dispersion. Pulse broadening in optical fibers. Power launching in Optical fibers, Source-output pattern, Lensing schemes. Fiber-to fiber joints: Mechanical misalignment, fiber related losses, Fiber and face preparation. fiber splicing techniques, fiber connectors.


Have a deep understanding about attenuation, absorption, scattering and bending, radiative and core and cladding losses in fibers.

Interpret the dispersions in optical fibers, such as material, waveguide and intermodal dispersions.

To explain the concepts about power launching, lensing schemes, Fiber to Fiber joints, fiber connectors, splicing techniques in fibers.

Course outcomes: Students learn about fundamental concepts

They have understood the concepts of various laser systems, different types of broadenings

Have a deep understanding about modes in fibers, optical fiber waveguides and fiber

characteristics.

TEXT BOOKS: 1. Lasers -Theory and Applications – K.Thyagarajan and A.K. Ghatak. (MacMillan) 2. Optical fiber Communications – Gerd Keiser (Mc Graw-Hill) 3. Laser fundamentals – William T. Silfvast (Cambridge REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Introduction to fiber optics – Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan (Cambridge) 2. Optical Electronics – Ajoy Ghatak and K.Thyagarajan (Cambridge)

3. Opto- electronics – J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes (Printice Hall)

Semester –IV Elective-II Paper code: P-404(II)

Environmental Physics

Course Objectives:

Understand how to apply the basic thermodynamics to the human environment.

Understand the basic composition, structure and dynamics of the atmosphere.

Explain the workings of the hydrologic cycle and discuss the mechanisms of water transport in the

atmosphere and in the ground.

discuss specific environmental problems such as noise pollution, ozone depletion and global

warming in the context of an overall understanding of the dynamics of the atmosphere.

discuss the problems of energy demand and explain the possible contributions of

renewables to energy supply.

Unit-I: The human environment: Laws of thermodynamics and the human body, Energy and metabolism, Thermodynamics and the human body, First law of thermodynamics and the human body, Second law of thermodynamics and the human body, Energy transfers, Conduction, Convection, Newton’s law of cooling, Radiation, Evaporation, Survival in cold climates, Survival in hot climates, Noise pollution-Domestic noise and the design of partitions. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn knowledge of thermodynamics laws and its applications. Understand the relationship between thermodynamics laws and human body. Knowledge on energy transfers- conduction and convection. Understand the hot and cold climate changes.

Unit-II: Atmosphere and radiation: Structure and composition of the atmosphere, Residence time ,Photochemical pollution, Atmospheric aerosol, Atmospheric pressure, Escape velocity ,Ozone, Ozone hole, Ozone in polar region, Terrestrial radiation, Earth as a black body, Greenhouse effect, Greenhouse gases, Global warming. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn knowledge atmosphere and radiation Understand pollution how effects on environment. Understand the Ozone and Ozone hole Knowledge on greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases and global warming.

Unit-III: Water & Wind: Water: Hydrosphere, Hydrologic cycle, Water in the atmosphere, Clouds, Physics of cloud formation, Growing droplets in cloud, Thunderstorms, Wind: Measuring the wind, Physics of wind creation, Principal forces acting on air masses, Gravitational force, Pressure gradient, Coriolis inertial force, Frictional force, Cyclones and anticyclones, Global convection, Global wind patterns. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Knowledge on water in atmosphere and physics of cloud formation.

Learn the measuring wind and physics of wind creation. Understand how principal forces acting on air masses. Knowledge on Coriolis inertial force, Frictional force, Cyclones and anticyclones.

Unit-IV: Physics of Ground: Soils, Soil and hydrologic cycle, Surface tension and soils, Water flow, Water evaporation, Soil temperature.Environmental Biophysics -Energy budget concept, radiation energy fluxes, energy equilibrium between biotic and abiotic environmental components, Ozone layer depletion – Greenhouse effect. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the soil and surface tension Knowledge on water flow and water evaporation with respect to temperature. Understand the radiation effects on environmental concepts. Learn equilibrium between biotic and abiotic environmental components.

Unit-V: Energy for living: Fossil fuels, Nuclear power, Renewable resources, Hydroelectric power, Tidal power, Wind power, Wave power, Biomass, Solar power, Solar collector, Solar photovoltaic, Energy demand and conservation, Heat transfer and thermal insulation, Heat loss in buildings. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn the concept of renewable resources. Knowledge on Hydroelectric power, Tidal power, Wind power, Wave power, Biomass, Solar

power. Understand solar photovoltaic and energy conservations.

