NEPAL-Anush Khadka

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Nepal: Brief Introduction

Landlocked country in-between China and IndiaTotal land boundaries: 2,926 kmChina on North with

(Natural Boundaries) 1,236 kmIndia on East,

South and West (Open Border)1,690 km

Bangladesh (52 km)Bhutan ( km)

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Nepal: Bilateral Relations

UK – 1816, one of our old acquaintanceIndia – 13 Jun 1947USA – 25 Apr 1947Russian Federation – 20 Jul 1956Malaysia – 1 Jan 1960Philippines – 12 Feb 1960Pakistan – 20 Mar 1960Indonesia – 25 Dec 1960Afghanistan – 1 Jul 1961Argentina – 1 Jan 1962Bangladesh – 8 Apr 1972and with 200 and more.

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Nepal: International Politics

Long and non-colonized historyRecognized as a nation in 1648 WestPhalia TreatyFought World Wars for

British AllianceKnown as “Gurkha Army”Served as a nonpermanent

member of UN Security Council before

Follow Non Aligned Movement and “Pancha Sheela”

One of the founder nation of regional cooperation SAARC

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Nepal: International Politics

Nepal’s Monarch had given good spaces to LTTE leaders of Sri Lanka

Some analyst think that Nepal could play vital role in the region fostering extreme Hinduism, but leaders (political/religious) and people of Nepal are not counting this option

Nepal has worlds’ highest places. Those places can be used for surveillance

But due to conflict, it’s getting poorer and now chairing Poor Country’s Club

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Nepal and Conflict

Nepal had experienced several small/big scale of conflicts since some centuries, but those conflicts cannot bring the changes and equality

1950 – Fight for Democracy against Rana Oligarchy

1990 – Mass Movement for Multi Party Democracy against Panchayat System

2006 – Mass Movement for Federal Democratic Republicagainst Shah Monarchy

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Maoist Armed Insurgency in Nepal 1996 - 2006

Though we were exercising democracy since 1950, still there were inequalities and Maoist wage war.

Root Causes of Conflict(40 point demands of Maoist) Nationalism (9)  Public & its well-being (27)  People's living (14)

Some 17 thousands were people killed

50 thousands are disappeared

And more than 1 millions are displaced internally andexternally

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Nepal and Conflict

In 2005 King Gyanendra took all parliamentary powerThis makes Maoist Rebels and Multi Parties of Nepal

bring together. And they agreed to throw the King.2006 – Non violence

demonstration started, 21 civilians were killed by Government Forces

After 19 days long Non violence demonstration, King gave power back to the parliament

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And then…

Multi Parties and Maoist signed Comprehensive Peace Accord-2006, formed Interim Parliament and introduce Interim Constitution

Interim Parliament abolishedthe Kingdom system and Call for Constituent Assembly Election

Maoist became the largest party, but the First Constituent Assembly failed to promulgate the Constitution

Then again 2nd Constitution Assembly was elected. Maoist became the 3rd largest party this time

New constitution was promulgated on Oct 2015 but …… Terai issues

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How Maoist Combatants were integrated?

There were around 30 thousands Maoist fightersSome 22 hundreds were recorded ineligible by UNMIN14 hundreds were

integrated to NepalArmy

6 thousands chose Voluntarily Retirement, each of themgot half million. They are now engaged in small enterprises and reintegrating in society

Only 70 chose Skill Development Training and Higher Education

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How Maoist Combatants were integrated?

Generally in post conflict management, conflict affected countries used to follow the theory developed by UN agencies, i.e. DDR Disarmament Demobilization Reintegration

But we made our own contextual theory, i.e. CMR Cantonment Monitoring Reintegration

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Conflict Analysis

Triple ‘R’ Approach Reason Resource Resolve/Response

Conflict Intensity

Conflict Mapping Identifying the Actors

Reason

Resolve Resource

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Changes…

More democraticWomen EmpowermentSecular NationEthnic and

Minorities' voices raised

Remittance grown

On the way to decentralization

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But still we do have…

High Unemployment RateBrain Drain / Labor MigrantsEthnic

PolarizationRefugees

Bhutanese & Tibetan)

TRC and so on.Political Instability

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References

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nepalhttp://www.mofa.gov.np/en/diplomatic-relations-31.html

CIA World Fact Book

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/np.html

Ohlson, T., 2008, ‘Understanding Causes of War and Peace’, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 133-160

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