Course outcomes:

To understand the basic composition, structure and dynamics of the atmosphere.

Understanding water, wind for its formation and measurement.

To understand fossil fuels and transfer of heat.

Learn Ozone in the atmosphere, ogreenhouse effect, oglobal warming, ohydrosphere and

hydrologic cycle, owater in the atmosphere and clouds, ocyclones and anticyclones, global

convection and global wind pattern.

Understanding the impact of radioactivity for biological phenomena.

Text Books:

1. Environmental Physics by M. Dželalija. 2. Environmental Physics by E. Boeker& R. Van Grondelle, John Wiley & sons

Semester –IV Elective-III Paper code: P-404(III)

Antenna theory and Radio wave propagation

Course Objectives:

Evaluation of Antenna properties – radiation pattern, gain, directive gain and directivity.

Evaluation of Mutual impedance between two antennas.

Analysis of Equiangular spiral. Log Periodic (LP) antennas.

Illustrate the Array theory of LP and FI structures.

Analysis of Elements of Ground wave, Space wave propagation and Sky wave propagation.

Analysis of Critical frequency, MUF and skip distance.

Unit-I: Radiation: Potential functions of electromagnetic fields. Potential function for sinusoidal oscillations. Fields radiated by an alternating current element. Power radiated by a current element and radiation resistance. Radiation from a quarter wave monopole or a half wave dipole. EM field close to an antenna and far field approximation. Antenna Fundamentals Definition of an antenna. Antenna properties – radiation pattern, gain, directive gain and directivity.Effective area.Antenna beam width and band width.Directional properties of dipole antennas. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn knowledge of directional properties of dipole antennas. Demonstrate of Radiation from a quarter wave monopole or a half wave dipole. EM field close to an antenna and far field approximation. Analyze the Potential functions of electromagnetic fields. Potential function for sinusoidal oscillations. Fields radiated by an alternating current element.

UNIT-II: Antenna Arrays Two element array.Linear arrays.Multiplication of patterns and binomial array.Effect of Earth on vertical patterns.Mathematical theory of linear arrays.Antenna synthesis – Tchebycheff polynomial method.Wave polarization. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn knowledge of Two element array. Linear arrays. Demonstrate of Multiplication of patterns and binomial array. Effect of Earth on vertical patterns. Mathematical theory of linear arrays. Analyze the Antenna synthesis – Tchebycheff polynomial method. Wave polarization.

UNIT – III: Impedance: Antenna terminal impedance.Mutual impedance between two antennas.Computation of mutual impedance.Radiation resistance by induced emf method.Reactance of an antenna.Biconcal antenna and its impedance. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn knowledge of antenna terminal impedance. Demonstrate of Mutual impedance between two antennas. Computation of mutual impedance. Analyze the Radiation resistance by induced emf method. Reactance of an antenna. Biconcal antenna and its impedance.

UNIT – IV: Frequency Independent (FI) Antennas: Frequency Independence concept.Equiangular spiral.Log Periodic (LP) antennas.Array theory of LP and FI structures.Methods of excitation and Practical Antennas Methods of excitation and stub matching and baluns.Folded dipole, loop antennas. Parasitic elements and Yagi- Uda arrays and Helical antenna. Complementary screens and slot antennas. Radiation from a rectangular horn antenna. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn knowledge of Frequency Independence concept. Equiangular spiral. Log Periodic (LP) antennas. Array theory of LP and FI Structures. Demonstrate of Complementary screens and slot antennas. Radiation from a rectangular horn antenna. Analyze the Methods of excitation and Practical Antennas Methods of excitation and stub matching and baluns. Folded dipole, loop antennas. Parasitic elements and Yagi- Uda arrays and Helical antenna.

UNIT –V: Radio Wave Propagation: Elements of Ground wave and Space wave propagation. Tropospheric propagation and Troposcatter.Fundamentals of Ionosphere.Sky wave propagation – critical frequency, MUF and skip distance. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn knowledge of Elements of Ground wave and Space wave propagation. Demonstrate of Troposphere propagation and Troposcatter. Fundamentals of Ionosphere. Analyze the Sky wave propagation – critical frequency, MUF and skip distance.

Course Outcomes:

Learn Potential functions of electromagnetic fields.

Power radiated by a current element and radiation resistance.

Mutual impedance between two antennas.

Two element array. Linear arrays. Multiplication of patterns and binomial array.

Methods of Excitation and Stub matching and baluns. Folded dipole, loop antennas.

Parasitic element and Yagi-Uda array and helical antenna.

Demonstrate knowledge of Elements of Ground wave, Space wave and Sky wave propagation.

MUF and skip distance.

Text Books: 1.”Electromagnetic waves and Radiating Systems” by E.C.Jordan and K.G.Balmain 2.”Antennas” by J.D. Kraus. (Second Edition)

Semester –IV Elective-IV Paper code: P-404(IV)

Radiation physics

Course Objectives: Understand the fundamentals of Radiation physics. Study the concepts of interaction of radiation with matter Understand the concept of Radiation Dosimetry and its application in various fields. Having a deep understand on environmental impact of radioactivity. Understanding the X-rays, X-ray machines and Cobalt therapy units.

Unit – I: Introduction to Radiation: Introduction to Radiations Types of radiation – electromagnetic spectrum – atomic and nuclear structure, nuclear forces – x-rays- Radioactivity– nuclear transformation – nuclear reactions– production of radioactive materials – radioactive decay – half- life, mean life – transient sector equilibrium - Radioisotopes in medicine and health care. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn the types of radiation. Understand the production of radioactive materials. Study the various applications in medicine.

Unit – II: Interactive of Radiation with Matter: Interactive of Radiation with Matter: Photo electric effect, Compton effect and pair production,– attenuation and absorption of radiation – exponential law– half value layer – interaction of charged particles – neutron interactions– optical interactions – ultrasound interactions.Radiation detectors –principles of radiation detection– ionization chamber, proportion counter, GM tubes, semiconductor detector, gamma ray spectrometer. Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn interaction of radiation with matter. Understand the production of radioactive materials. Study the various applications in medicine.

Unit – III: Radiation Dosimetry: Radiation Dosimetry Radiological units and their measurement – Curie, Roentgen Gray, RAD and Sievert – applications of units in radiological safety – Exposure rate, Dose rate, air kerma, tissue air ratio (TAR) – percentage depth dose (POD), tissue maximum ratio (TMR) – dose limits Measurement of exposure and dose – internal dosimetry and external dosimetry – doses from various sources of radiation - Film badges - TLDs Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn interaction of radiation with matter. Understand the production of radioactive materials. Study the various applications in medicine.

Unit – IV: Environmental impact of radioactivity Environmental impact of radioactivity and radioisotopes Biological effects of radiation, cosmic radiation and cosmogenic radionuclides- naturally occurring long-lived radionuclides – Radon and its decay

products – Environmental impact of uranium industry – Nuclear Energy and the environment – Other man made radiation sources in the environment – radioactive wastes Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Learn the radiation effects on environment. Understand the naturally occurring long-lived radionuclides. Study various radioactive elements and its decay products. Have a deep understanding on environmental impact of uranium industry. Study the radioactive wastes.

Unit – V: X-rays and x-ray machines X-rays and x-ray machines: Cobalt therapy units - quality assurance and calibration of therapy units, Basics of NMR and MRI, nuclear medicine x-ray machines – cobalt therapy units - quality assurance and calibration of therapy units. Nuclear medicine –Invitro and Invivo - SPECT, PET, Radiation protection – ICRP frame work of radiological protection –measures of radiation protection – special facilities for handling radioisotopes Learning Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to Understand the X-rays and X-ray machine. Learn the concepts of NMR and MRI. Study the nuclear medicine. Have a deep understanding on radiation protection. Study the various applications of X-rays.

Course Outcomes: To understand the different types of radiation and its production.

Learn the principle and working of NMR and MRI.

Ability to design the radiation detectors.

Have a deep thinking about X-rays, X-ray machines and its Analysis techniques.

To understand the biomedical applications and radiation therapy.

Text Books: 1. Physics of Radiation Therapy by F. M. Khan, 3rd Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2. Basic medical radiation physics by Stanton, Appleton-Century-Crofts 3. Fundamentals of Radiochemistry by D.D. Sood, A.V.R. Reddy and N. Ramamoorthy, IANCAS Publication, 3rd edition, BARC, Mumbai. 4. Source book on Atomic energy by Samuel Glasstone, Affiliated East-West Press Pvt.Ltd.

Semester –IV Paper code: P-405

Project Work

Documents

Dr. BR AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY – SRIKAKULAM